The historical geography of Europe

Front matter

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Prefatory Note

TO

THE- THIRD EDITION

WuiILE this book does not rank with the most important of Mr. Freeman’s historical works, it is not too ‘much to say that none of them is more original. It is remarkable for the novelty of its conception, and for the perfectly amazing skill with which he has marshalled and set forth numerous arrays of dry facts, which become through his masterly arrangement easy to understand and survey. It has an artistic construction depending on the central idea, which groups the eeographical vicissitudes of Europe in relation to the Roman Empire ; and, though every sentence is thronged with names, it is not a mere book of reference like the meritorious text to the Spruner-Menke Atlas; it can be read consecutively. It is a book, too, which need never become antiquated. It may be predicted that it will be as fresh and as useful to students a hundred years hence as it is to-day; and it can always be easily v1 PREFATORY NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

brought up to date by brief additions, without the necessity of any change in its texture.

Such brief additions have been made in the present edition ; the few shiftings in political geography of the past twenty years have been noticed at the appropriate places. In editing a manual of this kind, it does not seem incumbent or convenient to treat the text as sacrosanct, as one would treat Gibbon or the author's own Norman Conquest. The practical purpose of the work suggests, and its arrangement invites, insertions in the text rather than an appendix. Besides insertions of this kind, with the very slight changes which they sometimes necessitated, few alterations have been made. Some footnotes have been modified, some omitted, one or two added; and a few trifling errors have been corrected.

There is one point on which I venture to think that if Mr. Freeman were here to edit this book himself )e might have been induced to modify his language. It is his use of the word Aryan. Though ‘ Aryanism’ was, if | may say so, one of the pillars of his construction of history, I think he might have been induced to substi- ‘tute the phrase ‘ of Aryan speech’ in many cases when he committed himself to ‘Aryan.’ For the truth is that, in designating a people as Aryan, speech was his criterion, and the inference from Aryan speech to Aryan stock is invalid. How the Indo-Germanic tongue spread is still an unsolved problem, but it is

PREFATORY NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION. vu certain that all the European peoples who spoke or speak tongues of this family are not of common race, and many of them probably have very little ‘ Aryan’ blood. In studying Section 3 of Chapter Lon the ‘Geographical Distribution of Races, the reader will do well to bear this caution in mind.

ere Be

Preface

TO

THE FULRST EDITION.

Ir is now several years since this book was begun. It has been delayed by a crowd of causes, by a temporary loss of strength, by enforced absence from England, by other occupations and interruptions of various kinds. I mention this only because of the effect which I fear it has had on the book itself. It has been impossible to make it, what a book should, if possible, be, the result of one continuous effort. The mere fact that the kindness of the publishers allowed the early part to be printed some years back has, I fear, led to some repetition and even contradiction. A certain change of plan was found unavoidable. It proved impossible to go through the whole volume according to the method of the earlier chapters. Instead of treating Europe as a whole, I found it needful to divide it into several large geographical groups. The result is that each of the later chapters has had to go over again some small amount of ground which had been already gone over in the earlier chapters. In some x PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

cases later lights have led to some changes of view or expression. I have marked these, as far as I could, in the Additions and Corrections. If in any case I have failed to do so, the later statement is the one which should be relied on.

I hope that I have made the object of the work clear in the Introductory Chapter. It is really a very humble one. It aims at little more than tracing out the extent of various states at different times, and at attempting to place the various changes in their due relation to one another and to their causes. I am not, strictly speaking, writing history. I have little to do with the internal affairs of any country. I have looked at events mainly with reference to their effect on the European map. This has led to a reversal of what to many will seem the natural order of things. In a constitutional history of Europe, our own island would claim the very first place. In my strictly geographical point of view, I believe I am right in giving it the last.

I of course assume in the reader a certain elementary knowledge of European history, at least as much as may be learned from my own General Sketch. Names and things which have been explained there I have not thought it needful to explain again. I need hardly say that I found myself far more competent to deal with some parts of the work than with others. No one can take an equal interest in, or have an equal knowledge of, all branches of so wide a subject.

