An Illustrated History of the Great Republic: being a full and complete history of the American Union, from its earliest settlement down to the present time ... Including also complete ... descriptions ... of each state and territory ... Embellished ... by over two hundred ... engravings

Front matter

THE NATIONS CAPITOL AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY or THE GREAT REPUBLIC: BEING A FULL AND COMFLETE HISTORY OF THE . AMERICAN UNION, FROM ITS EARLIEST SETTLEMENT DOWN TO THE PRESENT TIME COMPRISING ITS EARLY DISCOVERIES, WARS WITH THE FRENCH AND INDIANS, THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, HISTORY OF PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS, ODR ARMY AND NAVY, AND EACH BRANCH OF OUR GOVERNMENT SEPARATELY DEFINED. INCLUDING ALSO COMPLETE AND ACCURATE DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CLIMTAE, SOIL, PRODUCTIONS, WEALTH, AGRICULTURE, COMMERCE, MANU FACTURES, LAWS, EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES, AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY. TOGETUER WITH AN INTERESTING HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CITIES. TOWNS, AND VILLAGES; THEIR LOCATION, WEALTH, PROGRESS, ADVANTAGES, AND PROBABLE GROWTH. THE WnOLE FORMING A COMPLETE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF OUR WHOLE COUNTRY.

BY JAS. D. JVTCABE, JR., AUTHOR OF "GREAT FORTUNES," " PLANTING THE WILDERNESS," " PARIS BY SUN-LIGHT AND GAS-LIGHT," ETC. EMBELLISHED AND ILLUSTRATED BY OVER TWO HUNDRED ELEGANT ENGRAVINGS. TAKEN FROM NATURE. THEY PRESENT A COMPLETE PANORAMA OF OUR GREAT COUNTRY. PHILADELPHIA: WILLIAM B. EVANS & CO. Toledo, Ohio : O. A. Browning & Co. Jackson, Mich. : Globe Publishing Company. San Francisco, Cal. : A. L. Bancroft & Co. ' <v-X- Xx Entered according to AcC<*,Gq}igr»s$,_'in1the year 1871, by WILLIA'M B. EVAXfyj In the Office of the Librarian of Congress^t Washington, D. C.

Preface

. THAT which is most worthy of a man's study and observation is his own country, yet but few of the great mass of Americans are well informed as to the land of their birth. There is a vague idea in the minds of all that the Union is a "great country" with regard to size as well as in other respects, but they have but a faint conception of the immenseness of the Republic. A few years ago, an English traveller, who had been impressed with the magnificent extent of our country by the fatigues of a stage coach journey across the Plains, wrote as follows concerning it, and his statement seemed to take even our own people by surprise. He said : "Yes, the Republic is a big country. In England we have no lines of sufficient length, no areas of sufficient width, to convey a just idea of its size. The State of Oregon is bigger than England; California is about the size of Spain ; Texas would be larger than France, if France had won the frontier of the German Rhine.

If the United States were parted into equal lots, they would make fifty-two kingdoms as large as England, fourteen empires as large as France. Even the grander figure of Europe fails us when we come to measure in its lines such amplitudes as those of the United States. To wit: from Eastport to Brownsville is farther than from London to Tuat, in the Great Sahara; from Washington to Astoria is farther than from Brussels to Kars ; from New York to San Francisco is farther than from Paris to Bagdad. Such measures seem to carry us away from the sphere of fact into the realms of magic and romance.

PREFACE.

. 4 "Again, take the length of rivers as a measurement of size. A steamboat can go ninety miles up the Thames, two hundred miles up the Seine ; five hundred and fifty miles up the Rhine. In America, the Thames would be a creek, the Seine a brook, the Rhine a local stream, soon lost in a mightier flood. The Mississippi is five times longer than the Rhine; the Missouri is three times longer than the Danube; the Columbia is four times longer than the Scheldt. From the sea to Fort Snelliug, the Missouri is plowed by steamers a distance of two thousand one hundred and thirty-one miles ; yet she is but the second river in the United States. " Glancing at a map of America, we see to the north a group of lakes. Now our English notion of a lake is likely to have been derived from Coniston, Killarney, Lomond, Leman, and Garda.

