A Compendium of Ancient and Modern Geography ... New and improved edition

Front matter

A COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY, FOR THE USE OF ETON SCHOOL, A COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY, FOR THE USE OF ETON SCHOOL ; BY THE LATE AARON ARROWSMITH, M.A. A NEW AND IMPROVED EDITION, 1IT THE REV. C. G. NICOLAY, M.A. FELLOW OF THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, LECTURER ON GEOGRAPHY AT KING'S COLLEGE, LONDON, &c. EonDon : PUBLISHED BY E. P. WILLIAMS, AT THE ETON WAREHOUSE, 5 BRIDGE STREET, BLACKFRIARS AND AT ETON COLLEGE, BUCKS TO BE HAD ALSO OF MESSRS. WHITTAKER & CO., AVJJ MARIA LANE; AND MESSRS. SIMPKI-. & MARSHALL, STATIONERS' COURT. <* 1856. [Modem Names are throughout printed in Italics.} €imt tograpljiral Inaks, BY THE LATE AARON ARROWSMITH, M.A 1. THE ETON COMPARATIVE ATLAS of Ancient and Modern Geography, in 53 Maps (size 1 1 in. by 9) coloured, strongly bound in half-calf, lettered, (with complete Index of Ancient and Modern Names used) £1. 10*. 2.

THE ANCIENT ATLAS, consisting of the 26 Ancient Maps of the above, full-coloured, strongly bound in cloth, (with complete Index of Ancient and Modern Names used) 15*. 3. THE MODERN ATLAS, consisting of the 27 Modern Maps (including America,) full-coloured, strongly bound in cloth, (with complete Index of Modern and Ancient Names used) 15*. 4. SKELETON OUTLINES TO THE ATLAS (for filling in by the Student) of the same size as the Maps (27 in the Set) 6*. Separate Outlines, Ad. each. 5. A COMPENDIUM OF ANCIENT AND MODERN GEOGRAPHY, with Plans of Ancient Rome, Athens, and Syracuse, and an Index of the principal Names used, forming a Volume of 800 Pages : Edited, and with all the most recent Information and Discoveries introduced, by the Rev. C. G. Nicolay, Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, Lecturer on Geography at King's College, London, &c. Price 12*. 6d. strong clot/t boards, or half bound calf and lettered, 14*.

The Additions made by the Rev. C. G. Nicolay are designed to place this very useful Work on a level with the increased Geographical knowledge of the present day, and with the political, military, and commercial importance of the Science itself. They will be found to supply the wants of Students, whether in general Education, or for special application to military or civil purposes. Iu tljc 1-rrs.jJ, AN

Preface

TO THE NEW EDITION. The form which the present Edition of the "Eton Com pendium of Geography" has assumed, is due on the one hand to the familiarity which the portions of it relating to Classical and Biblical Antiquity have attained in the mind of those accustomed to its use, and on the other to the necessity for such additions as might place it on a level with the increased Geographical knowledge of the present day ; with the political, military, and commercial importance of the Science itself ; and consequently with the demand for in struction in it. The localization of Ancient Names, and generally that portion of the Compendium relating to Ancient Geography, has therefore been retained, though much not relating directly to the Science has been omitted, to make room for more relevant matter : and, for the same reason, the quotations, formerly given at length, are now only referred to.

The Tables, whether Geographical or Statistical, in the former Edition, have also for the most part been retained, and others added for the sake of comparison ; excepting in the case of those relating to the height of mountains, length of rivers, &c. which will usually be found corrected in the text, and more fully in the " Introduction to Physical Geography," now preparing for the use of Eton School. This Work is intended to supersede the first two Chapters of the former Edition of the Compendium, which, while entering largely into astronomical scieuce, omitted many things essential to a comprehensive and practical geographical knowledge. • 1 The additions to the original work relate chiefly to Modern geographical knowledge, especially of such portions of the surface ofthe Earth as are of more direct interest to English men, as integral parts of the British empire.

