The Human Race, ... illustrated by ... engravings on wood, and ... chromolithographs

Introduction

PAGE

Chapter I

— Definition of Man— How he differs from other Animals- Origin of Man — In what Parts of the Earth did he first appear? — Unity of Mankind— Evidence in Support — What is Understood by Species in Natural History — Man forms but one Species, with its Varieties or Kinds — Classification of the Human Race ...... I

Chapter II

— General Characteristics of the Human Race — Organic Characteristics — Senses and the Nervous System — Height — Skeleton — Cranium and Face — Colour of the Skin — Physiological Functions — Intellectual Characteristics — Properties of Human Intelligence — Languages and Literature — Different States of Society — Primitive Industry — The two Ages of Pre-historic Humanity . . . . . . .21 THE WHITE RACE. PAGE Esquimaux Family . . 243 Temisian Family . . . 250

CHAPTER I. PAGE

Jukaghirite and Koiiak Families . . . . 25 1 European Branch ... 40 Teutonic Family ... 40 Latin Family . • • 75 Slavonian Family . .118 75

CHAPTER II.

Mongolian Branch . . 252 Greek Family . . .167 Mongol Family . . .252 Tungusian Family . . 258

CHAPTER II.

Yakut Family . . . 258 Aramean Branch . . . 185 Turkish Family . . . 264 Libyan Family . . . 185 Semitic Family . . . 20S

Chapter III

Persian Family . . .216 Sinaic Branch , . . 292 Georgian Family . . . 232 Chinese Family . . . 295 Circassian Family . . 234 Japanese Family . . . 344 Indo-Chinese Family . ■ 371 THE YELLOW RACE. THE BROWN RACE,

Chapter I. Chapter

I. Hyperborean Branch . . 236 Lapp Family . . . 236 Hindoo Branch . . . 384 Samoiede Family. . . 241 Kamtschadale Family . . 241 Hindoo Family . . . 386 Malabar Family . . . VI CONTENTS.

Chapter II. Chapter II

PAGE PAGE Ethiopian Beanch . . . 407 Northern Branch. . . . 514 Abyssinian Family . . 408 Southern Family . . • 5'4 Fellan Family . . -417 North-Eastern Family . . 522 North-Western Family . 560

Chapter III

Malay Branch . . . 418 Malay Family . . . 41S Polynesian Family . . 435 THE BLACK RACE.

Chapter I

Micronesian Family . . 455 Western Branch . . . 564 Kaffir Family . . . 564 Hottentot Family . . 56-8 Negro Family . . . 570 Central African Negroid Tribes . . . -584 THE RED RACE.

CHAPTER I. CHAPTER II.

Southern Branch . . . 462 Andian Family . . . 462 Pampean Family. . . 476 Guara.ii Family . . . 492 Eastern Branch . . . 590 Papuan Family . . . 590 Andaman Family . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. THE WHITE RACE FIG. PAGE 32. Neapolitan Iced-water Seller 113 PAGE FIG. I. Crow Chief from the Rocky Mountains, in his Gala Dress . . . Frontispiece 33. Neapolitan Peasant Woman 113 34. Itinerant Trader of Naples . 115 35. An Acquajolo, at Naples . 117 2. Men and Women of Anatolia 9 36. Wallachian. . ■ .119 37. Lady of Bucharest . -123 3. Wake of Icelandic Peasants in a Barn .... 41 38. Wallachian Woman . .125 4. Women of Stavanger Norway ..... 42 39. Noble Bosniak Mussulman . 120 40. Russian Sentinel, Riga . 127 41. Russian Devotees, Riga . 131 5. Citizen of Stavanger . . 43 6. Women of Christiansund o 42.

Traffic in St. Petersburg . 133 (Norway) 44 43. A Russian Tavern . . 134 44. Interior of an Isba . 135 7. Costumes of the Telemark (Norway) ... 45 45. Livonian Peasants . .136 8. Boy and Girl of the Lawergrand (Norway) . . 47 9, IO. Suabians (Stuttgard) . 49 11, 12. Suabians (Stuttgard) . 50 13. Bavarians . • • • 51 46. Tartar of Kasak . . 137 47. Tartar of the Caucasus . 130! 48. Tartar of the Caucasus . 139 49. Russian North-sea Pilot . 141 50. Ostiak Hut. . . -143 51. Tsigane of Voakovar . 145 «45 14. Badeners 53 52. Slavonian Peasant . . 149 15. Druid, Gauls, and Franks . 57 16. French Soldier ... 61 53. A Peasant of Essek . . 151 17. Cattle-dealer of Cordova . 65 18. Natives of Toledo . . 69 54. Herdsmen of the Military Confines .... 152 55. Woman of the Military Confines .... 153 19.

