Elements of natural history; being an introduction to the Systema Naturae of Linnaeus comprising the character of the whole genera, and most remarkable species, particularly of ... natives of Britain

Introduction

TO THE STSTEMA NATURAE OF LINNMVS: COUtllillO TRB CHARACTERS OF THE WHOLE CEXERA, AND MOST REMARKABLE SfECIfS , 1'ARTICULARLY OF ALL TH03K THAT ARE NATIVES Ot BRITAIN, WITH TH« PRINCIPAL CIRCUMSTANCES OF THEIR HISTORY AND MANNERS. LIKEWISE An alphabetical arrangement* with definition*, *nf technical terms : IN TWO VOLUMES ; IVilb twelve explanatory Gof VOL. 1. r O K T A I N I N G THE V T P. S T FOUR CI,i\? •vrz. I. Mammalia. HI. Amphibia. II. Birds. IV- Fishes. O N.\to»€ ' hew in »very charm foprcme 1 ■Whole vot'rici fcaft on raptures e»er new I Oh for the voice ami fire of Seraphim, To fine thy glotiei with devotion due! 6 ' ° Stall!: PRINTED FOR T. CADELL JOT. AND W. DAVIES, KJNDOS^ AND WU.LIAM CREECH, U)INBURGH. tSoi. ENTERED IN STATIONERS HALL. Printed bt C. STEWART and Cc. Edinbuj-.cu.

ADVERTISEMENT.

. IT has often occurred to the Editor of the following Work as surprising, that, considering the many excellent elementary treatises on Botany in the Engliso language, none have been at tempted on the other branches of Natural History. There are indeed very valuable systematic publications on most of the Classes of the Animal Kingdom ; luch as Shaw's Zoology, La tham's Synopsis of Birds, &c. ; but one work on these classes, corresponding to Lee's Botany or Hull's Elements, is still wanting. The present is, therefore, submitted to the Public in or der to supply the defect: The idea is taken from the Hand bucks, or Manuals, which are published in Germany, in almost every science ; and, as Natural History, in particular,, is taught in that country with the greatest success, and is more universally studied than in any other part of Europe, it was judged proper to follow a pran which experience has recommended.

The intention of the Work being to facilitate the study of Natural History to retired persons, or to those who have no access topublic lectures, an Introduction is given to the different Classes and Orders ; the characters of all the Genera in Gme lin's edition of the Systema Naturæ, are translated and exem plified by the most remarkable Species, with soort notes of their manners and history; and, in order to make the work serve as a Fauna Britannica, the species, natives of Britain, are enu merated and marked with a B. A list is likewise given of the principal Books in each department. The terms have been arranged in the form of a Glossary with definitions. This was first done by Lee in his Elements of Bo tany; and the use and convenience of an alphabetical arrangement of terms has since been generally acknowledged.

The ) The Editor was obliged to forego many useful additions to his plan that the book might not grow too bulky for a Manual, such as the insertion of synonyms, references to pLtes, &c. This Work, therefore, holds a middle place between the Sy nopsis of Natural History by Dr. Betkenhout, and the larger treatises on the different branches of the Science. The Second Volume is in forwardness, which will complete the Plan, and will speedily be publisoed if the present attempt meet with approbation. It is evident, from the nature of this publication, that little of it belongs to the Editor. As a translator he has endeavoured to be faithful ; and, in collecting facts, he has not scrupled to borrow from every author within his reach; but whether he has made the proper use of his materials, must be left to the judgment ofthe public. ELEMENTS O F NATURAL HISTORY.

INTRODUCTION.

. § I- 1 he works of God in the visible creation, openan in exhaustible source of admiration, of pleasure and in struction to the reflecting mind. § 2. These works are twofold, celestial and terrestrial. The contemplation of the first is the object of Astrono my ; the investigation of the latter is the province of Natural Philosophy and Natural History. *3- Natural History is a description of the appearances and properties of the natural bodies that are sound on the surface of our earth. It is the Science which teaches us lo know them, when presented to us, in the easiest way. §4. By the study of Economics and of Medecine we are taught to turn natural bodies to our use, our conveni ence, or our pleasure, and to avoid the injuries we have Vol. I. A to

INTRODUCTION.

