A History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Death of Domitian

Front matter

riCIHIA R 'J ifl A fl A by j asic an b. f.Mulin] /.. liit S.:-irt> for promuliy elniun Afb - hi,' if-17 A HISTORY OF ROME. FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE DEATH OF DOMITIAN By R. W. BROWNE, M.A., rREBENDART OP ST. PAUL'S; PROFESSOR OP CLASSICAL LITERATURE IN KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OP THE COMMITTEE OF GENERAL LITERATURE AND EDUCATION, APPOINTED BT THE SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE LONDON : Printed for the SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING CHRISTIAN KNOWLEDGE ; SOLD AT THE DEPOSITORY, GREAT O.UEEN-STREET, LINCOLN'S INN-FIELDS; 4, HOYAL EXCHANCE; AND 16, HANOVER STREET, HANOVER SQUARE ; AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS. LONDON: Printed by Samuel Bentley and Co., Bangor House, Shoe Lane. RUINS OP THE FORUM.

Preface

. My principal object in writing this little history has been to place within the reach of general readers, especially young persons, the principal dis coveries of modern times, as well as the facts de rived from the ancient authorities. These views and theories have by this time had the opportu nity of being well weighed and carefully exa-

PREFACE.

IV mined, and consequently the notions of scholars in these days, respecting the early Roman history, are clearer and more certain than they ever were before. The knowledge, however, to which I allude, has to be sought for over a wide surface, and it is often stated in language somewhat difficult and obscure. To bring together this information within a small compass, and to express it in lan guage as simple as the subject admits, has been a task of some difficulty: the reader must judge how far I have succeeded in accomplishing it. I have not thought it expedient to make refer ences, in a work of this popular kind, to the authorities from which my statements are derived, because the sources are so well known to scholars, that to do so would have been unnecessary, whilst general readers would not have the inclination, and young persons the knowledge or ability, to verify them.

I have, however, throughout, not only availed myself of the laborious investiga tions of modern scholars and historians, especially the greatest of them all, Niebuhr, but have in all cases consulted the works of the Roman historians themselves. Those who are acquainted

PREFACE.

. V with their writings will recognise in many parts of the narrative almost a translation, or at least a paraphrase of the Latin originals. From what has been stated respecting the con tents of this little work, it will be seen that I do not lay claim to much originality. In some cases I have ventured to give my own views and reflec tions, and have not hesitated to state plainly and frankly my opinions respecting the political ten dency of events, and the characters of those who were a curse or a blessing to their country and their times. These observations, however, are necessarily very brief, and in all cases I have honestly stated facts, as recorded by the most trustworthy authorities. As I wished to write a little book, it became naturally an important question how far I should carry the " History of the Roman Empire: " had I comprehended the whole until its downfall, the nar rative of each event would have been too brief to be either instructive or interesting.

I have there fore thought that the conclusion of the reign of the twelfth Cæsar formed a convenient epoch for bringing the work to a termination. The death VI

PREFACE.

. of Domitian synchronizes with the completion of the New Testament canon, and with the date of the latest of our inspired writings. Those who wish to pursue the subject further, I would refer to " The History of the Roman Emperors," already published by the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. R. W. B. GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE FAMILY OF ÆMILIUS PAULUS. M. ÆMILIUS PAULUS, Consul b.c. 302. L. Æm. Paulus, killed at Cannæ. L. Æm. Paulus Macedonicus, Consul B.C. 182. Æmilia, wife of Cornelius Scipio Africanus major. Q. Fabius Maximus P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus minor. Æmilianus. GENEALOGICAL TABLE OF THE SCIPIOS. L. SCIPIO BARBATUS, Cn. Fil. Consul, B.C. 298. I L. Scipio, Consul B.C. 259. I ' I P. Scipio, killed in Spain, B.C. 211. Cn. Scipio, killed in Spain, B.C. 21 1 Scipio Africanus major.

L. Scipio Asiaticus. P. Scipio Cn. b.c. 190. Nasica. L. Scipio Asiaticus. P. Scipio Nasica. P. Scipio Cornelia, wife of Africanus. Tib. Gracchus. L. Scipio Asiaticus. P. Scipio Nasica, L. Scipio Asiaticus, who killed Cn. b.c. 83. T. Gracchus, P. Scipio Africanus minor. (By adoption.) Tib. Gracchus. C. Gracchus. Sempronia, wife of P. S. Africanus minor.

