History of Michigan, civil and topographical, in a compendious form; with a view of the surrounding lakes. With a map

Front matter

HISTORY OF MICHIGAN, CIVIL AND TOPOGRAPHICAL, IN A COMPENDIOUS FORIH ; WITH A TIEW OF THE SURROUNDING LAKES B* JAMES H. L ANM AN. WITH A MAP. NEW-YORK: E. FRENCH, 146 NASSAU STREET. 1839. Entered according to Act of Congress inthe year 1839, by J. H. Lanman, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of JSew-York. STEREOTYPED BY VINCENT L. DILL, 208 WILLIAM STREET. SCATCHKRU AND ADAMS, PRINTERS. TO THE PEOPLE OF MICHIGAN, WHOSE ENTERPRISE FIRST URGED THEM INTO THE WILDERNESS, WHOSE ENERGIES ARE ADVANCING THE PROGRESS OF THE STATE, THIS WORK IS RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED.

Preface

The tract of territory now embraced in the State of Michi gan, derives its name probably from the Indian word Michi sawgyegan. signifying a Great Lake. Its growing importance has induced me to undertake this work. Endeavoring to ex hibit its history and its resources in a condensed form, I have aimed at accuracy in all its parts ; and to state nothing but that for which ample evidence may be produced. The ma terials have been scattered around ; some in rough fragments half buried in the soil, some in sculptured masses, and others had not been hewn from the quarry. If it be thought that they are arranged into a well-proportioned fabric, I reap a full reward. Besides a large body of documentary matter and other sources from which facts have been derived, are the works of Hakluyt, Hennepin, La Hontan, Charlevoix, Henry, Car ver, Roger, Mackenzie, Schoolcraft, and the valuable discour ses which have been delivered by Lewis Cass, Henry R. Schoolcraft, Henry Whiting, and John Biddle before the His torical Society of Michigan.

I would also acknowledge my deepest obligation to several gentlemen of the Detroit bar, among whom are B. F. H. Witherell, A. D. Frazer, and Franklin Sawyer, for aiding my researches in the prosecution of the work ; and especially to Mr. Henry R. Schoolcraft, for his kind aid and advice when these were most required ; an assistance, springing not only from personal friendship, but from an interest in the north-west, whose history and re- VI

PREFACE.

. sources his literary efforts have illustrated and adorned. I am also indebted to the State Librarian of Michigan and the Secretary of Stale, for facilitating my labors in their own re spective departments. Independently of the interest which has been for some time thickening around the Lake region of the country, from the progress of emigration into that quarter and its ex traordinary advance, there are also other facts which aug ment this interest. In the first place it has been excluded from the possession of the United States until the year 1796, and, by consequence, its history is foreign previous to that date. Held by the French crown until 1760, it was made a rallying point for its military and mercantile operations until this period, connected as they were with savages and the in fluence of French institutions and the Catholic Church.

It is, moreover, a new and comparatively unknown field. While in the more densely settled States of the east the pro minent events of their growth have been carefully treasured up and recorded, those of the north-west have been in a great measure neglected. This is doubtless owing to the fact, that the region which now comprises the American States in this quarter had no distinct and independent government un til the year 1787. It was a howling wilderness, the border of a vast jurisdiction belonging to monarchies abroad ; inhabited by migratory traders, wandering hordes of savages, or tempo rary armies encamped for the purposes of defence or conquest. But the time has now arrived when the facts should be em bodied, and the causes and consequences which have borne upon that country clearly set forth.

There is a striking difference in the colonial character of the Atlantic States and those of the north-west. The colonial structure ofthe States of New England and New-York was of the English and Dutch cast ; while that of Michigan, previous to its conquest by England, was French. The iron independence, the upright, sober, and self-denying character of the founders of New England, chastening their appetites and passions to a severe form of religious doctrine, was un like that of the class of Frenchmen, who were inspired with

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. VII that loyalty which characterized the reign of Louis XIV., the volatile, reckless, and amiable class who now inhabit the cottages of a great portion of the Canadas, and who we have recently seen striving to shake off the British power ; the class who had been accustomed to reverence the French monarchy in their own country, and were willing to obey their seigneurs in the American wilderness. Another difference between the two colonies consisted in their religion. While the Quaker and the Puritan adhered, with the utmost rigid firmness, to the forms of their own church, the region of the lakes was the stronghold of that gorgeous fabric, the Church of Rome ; and for more than a century it was the ranging ground of the most polished order of that church, the order of the Jesuits. The history of Michigan exhibits three distinct and strongly marked epochs.