. to dread from them ; but these studies we cannot pur sue with prosit, till we know those bodies, and have investi gated their properties. § 5- t Thus Natural History, like other^ sciences, has its origin in the neceffities, the improvements and luxuries** of the human race. §6. Natural Bodies are so called when they appear as they came from the hands of the Creator ; if changed in any manner by human art or industry, they are called Ar tificial bodies. §7- The elements of Natural bodies are, Water, Air, an Inflammable principle, and Earth. This is an analysis sufficiently minute for the Naturalist. It is a doctrine that was first taught by Empedocles, the disciple of Pythagoras. Natural bodies are of two kinds, Organized and Un organized. Unorganized bodies are those whose simple particles are heaped upon one another, and bound together, always by certain laws.

They are called Minerals or Fos sils. § 10. Organized bodies are such as have fluids moving by means of some internal power through their solid parts : these include Plants and Animals. § ii. Thus Natural bodies have been divided into Three Kingdoms, called the Kingdoms of Nature. These are the Mineral Kingdom, the Vegetable Kingdom, and the Animal Kingdom. § 12. Minerals are unorganized compounded bodies, with out life or fensatiqn. Vege-

INTRODUCTION.

. 3 Vegetables are organized bodies, which are endowed with a living principle, but want sensation. Animals are organized bodies, which have life and sensation, and are capable of voluntary motion. § 13. But the boundaries of the three Kingdoms of Nature are not very distinct. Life and the motion of sap in some plants shew themselves in so high a degree as very nearly to border on sensation. On the other hand, sensation and voluntary motion in some animals are so little obvious that these nearly resemble plants. Some Lichens are distinguisoed by the Naturalist alone from the rock on which they grow ; and the fossil substance of some Corals has the ramified structure of a plant. 5 14* This approach of the three Kingdoms of Nature to one another, has given rise to an opinion that there is a gradation, or chain of Being, proceeding from the rudest unorganized matter up to Man.

Many of the links, however, of such a chain, are still undis covered. § '5- The number of the Natural Bodies on the face of our globe is so immense*, that on a general view, the mind recoils at the attempt to investigate them as impossible. But the invention of methodical arrangements, which are called Systems, has facilitated the talk ; and every natural object can now be distinguisoed with certainty and facility from every other, by being traced to its place in the System of Nature. § 16. The characters of Natural Bodies on which systematic arrangements are built, must be obvious *, they are best taken from soch as belong to the body essentially * In Gmelin's edition of Linnæus'* Systtma Naturæ, near 40,000 species of Natural bodies aie enumerated and delciiB cd.

INTRODUCTION.

. sentially and peculiarly; not from its internal structure, which it is often difficult to discover, but from its exter nal habit, from the form, number, situation and pro portion of its parts. § 17. Systems are either natural or artificial. By a Natural system we understand that arrangement, which Nature herself seems to have observed ; that in which natural bodies are arranged according to their most striking resem blances, and where those bodies stand nearest one another which agree in most properties. The external ap pearance or habit, as it is called, often soews us an af finity between natural bodies ; and we perceive at once a general resemblance, tho' we are at a loss to express it in proper words. But, as a perfect natural system has not been discovered in any of the three King doms, we are obliged to have recourse to Artificial systems. § 18.

The divisions of systematic arrangement are arbitra ry. The most convenient, and now the most generally received division, is into Classes, Orders, Genera, Spe cies and Varieties. This arrangement was. first invent ed by Tournefort. $19- Every Natural body constitutes an individual. Such as resemble other individuals in all essential properties and parts, are referred to one Species. Those species that agree in certain principal properties make a Genus ; and if there are many genera that have certain pro perties in common, they form Orders ; and several or ders constitute a Class. § 20. Orders' and Genera, if too numerous, are subdivided into Sections. § 2u Those individual bodies of a Species which, in certain accidental circumstances, depart from others ofthe fame species, are called Varieties. §

INTRODUCTION.

. 5 § 22. Of Species we reckon so many as there are different and constant forms in Nature ; Varieties are accidental changes, which, when the accidental cause is removed, return to the primary form of the Species. § 23- The Genera for the most part, the Orders and the Classes always, are artificial conjunctions. The Species alone are Natural. $ 24 Natural bodies must have names. In denominating them we use the generic name along with the specific name ; but if this latter be too long, we then use what is called the trivial name. Thus, Homo sapiens, Canis familiaris, Cocos nucifera, Ardesia tegularis, &c. § 25. The trivial name generally denotes a principal distinc tive property of the Species in one word. It is an invention of Linnæus. §26. When a Natural body is presented to us, we first re fer it to some Class in the System we make use of; we then trace it to its Order, and next to its Genus ; but we cannot be said to know it, till we have ascertained its Species. § 27.

