Biography and History of the Indians of North America ... also a history of their wars ... Likewise exhibiting an analysis of the ... authors, who have written upon ... the first peopling of America. Third edition, with ... additions ... corrections and ... engravings

Front matter

C Itatoa*^ a/s r/lebecka rtaiiyiter to the mighty princes yowhatan nm/iermir of Atttarwittj/trhonioiick a/s viraima converted and bantixect in tne Christian salts and" Wi/e to the e^ivor. _._ ,cfoh. J<ur(f/ THE ©J issaiisia, IT SAMUIEIL C.1EAKE BOSTON. BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA. FROM ITS FIRST DISCOVERY TO THE PRESENT TIME; COMPRISING DETAILS IN THE LIVES OP ALL THE MOST DISTINGUISHED CHIEFS AND COUNSELLORS, EXPLOITS OP WARRIORS, AND THE CELEBRATED SPEECHES OP THEIR ORATORS J ALSO, A HISTORY OF THEIR WARS, MASSACRES AND DEPREDATIONS, AS WELL AS THE WRONGS AND SUFFERINGS WHICH THE EUROPEANS AND THEIR DESCENDANTS HAVE DONE THEM; with an account of their antiquities, planners ana easterns, ilr.i3.0u antr fLains; LIKEWISE EXHIBITING AN ANALYSIS OF THE MOST DISTINGUISHED, AS WELL AS ABSURD AUTHORS, WHO HAVE WRITTEN UPON THE GREAT QUESTION OF THE FIRST PEOPLING OF AMERICA.

They waste us ; ay, like April snow In the warm noon, we shrink away , And fast they follow as we go Towards the setting day, Till they shall fill the land, and we Are driven into the western sea....BRTAi?T. BY SAMUEL G. DRAKE. Sebenti) SEUCtron, With large Additions and Corrections, and numerous Engravings. BOSTON: ANTIQUARIAN INSTITUTE, 66 CORNHILL. 1837. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1836, Br Josiah Drake, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. TO HIS EXCELLENCY EDWARD EVERETT, LL D. Sir: With the idea of a Dedication to this my New Edition of the Biography and History of the Indians, your name was coeval. The association was inseparable ; nor could it have been otherwise, as it seems to me, in the mind of any young man of New England, engaged in a similar undertaking.

For it would be absurd, were he to ask himself, " Who has been the most prominent assertor of the red man's rights in his country's councils, or the most ardent friend of the young men of his own race?" Under these considerations, therefore, to say nothing of my own gratification, I could not do otherwise than assign this page to you ; and could the author be assured, that his work would be as long remembered, for any merit contained in it, as the name he is gratified to honor, his anxiety for its fate would from that moment cease. However great the disparity may appear, when the value of my labors are considered, in resr>°-i to those of others, it must be remem bered, that one of 4he most predominant traits in your Excellency's character, is your readiness to extend a fostering hand to all such as are engaged in laudable undertakings.

Preface

. Owing to the destruction of the stereotype plates of this work by fire, on the night ofthe 30th of September, 1835, I was under the necessity of going over the whole ground again. The plates had but just been completed, and a small edition taken off, when that calamity befell them. After having the work stereotyped, I intended that additions, to all future editions should be appended to the ends of the several books, which were paged separately on that account ; and, although I have revised the whole throughout, and made additions in almost every page, yet I thought it best to adhere to my original plan of paging each book by itself, to accommodate future additions, should it be thought advisable to make any. The amount of reading on a page ofthe former editions was nearly equal to two common octavo pages, yet the page of the present has been very consid erably enlarged, thereby vastly increasing the amount of information in the same number of pages.

Parts of the work have been rewritten, and many facts, which were before noticed out of their natural order, have been inserted in their proper places. For the kind hints of friends, by which the workhas been benefitted, 1 return them many thanks. My acknowledgments are especially due to one, who, two years since, unsolicited, furnished me with some of the most important documents upon the affairs of the modern Creek Indians. It is to the same gentleman I dedicate this edition of the work. Extract from the Preface tothe Third and Fourth Editions. Those unacquainted with the nature of such undertakings may complain that we should publish before we had filled up all vacancies in our documents, and hence have been able, not only to have been completely fall upon every head, but at the same time to have given a more continuous narrative of the whole.