The first may be properly denominated the Romantic, which extends to the year 1 760, when its do minion was transferred from France to Great Britain. This was the period when the first beams of civilization had scarcely penetrated its forests, and the paddles of the French Fur Trade swept the lakes, and the boat-songs of the traders awakened tribes as wild as the wolves which howl around their wigwams. The second epoch is the Military. Commencing with the Pontiac war ; and, running down through the successive strug gles of the British, the Indians, and the Americans, to obtain the dominion of the country, it ends with the victory of Com modore Perry, the defeat of Proctor, and the death of Tecum seh, the leader of the Anglo-savage Confederacy upon the banks of the Thames. The third epoch is the enterprising, the hardy, the practi cal, the mechanical, the working age of Michigan ; and it commences with the introduction of the public lands into market.

It is the age of agriculture, commerce, and manu factures ; of harbors, cities, canals, and rail-roads ; when the landscapes ofthe forest are meted out by the chain and com pass of the surveyor ; when its lakes aud streams are sounded aud adjudged by their capacity lo turn the wheel of a mill or

PREFACE.

. to float a ship ; and when these facts are set down in the value of dollars and cents to the price current of the exchange. It is the age when a sturdy energy, acting under the impulse of our free government, is bounding forward with unprecedented vigor ; founding states, developing resources, overcoming the obstacles of nature by artificial means, and doing in years what was formerly the work of ages. This energy, acting upon our western States, cannot be viewed without amaze ment ; its consequences no human foresight can fathom. One cannot fail to be surprised at the too general want of information which prevails at the east regarding the region of the north-western lakes. Although the advance of emigration has tended somewhat to enlighten the public mind on that sub ject, still it is even now believed by many to be a wilderness, filled in a great measure with savages, and destitute of the advantages of civilization.

Such expressions do not keep pace with the advance ofthe times. They would have been well founded twen ty years ago ; for the great mass of the population and wealth has sprung up within that period, while the bulk of the Ame rican people have been reposing along the Atlantic sea-board. A concise account of the progress of the State of Michigan will rectify such impressions, if any still remain. j Michigan attracts to itself interest from abroad on other grounds. A considerable portion of the domain is now held by non-resident owners, and, on account ofthe advance of the country, must be valuable to that class of readers, as well as to those who seek a place for settlement. This work is also de signed as a book of reference to the citizens of the State where the prominent facts relating to its progress and present condition may be found.

The jurisprudential history of Michigan is somewhat sin gular in the various changes of the government from the l: feudal system " of the Coutume de Paris, the French colonial law, to the forms of the law of England ; and thence through the successive forms of legislation prescribed by the ordinance of 1787 for the government ofthe old north-west em territory down to the establishment of the present State Government.

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. IX With the exception of the discourses to which allusion has been made, the present volume is the first attempt to exhibit, in a connected form, the history of Michigan. At points I have gone beyond the bounds ofthe State as now organized, when the facts appeared to have a bearing on the main object. The history of Michigan is traced back to the early history of Canada, because it was a province of that dominion, was peopled by the same stock, and subject to the same govern ment under the French and English domination. In the pro secution of the work I have, in a few instances, used the language of others ; and a portion of two articles which I had prepared, and which were inserted in the North American Re view, has been here embodied, for the purpose of avoiding the labor which would be required in transcribing the parts relating to their subjects.

No one can be more sensible than myself ofthe deficiency of the present volume. It has been sent in parcels to the press, and locked up in stereotype plates before I could have the opportunity to correct them as I could wish, being distant from the place of publication. A law of Michigan, subscrib ing for the work, also limited the time of its delivery to the first of May, 1839. This plea is put in to abate the severity of criticism, which might be urged against, any inaccuracies that may be discovered, either in point of fact or literary exe cution. I have not sought to collect every incident which has occurred at the north-west, and the evidence to support it or oppose it, and to enter upon long hypothetical arguments for the purpose of establishing them; but it has been my de sign to group those prominent circumstances which seem to have been founded on strong evidence, and which have con trolled the destiny of the State, for the purpose of showing why Michigan is in its present condition, and to give a gene rat sketch of its geographical features.

