Young Folk's History of the War for the Union ... Illustrated

Preface

. THE writer has endeavored to give, in the following pages, an unprejudiced and impartial account of our great Civil War. The difficulty of such a task can scarcely be appreciated by one who has not himself made the attempt. The echoes of the contest have scarcely yet died away, and the bitter feelings born of it are still apt to warp the judgment and to unfit men of either part of our country to estimate calmly the motives and acts of their opponents. Yet he who would write a truth ful history of those times must necessarily divest himself of partisanship and lift himself above the plane of local prejudice. If the writer has failed to do this, it is not because he has not made an honest effort to weigh carefully the facts as narrated by both Northern and Southern writers, and to give each side its just dues.

As the work is intended primarily for young folks, the author has aimed to give, in chronological order, a plain and concise account of the most striking events of the war, enlivened by sketches of the prominent men engaged in it, and by incidents and anecdotes illustrative of it. Though some of the stories are possibly apocryphal, many of the characteristic ones which serve to throw light upon the period and its events have been retained without any attempt to prove their truth or falsity. The writer has consulted the best available sources, and it is believed that the narrative is as nearly correct in its details as any previous work. The language used is simple, adapted to the understanding of the young, and technical words and expressions, when unavoidably used, are fully explained. The illustrations are intended to be equally trustworthy, having been selected not for mere picturesqueness, but for their value in elucidating the text. The larger part of them were drawn at the time and from the objects which they represent.

PREFACE.

. IV Maps of the principal battles and sieges are introduced wherever they are needed to make the narrative clearer and more intelligible. The flags of the Union and the several State and Confederate ensigns used in the war are shown in the two colored plates, and the principal songs which grew out of the struggle, with a brief account of their origin, are given in the Appendix. With the hope that this volume may be acceptable to those who participated in the contest, and may be deemed worthy to be put into the hands of their children as a trustworthy picture of the events in which they took a part, the author presents his work to the public with the consciousness that if it is not quite up to his own ideal, it is not because he has not labored earnestly to make it so. J. D. C, Je. New York, October, 1881.

CONTENTS. Chapter I. — Early Differences. The Thirteen Colonies.— Differences between Northern and Southern Colonies.— Slavery.— The Confederation of the Colonies.— One Nation To-day and Thirteen To-morrow.— The Constitution and the Union.— Federalists and Democratic- Republicans.— Alexander Hamilton.— Thomas Jefferson.— Washington a Peacemaker.— France or England.— A Bitter Struggle.— Success of the Federalists.— Millions for Defence, not One Cent for Tribute.— Alien and Sedition Laws.— State Rights.— The Virginia and the Kentucky Resolutions.— War with England.— The Hartford Convention.— Slave States and Free States.— The Missouri Compromise.— The Democratic Party.— Free Trade or Protection.— John C. Calhoun.— Nullification.— Webster and Hayne.— Andrew Jackson.— By the Eternal, the Union shall be Preserved.— The Compromise Tariff Page 1 Chapter II. — Slavery.

Slavery and Emancipation.— John Randolph's Opinion.— Benjamin Lundy.— William Lloyd Garrison.— The Anti Slavery Society.— The Abolitionists.— Change of Opinion in the South.— Texas.— The Whig Party.— The Liberty Party.— War with Mexico.— The Wilmot Proviso.— Slave States and Free States.— The Free-soil Party.— Henry Clay and the Compromises of 1850.— The Fugitive Slave Law.— Persona-l Liberty Laws.— The Kansas and Nebraska Bell.— Squatter Sovereignty.— Kansas a Battle-Ground.— Assault upon Senator Sumner.— The Republican Party.— The Dred Scott Case.— Filibustering Expeditions.— John Brown's Raid.— Capture of Harper's Ferry.— John Brown's Execution.— His Soul is Marching on 17 Chapter III. — Secession. Division of the Democratic Party.— Stephen A. Douglas.— John C Breckinridge.— Election of Lincoln.— The News in South Carolina.— President Buchanan.— The Crittenden Compromise.— Secession of South Carolina.— Scenes in Charleston. —The Tomb of Calhoun.— Secession Bonnets.— Foreign News.— Forts Moultrie and Sumter.— Major Anderson.— Removal to Sumter.— Raising the Flag.— United States Buildings Seized.— Major Anderson and State Rights.— The Star of the West.— Secession of other States.— John A. Dix and the Flag.— The Confederate States.-^Jefferson Davis.— ALEXAJsDER H. Stephens.— The Peace Congress.— Twiggs's Surrender.— Fort Pickens Saved 32 Chapter IV. — Sumter.

