The Reign of William Rufus and the accession of Henry the First

Preface

. 1 HAVE now been able to carry out the design which I spoke of in the Prefaces to the fifth volume and to the second edition of the fourth volume of my History of the Norman Conquest. I have en deavoured to work out in detail the two sides of the memorable years with which I deal in these volumes, their deep importaexce for general and specially for constitutional history, and their rich store of per sonal and local narrative. In the former aspect, I believe I may claim to be the first to have dealt at length with the history of Bishop William of Saint- Calais, a history of deep constitutional importance en itself, and more important still with reference to the career of Anselm. It is no small matter to be able to show that it was not Anselm, but Anselm's enemy, who was the first to appeal from an English court to the see of Rome.

In this matter I have, I trust, brought out into its full importance a piece of history which has never, as far as I know, been told at length by any modern writer, though Dr. Stubbs has shown full appreciation of its constitutional bearings. Of less importance, but still more

PREFACE.

. VI novel, is the mission of Abbot Jeronto to England, to which I have never seen any reference in any modern writer whatever. With regard to the career of Randolf Flambard, I have now worked out more fully many points which have been already spoken of both by myself and by Dr. Stubbs ; but I cannot claim to have brought forward anything of great moment that is absolutely new. In the part which consists of military and other narrative, I have, as usual, given all the attention that I could to the topography. I have visited every place that I could, and I have generally in so doing had the help of friends, often with more observant eyes than my own. I must specially thank Mr. James Parker for his help in Normandy and Maine, the Rev. J. T. Fowler of Durham for his help in Normandy, Maine, and Northumberland, Mr. G. T. Clark in Shropshire, Mr. F. H. Dickinson at Hchester, the Rev. William Hunt at Bristol, and the Rev. W. R. W. Stephens in Sussex and Kent.

I have also to thank His Grace the Duke of Norfolk for free access to Arundel castle, and M. Henri Chardon of Le Mans for much valuable help in that city. And, above all, I must again thank Mr. James Parker for much more than help in preparing the maps and plans which illustrate the book. Without him they could liot have been done at all. In North Wales and in some parts of Normandy and France I was left to my own inquiries. In South Wales I made no particular researches for this volume ; but I hope that an old-standing knowledge

PREFACE.

. VII of a large part of that coxxntry may not have been useless. Where I feel a real deficiency is in Hamp shire. I could not have made any minute inqxxiries there without delaying the pxxblication of the book for many months. But I have iex former years been at Portchester, and I have seen something of the New Forest. And I feel pretty certain that no amount of local research can throw any real light on the death of William Rufus, unless indeed in the way of showing how local legends grew xep. But something might perhaps be done more minxxtely to illustrate the landing axed march of Duke Robert in 1 101. On this last point the place of the conference between Henry and Robert is satisfactorily fixed in the new text of Wace published by Dr. Andresen. I did not come across his volxxexxes till most of the references to Wace had been copied and printed from the edition of Pluquet.

But in the coxxrse of revision I was able in some cases to refer to Andresen also. His text is clearly a better one than that of Pluquet. But I cannot say that I have learned much from his notes, perhaps from the singularly repulsive way in which they are printed. Another Germaei writer, Dr. Liebermann, has doeie good ser vice to my period by publishing several unpublished chronicles to which I have often referred. Those of Saint Edmundsbxxry are of very considerable local importance. But there are other things that waxxt printing. I hear from Mr. E. C. Waters that there lurks in manxxscript a cartulary of Colchester Abbey, lf>

PREFACE.

. VIII which contains distinct proof that Henry the First spoke English familiarly. I have never doubted the fact, which has always seemed to me as clear as anything that rested on mere inference can be. But it is something to know that there is direct witness to the fact, though it would be more satisfactory if one could refer to that witness for oneself. In the story, as told me by Mr. Waters, a document partly in English is produced ixx the King's presence ; the clerk in whose hands it is put breaks down at the English part; the King takes the parchment, and reads and explains it with ease. I may mention one point with regard to topo graphy in Normandy and Maine. I have now carefully written the names of all places in Normandy, Maine, and the neighbouring lands, according to the forms now received, as they appear for instance oei the French Ordnance map.

