Suggestions on the Ancient Britons

Preface

. The present work is to be received as a collection of notes, to be added to and better arranged by the qualified reader. The most fastidious will forego the usual desiderata of style and composition, and pass over the want of an introduction for its author, when he considers that the carrying out to completeness the suggested inquiry would transcend the power or compass of an individual, however high in any rank of literature. Let him reflects to what these disjecta membra belong. No man has ever set on foot this general question of who were the ancient Britons, — the race to be accredited with the peculiarity of British institutions, Hundred, Shire, and Tything, Knighthood (including its orders, the " Garter " and " Bath,") that safeguard of order and morals in the middle ages, Jury, as well the " Grand Assize " as the Common Jury, or in Norman phrase, Jujement du pt.is. the Druid faith and Christian Church in Britain before the Emperor Constantine, the bard and dateless harp. These are, and have been, waiting a recognition of their origin ; some of them are loosely referred to the Welsh, that a

PREFACE.

. is, to a race in vocabulary Celtic; Celts no where out of Wales, if there, exhibiting claim or title to the majority of those institutional particulars ; nor, out of Wales, to any of them. While a great mystery, or an inordinate assumption, hangs over or attaches to that corner of Britain, and the Cambraic people, the history of Wales prior to the close of the sixth century of our era, and that of the Britons, except from the scanty notices of their subjugation and occasional revolts, on the classic page, and in the Saxon chronicle, being a mere blank ; the names of Cunobeline, Cassivelan, Carac tacus, and Bonduca, in Cæsar and Tacitus, of Carausius, and of other heads of insular pretenders to the Roman purple in other accounts, followed by the names of Owen, Gwrthrwyn, and Maelgwin, with Cadwallader, and his two immediate ancestors ; these are the sum, or nearly the sum, of events, cycles, and titles, of the insular Britons.

And for all beyond the island, we have " Brute the Trojan," and a list of apocryphal outlandish kings, with mythical circumstances, — the latter characteristic attaching to Prince Arthur, the hero of a battle, and supposed tenant of a tomb at Glaston bury, which proved a monkish deception. Was it not competent to any man loving his country much, and truth more, to suggest something to move an inquiry, and hope some result to ten years of toiling and moiling about the proofs ? Criticism passing over Cimric ground might almost have heard a warning from its hollow echoes. The name of " Troy " is extant on the Welsh Border, and as title to a game among Welsh boys, akin to that more familiarly known as " Hop Scot." Now, the Aramitic names here introduced, " Troy," a gate, and " Hop-Scot," face about

PREFACE.

. V the water-trough (one of the incidents in the game), were suggestive of the ground on which all that is exclusively British rests. Whether a Celtic Brutus (see Part II., chap, v.) really existed, with Archaic circumstances, may be scarcely worth the inquiry ; but that " Troy " has come to Wales, involving apparently an appropriate idea, is a matter carrying its own evidence ; and if such particulars, connected with a mass of others, point to an eastern origin, the Troy, or rather both the Troes of Asia (that on the Dardanelles, and the other near Xanthus), may have been the gates that once closed between the Cimri and Europe. This is simply a hint to the obstinate opponents and defenders of one point in a case of pedigree purporting to be older than the first civilization of Europe, unless it be the mere creation of fancy.

But the British Constitution is a something without an exponent in Roman, Saxon, or Norman institutions, or in Roman, Saxon, Norman, or Celtic language. This case we enunciate. Weoffer suggestions to elucidate a strange mystery, or to fill an ackno%vledged vacuum in history, and what a history, comprising that of Europe in and before the classic era ! We have Welsh records, in tolerable continuity, and extent of words, phrases, lines, pages, and volumes ; but what are they to Britons, or Britons to them ? What is their meaning ? What do all, or what does a single page of them convey ? Any thing. Nothing. ERRATA. Part L, page 5, for " Cerausius," read " Carausius." „ „ 141, for "tongues," read " torques." Page 27, line 30, for " Sethlaus, read " Sethlans." „ 34 „ 8, for " promeha," read " pronuba." „ 39 „ 28, for " Cypriæ," read " Cypricæ."