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. xl

Some parts of the book will represent real original research; others must be dealt with in a far less thorough way, and will represent only knowledge got up for the occasion. In such cases the reader will doubtless find out the difference for himself. But I have felt my own deficiencies most keenly in the German part. No part cf European history is to me more attractive than the early history of the German kingdom as such. No part is to me less attractive than the endless family divisions and unions of the smaller German states.

In the Slavonic part 1 have found great difficulty in following any uniform system of spelling. I con sulted several Slavonic scholars. Hach gave me advice, and each supported his own advice by arguments which I should have thought unanswerable, if I had not seen the arguments in support of the wholly different advice given me by the others. When the teachers differ so widely, the learner will, I hope, be forgiven, if the result is sometimes a little chaotic. I have tried to write Slavonic names so as to give some approach to the sound, as far as | know it. But I fear that I have succeeded very imperfectly.

In such a crowd of names, dates, and the like, there must be many small inaccuracies. In the case of the smaller dates, those which do not mark the great epochs of history, nothing is easier than to get wrong by a year or so. Sometimes there is an actual difference

Xll PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

of statement in different authorities. Sometimes there is a difference in the reckoning of the year. For instance, In what year was Calais lost to England? We should say 1558. <A writer at the time would say 1557. Then again there is no slip of either pen or press so easy as putting a wrong figure, and, except in the case of great and obvious dates, or again when the mistake is very far wrong indeed, there is no slip of pen or press so likely to be passed by in revision. And again there is often room for question as to the date which should be marked. In recording a transfer of territory from one power to another, what should be the date given? ‘The actual military occupation and the formal diplomatic cession are often several years apart. Which of these dates should be chosen? I have found it hard to follow any fixed rule in such matters. Sometimes the military occupation seems the most important point, sometimes the diplomatic cession. I believe that in each case where a question of this sort might arise, I could give a reason for the date which has been chosen ; but here there has been no room to enter into discussions. I can only say that I shall be deeply thankful to any one who will point out to me any mistakes or seeming mistakes in these or any other matters.

The maps have been a matter of great difficulty. I somewhat regret that it has been found needful to bind them separately from the text, because this looks as if they made some pretensions to the character of

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION. X11 an historical atlas. To this they lay no claim. They are meant simply to illustrate the text, and in no way enter into competition either with such an elaborate collection as that of Spruner-Menke, or even with collections much less elaborate than that. Those maps are meant to be companions in studying the history of the several periods. Mine do not pretend to do more than to illustrate changes of boundary in a general way. It was found, as the work went on; that it was better on the whole to increase the number of maps, even at the expense of making each map smaller. There are disadvantages both ways. In the maps of South-Eastern Europe, for instance, it was found impossible to show the small states which arose in Greece after the Latin conquest at all clearly. But this evil seemed to be counterbalanced by giving as many pictures as might be of the shifting frontier of the Eastern Empire towards the Bulgarian, the Frank, and the Ottoman.

In one or two instances I have taken some small liberties with my dates. Thus, for instance, the map of the greatest extent of the Saracen dominion shows all the countries which were at any time under the Saracen power. But there was no one moment when the Saracen power took in the whole extent shown in the map. Sind and Septimania were lost before Crete and — Sicily were won. But such a view as I have given seemed on the whole more instructive than it would have been to substitute two or three maps showing the x1V PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

various losses and gains at a few years’ distance from one another. )

I have to thank a crowd of friends, including some whom I have never seen, for many hints, and for much help given in various ways. Such are Professor Pauli of Géttingen, Professor Steenstrup of Copenhagen, Professor Romanos of Corfu, M. J-B. Galiffe of Geneva, Dr. Paul Turner of Budapest, Professor A. W. Ward of Manchester, the Rev. H. F. Tozer, Mr. Ralston, Mr. Morfill, Mrs. Humphry Ward, and my son-in-law Arthur John Evans, whose praise is in all South-Slavonic lands. |

SoMERLEAZE, WELLS: December 16, 1880.

