A Pictorial History of Ancient Rome. With sketches of the history of Modern Italy ... Revised and improved edition

Front matter

STANDARD HISTORICAL SCHOOL SERIES. BY S. G. G 0 OD RIO H. I. GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER PORTIONS OF AMERICA. 2 GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ENGLAND. 3. GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF FRANCE. ■ 4. GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF GREECE, ANCIENT AND MODERN. 5. GOODRICH'S PICTORIAL HISTORY OF ROME AND MODERN ITALY. t. GOODRICH.— PARLEY'S COMMON SCHOOL HISTORY— A Brief Compend of Universal History. 7 GOODRICH'S FIRST HISTORY— An Introduction to Parley's Cokmon ScnuoL History. ** ©I * A PICTOKIAL HISTOllY OF ANCIENT ROME. WITH SKETCHES OT THE HISTORY OF MODERN ITALY. BY S. G. GOODRICH, AUTHOR OF PETER PARLEY'S TALES. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY E. H. BUTLER & CO. 1866. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1848, by 3.

O. GOODRICH, fu the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the District of Massachueetts Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S55, by S. G. GOODRICH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern Distriot of New York. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1866, liy The Heirs of S. G. GOODRICH, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Preface

. Constantine and the Sign. This work being the last of tbe series of Pictorial Histories for Sc \ooh and Families, it may be proper to state the leading views which have guided the writer in their preparation. In a work of this nature, it is obvious that simplicity of style and perspicuity of arrangement, are not merely desirable, but essential. Of course, the author has attempted to secure these ends. To render the works especially available in education, the subjects are presented in the form of short chapters; each chapter, as far as possible, presenting some distinct subject or subjects, likely to arrest the attention of the reader, and strongly to impress his memory. The matter is further divided into verses ; and questions on these are given to aid the teacher in his examination of the pupils.

The writer would, however, suggest that in many cases the teacher will find it best to vary these questions so as to suit the particular capacity or taste aud character of the pupil. The author has endeavored to steer between difficulties which always beset historical compends. If they present a full and complete chronological outline, they are apt to he dry, repulsive and uninstructive to the beginner in history. In such case his interest is not excited ; nothing being presented upon which his imagination lays stronghold, he learns little, and remembers less. On the other hand, without a distinct chronological outline, history is a maze, by which the reader is more likely to be bewildered than enlightened. To avoid such difficulties, the writer has adopted this plan ; viz., to select ♦he great points of history, and present them in clear, distinct chronological order ; and then make these leading points interesting by descriptive details, anecdotes and incidents.

It has been said that Chronology and Geography are the ticc Eyes of His tory. The former tells when events happened, the latter te.ls where tney happened. As the former has received careful attention in these works, the latter has not been neglected. In all cases, the history of a country is preceded by geographical descriptions, and maps have been introduced when they were required. As great care has been taken to select from the endless mass of details pre sented by the histories of the several countries treated of in this series, in order to give what is at once most important, instructive and amusing, so has it been the special design of the writer to inculcate just views of the several characters whit-h rise before the reader in the great drama of life. History, written in th-j spirit of the present age, must be very diileren: from that wit- VI

PREFACE.

. ten in tne spirit of the classic age " Conquer by this sign," was the inscription upon the banner of the cross presented to the vision of Constantine. This may be regarded as a foreshadowing of what has since come to pass. Conquer by the truth, is now the dictate of human policy as well as that of divine revelation. In earlier days, power lay in the swora, and war was the game of the mas ter spirits of mankind. Success in war was glory ; displays of physical strength and brute courage were celebrated by the poet, orator, and histo rian, and were rewarded, not only by fame on earth, but, according to the notions of the age, by high places in heaven. The writings of the Greeks and Romans were imbued with these views, and imparted their spirit to the histories of later times. It has been the special care of the rulers in Europe, down to our own day, to cherish and perpetuate these views.

Modern monarchies, like all monarchies, have been built up by wars ; the sword is their archi tect ; military heroes are the instruments of kings. War must therefore be made the path to wealih, fame and glory. Historians, as teachers of the people, bound to bring them up in the support of monarchical institutions, must do their part. Thus it is, that the exploits of British, French, and Russian military heroes are spoken of in the pages of the modern historian very much in the language of the pagan authors of antiquity, when speaking of Alexander and Cæsar. Writing in a country where unnecessary war is held to be wrong; where right furnishes the only rule of might ; where truth is acknowledged as supe rior to the sword, the author has of course viewed the characters and transac tions of former times, in a light somewhat different from that ordinarily thrown over historical treatises.

