History of Europe from the commencement of the French Revolution in 1789, to the Restoration of the Bourbons ... Abridged from the last London edition ... by Edward S. Gould. Fourth edition

Front matter

HISTORY OF EUROPE, FROM THE COMMEMCEMENT OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION IN W®% TO THE RESTORATION OF THE BOURBONS IN mw BY ARCHIBALD ALISON, F.R.S.E. ADVOCATE. ABRIDGED FROM THE LAST LONDON EDITION FOR THE USE OF GENERAL READERS. COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, AND OTHER SEMINARIES OF LEARNING. BY EDWARD S. GOULD. FOURTH EDITION. NEW YORK: PUBLISHED BY A. S. BARNES & CO No. 51 JOHN STREET. 1845. Entered according to an Act of Congress, BY EDWARD S. GOULD, In the Clerk's Office of the Southern District of New-York, in the year 1844. C. A. Alvoro. Printer, corner of John and Dutch 8treets, New York. THIS VOLUME IS INSCRIBED TO THE HONORABLE ROGER MINOTT SHERMAN, LL.D., AS A SLIGHT TRIBUTE TO HIS WORTH, HIS TALENTS, AND HIS FAMH, BY HIS FRIEND AND RELATIVE, EDWARD S. GOULD. PREF ACE. Alison's History of Europe is the most voluminous work of the day ; it employed its author twenty-eight years in study and composition ; it contains more than double the reading matter of Scott's Napoleon, occupies ten large octavos, and fills between eight and nine thousand pages : such a work — at what ever price it may be published — is sealed to the general reader, as well as to colleges, academies, and other seminaries of learning.

The editor of this volume has therefore undertaken to place before his countrymen, within a compass that all may have leisure to read and means to purchase, a condensed account of that eventful period which Mr. Alison styles the era of Napoleon. With this object in view, the editor has, as he believes, extracted every material fact from Mr. Alison's work, adding nothing of his own in the way of opinion, argument, or assertion, and endeavoring to present the original narrative — abridged of its repetitions, superfluities, inaccuracies, and inelegancies — in the spirit of its author : the preservation of Mr. Alison's language, however, is but partially attained, as the requisite degree of condensation often rendered that impossible. To avoid misapprehension on this point, it may be proper to say that every line of this volume has been transcribed by the editor's own hand, and not one paragraph is given in the precise words of the original.

It is not to be supposed that the omissions, in the compilation of this book, have been made with unerring judgment ; but on that subject the editor contents himself with believing that no two living men would entirely agree as to what should be rejected and what retained in such an Abridgment of such a work. The campaigns of Wellington in India, which Mr. Alison narrates at great length, have been omitted in the Abridgment on account of their entire irrele vancy: the chapter on British Finances is placed at the end of the volume, in the form of an Appendix. The chapter on the American War — which the editor believes is destined loan unenviable notoriety whenever it shall be currently circulated — is a tissue of misrepresentation; and, as it has no legitimate connexion with the "History of Europe," is a gratuitous libel on the people and institutions of the United States, and could not be admitted into an American book without alterations contradictory to the title-page of this volume — it has been wholly omitted. VI

Preface

. There are many faults in Mr. Alison's book, which it is to be hoped he may revise for a future edition. Corrections of style cannot, indeed, be expected, for such a process would require a re-writing of the entire work ; and, besides, an author capable of so many blunders, would almost necessarily be incapable of amending them. His constant use of the word whole, as synonymous with all, is singularly absurd : " a diplomatic note from the whole sovereigns ;" " the whole soldiers retreated;" " he brought the whole guns to the front ;" "the whole houses were occupied by marksmen." The word important is reiterated until it forces a smile : almost every town, fortress, and post defended or captured throughout the whole narrative is designated as an "important" one. The repetition of the same word in a sentence is another great fault in Mr. Alison's style : " a large supply of mules was obtained to supply the great destruction of those useful animals ;" " the first business committed to the Senate and Chamber was the nomination of a committee;" " because a brave nation is not to be regarded as overthrown because it has experienced reverses ;" " had no alternative but to submit, even on the hard terms of submitting to the cession of Norway ;" " while this bloody conflict was going on on the steeps above Zadorra on the right ;" " even the generals were shaken by the general contagion ;" " obtain for Sweden the support of some foreign power able to support its independence ;" " it was owing to the time lost in this march and countermarch that the failure of the operation was owing :" these ex amples are but a small portion of what might be quoted.