This object, could it have been attained, would have been as gratifying to the author as to the reader. But we can assure all such as are disposed to censure us upon this score, that, had they been obliged to turn over, compare, examine and collate one fourth as many volumes and defaced records as the author has in compiling Indian Biography, they would abandon their censures by the time they had well entered upon their labors. A* VI

PREFACE.

. Works of this kind will always appear premature in some respects, (to their authors, if no others,) for the reason that there is no end to the accumulation of materials. A writer may think himself in possession of every material necessary for his undertaking, may write and print his work, and the next day discover facts of so much importance, as to make it appear to his mind, that all he has done is of small value, compared with his last discovery. This should not deter us from putting into a state of preservation, by printing, from time to time, valuable matters, even though they might be much improved by withholding them for a time ; because, from various occurrences, the best collections are extremely liable to be scattered, and irrecov erably lost. Should an author resolve not to write upon a subject until every thing upon it should be collected, and in his possession, it is pretty certain he never would begin ; and his labors, however well directed or long exerted, or how ever valuable to himself, might, by a common accident, be lost to the world in even a shorter space of time than an hour.

There have also fallen into our hands several of the most rare portraits of distinguished Indians, several of which have been engraved expressly for this edition. They may be relied upon as exact copies of the originals. That of the " Lady Rebecca," the savior of Virginia, more properly Mrs. Rolfe, who was no other than the renowned Pocahontas, must gladden the heart of every antiquary. Few could have known that such existed ; but it has existed, and we lay it before the public with high gratification : all, we feel confident, will treasure it up as a pearl os great price. The likeness of Sagoyewatha may be relied upon as a faithful one. Several of the author's friends, who have seen him, attest the fact. All we can say of Neamathla, and Outacite, is, they are faithful copies, and doubt not they are correct likenesses.

Some have called our portrait of the great Wampanoag sachem a " sorry " one. We are not to blame for it. We wish our fathers had lest us a better ; but it is not our manner to slight a book because it is small, or because its covers are defaced, or a portrait because it does not exactly correspond with our idea of a man. We had an exact copy made of the old print which accompanied Dr. Stiles's edition of Church's History op Philip's War,* which it is supposed he had copied from an original painting of King Philip, still said to be in existence. If this be true, and our copy be a faithful one, we want no other. At any rate, we do not like to part with it until we can substitute a better one. We have mentioned f the existence of portraits of the four Iroquois chiefs who visited England in 1710 ; — these the author is exceedingly happy in pos sessing ; and, although not being able, on account of the expense, to enrich this edition with copies of them, he hopes they will be engraved in due * Printed at Newport, R. I. by Solomon Southwick, 1772 The first edition had no plates : it was printed at Boston, by B. Green, in the year 1716. Copies of both editions are in possession of the author. t See Book V. Chap. I.

PREFACE.

. VII time ; which if they are, persons possessing the work may procure them separately. The author submits his work with some confidence, from a consciousness of having used great exertions to make it useful, and of having treated his subject with the strictest impartiality. All verbiage has been avoided, and plain matters of fact have been arrived at by the shortest and most direct course. Circumlocution, the offspring of verbiage, is a fault of modern book-makers ; and every observer must have been forcibly struck by the contrast of a modern title-page and the rest of the book ; in the former, multum in parvo is true to the letter, and that page is too often the only one in which it is to be found throughout a performance. There may be some, probably, who will look into our book to see what we have said upon some facts known to them, and be much disappointed in finding that we have not noticed them at all.

