The poetical and prose works of Oliver Goldsmith, with life

Front matter

Class YR5MX

Book 'fe

JZ70

Contents

POEMS—

The Traveller, ....

The Captivity, ....

Prologue to Zobeide

The Logicians Refuted,

Epigram on a Beautiful Youth Struck Blind,

Stanzas on the taking of Quebec, •

„ " Weeping, Murmuring, Complaining,"

The Gift, to Iris, in Bow Street, An Elegy on Mrs Mary Blaize, Description of an Author's Bedchamber, A new Simile, in the manner of Swift, Stanzas on Woman, ....

Epitaph on Edward Purdon, . .

„ on Dr Parnell, Epilogue, intended to be spoken by Mrs Bulkley, to the Comedy of " The Sisters," . intended for Mrs Bulkley, ,. spoken by Mr Lee Lewis in the character of Harlequin, . . ...

CONTENTS.

POEMS, Miscellaneous— {continued). page

Song, Ah me ! when shall I marry me, . 77

On the Death of the Right Hon. *'»■♦, 78

Answer to an Invitation to Dinner, . . 78

„ to a Versified Invitation, . . 80

PLAYS-

The Good-Natured Man, ... 82

ESSAYS— MISCELLANEOUS—

I. Description of various Clubs, . . 332

II. Asem, an Eastern Tale, . . . 338

III. On the English Clergy, ... 344

IV. Adventures of a Strolling Player, . . 347 V. On the Frailty of Man — supposed Memoir by the

Ordinary of Newgate, . . . 354 VI. Female Warriors, .... 356 VII. Taste, ..... 359 VIII. Cultivation of Taste, ... 365 IX. Origin of Poetry, .... 372 X. Poetry distinguished from other writing, . 380 XI. Metaphor, . . . . 387 XII. Versification, .... 399 XIII. Schools of Music, .... 402 XIV. Scottish Marriages, ... 407 XV. Supposed to be written by a Common-Councilman at the Coronation, • . . 409 XVI. Second Letter, by the same, . . 411

THE BEE—

No. I. Introduction, . . %

Remarks on our Theatres, .

Story of Alcander and Septimius, II. On Dress, . .

Some particulars relative to Charle3 XII.

Sweden, . ... •

Happiness dependent on Constitution, On our Theatres, III. On the Use of Language, . •

On Justice and Generosity, • of

414 417

420 423

427 430 433 434 439

CONTENTS.

ESSAYS, THE BEE— (continued).

I AGE

IV. Miscellaneous,

A Flemish Tradition,

The Sagacity of some Insects,

A City Night Piece,

V. Upon Political Frugality, .

A Reverie,

Upon Unfortunate Merit,

VI. On Education,

On the Instability of Worldly Grandeur, . 474

VII. An account of the Augustan age in

England, 477

The Opera in England,

THE CITIZEN OF THE WORLD—

Letter I. First Impressions of England

II. Pride of the English,

III. Westminster Abbey,

IV. Politics of England and France,

V. Plays,

VI. Virtues of the English,

VII. Rise and Declension of the Kingdon

i of Lao, 504

VIII. The Charitable Man,

IX. The same continued, . ,

X. An Invitation to Dinner,

XI. From Hingpo, a Slave in Persia, \

;0 Lien Chi

Altangi, ....

XII. From the same,

XIII. The Valley of Ignorance,

XIV. The Glass of Lao,

XV. Beau Tibbs, .

XVI. The same continued,

XVII. From Hingpo to Altangi,

XVIII. From Altangi to Hingpo — an Advic

XIX. Catherine of Russia,

XX. Mad Dogs, .

XXI. Beau Tibbs at Vauxhall,

XXII. Hingpo to Altangi— Region of Beaut;

Y and Valley

of the Graces, .

XXIII. From Hoam to Altangi — On Russia,

XXIV. Hingpo to Altangi — Zelis taken by ]

Urates, 552

XXV. The English Sailor, .

XXVI. Discovery of Zelis— The Wedding,

THE

POETICAL WORKS

OLIVER GOLDSMITH,

OR, A PROSPECT OF SOCIETY,

TO THE REV. HENRY GOLDSMITH.