A worse fault than tins is Mr. Alison's misuse of words : he frequently writes of " a majority of seventy four to five," " a majority of two hundred and twenty-six to thirty ;" " the officers and soldiers of the army were the seat of this conspiracy ;" " officials, nominated by the crown, who enjoyed their seats only during life ;" " both in the tribune, in the Club of Clichy and in the public journals ;" " the stocks rose from forty-five to seventy, an advance of twenty-five per cent. ;" " the taxes on the inhabitants were raised to two hundred per cent, on their incomes ;" " their respective shares in the partition of Europe were chalked out ;" " the Russians and Austrians threw upon each other the late disasters ;" " he was believed to be the sole survivor of Ms followers." Mr. Alison frequently falls into magniloquence.

Speaking of Napoleon's return from Egypt, he says : " Discourses of this sort, in every mouth, threw the public into transports, so much the more entrancing as they succeeded a long period of disaster ; the joyful intelligence was announced, amid thunders of applause, at all the theatres; patriotic songs again sent forth their heart-stirring strains from the orchestra ; and more than one enthusiast expired of joy at the advent of the hero who was to terminate the difficulties of the Republic." Referring to the retreat of the French army from Germany after the battle of Leipsic, Mr. Alison says : " the French eagles bade a final adieu to the German plains, the theatre of their glories, of their crimes, and of their punishment." When the British troops entered Bordeaux, in 1814, the inhabitants of that town proclaimed Louis XVIII. king : Mr. Alison thus comments on the proceeding : " Thus had England the glory or, first of all the allied powers, obtaining an open declaration from a great city in France in favor of their ancient but exiled monarch — just twenty years r R E F A C E .

VII and one month after the contest had begun, from the murder of the best and most blameless of their line."(!) After the battle of Malo-Jaroslawitz, Napoleon held a council of war, of which Mr. Alison remarks : " An Emperor, two Kings, and three Marshals were there assembled : upon their deliberations hung the destinies of the world." This Emperor was Napoleon, the two kings were Eugene Beau harnois and Murat, the marshals, Berthier, Bessieres and Davoust ; and the time was during the retreat from Moscow, when it was doubtful whether the par ties thus deliberating could force their way through the lines of their enemies. In concluding this subject of inaccuracies and inelegancies of style, it may be remarked, that the History of Mr. Alison abounds in mis-prints, for which, of course, he is not responsible, although their correction is important to the accu racy of the work.

Pius VII. is denominated Pius VI. ; Austria is printed for Asturia, and again for Custrin; Finland for Sweden; Souham for Jourdan; notres liberateurs for nos liberateurs ; 31st for the 30th of April ; and in an indefinite number of instances the dates in the marginal notes are erroneous. Of the historical inaccuracies of Mr. Alison, it will suffice to designate a few of the many instances in which he contradicts himself. In speaking of the events at Malo-Jaroslawitz, on the retreat from Moscow, 1812, he says, that was "theirs. time Napoleon ever retired in an open field from his enemies'," yet at Aspern, in 1809, after a much more disastrous defeat, Napoleon, he says, " retreated from his enemies in an open field." Commenting on the battle of Dresden, August, 1813, he says the action was memorable from being " the last pitched battle Napoleon ever gained ;" yet he tells us that Napoleon won the battle of Hanau, October, 1813 ; of Champaubert, February, 1814 ; of Montereau, February, 1814 — which also he styles " the last and not the least brilliant of Napoleon's victories ;" and, finally, the battle of Ligny, June, 1815.

Relating the arbitrary measures of Napoleon to sustain the war and his government, after the battle of Leipsic, Mr. Alison says, "a decree was passed by the Senate vesting the nomination of President of the Chamber of Deputies in the Emperor, and prorogating the seat of such rf the Deputies as had expired, and required to lie filled up anew, so as to prevent any new election in the present disturbed state of the public mind." Mr. Alison's meaning in this ill-written sentence is, that the Deputies, whose terms of service had expired were made, in the phrase of the present day, to hold over, i. e. to continue to occupy their seats; yet, soon after, in referring to the proceeding, he says, " notwithstanding the pains which had been taken to secure the interest of Napoleon in the Chamber, by granting to him the nomination of its President, and the filling up of the vacant seals by the same authority, it soon appeared," etc.