Thus Natural History is founded on the Systematic knowledge of Natural bodies ; and System serves but as a clue to the manifold wonders of Nature. § 28. If we would attain a fundamental and useful knowledge of Natural bodies, we must, 1. Study the most ap proved systems ; make ourselves acquainted with the terms of Art ; and examine the characters of the Classes, Orders, Genera, and Species. 2. We must collect and learn to distinguiso, and to ascertain systematically such Natural bodies as we may meet with ; we must likewise employ ourselves in making observations on their origin, properties, manner of life, growth and propagation.

INTRODUCTION.

. tion. 3. We ought to peruse Collections of Natural Bodies with diligence and attention. 4. We soould if possible visit the native places of such bodies. 5. We soould make ourselves acquainted with the literary history of this science, and read the best authors with diligence : especially such as treat of the Natural History of our own country. And lastly, we soould endeavour to turn the discoveries of Natural History to the advan tage of Human Society. The principal Books which treat of Natural History in general,- are the following : a. Critical- Journal des Savans. Paris 1665, et seq. 4to, and tlmo. .Acta eruditorura Lipfiensia. Lips. 4to, 1682, 1776. Jo. Jac. Scheuchzeri Bibliotheca scriptorum Historiæ Naturali-.-. omnium terræ regionum inservientium ; accestit lac. le Long De Scriptoribus Historiæ Naturalis Galliae.

Tiguri, 1716, 1 7 Jl. Svo. Commentarii de rebus in Scientia naturali et medecina gestis. Lips. 1752, et seq. 8vo. Journal kncyclopedique. Bouillon 1760. 8vo. Giornale d' Italia spettante alia scienza naturale e principalmente all' agricoltura, alle arti ed al coramercio. Veiiet. 1764, et seq. Joli. Beckman, Pliysikalisch-oekonomische Bibliothek. Goettingen, 1769, et seq. 8vo. Ed. Sandifort, Nutuur et genelkandige Bibliothek. Amis. 1766, 4to. et seq. The London Reviews, and some ofthe Magazines. h. Systematic. Car. Linnæi Systema Naturæ. Leyd. 1735, fol. Lips. 1788, 8vo. edit. 13. Cura lo : Frid. Gmelin. Histoife Naturelle gener^le et partiruliere, avec la descriotion du Cabinet du Roi, par M. M. Buffon, et Daubenton. Par<«, 1749, 17-57- 410. J. A. Scoj.oli, Jntroductio ad liistoriim ..aturalem, sistens genera lapidum, plantarum et animalium liactcnus detecta.

Pragae, 1777. Svo. Jo. FiicJ. Blumenbach, Handbuch der Naturgcschiclite. Goettingen, 178'.!. Svo. Brooke'-, NlttH»l History, ill 6 vols. I.ond. 176*5. 8vo. Goldtnjith's Hillory ofthe Earth and animated Niturc, in 8 vols. Loud. 1774. 8vo. Hill,

INTRODUCTION.

. 7 Hill, Sir John. A general Natural Historv, in **; vols. Lond 1748. folio. ■c. Mixed with other Matters. C. Plinii Secundi Histori-æ naturatis, libri 37. qUos interpretatione et notis illustravit Joan. Hatduinus. Paris, 1723 in a vols. folio. . •> The Historie of the World, commonly called the Natural His. turie ofC. Plinius Secundu*-, by Philemon Hojland. Lond. 1601, in 2 vols. folio. Ferrante Imperato, Historia Naturale. Nap. 1599. Gar. Linnæi,Amoenitates Acedemicæ.Holm. 1749, vol. i...x 8vo Contemplation de la Nature, par Char- Bonnet. Am'st. 1764 2 vols. 8vo- Deliciæ Naturæ selects, odcr auserlefenes Naturalienkabir.et, von G. W. Knorr. Numb. 1 766. folio. Opuscoli di fisica anini3le e vegetable, del Abate Spallanzani. Modena, 1776, in 2 vols. 8vo. Spallanzani's Dissertations relative to the natural history of ?- nimals and vegetables, Dy Di Beddoes.