Dear Sir, — I am sensible that the friendship between us can acquire no new force from the ceremonies of a dedication ; and perhaps it demands an excuse thus to prefix your name to my attempts, which you decline giving with your own. But as a part of this poem was formerly written to you from Switzerland, the whole can now, with propriety, be only inscribed to you. It will also throw a light upon many parts of it, when the reader understands, that it is addressed to a man who, despising fame and fortune, has retired early to happiness and obscurity, with an income of forty pounds a-year.

I now perceive, my dear brother, the wisdom of your humble choice. You have entered upon a sacred office, where the harvest is great, and the labourers are but few ; while you have left the field of ambition, where the labourers are many, and the harvest not worth carrying away. But of all kinds of ambition — what from the refinement of the times, from different systems of criticism, and from the divisions ">f party — that which pursues poetical fame is the wildest.

Poetry makes a principal amusement among unpolished nations ; but in a country verging to the extremes of refinement, painting and music come in for a share. As these offer the feeble mind a less laborious entertainment, they at first rival poetry, and at length supplant her ; they engross all that favour once shown to her, and, though but younger sisters, seize upon the elder's birthright.

Yet, however this art may be neglected by the powerful, it is still in greater danger from the mistaken efforts of the Earned to goldsmith's poetical works.

improve it. What criticisms have we not heard of late in favour of blank verse and Pindaric odes, choruses, anapests, and iambics alliterative care and happy negligence ! Every absurdity has now a champion to defend it ; and as he is generally much in the wrong, so he has always much to say ; for error is ever talkative.

But there is an enemy to this art still more dangerous, — 1 mean Party. Party entirely distorts the judgment, and destroys the taste. When the mind is once infected with this disease, it ean only find pleasure in what contributes to increase the distemper. Like the tiger, that seldom desists from pursuing man after having once preyed upon human flesh, the reader, who has once gratified his appetite with calumny, makes, ever after, the most agreeable feast upon murdered reputation. Such readers generally admire some half-witted thing, who wants to be thought a bold man, having lost the character of a wise one. Him they dignify with the name of poet : his tawdry lampoons are called satires ; his turbulence is said to be force, and his frenzy fire.

What reception a poem may find, which has neither abuse, party, nor blank verse to support it, I cannot tell, nor am I solicitous to know. My aims are right. Without espousing the cause of any party, I have endeavoured to moderate the rage ot all. I have attempted to show, that there may be equal happiness in states that are differently governed from our own ; that every state has a particular share of happiness, and that this principle in each may be carried to a mischievous excess. There are few can judge better than yourself how far these positions are illustrated in this poem.

I am, dear Sir, ¥our most affectionate brother,

OLIVER GOLDSMITH

THE TRAVELLER.

Remote, unfriended, melancholy, slow, Or by the lazy Scheld, or wandering Po ; Or onward, where the rude Carinthian boor Against the houseless stranger shuts the door Or where Campania's plain forsaken lies, A weary waste expanding to the skies ; Where'er I roam, whatever realms to see, My heart untravell'd fondly turns to thee : Still to my Brother turns, with ceaseless pain, And drags at each remove a lengthening chain.

Eternal blessings crown my earliest friend, And round his dwelling guardian saints attend I Blest be that spot, where cheerful guests retire To pause from toil, and trim their evening fire ; Blest that abode, where want and pain repair, And every stranger finds a ready chair ; Blest be those feasts with simple plenty crown'd, Where all the ruddy family around Laugh at the jests or pranks that never fail, Or sigh with pity at some mournful tale ; Or press the bashful stranger to his food, And learn the luxury of doing good.

But me, not destined such delights to share, My prime of life in wandering spent and care ; Impell'd, with steps unceasing, to pursue Some fleeting good, that mocks me with the view ; That, like the circle bounding earth and skies, Allures from far, yet, as I follow flies ; My fortune leads to traverse realms alone, And find no spot of all the world my own.

Even now, where Alpine solitudes ascend, I sit me down a pensive hour to spend ; And, placed on high above the storm's career,

GOLDSMITH S POETICAL WORKS.

Look downward where a hundred realms appear ; Lakes, forests, cities, plains, extending wide, The pomp of kings, the shepherd's humbler pride.

When thus Creation's charms around combine, Amidst the store should thankless pride repine ? Say, should the philosophic mind disdain That good which makes each humbler bosom vain ? Let school-taught pride dissemble all it can, These little things are great to little man ; And wiser he, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind.