I am sure that people coeistantly read names like "Willelmus de Sancto Carilepho," "Robertus de Mellento," without clearly taking in that " Sanctus Carilephus," " Mellentum," &c. are names of real places, as real as any town in England. When one reads, as I have read, of " Bishop Karilef," " the Honour of the Eagle/' and so forth, it is plain that those who write in that way have no clear notion of Saint-Calais and Laigle as real places. Yet all these towns are still there ; to enost of them the railway is open, and there are trains. On the other hand, the confusions of French writers about English places are, if possible, more amazing. A German writer, meanwhile, is pretty

PREFACE.

. IX siere to know whei*e any place, either in France or England, is, thoiegh he may be sometimes a little lifeless in his way of dealing with it. I have now pretty well done with the history of the Norman Conquest of England, except so far as I still hope to put forth my story on a scale intermediate between five — or rather seven — large volumes and one very small one. Bxxt I should be well pleased to go on with another piece of history of the same date, the essential importance of which and its close conexexion with that with which I have been dealing is being always brought moi'e and fully home to me. The Norman in the great island of the Ocean and the Noreixan in the great island of the Mediterranean naturally form companion pieces. I have made some acqxxaintance with the Rogers and Williams of Sicily in their own home, and I should be well pleased to make that acqxxaintance more intimate.

Palermo follows naturally on Winchester and Rouen. The pleasure-house of William the Bad is the skeleton of the Conqueror's Tower with a wholly different fife breathed into it by Saracenic artists. But the points of view from which we may approach Sicily, the meetixeg-place of the nations, and the rich and various sources of interest which are supplied by the history of that illustrious island, are simply endless. In all technical points these volumes follow the exact pattern of the History of the Norman Con quest. And I take a knowledge of that work for granted, and I assume all points which I believe

PREFACE.

. X myself to have explained or established in it. But I have added to these volxxmes, what I have not added to any of their predecessors, a Chronological Sxxmmary, distinct from the Table of Contents. It is, I think, a necessary companion to a narrative in which I could not strictly follow chronological order, but had to keep several contemporary lines of story distinct. Alongside of the History of William Rufus I set his Aexnals. CONTENTS. CHAPTEE I.

Introduction

. A. I). PAGE Character of the reign of William Rufus . . 3 The Norman Conquest in one sense completed, in another undone ..... 3 Feudal developement under Rufus and Flambaid . 4 Growth of anti-feudal tendencies . . 4 Extension of the power of England at home . 4 Beginning of rivalry between England and France . 5 Change in the European position of England . 5 Personal character of William Rufus . . 5-6 His companions and adversaries ; Anselm and Helias 6 Last warfare between Normans and English ; results of the struggle ..... 6 — 7 The Norman kingship becomes English . . 7 Effects of the French war .... 7 Scheme of the work .... 8

Chapter II. The Eaklt Dats Of William Bufus

I087-IO9O. Character of the accession of Rufus ; general acceptance without formal election . . . 9 — 10 § 1. The Coronation and Acknowledgement of William Rasas. September, 1087. Rufus the enemy of the Church, yet his election specially ecclesiastical . . . . 10 Wishes of the late King in his favour . . 11 Special agency of Lanfranc . . . . CONTENTS. A.D. PAGB Sept. 8, William Rufus leaves his father's death-bed and T°~7- hastens to England . 12—13 He brings with him Morkere and Wulfnoth, and again imprisons them . . ■ • x3 '4 Duncan and Wulf set free by Robert . • ' 3 Meeting of William and Lanfranc . ■ • "-5 Sept. 26. Coronation of William Rufus at Westminster . IS Hie special oath . . . • • I& Dec. 1087— His gifts to churches and to the poor . • 17—18 Jan. 1088. The Christmas Assembly ; Odo restored to his earldom ....•• 18—19 Special circumstances of WiDiam's accession ; no other available choice; comparison between William and Robert . '9 — 22 § 2.

The Rebellion against William Rufus. March — November, 1088. Beginning of the rebellion ; discontent of Odo ; influence of William of Saint-Calais . . 22 — 24 March, 1088. Gatherings of the rebels; speech of Odo; arguments on behalf of Robert .... 24 — 26 Comparison of the elder and younger William . 26 — 27 Geoffrey of Coutances joins the rebels . . 27 Treason of the Bishop of Durham ; different statements of his conduct .... 28 — 29 March, 1088. Early movements in Kent and Sussex . . 29 The Bishop forsakes the King ; his temporalities seized ...... 3° He is summoned to the King's court ; action of Ralph Paganel . . . . . 31 „q "' Lands of the bishopric laid waste . . . 32 April 16.