It is presumed, that while that has been retained which gained for the Compendium a high character among Scholars, the additions made will supply the wants of Students, whether in general education, or for special application to military or civil purposes. To meet the requirements of the Compendium in its present form, four Modern Maps are to be added immediately to the Eton Comparative Atlas : these will be followed by others iu due course ; until both scientifically and artistically the Atlas is made worthy of the College whose name it bears upon its Title-page, and ofthe progress of the Science of Geography up to the middle of the Nineteenth Century. C. G. N. Kino's College, London ; January, 1856, *** The Preface to the First Edition is added, tu shew what was the original design of the Author, the Rev. Aaron Arrowsmith, iii compiling the Work. NOTICE TO THE BINDER. Plan of Ancient Rome to face page 22G „ Syracuse . . . . 260 Athens . . • . .

PREFACE.

TO THE FIRST EDITION. The following Treatise has considerably exceeded the limits which had been originally assigned for so elementary a work ; but the extent ofthe subject is so great, that the individual details will perhaps still be deemed too concise. In addition to some account of the various ethnical and political changes, which have so repeatedly taken place in the early ages of the world, as well as in later times, there have been a few other matters introduced, either intimately connected with the study of Geography, or having a general bearing upon it. These have been added, not only for the sake of diminishing the dryness of recital, and of giving an identity to each place, which might better impress it on the memory of the young, but from a wish to omit no opportunity that presented itself of briefly noticing those things and circumstances, which may be read when pressed on the attention, but which are other wise frequently neglected to be sought for.

The Author is aware th__t this intention, with whatever diligence it may have been pursued, must, from its very nature, have been in some points but imperfectly executed; and he therefore solicits in its behalf the indulgence ofthe candid and the learned. He has availed himself of all the critical Works which came within his reach, and patiently compared them with the original Authorities, as well as with the investigations of the most recent and judicious travellers. Amongst the learned Authors, whose labours he has freely used, he may mention Cramer, Heeren, Kruse, Mannert, Ukert, Cluverius, Wells, Lem priere, Maas, Reland, D'Anville, Romanelli, Chaupy, Nardini, Camden, Gibson, &c &c. via The extracts from the Ancient Authors, and the references to them, which are appended to the body of the Work, will, it is presumed, be of some service in illustrating and enlivening the subjects to which they belong, lt was originally intended to confine these notes to extracts from the poets ; but the temptation to cite passages from the prose-writers, and to refer to some of the most interesting facts described by them, has been, in a few instances, too strong to be avoided : the excep tions, however, in both cases, will be found to have been adopted with a sparing hand.

For the illustrative notes to the XIth, XII4*--, XIIIth, and XIVth Chapters, as well as for the greater part of those on the VIth Chapter, the Author is indebted to the Rev. Richard Okes, M. a. late Fellow of King's College, Cambridge, and one of the Assistant-Masters of Eton. He has likewise enjoyed the benefit of that Gen tleman's advice and criticism throughout the remainder of the illustrations; and holds himself indebted to him, for his many obliging attentions, in a degree that no acknowledgment can sufficiently express. The Student, desirous of obtaining greater information concerning Ancient Greece and Italy, will do well to consult the labours of Mr. Cramer, who, it is hoped, may be persuaded to continue the illustration of Historical Geography, which, in his interesting account of these countries, he has so ably begun.

A. A Soho Square, January, 1831. CONTENTS. Chapter I. 1. Divisions of the Earth ; 2. Knowledge of the Ancients ; 3, 4. Europe; 5. Limits; 6, 7. Mountains; 8, Countries; 9. Area; 10, 11. Rivers; 19 *. Modern Europe ; 13 to'15. Countries; 16. Area and population ------- p. t — 9 Chapter II. 1 to 3. Asia; 4,5. Mountains; 6,7. Countries; 8. Area; 9 to 12. Rivers; 13. Modern Asia; 14, 15. Countries; 16. Area and population ------- p. 10 — 17 Chapter III. 1 to 3. Africa; 4,5. Mountains; 6,7. Divisions; 8. Area; 9 to 11. Rivers; 12. Modem Africa; 13, 14. Divisions; 15. Islands; 16. Area and population - - - p. 18 — 25 Chapter IV. 1, 2. America ; 3 (o 6. Discovery; 7, 8. Mountains; 9 to 13. Rivers; 14, 15. Divisions; 16. Area and population ; p. 26 — 36 Chapter V. 1 to 4. Insulæ Britannicæ; 5. Knowledge of Ancients; 6 to 10.