Lond. J 780, in z vols. 8vo. Pluche, Spectacle de la Nature — Nature displayed, a Translation. Lond. 1736, in 4 vols. 8vo. J. A. Scopoli, Annas Llistoiico-naturalis. Leip. 1769, I771. 8vo. Dissertationcs ad fcientiam naturaletn pertinente-i. Prag. 1772, 8vo. Observations fur la Physique, fur l'Histoire Naturelle, et fur les Arts, par M. l'Abbe Rozier. Paris, in 18 vols. 121DO. 1771 1778. Observations et Memo-res fur la Physique, fur l'Histoire Naturalle, &c. par Rozier. Paris, 1773, et seq, 4to. Der Natuifoischer. Halle, 1774, et seq. Svo. J. S. Schroeter Abhandlungen uber versehiedene Gegenstaende der Naturgeschichte, in 2 vols. Svo. Halle, 1776. Miscellaneous Tracts by Benjamin Stillingflcet, Svo. Lond. 1762. Miscellanies, by the Hun. Daines Barrington, 4to. Lond. 1781. The Naturalists Miscellany ; or coloured figures of Natural Objects, with descriptions, Svo.

Lond. 1789, et seq. Tracts and Observations in Natural History, by Robert Tonnson, 8vo. Lond. 1799. d. IVcrhs of Learned Societies. Philosophical Transactions, giving some account of the undertakings, studies, and labours of the ingenious in many parti of ihe World. Lond. 4to. vol. 1. 1665, et seq. The same abiidged by Lovvthorpe, &c. Lond. in 11 vols. 410. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. £din. 410. 1788, et seq. Trans-

INTRODUCTION.

. Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy. Dublin, 4to. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Lond. I791 e,: seq. 4to. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Philad. 1771, 4to. et seq. Miscellanea curiosa, s. Ephemerides medicophyficæ, Academiæ Naturae curioforum. Norimb. 1670, 1706, 4to. £phemerides Acad. nat. cur. sive obfervationes medico-pbyficae. Norimb. 1712, 1722,410. Acta phyficomedica Acad. Caes. Leopoldino carolinae, nat. cur. Norimb. 1727, 1754, 4to. Nova Acta physico-medica, 1757, 1783, 4to. Saggi de naturali esperienze fatte nell' academia di Cimento. Firenz. 1667, folio. Essays of natural experiments made in the Academy del Cimento, by Richard Waller. Lond. 1684, 4to. Histoire de 1' Academie Royale des Sciences. Paris, 1733, et seq. 4to. Miscellanea Berolinensia ad incrementum scientiarum, in 7 vols. 4to.

Berl. 1710 1743. Histoire de 1' Academie royale des sciences et belles lettres de Berlin, avec les memoires. Berl. 1746 et seq. 4to. Nouveaux Memoires, Sic. Berl. 1770 et seq. Commentarii Acad. seientimpel. Petropolitanæ, 1726, 1752.— Peters. 4to. Novi Commentarii, &c. Peterfb. I7*;o, et seq. 4to. Acta Acad. seient. imper. Peirop. 1781 et seq. 4to. Commentarii de Bononiensi scientiarum et artium inflituto atque academia. Bonon. 1731-82, 4to. Acta Soc. regix scientiarum Upsaliensis. Upsal. 1744-51, ia 5 vols. 4to. Nova Acta regiæ Societ. Upsal. 1.773, et *•"*■■• I' 4t0- Kongl. Veter.fkaps Academiens nya Handlingar. Stock. 1740, et seq. 8vo. Commentarii Societ. regiæ seient. Goettingensis. Goet. 1752, et seq. 4to. Acta Helvetica physico-matheraatico-botanica. , Basil, 1751, et seq. 4to. Essays and Observations physical and literary published by a Society at Edinburgh, in 3 vols. Svo. 1754.

Medical and Philosophical Commentaries by a Society at Edinburgh. Lond. 1779, et seq. 8vo. Acta Acad. elector. Moguntinæ quæ Erfordae est. Erf. 1757, et seq. Abhandlungen der Naturforschcnder* Gcselschaft in Zurich. Zur. 1761, in 3 vols. 8vo. Historia

INTRODUCTION.