The Easter Assembly ; the rebels res use to come . 32 List of the rebels . . . . 33 — 35 Loyalty of Earl Hugh of Chester ... 34 Ravages of the rebels ; of Bishop William, Roger Bigod, and Hugh of Grantmesnil . . . 35 — 36 History and description of Bristol . . . 36 — 40 Bristol occupied by Bishop Geoffrey ; his works ; ravages of William of Eu and Robert of Mowbray 40 — 41 Robert of Mowbray burns Bath . . . 41 — 42 His siege and defeat at Ilchester . . . 42 — 44 William of Eu plunders in Gloucestershire ; history and description of Berkeley . . . a a 46 Rebel centre at Hereford ; action of Earl Roger . 46 CONTENTS. xiii A. D. PAGE The rebels march on Worcester ; history and description of the city ..... 47 — 49 Action of Wulfstan ; deliverance of Worcester . 48 — 51 Movements of Odo in Kent ; he occupies Rochester 52 Rochester, Tunbridge, and Pevensey . . 52 — 53 The war at Rochester ; history and description of the city and castle . . . . . 52 56 Duke Robert sends over Eustace of Boulogne and Robert of Belleme . . . . . 56 The three sons of Earl Roger . . . 57 Earl Roger at Arundel ; history and description of the castle ...... 58 — 59 William of Warren ; his earldom of Surrey ; his loyalty ; he keeps Lewes .... 59 — 60 The King wins over Earl Roger . . . 60 — 6 1 Robert of Mortain holds Pevensey against the King . 62 Loyal Normans ; Robert Fitzhamon . . 62 The Church and the people for the King . . 63 William's proclamations and promises ; the English arm for him ..... 63—65 Meeting of the English army at London ; William accepted as English king .... 65 — 67 William's march ; English hatred of Odo . . 67 Taking of Tunbridge castle .... 68 — 70 March towards Rochester ; Odo at Pevensey . 70 Duke Robert fails to help the rebels . . . 71 The English besiege Odo in Pevensey . . 72 — 73 Robert at last sends help ; the Norman landing hindered by the English .... 74 — 75 Alleged death of William of Warren ... 76 Pevensey surrenders ; terms granted to Odo ; Rochester to be surrendered ..... 76 The garrison of Rochester refuse to surrender ; Odo taken prisoner by his own party . . . 77 William's NrSing proclamation ; second English muster .'..... 78 Siege of Rochester; straits of the besieged; they agree to surrender ..... 79 — 80 Lesson of the war ; the King stronger than any one noble ; the unity of England . . . 80 — S 1 The King refuses terms to the besieged . . 81 Pleadings for the besieged, Odo and others ; the King grants terms ■ . . . . 82 — 85 The honours of war refused to Odo ; his humiliation ; he leaves England ..... 87 — 89 June 4, The Whitsun Assembly ; confiscations and grants ; 1088. amnesty of the chief rebels ...

CONTENTS. A. d. PAQB The Bishop of Durham again summoned . • 89 His dealings with Counts Alan and Odo ; he comes with a safe-conduct . • • • 9°— 91 The Bishop's ecclesiastical claims ; he goes back to Durham ....•• 9J— 92 Sept. 8 Agreement between the Bishop and the Counts . 92 — 93 h*! Nov. 2. Meeting at Salisbury; trial of the Bishop; he denies the authority of the court .... 95 — 97 Lanfranc and William of Saint-Calais . . 97 The charge and the Bishop's answer . . 98 — 99 Lanfranc and Geoffrey of Coutances . . 100 — 101 Debate in the Bishop's absence ; constitution of the court ...... 100 — 101 Debate on the word fief . . . ■ 102 The Bishop's seven counsellors . . . 103 He appeals to Rome ; character of the appeal ; position of Lanfranc .... 103 — 106 The sentence pronounced ; he renews his appeal . 106 — 107 Dialogue between the King and the Bishop ; intervention of Count Alan .... 107 — 109 The Bishop appeals again ; the final sentence . 109 — no The Bishop's demand for money ; answer of Lanfranc 1 10 — 1 1 1 The King's offer ; the Bishop gives sureties . in — 112 ; Question of the safe-conduct ; charges of the Bishop's men ...... 112— 113 Conditions of the Bishop's leaving England . . 113 — 114 Nov. 14 Durham castle surrendered to the King . . 114 Nov, 21-26 The Bishop's voyage delayed . . . 115 New charges and summonses ; the Bishop's dealings with Osmund and Walkelin . . . 116 — 117 He at last sails to Normandy ; his reception by Duke Robert A .... .

