History of California

Chapter I. Sola And Arguello

(THE YOUNGER). pACE The idea which rendered Mexican independence acceptable to Sola 43 Junta os chief officers; how independence and the empire were sworn to 44 Division of the empire; California's place in it; Sola diputado to the imperial cortes. 44 The first provincial deputation and how composed 45 Iturbide's investment with the imperial purple; rumors consequent upon it 45 The imperial order of Guadalupe and how instituted; history of the Aztec virgin, Nuestra Senorade Guadalupe 46 Ennoblement of the Iturbide family; proclamation of Agustin I. in California. . 4S Fall of th: empire and execution of Iturbidc 48 Th,e Mexican republic and how it originated ■ 49 Withdrawal of Sola, the last Spanish and first Mexican governor of the Californias 50 Luis Antonio Arguello, second Mexican governor 51 How and why Arguello, when comandante of San Francisco, built a launch and navigated the bay 5" How he was called to account by Sola 53 Remarkable meeting between the governor and the comandante 54 Subsequent reciprocal acts of service 55 Removal of Arguello from San Francisco to Monterey and his difficulties in carrying on the government 55 Position of the missions 56 Action of the provincial deputation as to the change of national government. . . 57 The new " Plan de Gobierno " adopted for California 57 Outbreak of a wide-spread Indian conspiracy 5^ Attack on Santa Inez and how Father Uria defended himself 59 Progress of the fight; burning of the mission, and how the Indians were driven off , 60 Attack on and burning of Pnrlsima and the heroic defense of Tiburcio Tapia. . 60 Howa truce was effected and the whites marched to Santa Inez 61 (Vll) CONTENTS.

VIII Page The fight at Santa Barbara; its circumstances and results 62 Jose Mariano Estradas campaign and " gloriosa accion ' 62 Portilla s campaign in the Tulare country °3 Effect of the defeat of the conspiracy; how the Indians found it impossible to give back the Christianity they had incautiously accepted 64

Chapter II. Arguello

(THE YOUNGER). Reception of the constitution of the Mexican republic 65 Hostile attitude of the missionaries 60 The general quiet disturbed by the appearance of a Spanish war vessel 67 Capitulation and surrender of the ship Asia and brig Constante 67 How the crew of the Constante made a votive offering to the virgin 68 Strange conduct of the captain of the Spanish brig Aguila 69 Foreigners in California and how received; Gilroy and others 70 The continued jealousy against Americans and Russians y 70 National legislation against foreigners 71 Change of seeling in California; Hartnell, Richardson and Cooper 72 Cooper's employment by the government 73 Establishment of mercantile houses by foreigners; the hide business 73 Marriages of Californian women with foreigners 74 Intrusion of foreign ideas and heretical books and papers 74 Ecclesiastical edict against waltzing and how it was disregarded 75 How and why Father Martinez hurled the curse of excommunication against Corporal Avila 76 Avila's fright and Arguello's amusement; revocation of the anathema 77 Arguello's report on the general condition of affairs; news of a successor. ...... 77 The Mazatlan and San Bias troops in California 7g Arguello's proclamation against robbers and burglars 79 Severity of punishments prescribed; its reasons and effects 79 Arguello's visit to San Diego to meet his successor; three governors at one time. 80 Resumption by Arguello of his office of comandante; his quarrel with Estudillo about the removal of the archives 80 His last troubles and death _ g t

Chapter III. Echeandia

Jose Maria de Echeandia, third Mexican governor; the instructions he received, 82 His journey to California and arrival at San Diego g? His head-quarters at that place; convocation of missionaries and its results. ... 83 The recusant clergy and their continual opposition to the republican constitution, 84 National legislation against Spaniards; the expulsion act 86 Echeandia's action in reference to the expulsion of Spaniards 86 The Spanish missionaries: who were for and who against the government 86 Popular opposition in California to the expulsion act g7 Censusof 1826; character of the population; attempts to make California a penal colony g8 Elections of 1S27 and new territorial deputation gq CONTENTS.