He has sought, indeed, to present them in their true colors ; and while making due allowance for the darkness of other times, has endeavored not to permit that darkness to become habitual in the mind ofthe reader, and disqualify him to judge of things as they must appear in the sight of human reason, enlightened by the spirit of Christianity. The author may add, that in one other respect he has deviated from the ordinary track ; he has not confined his details to the intrigues of politicians. the achievements of kins-rs, the rise and fall of empires — the mere skeletons of history. He has, indeed, given these, so far as was necessary ; but he has been careful to present the movements of society ; lo let the reader look in upon the masses ; to study their feelings, their opinions, their modes of life, their suf ferings, their enjoyments.

It is hoped, therefore, that these works will he found not merely attractive, but useful and instructive, inasmuch as they wiL enable the reader, by studying mankind, to study himself; and by learning the course of Providence in respect to the past, to judge of it in "regard to the future. CONTENTS

Introduction

. F.»r,B Chapter I. — Description os Italy, II II. — Divisions of Modern and Ancient Italy, .... 12 III. — Ancient Inhabitants of Italy, 16 ANCIENT ROME FIRST PERIOD. IV. — First Glimpses os Roman History — Legends of Æneas, . 1* V. — Legend of Romulus and Remus, 18 VI. — Foundation of Rome, 20 VII.— The Sabine Women 21 VIII.— War with the Sabines, 22 IX. — Death of Romulus, 23 X.— Reign of Numa, 24 XL— The Horatii and Curiatii, 25 XII. — Ancus Marlius — Tarquin I., 26 XIII.— Reign of Servius Tullius, 27 XIV.— Reign of Tarquin the Proud, 2S XV.— Overthrow of Tarquin the Proud, 30 XVI. — Government of Rome under the Kings, 31 XVII. — Ancient Roman Armies — Customs in Founding Cities, 33 XVIII. — Literature of the Romans under the Kings 34 ANCIENT ROME SECOND PERIOD.

XIX. — War os Porsenna 35 XX. — Mucius Scœvola — Battle of Regillus 36 XXI. — Internal Troubles al Rome, 33 XXII. --Revolt of the Plebeians 39 XXIII. — Menenius Agrippa, 40 XXIV. — Banishment of Coriolanus 41 XXV. — Veturia and Volumnia, . 42 XXVI. — Dictatorship of Cincinnatus, 43 XXVII.— Mount Algidus 44 XXVIIL— The Decemvirs, .... 45 XXIX. — Appius Claudius and Virginia, 47 XXX.— Siege of Veii, . . .49 XXXI.— Capture of Veii 50 XXXII.— Invasion of the Gauls, 51 XXXIII.— March of the Gauls to Rome 52 XXXIV.— Capture of Rome liy the Gauls 53 XXXV.— Defence of the Capitol, 54 XXXVI. — Departure of the Gauls from Rome, 55 XXXVII.— Rebuilding of Rome 5: XXXVIII.— Condemnation of Manlius, 58 XXXIX.— The Samnile and Latin War 59 XL.— Titus Manlius 60 XLI. — Devotion of Decius .61 XLIL— The Caudine Porks 02 XLIIL— Arrival of Pyrrhus in Italy 63 XLIV.— War with Pyrrhus 64 XLV. — Embassy of Fabricius 65 XL VI.— Defeat of Pyrrhus 66 XLVII. — Progress of the Roman Commonweallh, .... 67 XLVIIL— Foundation of Carthage, 68 XL1X.— First Punic War, 69 I,. — Naval Victory of Duilius 70 LI. — Regulus invades Africa 71 I, [I.— Embassy of Regulus to Rome, 72 LIU.— Death of Regulus . .73 CONTENTS.