Inhabitants; 11. Invasions; 12. Albion; 13, 14. Mountains; 15. Promontories; 16 1o21. Rivers; 22 to 33. Roman Provinces; X CONTENTS. 34 to 37. Caledonia; 88. Roads; 39. Hibernia; 40, 41. Mountains ; 42. Promontories; 43, 44. Rivers ; 45. Lakes; 40. Inhabitants; 47. Knowledge of Greeks p. 37 62 Chapter VI 1. Engla-laud ; 2. Snxon Conquests ; 3. Area; 4. Danish In vasions; 5, 6. Smaller Divisions; 7, 8. Canlwara Rice ; 9,10. Suth-Seaxna Rice; 11 to 11. West Seaxna Rice; 15, 16. East Seaxna Rice; 17, 18. East-Anglas ; 19 to 22. Myrcna Rice; 23, 24. Norlhanhymbra Rice ; 25, 26. Wc-alon - p. 62-74 Chapter VII. 1. England and Wales ; 2. Government; 3. Religion; 4. Language; 5. Manufactures; G, 7. Divisions; 8. Area and popu lation ; 9, 10. Cities and towns ; 11. Military stations ; 12. Par liamentary representation; 13.

Scotland; 14. Divisions; 15. Area and population ; 16, 17. Cities and towns ; 18. Parliament ary representation; 19. Ireland; 20. Language; 21. Divisions; 22. Area and population ; 23. Cities and towns ; 24. Parliament ary representation ; 25. Great Britain ; 26. Area and popula tion ; 27. Military stalions; 28 to 32. Statistics, commerce, revenue - - - - - - - - p. 75 — 91 Chapter VIII. 1 to 3. Germania; 4. Knowledge of Ancients; 5 to 7. Mountains; 8 to 11. Rivers; 12. Inhabitants; 13. Area; 14 to 18. Vindili • 19 to 22. Ingævones; 23, 24. Istæ vones ; 25 to 31. Hermiones; 32,33, Decumates Agri ; 34 to 37. Scandinavia - p. 92— jog Chapter IX. 1 to 3. Vinilelicia; 4 to 7. Rliætia; 8 to 10. Noricum ; 11 to 15. Pannonia; 10to23. Illyricum - p. 107— -117 CONTENTS. XI Chapter X. 1. Modern Germany; 2.

Religion; 3 to 4. Divisions; 5. Area and population ; 6. Universities; 7. Hanover; 8,9. Prussia; 10. Saxony; 11, 12. Austria; 13. Bavaria; 14. Wurtemberg; 15 to 20. Sweden and Norway; 21 to 26. Dcnmarlt ; 117 — 139 Chapter XI. 1 to 4. Gallia; 5. Mountains; 6, 7. Rivers ; 8. Belgica ; 9. The Germanies; 10 to 12. Germania 2"; 13 to 17. Belgica 2"; 18, 19. Belgica 1"; 20. Germania I"; 21, 22. Maxima Sequano rum; 23. Celtica; 24. Armorica; 25, 26. Lugdunensis 2° ; 27, 28. Lugdunensis 3°; 29,30. Senonia ; 31 to 34. Lugdunensis I*; 35. Aquitania; 36, 37. Aquitania 1°; 38, 39. Aquitania 2"; 40, 41. Novempopulana; 42. Narbonensis; 43, 44. Alpes; 45 to 48. Vien nensis ; 49 to 52. Narbonensis 2a; 53, 54. Alpes Maritimæ ; 55 to 58. Narbonensis I"; 59. France; 60 Area and population ; 61. Statistics; 62, 63.