To such we can only say, we have given other facts instead of them ; in other words, we have filled our book as full as it would hold. And, although we may not always have selected the best matter, we thought, at the time of writing, we had ; and when our information is further extended, we may agree better with those who shall find fault with us. Extract from the Preface to the First Edition The following notices have been thrown together within a few months, although many years have elapsed since the author began the collection of materials, and set about gaining a knowledge of this kind of history. The first adventurer in any untrodden path must often find himself embar rassed for want of landmarks by which to direct his course. This will be apparent to the reader. But he will not be the first to whom it has been thus apparent.

A small edition is now offered, which, if well received, will be much improved and enlarged, and placed at the public disposal. It will be remembered by some, that, in an edition of Church's History of Philip's War, published by the author five years ago, he advertised in a note upon page ninety-seven of that work, that he had it in contemplation to publish a work of this kind. This he considers a redemption of that pledge. The edition of Hubbara"s Indian Wars, which he some time since announced as preparing with large notes, is in a forward state. Acknowledgments are due to several individuals, who have, directly or indirectly, aided the author in his work ; and he can only express his regret that he is not indebted to more, equally eminent in this branch of American antiquities. The Reverend Dr. Jenks, to whom, by permission, his work is dedicated, has many thanks for his kindness in facilitating his researches in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society ; as also Mr- Joshua Coffin, of Boston, and the Reverend Dr. Harris, of Dorchester, who have obligingly loaned him several valuable manuscripts ; and Edward D. Bangs, Esq., Sec retary of State, for his politeness in accelerating the examination of our State Papers.

PREFACE.

. Extract from the Preface to the Second Edition. Accuracy, and minuteness of detail, where the subject seemed to require it, have been our landmark throughout this laborious performance. We say laborious ; but were all readers antiquarians, even so much need not have been said. Although we have been very minute, in numerous instances, in our lives of chiefs, yet there are many others in which we gladly would have been more so, if materials could, at the time of writing, have been had. How ever, we do not presume that we arrogate to ourselves too much, when we promise to give the reader a much greater amount of Indian history, than he can elsewhere find in many separate works. The merits or demerits of Indian Biography rest solely upon its author, whose various cares and avocations, could they be known to the critical reader, would cause him to be sparing of his criticisms.

We call this the second edition, although we have treated the subject under a new arrange ment. The method of books and chapters was adopted mainly for the benefi of combining history with biography. Besides containing all of the first edition which was important, this will be found to contain, in addition, three times as much new matter. Many names ofthe same persons and places will, perhaps, be found spelt differently in various parts of the work ; but this our plan could not obviate, because we wished to preserve the orthography of each author from whom we extracted, in that particular. Except in quotations, we did intend to have been uniform ; but we are aware that we have not been entirely so, from several causes, which need no explanation. In general, the notes give due credit to all such as have assisted the author in any way in his work.

As to the works of deceased authors, we have made use of them as public property, taking care always to cite them, except where the same facts were common to manv A TAB LE OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES. Abenakies, near Three Rivers, in Canada ; in number about 150, in 1780 ; in 1689, about 200. Absorokas, or Crow Indians, on the Missouri, near the Rocky Mountains. Adirondaks, on the St. Lawrence ; numerous in 1G07 ; in 1786, about 100. Ajoues, south of the Missouri, and north of the Padoucas ; 1100 in 1760. Amalistes, formerly on the St. Lawrence ; about 500 in 1760. Apalachicolas, on the river of that name ; in 1835, about 340 ; have agreed to emigrate ; about 260 have gone west of the Mississippi. Arrapahas, now about 4000, about the sources of the Kanzas River. Assinnaboins, now about 1000, on Ottowa River ; reduced by the Sioux.

Attikamegues, in north of Canada ; destroyed by disease in 1670. Augh/juagas, on the east branch of the Susquehannah River ; 150 in 1768. Bedics, on Trinity River, about GO miles southward of Nacogdoches ; 100. Big Devil Indians, Yonktons of the Plains, 2500 ; heads of the Red River. Blackfeet, various warlike bands about the sources of the Missouri, and in the region of the Rocky Mountains ; estimated in 1834 at 30,000. Blanches, or Bearded Indians, white Indians on i » southern branches Missouri J 1500 in 1760. - "W-- Brothertons, in NewYori- - ,.mm . , , ... .-, near Oneida Lake ; now (1836) supposed to number 350. Caddoes, in 1717, a powerful nation on Red River ; now reckoned at 800. Caiwas, near the heads of the Arkansas ; neither brave nor generous. Cama.nches, or Comanches, a warlike and numerous race on the confines of Texas.