Inauguration of Lincoln.— His Early Life.— Lincoln and Douglas.— Peace or War ?— The Cabinet.— The Stars and Bars.— The Confederate Commissioners.— Secretary Blair's Opinion.— Secretary Seward and the Wayward States.— Captain Fox.— The Attempt to Provision Sumter.— General Beauregard.— The First Shot against Sumter.— The Civil War Begun.— Anderson and his Men.— The Barracks on Fire. — Making Cartridges.— Knocked Down Temporarily.— Flames and Smoke. —The Flag Hit,— The Surrender,— Salute to the Flag.— Yankee Doodle VI CONTENTS. Chapter V.— Uprising of the North. Rejoicing rs the South.— Washington Threatened.— Lincoln Calls for Troops.— Enthusiasm in the North.— 75,000 Coffins Wanted.— Secession of Virginia.— Help for Washington.— Massachusetts Troops Mobbed in Baltimore.— Washington in a State of Siege.— The New York Seventh and the Massachusetts Eighth.— Ben.

Butler.— Old Ironsides.— Railway Repairing.— Room Enough to Bury Seventy-five Thousand.— I must have Troops.— Baltimore Overawed.— Harper's Ferry Burned.— Destruction of the Gosport Navy Yard.— The Blockade Proclaimed.— Confederate Privateers.— North Carolina Secedes —More Volunteers Wanted. —Capture of Camp Jackson, St. Louis.— Union Feeling in Kentucky 63 Chapter VI. — March into Virginia. Confederate Congress at Montgomery.— King Cotton.— Removal to Richmond.— Manassas Junction.— Washington a Camp.— Secessionists in Washington— Secession Lady's Costume.— A Heavy Petticoat.— Mary's Caps.— Buttons for Lunch.— Brave Miss Webster.— A Suspicious Funeral.— A Kite with a Valuable Tail.— The Union Troops in Virginia.— Arlington Heights.— Fort-Building.— Death of Ellsworth.— Fortress Monroe.— Contrabands.— Little Bethel.— Big Bethel.— Death of Theodore Winthrop.— Lieutenant Greble.— McClellan in Western Virginia.— Philippl— Rich Mountain.— Death of General Garnett.— Patterson Crosses the Potomac— Patterson and Johnston 77 Chapter VII. — Bull Run.

Five Hundred Thousand more Volunteers.— General McDowell.— On to Richmond.— The March Begun.— Beauregard's Position.— Battle of Bull Run.— Stonewall Jackson.— Johnston aids Beauregard.— Death of General Bee.— Mrs. Henry's House.— A Disgusted Irishman.— The Stars and Stripes or the Stars and Bars;— Kirby Smith and Early to the Rescue.— The Union Rout.— Davis Visits the Battle-Ground.— The Centreville Picnic— Confederate Exaggerations.— A Long Retreat.— Den I Got Off.— Confederate Hopes.— The North Prepares for War in Earnest.— McClellan in Command of the Army of the Potomac— The Bull Run Monument 92 Chapter VIII. — Boonvtlle. — Wilson's Creek. Military Importance of Cairo.— Bird's Point.— Lyon in Command in Missouri.— Governor Jackson Calls for Volunteers against the Union.— Battle of Boonvtlle.— Fight near Carthage.— Franz Sigel's Retreat.— Fremont in Command in the West.— Ben Me Culloch.— Battle at Dug Spring.— Wilson's Creek.— The Confederates Surprised.— A False Flag.— Where is Sigel ?— Death of Lyon.— Retreat to Springfield.— Story of Eddy, the Drummer-Boy 104 Chapter IX.— Lexington. — Belmont.

General Bishop Polk.— Fremont's Proclamation.— A Politic Contraband.— Price Attacks Lexington.— Mulligan's Brave Defence.— Precious Water.— Surrender of Lexington.— No Ammunition left.— General Pillow at New Madrid.— The Confederates Seize Columbus.— Island Number Ten.— Zollicoffer and Buckner Invade Kentucky.— Confederate Camp at Bowling Green.— Fremont Marches to Springfield.— Zagonyi's Charge.— Major White's Adventure.— Fremont Superseded.— General Halleck in Command in Missouri.— Sterling Price and his Men.— Jeff. Thompson.— General Grant at Cairo.— Battle of Belmont.— General Cheatham's Escape. . . . CONTENTS. VII Chapter X. — Western Virginia. General Rosecrans in West Virginia.— Robert E. Lee.— Battle of Carnifex Ferry. —Escape of Floyd.— Reynolds and Lee.— Death of Colonel Washington.— Travellers' Repose.— Milroy and Johnston.— Munson's Hill, Virginia.— The Potomac closed by Confederate Batteries.— Acquia Creek.— Torpedoes.— Army of the Potomac— Quaker Guns.— Lewinsville and Darnestown.— Disaster at Ball's Bluff.— Death of Colonel Baker.— False Reports of Battles.— General Stone in Fort Lafayette.— Fault-finding.— Soldiers' Jokes.— Hard-Tack.— Foraging.— Drawing Potatoes.— Soldiers' Slang.— General Scott resigns.— McClellan General-in-Chief.— Dranesville.— Winter Quarters 126 Chapter XI. — The Atlantic Coast.

