History of Canada ... Translated ... and accompanied with illustrative notes ... By Andrew Bell ... Second edition, revised

Chapter I

victory off montmorenoi and first battle off abraham.— subbehdeb of Quebec— 1769. Invasion of Canada.— Defensive means adopted.— The French army entrenches itself at Beauport, &c, below Quebec — The British troops land on the Isle d'Orleans.— Proclamation addressed by General Wolfe to the Canadians.— That General, judging an attack on the French camp to be too hazardous, determines to bombard the city and ravage its environs.— The former set on fire.— Attack on the French lines at Montmorenci.— Wolfe, being repulsed, returns dispirited to his camp, and tails ill.— Ho vainly attempts to put himself into communication with General Amherst at Lake Champlain.— His officers advise that he should take possession, by surprise, of the heights of Abraham, and thus force the French to quit camp.— General Montcalm sends troops to guard the left bank of the St. Lawrence, above Quebec up to the river Jacques- Cartier.— A" great number of the Canadians, thinking all danger passed, quit the army to attond to field labor.— On the Lake Champlain frontier, M. de Bourlamaque blows up Forts Carillon and St. Frederic, and retreats to the Isle-aux-Noix, followed by General Amherst with 12,000 men.— The British generals Prideaux and Johnson, operating towards Lake Erie, take Fort Niagara, and force the French to retire to La Presentation, below Lake Ontario.— The British 6cale the heights of Abraham, Sept. 13.

First drawn battle ; defeat of the French and death of Montcalm ; capitulation of Quebec— General de Lf5vis takes command of the army, and intends to offer battle instantly; but learning the surrender of the capital, retires to Jacques Carrier and entrenches his troops.— The British army, enclosed in Quebec, prepares to winter there. —Proper succors asked in vain from France, for re-capturing the city n HISTORY OF CANADA.

Chapter II

Second Battle Off Abraham and last Victory Off the French.— Cession Off Canada to Britain and op Louisiana to Spain.— 1760-1763. Diverse impre66ions which the capture of Quebec causes in Britain and France.— The ministers of Louis XV leave Canada to its fate.— The British organise three armies to finish the conquest they have begun ; measures taken in the colony to resist this triple invasion ; respective French and British forces. — General de Lev's marches towards Quebec—Second battle of Abraham : complete defeat of the British army, which shuts itself up in the city ; the French lay siege to it, in expectation that the succor they demanded will come from France.— Common belief in the colony, that of the antagonistic armies in Canada, the one first to be reinforced, will have the mastery of Canada.— Arrival of a British relieving fleet.— De Levis raises the siege of Quebec and begins his retreat towards Montreal; deficiency of provisions forces him to disband the militia and disperse his regulars.

State of the frontiers towards Lakes Champlain and Ontario.— The enemy sets out to attack Montreal.— General Murray leaves Quebec with 4,000 men ; Brigadier Haviland, with a corps nearly as numerous, descends Lake Champlain, and General Amherst sets out from Lake Ontario with 11,000 soldiers and 6avages ; the French fall back and rendezvous at Montreal 3E0O strong.— Impossibility of longer useful resistance becoming manifest, a general capitulation follows.— Triumphal demonstrations thereat in Britain.— Trial and condemnation of Canadian dilapidators at Paris.— Situation of the Canadians; immense losses they sustained through the depreciated state paper-money.— Continuation of the war in other parts of the world.— Peace of 1763, by which Canada is ceded to Britain, and Louisiana to Spain.— State of France at the time of this too famous treaty, as depicted by Sismondi BOOK ELEVENTH.

CHAPTER I.

Military Despotism.— Abolition and Restoration of the Ancient Laws.— 1760-1774. Cessation of hostilities : The Canadians return to their homesteads.— Military government and courts-martial.-Emigration of Canadians to France.-The French laws discontinued, but the catholic religion tolerated.-Governor Murray replaces Amherst as generalissimo.— An executive, legislative, and judicial council constituted.— Division of Canada into two districts, and introduction of English laws.— Murmurings of the people.— The British colonists demand an elective chamber, or representative assembly, from which Canadian members were intended to be excluded; and accuse Murray of CONTENTS. VII tyranny : that general quits the colony on leave, but does not return.— Risings of the western savages. — Gen. Carleton, appointed Murray's successor, makes changes in the governing council.— The people continue their opposition to the new laws.— Official reports of five British crown-lawyers (Torke, De Grey, Marriott, Wedderhurn, and Thurlow) on the grievances of the Canadians.— A Legislative Council finally established, in 1774 82

CHAPTER II.