IX Page Removal of Echeandia to Monterey; weddings and bridal tours of Zamorano and Pacheco 89 Meeting of the territorial deputation; its rules and committees; tax on liquors for revenue go Project of changing the name of Alta California to Moctezuma 91 Echeandia's action in reference to the Indians; regulations for emancipation. ... 91 Result of the movements on behalf of the Indians '. 92 Measures preliminary to proposed secularization of the missions 93 Echeandia's plan of secularization and its provisions 93 How Indian pueblos were to be founded and regulated 94 Proposed secularization of the missions of Lower California 95 Echeandia's plan adopted but its execution prevented by accession of a new governor 95 New apportionment of the territory 96 Provisions for primary schools; project for founding convents to supply the country with clergy 97 Further national legislation against foreigners and how far carried out in California 97 Morrell's visit; his opinion of California as a country for immigration 98 Beechey's visit; what he found; benighted ignorance 98 Religious prejudices 99 Naturalization law and naturalizations 100 First American overland party; Jedediah S. Smith and his unwelcome reception, 100 Smith's movements; failure to get off; letter to Father Duran 101 His departure; second arrival and final departure 102 Complaints made about Smith to Minister Foinsett and the minister's reply. . . . 103 Rumors of the seizure of San Francisco by the Americans and Echeandia's report on the subject 103 Experience of Captain Cunningham with reference to his house on Santa Catalina Island 104 Effect of the colonization laws in attracting immigrants 105 Rules and regulations for obtaining land grants 105 Mission lands when subject to colonization 106 How the phrase " Dios y Libertad " came to be generally used . . 106

Chapter IV. Echeandia

(CONTINUED). How Jose Maria Herrera and Joaquin Solis came to California 107 Herrera found guilty of fraud; his suspension and indignation 107 His secret fomentation of conspiracy and use of Solis as a figure-head 107 Outbreak of Solis' rebellion; seizure of officials at Monterey 108 Solis' manifesto against Echeandia and his government 109 Concert between Solis and Herrera; Solis' visit to San Francisco; failure of the conspiracy at Santa Barbara 109 Echeandia's march against the rebels; his proclamation no Meeting of the adversaries; Solis' flight; arrest of the conspirators in How Father Martinez was seized, found guilty of complicity and shipped off. ... in Trial of the conspirators; their conviction and shipment for punishment to Mexico ••• CONTENTS.

X Page Rejoicings at the suppression of the rebellion; Father Caballero's extravagant thanksgiving . * * 3 Neglect at Mexico of the interests of California; release of Solis and promotion of Herrera rI3 Indignation in California in reference to the convicts sent to it from Mexico .... 114 Absence of African slaves; only one in California 1 15 Abolition of slavery b'y Mexico in 1829 '■ I '5 Echeandia's order for the release of Indian children held as domestic servants. . 116 Outbreak of San Jose and Santa Clara Indians; their camp near the San Joaquin and defeat of a military expedition 116 Sanchez' march and return; Vallejo's campaign and the slaughter of prisoners thatensued "7 Futile attempt to put Vallejo on trial for the butchery 118 Cessation of contributions by the missions for the support of government; the result 118 Decree for the reorganization of the Californian military forces 119 Distribution of national muskets; California's share and the small fraction it constituted of the Mexican republic. 119 Echeandia's list of governmental departments and officers in the Californias. . . . 120 Political affairs in Mexico; conflict between the federalists and centralists; how President Guerrero was shot and Bustamante put in his place 121 Bustamante's cordial letter to Echeandia and appointment of a successor to supplant him 121 Jose Maria Padre's appointment and why he failed to become governor 122 Elections of 1830; the new territorial deputation and new governor 122 Echeandia's record as a judge; pasquinades against him 123 His decree for the secularization of the missions 123 Arrival of the new governor and retirement of Echeandia to San Diego 124

Chapter V. Victoria

Manuel Victoria, fourth Mexican governor of Alta California 125 Instructions given him by the Mexican secretary of state. 1 25 Padres' representations to be examined _ _ 126 Victoria's journey; his report on the schemes of Padres; opposition to Echeandia's plan of secularization j 27 His assumption of the government and address to the people 128 Suspension of Echeandia's decree of secularization _ 1 28 The arbitrary and tyrannical spirit of Victoria's administration 129 His opinionativeness and narrow-minded prejudices 129 His violence contrary to his instructions; his representations unjustified by the facts 1 30 His ideas of the administration of justice; capital executions under obsolete la*s, 131 Execution of Francisco Rubio . -,2 His report on the condition of the country j ,2 The advantages it offered if properly utilized j ,, Prospects of the territory His reports better than his measures; specimen of his impracticable legislation. . 134 How he was cajoled into allowing Padres to vL.it the Russians CONTENTS.