Secretary Welles and the Navy.— Confederate Privateers.— The Lady Davis.— The Savannah's Crew treated as Pirates.— The Petrel Sunk.— The Sumter.— Raphael Semmes.— The Laws about Prizes.— The Nashville.— Blockade-running. —Expedition against Hatteras.— The Forts Captured.— A Union Expedition Spoiled.— Fort Pickens.— Wilson's Zouaves.— The Boys have got the Money.— Night Attack on the Zouaves' Camp.— Bombardment of Forts McRee and Barrancas.— The Manassas Ram.— Fight with the Union Fleet in the Mississippi.— Fire-Ships 140 Chapter XII.— Deeds of the Navy. The Port Royal Expedition.— Hilton Head.— The Mosquito Fleet.— Port Royal- Beaufort.— French Colony of 1562.— Capture of the Forts.— Cotton-burning.— Massa Bobolition.— Big Tybee Island.— Martello Tower.— Sinking of the Stone Fleet at Charleston.— Mason and Slidell.— The Trent and the San Jacinto.— Lieutenant Fairfax and Miss Slidell.— Honors to Captain Wilkes.— The British Lion Growls and Gets Ready for War.— I'm Off to Charleston.— Mr. Lincoln's Story of the Two Dogs.— Mr. Seward's Joke.— Mason and Slidell Delivered up. 152 Chapter XIII.— Mill Spring. — Fort Henry.

Zollicoffer in Kentucky.— Camp Wildcat.— General Schoepf.— Sham Secession of Kentucky.— General Buell.— Colonel Garfield.— Battle of Mill Spring.— Death of Zollicoffer. — The Yankees will Cotch us.— Contraband Fun.— Schnapps! Schnapps!— Albert Sidney Johnston.— Forts Henry and Donelson.— Commodore Foote.— Torpedoes.— Capture of Fort Henry.— General Tilghman. —A Brave Boy 160 Chapter XIV.— Fort Donelson. — Nashville. The Tennessee River Opened.— General Grant.— Commodore Foote as a Preacher. —Siege of Fort Donelson.— Sharpshooters.— A Gallant Boy.— Sleet and Snow.— Foote and his Gunboats.— The Commodore Wounded.— A Bold Sortie.— The Confederates Checked.— Escape of Floyd and Pillow.— Forest and his Cavalry.— Unconditional Surrender Grant.— Triumphal Entry.— Clarksville and Nashville Occupied.— Andrew Johnson.— A Sharp Newsboy. — The Confederates Abandon Columbus.— John Morgan— The Disobedient Soldier.— An Unfortunate Gatekeeper.— A Costly Load of Meal.— Morgan and the Telegraph Operator.. 171 Chapter XV. — Roanoke. — New Berne. — Pulaski.

Expedition against Roanoke Island.— A Gunboat Fight.— Fort Bartow.— A Gallant Attack.— Zou! Zou! Zou!— Capture of Roanoke Island.— Elizabeth City.— Gallant John Davis.— Attack on New Berne.— News from Manassas.— Fall of New Berne. —The Daily Progress.— De Rotten Balls.— The Child of The Regiment.— Bombardment of Fort Macon.— A Patched Flag.— Battle of South Mills.— Siege of Fort Pulaski. —Mortars and how to Fire Them.— All's Well!— A Regiment of Whittlers.— Pulaski Surrenders.— Fort Clinch.— an Old Newspaper.— Hold on, Mars' Yankee! CONTENTS. VIII Chapter XVI.— Pea Ridge.— Island Number Ten. Price in Springfield.— Retreats before Curtis.— Sugar Creek.— Curtis Falls back to Pea Ridge.— Albert Pike and his Indians— Earl Van Dorn.— Battle of Pea Ridge— Elkhorn Tavern.— A Night of Anxiety.— Death of Ben.

McCclloch.— The Confederates Retreat.— Indian Atrocities.— Beauregard in the Mississippi Valley— A New Line of Defence— Island Number Ten— General Pope attacks New Madrid.— The Confederates Abandon the Forts.— Commodore Foote and his Fleet.— Bombardment of Island Number Ten.— Digging a Canal.— Gunboats Running the Batteries.— The Little Gibraltar Surrenders 197 Chapter XVII— Shiloh. — Memphis. Beauregard at Corinth— Grant and Halleck.— Pittsburg Landing— Albert Sydney Johnston Joins Beauregard.— Marches against Grant.— Shiloh Church.— An Uncomfortable Night— We Shall Sleep in the Enemy's Camp.— The Union army Surprised.— Sherman and his Men.— Skulkers— Death of Johnston.— Grant at Bay— Beauregard Keeps his Promise.— Buell to the Rescue— The Gunboats do Good Service— A Dreadful Retreat.— Boats Enough.— Kentuckians at Shiloh. —Hold, Bill !