American Revolution.— 1775. Disputes between Great Britain and her ancient colonies. — Divisions in the British parliament regarding that subject.— Advent of Lord North to the ministry.— Troubles at Boston.— Coercive measures applied by the mother country, which seeks to gain Canada by concessions.— Petitions and counter-petitions of the Canadians and Anglo-Canadians ; reason for delays in deciding between those two parties.— The Quebec Act of 1774 ; debates in the House of Commons. — Congress of Philadelphia ; it classes the Quebec Act among American grievances. — Addresses of Congress to Britain and Canada. — General Carleton arrives in Canada.— Feelings of the Canadians regarding the coming struggle. —First hostilities.— Surprise and capture of Ticonderoga, Crown-Point and St. John's. — Civil war. — Battle of Bunker's Hill.— General invasion of Canada by the United States troops.— Montgomery and Arnold march on Quebec; they take Montreal and Three-Rivers. — The governor re-enters tho capital as a fugitive ; the Americans lay siege to it 114 BOOK TWELFTH.

CHAPTER I.

The American Army before Quebec— 1775-1776. Desperate plight of the British cause in Canada : Quebec alone recognises British domination.— Defensive preparations.— A change unfavorable for republicanism gradually takes place in the Canadian mind.— Assault on Quebec, Dec. 31 ; General Montgomery killed.— Succors sent from America ; Congress again addresses the Canadians : arrival of Franklin, Chase, and Carroll, who invite them to join the confederation. — Conduct of the people at this crisis. — The American forces, destitute of necessaries, become sickly. — The governor receives reinforcements. — Siege of Quebec raised. — The Americans, discomfited near Three Rivers, quit Canada.— In the south, tho campaign ends favorably to them. — Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776.— Discussions in the British parliament.— Bourgoyne's campaign; battles of Huberton, Bennington, Freeman's Farm, &c— Capitulation of Saratoga.— Admiral Count d'Estaing, at the instance of Congress, vainly tries to persuade the Canadians to become republicans HISTORY OP CANADA. 160

CHAPTER II.

The Legislative Council.— 1777-1792.

Legislative Council ; the war causes its sittings to be adjourned till the year 1777— Composition of this body; its labors and unanimity.— It concerns itself with the administration of justice, regulation of the militia, &c— Popular discontents.— General Haldimand replaces Governor Carleton.— Policy of the new governor.— Made apprehensive by the successes of the Americans, he governs Canada by intimidation and terror till the year 1784.— Corruption of the tribunals and nullity of the council.— France openly recognises the United States (1778), and 6ends succors to the Americans.— Debates on this subject in the British Parliament.— Spain and Holland follow the lead of France.— Destruction of the Iroquois cantons.— Capitulation of the British army at Yorktown.— Britain recognises the independence ot the United States.— Loss of territory for Canada. — General Haldimand remits the reins of government to Carleton (1784). — Du Calvet cites the former before the British supreme courts. — Notices of Du Calvet's book, Appel d la Justice de I'Etat— Agitation in Canada : public meetings. — Petitions for and against representative institutions.— Inquests made at the governor's instance, regarding the administration of justice, the militia, agriculture, commerce, education, &c — Attempt of Judge Smith to substitute British for French jurisprudence. — New territorial divisions of Canada. — Petitions transmitted to Britain. — Interposition of London merchants in favor of the Anglo-Canadian party. — Intrigues. — Division of the Canadians into constitutionalists and anti-constitutionalists. — Project for a constitution, sent by Mr. Grenville to Carleton, by this time created Lord Dorchester, who repairs to London in 1791. — Pitt introduces said project to parliament.— Debates thereupon, in which Messrs. Pitt, Burke, Fox, and Grenville take part — The project is adopted, without a division, in both houses.— Articles of the new constitution ; by which Canada is divided into two provinces. — Lieut.-governor Clark proclaims the constitution in the Canadas; ceremonial observances, and rejoicings on its account, in Quebec and Montreal CONTENTS.