Chapter I. Geographical Description Of Italy

— ITS GEOLOGY — THE CAMPAGNA DI ROMA ITS BOUNDARIES DESCRIPTION COMPARED WITH PARTS OF ENGLAND — THE HIGHLANDS OF LATIUM ANCIENT AND MODERN CONDITION OF THE CAMPAGNA — SITUATION OF ROME. From the spurs of the Alps, which form a barrier against the winds of the cold North, there stretches in a south-easterly direction the vast peninsula of Italy ; its extreme length is more than seven hun dred miles ; its breadth, as compared with this, is inconsiderable, never exceeding one hundred and fifty miles. Its boundaries on one side are the Alps, on the other two the Hadriatic and Mediterra nean seas. It lies between 37° 55', and 46° 30' N. lat., and between 7° and 18° 30' E. long. The mountain range of the Apennines, upheaving its undulating summits of mountain limestone, with here and there a bare rock appearing, divides the peninsula into two portions.

The slopes of this chain are rich in mineral wealth, and down its wooded steeps and between the secondary ridges which branch from it, mountain streams and rivers flow, watering B the valleys and plains. Some of these swelled by tributaries, become navigable, and are the sources of commercial wealth as well as of natural fertility. The geological character of the country on the eastern side of the Apennines, resembles that of the other shore of the Hadriatic ; it is of secondary and tertiary formation ; it consists partly of the ex tensive and exceedingly fertile plains of Lombardy, watered by many rivers, especially by the Po and its tributaries, and partly of mountainous regions in terspersed amongst rich plains and romantic valleys. The western side is of equal and in some parts, Campania for instance, of superior fertility ; and though the limestone formation shows itself in the marble quarries of Carrara and Siena, in the isolated hills of Civita Vecchia and Soracte, and the mountain range which runs through the Campagna, the dwelling of the ancient Volsci, it consists principally of tufa, lava, peperino, and other rocks of volcanic formation ; and some of its lakes, like that of Alba and Nerni, are evidently craters of extinct vol canoes.

With these volcanic productions are min gled other newer strata of fresh water formation, of which the most important is travertin, originally Tiburtinum, so called because it abounds at Tivoli, the ancient Tibur. Of this are built many of the finest structures of ancient and modern Rome ; and it forms a considerable part of the Aventine. This fertile country, adorned with all that con tributes to the beauty of natural scenery, forest and river, mountain, valley, and plain, lies stretched beneath a sky proverbial for its colour and transparency, and enjoys a temperate climate, variable indeed, but for the most part healthy. But the more immediate home of that great peo ple whose history is about to be related, is the low country of Latium, which corresponds with the lowlands of the modern Campagna di Roma.

This was CAMPAGNA DI ROMA. the field on which its first battles were fought ; the scene of its ancient traditions. In later times, Latium was co-extensive with the whole of the modern Campagna, including both its highland and lowland districts. This tract of country, which contains more than two thousand square miles, stretches along the sea, from the Tiber to Terracina, the ancient Anxur. It is bounded on the north by the Anio (Teverone), on the north-east by the lowest ridge of the Apennines, beyond which the B highest summits of the range are visible, covered more than half the year with snow. The lowland district somewhat resembles the Downs in the West of England; its surface is un dulating and clothed with refreshing verdure in the winter and the spring : but when the scorching heats of summer beat down upon its treeless ex panse, the grass withers and the whole becomes a bare, burnt, and dusty desert.

Its slopes are frequently broken by steep escarpments, or " edges," such as are often met with in England, com manding extensive views, and intersected either by ancient river beds and water -courses, or by shallow streams shut in between rocky banks, and flowing at the bottom of tangled glens. These precipices formed naturally fortified positions for the nume rous little towns of the Latins. From this undu lating plain rise the highlands of the Campagna, ranges of hills which, viewed from Rome, appear like vast islands in the midst of a grassy sea. On the east are the hills of Alba, on the highest summit of which formerly stood the temple of the Latin tute lary Deity (Jupiter Latiaris), the god of the united worship of all of that Name. Lower down were the classic shades of Tusculum, between which and Rome stood many a villa of the wealthiest and noblest in Rome.