That's Father !— Schpike Dem Guns !— Mitchell in Huntsville.— Halleck Relieves Grant of Command.— Corinth.— Quaker Guns.— Fort Pillow.— Battle of Gunboats.— Memphis Taken 207 Chapter XVIIL— New Orleans. Expedition against New Orleans.— Ship Island.— Farragut and his Fleet.— Defences of the City.— Mortar Vessels Disguised.— Fire-Rafts.— A Furious Bombardment.— Farragut Passes the Forts.— The Varuna Sunk.— A Brave Boy.— An Awful Sight.— The Hartford in Flames.— Sinking of the Gunboats.— The Manassas Explodes.— New Orleans Amazed. — Ships and Cotton Burned.— General Lovell.— Mumford and the Flag.— The Forts Surrender to Porter.— A Fat Man Grows Lean.— Butler in New Orleans.— Hanging of Mumford.— Butler's Accusers.— Farragut Passes the Vicksburg Batteries.— Battle at Baton Rouge.— The Arkansas Destroyed.— Capture of Galveston 218 Chapter XIX. — Merrlmack and Monitor.

Iron-Clads.— The Merrimack.— She Steams to Hampton Roads.— An Iron Storm.— Sinking of the Cumberland.— The Congress Surrenders.— The Minnesota in Danger.— The Merrimack Leaves her Prey.— A Dismal Night.— Arrival of the Monitor.— A Cheese-Box on a Plank.— Explosion of the Congress.— A Sunday Visit.— The Monitor in Waiting— The Cheese-Box is Made of Iron !— Lieutenant Worden Wounded.— The Merrimack Retreats.— The Minnesota Saved.— Honors to Ericsson.— Joe's Dead 231 Chapter XX. — Peninsula Campaign. The Grand Army of the Potomac— Washington and Richmond.— McClellan Ill- Edwin M. Stanton —Plans for Taking Richmond.— Prestdent Lincoln's Order.— Opposition to McClellan.— The Confederates Leave Manassas.— McClellan's Command Changed.— Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley.— General Banks Opposes him.— The Potomac free.— The army Goes to the Peninsula.— The French Princes.— Mr. Lincoln and the Poi.iticlans.— Siege of Torktown.— Big Nigger, Come Down !— Old Seth.— Joseph E. Johnston.— Torpedoes.— Battle of Williamsburg.— The Chickahominy.— Norfolk.— Drury's Bluff.— Panic in Richmond 240 Chapter XXL— Shenandoah Valley. — Chickahominy.

McDowell at Fredericksburg.— Porter at Hanover Court-House.— McDowell Ordered to Washington.— Stonewall Jackson.— Jackson or a Rabbit.— Jackson's Prayers.— Banks Driven into Maryland.— Jackson Repulses Fremont.— Defeats Shields.— Turner Ashby.— a Gallant Deed.— Floods in the Chickahominy.— The CONTENTS. IX Union Army Divided.— Seven Pines and Fair Oaks.— General Johnston Wounded. —Robert E. Lee in Command of the Confederates.— The Swamps of the Chicka hominy.—Balloons IN WAR.— HOW ARE YEES, BYES ?— JEB STUART. — THE RlDE Around McClellan.— White House.— Washington's Marriage.— Stonewall Jack son and the Farmer 252 , Chapter XXII.— Seven Days' Fight. Lee Attacks McClellan. — Beaver Dam Creek.— Battle of Mechanicsville.— A Change of Base. — Battle of Gaines's Mills —General McCall's Escape. — McClellan's Retreat to the James River.— The White Oak Swamp.— Battle of Savage's Station— Battle of Frazier's Farm.— McCall a Prisoner.— Battle of Malvern Hill.— McClellan at Harrison's Landing.— End of the Seven Days' Fight.— Departure of the French Princes.— President Lincoln Visits McClellan.— Three Hundred Thousand More Volunteers 264 Chapter XXIII.— Pope's Campaign.

General Pope and the Army of Virginia.— Pope's Address to his Soldiers.— Halleck as General-in-Chief.— Lee's Strategy.— Battle of Cedar Mountain.— Stuart's Ride around Pope. — Pope's Uniform. —Stonewall Jackson behind Pope.— Fight at Bristow Station. — The Second Battle of Bull Run.— Pope Deceived. — Battle of Chantilly. — Pope Shows his Back.— Death of Phil Kearny.— Pope Resigns and Goes West. — McClellan again. — Pope's Charges against Porter.— Lee's Successful Campaign.— The Confederates Cross the Potomac— Cool Reception in Maryland.— Barbara Frietchie and Stonewall Jackson 271 Chapter XXIV.— South Mountain.— Antietam. McClellan Marches against Lee. — Welcome in Frederick. — A Fortunate Discovery. — Stonewall Jackson goes to Harper's Ferry. — Battles of South Mountain and Crampton's Gap.— Fall of Harper's Ferry.— Lee Hard Pressed.— His Position near Sharpsburg.— The Battle of Antietam.— Death of General Mansfield.— Hooker Wounded.— Sumner Holds his Ground.— Burnside Attacks on the Left. — Lee Recrosses the Potomac — A Drawn Battle. — Good-by, Sammy.— I'm a Bold Sojer Boy.— Jeb Stuart in Pennsylvania— McClellan Follows Lee.— Superseded by Burnside.— McClellan's Farewell.— A Question for General Halleck. 280 Chapter XXV. — Fredericksburg.

