Dr. Goldsmith's history of Rome

Front matter

DR GOLDSMITH'S HISTORY OF HOME, ABRIDGED WITH QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION AT THE END OF EACH SECTION ; jpor the 51-st of Schools. By ROBERT SIMPSON, AUTHOR OF THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND, &c. &c. lEtitttori, CAREFULLY REVISED AND CORRECTED ; TO WHICH ARE PREFIXED, OUTLINES OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ITALY, AND INTRODUCTORY CHAPTERS ON ROMAN ANTIQUITIES, CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN, PROGRESS, INSTITUTIONS, MANNERS, CUSTOMS, GOVERNMENT, LAWS, AND MILITARY AND NAVAL AFFAIRS OF THE ROMANS. WITH A MAP. EDINBURGH: OLIVER & BOYD, TWEEDDALE COURT. LONDON : SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, _ CO. MDCCCXLVII. [Price Three Shillings and Sixpence Bound.] ENTERED IN STATIONERS' HALL. Printed by Oliver & Boyd, Tweeddale Court, High Street, Edinburgh.

Preface

TO THE SIXTH EDITION. History has ever been regarded as one of the most useful and entertaining species of human knowledge in which youth should be instructed during the progress of their education. Happily for the literature of this country, Abridgments of the Histories of Greece, Rome, and Eng land, have been written by the elegant pen of Dr Goldsmith, which have furnished our youthful scholars with a compe tent acquaintance with the principal events that have taken place among the most celebrated nations both in ancient and modern times. — Of these Abridgments, that of the Roman History has long been received as a popular school book ; and this edition of it has been much improved, bv revising the text, and correcting several inaccuracies which had been admitted into former impressions.

It is likewise rendered still more valuable, by the subdivision of the chapters and sections into paragraphs, each containing some distinct facts, which are numerically marked, to correspond with the exercises at the end of each section. The exercises are all entirely new, and collected throughout from the facts or events contained in the work ; so that nothing is omitted, in the questions, which is found in the narrative ; and the young student may thus be taught a complete knowledge of Roman History. — For the purpose of giving the reader a competent knowledge of the origin, progress, institutions, manners, government, laws, &c. of the celebrated people whose history he is studying, introductory chapters on Roman Antiquities have been prefixed, which will be found a useful preparation for understanding the

PREFACE.

. narrative, and a valuaole addition to the work itself. — That the student may derive the utmost advantage from this history, he should be directed to read every paragraph with the greatest attention, and fix in his memory the facts or events recorded in each ; and by this means he will be easily enabled to answer the questions contained in the exercises, and acquire such an accurate acquaintance with Roman History, as shall both aid him in understanding classic authors, and be otherwise useful in future periods of his life. — As this edition of the History of Rome contains the improvements now enumerated, the Publishers flatter themselves that it will be deemed worthy of that approbation which the work, in its original state, has so long experienced from the public. NOTICE TO THE EIGHTH EDITION.

The Publishers, in presenting another impression of this popular and useful school-book, beg to state, that this edition has undergone a careful revision, many historical and chronological inaccuracies have been corrected, and the utility of the work has been increased by the addition of Outlines of the Ancient Geography of Italy, and a neatly executed Map. NOTICE TO THE NINTH EDITION. In this edition the marginal dates have been greatly in creased in number, and corrected according to the most authorized tables. A chronological view of the principal events has also been prefixed, which renders the work more useful to readers in general, and to classical students in particular. CHRONOLOGICAL VIEW OF THE LEADING EVENTS RECORDED IN THE HISTORY OF ROME. B.C. denotes before Christ ; Y. R. year of Rome ; A. D. Anno Domini, in the Year of our Lord.