Spanish Peasant . • • 73 20. Interior of a Madrid Wineshop . • • -77 56. Granzers, and their Guard-house . . ■ .156 21. Spanish Lady and Duenna . 81 22. The Fandango ... 85 57. Tsigane Prisoner . . 157 23. The Bolero 89 58. Bosniak Peasant . . . 159 59. Bosniak Peasant Woman . ibo 60. Bosniak Merchant . . 162 24. Fish-vendors at Oporto . 93 25. Roman Peasant Girl . . 95 26. Roman Peasants. . . 97 61. Women of Pesth . . .163 62. Hungarians . . . 164 27. Young Girl of the Transtevera 99 63. A Hungarian Gentleman . 165 64. Hungarians. . . .166 2S. Street at Tivoli . . .100 29. A Cardinal entering the Vatican . . ■ .103 65. Greeks of Athens . . 1 69 66. A Greek Household . .17' 67. Interior of the Agora at Athens . . . • 175 30. Exaltation of Pope Pius IX. 107 31. A Macaroni Shop at Naples LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIG. PAGK 106. Turkoman Encampment . 269 107. Kirghis Funeral Rites. . 273 108. A Harem . . . .277 109. A Harem Supper . . 279 no. Turkish Ladies paying a " Visit . - • . 2S1 in. A Turkish Barber . • 287 112. Turkish Porter . . .289 113. Indo-Chinese of Stung Treng 292 1 14. Indo-Chinese of Laos . . 293 115. A Young Chinese . . 297 1 16. Chinese Shopkeeper . . 299 117. Chinese Lady . . . 3DI 118. Chinese Woman . . . 3°3 119. Mandarin's Daughter . . 305 120. Chinese Boudoir . . . 307 121. Chinese Sitting-room . . 309 122. Opium Smokers . . • 311 123. Chinese Agricultural Labourers at Work . . 313 124. Chinese Fishing . . . 317 125. The Custom-house at Shanghai 319 126. Chinese Bonze . . . 323 127. Chinese Schoolmaster . . 325 128. Chinese Locomotion . . 327 129. A Chinese Play . . -33' 130.

A Chinese Junk . . -33 5 131. Chinese Beggars . . . 335 132. Chinese Punishments . . 337 133. Chinese Punishments . . 338 134. A Chinese Court of Justice . 339 135. Chinese Soldiers . . . 341 136. Chinese Trooper. . . 342 137. The Great Wall o£ China . 343 138. Japanese .... 345 139. A Japanese Father . . 347 140. Japanese Soldier . . . 349 141. Japanese Noble . . . 351 142. Japanese Palanquin . . 353 143. The Tai Koon's Guards . 357, 144. A Lady of the Court . . 361 145. A Kamis Temple, Japan . 363 146. Japanese Pagoda. . . 365 147. Burmese Nobles . . . 366 148. Burmese Lady . . . 367 149. Women of Bankok . . 369 150. Siamese Domestic . . 372 151. Siamese Ladies Dining . 373 152. Tomb of a Bonze, at Laos . 375 153. Cambodians . . . 377 FIG. PAGE 68. Fete os the Temple of Jupiter, Athens . . . .179 69.

Albanian Woman . . 1S3 70. Moorish Coffee-house at Sidi-Bow-Sadi, near Tunis 187 71. Grinding Wheat in the Kabylia .... 192 72. Kabyle Jewellers. . -194 73. Kopts of the Temple of Kranah .... 197 74. A Fellah Woman and Children . . . .201 75. A Fellah Donkey-boy. . 203 76. A Lady of Cairo . . . 205 77. Alma or Dancing-girl . . 207 78. Nomadic Arabs . . . 209 79. Jew of Bucharest . . . 212 80. Beyrout . . . -213 81. Maror.ites at a Convent . 217 82. Hady-Merza-Aghazzi . .221 83. Persian Types . . . 223 84. Persian Noblemen . . 225 85. Persian Women . . . 226 86. Louty and Baktyan . . 22S 87. An Armenian Drawing room 229 87a. Head of an Armenian . 231 88. Georgians . . . .233 THE YELLOW RACE. 89. Laplanders .... 237 90. A Lapp Cradle . . . 238 91. Samoiedesofthe North Cape 239 92. Samoiedes .... 242 93.