IX m BOOK THIRTEENTH.

CHAPTER I.

Constitution Off 1791— 1792-1800. Establishment of Representative Government.— Convocation of the two legislative chambers by Sir Alured Clarke.— The British party attempts to supersede the use of French in parliamentary proceedings: warm discussions occasioned thereby, ending in the cmglifiers being out-voted.— Hot debates on the same subject nevertheless occur when the rules of the assembly are under consideration; the British party finally obliged to give up its attempt. — Labors of the session: projected poor law; bills regarding public education and highways in the colony.— Disposal of the Jesuits' estates. — Subsidies granted.— Administration of justice.— Prorogation of the legislature.— Lord Dorchester convokes the two chambers.— Organization of the militia.— Public accounts.— Colonial judicature. — Suspension of the habeas corpus act.— Associations to support the government. — Third session: public income and expenditure. — The currency.— Lord Dorchester replaced by General Prescott.— Session of 1797 : Defection of Messrs. de Bonne and de Lotbiniere.— Treaty of commerce with the United States.— French emissaries.— Executive sway becomes absolute : reign of terror.— Execution of McLanc— Sessions of 1798 and 1799.— Amelioration of the prison 6ystem.— Imposts ; public revenue. — Disputes between the governor and the council regarding the crown lands.— Prescott and judge Osgood recalled.— Sir Robert Shore Milnes convokes the chambers in 1800. — Renewed allusion to French revolutionary principles : motive for that policy. — Proposal to expel a person named Bouc from the assembly. The government enters upon possession of the Jesuits' estates

CHAPTER II.

Administration of Sir James Craig.— 1801-1811. Elections of 1800.— Royal institution.— Principle of taxation.— First publication of Le Cayiadien newspaper in Quebec. — Affair of the Chesapeake, American ship-of-war. — Condition of Britain's relations with the United States, — First dissensions between the two countries. Arrival of Sir James Craig in Canada.— Political proclamation.— Re-opening of the legislature.— Bill presented to prevent judges from sitting in assembly.— M. Bedard and other militia officers cashiered. — Responsible cabinet. — Parliament dissolved. — Craig's insulting address to the members. — Ideas of Le Canadien writers on the colonial constitution and ministerial responsibility.— Parliamentary supplies.— A Colonial agent in London.— The judges excluded from Assembly.— Sudden dissolution of tho Canadian parliament.— Seizure of the printing-plant, &c, of Le Canadien, and incarceration of Messrs. Bedard, Taschereau and Blanchet.— Proclamation of the HISTORY OF CANADA.

X 236 274 governor.— Elections.— Craig recommends the British ministry either to abolish the Lower Canadian constitution, or to incorporate the two provinces in one.— He sends his secretary to London.— Reply of the minister.— Re-opening of the chambers.— Release of Messrs. Bedard, &c— Spiritual affairs : interviews between the governor and M. Plessis regarding the catholic church establishment.— Governmental nomination of the parish clergy proposed.— Wind-up of Craig's administration BOOK FOURTEENTH.

CHAPTER I.

War Off 1812. Sir George Prevost; his polity.— Relations between Great Britain and the United States. First hostilities on sea. — The American war-party in the ascendant. — War declared. — British defensive system. — Strength of the United States. — Organization for the defence of Canada.— Zeal of the catholic clergy. — M. Plessis tries to obtain the official recognition of Canadian Catholicism by the British government. — John Henry's secret mission to the United States, and its result.— First aggressive movement of the American land-forces. — General Hull invades Canada, but soon retires from it. — Sundry combats and skirmishes. — General Brock captures Hull and his army. — Van Renselaer invades Canada.— Battle of Queenston ; Death of General Brock. — Defeat of the enemy. — Renewed but abortive invasion of Canada, by General Smyth.— General Dearborn makes a feigned attack on Canada, and retires. — Hostilities on sea.— Session of Parliament.— The legislature sanctions customs-duties to defray war-charges.

CHAPTER II.