Cities ; 64. Possessions ; 65 to 68. Belgium; 69 to 74. Holland; 75. Luxemburg; 76 to 80. Switzerland p. 139--171 Chapter XII. 1 to 3. Hispania; 4,5. Mountains; 6. Promontories; 7 to 10. Rivers; 11. Divisions; 12 to 20. Hispania Citerior ; 21,22. Insulæ; 23 to 25. Bætica; 26,27. Lusitania; 28 to 35. Spain; 36 to 39. Portugal p. 171— 194 Chapter XIII. 1 \o 3. Italia ; 4. Promontories ; 5. Gulfs ; 6. Mountains ; 7. Rivers; 8. Divisions; 9 to 12. Liguria; 13 to 22. Gallia Cisalpina; 23 to 25. Venetia; 26. Carni ; 27. Histria; 28 to 34. Etruria; 35 to 39, Umbria; 40 to 42. Picenum ; 43. North Italy; 44 to 4G. Sardinia; 47. Parma ; 48. Modena; 50. Massa Carrara; 51, 52. Tuscany; 53. Lucca - - p. 195— CONTENTS. Chapter XIII. 1. Italia Media; 2 to 4. Sabini; 5. Ægina; 6. Divisions; 7. Rivers; 8 to 12.

Inhabitants ; 13, 14. Latini ; 15 to 20. Roma ; 21. Rutuli; 22,23. Hernici; 24. Volsci; 25. Ausones; 26 to 33. Campania; 34 to 37. Sabiimm ; 38, 39. Frentani. 40 to 42. States ofthe Church ; 43, 44. Modern Rome ; 45. San Marino p. 222-248 Chapter XIV. 1 to 3. Apulia ; 4. Daunia; 5. Peucetia; 6. Iapygia; 7 to 17. Lucania; 18. Viæ; 19 to 30. Sicilia; 31 to 33. Islands; 34, 35. Corsica; 36, 37. Sardinia; 38 to 42. Kingdom qf Sicily ; 43. Maltese Islands p. 249—274 Chapter XV. Ito 7. Dacia; 8 to 10. Mœsia; 1 1, 12. Superior ; 13 to 15. Inferior ; 16 to 21. Thracia; 22 to 24. Hellespont and Bosphorus ; 25 to 36. Macedonia; 37. Via Egnatia; 38. Turkish Empire; 39, 40. Turkey in Europe; 41, 42. Constantinople and cities; 43. Albania ; 44. Candia - - - - p. 274 — 304 Chapter XVI. 1, 2. Græcia; 3. Inhabitant-.; 4.

Limits; 5. Mountains; 0. Rivers; 7. Divisions; 8 to 11. Thessalia; 12. Hestiæotis; 13. Pelasgiotis; 14. Magnesia; 15. Phthiotis; 16, 17. Mali ensis; 18 to 21. Epirus ; 22. Thesprotia ; 23. Molossia; 24. Do dona; 25. Athamania; 26, 27. Corcyra; 28 to 31. Acarnania; 32, 33. Leucadia ; 34, 35. Ithaca ; 36, 37. Cephallenia ; 38,39. Zacynthus ; 40 to 42. Ætolia ; 43, 44. Doris ; 45 to 49. Locris; 50 to 52. Phocis; 53 to 55. Delphi ; 50. The Cephissus; p. 304 — 330. CONTENTS. XIII Chapter XVII. 1 to 11. Bœotia; 12 to 1G. Attica; 17 to 25. Athens; 26 to 30. Cities; 31 lo 34. Megaris; 35. Peloponnesus; 36,37. Achaia; 38 to 41. Corinthia; 42, 43. Sicyonia; 44 to 46. Phliasia; 47, 48. Elis; 49. Pisatis; 50. Olympia; 51,52. Triphylia; 53 to 56. Arcadia; 57 to 64. Argolis; 65, 66. Argos; 67 to 71. Laconia; 72.