. 9 Historia et Commentationes Acad. Elect, seient. et eleg. litterar. Theodoro Palatinæ. Manh. 1766, et seq. 4to. Schriften der Berlinischen Geselschaft Naturfoischender Freunde. Berl. 1780, et seq. 8vo. Memoires de P Academie imperiale et royale a Bruxellei, 4to et seq. 1777. Memoirs of the Philosophical Society at Manchester. Warrington 1785, et seq. 8vo. e. Voyages and Travels. i. General. A collection of Voyages and Travels, by John Harris, in 2 volsfol. Lond. 1705 and 17 15. Recueil des Voyages faites au Nord. Amst. 1715. History of Voyages and Discoveries in the North, by J. Reinh. Forster, 4to. Lond. 1786. A collection of voyages and travels by Churchill. Lond. 1752, in 8 vols. folio and 8vo. Account of a new voyage round the world, by William Dampier. Lond 1697, 8vo. Dampier's voyages, in 4 vols. Svo.

Lond. 1729. A voyage round the world, by George Anson- Lond. 1748, 4to. Voyage autour du monde par M. Bougainville, Paris, 1771 4*0. The fame translated by John Reinhold Forster. Lond. 1776. Hawkesworth's voyages of Cooke, Byron, Wallis and Carteret. Lond. 1773, in 3 vols. 4to- A journal of a voyage to the South sea, by Sidney Parkinson, 1773, 4to. A voyage round the world, by George Forster, in 2 vols. 4to. — Lond. 1777. , Observations made during a voyage round the world on physical geography, natural history, &.C. by J. R. Forster, 410. Lond. 1778. Cooke's second voyage. Lond. 1777, >n 2 vols. 4.0- Third voyage. Lond. in 3 vols. 4to. 1781- Voyage fait par ordre du Roi en diverscs parties de V Europe, de PAfrique et de P Amerique par M-Mde Verdun, de Botde, et Pingrc'. Paris, 1778, in 2 vols. 410.

Missionary Voyage in the ship Duff, by Capt. Wilson, 410. Lond. 1799* p • Voyage de la Perousc autour du monde, in 2 vols. 4to. rant, 1798. A Voyage round the World, by J. F. G. Perousc, in 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1799. , Account of a voyage in search of La Pero.usc, translated from the French of M. Labillardiere, in 2 vols. 410. Lond. 1800. Vol. I. B Fr-

INTRODUCTION.

2- In Europe. Fr. Jos- Torrubia. Aparato para la Historia Natural Espanola. Madrid, 1754, folio. Pet. Loesflingii Iter Hispanicum. Stockholm, 1758, 8vo- Historia natural y medica de el principado de Asturias, que esciibio el D. Gafpar Casal, sacra al luz D. Jos- Garcia- Madrid, 1762, 4to. Introduccion a Ja historia natural y a la geografia fisica di Espana, para Guil. Bowles- Madrid, 1775, 4to. Travels thro' Portugal and Spain, in 1772, and 1773, by Richard Twifs. 4to. Lond. 1775. John Armstrong, History of the island of Minorca. Lond- 1752, 8vo. A Journey to Paris, by Dr Martin Lister, 8vo. Lond. 1699- Memoires pour scrvir a P histoire nat. des Provinces du'Lyonnois, Forez et Beaujolois, par du Lac. Lyon. 1765, in 2 vols, 8vo, Voyage au Mont Pilat, dans la province du Lyonnois par Tourette.

Avign. 1770, 8vo. Memoires pour P histoire naturelle du Languedoc, par M. Astruc Paris, 1737, 4to. Histoire naturelle de la province de Languedoc, &c. par Gensanne- Montp. 1776, 8vo. Description generale et particuliere du Duch& de Bourgogne, par M. Courtepee. Dijon, 1775, 8vo. Description de la Lorraine et du Barrois, par M. Durival, 1778. Voyage dans la Provence par M. Papon. Paris. Svo. 1782. A Tour thro' Italy, by Tho. Martyn. Lond. 1791. 8vo. Voyages en Eipagne et en Italic, par le Pere Labat, Paris, 1730. Storia naturale de Sardegna, del Abbate Franc. Cetti. Sass.1774. Shiavo,Descritti>one di varie pioduzzioni naturali nella Sicilia, Palermo, 1768. Spallanzani's Travels in the two Sicilies, and some parts ofthe Appennines, in 4 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1798- Voyage en Sicile et en grand Grece.