"7 Character and importance of the story ; William of Saint-Calais the first to appeal to Rome . ". 117 — 119 Behaviour of the King, of Lanfranc, and of the lesser actors ...... 119 — 120 State of Wales ; Rhys restored by a fleet from Ireland 121 Gruffydd son of Cynan attacks Rhuddlan . . 122 Action of Robert of Rhuddlan ; he returns to North WaleB ...... 123 Robert at Dwyganwy ; description and history of the place ...... 123 — 124 July 3 Approach of Gruffydd's fleet ; death of Robert of Rhuddlan ...... 124 — 127 His burial and epitaph .... 127 — 129 End of the Norman Conquest ; its confirmation and undoing ..... . 129 — CONTENTS. xv A> D> PAGE Tendencies to union ; the new dynasty and nobility accepted in an English character . . . 131 — 132 Rufus' breach of his promises ; his general oppression ; no oppression of the English as such . . 132 — 133 His employment of mercenaries ; their presence helps the fusion of races ..... 133 134 Sale of ecclesiastical offices ; prolongation of vacancies 134 — 1 35 Restoration of Thurstan of Glastonbury . . 135 Sept. 25 Death of Geoffrey Bishop of Chichester . . 135 Death of Abbot Scotland of Saint Augustine's, Abbot Ælfsige of Bath, and Bishop Gisa of Wells . 136 1088 — n 2 2 The bishopric of Somerset granted to John of Tours ; he removes the see to Bath . . . 136 — 137 He obtains the temporal lordship of Bath . . 137 Complaints of the canons of Wells and the monks of Bath ...... 138 — 139 Guy forced on the monks of Saint Augustine's ; disturbances and their punishment . . . 139 — 140 § 3.

Character of William Rufus. May 24, Death and burial of Lanfranc ; his position in England I0°9 and Normandy ..... 140 — 142 Change for the worse in the King's character ; rebukes of Lanfranc ..... 142 — 143 Personal description of William Rufus . . 143 — 144 His conduct in youth ; his filial duty ; hiB conduct during the rebellion .... 145 — 146 General charges against William Rufus ; his marked personality . . . . . 147 His alleged firmness of purpose ; his lack of real steadiness ; his unfinished campaigns . . 148 — 149 His alleged magnanimity ; his boundless pride ; story of the chamberlain .... 149 — 151 His alleged liberality ; his wastefulness . . 151 — 152 His rewards to the loyal troops after the rebellion . 152 His extortions . . . . . 153 His generally strict government . . . 153 His lavishuess to his foreign mercenaries . . 153 — 154 1 108 They are restrained by the statute of Henry . 154 Stricter forest laws ; story of the fifty English acquitted by ordeal .... 155 — 157 " Special vices of Rufus ; old and new fashions of dress 157 — 159 *-» His irreligion ; his favour to the Jews . . 159 — 161 True position of the Jews in England . . 1 60 Dispute between Jews and Christians . .

CONTENTS. a. d. page He makes the converted Jews turn back ; story of the convert Stephen . 162—165 William's defiance of God and the saints; frequency of blasphemy . *«5 '67 . Redeeming features in Rufus ; little personal cruelty ; respect for his father's memory . . • 167 — 169 His chivalrous spirit ; his word when kept ; and when broken ...... 169 — 171 Chivalry a new thing ; William Rufus marks the beginning of a new æra .... 169 — 171 Illustrations of the chivalrous character . . 171 — '74 Grouping of events in the reign of Rufus . . 1 74

Chapter III. The First Wars Of William Rufus

I090 — 1092. Character of the year 1089 ; natural phænomena . 175 — 176 August 11, The great earthquake . , . . 176 1 0S9 Character of the year 1 090 ; beginnings of foreign adventure and domestic oppression . . 177 The years 1090— 1091 ; affairs of Normandy, Scotland, and Cumberland .... 177 Connexion of English and Norman history ; the same main actors in both . . . . 177 Contrast between England and Normandy as to private war . . . . . 178 The old and the new generation . . . 1 79 History of Robert of Belleme . . . 179 — 181 His character ; his engineering skill ; his special and wanton cruelty ..... 181 — 183 His enmity towards Helias, Abbot Ralph, and others 183 — 184 mo His final imprisonment by Henry . . . 1S4 History and character of Robert Count of Meulan and Earl of Leicester .... 184 — 187 His fame for wisdom and influence with Rufus and Henry ...... 185 — 186 11 18 Story of his death-bed .... 187 § 1.