XI Page His arbitrary proceedings against Abel Stearns i ac Report against secularization and abuse of everybody connected with it 137 Popular patience with him at length worn out; pronunciamiento against him at San Diego ' j-ig Echeandia placed at the head of the movement; "El Plan de Pronunciamiento," 139 March to Los Angeles of Pablo de Portilla on one side and Victoria on the other, 139 How Portilla marched out to meet Victoria 140 Meeting of the opposing parties; deadly combat between Romualdo Pacheco and Jose Maria Avila; wonderful saber-stroke of Tomas Talamantes .... 140 Withdrawal of Portilla's soldiers from the battle-field 141 Result of the sight; Victoria's wound; how he was abandoned; how he relinquished the government to Echeandia 141 Victoria's withdrawal from the country; general estimate of his character 142

Chapter VI. Pio Pico

Arrangements for carrying on the government in accordance with the pronunciamiento of San Diego 143 Meeting of the territorial deputation; its proceedings . 143 Echeandia's absence; manifesto against Victoria's administration 144 Pio Pico's installation as political chief and governor 145 Echeandia's dissatisfaction 145 His communication to the deputation 146 His refusal to recognize Pico and threatening language 146 Temporary suspension of the quarrel 147 Expediente of charges against Victoria 148 Renewal of the quarrel between Echeandia and the deputation; Agustin V. Zamorano's counter revolution and pronunciamiento 149 Zamorano's claims, and the thieving character of his soldiers 150 How Vbarra marched from Monterey to the San Gabriel river and was stopped by Larroso 1 50 Gathering of Echeandia's army, including armed Indians 151 Retreat of Ybarra; difficulties of Echeandia in restraining his Indians; negotiations of the deputation; compromise effected; military command divided between Echeandia and Zamorano ,. 151 Three governors at once; how and why peace was preserved 152 Memorial of the deputation on the condition of affairs 152 Bitter denunciation of Spanish missionaries and conspiring foreigners 153 How and why the foreign element had become an important factor in the country, 154 How the caravan trade in serapes and mules between California and New Mexico was started 1 55 Early American immigration by way of New Mexico; valuable services rendered the Calisornhns by the immigrants 155 How the schooner Guadalupe was built by an American at San Gabriel, carried down to the ocean and launched 156 General good character of the early foreign settlers 157 David Douglas, the Scotch scientist, and his sad fate 157 How old Mullikin taught Father Martinez to speak English 158 Preferences of the " hijas del pais " for husbands ofloreign blood CONTENTS.

Chapter VII. Figueroa

Page Jose Figueroa; his previous life I°° His appointment as sixth Mexican governor of Alta California; manifold instructions lSl His journey from Mexico to Acapulco and preparatory studies of Californian affairs 162 Proclamation to his troops : "3 Voyage from Acapulco to Cape San Lucas '63 Rise of Santa Anna and how it occasioned a revolt among Figueroa's soldiers. . 164 How the rebels went back to San Bias 164 Figueroa's second proclamation; fate of the rebels 165 His enthusiastic anticipations about California 165 His arrival at Monterey; Echeandia's letter of welcome to him 166 Figueroa's friendly reply 167 How he was welcomed by Zamorano and placed in possession of the government, 167 His significant suggestion to Echeandia 168 Thanksgiving mass; general amnesty; watch over Echeandia's conduct 168 Figueroa's satisfaction 169 Departure of Echeandia from California 170 Figueroa's ill health and desire to be relieved 1 70 His able, active and minutely attentive management of affairs 170 Note of alarm sounded by Father Gutierrez against the Russians and Americans, 171 Action with reference to the Russians; Vallejo's "con todo disimulo y sagacidad " commission 172 Figueroa's letter to the Russian comandante 173 Vallejo's report; denunciation of the missionary treatment of the Indians 174 His account of the Russians and the objects of their settlement 174 Their mills, ship-building, vessels, manufactures, population, and buildings at Fort Ross 175 General character of the Russians in California 17c Decline of alarm about the Russians; Father Vasquez del Mercado's attempt to revive it ; Figueroa's quietus to the clamor 1 76 Bold charges against Father Vasquez del Mercado for murdering Indians. ..... 176 Figueroa's determined opposition to missionary ciuelties 177 Political affairs in Mexico; the Plan of Zavaleta 178 Figueroa's address and glorification of Santa Anna 178 Elections of 1833 and new territorial deputation

Chapter VIII. Figueroa

(CONTINUED). Secularization of the missions jg. Earlier secularization movements; Spanish decree of 1S13; Echeandia's plan; Mexican decree of 1833 .g. The " Pious Fund " of the Californias jg2 Calculation of its amount ,0 Legislation in reference to it ,g, Figueroa's plan of secularization and his presentation of it in the deputation. ... CONTENTS.