PREFACE

TO THE SECOND EDITION.

Soe

THE reception which has been given to the first edition of this book may be taken as showing that it supplied a real want, and that, notwithstanding some manifest defects, it has been found to be useful. The speedy demand for a second edition has led to a revision, as thorough as the very short time which circumstances allowed for it has made possible. And I trust that I have made considerable improvements, especially in the early part. I believe that I have done something to lessen the faults which followed almost necessarily from the circumstances under which it was first written. But I fear that they may still be too clearly seen, even in the present form of the work. I could see also that many improvements might have been made in the maps, especially the earlier ones. But a thorough revision of them would have needed a far longer time than could just now

XV1 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

be given to the work. I have therefore done nothing more than adapt the last map in the South-Eastern series to the latest arrangements of 1880-1881. It shows how unstable a thing political geography is that changes of this kind have already been needed, both in the map and in the text. And I may perhaps be forgiven if I hope that my work in this way may not yet be over.

SOMERLEAZE, WELLS: September 20, 1881.

Contents

CHAPTER’ TE:

VOR I: a

Introduction

PAG Definition of Historical Geography 1 Its relation to kindred studies 1-2 Distinction between geographical and pened names 3-9 § 1. Geographical Aspect of Hurope.

Boundaries of Europe and Asia : . 5-6

General geography of the two continents—the gr dau peninsulas 6-7

§ 2. Effects of Geography on History.

Beginnings of history in the southern peninsulas—characteristics of Greece and Italy t 7-8

Advance and extent of the Roman dominion; the ‘Mediter ranean lands, Gaul, and Britain ee)

Effects of the geographical position of Ciavmistid fF rien oy Sie Scandinavia, Britain . 9-10 Effect of geographical position on ihe ieee powers 10

Joint working of geographical position wale, national character 11

§ 3. Geographical Distribution of Races.

Europe an Aryan continent—non-Aryan remnants and later settlements 12 Fins and Basques . : : 13 Order of Aryan settlements ; Greeks and Italians 13 Celts, Teutons, Slaves, Lithuanians ‘ ; : 14-15 Displacement and assimilation among the Mee races 16 Intrusion of non-Aryans ; Saracens 16

Turanian intrusions; Bulgarians; Mogaaus ; Sitionaass : differences in their history 17

XV11l CONTENTS.

Chapter II. Greece And The Greek Colonies

$ 1. The Kastern or Greek Peninsula.

xeographical and historical characteristics of the Eastern,

Greek, or Byzantine peninsula : 18-

Its chief divisions; Thrace and Illyria; their relations to

Greece . ; i : : 19- Greece Proper and its ee es ; ; 20-

Peloponnésos

$ 2. Insular and Asiatic Greece.

Extent of Continuous Hellas .

The Islands

Asiatic Greece : ; ; 4 , } i ; 22-

§ 3. Ethnology of the Hastern Peninsula.

The Greeks and the kindred races . illyrians, Albanians, or Skipetar Inhabitants of Epeiros, Macedonia, sicily, Aya Tealy

Pelasgians ‘ : ; ; : ae ! : ya

The Greek Nation

PAGE

20 21 21

21 22 23

23 24 24 25 25

§ 4. Harliest Geography of Greece and the Neighbouring Lands.

Homeric Greece: its extent and tribal divisions . ; ia

Use of the name Lpeiros

The cities: their groupings ee pipes of ister times ; supremacy of Mykéné

Extent of Greek colonization in Homeric times

The Asiatic catalogue

Probable kindred of all the neeanone ing: ae

Pheenician and Greek settlements in the islands

§ 5. Change from Homeric to Historic Greece.

Changes in Peloponnésos; Dorian and Aitolian settlements Later divisions of Peloponnésos

Changes in Northern Greece ; Bneacay

Akarnania and the arattiitan colonies .