Bubnside's New Plan.— The March to Fredericksburg.— Lee Holds the Hills.— Pontoon Bridge-building. — Sharpshooters. — The Town Shelled. — A Dangerous Crossing.— The Graybacks Hunted out of their Holes.— A Brave Drummer- Boy.— The Army Crosses the River.— Battle of Fredericksburg.— Hooker's Gallant Assault. — Burnside Retreats. — Confederate Hopes. — Burnside Resigns, and Hooker Takes Command of the Army.— Winter Quarters. — Sad Condition of the Confederates.— The Ladies at Work.— Confederate Manufactures.— Wooden Shoes.— Southern Books.— A Home-made Christmas.— Picket Talks.— My Mother! my Mother !— Jackson's Resigned ! 292 Chapter XXVI. — Bragg in Kentucky. — Murfreesboro. Grant and Sherman.— Grant again in Command.— Sherman's Cotton Money.— General Bragg Succeeds Beauregard.— Morgan's Raid into Kentucky.— Forest in Tennessee.— Kirby Smith Enters Kentucky.— Battle of Richmond.— Bragg Captures Union Troops at Mumfordsvtlle.— A Long Wagon Train.— Buell Marches against Bragg.

Battle of Perry ville.— Bragg Retreats into Tennessee.— Rosecrans Succeeds Buell.— Battle of Iuka.— Van Dorn Attacks Corinth.— Defeated by Rosecrans.— Pemberton Succeeds Van Dorn.— Bragg at Murfreesboro. —President Davis's Visit. — Cowardly Soldiers. —The Battle of Murfreesboro. — Bragg's Retreat S05 CONTENTS. X Chapter XXVII.— Emancipation.— Conscription. The Union and Slavery. — The Abolitionists. — New Ldeas about Slavery.— Massa Linkum's Sojers.— Butler and Contrabands.— Fremont's Proclamation.— Hunter's Order.— President Lincoln Proposes to Buy the Slaves.— His Letter on the Subject.— Lincoln Changes his Views about Slavery.— His First Emancipation Proclamation.— His Vow.— The Second Emancipation Proclamation.— Its Effect in the South and in the North.— Arbitrary arrests.— Spies.— Colored Soldiers. —The Conscription Bill.— Drafting.— Riots in New York 315 Chapter XXVIII.— Vicksburg.

Vicksburg.— Its Great Importance.— Grant's Plans.— Capture of Holly Springs.— Sherman Defeated.— Fort Hindman Taken.— arrival of Grant.— Canal Digging. —Joseph E. Johnston.— Running the Batteries.— Grierson's Raid.— Grant Lands at Bruinsburg.— Battle of Port Gibson.— Grand Gulf Evacuated.— Sherman Joins Grant.— Taking a Rest.— Battle of Raymond.— Capture of Jackson.— A Good Union Man.— Jeff Davis's Book.— Battle of Champion Hills.— Battle of Big Black River. — Bridge Building. — Vicksburg Surrounded. —Two Repulses.— Calibre 54. — Cave Life.— Mines and Countermines.— Scarcity of Food.— Grant and Pemberton. — The Surrender. — Effects of the Bombardment. — The Hotel de Vicksburg.— The Vicksburg Citizen. —What was Gained at Vicksburg.— Grant and the Steamboat Men 323 Chapter XXIX.— Port Hudson. — Chancellorsville.

Sherman pursues Johnston.— Jackson Burned.— Siege of Port Hudson.— Whistling Dick.— A Bloody Repulse.— Mules and Rats.— The Surrender.— The Mississippi Opened.— Brashe ar City.— On de Lord's Side, Massa.— The Army of the Potomac. —Corps Badges.— Mosby.— Capture of General Stoughton.— I Can't Make Horses. —Hooker's Advance.— Chancellorsville.— The Wilderness.— Frightened Deer and Rabbits.— Rout of the Eleventh Corps.— Death of Stonewall Jackson.— Remember Jackson. — Hooker Stunned. — Lee between Two Fires.— Sedgwick Driven Back.— Hooker's Retreat— Stoneman's Raid.— A Gallant Deed 342 Chapter XXX.— Gettysburg. Confederate Hopes.— Napoleon and Mexico. — Another Invasion} of the North.— The Two Armies.— Stuart's Review.— Ewell Surprises Milroy.— The Potomac Crossed.— Pennsylvania in a Panic— Hooker Follows Lee.— Meade in Command.— The Eyes of an Army.— Gettysburg.— The First Day's Fight.— Death of Reynolds. —Hancock to the Front.— The Second Day's Fight.— Little Round Top.— Ewell on Culp's Hill.— The Third Day's Fight.— A Grand Bombardment.— Pickett and his Virginians.— A Dreadful Struggle.— Victory for the Union.— A Terrible Retreat.— Wasted Ammunition.— Old John Burns.— Jenny Wade.— The News in Richmond.— Meade Follows Lee.— Winter Quarters 354 Chapter XXXI.— Chickamauga. — Chattanooga. — Knoxville.