For " Chap. IV.," read " Chap. V." „ 41 „ 23, for " at," read " of." „ 44 „ 1, for " avre," read " ata-re." „ 45 „ 6, for " Damicides," read " Damodoces." „ „ „ 21, for " Calabis," read " Cabalis." „ 48 „ 6, for " Europe," read " Egypt." „ 50 „ 17, for "next," read" fifth." „ „ „ 8, for " vi.," read " v." „ 51 „ 8, for " next," read " y." „ 58 „ 25, for " Jenistan," read " Jinnistan." „ 59 „ 15, /or"Zindan,"rea(7"Zend." „ „ „ 29, for " Archomenos," read " Orchomenos. „ 67 „ 5, for " datum," read " dictum." „ 80 „ 26, for " Miny," read " Minyan." „ 103 „ 28, for " nor," read " as." „ 104 „ 24, /or"Rhigium,"rearf"Ehegium." „ 118, last line,/or " of," read " and." „ 119, line 27, for " Hayne," read " Heyne." „ 148 „ 15, for " Lection," read " Leition." ,,152 „ 31, for " Jennistan ,"rearf "Jinnistan." ,,153 „ 26, after " Delos," read a full stop. ,,155 „ 25, a/i!er"Ægyptian,"rearf"Lion." „ 160 „ 10, after " era," no comma. „ 161 „ 30, for " bounding," read " boundary." „ 175 „ 19, for" I," read"]." „ 185 „ 29, for " a," read " a." „ 186 „ 8, for " Zagaæus," read " Zagrœus." „ 226 „ 28, for " K," read " H." „ 237 „ 24, " Paronomatia," read " Paronomasia." „ 244 „ 3, omit " Glossary at end." „ 248 „ 24, omit three lines. „ 257 „ 21, under " b3," read " p."

Introduction

. The Aramitic origin of the ancient Britons was suggested to the' writer at first by the predominance of " Ken" in the topography of a certain district, which, traced out in other localities, appeared to be coincident with " Kent," and the " Chenimagni," or classical Iceni. In the districts of the Ken appeared roads called " Icencheld," and, beyond them, the Rhykencheld, the terminating syllable giving the ideas, road, and weasel, or Ermine, in the same Aramitic word, of heraldic import among national insignia here and in Brittany. Upon this suggestion, and from further personal observation, on the spot, of the peculiar applicability of topographical names in the south, east, and west sides of the island, he had the preceding coincidences more strongly marked out. A serious task had sprung out of an amusing topic of inquiry ; he had to pursue the subject in the traditions of the East of Europe, and, if possible, into Asia.

Having no information or know ledge of Celtic or Welsh, and not being able to reconcile the vocabulary of Wales with the above, nor with the traditional name of the people Cimri or Cynmru, he postponed or omitted inquiry in that direction until he had closed and prepared for the press the pages comprised in, and to a great extent completing, what forms the second Part of this work. The matter of the First Part, and the concluding chapter of the work, were subsequently put together upon a perusal of the Welsh specimens translated by the Hon. Algernon

INTRODUCTION.

. Herbert, in his " Britannia after the Romans," his " Neo Druids," and his " Cyclops Christianus." Mr. Herbert's translations comprise the whole of the present writer's information on the Welsh archaic literature. His principal object in prefixing the review on the Welsh relics was to elicit the remarks, or attract the attention, of competent Celtic or Welsh scholars and Hebraists to the fact of an unparalleled want of coherence in these relics of the Bards and traditions of the Druids, resulting in an utter blank as to British, Bardic, or Druidic institutions accredited to them. To receive those ancient Welsh works, as they have come down to the present from the editions or publications in the twelfth century, would be to close at once the annals of ancient Britain. He regrets his own incompetency, but hopes a plan will be found here suggested for a more successful treatment of the case, that is, for the conversion of literary rubbish into actual relics of British ideas, designs, events, and characteristics.

On the whole subject the archæologist will complain of the lack of material for his review : numismatics, brasses, sculptured records, and the constructive arts in general, are desiderata : our museums are all but vacant as to Cimric relics. The fact is, the Cimri did not read nor write. How, then, to trace them from the West of Europe to the East ? Let the reader take up these " Suggestions," and go confi dently among the ancient traditions on the Ægean, with the records of which we are richly stored. The classical scholar must not draw back at our confession that we have news for even him. The " Iliad " is as among recent authorities here, while the style and completeness of that poem, com pared with the immediate sequence of Hellenic art and literature, point to the conclusion, that the age of Homer was the end of the beginning, the ruin of archaic Hellenism, and Asiatic settlements, and of institutions order and wealth replaced by Homeric song. The treatment here pursued for this intricate and usually unsatisfactory branch of study will be found, we hope, less

INTRODUCTION.