LIV.— End of the First Punic War, « LV.— Illyrian and Gallic War 76 LVL— Commencement of the Second Punic War, ... - 77 LVIL— Hannibal's Passage of the Alps 78 LVIII. — Campaign of Hannibal in Italy 80 LIX.— Battle of Thrasymenus B' I.X. — Fabius Maximus, 82 LXL— Battle of Cannæ, 83 LXIL— Battle of the Metaurus, 84 LXIIL— Capture of Syracuse — Scipio's Wars in Spain, . . . 85 LXIV.— Battle of Zama — End of the Second Punic War, . . 87 LXV. — Conquest of Greece by the Romans, 88 LXVL— Death of Hannibal, 90 LXVIL— Cato the Censor, SI LXV III.— Third Punic War, 92 LXIX.— Capture of Carthage, 93 LXX.— End of the Third Punic War 94 LXXL— Tiberius Gracchus, 95 LXXII — Caius Gracchus 96 LXXIII — End of Roman Freedom 97 LXXIV.— The Jugurthine War, 99 LXXV.— Conquest and Death of Jugurtha, 100 LXXVI. — Invasion of the Cimbrians and Teutones 102 LXX VII.— Defeat of the Barbarians 103 LXXVIIL— Tumults at Rome 104 LXXIX.— The Social War 106 LXXX.— The Social War, 108 LXXXL— Rivalry of Marius and Sulla, 109 LXXXII.— Flight and Exile of Marias, Ill LXXXIIL— Civil War of Marius and Sulla, 112 LXXXIV.— Civil War of Marius and Sulla, continued, . . . .113 LXXXV.— Dictatorship of Sulla 114 LXXXVL— The Cilician Pirates, 116 LXXXVIL— Conspiracy ofCatiline . 118 LXXXVIII.— Overthrow of Catiline, . 119 LXXXIX.— Rebellion of Spartacus, 120 XC— The First Triumvirate, 121 XCL— Julius Cæsar in Gaul, .123 XCII. — Parthian Expedition of Crassus 124 XCIII. — Disasters of Crassus, 125 XC IV. —Death of Crassus 127 XCV.— Rivalry of Pompey and Cæsar 123 XCVL— Civil War 129 XCVII. — Flight of Pompey from Rome, 131 XCVIII. — Pompey and Cæsar in Greece 132 XCIX. -Battle of Pharsalia, 133 C. — Death of Pompey 134 CI, — Triumph of Cæsar, 135 CII. — Dictatorship of Cæsar _, 137 CHI. — Conspiracy against Cæsar, 139 CIV. — Assassination of Cæsar, 140 CV. — Mark Antony, 141 CVI. — Funeral of Cæsar, ; 143 CVII. — The Second Triumvirate, 144 CVIII. — Brutus and Cassius _ 145 CIX.— Battle of Philippi, '■'.'.. \i7 CX. — Antony and Cleopatra, \ # 149 CXI. — Rome under the Triumvirs, * 150 CXI1. — Octavius and Antony ! _ 151 CX1U. — Quarrel of Octavius and Antony * * 152 CX1V.— Battle of Actium, ■ i ! 153 CXV. —Flight of Antony, " j^ CONTENTS.

IX CXVL— Death of Antony IBS CXVIL— Death os Cleopatra, .166 CXVIII. — Establishment os the Power of Augustus, . . .157 CXIX. — Roman Literature during the Second Period, . . . 158 CXX. — Livius Andronicus — Nævius — Ennius — Plautus, . 160 CXXI. — Terence — Lucretius — Catullus, 161 CXXII.—Cato the Elder — Sallust, 162 CXXIIL— Cicero — Cæsar 164 ANCIENT ROME THIRD PERIOD.