In this labor I have occupied that portion of time which ought to have been, and will be hereafter, exclusively devoted to the labors of an ardu ous profession. Thirteen years ago the author had occasion to spend one year in what was then the territory of Michigan. Upon the u X

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. banks of the River Raisin and the Detroit River, which are now adorned with beautiful specimens of architecture, there were then only two small settlements, Monroe and Detroit ; and near to these a few French farms lay scattered upon the streams of the frontier. The interior was a wilderness, then but little known. In these villages the Indian was nearly as often met as the white man. The mercantile houses in these settlements were often surrounded by the pack-horses of the sava ges loaded with furs ; aud he has journeyed through the forests towards Detroit with Canadian Frenchmen, who were then transporting them to that place, which was the princi pal mart of the trade. In visiting the State of Michigan in 1837 the country could scarcely be recognized. A new class of population had spread itself out upon the soil, villages had begun to dot the wilderness from the banks of St. Clair to Lake Michigan, and. under the progress of industry, the State had sprung up in power and importance like a volcanic island from the sea.

Having been cast as an emigrant two hundred miles into the interior during the last year, it occurred to him that a new and rich field was opened around him to research ; and that, comparatively, little was known respecting the early condition of the country by many who had been long residents. Measures were soon taken to collect the most interesting circumstances connected with its early history. The matter soon grew upon his hands, and it was thought that the facts thus accumulated were worthy of publication. The liberal encouragement of the State furnished a further motive to that end. It will be seen that the facts embodied in relation to the later progress ofthe territory have been thrown together in a more rapid form, as there are no distinct epochs in the space of four or five years.

Even the first newspaper in Michigan was issued as late as 1809. The recent history of the country is, indeed, little more than the history of rapid emigration and settlement. From the facts here embodied, it will be perceived that the operations of the European Governments in this country were actuated by a desire of dominion ; and that it was the

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. design of their rival projects to grasp the wealth and jurisdiction of the soil. The country bordering the great lakes, which we call new, will be perceived to have been long known. We shall perceive that the winding courses of its rivers and its remotest forests have been explored, for mer cantile and religious objects, from a distant period ; and that the rich furs which abounded in the wilderness ofthe north west have for two centuries adorned the robes of the mon archs of Europe, and contributed to the luxury of courts. The particular character of the religious exertions of the Catholic missionaries exhibits prominently the influence of their religion. This remark is made without reference to sects or creeds. The spirit which was frequently exhibited by them, was not that which pines within iron bars and frowns on innocent enjoyment ; not the religion which ex hausts itself in forms and rubrics, in making professions and counting beads, a religion which showed itself in words rather than in action.

But it was a spirit which softened the character and controlled the conduct, circulating through the whole moral system as the blood through the veins of the human body. It was a religion which waved its snow-white banner — emblazoned with the star that glowed with clear brilliancy upon the plains of Judea — above the strife of sa vage passions, and encountered hardships, trials, and even death itself, to benefit barbarians. We shall see, in the contrast of the present condition of the north-west with that of former times, the influence of politi cal freedom upon national growth. It shows that civil gov ernment, by funushing the means and motives for action, pushes forward the enterprises of communities ; and that national improvement is advanced or checked, just in proportion to the spirit of the people, and the frame of government by which they are controlled.

Had more ample materials and greater leisure been afford ed me, the work would have appeared in a more perfect form ; I should have endeavored, under such circumstances, to give each fact in chronological order, and to arrange it under separate years. This, however, was found to be impracticable,

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. because the country contained no records of annual events. I should, moreover, have given each incident its full proportion and coloring, and thus have thrown upon the canvas a symmetrical painting ; whereas I have now only drawn a group of crayon sketches, imperfect and unsatisfactory, I fear, to the great mass of readers. It is a consolation, how ever, to know that these can be modified at a future time if the general plan of the work meets the public approbation. Perhaps the spirit in which the subject is treated may be considered by the less excitable class of readers as too ardent. To that class I would remark, that the nature of the subject seems naturally to awaken much of zeal. The example of new States advancing in our western forests, not in steps but in bounds, presents an extraordinary scene, calculated to call forth whatever of enthusiasm the mere growth of a country can kindle.

