A New Geographical, Historical, and Commercial Grammar and Present State of the Several Kingdoms of the World

Front matter

A NEW GEOGRAPHICAL, HISTORICAL, AND COMMERCIAL GRAMMAR: AND PRESENT STATE OF THE SEVERAL KINGDOMS OF THE WORLD. CONTAINING I. The Figures, Motions, and Distances of the Planets, according to the Newtonian System, and the latest Observations. II. A general View ofthe Earth, considered as a Planet ; with several useful Geo- VII. Observations on the Changes that have been any-where observed upon the Face of Nature, since the most early Periods of History. VIII. The History and Origin of Nations, their Forms of Government, Religion, graphical Definitions and Problems. III. The grand Divisions of the Globe into Land and Water, Continents and Islands. IV. ,The Situation and Extent of Empires, Kingdoms, States, Provinces, and Colonies. Laws, Revenues, Taxes, Naval and Military Strength, Orders of Knighthood, &c' IX.

The Genius, Manners, Customs, and Habits of the People. X. Their Language, Learning, Arts, Sciences, Manufactures, and Commerce. Xt. The chief Cities, Structures, Ruins, V. Their Climate, Air, Soil, Vegetable Productions, Metals, Minerals, Natural Curiosities, Seas, Rivers, Bays, Capes, Promontories, and Lakes. and artificial Curiosities. XII. The Longitude, Latitude, Bearings, and Distances of principal Places from London. VI. The Birds and Beasts peculiar to each Country. TO WHICH ARE ADDED, I. A Geographical Ineex, with the Names and Places alphabetically arranged. II. A Table of the Coins of all Nations, iuid their Value in English Money. III. A Chkonologic.-.l Table of remarkabie Events, from the Creation to the present Time. By WILLIAM GUTHRIE, Esq. The Astronomical Part by James Ferguson, F.R.S. TO WHICH HAVE- KEEN ADDED THE LATE DISCOVERIES OF DR. HERSCHEL, AND OTHER EMINENT ASTRONOMERS. illustrated with A CORRECT SET OF MAPS, ENGRAVED FROM THE M ST RECENT OBSPRVATIuNS AND DRAUGHTS OF GEOGRAPHICAL TRAVELLERS.

THE NINETEENTH EDITION, Corrected and considerably Enlarged. LONDON.- PRINTED FOR G. G. AND J. ROBINSON, IN PATER-NOSTER-ROW ; AND J. MAWMAN (SUCCESSOR TO MR. DiLLYj IN THE POULTRY", 1801, PIUNTED BV I'. Bensley, Bolt Court, Fleet Street. C. and R. Baldwin, Bridge Street, Blackfriara. Crowder and Hemsted, Warwick Square. T. Davison, White Friars. T. Gilfet, Salisbury Square. G. Woodfall, Paternoster Row. C. Whittingham, Dean Street, Fetter Lane.

Preface

. 1 O a man sincerely interested in the welfare of society and of his own country, it must be particularly agreeable to reflect on the rapid progress and general diffusion of learning and civility which, within the present age, have taken place in Great Britain. Whatever may be the case in some other kingdoms of Europe, we, in this island, may boast of our superiority to those illiberal prejudices which not only cramp the genius but sour the temper of man, and disturb all agreeable intercourse of society. Among us, learning is no longer confined within the schools of the philosophers, or the courts of the great; but, like all the greatest advantages which heaven has bestowed on mankind, it is become as universal as it is useful. This general diffusion of knowledge is one effect of that happy constitution of government which, towards the close of the last century, was confirmed to us, and which constitutes the peculiar glory of this nation.

In other countries, the great body of the people possess little wealth, have little power, and consequently meet with little respect; in Great Britain the people aie opulent, have great influence, and claim, of course, a proper share of attention. To their improvement, therefore, men of letters have lately directed their studies; as the great body ofthe people, no less than the dignified, the learned, or the wealthy few, have an acknowledged title to be amused and instructed. Books have been divested ofthe terms ofthe schools, reduced from that size which suited only the purses of the rich and the avocations ofthe studious, and are adapted to persons of more ordinary fortunes, whose attachment -to other pursuits admitted of little leisure for those of knowledge. It is to books of this kind, more than to the works of our Bacons, our Lockes, and our Newtons, that the generality of our countrymen owe that superior improvement which distinguishes them from the lower ranks of men in all other countries. A

PREFACE.