Somewhat more to the north may be seen the elevated table-land of Algidus, from which the Æqui poured down to lay waste the plains below. A little farther to the south the eye rests upon the rugged summits of the Volscian mountains. The Campagna is now desolate and uninhabited ; it is tilled and reaped by husbandmen, who visit it at the proper seasons and retire again to the salubrious highlands from this unhealthy district, when their rural labours are concluded, and some, fever-stricken, to fill the hospitals in Rome. In ancient times, as the climate was colder and less parched, it was pro bably much more healthy, and being dotted over with numerous small cities, and those near Rome not more than four miles from each other, it doubt less possessed an abundant resident population spread over the lands which they themselves cultivated.

Rome itself is situated at the farthest extremity of Latium, close upon the banks of the Tiber, se venteen miles from the sea ; its port was Ostia, which, even as early as the times of Strabo, had THE SEVEN HILLS. become choked with sand, and is now two miles from the sea. The modern port of Rome is Civita Vecchia. Its territory is divided from Etruria by the river, and from the country of the Sabines by the tributary stream of the Anio. Its original posi tion was the Palatine Hill ; and as its dimensions increased it gradually spread over the Ccelian and the Esquiline. The original Seven Hills on which Rome was built, were included in these three only. Afterwards, the Aventine, occupied as an habitation for the conquered Latins, and a Sabine city lying on the Capitoline, Quirinal, and Viminal, were con sidered part of Rome.

But it retained its title of Septimontium, or the City of the Seven Hills. The view ' from the city, looking towards the Tiber, is bounded by the line of the Janicular and Vatican hills.

Chapter II. Ancient Legendary History Of Rome

— FLIGHT OF ÆNEAS FROM TROY — PREDICTION OF AN ORACLE — LATINUS — EVANDER — HERCULES AND CACUS — WAR WITH LATINUS AND TURNUS — ÆNEAS SUCCEEDS TO THE THRONE OF LATIUM — HIS DEATH AND DEIFICATION — ALBA LONGA BUILT — ROMULUS AND REMUS — FOUNDATION OF ROME — DEATH OF REMUS — ASYLUM OPENED RAPE OF SABINES — TARPEIA — UNION OF THE SABINES AND ROMANS — ROMULUS TAKEN UP INTO HEAVEN NUMA POMPILIUS — HIS POLIOY — TULLUS HOSTILIUS — HORATII AND CURIATII — TREACHERY OF METTIUS FUFFETIUS — ANCUS MARTIUS — TARQUINIUS PRISCCS — HIS PUBLIC WORKS, ETC. — INFANCY OF SERVIUS TULLIUS — MURDER OF TARQUIN — POLICY OF SERVIUS — CONSPIRACY AGAINST HIM — HIS MURDER — TARQUIN THE PROUD — THE SIBYLLINE BOOKS — THE DELPHIAN ORACLE CONSULTED — STRATAGEM OF BRUTUS — LUCRETIA — EXPULSION OF THE TARQUINS. The following is the Greek legend which the na tional pride and family vanity of the Romans led them to adopt as the history of their origin.

Im mediately after the fall of Troy, or, as some say, to escape the capture of the city, Æneas, celebrated by the poets as a model of filial piety, fled by night with his father Anchises, his wife Creiisa, his infant son lulus, and his household gods ; and having lost his wife by the way, sailed for the Western world, the Hesperia of the poets. Exiles by the will of fate, after many dangers and adventures by sea and land, at last the Trojans landed safely on the Latin or Lavinian shores. An oracle had foretold that they should not find a settlement until hunger had compelled them to eat their tables, and that a quadruped should be their guide to the spot where they were to dwell. At the conclusion of the first meal of which they par took on landing, they began to eat the square cakes which they had used as plates or trenchers.

Upon this lulus exclaimed, that they were eating their tables. The fulfilment of the oracle was recognized, and they proceeded to offer a sacrifice of gratitude. A white sow, great with young, which was the victim, escaped, and ran until she came to an ele vated spot, about three miles from the shore, where she lay down and farrowed thirty young ones. Here then, in obedience to the second prediction, the exiles built their city ; and the doubts of Æneas, as to whether the site was sufficiently favourable, were removed by a voice which was heard to say, that in as many years as the sow had young ones, his descendants should remove to a more favoured spot. The king of this land was named Latinus. He was the third in descent from Evander, who had migrated from Arcadia, in the Peloponnese (the Morea), and is said to have been the civilizer of the original inhabitants of Italy.