The people of the new States of the west, carrying from the east their habits, their laws, their institutions, and their principles, and erecting frames of government upon common models, are composed, for the most part, of mutual acquaintances and friends. It is therefore natural for each to regard the causes which have acted on the soil of the other, and the institutions which both may build up, with intense interest ; for their labors are the achievement of one common people, shedding glory on one common country. They are the offspring of free mind, secure in the reward of its exertion, which has rent the manacles of past ages, and which is now accomplishing its own bloodless victories on a field as wide and bounteous as the heart of man could wish. To trace the causes which have acted upon the State, and to exhibit its present condition, is, finally, the design of this work ; and whatever may be its errors in point of statement or taste, if it shall be thought that it adds any thing to the stock of State history, and throws any light upon the resources of the north west, I shall be satisfied.

Detroit, Jan. 1st, 1839. CONTENTS. Chapter I. General view ofthe French Colonization. Voyages of Jaques Cartier. Hoclielaga Roberval's voyage. Samuel Champlain's voyage. Jesuits sent to Canada. Company of New France. Death of Champlain. Religious institutions in Canada. Failure of the Company of New France. Rival claims of the English and French. lroquois and Algonquins. Marquis d'Argenson appointed governor. Condition of the colonies. Count de Frontenac. Discovery of the Mississippi. Discovery ofthe mouth of the Mississippi. . . Page I Chapter II. Administration of Denonville. lroquois prisoners sent in chains to the French galleys. Policy of Kondiaronk. Character of the colonists. The Jesuit's. Canadian jurisprudence. Fur traders. Coureurs des Bois. Distribution of lands. Commerce and agriculture.

Currency. Social condition of Canada. 22 Chapter III. Colonization of Michigan. Michilimackinac founded. Fort St. Joseph. Fort erected on St. Joseph's River. Indian council held regarding the post at Detroit. Detroit founded. Early condition of the town. Indian allies of the French. First attack of Detroit by the Ottawas. Second attack of Detroit by the Foxes. Early travellers through the region of the lakes. The Baron La Hontan. Peter Francis Xavier de Charlevoix 36 Chapter IV. Character of the French colonists in Michigan. Merchants. Coureurs des Bois. Half-Breeds. The peasantry. Legal administration. Policy of the French Government. Indian mythology of the lakes. Land distribution. Colonization increased. Fur Trade on the lakes. .... 53 Chapter V. French and English claims to the country.

Rival discoveries. Wars between CONTENTS. the two nations. Massacre of Schenectady. Projected conquest of Canada Projected conquest of North America by the French. Treaty of Utrecht. Intrigue of Father Ralle. War renewed. Rival claims stated. Letter to Uncas. Campaign of 1759. Battle of the Plains of Abraham. Surrender of the country by the French to the English. Condition of Michigan at that period Page 63 Chapter VI. General Amherst orders Major Rogers to take possession of Michigan. Rogers's Expedition. First appearance of Pontiac. Rogers travels around Lake Erie. Letter to Bellestre, (he French commandant of Detroit. Rogers's speech to the hostile Indians. Reply of Bellestre. The Effigy. Prediction of the Indians verified. Rogers takes possession of Detroit. Treaty with the Indians 85 Chapter VII.

Social condition of Michigan after the conquest. Policy of Pontiac. Outbreak of the Pontiac War. Siege of Detroit. Battle of Bloody Bridge. Hostile demonstrations around Michilimackinac. Speech of Minavavana. Speech of a Chippewa chief to Henry the trader. Wawatam. Destruction of Michilimackinac. Arrival of Brudstreet. Indians dispersed. . . 98 Chapter VIII. Condition of Michijan after the Pontiac war. The Hudson's Bay /Ompany. The North-west Company. The American Fur Company. Administration of the law by the English. Silver found near Lake Superior. Project for working the Copper mines of Lake Superior. Condition during the American Revolution. Byrd's Expedition. Governor Hamilton's Expedition. Indian relations. Netawatwees. Captain Pipe. While Eyes. German missionaries carried to Detroit.