. VIII To promote and advance this improvement is the principal design of our present undertaking. No subject appears more interesting than that we have chosen, and none seems capable of being handled in a manner that may render it more generally useful. The knowledge ofthe world, and of its inhabitants, though not the sublimest pursuit of mankind, it must be allowed, is that which most nearly interests them, and to which their abilities are best adapted. And books of Geography, wdiich describe the situation, extent, soil, and productions of kingdoms; the genius, manners, religion, government, commerce, sciences, and arts, of all the inhabitants upon earth; promise the best assistance for attaining this knowledge. The compendium of Geography we now offer to the Public differs in many particulars from other books on that subject.

Besides exhibiting an eas}^ distinct, and systematic account of the theory and practice of what may be called Natural Geography, the Author has attempted to render the following performance an instructive, though compendious, detail of the general history of the world. The character of nations depends on a combination of a great many circumstances, which reciprocally affect each other. There is a nearer connection between the learning, the commerce, the government, &c. of a state, than most people seem to apprehend. In a work of this kind, which pretends to include moral, or political, as well as natural Geography, no one of these objects should pass unnoticed. The omission of any one of them would, in reality, deprive us of a branch of knowledge, not only interesting in itself, but which is absolutely necessary for enabling us to form an adequate and comprehensive notion of the subject in general.

We have thought it necessary, therefore, to add a new article to this work, which comprehends the history and present state of learning in the several countries "we describe, with the characters of such persons as have been most eminent in the various departments of letters and philo sophy. This subject will, on a little reflection, appear altogether requisite, when we consider the powerful influence of learning upon the manners, government, and general character of nations. These objects, inl

PREFACE.

. IX deed, till of late, seldom found a place in geographical performances; and, even Adhere thsy have been introduced, are by no means handled in an entertaining or instructive manner. Neither is this to be altogether imputed to the fault of geographical writers. The greater part of travellers, acting solely under the influence of avarice, the passion which first induced them to quit their native land, were at little pains, and were indeed ill qualified, to collect such materials as are proper for gratifying our curiosity, with regard to these particulars. The geographer, then, who could only employ the materials put into his hands, was not enabled to give us any important information upon such subjects. In the course of the present century, however, men have begun to travel from different motives.

A thirst for knowledge, as well as for gold, has led many into distant lands. These they have explored with a philosophic attention ; and, by laying open the internal springs of action, by which the inhabitants of different regions are actuated, exhibit to us a natural and striking picture of human manners, under the various stages of barbarity and refinement. Without manifest impropriety, v/e could not but avail ourselves of their labours, by means of v/hich we have been enabled to give a more copious and a more perfect detail of what is called Political Geography, than has hitherto appeared. In considering the present state of nations, few circumstances are of more importance than their mutual intercourse. This is chiefly brought about by commerce, the prime mover in the œconomy of modern states, and of which, therefore, we have never lost sight in the present undertaking.

We are sensible that a reader could not examine the present state of nations with much entertainment or instruction, unless he was also made acquainted with their situation during the preceding ages, and of the various revolutions and events, by the operation of which they have assumed their present form and appearance. This constitutes the historical part of our work; a department which we have endeavoured to execute in a manner entirely new. Instead of fa tiguing the reader with a dry detail of newspaper oc-

PREFACE.

. X currences, no way connected Avifhone another, or Avith the general plan of the whole, Ave have mentioned only such facts as are interesting, either in themselves, or from their relation to objects of importance. Instead of a meagre index of incoherent incidents, Ave have drawn up a regular and connected epitome of the history of each country; — such an epitome as may be read with equal pleasure and advantage, arid which may be considered as a proper introduction to more copious accounts. Having, through the Avhole of the work, mentioned the ancient names of countries, and, in treating of their particular history, sometimes carried our re searches beyond the limits of modern times, Ave have thought it necessary, for the satisfaction of such read ers as are unacquainted Avith classical learning, to begin our historical Introduction Avith the remote ages of antiquity.