. IX novel than practical and thorough, so far as half-developed suggestions can be so. They proceed by accrediting success ively with their several portions of the myths and imperfectly historical records, the several nations who have been known as founders of the settlements of those districts, or as successive usurpers of the soil, or who were nations bordering on the Hellenes. " As mythology gives off its successive portions to the respective races, what remains will, on comparison of national characteristics with the record, be accredited to the other races. Some will appear Ionic ; others, Persian, Achæan, Pelasgic, and Teucrian, the characteristics of these several races having been first ascertained. A Hellenic text, title, or institution passing for a whole will be separated from myths after they have been grouped, and the groups or impersonations resolved into particulars ; and lastly, those groups and these particulars referred to in the languages of the several races.

Here is no astronomical, theogenic or other idea prejudicing the case. Succession and innovation are the rules for the life of past ages, as of the present ; results follow no theory, but rest on the evidence. * The strange state of the Welsh records is thus on a par with the mythical traditions of classic literature — its Pan theon, an utter Pandemonium, or chaos, with illustrations, mingling shadows of the past with the dreams of our own times. The accomplished and highly-endowed Carl. O. Muller * We ought not to hesitate at investigating the past, amid so many fragments as intersperse even classical literature, unsphered truths, as it were, disproving the whole tenor of early classic traditions. In the following, the discoveries of Kepler seem anticipated, the genuineness of our authority admitted, a point on which the present writer cannot shape an opinion.

Plutarch (" De Plac," 1. iii., c. 13), quoting Philolaus, the Pythagorean, says, ynv — kukAo) -irepirpepeirBai -nepi to nvp Kara kvkXov Ao£ou. And of Aristarchus, e^eXirreirdai Se Kara \ogov kvkXov tt\v yqv ap.a <ai -rrepi rov avrrfs afora bivovpevov. (Plutarch, " De Facie in Orbe Lunœ," lib. ii., p. 983, Oxylander.)

INTRODUCTION.

. X is the most remarkable and recent instance of critic and historian attempting to vindicate and verify the antiquity of Grecian civilization, as Niebuhr for Rome, and Michaelis and others for Asiatic States, — the latter coming forth since on the restored base of discoveries from the happy enterprise and industry of Botta, Layard, Rawlinson, and Fellowes, to which we must add (for here are undoubted Persian characteristics), many tasteful and accomplished Tuscan tourists ; nor must we omit the felicitous recoveries of a still more remote record in the " Arabian Geography," and " One Primæval Language," of the Rev. C. Forster. In glancing at these remarkable cases, exhibiting a long desired union of philology and history, or of aids thereto, it will be asked how these " Suggestions " can contribute to either.

The answer will be a case in illustration. In the First Part (p. 151), "Pict" is referred to the Aramitic " Wicht," a cake, oven, &c. Now, the " Pict towers " in the Shetland Islands (see G. Hygins, " Apocalypse," p. 78), are remarkable monuments of a name. Why are they " Pict towers," being not on the ground of the Picts ? But they are in form two concentric cylindrical walls, the inner pierced with tiers of apertures, so as to form rows of small ovens in appearance ; the actual destination of the structures is, however, made out by the bones and residuum to have been for sepulture. Here, then, is a Cimric nomenclature for an object agreeing with the name. Another case is, " Marmor," Celtice, Salt-sea, for the Baltic (Part I., p. 35), a case which has sometimes been brought in proof of the Baltic Cimri having been Celts, though that conclusion is not warranted.

The order of proofs exhibited by these two and by similar cases, is not peculiar, but normal. As we obtain a credible statement on current events by the testi mony of approved witnesses or observers, using words with intelligible meanings, so when we find names with recognised application or ideas, in the neighbourhood of some ancient monument, or entering into topographical description merely,

INTRODUCTION.

. XI we have a case of testimony perpetuated or brought down to our time, and intelligible as explained in reference to the object it applies to. Our institutions (shire, or), county, tything, and hundred, are cases as of something established or found, and named by the Saxons ; for the names and matters agree. A contrary case is the topographical expression, " Oyster Hill," in Shropshire. There are no oysters there, but the place is the reputed site of the victory of Ostorius Scapula over Caractacus. Without the latter circumstance the name would only be its own evidence as to having been of ancient acceptance. So all topographical names of unknown meaning are old facts or traditions wanting a medium to show their applicability. If we know the language to which the name is to be referred, we have the meaning, and vice versa.