Rosecrans Moves against Bragg.— Cavalry Fights.— Van Dorn Attacks Franklin.— Streight's Raid.— John Morgan Across the Ohio.— Indiana and Ohio Aroused.— Morgan Defeated— His Capture.— The Raiders' Plunder.— An Old Hero.— Chattanooga.— Bragg Falls Back— Battle of Chickamauga.— Thomas's Bravery.— Rosecrans Retreats to Chattanooga— Johnny Clem.— Half Rations.— Grant in Command.— He Opens Communications.— Burnside in East Tennessee.— Arrival of Sherman.— The Battle above the Clouds.— Pulpit Rock.— Storming of Missionary Ridge.— Here is your Mule. — Bragg's Retreat. —Longstreet's Defeat.— Sherman's March to Knoxville.— Starving on Roast Turkey CONTENTS. XI Chapter XXXII.— The Monitors. Loss of the Monitor,— The Montauk and the Nashville. — Fort McAllister.— The Confederates Attack the Fleet off Charleston. — The Monitors Attack Charleston.— The New Ironsides. —Cables and Torpedoes.— A Terrible Bombardment.— Loss of the Keokuk.— Capture of the Atlanta.— New Confederate Flag. —I Don't Care About Your Torpedoes.— Gillmore at Charleston.— Fort Wagner.— Men Eighteen Feet High Wanted.— The Swamp Angel.— Sumter in Ruins.— Taking of Morris Island.— Assault on Sumter.— Loss of the Weehawken.— New Berne Attacked.— Little Washington.— Raids and Contrabands.— I'se Just Sam.. 387 Chapter XXXIII. — Privateers. — Mobile Bay.

Expedition to Florida.— Battle of Olustee.— Loss of Plymouth.— Raid of the Albemarle.— Her Destruction by Cushino.— The Confederate Privateers.— The Alabama.— Captain Semmes.— The Fight with the Kearsarge.— Rescue of Semmes.— The Florida and the Wachusett.— The Shenandoah.— Whalers Burned.— The Last Hostile Act.— Rams for the Emperor of China.— The Stonewall.— The Alabama Claims.— Mobile Bay.— Farragut Passes the Forts.— The Admiral in the Shrouds.— Sinking of the Tecumseh.— Torpedoes.— Four Bells.— The Ram is Coming. —Fight with the Tennessee.— Ramming the Ram.— Save the Admiral.— Surrender of the Forts 400 Chapter XXXIV.— The South and West. Sherman's Meridian Expedition.— Jeff Davis's Neckties.— Sherman's Danger.— De Day ob Jubilee.— Smith Defeated by Forrest.— Paduc ah Attacked.— Massacre at Fort Pillow.— Forrest Defeats Sturgis.— A Ride into Memphis.— Sherman and Banks.— The Anvil Chorus.— The Red River Expedition.— Fort DeRussey.— Kirby Smith and Dick Taylor.— Natchitoches.— Battle of Mansfield.— A Skedaddle.— Battle of Pleasant Hill.— Loss of the Eastport.— The Dam at Alexandria. — Saving the Fleet.— Cotton Stealing.— Canby Succeeds Banks.— Steele's Defeat in Arkansas.— The Last Invasion of Missouri.— Pleasonton and Curtis.— Price's Flight.— John Morgan in Kentucky Again.— Burbridge Defeats Him.— Morgan's Death 415 Chapter XXXV. — Grant in Virginia.

The Confederacy in 1863.— Poverty and Paper Money.— Christmas in Richmond.— Treatment of Union Prisoners.— Exchanges.— Negro Soldiers.— Prison Camps.— Libby Prison.— Belle Isle.— Efforts to Free Prisoners.— Ulric Dahlgren.— A Mine under Libby.— Grant made Lieutenant-General.— His Commission.— Grant with the Army of the Potomac— His Plan.— The Rapidan Crossed.— Battle of the Wilderness.— Lee in Danger.— Longstreet Wounded.— Fire in the Woods.— The March to Spottsylvania.— Sharpshooters.— Death of Sedgwick.— Battle of Spottsylvania.— I Propose to Fight it Out on this Line.— Hancock and Stewart. —Danger of the Confederate Army.— Terrible Musketry Fire.— Grant again Marches Southward 428 Chapter XXXVI. — Grant and Lee. Butler at Bermuda Hundred.— Beauregard Attacks Him.— Bottled Up.— Crook's Raid.— Morgan Defeats Averill.— Breckinridge Defeats Sigel,— Battle of Piedmont.— Hunter in West Virginia.— Sheridan and Stuart.— Battle at Yellow Tavern.— Death of Stuart.— Lee at Cold Harbor.— Cavalry Fight.— Battle of Cold Harbor. — Grant's Change of Base. — Terrible Slaughter. — The Army Crosses the James.— Petersburg Attacked.— Early Crosses the Potomac — Battle of the Mo noc ac y.— Baltimore Excited.— Capture of General Franklin. —His Escape.— Early Attacks Washington.— He is Driven Back to Virginia. - Defeat of Crook. — Confederate Cavalry in Pennsylvania — Chambersburg Burned.— Sheridan in Command.— Battle of Opequan Creek.— Fisher's Hill.— Cedar Creek.— Sheridan's Ride.— The Petersburg Mine,— Hancock's Fight.— The Weldon Railroad.— Dutch Gap Canal CONTENTS.