Esquimaux Summer Encampment . . . 244 94. Esquimaux Winter Encampment .... 245 95. Esquimaux Village . . 246 96. Esquimaux Chief . . 247 97. Esquimaux Bird-catcher . 249 98. Young Esquimaux . . 250 99. A Mongol Tartar . . 253 100. Buriats Fscorting Miss Christiani. . . . 255 101. Manchus Soldiers . . 259 102. Yakuts .... 261 103. A Yakut Woman . . 263 104. Yakut Villagers . . . 265 105. Yakut Priests . . . LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. fig. rAs;s 190. A Bolivian Chief . . 585 191. A Boat on the Rio Negro . 4S9 192. Examinador of Chdi . . 493 193. A Paraguayan Messenger , . 495 194. Brazilian Negro . . . 499 195. Indian Woman of Brazil . 501 196. Native of Manaos, Brazil . 503 197. Brazilian Negresses . . 504 198. Brazilian Dwelling . . 505 199. Negroes of Bahia . . 507 200. Natives of French Guiana . 511 201.

Botocudos . . . .513 202. Indian of the Mexican Coast 515 203. Indian of the Mexican Coast 516 204. Indian of the Mexican Coast 517 205. Mexican Indian Woman . 51S 206. Mexican Picador . .519 207. The Roldau Bridge Market, Mexico . . -521 208. Mexican Hatter . . . 523 209. Mexican Hawker . .523 210. Creek Indians . . . 525 211. Encampment of Sioux Indians .... 527 212. Sioux Warrior . . .529 213. A Sioux Chief . . . 531 214, Crow Indians in Council . 535 215. Pawnee Indians . . . 539 216. A Cheyenne Chief . .. 543 217. A Yute Chief . . . 547 218. Choctaw Indians playing Ball 549 219. Comanche Indians . -55 s 220. A Comanche Camp . . 552 221. A Buffalo Hunt . . . 553 222. Mohave Indians . . . 555 223. Flat -head Indians . -557 224. Naya Indians . . . 559 225. A Crow Chief . . .561 FIG. PAGt 154.

The Prince Royal of Siam . 380 155. Chinese Girl . . . 381 THE BROWN RACE. 156. Natives of Hyderabad. . 3S5 157. A Banian of Surat . . 387 158. An Aged Sikh . . . 389 159. A Parsee Gentleman . . 391 160. Sir Salar Jung, K.S.I. . 395 161. Nautch Girl of Baroda . 397 162. A Coolie of the Ghats. . 399 163. Pagoda at Sirrhingham . 401 164. Pa'anquin .... 403 165. Abyssinian .... 407 166. Nouers of the White Nile . 409 167. A Nouer Chief . . . 413 168. Chief of the Lira. . . 415 169. Malay "Running a Muck" . 419 170. Malay 422 171. Javanese .... 423 172. Javanese Dancing-girls • 425 173. Javanese Wedding . . 427 174. Dyaks 431 175. A Dyak Hut . . -433 176. New Zealand Chief . . 439 177. Native of Tahiti . . . 447 178. Native of the Sandwich Islands .... 453 THE RED RACE. 179- Huascar, Thirteenth Emperor of the Yncas . . 463 I So.

Coya Cahuana, Empress of the Yncas . • . 465 181. Type of Head of an Antis Indian -. . . . 466 182. Type of Head of an Antis Indian .... 467 183. Summer Shed of the Antis . 469 184. Antis Indians Fishing . . 471 185. Peruvian Interpreter . . 473 1S6. Type of Head of Araucanian 475 187. Picheray Huts . . . 477 188. Type of Head of Patagonian 479 1S9. A Patagonian Horse Sacrifice "• 481 THE BLACK RACE. 226. A Kaffir .... 565 227. Native of the Mozambique Coast .... 567 228. The Hottentot Venus . . 569 229. A Negro Village. . . 577 230. Fishing on the Upper Senegal . . . • ST) LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. X FIG. PA'JE 231. A Zambesi Negress . . 5S5 232. Thakombau, late King of the Fiji Islands . 591 233. Native of Fiji . . . 593 234. Native of Fiji . . . 595 235. A Temple of Cannibalism . 597 236. A Fijian Dance . . . 599 FIG.