XIII Page Discussion as to the effect of the secularization law 185 New nationa legislation ig r Plan of secularization; provisions under which it was to be accomplished 1S6 The contemplated new Indian pueblos and their organization 186 Figueroa's rules and regulations 1S7 The missions extinguished and regarded in law as converted into pueblos 1 88 Division of the territory into curacies 188 Ruin of the missions; impossibility of civilizing the Indians in a hurry 189 Idleness, vagabondism, obstinacy and disorderly conduct of the enfranchised Indians; Portilla's report 189 Answer to Figueroa's request to be relieved; appointment of Jose Maria Padres as military chief and Jose Maria Hijar as political chief and director of colonization 190 The colonization scheme of Hijar and Padres 191 Their proceedings and objects; the " Cosmopolitan Company " 191 Arrival of Ilijar and Padres with colonists in California 192 Figueroa's readiness to deliver over the government; how he received orders not to do so 192 Overland journey of Santa Anna's courier from Mexico to Monterey in forty-five days 193 Revolutionary feelings and conspiracy at San Gabriel 193 Hijar's machinations; Indian outbreak at San Bernardino; Figueroa's orders. . . 194 Nicolas Gutierrez' report on the outbreak and Hijar's instigation of it 195 Meeting of the deputation and its action against Hijar 195 Projected pueblo of colonists at Santa Rosa; how Hijar and Padres, foiled in their other schemes, attempted to found it 196

Chapter IX. Figueroa

(CONTINUED). Conspiracy of Torres and Apalategui at Los Angeles 198 Breaking up of the combination and arrest of the leaders 198 Suspension of Hijar and Padres and seizures at Sonoma 199 Figueroa's march to Los Angeles and how he shipped the conspirators, including Hijar and Padres, out of the country 200 Figueroa's account of the plans of the conspiracy; how the remaining colonists were disposed of; directions to Vallejo to found the pueblo of Sonoma. . 200 Founding of the village of Yerba Buena 201 Reasons of the foundation 202 Description of the site in 1829 202 How Figueroa was the founder of the suture city of San Francisco and William A. Richardson the first settler 203 "La Calle de la Fundacion " or original foundation street 203 Distinction between the mission, the presidio and the village; question of pueblo or no pueblo; the " Pueblo of Dolores " 204 Figueroa's legislation in reference to ayuntamientos 205 Ayuntamientos for Indian pueblos 206 Progress of secularization; spoliation 206 Condition of the missions in their most flourishing period shortly before secularization 2°7 CONTENTS.

XIV Pace How the work of ruin commenced; wholesale slaughter of cattle 207 Inventories of mission properties 20° Constructive conversion of missions into pueblos and the result 200 How the mission properties were administered; complaints against commissioners; Ignacio del Valle's defense and arraignment of the missionaries and mission system 2=9 Abuses of the commissioners; Figueroa's mitigation of unavoidable evils; his reprobation of the practice of seizing Indian children and making servants of them 210 His sympathy for the Indians; his encouragement of schools and education. ... 211 His sailing health, last sickness and death 212 Honors to his memory 2I3 His obsequies and burial at Santa Barbara 214