By inserting an account of the ancient Avorld in a book of geography, Ave afford an opportunity to the reader of comparing together, not only the manners, government, and arts of different nations, as they now appear, but as they subsisted in ancient ages; Avhich exhibiting a general map, as it Avere, of the history of mankind, renders our Avork more complete than any geographical treatise extant. In the execution of our design, Ave have all along endeavoured to observe order and perspicuity. Ele gance we have sacrificed to brevity; happy to catch the leading features which distinguish the characters of nations, and by a few strokes to hit off, though not completely to finish. What has enabled us to comprise so many subjects Avithin the narroAv bounds of this Avork, is the omis sion of many immaterial circumstances, which are recorded in other performances of the same kind, and of all those fabulous accounts or descriptions Avhich, to the disgrace of the human understanding, savcII the works of geographers ; though the falsity of them, both from their own nature, and the concurring testi mony of the most enlightened and best-informed travellers and historians, has been long since detected. As to particular parts of the Avork, Ave have been more or less diffuse, according to their importance to

PREFACE.

. XI us as men and as subjects of Great Britain. Our oAvn country, in both respects, deserved the greatest share of our attention. Great Britain, though she cannot boast of a more luxuriant soil or happier climate than many other countries, has advantages of another and superior kind, which make her the delight, the envy, and the mistress ofthe world: these are, the equity of her laws, the freedom of her political constitution, and the moderation of her religious system. With regard to the British empire we have therefore been singularly copious. ■ . Next to Great Britain, we have been most particular upon the other states of Europe; and always in proportion as they present us with the largest field for useful reflection. By comparing together our accounts of the European nations, the important system of practical knowledge is inculcated, and a thousand argu ments will appear in favour of a mild religion, a free government, and an extended, unrestrained commerce.

Europe having occupied so large a part of our vo lume, Asia next claims our attention; Avhich, hoAvever, though in some respects the most famous quarter ofthe world, offers, when compared to Europe, extremely little for our entertainment or instruction. In Asia, a strong attachment to ancient customs, and the Aveight of tyrannical power, bear down the active genius of man, and prevent that variety in manners and charac ter which distinguishes the European nations. In Africa, the human mind seems degraded beloAv its natural state. To dwell long upon the manners of this country, a country so immersed in rudeness and barbarity, besides that it could afford little instruction, would be disgusting to every lover of mankind. Add to this, that the inhabitants of Africa, deprived of all arts and sciences, without which the human mind re mains torpid and inactive, discover no great variety in manners or character.

A gloomy sameness almost everywhere prevails; and the trifling distinctions which are discovered among them seem rather to arise from an excess of brutality on the one hand, than from any perceptible approaches towards refinement on the other. But though these quarters of the globe are treated less extensively than Europe, there is no

PREFACE.

. district of them, hoAvever barren or savage, entirely omitted. America, whether considered as an immense con tinent, inhabited by an endless variety of different people, or as a country intimately connected with Europe by the ties of commerce and government, deserves very particular attention. The bold discovery and barbarous conquest of this NeAv World, and the manners and prejudices of the original inhabitants, are objects which, together Avith the description of the country, deservedly occupy no small share of this performance. In treating of such a variety of subjects, some less obvious particulars, no doubt, must escape our notice. But if our general plan be good, and the outlines and chief figures sketched with truth and judgment, the candour of the learned, we hope, Avill excuse imper fections which are unavoidable in a Avork of this extensive kind.

We cannot, Avithout exceeding the bounds of a Pre face, insist upon the other parts of our plan. The Maps, Avhich are executed Avith care, by the best-in formed artists in these kingdoms, will, we hope, afford satisfaction. The science of natural geography, for Avant of proper encouragement from those Avho are alone capable of giving it, still remains in a A*ery imperfect state; and the exact divisions and extent of countries, for want of geometrical surveys, are far from being Avell ascertained. This consideration has induced us to adopt the most unexceptionable of Templeman's Tables, Avhich, if they give not the ex actest account, afford at least a general idea of this subject; which is all indeed Ave can attain, until the geographical science arrives at greater perfection. CONTENTS

Introduction

.