Continuation os the War.- Peace off 1815.— 1813-1814. Campaign of 1813.— Operations on Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain.— Combat of Frenchtown and Fort Meigs.— Attack on Sandusky.— Naval combat of Put-in-Bay.— Battle of the Thames.— Destruction of the Creek Indians.— Capture of Toronto.— Colonel Harvey surprises the Americans at Burlington.— Black Rock burnt.— Battles of Chrysler's Farm and Chateauguay.— Retreat of the Americans.— Surprise of Fort Niagara.— Lewiston and Manchester burnt.— Operations on sea.— Parliamentary proceedings at Quebec— Judge Sewell, put under accusation, goes to London to defend his conduct.— He suggests a union of the two provinces.— Campaign of 1814.— Combats X! CONTENTS. of Lacolle, Chippawa, and Lnndy's- Lane. —Attack of Fort Erie.— Defeat of Drum mond.—Expedition of Plattsburg.— Ravages of the American sea-board by the British. —Washington taken, and its Capitol burnt.— Battle of New Orleans.— Cessation of hostilities.— Treaty of Ghent— Sir George Prevost's conduct at Pittsburgh being called in question, he repairs to England to justify it— and dies.— Vindication of his memory 292 BOOK FIFTEENTH.

CHAPTER I.

Question Off Parliamentary Supplies.— 1816-1822. Discussions between the Assembly and Legislative Council renewed after the war concludes.— Proposed Union of the British Colonies.— Gen. Drummond.— Abuses in the Land and Postal Departments.— Rejection of the accusations against Judges Sewell and Monk.— Dissolution of the Parliament— Sir "John Coapc Sherbrooke appointed governor.— Ho transmits to London a memorial on the spirit of parties in Canada- Instructions he receives.— The catholic clergy: M. Plessis.— Judge Sewell.— Messrs. Uniacke and Marshall.— State of the colonial finances; disorder therein.— Instructions of Lord Bathurst. — Right of voting the supplies. — Judge Foucher put under accusation. — The Duke of Richmond replaces Sherbrooke. — Resumption of the financial question. — Civil list augmented, and a demand made that it should be fixed for the whole reign of the king: the demand refused. —Judge Bedard accused.— Sudden death of the Duke of Richmond. — Dissolution of Parliament. — Lord Dalhousie appointed governor. — M. Plessis, being in London, has interviews with Earl Bathurst— Continuation of debates on the colonial finances. — M. Papineau becomes an executive councillor. — The assembly refuses supplies. — Dissentiments in the executive council. — Customs revenues divided between Lower and Upper Canada 324

CHAPTER II.

First Union Project.— 1823-1827. A union of the two Canadas desired by the British-derived inhabitants of Montreal.— Concerning their agent, Ellice.— This merchant's history.— The Union project brought in clandestinely to the Imperial Parliament. — Parker sounds the alarm.— Sir James Mackintosh and Sir Francis Burdett arrest the further progress of the Union Bill in the commons.— Nature of its provisions. — Tho project adjourned. — Sensation its introduction to parliament produced in tho two Canadas.— Petitions against it : Messrs. Papixa HISTORY OF CANADA. neau and Neilson sent to London.— They draw up an able memorial on the subject for presentation to the government.— The ministry abandon the measure.—Communi cations between Messrs. Ellice and Papineau.— Estimation of the former, by Sir James Mackintosh.— Opinion of Sir Francis Burdett on the Union.— Interview of M. Papi neau with Earl Bathurst.— Opinions of statesmen as to the probable duration of the American federation— Amount of the Caldwell deficit.— Religious affairs.— Lord Dal housie visits England and returns.— The supplies refused.— Insulting discourse of the governor in proroguing the chambers 354

Chapter III

Crisis Off 1827.— 1827-1828. New crisis.— Address of M. Papineau, and of a portion of the members of assembly, in reply to the speech of the Governor when closing the session. — Public meetings. — Dismissals of militia officers.— The Canadian press. — The elections.— Meeting of parliament.— The Governor refuses to acknowledge M. Papineau as president of assembly. — Parliament prorogued.— Address of Dalhousie's partisans to the King.— Public meetings convened everywhere.— Address to the King and to the Imperial Parliament.— Mr. Waller, editor of the Spectator, arrested twice.— Messrs. Neil6on, Viger, and Cuvillier deputed to London with addresses from the French-Canadians. — Mr. Gale sent thither also, with counter-addresses.— Canadian affairs discussed in the British legislature.— Speeches of Messrs. Huskisson, Labouchere, Hume, Wilmot, Stanley, and Sir James Mackintosh, in the house of commons. — The address and counter-addresses of the contending parties referred to a committee ; the committee's report thereon.— Mr. Huskisson succeeded, as colonial minister, by Sir George Murray. — The Committee's report entertained, but neither adopted nor rejected, by the house. — Sir G. Murray announces to the Canadian deputies that measures are in contemplation by the cabinet, for terminating the dissensions.— Sir James Kempt succeeds Lord Dalhousie as governor xm 88E CONTENTS. BOOK SIXTEENTH.