CXXIV. — Description of the Roman Empire, 167 CXXV. — Description of the Empire, continued, .... 168 CXXVL— Inhabitants of the Empire 170 CXXVIl. — The City of Rome under Augustus 171 CXXVIIL— Rome under Augustus, 173 CXXIX. — Reign of Augustus, 174 CXXX. — Reign of Augustus 175 CXXXI. — Rome under Augustus 177 CXXXII. — Rome under Augustus 178 CXXXIIL— Reign of Augustus 180 CXXXIV.— Reign of Augustus, 182 CXXXV.— Death of Augustus, 183 CXXXVI. — Accession of Tiberius, 184 CXXXVII.— Crimes of Scjanus, 186 CXXXVIIL— Reign of Caligula, 187 CXXXIX.— Assassination of Caligula, 189 CXL.— Reign of Claudius, 190 CXLL— Reign of Nero 191 CXLIL— Crimes of Nero 194 CXLIIL— Death of Nero, 195 CXL1V.— Galba and Otho • ... 197 CXLV.— Reign of Vitellius 198 CXLVL— Death of Vilellius, 199 CXLVIL— Reign of Vespasian 201 CXLVIII. — Reign of Vespasian, continued 202 CXLIX.— Reign of Titus 203 CL. — Herculaneum and Pompeii, 206 CLI. — Reign of Domitian, 208 CLII.— Reign of Nerva, 210 CLIIL— Reign of Trajan, 211 CLIV. — Eastern Campaigns of Trajan, 213 CLV. — Adrian — Antoninus Pius, 214 CLVI. — Reign of Marcus Aurelius 215 CLVIL— Reign of Commodus, 217 CLVIIL— Death of Commodus 218 CLIX. — Commerce of the Romans with the East, . . . 219 CLX. — Commerce of the Romans with the South and North, . 221 CLXL— Reign of Pertinax, 222 CLXIL— Didius Julianas 223 CI.XIII. — Reigns of Seplimius Severus and Caracalla, . . . 225 CLXIV. — Macrinus and Heliogabalus 226 CLXV.— Alexander Severus — Maximin 228 CLXVL— Cruelties and Death of Maximin, 229 CLXVIL— The Two Gordians, 230 CLXVIIL— Gordian — Philip — Decius, 231 CLXIX.— Gallus — Æmilianus — Valerian, ... .233 CLXX.— Gallienus — Claudius— Quintillius 235 CLXXL— Aurelian — Zenobia 236 CLXXII.— Death of Aurelian 238 CLXXIIL— Tacitus — Probus 239 CLXXIV. — Carus, Carinus, and Numerian, 240 CLXXV. — Dioclesiau — Galerius — Constantius <4I X CONTENTS.

CLXXVL— Constantine the Great, ' ' V. CLXXVII.— The Sons of Constantine, • 2-4 CLXXVIIL— Constans — Julian the Apostate 24= CLXXIX.— Death of Julian, . . . ■ •,.*"•' ■ ™ CLXXX.— Valentinian and Valens — Division ol the Empire, . 243 CLXXXI.— Gratian — Invasion of the Huns, 249 CLXXX1L— Theodosius the Great 250 CLXXXIIL— Arcadius and Honorius, 252 CLXXXIV.— The Britons, 253 CLXXXV.— The Franks, Burgundians, and Visigoths, . . .255 CLXXXVL— The Barbarian Governments 256 CLXXXVII. — Spain, the Vandals and Alani, . . . . 257 CLXXXV1IL— Separation of Britain from the Empire 253 CLXXXIX— Stilicho -259 CXC. — Alaric, Attila, and Gensenc 260 CXCL— End of the Western Empire, 261 CXCIL— Literature and Eminent Men during the Third Period, 263 CXCIIL— Virgil — Horace — Ovid — Tihullus — Propertius, . 264 CXCIV.—Livy — Character of the Augustan Age, . . . .267 CXCV.— Decline and Extinction of Roman Literature, . . 269 CXCVL— Later Roman Writers 270 CXCVIL— Religion of the Romans, ... ... 273 CXCVIIL— Roman Festivals, . 275 CXCIX.— The Circus — Amphitheatre — Gladiators, . . 276 CO.- -Private Amusement of the Romans, 273 CCL— Roman Architecture 279 CCII. — Sculpture and Painting among the Romans, . . . 231 CCIII. — Manners and Dress nfthe Romans, 232 CCIV.— Food and Drink of the Romans, 2H5 CCV. — Marriage and Funeral Ceremonies of the Romans, . 287 CCVL— Roman Military Art — The Legion, . . . 289 CCVII. — March and Encampment ofa Roman Army — The Navy, 291 CCVIII— Roman Triumphs, 294 MODERN ITALY.

CC1X.— Odoacer — Theodoric— Beiisarius 297 CCX.— The Lombards 299 CCXL — Charlemagne — Frederic liarbarossa, . . . 30C CCXIL— The Guelphs and Ghibellines, ... . 302 CCXIIL— Civil Wars in Italy 303 CCXIV.— Cola di Rienza 304 CCXV.— Schism in the Panacy, .... . .305 CCXVL— The Venetian Republic, 307 CCXVIL— Genoa — Lombardy — Florence — Naples, . . .303 CCXVIII. — Establishment of the Spanish Power in Italy, . . 369 CCXIX. — Conspiracy of Fiesco, al Genoa, ... . 310 CCXX. — Conspiracy of Venice, - . 311 CCXXI. — Insurrection of Masaniello, 313 CCXXIL— The Modern Popes, 315 CCXXIIL— Sixtus the Fifth, 316 CCXXIV.— The Italians of the Eighteenth Century, . . . 318 CCXXV.— Modern Revolutions of Italy, 320 CCXXVI.— Modern Revolutions of Italy, continued, . . . 322 CCXXVII. — Modern Revolutions of Italy, concluded, . . . 324 THE CITY OF ROME ANCIEXT AND MODERN.