Foundation and destruction of cities

§ 6. The Greek Colonies.

The Aigean and Asiatic colonies . ; 4 ; : (Soe

Early greatness of the Asiatic cities ; Muilétos

27 27

27 28 28 29 29

29 30 30 31 31

33 33

CONTENTS.

Their submission to Lydians and Persians

XIX PAGE

The Thracian colonies; abiding greatness of Aietaalbnike and

Byzantion : f ; More distant colonies; Sicily, Italy, Dalmatia

Pheenician settlements ; struggles in Sicily and Cyprus Greek colonies in Africa, Gaul, and Spain

Colonies on the Euxine; abiding greatness of Gliceeyn na

Trebizond : Beginning of the artificial Come ate AG

§ 7. Growth of Macedonia and Epevros.

Growth of Macedonia; Philip; Alexander and the Successors ;

effects of their conquests.

Kpeiros under Pyrrhos; Athamania The Macedonian kingdoms ; Egypt; Syria Independent states in Asia; Pergamos Asiatic states ; advance of Greek culture Free cities ; Hérakleia Sindpe ; Bosporos

§ 8. Later Geography of Independent Greece.

The Confederations ; Achaia, Aitolia ; smaller confederations .

Macedonian possessions

First Roman possessions east of the Ee Progress of Roman conquest in Macedonia and Greece Special character of Greek history .

CHAP TH Re LE

FORMATION OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE.

Meanings of the name Italy; its extent under the Roman commonwealth Characteristics of the Ttalian eer aisvtin he great islands

§ 1. Lhe Inhabitants of Italy and Sicily. Ligurians and Etr uscans The Italian nations; Latins and Oxetld

Venetia Greek colonies in Italy ; an and sich The southern colonies ; their history

47-48

34-35 Parts of the Mediterranean not colonized by the Greeks;

35 36

36 37

37-38 38 38 39 39 39 40

40 40 4] 4] 42

43 44

45-46 Other nations ; Taunus: Gauls; Veneti; use of the name

46-47 47 a2

XX CONTENTS.

PAGE Inhabitants of Sicily ; Sikanians and Sikels . ; : MS Pheenician and Greek settlements; rivalry of Aryan and Semitic powers ; ; ; i 48-49 § 2. Growth of the Roman Power in Italy. Gradual conquest of Italy ; different positions of the Italian states . ; ; AG Origin of Rome; its Latin element dominant : ; 49-50 Early Latin dominion of Rome . «.

Conquest of Veil; more distant wars. ; 4 ; ote Incorporation of the Italian states . : 50-51 § 3. The Western Provinces.

Nature of the Roman provinces. : : ; eis ie Eastern and Western provinces. ip p2 First Roman possessions in Sicily ; Cann teat of Syracuse 52-53 State of Sicily; its Greek civilization. ‘ ienee Sardinia and Corsica 3 53-54 Cisalpine Gaul 54-55 Liguria; Venetia; Istria ; uncey ue eee : 2) De Spain; its aaheapank: ; Iberians, Celts; Greek and Phoenician colonies . : : ; : 5D—56 Conquest and romanization of Spain ‘ : : : 56-57 Transalpine Gaul; the Province. : mes Conquests of eeu threefold division af ea : D7—-58 Boundaries of en purely geographical ; survival of nomenclature . , : ; 57—D8 Roman Africa; restoration of Carthage . ; : 58—60 § 4. The Hastern Provinces.

Contrast between the Eastern and Western provinces; Greek civilization in the Kast. ; ; ; / i460 Distinctions among the Eastern provinces; boundary of Tauros. . é 2 ; ; d : Lge The Illyrian provinces; kingdom of Skodra; conquest of Dalmatia and Istria 3 : 62-63 The outlying Greek lands: Crete, Gy prus, rane: ; 63 The Asiatic provinces ;#province of Asia; Mithridatic Wats independence of Lykia . : ; . 64 Syria; Palestine. : ; Se a Rome and Parthia . : ; ; : ‘ Ae Oe

Conquest of Egypt; the hater Penée ‘ ; ; : on $66

CONTENTS. XX1

§ 5. Conquests under the Empire.