CHAPTER I. The Ninety-Two Resolutions.— 1829-1834

Deceptive hopes which the House of Commons' Report raised in Canada. — Instructions to Sir James Kempt.— The Canadian press moderates its tone.— Opening of the chambers.— Division in the ministry on the question of the supplies.— The assembly's hopes dissipated.— Resolutions adopted in assembly.— Renewed addresses to Britain got up. —Labors of the session.— Session of 1830.— Reply of the ministers to tho latest addresses. — Resolutions regarding the militia ordinances and on the supplies. — Legislative and executive councils.— Opinion of Sir James Kempt with respect to them.— Sensation produced thereby.— Meeting at St. Charles. — Lord Aylmer replaces Kempt— Attorney-general Stuart suspended from his functions.— Concessions and reforms proposed by Lord Goderich.— They are refused by the assembly.— Fault of the assembly upon that occasion.— Judges Kerr and Fletcher put under accusation.— The Imperial parliament changes tho constitutional act, for placing all the revenues of Canada under the control of its legislature. — Session of 1831-2. — Fresh despatches from Lord Goderich. — Independence of tho judges. — Crown lands and clergy reserves. — Post-office.— C1O60 of the session of parliament— Regret of Lord Aylmer on finding the concessions of Lord Goderich so ill received.— Riot, May 21, at Montreal.— The cholera in Canada ; its terrible ravages. — Meeting of French Canadians at St. Charles, and of British at Montreal. — Reply of tho ministry respecting Judge Kerr, and the independence of the judges. — Tho British ministry resumes its retrograde policy. — Address to the king praying that ho would make councillorships elective. — Resolutions against a project for annexing Montreal district to Upper Canada.— Attorney-general Stuart and Judge Kerr displaced.— Address of the legislative council to tho king.— Double vote of its president— Eastern Townships.— Session of 1834.— Despatches of Lord Stanley on different subjects. — Goneral view of the condition of the province. — The Ninety-two Resolutions. — Accusations against Lord Aylmer. —Address of tho legislative council.— Prorogation

Chapter II

Effect of tho 92 Resolutions in Britain.— Part of the -Eastern Townships colonists side with the Assembly. — Committee appointed by the house of commons on the affairs of Canada.— Debates in tho British parliament on our affairs.— Ministerial changes.— District committees formed in Canada.— Petitioning revived.— Letter of Mr. Roebuck. — Renewed discussions in the house of commons. — New Canadian parliament called. — Constitutional associations.— Alliance of Lower and Upper Canadian liberals.— Canadian parliament assembles.— New Address to Britain.— Another section of the majority of a66embly secedes from Papineau's party .—Lord Aberdeen's despatches.— Sir Robert Peel's ministry.— Three commissioners sent to Canada.— Lord Gosford replaces Lord Aylmer— House of Lords debates.— Opening of the Canadian partia ment—Discourse of Lord Gosford.— The assembly, persisting in its course, grants supplies for six months only, which are refused.— The parliament prorogued, and called together again— Other British- American colonies renounce their opposition to the home government, leaving the malcontent Canadians alone in the struggle.— Report of the British commissioners : the conduct of the ministry approved.—Meet ings in Canada continued.— Language of the journalists.— Agitations in the rural dis tricts.—Armed bands appear.— M. Papineau at Kamouraska.— Real sentiments of a majority of the people.— New session of the provincial parliament, to no satisfactory end.— Another address sent to the Imperial parliament— Several magistrates and militiaofficers discommissioned— Secret associations in arms formed in Quebec and Montreal districts.— Demonstrations for the government.— Meeting of the Six Counties. -Mandement of the bishop of Montreal.— The government prepares for war.— Troubles at Montreal.— The troops beaten at St. Denis, but successful at St. Charles.— Martial law proclaimed.— Several members of assembly apply for a new parliament, but are refused. — Affair of St. Eustache. — The insurrection quelled. — Troubles in Upper Canada.— Resignation of Lord Gosford.— Debates in the house of commons.— The ministry undertakes to put down armed opposition by the public force 418*