Ye glittering towns, with wealth and splendour crown;d ; Ye fields, where summer spreads profusion round ; Ye lakes, whose vessels catch the busy gale ; Ye bending swains, that dress the flowery vale ; For me your tributary stores combine : Creation's heir, the world, the world is mine !

As some lone miser, visiting his store, Bends at his treasure, counts, recounts it o'er ; Hoards after hoards his rising raptures fill, Yet still he sighs, for hoards are wanting still : Thus to my breast alternate passions rise, Pleased with each good that Heaven to man supplies Yet oft a sigh prevails, and sorrows fall, To see the hoard of human bliss so small ; And oft I wish, amidst the scene, to find Some spot to real happiness consign'd, Where my worn soul, each wandering hope at rest, May gather bliss to see my fellows blest.

But where to find that happiest spot below, Who can direct, when all pretend to know ? The shuddering tenant of the frigid zone Boldly proclaims that happiest spot his own ; Extols the treasures of his stormy seas, And his long nights of revelry and ease The naked negro panting at the line, Boasts of his golden sands and palmy wine, Basks in the glare, or stems the tepid wave, And thanks his gods for all the good they gave. Such is the patriot's boast where'er we roam, His first, best country, ever is at home. And yet, perhaps, if countries we compare, And estimate the blessings which they share, Though patriots flatter, still shall wisdom find An equal portion dealt to all mankind ;

THE TRAVELLER.

As different good, by art or nature given

To different nations, makes their blessings even.

Nature, a mother kind alike to all, Still grants her bliss at labour's earnest call ; With food as well the peasant is supplied On Idra's cliffs as Arno's shelvy side ; And though the rocky-crested summits frown, These rocks, by custom, turn to beds of down. From art more various are the blessings sent, "Wealth, commerce, honour, liberty, content ; Yet these each other's power so strong contest, That either seems destructive of the rest. Where wealth and freedom reign, contentment fail*, And honour sinks where commerce long prevails. Hence every state to one loved blessing prone, Conforms and models life to that alone.

Each to the fav'rite happiness attends, And spurns the plan that aims at other ends ; Till, carried to excess in each domain, This fav'rite good begets peculiar pain.

But let us try these truths with closer eyes, And trace them through the prospect as it lies : Here for a while, my proper cares resign'd, Here let me sit in sorrow for mankind ; Like yon neglected shrub, at random cast, That shades the steep, and sighs at every blast.

Far to the right, where Apennine ascends, Bright as the summer, Italy extends ; Its uplands sloping deck the mountain's side, Woods over woods in gay theatric pride ; While oft some temple's mouldering tops between With venerable grandeur mark the scene.

Could Nature's bounty satisfy the breast, The sons of Italy were surely blest.

Whatever fruits in different climes are found, That proudly rise, or humbly court the ground ; Whatever blooms in torrid tracts appear.

Whose bright succession decks the varied year ; Whatever sweets salute the northern sky With vernal lives, that blossom but to die ; These here disporting, own the kindred soil, Nor ask luxuriance from the planter's toil : While sea-born gales their gelid wings expand To winnow fragrance round the smiling land.

But small the bliss that sense alone bestows, goldsmith's poetical wof.ks.

And sensual bliss is all the nation knows. In florid beauty groves and fields appear, Man seems the only growth that dwindles here. Contrasted faults through all his manners reign ; Though poor, luxurious ; though submissive, vain : Though grave, yet trifling ; zealous, yet untrue ; And even in penance planning sins anew.

All evils here contaminate the mind, That opulence departed leaves behind ; For wealth was theirs, not far removed the date, When commerce proudly flourish'd through the state ; At her command the palace learn'd to rise, Again the long-fallen column sought the skies ; The canvas glow'd beyond e'en nature warm, The pregnant quarry teem'd with human form : Till, more unsteady than the southern gale, Commerce on other shores display'd her sail ; While nought remain'd of all that riches gave, But towns unmann'd, and lords without a slave: And late the nation found, with fruitless skill, Its former strength was but plethoric ill.

Yet, still the loss of wealth is here supplied By arts, the splendid wrecks of former pride : From these the feeble heart and long-fallen mind An easy compensation seem to find.

Here may be seen, in bloodless pomp array'd, The pasteboard triumph and the cavalcade ; Processions form'd for piety and love, A mistress or a saint in every grove.

By sports like these are all their cares beguiled, The sports of children satisfy the child ; Each nobler aim, repress'd by long control, Now sinks at last, or feebly mans the soul ; While low delights, succeeding fast behind, In happier meanness occupy the mind.