Hero we are told that the old members were kept in office and that new members were put into their vacated seats: it is not, indeed, material which of the two accounts is the true one, but the contradiction is a serious blunder in an elaborate History. Again, speaking of the Charter granted by Louis XVIII., after his first restoration, Mr. Alison recites its merits and its faults ; in the former enumeration, he says, " prosecution or imprisonment teas forbidden, except in the cases provided for by laiv, and according to its forms .-" in the latter, he

PREFACE.

. VIII says, "no provision was inserted lo prevent or restrain arbitrary imprisonment, or limit the period during which a person arrested might be detained before trial." The value of Mr. Alison's work is also greatly impaired by an accumulation of useless and uninteresting details; by repetitions, to the third, fourth and fifth time, of the same events ; and by the immethodical arrangement of chapters and paragraphs, which places so many things out of the true order of their occurrence, that the reader is constantly perplexed as to the chronological bearing of the inci dents upon each other. It is unnecessary, though it would be easy, to prolong the perhaps ungracious task of pointing out the faults of Mr. Alison's History : the editor has said thus much in dispraise of the work, in order to furnish substantial reasons for under taking its abridgment ; whether he has committed errors equal in number and consequence to those he has detected, is a matter for the public to decide. New York, October, 1843.

ADVERTISEMENT.

TO THE FOURTH EDITION. The Editor takes the occasion presented by the issuing of a Fourth Edition of this Abridgment, to express his gratification at the decided success of the book ; it has been, so far as he knows, universally approved — especially by those whose approbation he was most desirous to secure ; and he will add, as a proof of its success, that the number of copies sold in the past sixteen months exceeds six thousand. The present edition, as well as the one that immediately preceded it, is furnished with an elaborate series of Questions which, without injuring it for libraries, will render it more generally useful in seminaries of learning : its value is also increased by the correction of a great number of verbal and typographical errors, which existed in the earlier editions, and which, indeed, seem to be inseparable from the first publication of a printed book. New Yoke, March, 1845. P_OB 1—9 •18 CONTENTS

Chapter I Causes And Commencement Of The Revolution

Importance os the subject — Causes of the savage character of the French Revolution — Decreasing power of the nobles — Philosophy and Literature — State of the Church — Privileges of the nobles — Taxation — Feudal services — Royal prerogative — Corruption at court — Embarrassments ofthe finances — States- General — Contests between the parties — Vacillation of the court — National Assembly — Sitting of June 23rd — Concessions of the King — Defection of the Duke of Orleans — Further concessions of the King — Consternation in Paris — Troops withdrawn to Versailles — Tumults in Paris — Storming of the Bastile — Spread of the insurrection — National Guard, with La Fayette at their head, set out for Versailles — First tumults there — The mob break into the Palace — Royal family are forced to return to Paris — Progress of events — Measures of the National Assembly — Finances — Confiscation of the Church property — Assignats — Emigration of the nobles — Dissolution of the National Assembly : -

Chapter II. From The Opening Of The Legislative Assembly To The Death

OF LOUIS. C haracter of the Legislative Assembly — Its parties — Its measures — Oppression of the clergy — Declaration of war against Hungary and Bohemia — Commencement of the War — Insurrection of the Girondists — Proclamation of the allies — Storming of the Tuileries — Imprisonment of the king and his family — La Fayette's escape from his army and imprisonment at Olmutz — Infernal Triumvirate — Revolutionary Tribunal — General arrest of proscribed persona Massacres of the prisoners — Reflections on these atrocities — Legislative Assembly gives place to the National Convention — Its parties — The Repub. lie proclaimed — Finances — Universal Suffrage — Attempt to impeach Robespierre and Marat — Preparations for the trial of Louis XVI. — Charges against him — His previous treatment in prison — Appears before the Convention — Prepares his Will — Trial commences — Its result — Girondist* — Orders for the King's Execution — Parting with his family — His death Tanuary 21st, 1793— His interment — Reflections — His character : - - 10-

Chapter III. State Of Europe Prior To The War

Effects of the Revolution on other States — Condition of Great Britain — Opinions Parties — Mr. Fox — Mr. Pitt — Mr. Burke — Condition of Austria — Prussia X CONTENTS. PAOE •24 44 — Russia — Sweden — Turkey — Italy — Piedmont — Holland — Switzerland — Spain — Forces of France — Treaty between Sweden and Austria — Death of the monarchs of these two countries — Francis, Emperor of Austria — Efforts of the French to spread their Revolutionary principles — Effect of these measures in England — France declares war against Great Britain : - - 1 18-