Lausanne, 1773. Brydone's tour thro Sicily and Malta, Lond. 1773, in 2 vols. 8vo. A voyage to Sicily and Malta, written by Mr |ohn Dryden, when he accompanied Mr Cecil, &.c. Lond. 1776, 8vo. Sestini, lettere icritti dalla Sicilia e dalla 1 urchia, 178©, 3 vols.8vo. Storia naturale dell'isola di Corsica, Firenze 1774, 8vc. Tozzetti relationi d' alcuni viaggi fatte in diverse parte della Toscana, Firen. 1 75 1 , 6 vols, Svo. Catalogo delle piante &c. intorno alia citta di Siena, di B. Bartolini. Siena, 1776, 4to. Viaggioin Dalmazzia del Ab. Fortis. Venez. 1774, in ■**■* vols. 4to. Fortis's Travels in Dalmatia. Lond. 1776. 4to. Ray's Observations topographical, moral, and physiological, made in

INTRODUCTION.

. 11 in a journey thro* part ofthe Low Countries, Germany, Italy, and France. Lond. 1673, 8vo. Sir Andrew Balfour's letters, i2mo. Edin. 1700. Lettere Odeporiche di Angelo Gualandrio. Venez. 1780, 8vo. Keysler's Travels in Germany, Bohemia, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, and Lorraine, in 4 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1756- Travels through Italy by John James Ferber, 8vo. Lond. 1776. A Iketch of a Tour on the Continent, in the years 1786, and 11^7> by James Edward Smith, M. D. in 3 vols. Svo. Lond. '793- Wagner Historia Naturalis, Helvetiae. Tigur. 1680, i2mo. Jo. Jac. Scheuchzeri, Itinera alpina tria. Lond. 1708, 4to. — — Itinera per Helvetiae alpinasregiones Lugd. Bat. 1723, 4to. — — — Helvetiae Historia Naturalis. Zur. 17 16, in 3 vols. 4to. Lettres fur differens sujets, ecrites pendant le cours d' une voyage par PAllemagne, la Suisse, la France meridionale, &c. par Bernouilli.

Berlin, 1777, 8vo. Voyages dans les Alpes, par H. B. de Saussure. Neufch. 1779, in 2 vols. 4to. Sketches of the natural, civil, and political state of Switzerland, by Will. Coxe. Lond. 1779. 8vo. Natuurlyke Historie van Holland, door J. le Franq. van Beikbey. Amst. 1769, 8vo. Merret, Pinax rerum naturalium Britannicarum, 8vo. Lond- 1667. Natural History of England by Benjamin Martin. Lond. 1 759, 8 vo. Synopsis of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, by John Berkenhout, M. D. in 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1789. Ihe Natural History of Oxfordshire, by Robert Plot. Oxf. 1677, folio. The Natural History of Staffordshire, by Robert Plot. Oxf. 1679, folio. The Natural History of Lancashire, Cheshire, and the Peak of Derbyshire, by Charles Leigh. Oxf. 1700, folio. The present state of Derbyshire, by James Pilkington, 8vo.

Derby, 1789. The Natural History of Northamptonshire, by Thomas Morton, 1752, 8vo. An Essay towards a Natural History of Cumberland and Westmoreland, by Thomas Robinson. Lond. 1709, 8vo. The Natural History of Cornwall, by William Boilase. Oxf. 1758, folio. The Natural History and Antiquities of Northumberland and Durham, by John Wallis. Lond. 1769, in 2 vols. 4to. The Natural History of Selborne, by the Rev. Gilbert White. Lotid. 4to. A Tour in Wales, by Thomas Pennant. Lond. 1782, 4to, B 2 Rob.

INTRODUCTION.

. Rob. Sibbaldi Scotia illustrata, sive Prodromus Historiae Naturalis Scotiae. Edin. 1684, folio. . History of Linlithgow-shire, and Stirling-shir*. Edin. 1710, folio. History of Fife and Kinross. Edin. 17 10, folio. Nimmo, General History of Stirlingsliire, with the Natural History of the shire. Edin. 1777, 8vo. Shaw's History of the Province of Moray. Edin. 1775, 4t0- Crawford's Natural History of Renfrewshire. Edin. 1710. Statistical Account of Scotland, by Sir John Sinclair, in 21 vols. 8vo. Edin. 1791, et seq. Ure's Natural History of Rutherglen and Kilbride, 8vo. Glasgow, I793- Tours in Scotland by Thomas Pennant, in 3 vols. 4to. Chester. 1774, et seq. Description of the Western Islands of Scotland, by M. Martin, 8vo. Lond. 1703. M« Aulay's History of St Kilda. Svo. Lond. 1764. Wallace's Account ofthe Orkney Islands, 8vo.