Chapter X. Castro, Gutierrez, Chico And Gutierrez Again

Jose Castro as political chief and governor; Nicolas Gutierrez in military command 2I5 Objections of Los Angeles to Castro; rivalry between Los Angeles and Monterey, 215 How Jose Antonio Estudillo failed to become governor 216 The political and military commands ordered reunited in one person; Nicolas Gutierrez governor 2I7 Appointment of Mariano Chico as " gobernador propietario " 217 Chico's arrival at Santa Barbara; first movements; the Verdugo case or first vigilance committee work in California 218 Chico's assumption of office and proclamation 218 His orders to Gutierrez; arrest of the vigilance committee leaders at Los Angeles, 219 Chico's gratuitous hunting down of the enemies of Victoria; his violence towards Abel Stearns 219 Impotence of his wrath 220 Fulminations against foreigners, and orders concerning Indians 220 His address to the deputation on public affairs 221 His centralism and opposition to secularization 222 How he arrayed nearly every interest in the territory against himself; his visit to Los Angeles and. savage onslaught upon the vigilance committee men. . 222 How he was recalled to Monterey, but managed first to stir up a fresh quarrel. . 223 His quarrel with the alcalde of Monterey 223 His violence against the alcalde the occasion of a popular movement for his expulsion 224 How he was caged and besieged in his own house 224 The "Ariadne clew " out of the labyrinth; how he left or was shipped from Monterey 225 His farewell circular; letter to Gutierrez ; 226 How proceedings against Manuel Requena and Mariano Romero at Los Angeles were brought to a sudden close 226 Chico's last appearance on the California stage 227 Nicolas Gutierrez governor a second time; unfavorable circumstances; the evil genius that stood threateningly over him CONTENTS.

XV Page Centralist triumph in Mexico; new constitutional bases; California restive and ready for revolution , 228 How the revolution was brought about; rencounter between Gutierrez and Juan Bautista Alvarado 228 Alvarado's movements, and how he found himself at the head of an army. . . . 229 How Gutierrez shut himself up in the presidio of Monterey and was surrounded by Alvarado 230 Alvarado's strategetical display of force 230 How a single cannon-ball ended the siege; surrender of Gutierrez; his departure from the country , 230 Meeting of the territorial deputation and its proclamation against centralism and the centralist government of Mexico 231 The Californian declaration of independence and its terms 231 Assumption of the name and style of "El Estado libre y soberano de la Alta California " .... 232 Anti-centralist appeals to the people; Jose Castro's flaming proclamation 232 How Vallejo followed suit and the epitapli he chose for himself 233 Regulation of offices under the new government 233 Decree for enrollment of citizen soldiery 233 Abarado declared governor; powers conferred on him 234 Division of the state into cantons, and congressional apportionment 234 How and why California was left to work out its revolution in its own way. . . . 235

Chapter XI. Alvarado

Juan Bautista Alvarado; his birth and education 236 How as a youth he attracted Sola's attention; how Sola instructed him 236 Books in California; opposition of the missionaries to liberal education; excommunication for reading Telemaque; burning of Alva's scientific library; Alvarado's admiration for Washington 237 His official career from the age of eighteen 237 His installation as governor and commander in-chief; his first state paper as governor 238 Opposition of Los Angeles to the new government; resolutions of its ayuntamiento; proclamation of Jose Sepulveda 239 Alvarado's march to Los Angeles; negotiations and treaty 240 Alvarado and the treasurer of Los Angeles; how each surprised the other; philosophic views on the subject of holding public office 240 Meeting of the constituent congress; its action 241 Alvarado's Santa Barbara proclamation; the silent revolution he effected; how he wheeled California into line again under the Mexican flag 242 Translation of the proclamation 243 The necessity of union 243 The physical advantages enjoyed by California 243 Exemption from suture tyranny 244 Brilliant prospects 244 The halcyon days, pictured by the governor, of short duration; appointment of Carlos Antonio Carrillo to supplant him CONTENTS.

XVI Page How the new appointment was announced; Jose Antonio Carrillo's letter to his ' ' Esteemed Bautista. " 245 His gratuitous advice; the unpleasantness he had prevented 245 His magnanimous offers of service 24° Carlos Antonio Carrillo's accompanying letter to his "Dear nephew luanito ". . 247 Alvarado's unwillingness to be either cajoled or frightened 247 The Carrillos' attempt at diplomacy; their failure; their appeal to arms 248 Jose Castro's march ; occupation of the Rincon 24° How Carrillo's troops were surprised by Castro 249 Battle of San Buenaventura; Castro's bloodless victory and his report 249 How the leaders of the Carrillo party were sent prisoners to Sonoma and Castro occupied San Fernando 25° Alvarado's march against and defeat of Carrillo at Las Flores 250 His proclamation of the termination of hostilities 251 Fright and flight of Carrillo 25' Treatment of the prisoners at Sonoma 252 Vallejo's violent advice; Alvarado's moderation 252 Andres Castillero and his relations with Alvarado 253 His negotiations in Mexico and what he accomplished 253 Formal appointment of Alvarado as "gobernador interino " of the new Department of the Californias 254 Order for the elections of 1839; letters of adherence from the Carrillos 255 Return of the halcyon days; how Alvarado devoted himself to business 255