In the reign of this Evander, tradition informs us that the country was infested by a gigantic robber, named Cacus. Hercules, who is said to have come to Latium with the oxen of Geryon, weary with his long journey, lay down to sleep on the banks of the Tiber. Whilst he slept, Cacus stole the most beautiful oxen in the herd, and, lest their footsteps should betray him, dragged them by the tails to his cave. Hercules awoke at early dawn and missed the animals, but, perplexed by the direction of the footsteps, prepared for de parture. On a sudden, the lowing of one of his herd was answered from the cave. This led to a discovery, and when Cacus resisted, Hercules killed him with his club. On being brought to Evander, he declared who he was. Evander then welcomed him as a HEAD OF HERCULES. hero or demi-god, and caused an altar to be erected in his honour.

This was the only foreign rite adopted by Ro mulus. " So early," says Livy, " was he a favourer of immortality, gained as the reward of virtue, to which his own fates were leading him." Latinus welcomed the strangers and assigned to them seven hundred jugera of land, seven to each, for they were a hundred in number.1 But in a short time the ungrateful colonists made incursions into their neighbours' fields. Hence a war arose, and Latinus called in the aid of his ally, Turnus, a The Roman jugerum, the etymology of which is, di-agerum, equalled two squares of one hundred and twenty feet each; each square was termed an aclus. B king of the Rutuli. Small as was the number of the Trojans, they conquered the allied kings. La tinus fell in battle, and Æneas married his daughter Lavinia, and succeeded to the vacant throne.

The city was called Lavinium, and the Latins and Tro jans formed one people, under one common name. Turnus, however, would not submit, but sought the alliance of Mezentius, king of the neighbouring Etruscans. In a second battle Æneas fell, but as lulus affirmed that he was taken up into heaven, the Latins worshipped him under the title of Ju piter Indiges. At length lulus slew Mezentius, in single combat, and thus the war was brought to an end. The thirty years were now completed, and lulus removed his people to Mount Alba, and along its ridge he built a city, which he named Alba Longa, or the Long White City. For centuries the descendants of Æneas reigned at Alba Longa. Numitor and Amulius were the sons of the twelfth in direct descent from him, and, on their father's death, Amulius usurped the throne, which, of right, belonged to his elder brother, Nu mitor.

In order to put an end to all future claims he murdered Numitor's only son, and made his daughter Silvia a vestal virgin. But the god Mars met her in his sacred grove, and she bare him twin sons. These Amulius ordered to be cast into the Tiber. The river happened to have overflowed its banks, and the wooden cradle in which the children had been exposed drifted into the shallows and rested under a wild fig-tree, at the foot of the Pa latine Hill. There they were discovered by a wolf, which suckled the children ; and when they grew older a woodpecker fed them. BRONZE WOLF. One day, Faustulus, a royal herdsman, watched the fourfooted nurse, and finding the children, took them home to his wife, who brought them up with her own children, and named them Romulus and Remus. The young men were like their foster-father, herds men, and quarrels frequently arose between them and the herdsmen of Numitor.

In one of these Remus was seized and carried before Numitor. The story of his infancy was told, and on Romulus coming to rescue his brother, Numitor recognized and owned them as his grandchildren. They then overthrew the usurper Amulius, and restored Numitor to the throne of Alba. The young men, however, determined to found a new city, and chose as the site the scene of their early years.*1 They agreed that augury should decide which of them should give his name » b.c 753, A.u.c 1. to the new-built city. Romulus accordingly took his seat on the Palatine Hill, and Remus on the Aventine, in order to observe the heavens. They watched all night, and in the morning six vultures were descried by Remus, on his right hand. Scarcely was this told to Romulus, when he in his turn saw twelve. On account of the number of the birds the augurs decided in his favour, and Romulus commenced working at the walls of his city, on the Palatine.

Remus, angry at his defeat, leaped in scorn over his brother's lines. Provoked at this insult, either Celer the captain of the equites, or horsemen, who was superintending the work, or, as some say, Romulus himself, struck him a blow, and killed him on the spot, saying, " Thus shall he die who dares to leap across my walls." Although remorse could not restore his brother to life, Romulus endeavoured to quiet his con science, by instituting a festival in his honour, which was ever after celebrated under the name of the Remuria or Lemuria. ROMULUS. Although the city was built, there were not enough people to fill it. Romulus, therefore, opened an asylum, to which all fugitives, slaves, and criminals might fly. But though he thus increased the number of his citizens, the neigh bours, as might be expected, would not intermarry with such a set of vagabonds.