Indian Council. Speech of Captain Pipe. Missionaries acquitted. . 126 Chapter IX. Treaty of 1783. North-west territory organized. Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor. Retention ofthe posts by the English. Confederation of the savages. Messages of the Hurons of Detroit. Division of Canada. Simcoe, McKee, Elliot, and Girty. Message from the Spanish settlements on the Mississippi. Campaign of Gen. Harmar. St. Clan's Defeat. Victory of General Wayne. View of settlements in Michigan. Project of Randall and Whitney. Posts of Mackinaw and Detroit relinquished. Condition of Michigan at that time. Chapter X. Condition of Michigan after the surrender of the posts. The territory of Michigan erected. Gen. Hull appointed Governor. Detroit destroyed by fire. Administration of the law. Indian confederation upon the lakes under Tecumseh.

Speech of Le Marquoit. Speech of Walk-in-the- Water, and other Wyandots. Memorial from Michigan to the General Government. Popula- CONTENTS. XV tioninlSll. Hostility of the savages. Land office established. Indian treaties. Operations on the Wabash. ...... Page 16S Chapter XI. War declared between Great Britain and the United States. Representations of Governor Hull. Governor Hull appointed to the command of the western army. Marches over to Sandwich, and addresses the Canadians. Policy of Prevost. Surrender of Detroit. Indians under Tecumseh. Conduct of GovernorHull. Expedition to the River Raisin. Capture of Mackinaw. Battle ofthe River Raisin. Gen. Harrison's Campaign. Naval Battle on Lake Erie. Harrison arrives at Maiden. Marches to Detroit. Battle of the Thames. Attack of Mackinaw. Peace decrlaed : 186 Chapter XII.

Colonel Cass appointed Governor of Michigan. Condition of Michigan at that time. Public lands brought into market. Population in 1820. Exploring expedilion of the lakes. Modifications of the territorial Government. The New-York and Erie Canal. Mr. Porter appointed Governor. Controversy with Ohio. Mr. Mason elected Governor. Stale of Michigan erected. 219 Chapter XIII. Face of the country. Rivers. Soil. Timbered land. Oak openings. Prairies. Burr-oak plains. Animals. Interior Lakes. Geological structure. Minerals. Cost of clearing lands. Roads. Climate. Beauty of the scenery. Features of the north-western part of the State. Aboriginal monuments and organic remains. Indian topographical terms. Internal Improvement. 249 Chapter XIV. General view of the Lake. Coast of Michigan. Size of the Lakes.

Fish. Shoreof Lake Erie and the Detroit River. Detroit. Lake St. Clair. River St. Clair. Fort Gratiot. Lake Huron. Saginaw Bay. Mackinaw. Falls of St. Marie. Lake Superior. Green Bay. Lake Michigan. Length of the coast of Michigan. : Chapter XV. County of Wayne. Monroe. Macomb. St. Clair. Lenawee. Hillsdale. Branch. St. Joseph. Cass. Calhoun. Jackson. Berrien. Van Buren. Kalamazoo. Washtenaw. Oakland. Livingston. Ingham. Eaton. Barry. Alle^han. La Peer. Genessee. Shiawassee. Clinton. Ionia. Kent Saginaw. Mackinaw. Chippewa. Production of the counties in 1837. 282 Chapter XVI. Components of the population of Michigan. The character of the population. Amount of population in 1837. Character of the Indians. Their number. 295 Chapter XVII. General features of the Lake country. Its commercial advantages.

Ohio. Indiana. Michigan. Illinois. Wisconsin. National importance of the great CONTENTS. lakes. Causes ofthe former slow growth ofthe country. Relative importance of Michigan. Future prospects of this region. . . . Page 313

Appendix

. Note I. to page 5. Memoir of the men and provisions necessary for the vessels which Francis I. sent into Canada 331 Note II. to page 14. Advance of the lroquois upon the American shore of the lakes. . . 334 Note HI. to page 34. Massacres of the Jesuits by the lroquois 336 Note IV. to page 40. Copy of the first grant of land which was made in Detroit by Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, Esq. Lord of Bouaget Mount desert, and Commandant fur the King at Detroit, Pontchartrain 333 Note V. to page 61. Petition of certain inhabitants of Detroit to prevent a trespass upon a mill. 338 Note VI. to page 126. Indian grant of 1771 339 Note VII. to page 166. Treaty of Greeneville. : 340 Note VIII. to page 219. Early Travellers through the Lakes 345 Note IX. Proclamation of Gen. Hull. ........ 346 Note X. Geology of Michigan. ........ 347 Note XI. Principal Rivers. 366 Note XII. Constitution of Michigan