PAGE 237. Young Native of New Caledonia .... 601 238. Native of New Caledonia . 603 239. Encampment of Native Australians .... 607 240. Native Australian . . 609 241. An Australian Grave . .611

INTRODUCTION.

. Definition of Man — How he differs from other Animals — Origin of Man — In what parts of the Earth did he first appear ? — Unity of Mankind, evidence in support — What is understood by species in Natural History — Man forms but one species, with its varieties or kinds — Classification of the Human Race. What is man ? A profound thinker, Cardinal de Bonald, has said, " Man is an intelligence assisted by organs." We would fain adopt this . definition, which brings into relief the true attribute of man, intelligence, were it not defective in drawing no sufficient distinction between man and the brute. It is a fact that animals are intelligent, and that their intelligence is assisted by organs ; but their intelligence is infinitely inferior to that of man. It does not extend beyond the necessities of attack and defence, the power of seeking food, and a small number of affections or passions, whose very limited scope merely extends to material wants.

With man, on the other hand, intelligence is of a high order, although its range is limited, and it is often arrested, powerless and mute, before the problems it proposes. In bodily formation, man is an animal, he lives in a material envelope, of which the structure is that of the mammalia ; but he far surpasses the animal in the extent of his intellectual faculties. The definition osman must therefore establish this relation which animals bear to ourselves, and indicate, if pos sible, the degree which separates them. For this reason we shall define man : an organised, intelligent being, endowed with the faculty of abstraction. To give beyond this a perfectly satisfactory definition of man is impossible : first, because a definition, being but the expression of a theory, which rarely commands universal assent, is liable to be rejected with the theory itself; and secondly, because a perfectly accurate definition supposes an absolute knowledge of the subject, B of which absolute knowledge our understanding is incapable.

It has been well said that a correct definition can be furnished by none but Divine power. Nothing is more true than this, and were we able to give of our own species a definition rigorously correct, we should indeed possess absolute knowledge. The trouble we have to define aright the being about to form the subject of our investigation, is but a forecast of the difficulties we shall meet when we endeavour to reason* upon and to classify man. He who ventures to fathom the problems of human nature, physical, intellectual, or moral, is arrested at every step. Each moment he must confess his powerlessness to solve the questions which arise, and at times is forced to content himself with merely suggesting them. This can be explained. Man is the last link of visible creation; with him closes the series of living beings which we are permitted to contemplate.

These reflections have been called for in order to supply an explanation of the frequent admissions of hopelessness which we shall be obliged to make in this cursory Introduction, when we investigate the origin of man, the period of his first appearance on the globe, the unity or division of our species, the classification of the human race, &c. If to many of these questions we reply with doubt and uncertainty, the reader must not lay the blame at the feet of science, but must search for the cause in the impenetrable laws of nature. And first, whence comes man ? Wherefore does he exist ? To this we can make no reply ; the problem is beyond the reach of human thought. But we may at least inquire, since this question has been largely debated by the learned, whether man was at once constituted such as he is, or whether he originally existed in some other animal form, which has been modified in its anatomical structure by time and circumstances.

This question is capable of most exhaustive treatment, but it will be sufficient for our present purpose to say that it can be shown that man is not derived, by a process of organic transformation, from any animal, and that he includes the ape not more than the whale among his ancestry ; but that he is the product of a special creation. Nevertheless, whether its creation be special or the result of modification, the human species has not always existed. There is, then, a first cause for its production. What is this ? Here is again a problem which surpasses our understanding. Let us say that the creation of the human species was an act of God, that man is MAN'S FIRST APPEARANCE. 3 one of the children of the great Arbiter of the universe, and we shall have given to this question the only response which can content at once our feelings and our reason.

But let us consider questions more accessible to our comprehension, with which the mind is more at ease, and upon which science can exercise its functions. To what period should we refer the first appearance of man upon the globe? Many writers who have turned their attention to this most intricate question have given it as their opinion that the first appearance of man must be carried as far back as the tertiary period. Rejecting this date on account of the insufficiency of the evidence produced, we, in common with most naturalists, admit that man appeared for the first time upon our globe at the commencement of the quaternary period, that is to say, before the geological phenomenon of the deluge, and previous to the glacial period, which preceded this great terrestrial cataclysm. By saying that man appeared for the first time upon the globe at the commencement of the quaternary period, we establish the fact, which is agreeable to the cosmogony of Moses, that man was formed after the other animals, and that by his advent he crowned the edifice of animal creation.