CCXXVIII. — Rome under the Kings and the Republic, . . . 326 COXXIX. — Architecture of Rome 327 CCXXX. — Grandeur, Embellishment, and Decay of the Citv . 328 CCXXXI. — Rome after the Overthrow of the Empire, . '. 329 CCXXX 1 1. — Rome in the Middle Ages, 330 CCXXXIII. — Rome under the Popes 331 CCXXXIV.— Ruins of Rome in the Fifteenth Century, . " 339 CCXXXV.— Modern Rome .333 ItaffiJI 1 NTRODUCTION.

Chapter I

Description of Italy. 1. Italy, which was the seat and centre of the most powerful empire of antiquity, is a large peninsula on the northern side of the Mediterranean, having the Adriatic Sea on the east and the Tyrrhene or Tuscan Sea on the west. It is bounded on the north by the lofty mountain chain ofthe Alps, and is traversed through its whole length by the Apennines. 2. The surface of the country is very diversified. The southern part is mountainous. In the north is a great plain extending in an unbroken level from the Alps and Apennines to the Adriatic, and watered by the Po and its tributaries. This is the most fertile plain in Europe. 3. The soil of Italy is fruitful, producing plentiful crops of grain, fruits, wine and oil. The amenity of its climate, and its picturesque scenery, render it one of the most delightful regions in the world. 4.

The beautiful and fertile island of Sicily, with its lofty volcanic mountain, Ætna, lies at the southern extremity of Italy, and is separated from it only by a narrow channel. According to tradition, the island and continent were onceunited, but some great convulsion of CHAP. I. — 1. How is Italy breunded i 2. Describe the face of tbe coeentry. 3. Tiles soil and climate. 4. Describe Sicily. What does Oviil say of it? 5. What were lie ancient names of Italy DIVISIONS OF MODERN ITALY. nature rent them asunder. Ovid, in his Metamorphoses, alludes to this belief: So /ancle* lo the Italian earth was tied, Anil men once walked where ships at anchor ride, Till Neptune overlooked the narrow way, Aud in disdain poured in the conquering sea. 5. Italy was called Hesperia by the Greeks, on account of its lying westward of Greece.

In very remote ages it was also known by the names of Saturnia, Ausonia and Œnotria. The designation of Italy was not generally adopted till about the commencement of the Chris tian era.

Chapter II

Divisions of Modern and Ancient Italy. Ancient Roman Ruin 1. Italy— excluding Venice, which is governed by an Austrian Viceroy-consists of the Kingdom of Italy, Papal Dominions, and San Marino. The Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1860-61 by the union of the following states : Piedmont, Sardinia, Lombardy the Emilian 1 rovmces, the Marches, Umbria, Tuscany, Naples and" Sicily 2. The divisions of Modern Italy correspond, in some decree to „ I,r*—1*nowisItalydivided »t Present? What is its extent ? (fee taHe. nm„.*e i 2. What are the modern divisions of Italy ? What is said of its i ruins! '3. Kribo * The ancient name of Messina. PRESENT DIVISIONS OF ITALY. States. Government. Capitals, with their Pop. Kingdom of Italy Monarchy Florence 114,000 State of Sardinia Turin 205.000 States of the Church Ancona 45.000 State of Naples Naples 447,000 Papal Dominions Papal Rome 204,000 San Marino Republic San Marino 8,000 Venetia Austrian Viceroy Venice 119,000 DIVISIONS UK ANCIENT ITALY. the ancient ones, and the various cities bear marks of different degrees of antiquity.

At Rome, and in other places, are many nuns which date back for two thousand years. 3. The people of Italy are generally of a swarthy complexion, and though considerable differences are found between those of different districts, and though they have all lost the vigor of their ancestors. they are still distinguished by the same general characteristics, and by a high order of genius. 4. Ancient Italy cumprised three great divisions: Cisalpine Gaul, in the north, Italy Proper, in the centre, and Magna Græcia, in the south. 5. Cisalpine Gaul was divided by the river Padus, now called the Po, into two separate territories, called Gallia Transpadana and Gallia Cispadana. The whole country was, after the Roman con quest, also termed Gallia Togata, in allusion to the people having adopted the use of the Roman toga, or cloak.