Catawbas, on Catawba River, in South Carolina ; had long wars with the Iroquois ; 150 warriors in 1764. Caughnewagas, tribes of praying Indians, in several places. Cherokees, Carolina and Tennessee; 12,000 in 1812; 9,000 have agreed to emigrate. Chiens, near the source of Chien River ; 200 in 1820. Chikahominies, on Matapony River, in Virginia, in 1661 ; but 3 or 4 in 1790. Chikasaws, between the head branches of Mobile River in 1780; once said to have been 10,000 ; in 1763, about 250 ; now vastly increased ; in 1835, 5600 agreed to emigrate. Chikamaugas, on the Tennessee, 90 miles below the Cherokees ; many years since broken from them, under the chief, Dragomono. Chillukittcquaus, next below the Narrows on the Columbia ; 1400, in 32 lodges. Chimnahpum, at Lewis's River, N. W. side of the Columbia : 1800, in 42 lodges.

Chinnooks, north side of Columbia River; 400, in 28 lodges. Chippewas, many formidable tribes about the great lakes. — See Ojibwas. Choktaus, formerly of Carolina ; about 15,000 in 1812 ; now on a government grant of 15,000 ,000 acres on the north side Red River, and about 18,000. Chopunnishes, on the Kooskooskee, 2000 ; and on Lewis's River, below Kooskooskee, to the Columbia, 2300 ; in all, in 1806, 73 lodges. Clakstars, beyond the Rocky Mountains ; 1200, in 28 lodges. X A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES. Clatsnps, below mouth Columbia, about Point Adams ; 200, in 14 lodges. Cohaicies, nearly destroyed by the Saques and Foxes, in the time of Pontiak; in 1800, a few wanderers near Winnebago Lake. Comanchts. — See Camanches. Condies, near the east branch of the Susquehannah ; about 40 in 1780.

Congarees, on the Congaree River in South Carolina Copper Indians, far in the north, about Coppermine River ; numerous. Corees, a tribe of North Carolina. Creeks, formerly over a vast country from near the Gulf of Mexico, north-east Crees, north of the Missouri, and west of the Mississippi ; 3000 in 1834. Delawares, once numerous on the river and bay of the same name, now chiefly beyond the Mississippi ; anciently, Lenalenape. Dinondadies, a tribe of the Hurons ; same as the Tsononthouans of the French. Docotas, bands of the Sioux. Dog Indians, or Cliiens, 3460 on the heads of Chayenn'e River. Dog-rib Indians, tribe of Blackfeet, to the north of them ; of a different language. Echemins, on a river of their name, which flows into the St. Lawrence, on the E. side- Eneshures, at the Great Narrows of the Columbia; 1200, in 41 clans.

Eries, on the east of the lake of their name, entirely exterminated by the Iroquois. Eskeloots, on the Columbia ; 1000, in 21 lodges or clans. Esquimaux, about Labrador and -the neighboring country. Euchees, friendly Creeks ; 200 now in service against the Seminoles. Five Nations, anciently many thousands on the east of the great lakes. Flat-heads, beyond the Rocky Mountains, on a fork of Columbia River. Foxes, or Ottogamies, on Fox River, in Illinois. — See Saques and Foxes- Fond du Lac Indians, roam from Snake River to the Sandy Lakes. Gay Head Indians, on Martha's Vineyard ; probably Wampanoags ; 200 in 1800. Grand River Indians, on Grand River, north side Lake Ontario ; remnant of the Iroquois; 2000. Gros Ventres, on the River Maria, in 1806 ; 3000 in 1834, west of the Mississippi. Herring Pond Indians, Wampanoags, in Sandwich, Mass. ; about 40.