Chapter IV. Campaign Of

1792. French armies take the field — Their numbers — Numbers of the allies— Invasion us Flanders — Ease with which it was repelled — Effect of the defeat in Paris — King of Prussia joins the army — Allies invade France — Their success — Their inactivity — Defeat of Dumourier — Negotiations with Dumourier — Retreat ofthe allies — Renewed attempt on Flanders — Operations in Alsace and the Low Countries — And in Flanders — Baltle of Jemappes — Victory of the French — Effects of Revolution in Flanders — French reverses on the Upper Rhine — Close of the campaign : - 24 — 30

Chapter V. French Republic From The Death Of The King To The

FALL OK ROBESPIERRE. Difficulties in Paris — Revolutionary Tribunal — Trial of Marat — Efforts of the Girondists — Commission of Twelve — Disturbance in the Convention — Insurrection of the Club of Cordeliers. — Defeat of the Girondists in the Convention — Renewal of the insurrection — Military preparations — Second defeat of the Girondists — Their arrest and dissolution — Jacobins in power — Opinions and revolts throughout France — Committee of Public Safety — Law of suspected persons — Revolutionary Committees — Change of the Calendar — Assassination of Marat — Proscription of the Girondists — Death of the young Prince, Louis XVII. — Death of Marie Antoinette, October 1 6th, 1793 — Violation of the Royal sepulchres in France — Abjuration of Christianity — Worship of Reason — Effects of these measures — Proscription and Execution of Bailly, Custine, the Duke of Orleans, Desmoulins and Danton — Dictatorship of Robespierre — Massacres throughout France — Reaction of seeling in Paris — Accusation of Robespierre — His arrest — His execution — Close of the Reign of Terror : 30—38

Chapter VI. War In La Vendee

Description of La Vendee — Its inhabitants — Commencement of hostilities — Leaders — Orders of the Convention — Bravery and great success of the Royalists — Their prisoners — Continued success of theVende*ans — Advance upon Nantes — Republicans gain some success but are at length totally defeated — Renewed efforts of the Convention on a large scale — Devastation of La Vendee — Alternate success of each party — Continued victories of the Vendeans unavailing — Cessation of hostilities — War of extermination commenced by order of the Convention— Atrocious cruelties of Carrier : . 39- CONTENTS. XI

Chapter VII. Campaign Of

1793. PAGK. Alliance of the European powers against France — Their want of union — Insubordination of the French troops — French Finances — Commencement of the campaign — Siege of Maestricht — Defeat of the French — Dumourier takes command — Battle of Nerwinde and defeat of the French — Negotiations betwoen the allies and Dumourier, and Dnmourier's flight — Congress at Antwerp — Vigorous measures ofthe Convention — Disasters of the French on the northern frontier — Operations on the Flemish frontier — Proximity of the allies to Paris — Military preparations in France — Carnot — General discomfiture of the allies, and subsequent reverses of the French — Siege of Maubeuge commenced — Jourdan takes command and raises the siege — Moreau attacks the Prussians at Permasin and at Weissenberg, and is defeated — Fate of Strasburg — Secession of Prussia — Operations before Landau — Campaigns on the Spanish frontier — Campaign in the maritime Alps — Capture of Lyons and massacre of the Royalists— Toulon— Its defences — Its investment — Progress of the siege — Evacuation of Toulon — Distress and escape of the inhabitants — Destruction of the French fleet — Massacre of the citizens : ' 44—54

Chapter VIII. Campaign Of

1794. French navy — French and British ships of war — Success of the British fleets in the West Indies — And in the Mediterranean — The Channel fleet under Lord Howe encounters the French under Admiral Joyeuse — Victory of the British commander — Effects of this victory — Allied plan of Campaign — Forces on both sides — The allies underrate the power of Revolutionary France — Alternation of success — Operations of Jourdan — Movements in West Flanders — Defection of Austria — Success of the allies — Battle of Fleurus— Operations on the Rhine — In Piedmont and Nice — Campaign on the Spanish frpntier — Jourdan and Kleber assume the offensive in the north — Winter campaign —Subjugation of Holland — Capture of the Dutch fleet : 55—61