Part I

Of Astronomical Geography. SOLAR System Page 1 Table of the Diameters, Periods, &c. of the several Planets in the Solar System 4 Comets 4 Fixed Stars Q Constellations 8 Copernican and other Systems of the Universe 8 Doctrine of the Sphere 10 Globe 11 Problems performed by the Globe 19 Geographical Observations ! 23 Natural Divisions of the Earth 25 Winds and Tides ' . . If Maps 29 Cardinal Points 30

Part III

Of the Origin and Progress of Religion 56 Of the natural and Political Parts of EUROPE . . . 5g Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Divilions, and History O'O Denmark ,. . . . 62 East and West Greenland, and Iceland . , 03 Norway Op Denmark Proper 76 Lapland 94 Sweden 99 Muscovy, or the Ruffian Empire 117 Scotland, and the Hebrides, Orkneys, &c 150 England i • • 198 Wales ' 391 Me of Man, Isles of Wight, Jersey, Guernsey, &c 397 Ireland , 401 France - 432 United Netherlands, or Holland 487 Austrian and French Netherlands '. 497 Germany „ *...... 50J Prussia ' 539 Bohemia •545 Hungary '. P47 Traulylvania, Sclavonia, and Croatia Paland and Lithuania , . , 55^ CONTENTS. Switzerland Page 580 Spain A-fi Portugal . ,, 6'19 Italy ' -630 Turkey in Europe, the ancient Greece ." 058 Turkish Islands in the Levant, being part of ancient Greece 665 t-l-t Other European Islands are described with the Countries to which they respectively belong.

ASIA. Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Divisions, and History 668 Of Turkey in Asia 671 Tartary in Asia 693 China 700 India in general „ 719 India beyond the Ganges ' 725 India within the Ganges, or the Empire of the Great Mogul 732 The Peninsula of Hindoostan 749 Persia 76O Arabia *' fJ5 Indian and Oriental Isles belonging to Asia "81 AFRICA. Its Situation, Boundaries, grand Divisions, and History 789 Egypt 79$ The States of Barbary ; 802 Abyssinia 810 Interior Countries of Africa .8115 Western and Eastern Coast of Africa 823 Country of the Hottentots ., . , 828 Caffraria ... 833 African Islands 838 AMERICA. Its Discovery and History g^5 Original Inhabitants ~ _ g5Q Situation*, Boundaries, and grand Divisions 865 a /-New Britain, and other Countries towards the North S-c ) Pole ..* fl-, ." <u < r, , «/ 1 £ S ) Canada 8-4 w •< LNova Scotia gg3 United States of America ; . ' g8^ New England A.AAAAA..'.' 8S8 ' Vermont . g New Hampshire ' oqk Massachusetts, including the district of Maine' «o» Rhode Island ...'.'.'. qoo Connecticut . . . . , At New York a::::::::;:;::;; Ss New Jersey .

Pennsylvania { ' A '.'.'. \ '. '. ". ". .' \ '.'. V '_ " " " ' fJJJ Delaware ' ' jjA CONTENTS. Maryland • Page qi 8 Virginia , „21 Kentucky ' ' g2~ North Carolina 02q South Carolina '/_'.'_ g3* Georgia : ......'.'..'..036 Tennessee ___ q3q Territory North West of the Ohio. .' . .' .' .' .' .' _ '. " ] ° .' ' ." ' .' ...A g4'i Generiil Description of the West Indies 043 Jamaica and other Islands in the West Indies. ... " Q4g __. sEast and West Florida. -j sp57 | [ New Mexico, including California I North America J 95a u j Old Mexico, or New Spain J \q60 | < Terra Firma ■ 63 | i chih'. : : : ; : : : : : * : ; ; : ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; > south America #* « j Paraguay, or La Plata J [_g?1 m LCuba and Hispaniola, and other Islands in America 073 Portuguese America, Brasil gy5 French America, Cayenne 070 St. Domingo, Martinico, and other French Islands in the West Indies 979 Dutch America, Surinam 033 St. Euftatius, and other Dutch Islands in the West Indies 984 St. Thomas's, and other Danish Islands in Ditto. 98(5 New Discoveries .- r 087 Northern Archipelago 987 North West Coast of America 988 The Pelew Islands.. ggo The Marquesas Islands ggi Ingraham's Islands , ggi Otaheite, or King George's Island 992 The Society Islands 9g4 Oheteroa ggQ Navigators' Islands ggQ The Friendly Islands 997 New Zealand 998 The New Hebrides. .999 New Holland .ggg New Guinea 1003 Sandwich Islands 1004 Terra Incognita 1006 A New Geographical Table, alphabetically arranged 1008 A Table of the Coins of all Nations, and their value iu English Money 1023 Chronological Table of Remarkable Events, &c.'. 1038 ..