At the quaternary period almost all the animals of our time had already seen the light, and a certain number of animal species existed, which were shortly to disappear. When man was created, the mammoth, the great bear, the cave tiger, and the cervus megaceros, animals more bulky, more robust, and more agile than the corresponding species of our time, filled the forests and peopled the plains. The first men were therefore contemporary with the woolly elephant, the cave bear, and tiger ; they had to contend with these savage phalanxes, as formidable in their number as their strength. Nevertheless, in obedience to the laws of nature, these animals were to disappear from the globe and give place to smaller or different species, whilst man, persisting in the opposite direction, increased and multiplied, as the Scripture has said, and gradually spread into all inhabitable countries, taking possession of his empire, which daily increased with the progress of his intelligence.

It is not necessary to recount the history of the first steps of humanity, and trace the origin and progress of civilisation from the moment when man was cast, feeble, wretched, and naked, in the midst of a hostile and savage brute population, to the day when his power, resting upon a firm basis, changed little by little the face of the inhabited earth. But there is a very different problem to the solution of which we shall apply ourselves in the following pages. Did man see the light at any one spot of the earth, and at that alone, and is it possible to indicate the region which was, so to say, the cradle of humanity ? There are two schools of anthropologists who have promulgated rival hypotheses explanatory of the origin of mankind. One teaches that mankind sprung from a single pair of human beings, whose de scendants gradually peopled the earth, and became divisible into what are now called " races," owing to the changes in form and physique wrought in them by variations in the climatic and other external con ditions of their existence.

This is the " monogenistic " hypothesis. The rival school oppose to this the "polygenistic" hypothesis, viz., that mankind in the first instance arose, not from one stock, but from many, and that the well-marked persistent modifications of mankind, now scattered over the earth, all belong to different species, and originally came from different species of the human family or group. Some monogenists, whilst holding the specific unity of mankind, seem willing to admit that the race may have sprung from several pairs, all belonging to the same species, and that possibly these may have appeared at first in different parts of the globe. Ever since anthro pology was a science, the followers of these opposing schools have carried on a war of words with each other. They seem, after a century and a half of strife, as far from, or as near, the true solution of the problem as they were when they began their controversy concerning it.

The strength of the polygenists' position seems to lie in the difficulty the monogenists have of accounting for all the existing diversities in the races of mankind known to us, by the operation of varying climatic and other external conditions of existence to which these races may have been exposed. It is hardly possible for the monogenists to produce an instance of any race having actually suffered so much permanent modification from exposure to varying climatic conditions, that it lost its primitive characteristics and assumed those of another race altogether. A negro, the polygenists say. has never been changed into a European by being taken to live in a European climate, and Europeans, though their skins do darken a little under the influence of great solar heat, do not, even though six generations of them have been subjected to the influences of a West Indian climate, become transformed into a non-European race.

On the other hand, it is urged by the mono genists that the influence of climate and the physical conditions of life must be allowed to operate through a longer space of time than any of which we have record, before the change effected on a race becomes MONOGENY AND POLYGENY. 5 so great as to transform it into what would be called another race altogether. Hence, they say, it is impossible for them to bring the proof demanded by their opponents. One question, which the monogenists fail to answer satisfactorily, is, If climate can account for those departures from the form and physique of the first human progenitors, now so characteristic of their descendants, how is it that in different parts of the earth, th*e climatic conditions of which are nearly identical, we find indigenous races existing so radically different from each other, as the Negro, the South American Indian, and the Malay ?

The polygenists assert that wherever a race exists that differs from the one that preceded it in the same area, they can prove that the primitive race was not gradually changed into the existing one by the operation of changes in the external conditions of existence, but that another race, specifically distinct from the primitive one, encroached upon it, crushed it out of existence, and took its place, or became intermixed with it, so that the distinctive features of both races were changed or disappeared. The only refuge the monogenist here has is in the imperfection of the record we have of the life history of the human race. The question may be un answerable at present, for the only accessible evidence bearing on the point is that afforded by the records of 3,000 years at the most. This, however, is but a brief moment in the existence of mankind, if we are to believe the most recent scientific authorities on the subject, who tell us that the race has existed for from 50,000 to 150,000 years on the globe.