B. C. Y. R. 1184 Arrival of Æneas in Italy. 777 Numitor, king of Alba, supplanted by Amulius. 754 Rome founded by Romulus on the Palatine Hill; Romulus first king ; wars with the neighbouring states ; the most formidable with the Sabines. 717 Death of Romulus, followed by an interregnum. 37 715 Accession of Numa Pompilius ; a peaceful reign. 39 672 Tullus Hostilius third king ; war with the Allans. 82 667 Combat between the Horatii and Curiatii ; two years after, 87 Alba destroyed, and the inhabitants transferred to Rome. 640 Ancus Martius fourth king ; war with the Latins and other 114 states ; Ostia built. 617 Tarquinius Priscus fifth king ; war with the Latins and Sa- 137 bines ; murdered by the sons of Ancus. 578 Servius Tullius sixth king ; Census instituted ; murdered. 176 534 Tarquinius Superbus seventh and last king ; Gabii taken ; 220 Capitol finished ; Sibylline books purchased. 509 Tarquin with his family expelled, and monarchy abolished ; 245 consular form of government established. 507 Porsena, king of Clusium in Etruria, espouses the cause of 247 the Tarquins. 498 Titus Lartius first Dictator at Rome. 256 493 Secession to Mons Sacer, and tribunes of the people created. 261 491 Trial of Coriolanus, and Comitia Tributa instituted. 263 486 Spurius Cassius, aiming at supreme power, thrown down the 268 Tarpeian Rock. 477 The Fabian family, having undertaken the war against Veii, 277 cut off. 459 The Roman army, surrounded on Mount Algidus by the Æqui 295 and Volsci, relieved by Cincinnatus. 452 Decemviri created, and laws of the Twelve Tables enacted. 302 449 The Decemviri, acting tyrannically, banished. 305 445 Law permitting intermarriages of Patricians and Plebeians. 309 440 Spurius Mælius, affecting sovereignty, put to death. 314 405 Veii besieged. 349 396 Veii captured, after a siege of ten years, by Camillus. 358 390 The Romans defeated at the Allia, and Rome burnt by the 364 Galli Senones. 384 Marcus Manlius thrown from the Tarpeian Rock. 370 362 Curtius leaps into a gulf in the forum. 392 343 War with the Samnites first begun. 411 338 The Latins finally reduced to the Roman yoke. 416 321 The Roman army surrounded by the Samnites in the Furculæ 433 Caudinæ, aud made to pass under the yoke.

TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY.

B. C. Y. R. 280 The Samnitic wars being successfully terminated, the Romans 474 turn their arms against the Tarentines, who invite Pyrrhus, king of Epire, into Italy. 275 Pyrrhus, after having gained some hard-contested battles, at 479 last defeated, and his camp taken. 266 The Romans, having reduced Italy, affect foreign conquests. 488 264 The First Punic War begun. 490 260 The Romans first successful by sea under Duillius. 474 255 Regulus, after important conquests, defeated, and taken pri- 499 soner by Xantippus, the Lacedæmonian. 241 The First Punic War terminated by a naval victory gained by 513 the Romans under Lutatius Catulus. 228 The Illyrian pirates reduced. 526 222 Marcellus gains the Spolia Opima, by slaying the king of the 532 lnsubrian Gauls. 218 The Second Punic War begun, and the Romans twice defeated 536 by Hannibal. 217 Hannibal defeats the Romans a third time at the Thrasymene 537 Lake. 216 Hannibal again defeats the Romans at Cannæ. 538 215 Hannibal receives his first check at Nola. 539 210 Syracuse captured by Marcellus, and Archimedes slain. 544 207 Hasdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, surprised and cut off in 547 Umbria, at the Metaurus. 202 Hannibal defeated by Scipio at Zama, in Africa. 552 201 The Second Punic War terminated. 553 197 Philip, king of Macedonia, defeated by Flaminius. 557 190 Antiochus, king of Syria, reduced by Scipio Asiaticus. 564 183 Hannibal kills himself by poison in Bithynia. 571 168 Perseus, king of Macedonia, defeated by Æmilius Paulus, and 586 forced to surrender. 149 The Third Punic War begun. 605 146 Destruction of Carthage and Corinth. 608 133 Numantia, in Spain, destroyed ; Tiberius Gracchus slain. 621 121 Caius Gracchus, brother of Tiberius, slain. 633 111 War with Jugurtha, king of Numidia. 643 106 Jugurtha taken prisoner, and conveyed to Rome. 648 102-1 Marius defeats the Teutones and Cirabri. 652-3 90 Social War begun, and continued for two years. 664 88 War with Mithridates, king of Pontus. 666 87 Marius and Cinna enter Rome ; (86, Marius dies). 667 84 Sylla makes peace with Mithridates, and returns to oppose the 670 Marian faction. 81 Sylla assumes the perpetual dictatorship. 673 78 Sylla, having abdicated the dictatorship, dies. 676 73 Sertorius, who had revived the Marian party in Spain, after 681 baffling for some years the forces sent against him, assassinated by Perpenna. 66 Pompey terminates the war which had been renewed with 688 Mithridates. 63 Catiline's conspiracy crushed by Cicero when consul. 691 60 The First Triumvirate formed. 694 58 Cæsar proceeds to the conquest of Gaul. 696 53 Crassus defeated and slain by the Parthians. 701 49 Cæsar crosses the Rubicon, and Pompey quits Rome. 705 48 Battle of Pharsalia ; Pompey slain in Egypt. 706 46 Death of Cato at Utica. 708 45 Battle of Munda in Spain ; Cæsar perpetual dictator. 709 44 Cæsar assassinated in the senate, March 15. 710 43 The Second Triumvirate formed. 711 42 Battle of Philippi, and death of Brutus and Cassius.

TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY. 7 B, C. Y. R. 40 Lucius Antonius surrenders to Augustus at Perusia. 714 39 Partition of the empire, and peace with Sextus Pompey. 715 36 War with Sextus Pompey, who is defeated by Agrippa. 718 34 Lepidus deprived of his authority, and banished. 720 32 War between Augustus and Antony. 722 31 Antony and Cleopatra defeated at Actium. 723 30 Death of Antony and Cleopatra. 724 29 Augustus sole master of the Roman empire. 725 27 Augustus, affecting to resign, is persuaded to retain his authority. 727 26 The Cantabrians in Spain reduced. 728 A. D. 9 Quinctilius Varus defeated in Germany. 762 14 Augustus dies at Nola. 767 — Tiberius elevated to the imperial throne, proves an unrelenting — tyrant ; Germans defeated by Germanicus. 37 Tiberius succeeded by Caligula, who proposes an expedition 790 against the Germans and Britons 41 Caligula, slain by Chærea, is succeeded by Claudius, who re- 794 sumes the conquest of Britain. 50 The Roman armies successful in Britain. 803 54 Claudius, poisoned, is succeeded by Nero. 807 64 Rome destroyed by fire, and the Christians persecuted. 817 68 Nero kills himself, and is succeeded by Galba. 821 69 Galba slain ; succeeded by Otho, who kills himself, and is sue- 822 ceeded by Vitellius ; the Capitol burnt ; Vitellius slain. — Vespasian succeeds ; Jerusalem besieged by Titus. — 70 Jerusalem taken and destroyed ; the Jews dispersed. 823 79 Vespasian succeeded by his son Titus, who is styled the Delight 832 of Mankind. — First recorded eruption of Vesuvius, August 24. — 81 Titus succeeded by Domitian, a vicious tyrant. 834 84 Agricola reduces South Britain, and discovers the Orkney 837 Islands. 85 Unsuccessful wars with the Dacians. 838 96 Domitian slain, and succeeded by Nerva, first of the five good 849 emperors ; insurrection of the prætorian guards. 98 Nerva succeeded by Trajan ; wars with the Dacians. 851 107 Dacia reduced ; severities against the Christians repressed by 860 advice of Pliny ; insurrection of the Jews. 117 Trajan succeeded by Adrian ; irruptions of the northern hordes. 870 121 Wall built from the river Eden to the Tyne in the north of 874 England ; Jerusalem rebuilt ; insurrection of the Jews, who are banished. 138 Adrian succeeded by Titua Autouinus) surnamed the Pious ; 891 learned men patronized. 161 Antoninus succeeded by Marcus Aurelius, who assumes Lucius 914 Verus as his partner in the empire ; wars in Germany, Britain, and the East. 165 Parthians reduced by Verus, who brings the plague into Italy ; 918 Christians persecuted. 169 Verus dies on his return from the expedition against the 922 Marcomanni. 180 Aurelius succeeded by Commodus, a profligate prince. 933 1 92 Commodus assassinated, and succeeded by Fertinax. 945 193 Pertinax, murdered in a mutiny of the prætorian guards, is 946 succeeded by Didius, a lawyer, who is slain, and succeeded the same year by Severus. 199 Severus is successful in his wars against the Parthians. 952 211 Severus, dying at York, is succeeded by

his son Caracalla, who 964 murders his brother Geta. 85 Unsuccessful wars with the Dacians.

TABLE OF CHRONOLOGY.