DIRECTIONS for placing the MAPS. The \yORLD, To front the Title. GERMANY Page 507 CHART of the WORLD, according to Mercator's projection, p. 1 POLAND, LITHUANIA, and PRUSSIA 555 The SPHERE.. 10 SWITZERLAND 580 EUROPE 59 SPAIN and PORTUGAL. ... 592 DENMARK, SWEDEN, and NORWAY ....'. 62 ITALY 630 TURKEY in Europe, and Hungary 65S RUSSIA in Europe >. 117 SCOTLAND 150 ASIA 668 ENGLAND and WALES 108 EAST INDIES ... .719 IRELAND 401 AFRICA 789 'NORTH AMERICA 871 FRANCE 432 SEVEN UNITED PRO- TEST INDIES 943 VINCES, and NETHER LANDS 487 SOUTH AMERICA gffi The Binder is desired to beat the Book l-efore he places the Maps.

INTRODUCTION.

.

Part I. Of Astronomical Geography

SECT. L OF THE PLANETS, THE COMETS, THE FIXED STARS, AND THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE UNIVERSE. X HE science of Geography cannot be completely understood with out considering the earth as a planet, or as a body moving round another at a considerable distance from it. It will therefore be necessary to begin this work with a summary view of the science of Astuonomy, and a brief account of the planets and other heavenly bodies. Of these, the most conspicuous is that glorious luminary, the fun, the fountain of light and heat to the several planets which move round it, and which, together with it, compose what astronomers have called the Solar System. The way or path in which the planets move round the fun, is called their Orbit ; and it is now fully proved by astronomers, that there are seven planets which move round the fun, each in its own orbit.

The names of these, according to their nearness to the centre or middle point of the fun, are Mercury, Venus, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, knd the Georgium Sidus. The two first, because they move within the orbit of the earth (being nearer the sup), are called inferior planets, or, perhaps more properly, interior or inner planets ; the four last, moving without the orbit ofthe earth, are called superior, or, perhaps, more properly, exterior or outer planets. If we can form an idea of the manner in which any one of these planets,' suppose our earth, moves round the fun, we can easily conceive the manner in which all the rest perform a similar revolution. We (hall only, therefore, particularly consider the motion of the earth, or planet on which we live, leaving that of the others to be collected from a table, which we shall give, with such explanations as may render it intelli gible to the meanest capacity.

The earth .was long considered as one extensive plane, of no remarkable thickness ; and the regions below it were supposed to be the habitations of spirits. The heavens, in which the fun, moon, and stars, apft

INTRODUCTION.

. peared to move daily from east to west, were conceived to be at no great distance from it, and to be only designed for its use or ornament. Several reasons, however, occurred, which rendered this opinion improbable ; it is needless to mention them, because we have now a sufficient proof of. the figure of tbe**earth, from the voyages of many navigators, who have actually sailed round it ; as for instance that of Magellan's ship, which was the first that circumnavigated the globe, sailing west from a port in Europe in ;519, and returning to the same, after a voyage of 1 124 days, without altering its direction, except to the north or south, as compelled by the winds, or intervening land. The spherical figure of the earth being sully proved, the hypothesis of its motion was evidently rendered, much more probable.

For while it was considered as a plane, mankind had an obscure notion of its being supported, like a scaffolding, on pillars, though they could not tell what supported these. But the figure' of a globe is much better adapted to motion; and a very strong, and, in' reality, unanswerable, argument for that motion was derived from considering, that, if the earth did not move round the fun, not only, the fun, but all the stars and planets, must move round the earth. Now, as astronomers, by reckonings founded on the surest observations, have been able to ascertain pretty nearly the distances of the heavenly bodies from the earth and from each other, in the lame manner as every person acquainted with the first elements of mathematics can measure the height of a steeple, or any object placed on it, — it appeared, that, if we conceived the heavenly bodies to move round the earth, we must suppose them endowed with a motion or velocity so immense as to exceed all conception : whereas all the appearances in nature may be as well explained by imagining the earth to move rouncl the iun in the space of a year, and to turn on its own axis once in 24 hours.