Sparta; 73 to 77. Messenia; 78 to 82. Greece; 83, 84. Ionian Islands; 85. Corfu - - - p. 330 — 376 Chapter XVIII. I, 2. Mare Ægæum ; 3. Thasos, Imbros, Samothrace; 4. Lemnos; 5. Islands; 6,7. Eubœa; 8. Scyros; 9 to 12. Cyclades; 13, 14. Sporades; 15 to 18. Creta; 19, 20. Asiatic Islands; 21, 22. Rhodes p. 377—391 Chapter XIX. 1 to 3. Asia Minor; 4. Inhabitants; 5. Promontories; 6. Mountains; 7. Rivers ; 8, 9. Divisions ; 10 to 15. Mysia ; 16,17. Ilium; 18, 19. Cyzicus; 20 to 24. Bithynia; 25 to 28. Paphlagonia; 29 to 33. Pontus; 34, 35. Lydia; 36 to 42. Ionia; 43 to 47. Phrygia; 48 to 50. Lycaonia; 51 to 54. Galatia; 55 to 59. Cappadocia; 60 to 65. Caria; 66 to 69. Lycia; 70 to 73. Pamphylia; 74 to 80. Cilicia - - - p. 392 — 435 Chapter XX 1 . Syria ; 2. Inhabitants ; 3. Mountains ; 4. Rivers ; 5.

Lake Asphaltites; G to 13. Syria Proper ,• 14,15. Cœli-Syria; 16 to 21. Phœnicia; 22 to 27. Cyprus - - p. 435—451 Chapter XXI. 1 to 7. Palæstina; 8. Profane accounts; 9, 10. Area; 11 to 13. Galilæa; 14 to 21. Samaria; 22, 23. Judæa ; 24 to 27. Jerusalem ; 28 to 31. Topography; 32, 33. Philistia; 34 to 3G. Batanæa; 37 to 42. Peræa - - - - - p. 452 — CONTENTS. Chapter XXII. 1 to 6. Colchis; 7,8. Iberia; 9, 10. Albania; 11 to 16. Armenia; 17 to 23. Mesopotamia; 24 to 32. Assyria; 33 to 41. Bab. Ionia ; 42, 43. Turkey in Asia ; 44 to 48. Asia Minor ; 49 to 54. Syria ; 55. Cyprus; 5G to 58. Armenia; 59. Kourdistan; GO. Al Gezira; 61. Irak Arabi p. 470-506 Chapter XXIII. 1 to 5. Arabia; 6,7. Sinus Arabicus ; 8. Sinus Pcrsicus ; 9, 10. Promontory of Sinai ; 11 to 14. Arabia Petræa ; 15 to 23. Arabia Felix ; 24 to 29.

Modem Arabia - - !'• 507—523 Chapter XXIV. 1,2. Persis; 3. Mountains; 4. Rivers; 5, 0. Persepolis; 7 to 10. Susiana; 11 to 10. Media; 17 to 19. Hyrcania; 20 to 22. Parthia; 23, 24. Carmania ; 25, 26. Gedrosia ; 27,28. Ariana; 29. Drangiana; 30. Arachosia ; 31. Paropamisadæ ; 32. Aria; 33. Margiana; 34,35. Bactriana; 30 lo 38. Sogdiana; 39 to 45. Persia; 46 to 48. Afghanistan; 49. Cashmere; p. 524 — 550 Chapter XXV. 1. India; 2. Knowledge of Greeks ; 3,4. Alexander; 5. Inhabitants; 6. Mountains and rivers ; 7,8. India intra Gangem ; 9 to 11. The Indus; 12. Canthi Sinus ; 13. Barygazenus Sinus; 14, 15. Dachinabades; 10, 17. Taprobana; 18 to 22. The Rivera; 23 to 27. India extra Gangem; 28, 29. Aurea Chersonesus; 30. Sinus magnus; 31 to 33. Sinarum Regio; 34. Hindustan ; 35 to 41. British India; 42, 43.