Normandy under Robert. 1087 — 1090. State of Normandy ; interest of those who held lands in both countries ..... 188 189 Temptations to invasion .... 188 — CONTENTS. xvii A.D. PAGE Character of Robert ; his weak good-nature and lack of justice ...... 190 — 191 Spread of vice and evil fashions . . . 191 Building of castles ; garrisons kept by the Conqueror in the castles of the nobles . . . 192 Robert of Belleme and others drive out the Duke's forces ...... 193 Robert's lavish grants ; Ivry ; Brionne . . 194 The Ætheling Henry claims his mother's lands . 195 He buys the Cotentin and Avranchin ; his firm rule ...... 196 — 197 Summer, Henry goes to England ; William promises him his 1088 mother's lands ..... 197 He seizes them again ; and grants them to Robert Fitz-hamon . . . . . 198 „„ ' Influence of Odo with Robert . . . 198 Henry comes back to Normandy with Robert of Belleme ; they are seized and imprisoned . . 199 Earl Roger makes war on the Duke ; his fortresses 199 — 200 Odo's exhortation to Robert .... 200 — 202 Affairs of Maine ; relations with Fulk of Anjou . 202 — 204 Robert acknowledged in Maine . . . 204 Chief men of the county ; Bishop Howel, Geoffrey of Mayenne, Helias of La Fleehe . . . 205 April 21, Appointment of Howel to the see of Le Mans; his '°85 loyalty to the Norman dukes . . . 205 — 208 Temporal relations to the see of Le Mans . . 207 Robert before Le Mans; general submission of the county ...... 208 — 209 A ug.-Sept.

Ballon holds out ; description of the place ; siege and 1088 surrender of the castle .... 209 — 211 Robert attacks Saint Cenery ; description and history of the place . . . . .211 — 215 Geroy and his descendants ; Saint Cenery seized by Mabel ...... 214 — 215 Siege and surrender of Saint Cenery ; blinding of Robert Carrel ..... 215 — 217 Castle granted to Robert grandson of Geroy . . 217 Surrender of Alencon, Bellenie, and other castles ; Robert disbands his army .... 218 — 219 Robert of Belleme set free at his father's request . 219 — 220 Henry set free ; his good government of Coutances and Avranches ..... 220—222 VOL. I. b CONTENTS. § 2. The First Successes of William Rufus. 1090.

A.D. PAGE Easter, Schemes of William Rufus ; assembly at Winchester ; I09° the King's speech ; war voted by the Witan . 221—224 William stays in England ; his policy ; his advantages in his struggle with Robert . . ■ 224 226 Power of William's wealth ; mercenaries ; bribes . 226 — 227 Submission of Saint Valery ; beginning of English action on the continent . 227 — 22° Submission of various castles ; Aumale, Eu, Gournay, Longueville ; description of Gournay and Longueville ...... 228—231 Ralph of Toesny and Count William of Evreux ; their kindred; enmity of their wives . . . 231 — 232 Heloise of Evreux and Isabel of Toesny . . 232 — 234 War between Ralph and Count William ; Ralph vainly asks help of the Duke ; he submits to King William ...... 234 Helias of SaintSaens ; he marries Robert's natural daughter ...... 235 His faithfulness ; importance of his castles ; Saint- Saens, Bures, and Arques .... 236 — 237 William's dealings with France ; Robert asks help of Philip ; Philip sets out, but is bribed to go back ...... 237—239 The first English subsidy ; first direct dealings between England aud France ; results of Rufus' dealings with Philip .... 239 — 241 Private wars not interrupted by the invasion ; action of Robert of Belleme .... 241 — 242 Robert of Meulan imprisoned and set free . . 243 Duke Robert takes Brionne .... 244 November, Movement at Rouen ; the municipal spirit ; influence 1090 of Conan ; his treaty with William Rufus . . 245 — 247 A day fixed for the surrender to William; Duke Robert sends for help .... 248 November 3.