He therefore proclaimed a festival, with various games and sports. The neighbours flocked to Rome to witness the sight, and, on a signal being given, the Romans rushed upon them, and carried off their unmarried daughters. The principal sufferers were the Sabines and the Latin towns of Cænina, Antemnæ, and Crustu merium. To avenge this insult, the Latins declared war ; but they were conquered, and Romulus slew the king of Cænina, Acron, and offered his spoils to Jupiter Feretrius. The spoils taken from a king were called spolia opima, and were only taken on this and two other occasions, during the whole existence of the Romans as a nation. The Sabines, then under the command of their king, Titus Tatius, marched against Rome. Round their necks and arms they wore collars and armlets TORQUES AND ARMILLA. of gold.

Now the capitol or citadel of Rome was under the command of Tarpeius ; and his daughter, Tarpeia, tempted by the collars and arm lets of the Sabines, offered to betray the capitol, on condition of receiving what the Sabine soldiers wore upon their arms. The Sabines took her at her word ; and, when they had rushed in, heaped their shields upon the traitress, and crushed her to death. Between the capitol and the city was a marshy valley : and here the Sa- COIN OF TARPEIA. bines and Romans met in battle. The fight was for a long time doubtful, and at last the Romans began to give way. Romulus, therefore, vowed a temple to Jupiter Stator (the flight-stayer), and his soldiers rallied. The battle was renewed, when, lo ! from the gates of Rome the Sabine women rushed in between the hostile armies, and besought their fathers and their brothers to be friends with their husbands.

Peace was concluded ; the two nations became one people, though each was governed by its own king. The Sabines, or Quirites, as they were now called, occupied the capitol which they had taken, and the Quirinal hill ; the Roman city, as before, was on the Palatine. The valley between was the place of consultation for the two sovereigns, and was hence called the Comitium, that is, the place of coming together. A few years passed away in harmony, and Tatius was killed by the Laurentines, and then Romulus reigned alone. The infant colony was exposed to predatory inroads from the neighbouring nations, especially the peoples of Fidenæ and of Veii : but their war like monarch was victorious over all his foes, and thus gained an accession of territory. Thirty-seven years he reigned, when, one 5th of August, he had assembled the people on the plain of Mars.

On a sudden, a storm and thick darkness arose ; and when the storm was over, and the darkness had dispersed, he was gone. Mars, his father, had taken him up in a chariot to heaven. That night he appeared to Proculus Julius, and bid him tell his mourning people, that, if they would cultivate the art of war, Rome should be the capital of the world, and that no human power should be able to resist their arms. Thus he spake, and ascended into heaven. At the death of Romulus, there was an interreg num for one year, during which the two hundred senators, whom Romulus had appointed as his council or parliament, ruled in turn, ten holding office at one time for five days. But at last, at the urgent wish of the people, they consented to choose a successor. NUMA POMPILIUS. The Romans and Sabines were each anxious that the new king should be of their nation ; so they agreed that he should be chosen by the Romans from among the Sabines.

Their choice fell upon Numa Pompilius, the son-in-law of Titus Tatius, a learned, wise, and religious man." He was said to have been a pupil of the Greek philosopher Pythagoras. * B.c. 71.5, A.u.c. 39. As Romulus had made his people great by the arts of war, so Numa Pompilius endeavoured to civilize them by those of peace. His first care was devoted to the establishment of religion, and he professed to be directed in the appointment of the ordinances of religion by the nymph Egeria. With her he said that he had nightly meetings, beside a sacred fountain. He divided the public lands among the people, and consecrated each man's landmark to the god Terminus. He built a temple to Fides, the goddess of truth, in order to remind the Romans of this holy duty, for attention to which they were ever so justly famed ; and another to Janus, situated between the Roman and Sabine towns, which was always to be open during war, for mutual council and assistance, and closed during peace.