Chapter XXXVII. — Atlanta Campaign. Johnston and Sherman. — The Two Armies. — Cars and Locomotives Wanted.— Thomas's Circus. — Dalton to Resaca. — Dallas.— New Hope Church. — Rome Taken.— Kenesaw Mountain.— Brave Engineer.— Death of General Polk.— Bad Weather.— Wood Ticks.— Sherman Repulsed.— Johnston Crosses the Chattahoochee. — Rousseau's Raid. — Are these Yanks? — Hood Succeeds Johnston.— Atlanta— Hood's Sally.— He Fights Again.— Death of McPherson.— Raids on the Railroads.— Hood Strikes a Third Time.— Siege of Atlanta.— Hood Cut Off.— Evacuation of Atlanta.— Honors to Sherman.— Atlanta Desolated.— Davis Visits Hood.— Hood Marches Northward.— Allatoon a.— Signalling. —A Duplicate Tunnel.— Atlanta in Ashes.— Glory, Hallelujah !— Grant is Waiting for Us! 458 Chapter XXXVIII. — March to the Sea.

Anxiety in 1864.— Grant and Lee. — Secretary Chase and the Finances.— Greenbacks. —Gold.— Presidential Election.— News from Atlanta.— Copperheads.— Re-election of Lincoln.— Abolition of Slavery.— Hood Marches Northward.— Battle of Franklin.— Siege of Nashville.— Thomas's Victory.— Flight of Hood. — Sherman's Army.— Orders for Foraging.— Jeff. Davis's Neckties.— Contrabands.— Dey say you's massa sherman.— bummers.— marching and camping.— soldiers' pets.— Pet Pigeon.— Old Abe, the War Eagle.— Milledgevelle.— Beauregard Again.— Soldiers' Fun.— Cavalry Skirmishes.— Prison Pen.— Andersonville.— Torpedoes.— Defences of Savannah.— Storming of Fort McAllister.— Savannah as a Christmas Gift 475 Chapter XXXIX.— Savannah to Goldsboro. Secretary Stanton in Savannah.— Politics.— Sherman Disgusted.— Expedition against Fort Fisher.— Butler's Powder-Boat.— Heavy Bombardment.— General Terry succeeds Butler.— Bragg again.— Good-by, Wilmington !— Capture of Fort Fisher.— General Schofield.— Wilmington Taken.— Goldsboro Entered.— Sherman's March from Savannah.— Wheeler and Hampton.— Floods.— The Salkehatchie.— Horrors of War.— South Carolina Punished.— Cotton Burning. —Columbia Surrendered — Burning of the City.— Confederate Money.— Harder Evacuates Charleston.— The City in Flames.— Desolation.— Sumter and the Flag.— Jus' look at his Hoss.— Cheraw.— Johnston again in Command.— Hampton and Kilpatrick.— Fayetteville. —Averysboro.— Battle of Bentonsville.— Goldsboro.— Sherman Visits Grant.— President Lincoln.— Sherman Returns to G oldsboro 492 Chapter XL. — Mobile.

Stoneman's Raid.— Salisbury.— Mobile.— Wilson's Raid.— Fight with Forrest.— Taking of Selma.— Cotton Burning.— Surrender of Montgomery.— Capture of Columbus.— Iron-clad Rams.— Macon.— Joyful News.— Defences of Mobile.— Canby's Plan.— Spanish Fort.— Storming of Blakely.— Surrender of Mobile 507 Chapter XLI. — Petersburg. The Confederacy in 1865.— Conscription and Desertion.— Negro Soldiers.— Confederate Money.— Lee's Army.— Dissatisfaction with Davis.— Lee Commander-in- Chief.— Mrs. Davis.— Foreign Aid Expected.— Peace Efforts.— War Meetings in Richmond.— Desolation in Virginia.— Christmas in 1864.— War Prices.— Dinner- Party. — Southside Railroad.— Dinwiddie Court-House.— Army Telegraph.— Sheridan's Raid.— Early Defeated.— Charlottesville.— Lee's Last Attack.— Fort Steedman.— Sheridan again in the Saddle.— Five Forks.— Grand Assault on Petersburg.— Fort Alexander.— Fort Gregg.— Death of A. P. Hell.— Lee's Telegram.— Petersburg at Last! -. 513 Chapter XLII. — Richmond.