PAGE

Conquests from Augustus to Nero; incorporation of vassal kingdoms : : 66-67

Attempted conquest of ethan : Unters of Rhine and Danube ; conquests on the Danube . 67-68 Attempt on Agathe Hamas.

Annexation of Thrace and earn : ; 68-69 Conquest of Britain; the wall ‘ 69

Conquests of eerie his Asiatic eoteants! parrenne: = ie Hadrian . 70 Arabia Petreea 70 Dacia; change of the name . 70-71 eo Greek, and Oriental parts of ine Binhivs na

Chapter IV

THE DISMEMBERMENT OF THE EMPIRE. § 1. The Later Geography of the Empire.

Changes under the Empire; loss of old divisions. 2 Me: New divisions of Italy under Augustus . ; ‘ rors Division of the Empire under Diocletian 74-75 The four Preetorian Prefectures . ; ; FEED Prefecture of the East; its character. : 75-76 Its dioceses; the East; Egypt, Asia, Pontos . Be ae aS Diocese of Thr ace ; provinces of Scythia and Europa. 16-77 Great cities of the bretieee Prefecture . : mores Prefecture of Ilyricum ; position of Greece . ; 77-78 Dioceses of Macedonia and Dacia ; ee of Achaia . Kae LS Prefecture of Italy ; its extent : i : set ge

Dioceses of Italy, Illyricum, and Africa ; Pbatnes of Carthage, ‘ : : ; ! : Nee fe, Prefecture of Cris : : ; x ee Diocese of Spain ; its African Tae | SU Ow Dioceses of Gaul and Britain ; province of einer ati

§ 2. The Division of the Empire.

Change in the position of Rome. ake iho d, Division of the Empire, A.p. 395. 81

Rivalry with Parthia and Persia inherited ie Ap astern Empire . ; : : : 81-82

Teutonic invasions ; no ees oe in the Kast 82-83

XXll CONTENTS.

§ 3. The Teutonic Settlements within the Empire.

PAGE The Wandering of the Nations : ; J tne New nomenclature of the Teutonic nations. : A 83-84 Warfare on the Rhine and Danube; Roman outposts beyond the rivers : : : : ; ; : : ve) OB Teutonic confederations ; Marcomanni; Quadi : é ioe Franks, Alemans, Saxons; Germans within the Empire . cn Oe Beginning of national kingdoms ; tao Loss of the Western provinces of Rome . ; ease. f Settlements within the Empire by land and by sea. £4. OF Franks, Burgundians, Goths, Vandals. 87-88 Early history of the Goths. : : , 88-89 The West-Gothic kingdom in Gaul and Sin ‘ 89-90 Alans, Suevi, Vandals; the Vandals in Africa : ee The Franks; use of the name Francia . . : : et tend Alemans, Thuringians; Low-Dutch tribes. . : vias The Frankish dominions; Roman Germany teutonized afresh ; peculiar position of the Franks . 91-93 Celtic See in Armorica or Britanny : EE The Burgundians; various uses of the name burning Je separate history of Provence . 494 Inroads of the Huns; battle of Chalons ; aa of Ratios 94-95 Nominal reunion of the Empire in 476 . ; ; : OS Reigns of Odoacer and Theodoric . 95-96 § 4. Setilement of the English in Britain. Withdrawal of the Roman troops from Britain ; ee) Special character of the English Conquest of Britain toa y. The Low-Dutch settlers, Angles, Saxons, Jutes; origin of the name Hnglish . 97-98 The Welsh and Scots. ; : : : cr Teak § 5. The Eastern Empire.