Hurons, numerous and formidable ; upon Lake Huron and adjacent. Illinois, formerly numerous upon the Illinois River. loways, recently on Ioway River, now scattered amoiK*** other tribes of the west; Tiers IroquZis, or Five Kalians, a chief remnant now on Grand River —See Grand Rivers. Kaninavisches, wanderers on the Yellow Stone, near its source; abput20Q0. Kanzas, on the river of the same name ; about 1000. Kaskayas, between the sources of the Platte and Rocky Mountains, beyond the Kites ; 3000. Kiawas, also beyond the Kites ; in number about 1000. Kigenes, on the coast of the Pacific, under a chief named Skittegates, in 1821. Kikapoos, formerly in Illinois ; now about 300, chiefly beyond the Mississippi. Killamuks, branch of the Clatsops, coast Pacific ocean ; about 1000. Killawats, in a large town south-east of the Luktons.

Kimoenims, band of Chopunnish, on Lewis's River ; 800, in 33 clans. Kites, between sources Platte and the Rocky Mountains ; about 500. Knisteneaux, or Christinaux, on Assinnaboin River; 5000 in i812. Kookkoo-ooses. south of the Killawats, on the coast of the Pacific ; about 1500. Leech River Indians, near Sandy. Lake ; about 350. Lenape, or Lenelenape, former name of the Delawares, which see. Lukawisses, on the coast of the Pacific ocean, about 800. Luktons, to the south-west of the Killamuks, on the coast of the Pacific. Mandans, 1612 miles up the Missouri, on both sides ; about 1200. Manahoaks, formerly a great nation of Virginia, some time since extinct. Marshpees, chiefly a mixed remnant of the noble Wampanoags, in Sandwich, Mass. ; about 400 ; lately conspicuous in asserting their dormant rights, under the direction of the efficient Mr. William Apess, of Pequot descent.

Massawomes, formerly a very warlike nation in what is now Kentucky. A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES. XI Menmninies, formerly on Illinois River ; now about 300, west of the Mississippi. Mtssasagnes, subdued early by, and incorporated with the Iroquois ; about Lakes. Huron and Superior in 1764, and then reckoned at 2000. Miamies, on the Mississippi, below the Ouisconsin, and in number about 1500. Mikmaks, on the River St. Lawrence ; about 500 in 1786. Mindaicartafton, the only band of Sioux that cultivates corn, beans, &c. Minetares, on Knife River, near the Missouri, 5 miles above the Mandans ; 2500. Mingoes ; such of the Iroquois were so called as resided upon the Sioto River. Mohawks, formerly a great tribe of the Iroquois, and the most warlike of those Five Nations. Moheakunnuks, formerly between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers.

Mohegans, a remnant now on Thames, below Norwich, in Connecticut. Mosquitos,B. numerous race, on the east side of the Isthmus of Darien. Multnomahs , tribe of the Wappatoos, mouth Multnomah River ; 800. Munsees, N. branch Susquehannah in 1780 ; on Wabash in 1808 ; now unknown. Muskogees, on Alabama arid Apalachicola Rivers ; 17,000 in 1775. Nabijos, between N, Mexico and the Pacific ; live in stone houses, and manufacture. Nantikokes, near the east branch of the Susquehannah m 1780, and about 80. Narragansets, once a powerful nation about the south of the bay of that name. Natchez, disSovered in 1701 ; chiefly destroyed in 1720? 150 in 1764. Niantiks, a tribe of the Narragansets, and were in alliance with them. Nicariagas, once about Michilimakinak ; joined Iroquois in 1723. Nipissins, near the source of the Ottoway River ; about 400 in 1764.