Chapter III. Union Of The Two Canadas

— 1838-40. Effect of the troubles of 1837 in Britain, France, and the United States.— Policy of the Imperial parliament.— Debates in both houses on Canadian affairs. — Earl of Durham nominated governor. — His arrival at Quebec — His proclamation to the people. — He organizes his council. — Individuals under accusation for political offences amnestied or temporarily exiled. — Mr. Wakefield sent secretly to M. Papineau and other party chiefs. Attitude of the several parties. — Lord Durham in Upper Canada.— He secures a majority therein favorable to union. — Meeting, in Quebec, of the different governors of tho Laurentian gulf region. — The half amnesty, by which several of the incriminated parties were arbitrarily exiled, denounced in the British legislature, and disavowed by the home government.— Lord Durham resigns in disgust.— Addresses at leave-taking for Europe, and his replies thereto.— Sir John Colborne again governor pro (em.— Renewed insurrection essayed in the Chambly district.— Colborne marches thither with 7 or 8 thousand men, and ravages the country. — Numerous arrests follow. — Trials of the jparties implicated. — Eighty -nine condemned to die ; thirteen of whom are executed, and forty-seven banished.— Lord Durham's Report on Canadian affairs. — Bill for a Union of the Canadas brought into parliament, but its consideration delayed till next year. — Mr. Poulett Thompson, nominated governor, arrives at Quebec. —He repairs to Upper Canada, and convokes its legialsture.— He persuades the two chambers there to adopt the conditions prescribed for the projected Union.

That measure becomes a law in Britain, despite the petitions presented against it by the Lower-Canadians, as well as the opposition of the Duke of Wellington and Lord GoBford.-The act of Union proclaimed in Canada.— General Remarks.— Canadian people at the time of the Union.— Appendix : supplementary, population, statistics, &c. BOOK TENTH.

Chapter I. Victory Of Montmorenci And First Battle Of Abraham

- SURRENDER OF QUEBEC— 1759. Invasion of Canada. — Defensive means adopted. — The French army entrenches itself at Beauport, &c, below Quebec— The British troops land on the Isle d'Orleans.— Proclamation addressed by General Wolfe to the Canadians.— That General, judging an attack on the French camp to be too hazardous, determines to bombard the city and ravage its environs. — The former set on fire. — Attack on the French fines at Montmorenci. — Wolfe being repulsed, returns dispirited to his camp, and falls ill.— He vainly attempts to put himself into communication with General Amherst at Lake Champlain.— His officers advise that he should take possession, by surprise, of the heights of Abraham, and thus force the French to quit camp. — General Montcalm sends troops to guard the left bank of the St. Lawrence, above Quebec up to the river Jacques Carrier. — A great number of the Canadians, thinking all danger passed, quit the army to attend to field labor. — On the Lake Champlain frontier, M. de Bourlamaque blows up Forts Carillon and St. Frederic, and retreats to the Isle-aux-Noix, followed by General Amherst with 12,000 men,— The British generals Prideaux and Johnson, operating towards Lake Erie, take Fort Niagara, and force the French to retire to La Presentation, below Lake Ontario. — Tho British scale the heights of Abraham, Sept. 13.— First drawn battle ; defeat of the French and death of Montcalm ; capitulation of Quebec— General de Levis takes command of the army, and intends to offer battle instantly ; but learning the surrender of the capital, retires to Jacques Carrier and entrenches his troops.— The British army, enclosed in Quebec, prepares to winter there. — Proper succors asked in vain from France, for re-capturing the city.

While M. de Vaudreuil and the generals were at Montreal, they received despatches from France, which determined Montcalm to leave for Quebec, where he arrived May 22 ; followed soon afterwards by the gover nor-general and M. de Ldvis. The ships had brought a confirmation of the report that a British fleet was on its way to the capital, which therefore became the first point to be defended. May 22, an express brought word of some enemy's ships having reached Le Bic. " Coming events" thus " casting their shadows before," there was no time to lose, and all was now activity to realise means for a stout defence of the capital. In order to obstruct the enemy's approach, river-buoys and all other indicators for safely navigating the flood were removed ; while fire-floats were prepared for igniting the enemy's ships as soon as they should reach the port.