Comparison of the two Empires; no Teutonic settlements in the Eastern : F ; : : : dimen S| The Tetraxite Goths 99 Rivalry with Parthia continued idet the hbo Pace kingdom : : ' : a Position of Armenia : : : 5 ee Momentary conquests of Trajan. +100 Conquests of Marcus, Severus, and iodecans ee of Jovian . : : . 100-101 Division of Reena! Hundred Mo Peace ey 101

CONTENTS: XXIil

Chapter V

THE FINAL DIVISION OF THE EMPIRE, § 1. The Reunion of the Empire.

Continued existence of the aire position of the Teutonic kings : ; .

Extent of the Empire at the accession of J nce

Conquests of Justinian ; their effects. : : . 104-

Provence ceded to the Franks

§ 2. Settlement of the Lombards in Italy.

Karly history of the Lombards; Gepide, Avars . . 106-

Possibility of Teutonic powers on the Danube Lombard conquest of Italy; its partial nature; territory kept by the Empire. ; 1a dbOZS

§ 3. Rese of the Saracens.

Loss of the Spanish province by the Empire . Wars of Chosroes and Heraclius

Extension of Roman power on the Euxine . : . 109-

Relation of the Arabs to Rome and Persia

Union of the Arabs under Mahomet; renewed iAguat and Semitic strife .

Loss of the Eastern and ete provinces of Role

Saracen conquest of Persia ; :

Conquest of Spain; Saracen province in Gat fag Sk

Effects of the Saracen conquests; distinction between the Latin, Greek, and Eastern provinces

Greatest extent of Saracen provinces

Loss of Septimania

§ 4. Settlements of the Slavonic Nations.

Movements of the Slaves; Avars, Magyars, &c. . 113-

Geographical separation of the Slaves

Analogy between Teutons and Slaves

Slavonic settlements under Heraclius; the Derren cities ; displacement of the Illyrians

Slavonic settlements in Greece ‘ : : ‘ ag ye

Settlement of the Bulgarians .

Curtailment of the Empire; moral ‘ieee of Constantiniople .. : ; ELL

PAGE

103 104 106 105

107 107

108 109 110 110

112 112 113

114 114 114

115 116 116

Ly

XX1V CONTENTS.

§ 5. The Transfer of the Western Hmpire to the Franks.

PAGE

Conquests of the Franks in Germany and Gaul sy. « 117-119 Their position in Germany, Northern Gaul, and Southern

Division of the Fr en ps EAS acs ae Neustria 120-121 Use of the name Francia; Teele and Latin Francia;

modern forms of the name ; ; : : Saas I The Karlings; their conquests; German character of their

power. : ~ 121-122 The great powers of he cena century : Tema! Franks,

Saracens . : 3 ; 4 nape OV.

Character of the Galipnenis: its divisions . 122 Relations between the Franks and the Empire ; . 123 Lombard conquest of the Exarchate } . 123 Conquest of the Lombards by Charles the Great. he holds

Lombardy as a separate kingdom : ; « 123 His’ Roman title of Patrician . : . 123-124 Effects of his Imperial coronation ; final Geiaat of the

Empire . . 124 The two Empires haces Sivhaet Gita an Gives Beir

separation and rivalry. . . 124-125 The two Empires and the two (aliphares ; . 125-126 Extent of the Carolingian Empire . : wel AG Conquest of Saxony; dealings with ERE eoeion of

the Hider . 126-127 Relations with the Slmece Pee eS of the Ae ‘ oo ee The Spanish March ; ; : ..,, 128 Divisions of the Empire; kingdoms of Aquitaine and

Italy ; : 128 Use of the names eee Gallia. nee Lhe. leo b2e

§ 6. Northern Hurope.

Lands beyond the Empire: Scandinavia and Britain 129 Stages of English Conquest in Britain; Teutonic and Celtic states. s ’ : . 129-130 Supremacy of Wessex . ' : 4, 130 Denmark ; Norway ; Sweden. . 130-131 Different aie ections of the Scandinavian Setters sige Summary . : ; : . 131-133

Religious changes . Bieri. Sa hy’

CONTENTS. XXV.