Chapter IX. Poland

Kingdom of Poland— Primitive and savage character of the former government =_Clergy Nobility— Peasantry — Power of the King — John Sobieski — Factions after his death— First partition of Poland— Second partition— Resistance of the Poles— Kosciusko— His success— Insurrection in Warsaw- Provisional government established — Defeat of Kosciusko — Siege of Warsaw The siege is raised — Second siege of Warsaw — Its capture — Termination of the Polish Republic— Reflections : 61—66

Chapter X Consolidation Of The French Government

: CAMPAIGN OF 1795. Parties in Paris after the fall of Robespierre— Humane measures of the Convention— Club of La Jeunesse Dor.e— Repeal of the Revolutionary laws, and CONTENTS. PAGE. impeachment of the Jacobin leaders — Insurrection of the Fauxbourgs — Firmness of the Convention — Their success— Execution of Jacobin prisoners — The Convention form a new Constitution — Remarks on this Constitution — It is opposed — The Convention appeal to the army — They appoint Napo leon Bonaparte to the command— Victory of Bonaparte over the insurgents — Secession of European powers from the alliance, but Austria and England unite, nevertheless — French naval preparations — Campaign in the maritime Alps — Position of the armies on the northern and eastern frontier — Jourdan's operations and defeat on the Rhine — Expedition to Quiberon Bay — Defeat of the Royalists— Republican atrocities — Capture of the Cape of Good Hope: 66—73

Chapter XI. Campaigns Of

1796. Bonaparte's plan of campaign in Italy — His marriage with Josephine — Condition of the French army — And of the allies — Action at Montenotte — Great success of Napoleon — His alliance with Sardinia — He follows up his success — Battle of Lodi — His entry into Milan and military exactions — Vacillation of Venice — Continued success — Siege of Mantua — Advance of Wurmser — Defeat of Ma<sena — Napoleon raises the siege of Mantua — Defeat of the Austrians at Lonato and Salo — Personal danger of Napoleon — Battle of Medola — Wurmser divides his forces — And advances upon Mantua — Action of Caldiero — And of Arcola — Battle of Rivoli — Reflections on this campaign — Civil war in La Vende*e — Condition of England — Disturbances in London — Debate on the war — Proposals for peace — Relative position of forces on the Upper and Lower Rhine — Opening ofthe campaign — Opera. tions in the mountains and passes of the Black Forest — Discomfiture of Moreau — Great disasters of the French — Moreau retreats through the Black Forest — Continued defeats of the French — Siege and capture of Kehl — Treaty between France and Spain — Ireland — French naval armament destined for Ireland — Death of the Empress Catherine — Resignation of General Washington : 74 — 8(i

Chapter XII. Campaign Of

1797. Affairs in England — Suspension of specie payments in Great Britain — Limitation of the Bill decreeing the suspension — Supplies for the year — Conspiracy in the British Navy — Mutiny at the Nore — Operations of the hostile fleets — Action off Cape St. Vincent — Battle of Camperdown — Effect of these victories — Death of Mr. Burke — Defection of Russia — Armies in Italy — Battle of Tagliamento — Napoleon, after many minor actions, forces his way across the Alps to the Austrian frontier — Armistice of Leoben — Treaty of Judemberg — Partition of tho Venetian territories — Venice — Revolutionary principles in Venice — Insurrection in the Venetian provinces — Effects of these movements — Napoleon declares war against Venice — Capture of Venice — Its spoliation — Operations on the Rhine — Prussia — Genoa — Napoleon at Montebello — Domestic affairs of France — Dissensions between the Royalists and Jacobins — Measures of the Directory — Their victory — Its results : 86 — CONTENTS. XIII

Chapter XIII. Expedition To Egypt

PAGE Napoleon returns to Paris— Naval preparations — Precautions of the British gov. ernment — French fleet sails from Toulon — Nelson pursues — Napoleon arrives in Egypt, captures Alexandria and advances to Cairo — Battle of the Pyramids — Nelson arrives at Aboukir — Battle of the Nile — Honors conferred on Nelson — Effects of this victory — Napoleon's expedition to Syria — Capture of Jaffa and massacre of prisoners — Advance to Acre — British squadron, under Sir Sidney Smith, arrives there — Napoleon attacks the place — Arrival of the Ottoman fleet — Napoleon retreats — Defeats the Turks at Aboukir : - 97 — 102