Its applicability to some object of nature or art, or to an event or institution, is then to be made out. ... In these " Suggestions " a sufficient number of cases are got together to prove the language of the nomenclature ; and again, a great variety of cases referred to that language are used to suggest the application of names to objects, institutions, and the like. The want of material monuments, even of archaic inscrip tions — an unavoidable circumstance for a race like the Cimri, unlettered, and little prone to the constructive arts, — does not divest the subject of evidence. Testimony of the physical order might even have had less chance of permanence than traditions may attain and secure. Where the evidence exhibits no meaning nor applicability, as " Oyster Hill," or the rubbish of Nineveh before it was turned over and made to render treasures of information, the record, whether material or simply traditional, is equally unsatisfactory.

Where a material monument exists, it may be merely accessory to the name in point of evidence ; the Pict towers appear to prove the presence of Cimri, who named them, as the name, " Mar-Mor," for the Baltic, is evidence of Celts having been on those shores.

INTRODUCTION.

. These single archaic words or names referred, on sufficient data, to a particular race or language, or attached authen tically to particular meanings, offer strong negatives to an erroneous opinion or theory. The same, particularly when they report or describe institutions, recurring often and with varied accompaniments, lead to grand affirmative proofs, and, with authorized combinations, are sufficient to restore the lost annals of events, dynasties, and races. But such restoration intends only a very bare outline — little more than would appear for a particular house in the blazonry of its arms and accompanying motto. Classic mythology gives little more than this when reduced to its archaic elements. %* Abbreviations in names of the principal references :•— " Britannia after the Romans," by the Hon. Algernon Herbert Brit.

" Neo Druids " . . same . . N. D. " Cyclops" . . . same . . Cycl. " Dorians " . .of C. O. Miiller . M. LD. " Mythology " . . same . . M. M. " Antioch " . . same . . M. A. " Orchomenos" . . same . . M. 0. PAGE CONTENTS TO

Part II. Chapter

I. Cases of Coincidence between British and Attic Institutions and Archæology. — Emblematic and Heraldic Corn Ears.— Dragon. — Music. — Woollen Fillets. — Oak Garland. — Misletoe, and Druid belief in a Future State. — British Marine. — Oracles. — Murder a Capital Offence. — The Blue Belt. — Literary construction of the form, " He is Feeding," and Attic approximations to the Aramitic. — A Digression on Dorisms . . . . 1

Chapter II

Of Hellenism and the Classic Greek. — Ionic the Common Greek. — Ionians distinguished by Apatouria, Apatouria in the Vedas. — The Hindu Bagh, Heri, Iswara, and the Yoni, in Bacchus, Ares, Ephesian Deity, and the Latin Juno. — Other Hindu Institutions in Hellas 12

Chapter III

§ i. Pelasgi. — Cabiri, Sybils, Gipsy. — § ii. Gipsy "Chales," or "Romi." — Marriage. — Roman Institutional Points and Language. — The " Orphici." — Syrian and Greek sites of Gipsies, traced in the " Iliad " and " Odyssey." — § iii. The Gipsy in India, Russia. — Tyrrhene Pelasgi, Phocæans, Marseilles, Trogus, Pompeius. — Niebuhr's Etymological Test of Pelasgi in Italy . . .23 CONTENTS. XIV

Chapter IV. Pj

OK § I. Traces of Persian settlement on the Syrian coast, from Egypt to Xanthus, and relations of Persian to Tuscan art. § 2. The Amazons, Diana, and the flagellum. — Crete. — The tale of Agamedes and Trophonius, and Persian circumstances of the locality.— " Thracian," and " Cadmeis." § 3. Orchomenos. — Minyæ. — Andrais. — Ægidæ. — Lycian. — Athamantidæ. — Æolians. — Sun-worship. — Argonaut. — " Race of Mars." — The Wolf. — Harpy. — The District. § 4. Masonry and Sculpture at Orchomenos, Argolis, &c. 55

Chapter V

Introduction. — § i. Detached Mythical Titles and Symbols. — § ii. The same referred to Races or Territories. — Thracian, Phrygian, Teucrian, Œtolian, Carduchian. — § iii. These several Places and Tribes referred to an Original. — § iv. Inquiry on the Era of the Celtic Events 87

Chapter VI

§ i. Dorians and Achæans one stock. — § ii. Of Oriental, Aramitic origin. — § iii. The Heracleids, Classic Apollo, and other particulars, usually assumed as Doric. — § iv. Assumed Doric Colonies in Asia. — § v. Course of the Achæi-Dorians from Asia. — Doric connexion with Apollo, Hercules, and the Games. — § vi. Recapitulation 133

Chapter VII

§ i. Athens— Ancient Territory and Institutions. § ii. The British Corn Ears — Dragon — Music — Woollen Fillets — Oaks. § iii. Misletoe and Druid Faith— Marine— Oracles— Murder, a Capital Offence— The Blue Belt PAGE CONTENTS TO

Part III. Chapter

I. Introduction. — The Religious Test of Origin. — § i. The Original Faith.— § ii. The Site in Asia 231

CHAPTER II.