Chapter VI

THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN EUROPEAN STATES. § 1. The Diwision of the Frankish Empire.

PAGE

Break up of the Frankish power; origin of the states of modern Europe , Leas ; et beak Kingdoms of Italy and onietoe : . 134 Divisionrot 817°... ; : oe 130 Union of Neustria and inv ae Lanse of modern France . ; ; Si 1 Division of Verdun ; acer and Nace i A: Lotharingia ; the Waster n Kingdom or Karolingia . . 136-137 Middle Kingdom or Burgundy ob kot Union under Charles the Fat; division on his deposition SO DSF No formal titles used; various names for the German Kingdom 138 Connexion between ie Gens man Réngabon na the Hiei an Empire . : ; ; abou Extent of the Gent EPS its duchies and marks. 139-140 Lotharingia . ; .' 140-141 Extent of the Tarn geen ; rr ae 141 Its great fiefs; Aquitaine; France; Normandy cut off from France . : . 142 Origin of the French anion ind Be es union of the duchy of France with the Western pion . 143 New use of the word France; title of Rex Francorum . 143-144 Paris the kernel of France. . 144 Various uses of the name Ponds y : ; . 144 The French Duchy; the Middle ie Transjurane and Cisjurane Burgundy . 144-145 Great cities of the Burgundian Risdoial . 145 Separation of Burgundy from the Frankish aad its union with Germany . 145-146 Its later history; mainly sillowed up Hy France, but partly represented by Switzerland . . 146 Kingdom of Italy; its extent; separate pr one, . 146-147 Italy represents the Lombard fidedionis: Milan its capital . 147 Abeyance of the Western Empire; its restoration by Otto the Great; the three Imperial kingdoms . . 147-148

Rivalry between France and the Empire ; 148

XXVl CONTENTS.

§ 2. The Eastern Empire.

PAGIS

Rivalry of the Eastern and Western Empires and Churches ; Greek character of the Eastern Empire; fluctuations in its extent : , ; . 149 The Themes; Asiatic Themes . ; . . 149-151 The European Themes; Hellas ; Lombardy ; Sicily . 151-152 Older Greek names supplanted by new ones. Bo haihoee, RAae Character of the European and Asiatic dominion of the

Empire ; its supremacy by sea ay AD Losses and gains; Crete; Sicily; Italy; pleat Guoceen

Syria ; Bae Chenin 152- 153

Greatness of the on pars under Basil the Serand . 153

§ 3. Origin of the Spanish Kingdoms.

Special position of Spain; the Saracen conquest —. : oo LBS Growth of the Christian states ’ . 153-154 Castile; Aragon; Portugal . : ; . 1d4 Break-up of the Western Point ' . 154-155

§ 4. Origin of the Slavonic States.

Slavonic and Turanian invasions of the Eastern Empire; ?

Bulgarians; Magyars; Great Moravia . : ; eI pd Special character of the Hungarian kingdom; effects of its

religious connexion with the West . : . 155-156 The Northern and Southern Slaves split asunder by the

Magyars . , ; : . 156 The South-eastern Slaves ; ne i The North-western Slaves; Bohemia; Poland Mera s/6 Special position of Russia ‘ : : : . 157-158

§ 5. Northern Hurope.

Scandinavian settlements : : ; i ; HPilgs

Growth of the kingdom of inane ; . eee

The Danish invasions; division between Blfved wild Guthrum ; Bernicia ; Giniberland ; ; : R 159- 160

Second West-Saxon advance ; Ai oii grows into England ; submission of Scotland ‘cad Strathclyde; Cumberland and Lothian . 3 . 160-161 Use of the Imperial ane i the’ Bin tists Shee Northern Empire of Cnut; England finally united by the Norman Conquest ; . : : : ; . 161-162 Summary ; hee . 162-164