Sunday in Richmond.— Rumors of Victory.— Gayety of the City.— Prayer-Meetings.— Davis Receives Lee's Telegram.— The News Kept Secret.— Evacuation.— Confu- CONTENTS. XIII sion.— The City in the Hands of the Mob.— Pillaging the Stores.— The Tobacco Warehouses Fired.— Rams Blown Up.— Bridges Burned.— The Fire Spreads.— A Dreadful Scene.— Capitol Square.— The Yankees ! The Yankees !— Burning Rich mond Seen from the Signal-Tower.— General Weitzel Enters the City.— The Flag on the Capitol.— An African City.— Bress de Lord ! No mo' Work !— Black Cavalry.— Martial Law.— The Ruins.— The Dream Ended 523 Chapter XLIII. — Surrender of Lee. Lee's Misfortune.— Davis at Danville.— A Fatal Delay.— Grant in Pursuit.— Sheridan.— A Starving Army.— Sailor's Creek.— Capture of Ewell.— Across the Appo mattox.— A Hopeless Struggle. — Grant's Letter. —Lee asks for Terbis. - Appomattox Court-House. — Sheridan in Front.— A Surprise.— Flag of Truce.— The McLean House.— Grant and Lee.— Grant's Magnanimity.— Painful Scene.— Lee in Richmond.— Last Parade of the Army of Northern Virginia— Joy in the North. — Stanton's Order 533 Chapter XLIV. — Death of Lincoln.

President Lincoln in Richmond.— His Last Speech.— Threats of Assassination.— Grant in Washington.— Robert Lincoln.— Lee's Surrender.— At the Theatre. —John Wilkes Booth.— The Fatal Shot.— Sic Semper Tyrannis !— The Assassin's Escape.— Death of Lincoln.— Powell Attacks Secretary Seward.— Reward for Jefferson Davis.— Death of Booth.— Universal Sorrow.— With Malice toward None.— Funeral Honors.— At Rest.— President Johnson 541 Chapter XLV. — Johnston. — Davis. Sherman Marches against Johnston.— Joy at Lee's Surrender.— Johnston's Letter, —An Important Message.— Bad News.— Meeting with Johnston.— Second Interview.— Breckinridge —The Terms Rejected.— Grant in Raleigh.— Surrender OFf Johnston. — Stanton's Insults. — Halleck and Sherman. — Surrender of Kirby Smith.— President Davis's Flight.— Danville.— Pleasing Dreams.— A Last Proclamation.— Lee Anxiously Looked For.— Hope Crushed.— Davis, Johnston, and Beauregard. — Charlotte. — Reports of Treasure. — Scramble for Money.— Cavalry on the Trail.— Confederate Plunderers. —Irwinsville.— The Camp Surprised— Fatal Mistake.— Ha !

Federals !— The Story of the Disguise.— The Capture.— Fortress Monroe.— Pardon 545 Chapter XL VI.— Peace. Grave Fears.— The Soldiers Welcome Peace.— Drafting Stopped.— Disbanding the Armies. -Stanton.— Welles.— The Last Review.-Grand Reception in Washington. —The Soldiers at Home.— Honors to the Dead. — Confederate Armies. - Summary of Losses.— The Cost of the War. -Political Questions.— Causes and Results of the War.— The Union Perpetual 554

Appendix

THE WAR FOR THE UNION.

Chapter I

early differences. The Thirteen Colonies.— Differences between Northern and Southern Colonies.— Slavery.— The Confederation of the Colonies.— One Nation To-day and Thirteen To-morrow.— The Constitution and the Union.— Federalists and Democratic-Republicans.— Alexander Hamilton.— Thomas Jefferson.— Washington a Peacemaker.— France or England.— A Bitter Struggle.— Success of the Federalists.— Millions for Defence, not One Cent for Tribute.— Alien and Sedition Laws. — State Rights.— The Virginia and the Kentucky Resolutions.— War with England?— The Hartford Convention.— Slave States and Free States.— The Missouri Compromise.— The Democratic Party.— Free Trade or Protection.— John C. Calhoun.— Nullification.— Webster and Hayne.— Andrew Jackson.— By the Eternal, the Union shall be Preserved.— The Compromise Tariff.

THE Civil War of 1861-1865 in the United States, like all civil wars, was about questions of government; therefore, to understand -well the causes which led to it, it is necessary to learn first something of the nature of the government and of the way in which it began. When the War of the Eevolution broke out in 1775, the English settlements which afterward became the thirteen original States of the Union were thirteen colonies belonging to Great Britain. These were, beginning with the northernmost, New Hampshire, Massa chusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. All of these colonies were alike in many things. Though some of them had been settled by other nations than the English, most of the people were at that time Englishmen in feelings and in language, and all owned the rule of the sovereign of Great Britain.

Their governments differed in some respects: some were ruled by governors and other officers sent from England; some had charter govern- EARLY DIFFERENCES. [1775. 2 merits — that is, they had charters or written papers signed by the King of Great Britain giving them the right to choose their own rulers; and others had proprietary governments — that is, they were ruled by the proprietors or owners of the soil or by officers chosen by them, as in Pennsylvania, where the whole land occupied by the colony was owned by William Penn; but, notwithstanding these differences, the governments of the colonies were in general much like that of Great Britain. There were, however, some other differences which in time caused a division among them and separated the colonies into two parts or groups, northern and southern, the Northern Colonies including all those north of Maryland, and the South ern Colonies all those south of and including it.