Henry and Robert of Belleme come to the help of Duke Robert ..... 248 — 249 Rouen in the eleventh century . . . 249 — 253 Fright of Duke Robert ; division in the city ; Henry sends Duke Robert away .... 253 — 256 Gilbert of Laigle enters Rouen ; slaughter of the citizens ; Conan taken prisoner . . . 2 56 Conan put to death by Henry . . . 257 — 260 Robert brought back ; treatment of the citizens ; imprisonment of William son of Ansgar . . 260 — 261 November Count William of Evreux marches against Conches . 261—266 CONTENTS. xlx A. D. page Siege of Conches; settlement of the county of Evreux on Roger of Conches .... 262 — 268 The three dreams ; death of Roger of Conches . 268 — 270 1100 — 1108 Later history of Ralph and William and their wiveB 270 — 271 Orderic's picture of Normandy ; his English feelings 271 — 273 § 3.

Personal Coming of William Rufus. 1091. 1000 ' Assem^v at Westminster . . . . 273 Feb. 1091 The King crosses to Normandy . . . 273 January Duke Robert helps Robert of Belleme ; siege of Courcy ...... 273—274 The siege raised at the news of William's coming . 274 Treaty of Caen ; cession of Norman territory to William ...... 275 — 276 Saint Michael's Mount passes to William, the rest of the Cdtentin and Maine to Robert ; agreement to despoil Henry ..... 277 — 279 Settlement of the English and Norman succession ; growth of the doctrine of legitimacy . . 279 — 280 Dealings with Henry and Eadgar ; Eadgar banished from Normandy ; he goes to Scotland . . 280 — 282 Partisans on each side to be restored . . 282 The treaty sworn to ; it stands but a little while . 283 Lent, 1091 Robert and William march against Henry . . 283 Henry's preparations; Hugh of Chester and others surrender their castles .... 283 Henry defends himself on Saint Michael's Mount ; he is welcomed by the monks . . . 284 — 285 Siege of the Mount ; its position ; character of the siege ...... 285 — 287 Personal anecdotes ; story of Rufus and the knight who unhoiBed him ..... 287 — 290 Contrast between William and Robert ; Henry allowed to take water, and William's answer . . 291 — 292 Feb. 1091 Henry surrenders ..... 292 — 293 Aug. 1091 William returns to England with his brothers . 293 Stories of Henry's adventures ; evidence for his presence in England in 1091 . . . 293 — 295 § 4.

The Scottish Expedition of William Rufus. August — October, 1091. May, 1 09 1 Affairs of Scotland ; Malcolm's invasion of Northumberland ; he is driven back . . . 295 — 297 Aug. 1091 William and Robert in England; relations between Robert and Malcolm ; stronger side of Robert and Eadgar ...... 297 — 298 b xx CONTENTS. a.d. PAGB September 3 William's march ; state of Durham ; restoration of Bishop William ; his renewed influence . . 298—300 Michaelmas Loss of William's ships . 3°° The kings by the Scots' Water ; mediation of Robert and Eadgar ; Malcolm does homage to William 301 — 304 Questions as to the betrothal of Margaret and the earldom of Lothian . 3°3 3°4 Return of William; signatures to the Durham charters ....•■ 3°5— 3°6 December 23 Fresh disputes between William and Robert ; Robert and Eadgar leave England . . . 3°6— 3°7 October 15 Fall of the tower at Winchcombe . . ■ 3°7 October 17 Great wind in London .... 308 1092 Fire in London ..... 308 March 28 Consecration of the church of Salisbury . . 308—309 April 10 The tower and roof blown down . . . 309 May 9 Completion of Lincoln minster ; the church ready for consecration ; Thomas of York claims the j urisdiction of Lindesey ; the King orders the consecration . 309 — 312 May 6 Remigius dies before the appointed day ; the church remains unconsecrated . . . . 312 § 5.

The Conquest and Colonization of Carlisle. 1092. William's conquest of Carlisle; popular mistakes as to Cumberland and Westmoreland . . . 313 — 314 603 — 685 Early history of Carlisle ; it forms part of the Northumbrian kingdom .... 314 Scandinavians in Cumberland ; destruction of Carlisle 315 1092 Dolfin lord of Carlisle; he is driven out; the city restored and the castle built . . . 3r5 The Saxon colony at Carlisle . . . . 316 The earldom of Carlisle ; later history of the city ; the castle and the bishopric . . . 317 — 318 1093 Fortunes of Henry ; the men of Domfront choose him as their lord; description of Domfront . . 319 — 320 Henry's wars with Robert ; he wins back his county 320 — 321 The castle of Saint James is granted to Earl Hugh . 321 — 323