But these sheets of water give us no true hint of what Huron and Superior are like, scarcely indeed of what Erie and Ontario are like. Coniston, Killarney, Lomond, Leman, and Garda, put together would not cover a tenth part of the surface occupied by the smallest of the five Amer ican lakes. All the waters lying in Swiss, Italian, English, Irish, Scotch, and German lakes might be poured into Michigan without making a perceptible addition to its flood. Yorkshire might be sunk out of sight in Erie ; Ontario drowns as much land as would make two duchies equal in area to Schleswig and Holstein. Denmark proper could be washed by the waves of Huron. Many of the minor lakes in America would be counted as inland seas elsewhere; to-wit ; Salt Lake, in Utah, has a surface of two thousand square miles; while that of Geneva has only three hundred and thirty ; that of Como only ninety; that of Killarney only eight.

A kingdom like Saxony, a principality like Parma, a duchy like Coburg, if thrown in one heap into Lake Superior, might add an island to its beauty, but would be no more conspicuous in its vast expanse than one of those pretty green islets which adorn Loch Lomond. "Mountain masses are not considered by some as the strongest parts of American scenery ; yet you find masses in this country which defy all measurement by such puny chains as the Pyrenees, the Apennines and the Savoy Alps. The Alleghanies, ranging in height between

PREFACE.

. 5 Helvellyn and Pilatus, run through a district equal in extent to the country lying between Ostend and Jaroslaw. The Wahsatch chain, though the name is hardly known in Europe, has a larger bulk and grandeur than the Julian Alps. The Sierra Madre, commonly called the Rocky Mountains, ranging in stature from a little below Snowdon to a trifle above Mont Blanc, extend from Mexico, through the Republic, into British America, a distance almost equal to that dividing' London from Delhi." . Such are the territorial dimensions of our country, as measured by a foreigner, and that they are in no way exaggerated will be found by all who study the subject. But the greatness and interest of the Republic do not consist in its vast size. We have within our limits nearly every variety of climate known to man, and a soil capable of producing almost every product of the earth, from the stunted herbage of the frozen regions to the luxuriant fruits of the tropics.

The ground is rich in mineral deposits, from the useful, but homely veins of coal, to beds of the most brilliant and valuable jewels. The earth yields us not only our food, but the rarest medicines and drugs. It pours out in streams oil for burning, gas that may be used fresh from the natural springs, salt that requires but the heat of the sun for its perfection, and beds of pure soda that cover the earth like the dust in the highways. In short, all that is needed for the preservation and comfort of animal and human life exists in this favored land in the greatest profusion. So much has the Creator done for us. Man has not been slow to take advantage of these blessings. In the comparatively short space of three hundred years the American people have become a mighty nation, increasing with a rapidity that is almost marvellous.

They have built up the country on a scale of magnificence of which they may justly be proud. They have covered it with splendid cities, connected by a network of railways binding all the scattered parts into one solid whole. They have made a commerce and a system of manufactures before which the fabled wealth of Tyre sinks into insignificance. They have built up a literature which commands the respect of the world. They have illustrated their history with deeds

PREFACE.

. of arms not less splendid than their more peaceful achievements, and have given to the world names in every walk of life that will never die. All this have they done, and yet the mass of them are ignorant, or but imperfectly informed, of the magnitude and value of their achievements. It is the object of this work to present to them at a glance the actual condition of the Republic at the present day. The Author is well aware that such a tremendous undertaking can be but imperfectly accomplished in a volume of this size ; yet he ventures to express the hope that he has made the statement herein presented sufficiently complete and comprehensive to be of service to the reader. The tables and other statistics in the body of the work are mainly from the latest State reports available. The Author would here express his obligations to General Francis A. Walker, the accom plished superintendent of the census of 1870, for assistance received from him in the collection of statistics.