A. D. Y. R. 217 Caracalla assassinated, and succeeded by Macrinus. 970 218 Macrinus slain, and succeeded by the effeminate and extrava- 971 gant Heliogabalus. 222 Heliogabalus, murdered by his soldiers, is succeeded by Alex- 975 ander, a virtuous prince ; inroads of the northern nations. 23.5 Alexander, slain in a mutiny, is succeeded by Maximin, a 988 monster of cruelty ; Germans defeated. 238 Maximin slain, and succeeded by Pupienus Maximus and Bal- 991 binus, who are put to death by the prætorian troops, and Gordian elevated. 244 Gordian assassinated, and succeeded by Philip. 997 249 Philip slain by a sentinel, and succeeded by Deeius ; incursions 1002 of the Goths. 251 Deeius killed in an ambuscade, and succeeded by Gallus, who 1004 purchases a peace from the Goths. 253 Gallus slain in battle, and succeeded by Valerian, who attempts 1006 reformation. 257 Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia, and treated 1010 with great indignity. 260 Valerian put to death, and succeeded by his son GalUenus ; 1013 Thirty Tyrants. 268 Gallienus slain by his own soldiers, and succeeded by Flavius 1021 Claudius, a man of merit ; wars with the Goths. 270 Claudius, dying, is succeeded by Aurelian ; Zenobia defeated, 1023 and Palmyra destroyed. 275 Aurelian cut off in a conspiracy ; Tacitus a man of great merit, 1028 succeeds, and dies after a short reign. 276 Probus raised to the imperial throne ; irruptions of barbarians. 1029 282 Probus slain in a mutiny, and succeeded by Carus, who dies by 1035 lightning. 283 Numerian succeeds Carus, and is slain by Aper. 1036 284 Dioclesian, chosen emperor, associates Maximian ; irruption of 1037 the Northern Hive. 305 Dioclesian and Maximian, retiring into private life, are succeed- 1058 ed by Constantius Chlorus and Galerius, the former virtuous, the latter brutal and cruel ; empire divided. 306 Constantius, dying in Britain, is succeeded by his son, Con- 1059 stantine tbe Great. 312 Constantine professes Christianity. 1065 313 Maximin, who commanded in the East, a great enemy of the 1066 Christians, dies of madness. 324 Licinius, successor of Galerius, defeated, and, after some time, 1077 put to death by order of Constantine. 325 First Christian council convened at Nice, in Bithynia. 1078 330 Seat of empire transferred to Constantinople. 1083 337 Constantine dies a baptized Christian, and leaves the empire to 1090 his three sons. 361 Constantius, the surviving son of Constantine, dying, is sue- 1114 ceeded by Julian the Apostate. 363 Julian cut off in war with tbe Persians, and succeeded by Jo- 1116 vian, who reigned one year. 378 Valens, successor of Jovian, in the East, cut off by the Goths. 1 131 379 Theodosius, by his valour, retards the downfal of the empire. 1 132 410 Rome taken in the reign of Honorius by Alaric, king of the 1163 Goths, and plundered for three days. 455 Rome in possession of Genseric, king of the Vandals. 1208 476 Abdication of Augustulus, and dissolution of the empire— 1229 Odoacer,

leader of the Heruli, assuming the title of king of Italy.

EXTENT OF THE EMPIRE AT DIFFERENT PERIODS, WITH OUTLINES OF THE GEOGRAPHY OF ANCIENT ITALY. The numbers in the following Geographical Outlines denote the page where the event is described, or the place alluded to. The vast empire, which we are about to follow through its various vicissitudes, from its rise to its final extinction, com prehended at first only the city of Rome, with such a portion of the territory around it as was necessary for the maintenance of its scanty population, which amounted to little more than three thousand men able to bear arms. Even at the time of the abolition of monarchy, which existed, if we may credit the ordinary chronological accounts, upwards of two hundred and forty years, the limits of the commonwealth did not exceed a circuit of fifteen miles, although the Romans, in their successful struggles with their jealous neighbours, had tempted or compelled many of them to remove to Rome, and had extended the terror of their arms or the influen'ce of their name over the greater part of Latium.