As in those domes where Caesars once bore sway, Defaced by time an 1 tottering in decay, There in the ruin, heedless of the dead, The shelter-seeking peasant builds his shed ; And, wondering man could want the larger pile, Exults, and owns his cottage with a smile.

My soul, turn from them ; turn we to survey Where rougher climes a nobler race display, Where the bleak Swiss their stormy mansion tread, And force a churlish soil for scanty bread

THE TRAVELLER.

No product here the barren hills afford, But man and steel, the soldier and his sword ; No vernal blooms their torpid rocks array, But winter lingering chills the lap of May ; No zephyr fondly sues the mountain's breast, But meteors glare, and stormy glooms invest.

Yet still, even here, content can spread a charm, Redress the clime, and all its rage disarm. Though poor the peasant's hut, his feast though small, He sees his little lot, the lot of all ; Sees no contiguous palace rear its head, To shame the meanness of his humble shed ; No costly lord the sumptuous banquet deal, To make him loathe his vegetable meal ; But calm, and bred in ignorance and toil, Each wish contracting, fits him to the soil. Cheerful, at morn, he wakes from short repose, Breathes the keen air, and carols as he goes ; With patient angle trolls the finny deep, Or drives his venturous ploughshare to the steep ; Or seeks the den where snow-tracks mark the way, And drags the struggling savage into day. At night returning, every labour sped, He sits him down the monarch of a shed : Smiles by his cheerful fire, and round surveys . His children's looks, that brighten at the blaze ; While his loved partner, boastful of her hoard, Displays her cleanly platter on the board : And haply too some pilgrim, thither led, With many a tale repays the nightly bed.

Thus every good his native wilds impart Imprints the patriot passion on his heart ; And e'en those hills that round his mansion rise, Enhance the bliss his scanty fund supplies. Dear is that shed to which his soul conforms, And dear that hill which lifts him to the storms ; And as a child, when scaring sounds molest, Clings close and closer to the mother's breast, So the loud torrent, and the whirlwind's roar, But bind him to his native mountains more.

Such are the charms to barren states assign 'd ; Their wants but few, their wishes all confined. Yet let them only share the praises due ; If few their wants, their pleasures are but few : For every want that stimulates the breast

Becomes a source of pleasure when redrest ; Whence from such lands each pleasing science flies That first excites desire, and then supplies ; Unknown to them, when sensual pleasures cloy, To fill the languid pause with finer joy ; Unknown those powers that raise the soul to flame, Catch every nerve, and vibrate" through the frame, Their level life is but a smouldering fire, Unquench'd by want, unfanned by strong desire ; Unfit for raptures, or, if raptures cheer On some high festival of once a-year, In wild excess the vulgar breast takes fire, Till, buried in debauch, the bliss expire.

But not that joys alone thus coarsely flow ; Their morals, like their pleasures, are but low ; For, as refinement stops, from sire to son Unalter'd, unimproved the manners run ; And love's and friendship's finely-pointed dart Fall blunted from each indurated heart.

Some sterner virtues o'er the mountain's breast May sit, like falcons cowering on the nest; But all the gentler morals, such as play Through life'3 more cultured walks, and charm the way These, far dispersed, on timorous pinions fly, To sport and flutter in a kinder sky.

To kinder skies, where gentler manners reign, I turn ; and France displays her bright domain. Gay sprightly land of mirth and social ease, Pleased with thyself, whom all the world can please ! How often have I led thy sportive choir, With tuneless pipe, beside the murmuring Loire ; Where shading elms along the margin grew, And, freshen 'd from the wave, the zephyr flew ; And haply, though my harsh touch faltering still But mock'd all tune, and marr'd the dancer's skill, Yet would the village praise my wondrous power, And dance, forgetful of the noon-tide hour. Alike all ages. Dames of ancient days Have led their children through the mirthful maze, And the gay grandsire, skill'd in gestic lore, Has frisk'd beneath the burden of threescore.

So blest a life these thoughtless realms display, Thus idly busy rolls their world away : Theirs are those arts that mind to mind endear, For honour forms the social temper here.

Honour, that praise which real merit gains,

Or e'en imaginary worth obtains,

Here passes current ; paid from hand to hand,

It shifts in splendid traffic round the land ;

From courts to camps, to cottages it strays,

And all are taught an avarice of praise ;

They please, are pleased ; they give to get esteem,

Till, seeming blest, they grow to what they seem.