Whilst the division of the lands induced the rural population to cultivate in peace their little farms, he encouraged trade by forming the citizens into nine corporations, like our guilds or companies. He corrected the errors in the calendar, and made the year and month agree with the periodical times of the sun and moon, and added the months of Jan uary and February at the commencement of the year, which before this consisted of ten months only. His reign, as might be expected from his charac ter, passed in peace and tranquillity. He lived to the good old age of eighty, after having reigned thirty-nine years. He was buried across the Tiber, in a tomb which he had himself chosen without the city, in obedience to his own law, by which he had wisely forbidden interring of the dead within the walls,— a law which the Romans always religiously observed.

ANCIENT TOMB. TULLUS HOSTILIUS. Again there was a short interregnum, and this time a Roman was chosen king.3 Tullus Hostilius resembled Romulus in his character, and his war like spirit was soon called into action. The Romans aud Albans had each plundered the other, and at the same time sent to demand satisfaction. The Romans managed to be first refused, and therefore declared war. Cluilius, the Alban king, marched his army within five miles of Rome, and there died. To supply his place, Mettius Fuffetius was chosen dictator. Before the armies engaged, Mettius proposed ■ b.c. 675, a.u.c 79. that the issue should be decided by a select num ber of combatants on each side. Now there hap pened to be in both armies three brothers, all born at one birth, — the Horatii in the Roman army, the Curiatii in the Alban.

They met, and fought until all the Curiatii were wounded, and two of the Horatii slain. The survivor pretended flight ; the Curiatii pursued ; and when, by this means, he had separated them, he suddenly turned, and slew them in succession, and thus remained master of the field. TOMB OF THE CURIATII. Romans returned in triumph, Horatius at their head, bearing the spoils of the three Curiatii. At the city gate his sister met him, and when she saw the armour of the Curiatii, to one of whom she was betrothed, she wept. Her brother, angry at such a welcome, stabbed her with his sword, ex claiming, " Thus perish every Roman woman who shall bewail the death of an enemy ! " The decemvirs sentenced him to be scourged, and hung as a murderer, but he appealed to the people ; and they, in consideration of the victory he had won, remitted the sentence, on condition of his passing under the yoke, by way of atonement and expiation.

The Albans felt sore under the loss of their inde pendence, and excited the neighbouring towns to revolt from Rome. The people of Fidenæ, assisted by those of Veii, did so, and the allied forces of Rome and Alba, marched to quell the revolt. The treacherous Mettius withdrew his troops to the hills, intending to wait and see which would prove victorious. Victory at length declared for the Ro mans, and Mettius marched down to offer his con gratulations. Tullus pretended not to see his treachery, and assembled the Albans on the morning after the victory, at a sacrifice of thanksgiving. They came unarmed, and the Romans surrounded them. Mettius was condemned to be torn asunder by two chariots. Alba was razed to the ground, and its inhabitants transferred to Rome, where they occupied the Cœlian Hill.

The houses of the nobility were admitted to the same rank and privileges with those of the Romans. Tullus next gained a decisive victory over the Sabines ; but whilst engaged in these brilliant ex ploits, he had forgotten his religious duties. Awful prodigies proclaimed the anger of heaven ; a plague attacked his people, and Tullus, in remorse and alarm, sought by the means recommended by Numa a favourable sign from heaven. His repentance was all in vain,— the lightning fell, and destroyed him and his family. He reigned thirty-two years OSTIA. ANCUS MARCIUS, His successor, Ancus Marcius,1 was the grandson B.C. 643, A.u.c. Ill of Numa, and in religious matters followed his grandfather's example. He was engaged in a successful war with the Latins, whom he brought in great numbers to Rome, and gave them the Aven tine for an habitation.

He built the now desolate port of Rome, Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, and a wooden bridge (pons sublicius) to join the Janiculum with the city. He built, also, a prison on the side of the Capitoline hill, which is the oldest remaining monument of ancient Rome. He reigned twenty-four years. TARQUINIUS PRISCUS. The reign of the next king connects the history of Rome, not only with that of Etruria but with that of the more distant country of Greece. Demaratus was a member of an aristocratic family at Corinth, and was exiled in consequence of the success of the democratic party under Cypselus. He consequently migrated to Tarquinii, where, as a merchant, he amassed a large fortune. He had two sons, Lucumo and Aruns, of whom the former survived him. He married a noble Etruscan lady, whose ambition per suaded her husband to seek at Rome those honours, from which, as a stranger, he was excludedat Tarquinii.