Yenetia was in the north-east, and Liguria in the south-east, of this region. C. Italy Proper extended southward from Gallia Cispadana to the rivers Silauru; and Trento, comprehending modern Tuscany, the Papal States, and the northern part of the kingdom of Naples. The ancient divisions were Etruria, Latium, Umbria, Picernum, Campania. Samnium, and the territory of the Sabines. 7. Etruria was a highly civilized country at an early date. Its inhabitants had made great advances in science and the arts before the foundation of Rome. Many of their sculptured gems, vases and paintings, still exist. The walls of their ancient cities are to be seen at the present day at Cortona, Perugia, Fiesole and other places. The Etruscans formed a confederation of twelve states, each of which was an independent community with regard to its domestic policy. 8.

Latium lay on the western coast of Italy, between the Tiber and the Liris. In early times it was inhabited by various tribes, called Latins, Ausones, Rutuli, Sabines, Volsci, &c. 9. Campania extended along the western coast from the Liris to the Silaurus, and comprised the territory around the city of Naples. This country has always been famous for its beauty and fertility. It suffered more frequent changes of inhabitants in early times, than any other part of Italy. Attracted by the fertility of the soil and the mildness of the climate, one horde of invaders poured in after another, and established their dominion here, until the Roman conquest secured the tranquillity of the country. 10. Magna Græcia was settled at an early period by colonies from Greece, who brought with them the arts and institutions of that country.

It was divided into Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, and Brut tium. The most important city in Magna Græcia was Tarentum, tne inhabitants of which were remarkable for their wealth and luxurious habits. the people of Italy. 4. How was ancient Italy divided? 5. Describe Cisalpine Gaul What name was .riven lo it after the Roman cnnrpiesl ? 6. Describe Italy Proper Ita divisions. 7. What of the Etruscans! 8. Lalium? 9. Campania? Its hi.X.l '0 Ma»naGræcia? Its divisions? "S 1*lau"r/' ANCIENT ITALY ANCIENT INHABITANTS OF ITALY.

Chapter III

Ancient Inhabitants of Italy. i. By the light of the earliest historical record*, it appears thai Italy, between one and two thousand years before the Christiin era, was inhabited by two races of people, differing from each other in language and manners. One race dwelt on the coast and the plain? adjacent, and the other on the mountains in the interior. 2. The former were probably a part of the great Pelasgic tribe or family, which also inhabited Greece and Asia Minor in very ancient times. Of the latter, we' know nothing previous to their appearance in the mountain regions of Italy, where they may be regarded as indigenous or native. 3. The Pelasgians of Italy seem to have been similar in character to those of Greece. They were an agricultural people, and built towns with Cyclopean walls of unhammered stone.

Probably they came into Italy as conquerors or colonists ; but after having been long settled here, it seems that the aboriginal mountaineers descended into their territories and subjugated them. 4. We then find the south of Italy occupied by a people calling themselves Œnotrians ; the region in the neighborhood of the Tiber by the Siculi, who afterwards invaded the island of Trinacria and gave it the name of Sicily ; and Etruria inhabited by the Tyrrhe nians. 5. Other names appear shortly afterward in history. The Latins, according e,o tradition, were driven down the river Anio by the Sabines ; and the latter, in their turn, expelled the Siculi, who pro eeeded south and crossed over the Strait of Messina. 6. About one thousand years before Christ, the Greeks began to found colonies in the south of Italy.

The Chalcidians and Eretrians, from the island of Eubœa, built the cities of Cuma and Naples in Campania, and Rhegium on the strait. The Acftæans built Sybaris, Crotona, and Metapontum. 7. In Sicily, the Dorian Greeks founded Messana, Syracuse, Hybla, Gela, and Agrigentum. The Ionians founded Naxus, Catana, and Himera. There were also Greek colonies in Corsica and Sar dinia. she teacher will here put seech questions upon the map of ancient Italy as may fetnii lurize Ihe pupil with the divisions, Ac. III. — 1. What is the earliest knowledge we have of Italy *? 2. What is known of the two races of inhabitants? 3. Who were Ihe Pelasgians? 4. Who inhabited the south of Italy ? 5. What is said of Ihe Latins, Sabines and Siculi? 6. When did the Greek) t¥e.'iee to found colonies in Italy? What cities did they build here? 7.