Lond. 1700. Natural History of Ireland, by Gerard Boate. Lond. 1752, 8vo. Richard Twiss — Tour through Ireland. Lond. 1776, 8vo. A. Young. — Tour in Ireland. Edin. 1780. The antient and present state of the County of Down. Dublin, 1744, 8vo. The antient and present state of the County of Waterford, by C. Smith, Dublin, 1746, 8vo. The antient and present state of the County of Cork, by the same. Dublin, 1750, 8vo. Essay towards a Natural History of the County of Dublin, by John Rutty. Dublin, 1772. Townley's Journal kept in isle of Man, in 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 179»- Horrebow's Natural History of Iceland, folio. Lond. 1738. Tremarec, Relation d' un voyage dans la mer du nord, aux cotes d' Island, Groenland, &c. Paris, 1771, 4to. Uno Von Troil — Letters on Iceland, Translated from the Swedish. Lond. 1780, 8vo.

Pontoppidan's Natural History of Norway, See. Lond. 1755, folio. J. C. Fabricius, Reise nach Norwegen, mit Bemerkungen aus der Natuthistorie, and Oekonomie. Harab. 1779, 8vo. Car. Linnæi, Itei Oclandicum et Gothlaiidicum. Holm. l745,8vo. Iter Weftrogothicum. Holm. 1747, 8vo. Iter Scanicum. Holm. 1751, 8vo. N. These are written in the Swedilh language, but there are German translations of them. Peter Kalms Wastgotha och B_bu-l_ndsl_.a resa. Stockholm, 1746, 8vo. A

INTRODUCTION.

. 13 A Tour through Sweden, Swedish Lapland, Finland, &c. br Matthew Consett, 4to. Lond. 1789. Jo. Schefferi Lapponia. Francos. 1673, 4t0- Shaesser's History of Lapland. Lond. 1704, 8 vo. Ol. Rudbeckii fil. Nora Samolad, sive Lapponia illustrata. Uplal, 1701, 4to. r P. Gabi. Raczinslti, Historia Naturalis Poloniae et magni Ducatus Luhuaniae. Scudom. 1721, 4to. Histoire de la Moldavie et de la Valachie, par M. Cara. Paris 1778, i2mo. ' Marsigli Danubius Panonico-mvsicus, observationibus geographicis, astronomicis, physicis, &c. perlustratus. Hag. Com. 1726, in 6 vols. folio. Rob. Townson, Travels in Hungary. Lond. 1797, 4to. 3. In Afia- Jo. Georg. Gmelins Reise nach Sibiiien. in 4 vols, 4to. Goett. >7Ji- Voyage en Sibene, par 1' Abbe Chappe d'Auteroche. r*»ii, 1768, 4to. Antidote, ou examen du mauvais livre, intitule Voyage en Siberie.

Ami). 1771, Svo. Step. Krascheninnikof, History of Kamtschatka. Glocester, 1764, 4to. Stelltr's Bel'cbreibung von Kamtschatka. Franks. 1774. Pallas, Reise durch verfehiedene Provinzea de*. Russischen Reichs. Peters, in 3 vols. 4to. 1771. Gmelins Reise durch Rusland. Peters, in 3 vols. 4to, 1771. The Natural History of East Tartary, translated by VVil. Radcliffe, 8vo. Oxford, 1789. Account ofthe Russian discoveries between Asia and America, &.c. by William Coxe. Lond. 1780, 4to. Les observations des plusieurs singulatites et choses memorables trouvees en Grece, Asie, Judee, Egypte, Arable, &c. par Pierre Belon. Paris, 1553, 4to. Voyages en Europe, Asie, ct Afrique, par Thevenot. Paii;, 1664. 4to. Thevenot's Travels into the Levant. Lond. 1687, folio. Voyages de Jean Bapt. Tavernier. Paris, 1676, 4to.

Tavernier's Voyages and Travels. Lond. 1684, folio. Relation d' un voyage du Levant, par J. P. Tournefort. Paris, 17 1 2, 4to. Tournefort's Voyage into the Levant, in 2 vols. 4to. Lond. 1728. A description of the East, by Richard Pococke. Lond. 1743, folio. The Natural History of Aleppo, and parts adjacent, in 2 vols.4to. Lond. 1794. Fr. Hasselquist, Iter Palaestinuir. -Stockh. 1757, 8ro. (Swedish.) Hal-

INTRODUCTION.