Trans-Gangetic India 44,45. Siam; 46. Anam ; 47. Cambodia; 48. Cochin China; 49, 50. Malaya J 51. Australasia; 52. Sumatra; 53. Borneo; bi. Celebes; 55. Palawan; 56. The Philippines ; 57. Moluccas; oS. New Guinea; 59 Java; 60. Timor; 61. Australia; 62. Van Diemen s Laud; 63. New Zealand - - - 1>- 5-31 — CONTENTS. XV Chapter XXVI. 1 to 3. Sarmatia; 4 to 1 1. S. Europæa; 12. Mæotis Palus; 14 to 16. Chersonesus Taurici; 17. S. Asiatica; 18. Euxinus Pontus; 19. Caspium Mare; 20. The Rha; 21, 22. Inhabitants; 23, 24- Scythia; 25. Intra Imaum ; 26. Sacæ ; 27. Extra Imaum ; 28 to 30. Serica; 31 to il. Russia; 42 to 46. Asiatic Russia; 47, 48. Tartary; 50, 51. Bockhara; 52 to 55. Mongolia; 5G. Thibet; 57 to 65. China; 66 to 70. Japan p. 588 — 630 Chapter XXVII. 1. Africa Septentrionalis ; 2 to fl.

Mauretania; 7 to 16. Tingetana; 17, 18. Cæsariensis; 19, 20. Sitifensis; 21. Africa; 22 to 2G. Numidia; 27 to 31. Zeugitana; 32 to 34. Carthage; 35, SO. Topography; 37 to 40. Bysaccna; 41 to 43. Tripolitana; 44. Libya; 45 to 51. Cyrene; 52 to 56. Marmarica; 57. The Barbary States; 58 to 60. Morocco; 61. Fez; 62 to G5. Algiers; 66, 67. Tunis; 63 to 70. Tripoli ... - - p. 630—674 Chapter XXVIII. 1 to 5. Ægypt; G to 8. The Nile; 9. .Mountains; lo. Divisions; 1! to 20. Ægyptus Inferior; 21 to 23. Heptanomis; 26 lo 31. Thebais; 32. Berenice; 33 to 38. Egypt - - p 074—701 Chapter XXIX. 1 to 3. Æthiops; 4 to 10. Æthiopia; 17 to 24. Libya Interior; 25 to 2 8- Periplus; 29, 30. Nubia; 31. Dongola; 32. Sennaar; 33. Bedjas; 34 to 36. Abyssinia; 37 to 39. South-eastern Coast; 40. Madagascar; 41. Mauritius; 42 to 44.

Cape of Good Hope; 45, 46. Lower Guinea; 47 to 50. Guinea ; 51 lo 53. Senegambia ; 54 to 56. Nigritia; 57. Tibboo and Tuarick; 58. Fezzan; 59. The Islands - - - p. 701—738 CONTENTS. Chapter XXX. 1. British America ; 2 to 4. Canada ; 5. Neic Brunswick ; 0. Nova Scotia; 7. Prince Edward's Island; S.Newfoundland; 9. Ru pert's Land; 10. Greenland; W.Iceland; 12. Russian America; 13 to 17. United States; 18 to 21. Mexico; 22 to 24. Central America; 25. Balleze; 26 to 28. West Indies; 29. Jamaica ; 30. St. Domingo; 31. Guyana; 33 to 35. Brazil; 36,37. South American Republics; 38,39. Peru; 40, 41. Bolivia; i'2-Pa raguay ; 43 to 45. Argentine; 46. Uruguay; 47. Chili; 49. Patagonia; 50. The Islands; ol. The Pacific - p. 738 —

Chapter I. Orbis Terrarum

— EUROPA. 1. THE moderns have divided the globe into four great parts, called Quarters, not that these parts are equal in size (for they are very unequal), but for the conveniency of having a general term to distinguish at once a great portion of the Earth. We could not use the term Continent for this purpose, because a con tinent is a vast tract of country connected together, and not com posed of several parts separated from each other by tbe Ocean : there are therefore only two continents, and the use of the word Quarter to imply the smaller divisions, however incorrect, and in some respects inconvenient, has been hitherto sanctioned by custom. Th?sefour great divisions of the globe are called Europe, Asia, Africa, and America. The first three of these are in the Eastern Hemisphere, and, from their having been known (though imperfectly) to the ancients1, they are called by us the Old World: America is in the Western Hemisphere, and was altogether un known to the ancients; from its having been first discovered only three centuries and a half ago, we call it the New World.