The garrison stores and government archives were removed to Three-Rivers, and the army magazines fixed at Montreal : only necessa ries for one month were reserved at Quebec, to supply the daily wants of the troops and inhabitants. A portion of the little grain remaining in the upper country was purchased with money advanced by army officers. Finally, goods were bought to give as presents to those savage tribes about Niagara and Detroit, which either remained true to the French, or whose people disowned their alliances with the British. The gifts thus awarded would at least, it was hoped, secure their neutrality. These preliminaries arranged, the chiefs turned their attention to organizing the army, and to strengthening Quebec ; the loss of the latter, it was likely, would eventuate in that of all Canada.

But' as for the city defences, they were judged" to be anything but impregnable, and especially weak on the landward side ; where the rampart, which was unprovided with parapet, embrasures, and cannon, was but six or seven feet in height, and protected outwardly neither by fosse" nor glacis : it was therefore decided, unanimously, that the city should be put under cover of an entrenched camp, to be occupied by the bulk of the army. Quebec is built, as has been said before, at the extremity of a promon tory. To the east and the south the St. Lawrence, here about a mile wide, rolls its deep waters ; to the north is the fine valley of the St. Charles river, which, at its embouchure, along with the greater stream forms a basin three or four miles in extent. The St. Charles' lower bed is entirely covered at high tide : but at full ebb, it is fordable.

The promon tory on which Quebec stands, being very steep towards the St. Lawrence, with an elevation ranging between 160 and 300 feet, was considered inac cessible, especially on the city side.* The weakest points towards the port were protected by palisades and walls ; and the communications between lower town and upper town were cut, and defended by artillery. It was thought that batteries erected on the quays of the lower town and on the scarp of the upper, would together bar all passage against an enemy, whether ascending from the lower, or descending by the upper -flood. If this were so, all that was further wanted, in regard of the city's safety, was to close up the entry of the St. Charles river, and * " There is no reason to believe "—thus was the order of battle worded (June 10)—" that the enemy will think of passing in front of the city and landing at the Anse des Meres ; and, so long as the frigates remain to us, we have nothing to apprehend on that side." thence fortify Jits left strand, &c, (la Canardiere), along with the northern shore of the St. Lawrence, from Beauport to the embouchure of the Mont morenci; said fortifying line to be continued inland for some distance along the right bankof the latter stream, which, descending from the Laurentian highlands, crosses the highway along the left side of the flood it falls into just below.

The entry of the St. Charles, at a point facing Palace G-ate, was boomed with masts chained together, kept in place by anchors and protected in front by five barges, each mounted with a cannon. Behind this first barricade three merchant^vessels were sunk, having a platform laid across them, and a battery superimposed, armed with heavy ordnance, the gun-range of which radiated over the whole expanse of the bay. There was, besides, at the near end of the Beauport and Charlesbourg roads a bridge of boats, traversing the St. Charles, defended at each extremity by a hornwork. The right bank of the same river, from the pontoons over it to Palace Gate, was bordered with entrenchments, having artillery mounted to defend the entry of the suburb of St. Roch, and prevent the enemy from gaining by surprise the heights of Quebec.

The army now changed position ; it passed from the right bank (of the lower St. Charles), whereon it was first entrenched (on the city side), to the left bank of the St. Lawrence ; following a line beginning at the bridge of boats just mentioned, and continued to the embouchure of the Montmorenci, with a short prolongation inland, as aforesaid. This line was covered by entrenchments, which followed the sinuosities of the ground, and were flanked by redoubts, with cannon mounted at every point where an enemy could land easily. In the centre of the line, at the issue of the Beauport stream, was moored a floating battery of 12 guns. The flotilla still remaining, consisting of two frigates, the barges, and fire-ships, were put in charge of Captain Vauquelin. Sentinels were posted at intervals, on the margin of the flood, from Quebec to as far above it as the Anse du Foulon (" Wolfe's Cove"), where a steep path was formed to communicate with the Plains of Abraham, on the plateau above.