For more detailed information than is presented within these pages, the reader is referred to " Lippincott's Gazetteer," and the " New American Cyclopædia," to which works the Author is indebted for valuable assistance. It is hoped that the Illustrations will aid in bringing to the mind of the reader a vivid picture of the busy, restless, energetic Republic of the West, and also to render him more familiar with some of the charms of American scenery. J. D. McC, Jr. New York, November 25th, 1871. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. NO *AQE 1. The Capitol at Washington Frontispiece. 2. Coat of Arms of the Republic 31 3. Rapids of the St. Lawrence 51. 4. A View on the Alleghany Mountains **>9 5. A View on the Rocky Mountains 61 6. Ploughing a Western Prairie 62 7. A Western Homestead 76 S. View on the Hudson River, showing the Steamboat, Telegraph, and Railroad 83 9.

Indians Viewing the Pacific Railroad 84 10. An Indiaei Village in Winter 103 11. Sioux Indians Burning a Prisoner 10*1 12. Ruins of Jamestown, Va 107 13. Plymouth Ruck 1°9 1*1. First Settlement of New York City Ill 15. First Settlers of America Clearing Land 113 16. Burning of Deerfield, Mass 117 17. Ruins of Ticonderoga 128 18. Independence Hall in 1776 131 19. Scene of the Battle of Lake Champlain 146 20. Plain of Chalmette: Scene of the Battle of New Orleans 148 21. Maine— State Coat of Arms 165 22. An American Forest ->66 23. Lumbering in Maine 169 24. Lumberman's Caenp in the Woods of Maine 172 25. City Hall and Court House at Portleend 184 26. New Hampshire — State Coat of Arms 189 27. Scene on the White Mountains 191 28. The State House at Concord 200 29. Vermont— State Cat of Arms 205 30.

A View of Montpelier, Vt 213 31. A View of Rutland, Vt 216 32. Massachusetts — State Coat of Arms 222 33. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass 229 34. A View of Boston 238 35. State House, at Boston 239 36. Faneuil Hall, at Boston 240 37. Bunker Hill Monument, at Boston 248 38. Pacific Mills, Lawrence, Mass 256 39 A View from Greenfield, Mass 258 40. Rhode Island— State Coat of Arms 274 41. Coast Fishing 28l) 42. Narragansett Bay, R. 1 282 43. A View of Newport, R. 1 285 44. Connecticut — State Coat of Arms 292 45. A View from Mount Holyoke, Conn 293 46. Yale College, New Haven, Conn 300 47. A View of New Haven, Conn 306 18. New York— State Coat of Arms 323 49. A Scene in the Catskill Mountains 324 50. A View on the Hudson River 329 51. Scene on Lake George 330 52. The Falls of Niagara *}» 53.

New York City in 1664 •>**» LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. NO. PAGE 54. A View of Albany, N. Y 353 55. A View of New York City 356 56. Scene on Broadway, New York City 358 57. Scene on Fifth Avenue, New York City 360 58. View in Central Park, New York City 361 59. The Water Terrace in Central Park, New York City 362 60. City Hall, New Y..rk City ." 3C5 61. Academy of Design 367 62. High Bridge, at li.e.iejm 379 63. Union Square, and We.shington JMeenument 373 64. United States Navy Yard, Brooklyn, L. 1 377 65. View from West Point 380 66. Genesee Falls, at Rochester, N. Y 382 67. A View of Oswego, N. Y 388 68. New Jersey— State Coat, of Arms 404 69. Gathering Watermelons 407 * 70. Princeton College, N. J 409 71. Bergen Tunnel 411 72. Peissaic Falls, at Paterson, N. J 421 73. A Scene at Atlantic City, N. J 423 74.