Nipmuks, interior of Massachusetts ; 1500 in 1675 ; long since extinct. Nottoways, on Nottoway River, in Virginia ; but two of clear blood in- 1817. Oakmulges, to the east of Flint River ; abbot 200' in 1834. Ojibwas, or Ckippewas; about 30,000, on the great lakes. Omahas, on Elkhorn River, 80 miles from Council Bluffs ; about 2200. Oneidas, a nation of the Iroquois, near Oneida Lake ; about 1000. Onondatras, a nation of the iroquois, Onondaga Hollow ; about 300. Ootlashoots, tribe of the Tuskepas, on Clark's River, W. Rocky Mountains ; about 400. Osages, Great and Little, on' Ai-kansaw and Osage Rivers ; about 4000. Otagamies, between the Lake of the Woods and Mississippi ; 300 in 1780. Ottawas, easfLake Michigan ; 2800 in 1820 ; " at Lake Huron, about 200 in 1786. Ottoes, on Platte River ; about 1500 in 1820.

Ouiatonons, on the Wabash formerly ; 300 in 1779. • - *' Ozas, about Red River ; about 2000 in 1750.' * Padoucas, south of the Missouri, and west of the "Mississippi; 2000 in 1834. Pancas, on the west of the Missouri ; about 75*0 in 1830. Panis, white, south Missouri, 2000 ; freckled Panis, about 1700. Passamaquoddies, remnant of the Tarratines; on Schoodic River ; about 379. Paunees, on the Platte and its branches ; about 10,000. Pelloatpallah, tribe of the Cliopunnish, on Kooskooskee ; about 1600. Penobscots, island in Penobscot River, 12 miles above Bangdr ; about 300. Pequots, formerly about the mouth ofthe Connecticut, now a mixfed remnant, about 100. Piankeshaws,.on the WabaSh, formerly 3000", in 1780, but 950. Pishquitpahs, north side Columbia, at MuScleshell Rapids, about 2600. Pottowattomies, formerly'numerous, now on Huron River, about 160.

Powhatans, 32 nations, or tribes, spread over Virginia when settled by the whites. Quapaws, opposite Little Rock, on ArkansaW River ; about 700. Quathlahpohtles, S. W. side Columbia, above1 the mouth of Tahwahnahiooks. Quatoghies, formerly on S. Lake Michigan ; sold their country to English in 1707. Quieetsos, coast Pacific Ocean, north mouth Columbia ; about 250. Quiniilts, coast Pacific, S. Quieetsos, and N. Columbia ; about 1000. Quinnecharts, coast Pacific, N. the Quieetsos ; about 2000. Rapids, a brave tribe, on the prairies, towards the sources of the Missouri. Red-knife Indians, (so called from their copper knives,) roam in the region of Slave Lake. Ricarees, on Missouri, between the Great Bend and Mandan. River Indians, formerly south of the Iroquois, down the north side of Hudson River to the sea.

A TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL TRIBES. Roundheads, on the east side of Lake Superior ; about 2500 in 1764. Sauks, Sacs, or Saques, in Illinois, about Lake Winnebago ; now about 500 in Missouri. Scattakooks, upper part of Troy in New York ; went from New England about 1672. Semiiwles, East Florida, now (1836) estimated from 6 to 10,000. Senecas, one of the ancient Iroquois nations ; 2200 near Buffalo, New York. Serraunes, in Carolina, nearly destroyed by the Westoes, about 1670. Shakalahs, at the Grand Rapids of the Columbia River ; 2800, in 62 lodges. Shawanees, now about 1300 on the Missouri. Shoshonese, or Snakes, driven into the Rocky Mountains by the Blackfeet. Sioux, on St. Peters, Mississippi and Missouri ; numerous ; 33,000. Skilloots, on the Columbia, from Sturgeon Island upward ; about 2500.

Snake Indians, or Shoshones ; borders Rocky Mountains, about 8000. Smokshops, on Columbia River, at mouth of Labiche ; 800, in 24 clans. Sokokies, anciently upon Saco River ; now extinct. Sokulks, on Columbia, above Lewis's River ; about 2400, in 120 lodges. Souties, the name by which some know the Ottowas, which see. Soyennoms, on east fork Lewis's River ; about 400, in 33 villages. Staitans, a name by which the Kites are known, which see. Slockbridge Indians, New Stockbridge, New York; about 400 in 1820. St. John's Indians, remnant of the Esquimaux, on the St. John's in New Brunswick, 300. Symerons, on the east side of the Isthmus of Darien ; numerous. Tetons, piratical bands of the Sioux of the Missouri. Tsononthouans, tribe of the Hurons. — See Dinondadies. Tuscaroras, joined the Iroquois from Carolina in 1712.