Ofthe three Quarters in the Eastern Hemisphere, Euro})e lies to the North West, Africa to the South West, and Asia to the East : America extends directly across the Western Hemisphere, nearly from Pole to Pole. 2. But the knowledge possessed by the ancients, concerning the figure and extent of the earth, was exceedingly defective2. In the earlier times, most of them imagined it to be a flat, circular surface, which the Ocean surrounded, as it were, like a great river; the countries composing it, were merely those which bordered on the Mediterranean Sea, and above the whole, rose the great arch of the heavens, forged, as they supposed, out of brass3 or iron, and resting upon the loftiest mountains. They carefully distin guished the Ocean from the other seas4, only applying the former term to the great boundary of the earth, from which the sun and stars regularly arose, and into which they again descended: they fancied it also to communicate with the lower world*'.

The extent and limits of this great Ocean-river are nowhere alluded to, and were probably never explained by those who indulged in its fanciful description. War and commerce, however, made them acquainted 1 Pind. Pyth. IX. 14. * Herod. IV. 36. 3 Pind. Pyth. X. 42. 1 Horn. Od. M. 1. 5 Horn. Od. K. 512. B Orbis Terrarum. with many other nations and countries besides those which bor dered upon the Mediterranean and Euxine Seas, ami their notions respecting the ocean became then more expanded, but scarcely less vague. They still considered it as surrounding the whole earth, but not in that regular manner which had been once supposed, for they divided it into several parts, as the Atlanticus Oceanus, Hyperboreus Oceanus, Indicus Oceanus, and Erythræum Mare: they imagined that the Caspian Sea was merely one of its inlets from the Hyperborean Regions, in the same way that the Arabian Gulf was only an arm of it from the Southward, and that, betwixt these two, it swept round, in a semicircular form, past the territory of the Sinæ or Chinese, the mouths of the Ganges, and the I. Taprobane or Ceylon.

They likewise fancied that they were well acquainted with the Southern coast of Africa, and that it trended Westward from C. Guardafui, its Eastern extremity, till it joineel the shores of the Hesperii Æthiopes, on the coast of Guinea. But others, again, imagined that the Indian Ocean was only a great inland sea like the Mediterranean, and they, there fore, left the termination of the South coast of Africa in uncer tainty. The greatest extent, to which they ever arrived, in their knowledge of the Eastern Hemisphere, hardly exceeded the half of it. In Europe, they knew little or nothing of Sweden, Norway, and Russia: in Asia, the limits of their knowledge were Tartary and China; and in Africa, they ventured to describe but little to the South of the Mountains of the Moon. It is true, that they have given some account of regions beyond these boundaries, but the monsters, with which they peopled them, evidently show the land of fable. 3.

Europa was bounded on the N. by thc Hyperborean or Arctic Ocean, and on the W. by the Atlantic : on the S. it was separated from Africa by the Mediterranean Sea0, and from Asia on the E. by the Ægean and Euxine Seas, the Palus Mæotis, the Rivers Tanais7 and Rha, and the Rhipæi or Hyper borei Montes. Though it is the smallest of the divisions of the globe, it is superior to them all in its physical character and in the genius, power, and learning of its inhabitants: but many of the ancients, though they were unacquainteel with its Northern regions, fancied it larger than Asia and Africa put together. The origin of the name Europa is lost in the obscurity of its antiquity ; according to the mythology ofthe poets, it was derived from Europa8, the beautiful daughter of the Phœnician king Agenor, whom Jupiter, having assumed the shape of a bull, carried off across ihe sea into Crete. 4.