Pennsylvania — State Coat of Arms 429 75. A View on the Juniata River 431 76. The Schuylkill, above Philadelphia 432 77. Mount Pisgeile, and the Coal Region 433 78. Deep Cut on the Pennsylvania Railroad 441 79. The Susqueleeeniea, above Harrisburg 443 88. A View of Peieleidelpbia from Camden 444 81. Philadelphia, from Fairmount Park 445 82. The Wissahickon, at Chestnut Hill 446 83. Philadelphia Small Homes 447 84. The Ledger Building, Philadelphia 448 85. Fairmount Water Works, Philadelphia 449 SO. The Wissahickon, Philadelphia 450 S7. The Union League Building, Philadelphia 451 SS. The Nun* Masonic Temple, Philadelphia 452 89. Hemlock Glen, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia 453 90. NewAcademy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia 454 91. Wissahickon New Drive, Philadelphia 455 92. The Schuylkill River, at the Falls, Philadelphia 456 93.

Chestnut Street Bridge, Philadelphia 457 94. A Public F.euntain, Philadelphia 458 95. Independence Hall in 1S72, Philadelphia 460 96. A View of Pittsburgh, Pa 462 97. A View of Scranton, Pa 472 98. A View of Easton, Pa 475 99. Delaware — State Coat of Arms 491 100. A Peach Farm in Delaware 498 101. Maryland— State Coat of Arms 503 102. Oyster Fishery, Maryland 505 103. Battle Monument, at Baltimore 519 104. A Scene on Baltimore Street, 52? 105. Scene on Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 525 106. District of Columbia — Coat of Arms 529 107. Columbian Deaf and Dumb Institution 53] 108. New Building of the Y. M. C. A., Washington 536 109. United States Treasury Building, Washington 546 110. United States Patent Office, Washington 549 111. Virginia — State Coat of Arms 555 112. Natural Tunnel, Virginia 561 113.

Little Stony Falls, Virginia 565 114. A View of Richmond, Virginia 57*5 115. Mount Vernon 532 116. North Ceirolina — State Coat of Arms 595 117. A View on the Sea Coast of North Carolina 593 118. Capitol at Raleigh, N. C .„] 607 119. South Carolina — State Coat of Arms 613 120. A Scene near Beaufort, S. C ..', 614 J21. Rice Fields LIST OF ILLUSTPvATIONS. 9 NO. PAGE 122. A View of Charleston, S. C 625 123. Georgia — State Coat of Arms 632 124. A View of Savannah, Georgia 642 125. Florida — State Coat of Anns 649 126. St. John's River, Florida 651 127. St. Augustine, Florida 662 12S. Alabama — State Coat of Arms 664 129. A Blutf on the Alabama River 666 130. Capitol at Montgomery, Alabama 677 131. The Landing at Mobile 679 132. Mississippi — State Coat of Arms 6S2 133. On the Shores of the Yazoo 682 134.

Picking Cotton 684 135. Jackson, Miss 691 136. Natchez, Miss 692 137. A View of Vicksburg, Miss 694 138. Louisiana — State Coat of Arms 699 139. Gathering Sugar Cane 702 140. A Sugeir House 705 141. Scene on St. Charles Street, New Orleans 715 142. Jackson Square, New Orleans 718 143. Lafayette Square, New Orleans 721 144. Texas— State Coat of Arms 731 145. On the Gulf. 732 146. Geilveston, Texas 748 147. The Alamo San Antonio, Texas 750 148. West Virginia— State Coat of Arms 757 149. A View of Harper's Ferry, West Virginia 758 150. A View of Wheeling, West Virginia 766 151. Tennessee— Steite Coat of Arms 778 152. Nashville, Tenn 7S6 153. Memphis, Tenn 788 154. Kentucky — State Coat of Arms 795 155. Inside View, Mammoth Cave, Ky 797 156. Frankfort, Ky 805 157. Louisville, Ky 806 158. Ohio — State Coat of Arms 816 159.