The Welsh Relics. — § i. A Series of Paronomasia, Short Examples, and case of the Garter.- — § ii. An Original Cimric Poem, and a Variety of Welsh Specimens, with Retranslations . . . SUGGESTIONS UN THE ANCIENT BRITONS.

Part I. London

: J. R. SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. 1853. ALEX. MACINTOSH, TRINTER, OREAT NEW-STREET, LONDON. PAGE 1 CONTENTS.

Chapter I

Defective State of our Knowledge on the Arts, Institutions, and History of Ancient Britain.— Summary of the Annals of Britain, from the close of the Fourth to the close of the Seventh Century. — The " Cimbri " only appear in the Geography of Richard of Cirencester. — Welsh Topography dates back to the Eleventh Century. — Welsh Personages in the Saxon Chronicle have not Saxon nor Celtic Names. — The Britons lost in the Roman Annals from the close ofthe First Century. Events in Britain to the Fifth Century, Cerausius, Maximus, Gerontius. — Independence. — Plots against Britain by the Emperor Julian's School or Followers, the " AppollinaresMystici," Martin, Lupus, Germanus — his Hallelujah Victory over the Picts. — Vortigern. — Maelgwin. — Augustine and Battle of Bangor ; Cadwallader. — What became of the 12,000 troops sent from this Island into Britany by Maximus P — Celts of Cerausius' Campaigns ; Cadwallader. — The Cimbri of Devon post-Roman Settlers.

What became of the Britons of Kent and other Roman Provincials ? — Kent and Welsh Topography and People compared. — What of the British Marine, so conspicuous in the Wars of Cerausius ? — Owen and Cymmric Battles of Independence indistinctly given. — Cynedda arid Owen in the Triads ; Successes against the Picts. — Cimbri of the Baltic disappear with the Notice in Tacitus. — Cadwallader, a Celt.

Chapter II

Druids held up to contempt by A. Herbert. — Pythagoras accredited with the Origin of Druidism. — Cæsar, Diodorus, and Strabo; their Notices ofthe Druids. — " Ovates" and ' Ouages," Awn, or CONTENTS. IV PAGE 16 33 Inspiration of Bardism: furies, " Samnites."— The Druids traced by some to Marseilles and the Phocæans.— No Druids in Spain. — " Saronids."— The Welsh Harp.— Magic— The " Adder's Egg." — " Pateræ of Gaul." — Neo-Druids. — Celts in Britain and Gaul had Tenets in common.— Welsh Poems abound with Strange Emblems, importing Idolatry. — Julian, Germanus, and Attila influenced Celtic Superstitions.— Examples of Literary Emblems; Astrology, Names of Heathen Deities, Misletoe, Metempsychosis. — Decay of Druidism in Gaul. — Idolatry in Gaul and Britain. — Cryptography. — Head of Belinus. — Mithraism of Julian.- — Ger manus in Gaul and Britain : and in Ireland St. Patrick. The Swine-creed of Britain. — Britain a " Terra Incognita," and Island of the Shades to Procopius. — Gaul at the same Period

Chapter III

Ethnology. — The Welsh Descendants of the Cymmry. — " Briton " same as " Armorican ; " therefore not equivalent to Pict. — Cymmry noticed on the Sculptures of Nineveh. — Cimbri of the Baltic identified with Celts by a Word : that Word questioned. — Kent and Chen in Britain. — Conan. — Veneti. — Dacian. — Topography and Coins. — Ken continued. — KvinjTes of Herodotus. — The Catti, Cyttian, and Gwiddeled. — British Chief of Cornwall. — Picts Creutnach. — WelshVocabulary,non-Celtic Examples. Hallelujah as a Watch-word. — The " Secret One" as applied to the Deity. — A Semitic Test proposed