. 14 Hasselquist's Voyages and Travels Id the Levant. Lond.i766.8vo. Mariti, Viaggi per P isole di Cipro. Tur. 1769. Mariti's Travels into Cyprus, Palestine, &c. in 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1791. Niebuhr'sReiscbeschreibung nachAiabien, &c.Kopenh. 410.1774. Niebuhr's Travels into Arabia and places adjacent, in 2 vols. 8vo. Edin. 1792. Sonini's Travels into Egypt, in 3 vols. 8vo, and I. vol. 4to. Lond. 1799. Descriptiones animalium, avium, amphibiorum, &c. quae in itinere orientali obscrvavit Petrus Forikal. Haun. 1775, 4to. Icones rerum naturalium, quas in itinere orientali depingi curavit P. Forikal. Haun. 1776, 4to. Chardin, Journal d' un voyage en Perse. Lond. 1686, folio. Sir John Chardin's Travels in Persia and the East Indies. Lond. 1688, folio. E. Kaempfeii Amoenitates. Lemgo. 1712, 4to. Ives-* Voyage fiom England to India.

Lond. 1773, 4to- Voyage de Siam, par les P. P. Jesuites. Paris, 1686, Svo. Second Voyage. Amst. 1689, Svo. De la Loubere, du ioyaume de Siam. Paris, 1691. Histoire Naturelle et civile du Royaume de Siam, par Turpin. Paris, 1771, l2mo. Linschoten Navigatio et itinerarium in orientalem Indiam. Hag. 159.9. ■(olio* Description generale &c. de la Chine, par le P. du Halde. Paris, 1735, folio. Peter Osbeck Dagbok, &C Stockh. 1757, 8vo. A voyage to China and the East Indies, by Peter Osbeck, in 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1771. A voyage to Suratte, China, &c. by Olof Toreen, making part of the 2. vol. of the preceding book. Voyages aux Indes orientaks et a la Chine, par M. Sonnerat. Paris, 1781, 4to. Histoire Naturelle, civile, &c. du Tonquin, par Richard. Paris, 1777, 8vo. Kaempler's History of Japan. Lond. 1727, folio.

Matsden's History of Sumatra. Lond. 1783,410. Staunton's Account of the Chinese Embassy. Lond. 1797, in 2> vols. 4to. Voyages to the East Indies, by John Splinter Savorinus, in 3 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1798. A vogage to the East Indies by Fra. Paolina da San Bartholomeo, with notes by J. Rein. Forster. Translated from the German, by William Johnston, 8vo. Lond, 1800. In Africa, INTRODUCTION, 15 4. /« Africa. Shaw's Travels or Observations relating to several parts of Barbary and the Levant. Oxf. 1738, folio. Voyage en Barbarie, par P Abbe Poiret, 8vo. Paris, 1789. Poiret's travels thro' B-Srbary, 8vo. Lond. 1791. Histoire Naturelle du Senegal, par M. Adanson. Paris, 1757,410. Demaret, Nouvelle histoire de P Afrique Francoise. Paris, 1767. Nouvelle relation de P Afrique occidentale. Paris, 1758, in 5 vols. i2mo.

Voyage to Guinea, by William Smith. Lond. 175c. Bosnian's Account of Guinea. Lond. 1721, 8vo. A voyage to the Coast of Africa,by John Lindsay. Lond. 1759. 4to. Histoire de Loango, Koango, et autres royaumes d' Afrique, par Proyart. Paris, 1766. Travels into the interior parts of Africa, by Mungo Park. Lond. 1799, 4to. Prosper Alpini Historia Naturalis Aegypti. Leyd. 1735, 4to. Relation du voyage faite en Egypte, par M. Granger. Paris, 1745. A series of adventures in the course of a voyage up the Red Sea, &c. by Eyles Irwin- Lond. 1780, 4to. Travels to discover the source of the Nile, by James Bruce, in 5 vols.4to. Edin. 1790. Description of the Cape of Good Hope, by Kolben.in 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1738. Journal hiftorique cu voyage fait au Cap de Bonne Esperance Paris, 1763. Nieuwe algemeene Beschryving van der Cap de Goede Hop.