In the early times, the three divisions of the Eastern con tinent do not appear to have been distinguished by any general names. Homer never mentions Europe, except as a part of the continent, as when he distinguishes by that name the Northern 6 Hor. Carm. III. iii. 46. ' Lucan. III. 275. 9 See Hor. Od. III. xxvii, 25 ei seg., where the story is told. See also Ovid. Met. II. Fab. 13. Europa. 3 part of Greece from the Peloponnesus, though he is thought, by many, to allude to it in the expression of the Land irpbc. l6<j,ov, or else to the Northern half of the world which lies towards the darkness of midnight0. It has been, likewise, supposeti by many, that the name of Europa was derived from the Hebrew word Arab, signifying the Evening, because, as respects the Eastern nations, it lies towards the Evening, and was enveloped in shade when they were enjoying the light of the day, or was the last land which was lit up by the brilliant beams of trie Evening Sun before he sank into the depths of the Ocean : hence, therefore, it may have been properly styled the land of the Evening, or of shade, in the same manner, and for the same reason, that the Greeks applied the epithet of Hesperia to Italy.

It is very probable, that the name was at first given only to a small part of the continent (as was the case with Asia and Africa), and that it became after wards extended to other and more distant regions. It was first applied to the whole continent by Herodotus10. From the tra dition concerning the princess Europa, it may have been at first used to denote Crete, or possibly a part11 ofthe mainland round it and the islands of the Ægæan Sea. 5. The limits of Europe towards Asia are variously given in different times, and by different authors. The Hellespont, the Thracian Bosporus, and the Euxine Sea, are invariably allowed to be its boundaries towards the South ; but, iu the upper regions, we are left to choose between the rivers Phasis and Tanais. Indeed, in the earlier times, Europe could not be said to have any definite boundary towards the N. E., for though the ancients agreed, tliat the termination of the earth in this direction wa9 likewise the termination ofour continent, yet they were altogether ignorant both as to its extent, and its being inhabited by man.

Those who placed the common boundary between the two con tinents at the Phasis, continued it along the Araxes into the Caspian Sea, and this last (as they erroneously imagined) being connected with the Hyperborean Ocean, formed the true natural limits of the two great divisions of the globe. But, the more generally received boundary of Europe on this side, was that which passed through the Palus Mæotis, ascended the Tanais to its source, and, then, struck out Eastward into the unknown regions, till it reached the Rhipæan Mountains, and the shores of the Frozen Ocean. 6. The principal mountains of Europe are, the Pyrenæi Ms. or Pyrenees, separating Spain from Gaul, and stretching across the Isthmus which divides the two countries from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. The loftiest range of moun tains in the whole continent is that formed by the Alpes or Alps; it divides Italy from Gaul, and sweeping round from the Mediterranean, through Rhætia and Illyricum, reaches the confines of Mœsia, where it assumes the name of Hæmus, Balkan or Emineh Dag, and after separating the latter province °Hom.

Od. N. 241. ,0 Herod. VII. 71. " Horn. Hymn, in ApolhWl. B Europa. from Macedonia and Thrace, it terminates in three spurs on tho shores of the Euxine Sea. The chain of Apenninus1*1 or the Apennines, traverses the whole of Italy, trom the foot of the Alps on .the borders of Gaul, and the shores of the Mediter ranean Sea, to the Southernmost point of the country, opposite the Island of Sicily. The chain of Pindus, still called Pindus, or Agrafa, is a spur from Hæmus ; it runs through the middle of Macedonia and Greece, loses itself in the tops of Parnassus1"1 Lyakoura, and Helicon Zagora, but finally terminates in Sunium Prom. C. Colonna, to the S. of Athens. The Hercynii Ms. are now known by several appellations, such as the Erzgebirge, Giant Mountains, &c. ; they stretch right across Germany, in an Eastern direction, from the banks of the Rhine to the springs of the Vistula, where they assume the name Carpates Carpathians.