Chapter I

General view of French Colonization — Voyages of Jacques Cartier — Hochelaga Roberval's Voyage — Samuel Champluin's Voyage — Jesuits sent to Canada — Company of New France — Death of Champlain — Religious Institutions in Canada — Failure ofthe Company of New Fiance — Rival claims of the English and French — lroquois and Algonquins — Marquis d' Argenson appointed Governor — Condition of the Colonies — Count de Frontenac — Discovery of the Mississippi — Discovery ofthe mouth of the Mississippi. During the fifteenth and a greater part of the sixteenth century, the principal monarchs of Europe devoted their en terprise to the discovery of new worlds. Now, the energies of mankind are employed in their colonization. The Italian states, and especially the Republics of Venice and Genoa, the Portuguese and the Spaniards, France and England, em barked in the project of exploration.

The design of the ad venturers was to aggrandize themselves by founding new empires, and their motive was the love of gain and dominion. A spirit of adventure kindled the more active youth of those states, who were employed in the study of navigation and the kindred sciences. They burned with zeal to traverse vast and trackless oceans, stretching away thousands of miles toward unknown coasts, which their fancy had painted in glowing colors as a second Eden ; and to plant the banners of their country upon shores adorned with the richest scenery, whose caves were encrusted with gems, whose streams glided over beds of silver, and where the rocks were based on solid gold. Monarchs and subjects, nobles and priests, sailors, artisans, soldiers, and nuns, freely gave their patronage or individual service to the great work.

Columbus and the Cabots, Gaspar de Cortereal, Giovanni Verazzano, and other daring mariners, had each, in their own behalf or under the auspices of their respective governments, crossed the sea for these objects. The French directed their projects to the dis covery and settlement of the more northern parts of the country around the St. Lawrence, because the Spaniards occupied the territorv of Florida, and the English held possession of the middle portion of the continent. About ten years after the voyage of Verazzano, Jacques Cartier, a mariner of St. Malo, was granted a commission from Francis I. to push his discoveries into the then un known regions of America. On the 20th of April, 1534, he accordingly embarked upon the expedition with two ships, each of sixty tons burthen, and a good crew of sixty-one men.

This first voyage of Cartier was, however, limited to a sur vey of the northern coast of Newfoundland. When he had landed upon the shores and seen the natives, he was in duced, from the precarious state of the weather and the ad vanced season, to return to St. Malo ; and on the 15ih of Sep tember, 1534, he came to anchor in that port, reserving fur ther discoveries for a future voyage. On his return, Cartier was received with much favor, and having given a favorable account of his voyage, he soon entered upon a second expedition. His squadron on this second voyage consisted of three ships, the Great Hermina of about 120 tons, which Cartier commanded in person, the Little Hermina of 60 tons, and the Hermirillon of 40 tons. Before they embarked, a solemn and gorgeous pageant was performed in the church for their spiritual comfort.

Having confessed, and received the sacrament, the crew were drawn up in the cathedral, and, standing before the altar, received also the benediction of the Bishop, who was arrayed in the most costly sacerdotal robes. On the 15th of May, 1535, Cartier, the French admiral, weighed anchor, and set sail for Newfoundland. The voyage was tempestuous. Arriving within sight of Newfound land, the mariners passed to the west, and enterinothe gulf on the day of St. Lawrence, they gave that name to the broad sheet of water which was spread out before them. This name was afterwards extended to the river. In September, Cartier ascended the St. Lawrence as far as the island of Orleans. He was, however, here opposed in his progress by a body of Indians, who probably considered the white men as intruders, although in other respects he was received with generous hospitality by the natives.

In order to discourage his advance into the interior, they made him bountiful presents of corn and fish. Finding this of no avail, the Indians resorted to conjury, supposing they might terrify him into compli ance. A circle was drawn upon the sand by a prominent sa chem, and the savages, who had collected thick around it, being ordered to retire, the French mariner was beckoned within this circle. A speech having been concluded, Cartier was presented two or three small children, amid the yells of the surrounding savages. Finding these arts also unavailing, the chief resorted to a species of deception, which is now in common practice among the Indians. They dressed three men like devils, wrapped them in black and white dog skins, their faces were painted black as coal, while they had horns on their head more than a yard long."