Chapter XII. Alvarado

(CONTINUED). Recall and re-assembling of the old territorial deputation 256 Alvarado's address; division of the department into districts and sub-districts.. 256 Dissatisfaction of San Jose with the preference given the " pueblo of Dolores ". 257 Objects of the division into districts and sub-districts; duties of prefects and other officers 258 Nomination of candidates for the office of "gobernador propietario; " appointment of prefects 259 Castro's satisfaction with the aspect of affairs 259 Vallejo's disgust; how he threatened to chastise France 260 His dudgeon at finding he could not manage affairs his own way 261 Appointment of Alvarado as "gobernador propietario; " general rejoicing .... 261 The prefects and their administrations 262 Elections of 1839 and meeting of the first departmental junta in 1840 263 Pio Pico's proposition to change the capital from Monterey to Los Angeles; his disgust at its failure 264 Special meeting of the junta to settle accounts for bad conduct with Pico, Vallejo and Jose Antonio Carrillo 264 How Alvarado was authorized to punish them as he might think proper 265 How Vallejo and Pico found it prudent to apologize; Carrillo's arrest and subsequent release ' 265 Isaac Graham and the crowd he gathered at Branciforte 266 Their arrogance and reprehensible conduct 267 Their arrest by Castro; shipment to Mexico CONTENTS.

XVII Page Extraordinary proclamation of Jose Maria Villa and others 267 Question as to whether Graham really contemplated revolution 268 Captain Forrest's letter to Alvarado about the seizure of American citizens 7:69 Alvarado's answer 270 Further correspondence 271 Charges against the Graham party _. 272 Castro and his prisoners in Mexico 272 Alvarado's communications to the national government ■ 273 How Graham and his associates were finally released and sent back to California 274

Chapter XIII. Alvarado

(CONTINUED). Foreigners in California in 1840 275 Livermore, Gulnac, Berry, Mclntosh, Allen, Cooper, "Bill, the Sawyer," Peace, Brown and Copinger 276 Hill, Spence, McKinley and Dawson 277 Arrivals of 1S25 and 1826 277 Immigrants of 1S27 278 Arrivals of 1S28, 1S29 and 1S30 278 Those of 1S31 and 1832 279 Immigrants of 1833 279 Those of 1834, 1835, 1837 and 1838 280 Arrivals of 1839 and 1840 281 John A. Sutter; how he arrived and was put in charge of the Sacramento frontier 281 His settlement of New Helvetia • - ■ • 282 Lassen and Jansens; why foreigners applied for naturalization 283 Alvarado's recommendations of Sutter 283 His account of American immigration 2S4 Recognition of the danger threatened by the Americans; inability t_> afford protection 284 Preparations of the Russians to leave California; their improvements 285 Formal announcement of their intended withdrawal; soarings of Vallejo's eagle 2S6 Failure of Russian negotiations with Vallejo 287 Their contract with and sale of property to Sutter; final departure from California 287 Remaining mementos of the Russians 2S8 Books and papers concerning Mexican California 288 Richard Henry Dana; his sojourn in California; his "Two Years before the Mast" 2S9 His occupation as a sailor and hide-tosser; his opportunities for observation 2S9 Alfred Robinson; his " Life in California " and translation of " Chinigchinich " 290 General excellence of both books 29' Dufiot de Mofras and his scientific explorations 291 Thorough character of his work 292 Alexander Forbes' "History of California;" Robert Greenhow's histories of California, Oregon and the northwest coast 293 California literature in general 293 2 Vol. CONTENTS.

Page Progress of education in California; Alvarado's encouragement of it. 294 The first printing-press and printing 294

Chapter XIV. Alvarado (continued)