But while this softer art their bliss supplies, It gives their follies also room to rise ; For praise too dearly loved, or warmly sought, Enfeebles all internal strength of thought ! And the weak soul, within itself unblest, Leans for all pleasure on another's breast. Hence ostentation here, with tawdry art, Pants for the vulgar praise, which fools impart ; Here vanity assumes her pert grimace, And trims her robes of frieze with copper lace ; Here beggar pride defrauds her daily cheer, To boast one splendid banquet once a-year : The mind still turns where shifting fashion draws. Nor weighs the solid worth of self- applause.

To men of other minds my fancy flies Embosomed in the deep where Holland lies : Methinks her patient sons before me stand, Where the broad ocean leans against the land, And, sedulous to stop the coming tide, Lift the tall rampire's artificial pride. Onward, methinks, and diligently slow, The firm connected bulwark seems to grow, Spreads its long arms amidst the watery roar, Scoops out an empire, and usurps the shore. While the pent ocean, rising o'er the pile, Sees an amphibious world beneath him smile : The slow canal, the yellow-blossom'd vale, The willow-tufted bank, the gliding sail, The crowded mart, the cultivated plain, — A new creation rescued from his reign.

Thus, while around the wave-subjected soil Impels the native to repeated toil, Industrious habits in each bosom reign, And industry begets a love of gain.

Hence all the good from opulence that springs. With all those ills superfluous treasure brings, Are here display 'd. Their much-loved wealth imparta

Convenience, plenty, elegance, and arts : But view them closer, craft and fraud appear, Even liberty itself is barter'd here : At gold's superior charms all freedom flies, The needy sell it, and the rich man buys ; A land of tyrants, and a den of slaves, Here wretches seek dishonourable graves, And calmly bent, to servitude conform, Dull as their lakes that slumber in the storm.

Heavens ! how unlike their Belgic sires of old ! Rough, poor, content, ungovernably bold ; War in each breast, and freedom on each brow ; — How much unlike the sons of Britain now !

Fired at the sound, my genius spreads her wing, And flies where Britain courts the western spring ; Where lawns extend that scorn Arcadian pride, And brighter streams than famed Hydaspes glide, There all around the gentlest breezes stray, There gentle music melts on every spray ; Creation's mildest charms are there combined, Extremes are only in the master'3 mind !

Stern o'er each bosom reason holds her state, With daring aims irregularly great ; Pride in their port, defiance in their eye, I see the lords of human kind pass by ; Intent on high designs, a thoughtful band, By forms unfashion'd, fresh from nature's hand, Fierce in their native hardiness of soul, True to imagined right, above control, While e'en the peasant boasts these rights to scan, And learns to venerate himself as man.

Thine, Freedom, thine the blessings pictured here, Thine are those charms that dazzle and endear ; Too blest, indeed, were such without alloy, But foster'd e'en by Freedom, ills annoy : That independence Britons prize too high, Keeps man from man, and breaks the social tie ; The self-dependent lordlings stand alone, All claims that bind and sweeten life unknown ; Here by the bonds of nature feebly held, Minds combat minds, repelling and repell'd : Ferments arise, imprison 'd factions roar, Repress'd ambition struggles round her shore, Till, over-wrought, the general system feels Its motion stop, or frenzy fire the wheels.

Nor this the worst. As nature's ties decay, As duty, love, and honour fail to sway, Fictitious bonds, the bonds of wealth and law, Still gather strength and force unwilling awe. Hence all obedience bows to these alone, And talent sinks, and merit weeps unknown : Till time may come, when, stript of all her charms, The land of scholars, and the nurse of arms, Where noble stems transmit the patriot flame, Where kings have toil'd, and poets wrote for fame, One sink of level avarice shall lie, And scholars, soldiers, kings, unhonour'd die.

Yet think not, thus when Freedom's ills I state, I mean to flatter kings, or court the great, Ye powers of truth that bid my soul aspire, Far from my bosom drive the low desire ; And thou, fair Freedom, taught alike to feel The rabble's rage, and tyrant's angry steel ; Thou transitory flower, alike undone By proud conteicpt, or favour's fostering sun, Still may thy blooms the changeful clime endure, I only would repress them to secure : For just experience tells in every soil, That those that think must govern those that toil : And all that Freedom's highest aims can reach, Is but to lay proportion'd loads on each. Hence, should one order disproportioned grow, Its double weight must ruin all below.