State Capitol at Columbus, 0 824 160. A View of Cincinnati, 0 826 161. Scene on Fourth Street, Cincinnati, 0 S27 162. The Tyler Davidson Fountain, Cincinnati, 0 829 163. Scene on Superior Street, Cleveland, 0 833 164. Court House, at Dayton, 0 835 165. Indiana — State Coat of Arms 841 166. State House, at Indianapolis, Ind 848 167. Evansville, Ind 850 168. New Albany, Ind 851 169. Lafayette. Ind 853 170. Illinois— State Coat of Arms 859 171. State House, at Springfield, 111 869 172. A View of Chicago, III 870 173. The Tribune Building, Chicago, 111 873 174. Scene on Lake Street, Chicago, 111 877 175. Quincy, III 8S3 176. Alton, 111 888 177. Chioago in Flames 890 178. Michigan— Steete Coat of Arms 898 179. A Western River Scene S99 130. Woodward Avenue, Detroit, Mich 909 181. Wisconsin — State Coat of Anus 918 182.

A Copper Mine in Wisconsin 920 183. Madie-on, Wis 927 184. River View, in Milwaukee. Wis 929 185. Minnesota — State Coat of Arms 034 186. Falls of St. Anthony, Minn.. 935 187. St. Paul, Minn 943 188. Iowa — State Coat of Arms 945 189. A Rest on the Prairies LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. NO. PAOE 190. Davenport, Iowa 954 191. Duleuque, Iowa '. 955 192. Burlington, Iowa 956 193. Missouri— State Coat of Anus 963 194. Floating Island, on the Missouri River 964 195. A View of St. Louis, Mo 970 196. Court Heiuse, at St. Louis 972 197. St. Joseph, Mo 977 198. Arkansas — State Coat of Arms 982 199. Little Rock, Ark 987 200. Helena, Ark 988 201. Keensas— State Coat of Arms 989 202. Indians Attacking U. S. Overland Mail Coach 994 203. Leavenworth City, Kansas 999 204. Nebraska— State Coat of Arms 1001 205.

Crossing the Plains 1002 206. Depot at Omaha 1006 207. A View of Omaha, Nebraska 1007 208. Nevada— State Coat of Arms 1008 209. Tho Palisades, Humboldt River, Nevada 1009 210. Silver Mining, Nevada 1011 211. California— State Coat of Arms 1016 212. Original Big Tree, California 1018 213. Hydraulic Mining, California , 1024 214. A View of San Francisco 1034 215. Cape Horn 1045 216. Oregon— State Coat of Arms 1053 217. An Oregeen Valley 1056 218. Alaska Territory 1065 219. Mount St. Elias, Alaska 1068 220. Sitka, Aleiska 1070 221. Ariz.ena Territory 1071 222. Aztec Mountains 1072 223. Col.eraelo— Coat of Arms 1075 224. Buflalee Hunting 1076 225. A Caneen in Colorado 1079 226. Deek.eta Territeery 1081 227. Idahee Territory 1086 228. A Canon in the Rocky Mountains 1087 229. The Indiein Territory 1090 230.

Indians Hunting Bison 1090 231. Montana 1092 232. A Frontier City 1095 233. New Mexic 1097 234. Santa Fe, New Mexico 1099 235. Utah— C.eat eef Arms 1101 236. The Tabernacle, Salt Lake City 1104 237. Main Street, Salt Lake City 1106 238. Washington Territory 1110 239. A Street in Olympia 1114 240. Wyoming Territory 11U 241. A Prairie Dog City CONTENTS.