Tieightwees, on the Great Miami ; 200 in 1780. Tushepahs, on Clark's River in summer, and Missouri in winter ; about 430. Tuteloes, an ancient nation between Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. lichees, a tribe of Creeks, formerly in four towns. — See Euchees. Ulseahs, on the coast of the Pacific ocean ; about 150. Wabinga, between the west branch of Delaware and Hudson Rivers. Wanamies, in New Jersey, from the Rariton to the sea. Wahoicpums, on the north branch of the Columbia; about 700, in 33 lodges. Wappatoos, 13 tribes, of various names, on the Columbia ; about 5500. Welsh Indians, said to be on a southern branch of the Missouri. Westoes, once a powerful tribe in South Carolina, nearly destroyed in 1670. Willewahs, about 500, in 33 clans, on Willewah River. Winnebagos, on Winnebago Lake, now chiefly beyond the Mississippi.

Wolf Indians, a tribe of the Pawnees, commonly called Pawnee Letups. Wollawollahs, on the Columbia, from above Muscleshell Rapids ; 1600. Wycomes, a tribe on the Susquehannah, in 1648 ; about 250. Wyandots, on Great Miami and Sandusky ; 500, formerly very warlike. Yamoisees, South Carolina, early nearly destroyed by the whites. Yattasies, branch Red River, 50 miles above Natchitoches ; 100 in 1812 ; speak Caddo. Yazoos, once a great tribe of Louisiana, now lost among the Chikasaws. Yeahtentanees, formerly near the mouth of the Wabash. Yeletpos, on a river which falls into Lewis's above Kooskooskee ; 250. Yonikkones, on the coast of the Pacific ocean ;, about 700. Yonktons, branch of Sioux, about Falls St. Anthony, about 1000. Yonktons of the Plains, or Big Devils ; 2500 ; sources of the Sioux, &c. Youitts, on the coast of the Pacific ocean ; about 150. BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY OF THE INDIANS OF NORTH AMERICA.

BOOK I. Ancient I n ens of Peru

BOOK I. ORIGIN, ANTIQUITIES, MANNERS AND CUSTOMS,

&c. OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. O could their ancient Incas rise ag.in, How would they take up Israel's taunting strain 1 Art thou too fallen, Iberia ? Do we see The robber and the murderer weak as we ? Thou, that hast wasted earth, and dared despise Alike the wrath and mercy of the skies, Thy pomp is in the grave, thy glory laid Low in the pits thine avarice has made. We come with joy from our eternal rest, To see the oppressor in his turn oppressed. Art thou the God, the thunder of whose hand Rolled over all our desolated land, Shook principalities and kingdoms down, And made the mountains tremble at his frown? The sword shall light upon thy boasted powers, And waste them as they wasted ours 'Tis thus Omnipotence his law fulfils, And vengeance executes what justice wills. — Cowpes

Chapter I

Origin of -the name Indian. — Why applied lo the people found in America. — Ancient authors supposed to have referred to America in their writings — Theopompus — * Voyage of Hanno — Diodorus Siculus — Plato — Aristotle — Seneca. The name Indian was erroneously applied to the original man of America* by its first discoverers. The attempt to arrive at the East Indies by sailing west, caused the discovery of the islands and continent of America. When they were at first discovered, Columbus, and many after him, supposed they had arrived at the eastern shore of the continent of India, and hence the peo ple they found there were called Indians. The error was not discovered until the name had so obtained, that it could not well be changed. It is true, that it matters but little to us by what uame the indigenes of a country are known, and especially those of America, in as far as the name is seldom used among us but in application to the aboriginal Americans.