Alvarado's provisional regulations in reference to the secularized missions 295 Administrators required to account, to stop waste and furnish regular reports. . . 295 Creation of the office of " visitador-general" of missions 296 Appointment of William E. P. Hartnell to the office; his first visit; condition of the southern missions 296 Miserable state of affairs; efforts at amelioration 297 Visit to Santa Barbara and Santa Inez 298 Condition of affairs at San Jose mission . 299 New regulations abolishing administrators and substituting major-domos 299 Hartnell continued in office ; his duties 300 How major-domos were appointed for San Jose and Santa Clara 301 Opposition of Vallejo to interference with San Rafael 301 How Hartnell was made a prisoner by Vallejo; their arrangement about San Rafael matters 302 Affairs at San Francisco, Santa Clara and San Jose missions 303 Hartnell's second visit to the southern missions and their condition 303 Disgust and resignation of Hartnell 304 Anomolous position of the ex-missions 304 San Juan Capistrano the only one regularly converted into an Indian pueblo. . . . 305 Erection of the Californias into a bishopric; Father Francisco Garcia Diego first bishop 306 His arrival as bishop at Santa Barbara; enthusiastic reception and triumphal entry 307 His promptness in assuming jurisdiction as ecclesiastical judge; divorce case of Casilda Sepiilveda 307 His preparations for a cathedral, palace and other structures at Santa Barbara; why they remained mere stone-heaps 308 Delay of the government in organizing its superior tribunal of justice; Alvarado's recommendations 309 How repeated demands at last obliged the filling of vacancies; inefficiency of the court 309 Affairs in Lower California; how Castillo Negrete was deprived of the political command 310 First discovery of gold in California; how Andres Castillero suggested and Francisco Lopez found it 1 1 Extent, workings and yield of the Los Angeles gold-fields 312 Alvarado's personal appearance; his marriage and family. 313 His ill health; recommendation of his successor -314 His resignation and retirement 3,4 CONTENTS.

XIX

BOOK VI THE LAST MEXICAN GOVERNORS.

Chapter I. Micheltorena

pAGE Manuel Micheltorena; how and why he was appointed governor; the troops he collected for California Wretched condition of his soldiers on their arrival 316 March from San Diego to Los Angeles Meeting of the departmental junta; installation of the new governor; his inaugural address 317 The "weighty reasons" which prevented his going to the capital; seizure of Monterey by Commodore Jones 3^ Desire of the United States to possess San Francisco . 318 Rumors of war with Mexico ; Jones' intercourse with the British at Callao; how and why he crowded sail for California 318 His proceedings at Monterey; raising of the American flag; subsequent lowering of it and apology 310 Micheltorena's notions of the " infallible victory " he would gain over the Americans -20 His plan of fortifying Los Angeles; seizure and release of the American ship Fazio 320 Jones made full acknowledgment and satisfaction for his error in seizing Monterey 32 1 Bad financial condition of the country 322 Micheltorena's project of restoring the missions; his proclamation 322 Missions delivered back to the missionaries 324 Impossibility of reanimating the dead establishments 324 Abolition of ecclesiastical tithes; bad condition, for want of funds, of the bishopric 325 Mexican politics; Santa Anna's schemes; his " Bases de Tacubaya " 325 His plan of " political regeneration of the nation " 326 His proclamation in favor of Spanish priests 327 His character; the broad sash and medal he prepared for himself 327 Effect of the "Bases de Tacubaya" in California; elections of president and departmental assembly 328 Movements against foreigners 329 Impracticability of the orders made 329 Foreign immigration; caravan trade with New Mexico 330 American immigration; overland trains of settlers of 1841 331 Immigration of 1842, 1843 and 1844; Mexican alarm 332 Position of Sutter; the American tide not to be stayed 332

Chapter II. Micheltorena

(CONTINUED). Micheltorena's weakness 334 Viciousness of his soldiers CONTENTS. XX Page How Rafael Telles attempted to restrain the excesses of the troops 335 Falling out of Micheltorena and Telles 335 Increase of crime; attack on French sailors; scene between Micheltorena and the French captain 33° General disorder meeting of the departmental assembly; cropping out of the old quarrel between Los Angeles and Monterey 337 Pio Pico's renewal of his project to remove the capital 337 Special meeting of the assembly to provide means for anticipated war with the United States 338 Discussion upon the subject of removal of the capital 338 How Pico's proposition was again defeated . 339 Measures to provide a war-fund by disposal of mis.ion property 339 Micheltorena's legislation and regulations; encouragement of education and schools 34° Reduction of official salaries; order concerning doctors' charges; prosecution of frauds; commercial regulations; censorship over the pulpit 341 Reglamento for organization of the California militia; its provisions 342 Continued excesses of Micheltorena's soldiers; mutterings of the coming storm 343 How Alvarado was called on by the popular voice for relief 343 Pronunciamiento of Alisal; how and why Rafael Telles refused to assume responsibility 344 Marches of the adversaries; manœuvres at Laguna 344 How a truce was brought about; treaty of Santa Teresa 345 Terms of the treaty 345 How Telles denounced it and was allowed to depart for Mexico 346.