During the next two hundred and forty years, after maintaining many arduous and doubtful conflicts with the different states of Italy, the Roman people at last acquired an uncontested ascendency in Italy Proper, by the expulsion of Pyrrhus, and the reduction of his feeble and effeminate allies, the Tarentines. The third period of two hundred and forty years saw the dominion of Rome extend itself over the fairest portion of the known world, with Au gustus its undisputed master ; at whose death the empire a comprehended all the countries between the Atlantic Ocean on the west, the Euphrates on the east, the Danube and the Rhine on the north, and the cataracts of the Nile, with the deserts of Africa and Mount Atlas, on the south. Britain, as far as the Tay, was afterwards reduced by Agricola in the reign of Domitian ; and Trajan ventured to enlarge the frontier on the north by subduing Dacia, and on the east by add ing Mesopotamia and Armenia to the empire.

But Trajan's conquests were prudently relinquished by his successor, and the Danube and the Euphrates again established as the frontier. Of this large and powerful dominion, the most interesting portion to the reader of Roman history is Italy, which was known to the ancients by the names of Œnotria, Ausonia, Hesperia, aud, lastly, Italia. Italy is bounded on the north and north-west by the Alps, on the east and south by the Hadriatic and Ionian seas, and on the west by the Tuscan sea. The other great chain of mountains connected with Italy, besides Alpes, the Alps, is Apenninus, the Apennines, stretching from the Maritime Alps, near the frontiers of France, through the whole length of Italy to the Straits of Messina. Italy anciently comprehended the two great divisions of Gallia Cisalpina, Citerior, or Togata, and Italia Propria ; the former including all the country from the Alps to the small river Macra, which falls into the Tuscan sea at the south-east extremity of the Gulf of Genoa, and the Rubicon, which falls into the Hadriatic ; the latter comprising the whole of the Peninsula south of these rivers.

The southern part of Italia Propria, from the number of Greek settlements estab lished along the coast, was also known by the name of Magna Grœcia. Gallia Cisalpina was subdivided into the states of the Taurini, Salassi, Insubres, Cenomani, Euganei, Veneti, Carni, and Istria, on the north of the Po ; and Liguria, Boii, and Lin gones, to the south of that river. The principal river in this division is Padus or Eridanus, the Po, rising in Mons Vesuhts, Viso, the northern point of the Maritime Alps, and flowing east ward to the Hadriatic. Among its numerous tributaries on the north is the Ticinus, Ticino (126), where Hannibal first encountered the Roman arms ; and on the south, Trebia, Trebbia (126), where he engaged and defeated them a second time; and Rhenus, Rheno (187), where, on a small island, A ugustus, Antony, and Lepidus, formed the confederacy -usually termed the Second Triumvirate.

The most noted towns on the north of the Po are Cremo na (197, 242), and eastward, Bedriacum (242), where the emperor Otho was defeated by Valens and Cæcina, the gen erals of Vitellius ; near it Castoris Templum (242), where an indecisive battle was fought between the same parties. On the Mincius, Mincio, a tributary of the Po, Mantua (197), which suffered along with Cremona during the civil wars in the Second Triumvirate, and near it Andes, the village where Virgil was born. On the Athesis, Adige, which falls into the Hadriatic north of the Po, Tridentum, Trent, famous for its ecclesiastical council, and Verona, for the ruins of an amphitheatre. On the Medoacus Minor, Bacchiglione, another independent stream, Patavium, Padua, the birthplace of the historian Livy ; and at the head of the Hadriatic, Aquileia (268), where Aurelius defeated the Marcomanni, taken by Attila, king of the Huns, after an obstinate defence, a. d. 452.

On the south of the Po, at the confluence of the Trebbia, is Placentia, Piacenza (242), a Roman colony ; and at a little distance from the Po, Mutina, Modena (187), where Deci mus Brutus, when besieged by Antony, was relieved by the consuls Hirtius and Pansa, supported by young Octavius ; near the coast, Ravenna (199, 295), in the midst of marshes, the residence of the emperor Honorius, when Italy was over run by the armies of the Gothic monarch Alaric. At Ra venna, Augustus had a fleet stationed for the security of Italy on the eastern side. Italia Propria was subdivided into Etruria, Unibria, Picenum, Latium, Campania, Samnium, Apulia, Calabria, Lucania, and Bruttii. Etruria extended along the Tuscan sea from Macro, Magra, to the Tiberis, formerly called Albula, Tiber, the principal river of the Peninsula, and was anciently divided into twelve states, the rulers of which were called Lucumones.