Part I. The United States Of America

Description of the American Continent — Its grand divisions — North America — Dimensions and Divisions — The United States of North America — Description of the Great Republic — Its dimensions and political divisions — Its population, showing the increase since 1790 — The rivers of the United States — Description of the great water system of the Republic — The Mississippi — Its wonderful history — Its wealth and peculiarities — The .Missouri River — How the Mississippi Valley is drained — The other tributaries of the " Father of Waters " — The Great Lakes of the North — Explanation of the mountain system of the United States — The wonders of the Rocky Mountains — Soil of the United States — Statement of the various qualities of soil existing in the Republic, and of their capacity for adding to the national wealth — Description of the climate of the United States, showing the peculiar features of each section of the country — Relative healthfulness of the various States, showing which is the healthiest — Description of the mineral wealth of the Republic, showing where the different minerals are found and in what quantities — The undeveloped riches of the country — Products of the soil — The animals of the United States — A brief sketch of the American natural history — Characteristics of the population — The distinguishing marks of the inhabitants of the various States — Table, showing the arrivals and destination of emigrants since 1820 — What emigration has done for the Union — The agricultural resources of the United States — List of the agricultural products, showing where each is grown, and the portion of the country to which it is best adapted — Facts for producers and consumers — The manufacturing interests — Rapid growth and great extent of this portion of our wealth — The commerce of the United States — Its vast proportions — Our internal improvements — History of the rise and growth of the canal, railroad, steamboat, and telegraph in this country — Our educational system — Explanation of the American system of free schools — The Press— Its CONTENTS. importance and power — Number of newspapers and periodicals published — The postal system of the Republic — Religious denominations, showing the strength of each religious sect in the United States — Popula tion of the leading cities of the Union — Explanation of the Government of the United States — A concise view of the Federal Constitution — The Executive, Legislative, and Judiciary, and their duties — Relations of the States to the General Government — Powers and limitations of the General Government — The Army and Navy of the Republic — Their strength — Financial condition of the United States in 1870 — History of the United States — General view of the Indians of North America — Who they were — Discovery of America by Columbus — Other discoveries — Expedition of De Soto — Efforts of the French and Spaniards to settle the South — England alarmed — Raleigh's colony on Roanoake Is land —

The settlement at Jamestown — Voyages of Captain John Smith — First Legislative Assembly in America — Introduction of African Sla very into Virginia — The Plymouth Colony7 — Landing of the Pilgrims — Internal organization of the Colony, and its progress — Foundation of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay7 — Consolidation of the Massachusetts settlements — Settlement of Maine, Connecticut, and Rhode Island — Dis covery of the Hudson River — The Dutch settle New York — History of the Colony — It is captured by the English — Settlement of New Jersey and Delaware — Settlement of Pennsylvania and Maryland — The Caro linas and Georgia colonized by the English — Prosperity of the Colonies — Different characteristics — Establishment of common schools and colleges — Troubles with the Indians — Aggressions of the French — Their success in the Mississippi Valley — They aid the Indians in their attacks upon the English — King William's, Queen Anne's, and King George's wars — Capture of Louisbourg— Trouble with the French on the Ohio — Washington's journey — Military operations west of the Mountains — Braddock's defeat — " The Old French War " in the other Colonies Failures of the English— A change of ministry— William Pitt — Capture of Louisburg and Fort Duquesne — Death of Lord Howe— Capture of Quebec— Expulsion of the French from Canada — The conspiracy of Pontiac — Services of the Colonists during the wars with the French Injustice, of Great Britain towards the Colonies — Resistance of the Americans — The unjust taxes — Further aggressions — The call for a Continental Congress— Meeting and acts of the first Congress— Suicidal policy of the British Government— The "Boston Massacre" The tax on tea— Destruction of tea in Boston harbor— Closing of the Port of Boston — The Colonies make common cause with Massachusetts The second Colonial Congress— Its acts— The petition for redress—Stubborn ness of the King— General Gage brings matters to a crisis— The conflicts at Lexington and Concord— The beginning of the Revolution— The Meck lenburg declaration of Independence— Meeting of the Continental Con gress—Measures of resistance— Washington appointed to the command of the American Army— Battle of Bunker Hill— Organization of the American Army— Siege of Boston— The invasion of Canada— The Brit ish fleet repulsed at Charleston — Vigorous measures of Congress The CONTEXTS. 13 Declaration of Independence — Battle of Long Island — The British occupy New York City — Gloomy state of affairs for the Colonies — Battle of Trenton — A gleam of hope — Defeat of the British at Princeton — The " Articles of Confederation " adopted — Events of the Campaign of 1777 — Capture of Philadelphia — Battles of Germantown and Bennington — Surrender of Burgoyne's army — The treaty with France — Great Britain's efforts at conciliation — Too late — The winter at the Valley Forge — Ar rival of the French fleet — Battle of Monmouth — Capture of Savannah by the British — Naval affairs — The