What sellle enenla did they make in Sicily and elsewhere? LEGENDS OF ÆNEAS. FIRST PERIOD OF ROMAN HISTORY. <OM THE FOUNDATION OF ROME TO THE LAST OF THE KINQf

Chapter IV

First Glimpses of Roman History. — Legends of Æneas. 1. The early legends of Rome relate that this extraordinary nation nad its origin from Æneas, a Trojan prince, who was driven from his native country in consequence of the capture and destruction of Troy by the Greeks, 1184 years before Christ. 2. According to this story, Æneas, with his father Anchises and a large train of followers, embarked in ships, and sought for a new home in the west. When they put to sea, the star of Venus, who was reputed to be the mother of Æneas, stood over their heads. After various adventures they landed in Italy, when the star disap peared and was seen no more. 3. By this sign the Trojans knew that they had reached the country which fate had destined for their home. When they had brought their gods on shore, they began to sacrifice ; but the victim, a milk-white sow, broke from the priests and fled away. 4.

Æneas followed her, for an oracle bad told him that a four footed beast should guide him to the spot where he was to build a city. She went forward till she came to a hill, where she lay down and produced a litter of thirty young ones. Æneas then heard a voice, saying, " Tbe thirty young are thirty years; when thai time has passed, thy children shall remove to a better land ; meantime. build thy city here." 5. We have related this fable because it was believed by the Romans, and the memory of it was held sacred by them. Many circumstances in it are undoubtedly fictitious, but it does not appear that the whole was an invention of tbe poets. The facts probably were, that a colony of Greeks, driven from home by wars, came to this country, and established themselves in tbe neighborhood of the Tiber.

Nothing else is certain. 6. A city was built here in the country called Latium. The king, Latinus, gave to Æneas his daughter, Lavinia, in marriage, and the rest of the Trojans formed matrimonial alliances with Latin families. But Turnus, a relation of the queen, had conceived an early attachment to Lavinia. Enraged and mortified that she should be possessed by a stranger, he joined the hostile nation of tbe Ruttili, and in ihe Cist battle that was fought, Turnus and Latinus were killed. IV. — 1. Who was Æneas? 2. What is said of his voyage ? 3. Whal happened at the Kneling of Ihe Trojans in Italy ? 4. Repeal Ihe steery of the milkwhile seew. 5 Whal < the probable truth of this story? 6. What city did the Treejans first build? Wbai LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS. 7. Having at length come into the peaceful possession of the throne, Æneas united the religion of Troy with that of Latium.

He introduced the worship of Vesta, and many other Trojan deities. 8. The Rutuli having made an alliance with Mezentius, king of tho Tyrrhenians, again forced Æneas into the field. The hostile armies met near Lavinium, and Æneas, being pressed by superior numbers to the banks of the Numicus, was driven into the river and drowned. The Trojans concealed his body, and gave out that he had ascended to heaven. A temple **■ 's erected to him under the name of Jupiter Indigctes. 9. The war continued between Mezentius and Ascanius, the son of Æneas. In a certain battle they met hand to hand, and Ascanius slew his antaffonist. At length thirty years came to an end, and the Trojans removed to a mountain in the neighborhood overlooking a lake ; here they built a city, which, from its shape, was called Alba Longa, or the " wliite long city."

Chapter V

Legend of Romulus and Remus. Romulus, Remus, and the Wolf. 1. One of the kings of Alba Longa was named Procas. He had two sons, Numitor and Amulius. When Procas died, Numitor the elder son, should have succeeded to the throne, but Amulius seized it and left to Numitor only his share of their father's private property ' was done by King Latinus ? Whal became of him? 7. Whal diel Æneas do resrw,, „ relieion? 8. FW ded he .lie? Whal name was afterward given lo him" q^i „! look place at the e.ed oftbiny years? = '* s* w bu LEGEND OF ROMULUS AND REMUS. 2. After this he caused Numitor's only son to be slain, and made his daughter Sylvia become one of the vestal virgins, whose duty it was to watch the ever-burning fire of the goddess Vesta. But Syl via had made a private marriage with a person whom the supersti tious people believed to be the god Mars. 3.