Chapter IV

Welsh Topography traced to the Eleventh Century. — Welsh Works of the Twelfth Century.— Earlier Style or Examples of Welsh unknown. — Bardic Poems with Latin Sentences imply early Date or Ecclesiastical Editing. — Gildas wrote in Latin; quære, a Celt or Erse. — Early British Traditions oral.— Romances may be more authentic than early Welsh Publications. — These rest on collateral Evidence. — Their Original unknown. — Modern Welsh a mixed Language. Dr. Pritchard's Treatise to prove a Sanscrit Base of Ancient and Modern European Languages fails as to Welsh. — His Voca bulary does not comprise several important Welsh Words, these are Semitic. — The Construction " I am going," " I am eating," is Hebrew. — Hebrew Vocabularies giving the Originals of English or British Words of common Use. — A Topographical CONTENTS. V PAGE 91 Vocabulary. — A Vocabulary of Class Words. — Of the Topo graphy of the Isle of Wight. —Technical Vocabulary. — General Vocabulary 42

Chapter V

Hebrew Stanza in the Gwawd Llud, translated. — A Hebrew Sentence in the Name " Gwenhwyvar," Wife of Arthur, explaining the Tradition attached. — Another Hebrew Sentence in the "Triad of Swineherds." Several Hebrew Letters by Name obscured in Passages of Welsh Poems. — Examples of Double Translation or Punning on the Hebrew Original. — Idolatrous Allusions explained in the Case of Swine, Kine, Horses, Bear, and Lion, Cauldron, &'c. — " The Song of Horses" translated. — Retranslation of Twenty-four out of the Fifty-two Stanzas of " Arthur and Eliwlod" with Notes. — Glance atthePeriod of the Fifth Century in Britain. — A Language lost. — Stonehenge and Abury discussed, viewed with reference to British Structures, Lines of Defence in Dacia and Britain — Mr. A. Herbert's Extracts as to Stonehenge considered. — The "Gododin." — The irerpai Aii^potriai.

Other Druid Circumstances. — "Ouages," "Ovates." — " Ovyd." — " Grael." — Idols. — Dis. — Bacchus. — " Gallecenæ." — " Samnites.' ' — Misletoe. — Laurel. — Minerva. — Camulus. — Hermes. — ■ Apollo. — The Lamp, the Raven. — Pelagius. — The Glaun or Adder's Egg. — Arthur, Ambrosius, Medrawd, Madoc, Uthyr Pendragon, Excalybar. — Glastonbury or Avallon. — Grave of Arthur. — Translation of the "Dirge Uthyr Pendragon," __c. — Arthur and Urien traced to Asia 60

Chapter VI

Events in British History to be made out by Traditions and Poems. — The " Goddau."— Cynedda, Tepipawn, and British Tythings from the Baltic. — Owen. — Bran. — Llud. — Benelli. — Britons of three Districts, of four Districts. — Ocrene described from recent discoveries in Devon. — " Gododin." — Maelgwin, Aneurin, Ocrene, and Coranians, extend Cymmric Operations from Devon to York, and spread them over the whole of the Sixth Century

Chapter VII

Popular ideas of Ancient British Civilization. — The Harp, Bards, and Bardic Rules. — The Irish Harp.— Letters confined to the Celts. VI CONTENTS. PAGE 104 148 — Gildas. — Welsh Vocabulary decidedly Celtic, with striking exceptions. — Latin in old Welsh Poems. — Welsh Works of the Twelfth Century. — University of Cambridge had a British origin. — Arithmetic of Ancient Britons. — British Lines of Fortification and Sheep-walks, or Wool Districts. — Kent and Kenim, the Leek Chenin. "Cheld," in Ichenheld. — British Roads Boundaries of Wool Districts. — Runymede, Thamesis, Numerals in Topographical Names. — British Structures, Dacia, Coningsbury Castle, near Doncaster. — Fosse-way, Ackman-way, Gavelkind, Sarum, Poole, British Lines and Camps. — Close of Inquiry on British Structures. — Institutions of Ancient Britons ignored by Sir J. Mackintosh, by Thierry (" History of Norman Invasion"), and others. — Shires, Tythings, or " Friborg," same in Spain, — Hostages, Tythings described in Poems.

"Scot and Lot," "Statue Staple," "Fleet and Leet."— Uthyr Pendragon.— Sheriff-pricking, Belt of Knighthood.— The " Cat," for Punishment, Custom ofthe Mendip Hills. — " Melksham," " Celt." — Classic Annals as to Bonduca. — Religion. — Ancient British Marriages. — Miscellaneous Games, the " George and Garter " .