British take Charleston, S. C. — Par tisan war in the South — Gates defeated at Camden — Battle of King's Mountain — Greene sent to the Carolinas — Treason of Arnold — Battles of the Cowpens and Guilford Court House — Washington goes after Corn wallis — Siege of Yorktown — Surrender of Cornwallis — The close of the war — Condition of the country — Organization of the Republic of the United States — Adoption of the Federal Constitution — Washington's two Administrations — Admission of new States — Washington retires to private life — Administration of John Adams — War with France — The Administrations of Jefferson — Political disputes — Purchase of Louis iana — The affair of the Chesapeake and the Leopard — British and French outrages upon American commerce — The Embargo — James Madison elected President — The second war with England — Its events by land and sea — The battle of New Orleans — The peace of 1815 — The Barbary States chastised — The Hartford Convention — Reelection of Mr. Madison — The Bank of the United States — Admission of Louisiana and Indiana — Mr. Monroe elected President — Admission of Mississippi, Illi nois, Alabama, Maine, and Missouri into the Union — The slavery excite ment — The '• Missouri Compromise " — The " Monroe Doctrine " — John Quincy Adams elected President — The Tariff question — Administration of Andrew Jackson — The National Bank question — the Nullification troubles — Firmness of the President — His opposition to the National Bank — He removes the public funds — The National Debt paid — Admis sion of Arkansas and Michigan — Election of President Van Buren — The commercial crisis of 1837 — Election of President Harrison — Death of General Harrison — John Tyler becomes President — His Administra tion — Admission of Texas — James K. Polk elected President — The war with Mexico — Results of the war — Settlement of the Oregon question —Admission of Wisconsin — General Taylor elected President — The " Wilmot Proviso "—Discovery of gold in California — Admission of Cali fornia into the Union — Political strife — The " Compromise of 1850 " — Death of General Taylor — Mr. Filmore's Administration — The Japan ex pedition — Election of President Pierce — The Kansas-Nebraska controversy — The Republican party7 — The anti-slavery agitation increases — Efforts to purchase Cuba — Filibustering expeditions — The Know-Noth ing party — Election of President Buchanan — Admission of Minnesota — The Kansas war — The Mormon troubles — The John Brown affair — The Presidential contest of 1860 — Threatening condition of public affairs — Election of President Lincoln — Secession of the Southern States —The Civil War Pages 29 to CONTENTS.

Part II The New England States

MAINE. Area in square miles— Population in 1870— Position upon the globe— Description of the topography of the State— Its bays, islands, rivers, mountains, and lakes— The woods of Maine— Their beauty and resources- Description of the lumber region— The minerals of Maine— Agricultural resources of the State— Its commerce and manufactures — Internal improvements—The railroads of Maine— The Common School system- Explanation of its features— Statement of .the schools and colleges of the State — Its newspapers and libraries— The penal and charitable institutions — Religious denominations — Financial condition of the State — Explanation of the State Constitution and Government— History of Maine — The visit of Gosnold — First settlement of Maine — Its early history — Period of the Revolution — Admission into the Union as a State — Inroads of the Rebels — Statement of troops furnished to the United States Army during the Civil War — The chief cities and towns — Description of Augusta — Portland — Bangor — The story of Arnold's march to Quebec Pages 1G3 to 188 NEW HAMPSHIRE.

Area — Population in 1870 — Position upon the globe — Description of the topography of the State — The White Mountains and their beauties — The lakes and rivers of the State — The Isle of Shoals — The agricultural products — Description of the soil of the State — Commerce and manufactures — Internal improvements — The educational system — Description of the penal and charitable institutions and their present condition — Religious denominations — The State Government — Explanation of its various features — History of New Hampshire — First settlements at Dover and Portsmouth — Trouble with the Indians — The Revolution — Enters the Union — Troops furnished during the Civil War — Description of Concord, Manchester, Portsmouth, and Dover— Story of the burning of Dover by the Indians pages igg to 204 VERMONT.