0 then how blind to all that truth requires, Who think it freedom when a part aspires I Calm is my soul, nor apt to rise in arms, Except when fast-approaching danger warms : But when contending chiefs blockade the throne, Contracting legal power to stretch their own ; When I behold a factious band agree To call it freedom, when themselves are free ; Each wanton judge new penal statutes draw, Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the law ; The wealth of climes where savage nations roam, Pillaged from slaves, to purchase slaves at home ; Fear, pity, justice, indignation start, Tear off reserve, and bare my swelling heart ; Till half a patriot, half a coward grown, I fly from petty tyrants to the throne.

Yes, Brother, curse with me that baleful hour,

When first ambition struck at regal power ; And thus polluting honour in its source, Gave wealth to sway the mind with double force. Have we not seen, round Britain's peopled shore, Her useful sons exchanged for useless ore ? Seen all her triumphs but destruction haste, Like flaring tapers brightening as they waste ; Seen opulence, her grandeur to maintain, Lead stern depopulation in her train And over fields where scatter'd hamlets rose, In barren solitary pomp repose !

Have we not seen at pleasure's lordly call The smiling long-frequented village fall ! Beheld the duteous son, the sire deeay'd, The modest matron, and the blushing maid, Forced from their homes, a melancholy train, To traverse climes beyond the western main ; Where wild Oswego spreads her swamps around, And Niagara stuns with thundering sound ?

E'en now, perhaps, as there some pilgrim strays Through tangled forests, and through dangerous way? Where beasts with man divided empire claim, And the brown Indian marks with murderous aim ; There, while above the giddy tempest flies, And all around distressful yells arise, The pensive exile, bending with his woe, To stop too fearful, and too faint to go, Casts a long look where England's glories shine, And bids his bosom sympathize with mine.

Vain, very vain, my weary search to find That bliss which only centres in the mind : Why have I stray'd from pleasure and repose, To seek a good each government bestows ?

In every government, though terrors reign, Though tyrant kings, or tyrant laws restrain, How small, of all that human hearts endure, That part which laws or kings can cause or cure. Still to ourselves in every place consign 'd, Our own felicity we make or find : With secret course, which no loud storms annoy, Glides the smooth current of domestic joy. The lifted axe, the agonizing wheel, Luke's iron crown, and Damiens' bed of steel, To men remote from power but rarely known, Leave reason* faith, and conscience, all our own.

THE DESERTED VILLAGE.

TO SIR JOSHUA REYNOLDS.

Dear Sir,— I can have no expectations, in an address of this kind, either to add to your reputation or to establish my own. You can gain nothing from my admiration, as I am ignorant of that art in which you are said to excel ; and I may lose much by the severity of your judgment, as few have a juster taste in poetry than you. Setting interest therefore aside, to which I never paid much attention, I must be indulged at present in following my affections. The only dedication I ever made was to my brother, because I loved him better than most other men. He is since dead. Permit me to inscribe this Poem to you.

How far you may be pleased with the versification and mere mechanical parts of this attempt, I do not pretend to inquire ; but I know you will object (and indeed several of our best and wisest friends concur in the opinion), that the depopulation it deplores is nowhere to be seen, and the disorders it laments are only to be found in the poet's own imagination. To this I can scarcely make any other answer than that I sincerely believe what I have written ; that I have taken all possible pains, in my country excursions, for these four or five years past, to be certain of what I allege, and that all my views and inquiries have led me to believe those miseries real which I here attempt to display. But this is not the place to enter into an inquiry, whether the country be depopulating or not ; the discussion would take up much room, and I should prove myself, at best, an indifferent politician, to tire the reader with a long preface, when I want his unfatigued attention to a long poem.

In regretting the depopulation of the country, I inveigh against the increase of our luxuries ; and here also I expect the shout of modern politicians against me. For twenty or thirty years past.

it has been the fashion to consider luxury as one of the greatest national advantages ; and all the wisdom of antiquity, in that particular, as erroneous. Still, however, I must remain a professed ancient on that head, and continue to think those luxuries prejudicial to states by which so many vices are introduced, and so many kingdoms have been undone. Indeed so much has been poured out of late on the other side of the question, that, merely for the sake of novelty and variety, one would sometimes wish to be in the right.