Its towns were Pistoria, Pistoja (154), towards the Apen nines, where Catiline was defeated and slain ; near the mouth of the Arnus, Arno, Pisœ, Pisa, founded by a colony from Pisa in Peloponnesus. On the Clanis, Chiana, a tributary of the Tiber, Clusium, Chiusi (78, 102), the city of Porsena ; be tween the Clanis and the Tiber, Cortona, one of the principal cities in Etruria; and Perusia, Perugia (197), where Lu cius Antonius, the brother of Mark Antony, was reduced by famine to surrender to Augustus ; near these towns, Lacus Thrasimenus, lake of Perugia (126), where the Romans sus tained the third overthrow from Hannibal ; southward, Fa lerii (100), whose inhabitants, Falisci, surrendered to Camil lus ; and west of it, near the coast, Tarquinii (67), the native city of Tarquinius Priscus, of which he was Lucumon, or prince, before his removal to Rome ; on the coast, Cœre, Cerveteri (76), the inhabitants of which enjoyed particular privileges at Rome ; thither the Tarquins retired on their expulsion.

Near the Cremera (86), a small tributary of the Tiber, where the Fabii were cut off, Veii (100), a powerful city, reduced by Ca millus after a siege of ten years. Off the coast is the island Tlva or Æthalia, Elba, famed in ancient times for its mines, and recently as the residence of Napoleon Buonaparte in 1814-15. Umbria extended along the Hadriatic from the Rubicon, Fiumesino (159), to the Æsis, Esino. On the coast were the towns of Ariminum, Rimini (159), taken by Cæsar after crossing the Rubicon ; and Sena or Senogallia, Sinigaglia, built by the Galli Senones. Between these towns was the Metaurus, Metro (130), on whose banks Asdrubal, the brother of Hannibal, was surprised and slain by the consuls Livius and Nero. Inland is the town of Spoletium, Spoleto, whence Hannibal was repulsed after the battle of Thrasimene, an event pompously commemorated by an inscription on one of its gates still called Porta di Fuga.

Picenum, including the small but warlike tribes Prœtulii, Vestini, Peligni, Marsi, Marrucini, and Frentani, extended along the Hadriatic from Umbria to the Tifernus, Biferno. In this district the most important place was Ancona, founded by the Greeks, and deriving its name from the angular or elbow like figure of the coast on which it is situated. The capital of the Peligni was Corfinium or Italica, San-ferino (145, 161), the headquarters of the confederates in the Social War. Latium was anciently inhabited by the Æqui, Hernici, Rutuli, Volsci, Ausones, Osci, and other tribes, and extended along the Tuscan Sea from Etruria to the Liris, Garigliano ; but the limits on the south are not exactly defined. The principal town was Roma, Rome (59), on the Tiber, founded by Romulus, before Christ 754.

At a considerable distance northward, on the Anio, Teverone (81), which joins the Tiber a little way above Rome, Tibur, Tivoli, in whose neighbourhood are the ruins of many splendid villas ; east from Rome, near the Lacus Regillus, where Posthumius the dictator de feated a powerful confederacy of the Latins, Gabii (72), taken by Tarquinius Superbus through the artifice of his son Sextus; and farther east, Prœneste, Palestrina (149), where the younger Marius was besieged and slain by Sylla ; South from Gabii, Tusculum, Frescati, near which Mount Algidus (87), where Cincinnatus relieved the Roman army from blockade ; at the foot of the Alban mount, Alba Tonga, built by Ascanius the son of Æneas, and the residence of his succes sors till the founding of Rome ; at the mouth of the Tiber, Osiia (67), the port of Rome ; along the coast Laurentum, the city of Latinus, the father-in-law of Æneas ; Lavinium (57), built by Æneas, and named in honour of his wife ; -.4*- dea (102), the capital of the Rutuli, and city of Turnus, the rival of Æneas, famous as the retreat of Camillus, when ba nished by his ungrateful countrymen ; Antium, a naval sta tion of the Volsci, conquered by the Romans, who suspended the beaks of the captured ships in that part of the Forum called from them Rostra ; northward, a little way inland, Corioli (83), a city of the Volsci, taken by the gallantry of Caius Marcius ; farther on along the coast, Formiœ, famous for its wine, near which was Cicero's villa Formianum (187), where he was assassinated by the order of Antony.