To form a conception of these two motions of the earth, we may imagine a ball moving on a billiard table or .bowling-green : the ball proceeds forwards upon the green or table, not by sliding along like a plane upon wood, ora Hate upon ice, but by turning round its own axis, which is an imaginary line drawn through the centre or middle ofthe ball, and ending on its surface in two points called its poles. We must, however, remember that these two motions in the earth are perfectly distinct, and not imagine that the number of revolutions caused by the rotatory motion is in proportion to the space pasted through by the progressive, as is the cafe with the ball on the table or the bowling-green. The earth, therefore in the space of 24 hours, moves from west to east, while the inhabitants oh the surface of it, like men on the deck of a ship, who are insensible of their own motion, and think that the banks move from them in a contrary direction, will conceive that the fun and stars 'move from east to west in the fame time of 24 hours in which they, along with the earth move from west to east.

This daily or diurnal motion of the earth beinoonce clearly conceived, will enable us easily to form a notion of its annual or yearly motion round the fun. For as that luminary seems to have a diurnal motion round -our earth, which is really occasioned by the daily motion of the earth round its own axis, so, in the course of a year he seems to have an annual motion in the heavens, and to rife and set in different points of them, which is really occasioned by the annual motion. of the earth in its orbit or path round the fun, which it completes in the space of a year. Now, 'as to the first of these motions we owe the difference of .day and night, so to the second we are indebted for the differ ence in the length of the days and nights, and in the seasons of the year.

INTRODUCTION.

. 3 The Planets.] It will easily be conceived that what has been said with regard to the.motion of the earth, is equally applicable to all the other planets. Of these, beside the seven already mentioned, which move round the sun, there are fourteen others which move round four of these, in the same manner as they do round the fun ; and 'of these our earth has one, called the moon ; Jupiter has four ; Saturn has seven (two * of these having been lately discovered by Dr. Herschel) ; ard the Georgium Sidus two, as that excellent astronomer has shown. These are called moons, from their resemblance to our moon ;. and sometimes secondary planets, because they seem to be attendants of the Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, and the Georgium Sidus, about which they move, and which are called primary. It will be necessary for the understanding of the following table, to explain what is meant by the inclination of tfie axes of the planets to their orbits, and the mean distances of the planets. ' We have already said that the annual motion of the earth occasioned the diversity of seasons.

But this would not happen, we're the axis of the earth exactly parallel to or in a line with the axis of its orbit : decause then the fame parts ofthe earth would be turned towards the fun in every diurnal revolution ; which would deprive mankind of the grateful vicissitudes ofthe seasons, arising from the difference in length of the days and nights. This, therefore, is not the cafe : — the axis of the earth is inclined to the plane of the earth's orbit, which we may conceive by supposing a spindle put through a ball, with one end of it touching the ground ; if we move the ball directly forwards, while one end of the spindle continues to'touch the ground, and the other points towards some quarter of the heavens, we may form an idea of the inclination of the earth's axis to its orbit, from the inclination of the spindle to the ground The same observation applies to some of the other planets, as may be seen from the table.

In order to understand what is meant by the mean distances of the planets from the fun, we must observe that the orbit, or path which a planet describes, were it to be marked out, would not be quite round or circular, but in the shape of a figure called an ellipsis, which, though re sembling a circle, is longer than broad. Hence the fame planet is not always at the fame distance from the fun ; and the mean distance of it is that which is exactly betwixt its greatest and least distance. Here folsows the table ; • Sat thp 80th vol. of the Philosophical Traosa^ians- B2

INTRODUCTION.

. A TABLE OF THE DIAMETERS, PERIODS, be. OF THE SE- VERAL PLANETS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM. The Georgian planet (or Georgium Sidus) was discovered by Dr. Herschel with his telescope of great size and power, forty feet in length, and four and a half in diameter, in the year 1781. For this discovery he obtained from the Royal Society the honorary recompense of sir Godfrey Copley's medal. Though it was not till then known as a planet, yet there are many reasons to suppose it had been seen before, but had been considered as a fixed star. But, from the steadiness of its light, from its diameter being increased by high magnifying powers, and from the change he had observed in its situation, Dr. Herschel first concluded that it was a comet ; but in a little time, he, with others, determined that it was a planet, from its vicinity to the ecliptic, the direction of its motion being stationary in the time, and in such circumstances, as correspond with similar appearances in other planets. — When the moon is absent, it may be seen by the naked eye; and the discovery of two satellites at tending it seems to confer upon it a dignity, and • to raise it into a more conspicuous situation among the great bodies of our solar system.