It may be argued that the existing differences between human races are as great as many that exist betweeen some animals which admittedly belong to separate species. But, even allowing that what monogenists call the " varieties " of mankind must be held to belong to different species, still the resemblances which connect them are so much more striking than the differences which separate them, that it is hardly necessary to say they could not have sprung from one primal stock, or that they must have sprung from several, which ab initio, belonged to different species. Carl Vogt was for a long time a pugnacious advocate of polygeny. Since he became a convert to Darwinism, his views have become curiously modified. He seems to hold that mankind has a threefold ape-origin — that from the New World apes, by variation and modification under natural selection, sprung the progenitors of the various American tribes; that from the orang came the Mongolian type of humanity ; and from the chimpanzee and gorilla, or troglodytic type of ape, sprung the African races.

If progenitors so radically unlike as these apes gave birth to the various existing races of mankind, it is strange their descendants should be so much more closely allied to each other than are the three great ape-progenitors. Professor Huxley says sensibly, "Surely no one can now be found to assert that any two stocks of mankind differ as much as a chimpanzee or an orang do." * When Carl Vogt says the races of mankind have not had a common origin, but have descended in " several parallel series, more or less limited locally, which may have been developed from the different parallel series of the apes," he seems to forget that at the point where each of the " parallel series " of human forms issued out of apedom, they must have had Caliban -like ancestors who could hardly be specifically different from each other.

One ape might produce the "missing link ;" and one " missing link " might produce the various races as easily as three. Polygenists say there is no way of accounting for the diversities that separate existing races, save by assuming they have originated from many specifically distinct stocks. But Mr. Darwin's recent researches show that differences as great as any that separate the higher from the lower human races can be produced within the limits of one single species — say dogs or pigeons — by artificial selection. It may be held that mankind has for fully 50,000 years been subjected to the operation of vast and ever-varying diversities of external influences, the sum of which makes up that evolutionary force called " natural selection." If Mr. Darwin produced within a lifetime, in pigeons, by the operation only of artificial selection, diversities as great as any that exist between the races of mankind, could not natural selection, operating not within a lifetime, but during 50,000 years and upwards, produce in the descendants of one primal human stock those existing diversities in form and physique which polygenists say can only be accounted for by assuming several different human species to have peopled the world from the first ?

The late Professor Agassiz held that mankind sprang from eight specific primal stocks, each rising in a distinct " province of creation," where their descendants now exist. It is difficult to understand how this theory would account for the peopling of the Arctic province of creation, or even of the central African province. One would think that the climate in these provinces would have killed off the original human pairs ere they had learned how to protect themselves against its inclemency in the one case, and its insalubrity in the other. Of late a third school of authropologists has arisen, whose views on the origin of mankind have attracted much attention — though they are not very generally accepted, and not capable of accurate * Critiques and Addresses. 1875, p. 1 63. THEORIES OF HUMAN EVOLUTIONS. 7 demonstration.

Founding on the doctrines Mr. Darwin has pro mulgated as to the gradual evolution of the higher species of animals from the lower, they have suggested an hypothesis as to the origin of mankind which seems to unite or reconcile the monogenistic and polygenistic theories. M. Georges Pouchet, celebrated as an ardent polygenist, now admits the unity of the origin of mankind so far as to say, " In the night of time there existed a certain species, less perfect than the most imperfect man, and itself ascending by a certain number of intermediate species, the nature of which it is impossible for us to suspect, to that primal vertebrate form we assume. This species, a rude sketch of what man is now, gave birth, after the lapse of con siderable time, to several other species, the parallel and unequal evolution of which, in accordance with what we have said of animals, has now for its contemporary (but not final) expression the different human species commonly called races."

Thus some polygenists have " changed their front," to use a military expression, and though they preserve their consistency by still maintaining the specific dis tinctness not only of races as they exist, but of their progenitors at the time they became endowed with the attributes of humanity, they concede the unity of origin contended for by the monogenists, by carrying it back beyond this stage into what may be called the Caliban epoch, making the Calibans, or missing links that connect our race with its primal brute progenitors, spring from one and not from many different species. Dr. Ernst Haeckel, of Jena, a well-known transcendental naturalist, also solves the problem of human origin in a somewhat similar fashion. According to him, however, we must assume that at a very early period a number of races existed with well-marked diversities, but these were only branches of two primitive stocks, one characterised by woolly hair, the other by smooth hair.