On the Liris, Arpinum (144), the birthplace of Marius and Ci cero; and at the mouth, Minturnœ (147), near which, in a marsh, Marius concealed himself when he fled from Sylla ; beyond the Liris, Sinuessa, the neighbourhood of which pro dued the Massic and Falernian wines. In the Sabine country, south of the Anio, Antemnœ (61), and Collatia, the latter the residence of Tarquinius Collati nus, the husband of Lucretia ; beyond the Anio, three miles from Rome, Mons Sacer (81), to which the plebeians retired when oppressed by the nobles ; on the Tiber, Fidenæ (62), and north from it, Crustumerium and Cænina (61), all con quered by Romulus; north from the Allia (103), a small stream which joins the Tiber, famous for the defeat of the Romans by the Galli Senones, Cures (61), the city of Tatius and Numa Pompilius, whence the Romans derived the civic name of Quirites.

Campania, including the Picentini, extended along the Tuscan sea from Latium to the Silarus, Silaro, and had for its capital the luxurious city of Capua (108, 129), situated in a beautiful plain a little way south of the Vulturnus, Voltur no; on that river, Casilinum, bravely defended by a small body of Prænestine soldiers against Hannibal, who, in admi ration of their valour, gave them their lives. On the coast, Liternum, where Scipio Africanus died in exile ; Cutnœ, the residence of the Sibyl (73), founded by a colony from Chal cis in Eubœa ; and round the point called Misenum, the principal station of the Roman fleet in the Tuscan sea during the reign of Augustus, Baiæ, a noted watering-place, near which the lakes Lucrinus and Avernus, formed by Augustus into a harbour called Julius Portus.

At the head of the Si nus Puteolanus, Bay of Naples, Parthenope or Neapolis, Naples ; a few miles from which is the volcano Vesuvius ; along the bay, Herculaneum and Pompeii (249), destroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius, A. d. 79 ; inland, near the source of the Clanius, Lagnio, Nola (130, 219), where Hannibal sustained the first check to his victorious career in Italy, and where Augustus died. At a little distance from the coast is the island Pandataria (218), to which Julia, the daughter of Augustus, was banished by her father for her excesses ; and off the point which forms the southern limit of the Bay of Naples, Capreœ, Capri (222), the retreat of the emperor Ti berius in the last years of his reign. Samnium, situated on the east of Latium and Campania, was altogether an inland district, lying for the most part among the Apennines ; connected with it on the south were the Hirpini.

The chief town was Beneventum, Benevento, situated between the Sabatus and Color, two small streams which unite their waters below the city, and soon after fall into the Vulturnus ; southward, Caudium, where the Romans being enclosed in a defile called Furculœ Caudinœ (112), were compelled by the Samnites to pass under the yoke. Apulia, divided into Daunia and Peucetia, extended along the Hadriatic from the Tifernus to the town of Egnatia or Gnatia, on the frontiers of Calabria. Its chief city was Argos Hippium, Argyripe, or Arpi, at some distance from the coast, built by Diomedes, who settled in this part of Italy after the Trojan war; and westward, Luceria (112). On the Aufidus, Ofanto, stood the village of Cannæ (128), where the Ro mans, under Æmilius Paulus and Terentius Varro, sustained their fourth and greatest defeat from Hannibal ; a few miles farther up, Canusium, to which the wreck of the Roman anhy fled after the battle ; westward, a little way to the north of the river, Asculum, Ascoli (115), where a bloody battle was fought with Pyrrhus ; near mount Vultur, on the confines of Lucania, Venusia, Venosa, where Horace was bom.

Calabria, called also Messapia and Japygia, including the Salentini Campi, extended from Egnatia on the Hadriatic, and the Bradanus falling into the Sinus Tarentinus, Gulf of Taranto, to the south-east extremity of the Peninsula. The chief town on the Hadriatic was Brundusium, Brindisi (162), colonized from Crete, with an excellent harbour, whence those who sailed for Greece usually crossed. On the north-east cor ner of its gulf, Tarentum, Taranto (113), an opulent city, founded or revived by a colony of Lacedæmonians, under Pha lantus, and noted in the wars with Pyrrhus and Hannibal. Lucania extended from the Silarus to the Laiis on the Tuscan Sea, and from the Bradanus to the Sybarus on the Gulf of Taranto. The towns on the Tuscan Sea were Pæstum or Posidonia, of which some striking ruins still exist, and southward Velia or Elea, founded by a part of the same colony from Phocæa which built Marseilles.