Chapter XIV. From The Peace Of Campo Formio To The Renewal Of

THE WAR. Measures for the defence of England — Progress of Revolution in Holland — and in Switzerland — The Swiss fly to arms — Success of the French in the larger Cantons — and of the Swiss in the mountains — Sufferings of the Swiss — Their final defeat — The Ecclesiastical States are next attacked — Outbreak at Rome — France declares war against Rome — Violence to the Pope — and his death — Pillage of Rome — Cis-Alpine Republic — Humiliation ofthe King of Sardinia — Revolutionary proceedings at Naples — Defeat of the Neapolitan troops — Flight of the Neapolitan Court — Championnet advances to Na. pies — Desperate battle there — Disturbance in Ireland — Plan of the Insurrection — Measures of the opposite party — And of the Government — Progress of the Insurrection — Franco and the United States — Controversy between them — Hanse Towns — Effects of French aggression : - - . 102 — 114

Chapter XV. Campaign Of

1799. Preparations of Austria — of Russia — of Great Britain — French forces — Jourdan opens the campaign — His defeats — Impolitic measures of the Aulic Council — Campaign in Italy — Effect of defeat on the Republicans there — Massena takes command — The Arch-Duke Charles attacks him — Massena's defeat — Suwarrow — Operations of Moreau in Italy — Suwarrow's great success — Naplcs — Junction of Moreau and Macdonald — Suwarrow defeats Macdo. nald — Fall of Turin — King of Naples resumes the throne — Punishment of the insurgents — Capitulation of Mantua — and of Alexandria — Battle of Novi Continued errors of the Aulic Council — Disasters to which it leads — Surrender of Zurich — Achievements of Suwarrow — His retreat through the Mountains — Effects on the allies of these disasters — Expedition to Holland — Its first success and eventual defeat — Battle of Coni — Surrender of that town — Close of the campaign : 114 — 126

Chapter XVI. From The Revolution Of September

3RD, TO THE CAMPAIGN OF 1800. Progress of the Revolution in France — Elections — Conspiracy of Sieyes — Napo. leon abandons his army in Egypt — His return to France- His residence io CONTENTS. PAGE 132 148 Paris — Conspiracy to place the government in his hands — Councd of Five Hundred resolve to remove to St. Cloud — Their proceedings there — Vio. lent measures in both Councils — Napoleon disperses the members by force, and takes command of the Government — His proposals for Peace to Great Britain — Debate in Pariiament — Domestic transactions of Great Britain — Rupture between England and Russia — Measures of Austria to con tinue the war — And of Napoleon — Napoleon's ambitious projects and measures: 126-

Chapter XVII. First Campaign Of

1800. Austrian forces — French forces — Opening of the campaign — Battle of Engen — Battle of Moeskirch — Action at Biberach — Position of the Austrians — Active operations on both sides — Campaign of Italy — French disasters there — Siege and capture of Genoa — Napoleon crosses the Alps by the Great St. Bernard — His progress in Italy — His entrance into Milan — He defeats the Austrians — Critical position of Melas — Battle of Marengo — Victory of the French — Tts results: 133 — 141

Chapter XVIII. Second Campaign Of

1800. Treaty between Great Britain and Austria — Austria temporizes with France — Novel proposal of Napoleon to Great Britain — Negotiations for peace — Napoleon's obstinacy breaks off the negotiations — Plot to assassinate Napoleon — French and Austrian forces — Capture of Malta by the English — Accession of Pius VII. — Renewal of hostilities — Moreau's operations in Germany — Battle of Hohenlinden — Retreat and disaster of the Austrians — Arch. Duke Charles takes command of the army — Solicits and obtains an armistice — Macdonald's march across the Alps by the Splugen — He advances into Italy — Armistice of Treviso — Treaty between France and Naples — Treaty of Luneville :---.-.- - 141

Chapter XIX. From The Peace Of Luneville To The Dissolution Of The

NORTHERN MARITIME CONFEDERACY. Difficulties between Great Britain and Denmark — British fleet proceeds to Copenhagen — Treaty with Denmark — Arbitrary measures of Russia — Maritime Confederacy against Great Britain — Retaliatory measures of Great Britain — Embarrassments of the English ministry — Mr. Pitt resigns — His successors pursue his policy — Sir Hyde Parker sails to Copenhagen — Battle of Copenhagen — Victory of the British — Occupation of Hanover by the Prussians — Death of the Emperor Paul — Accession of Alexander — His measures and policy — Treaty between Russia and Great Britain — Dissolu. lion of the Confederacy : ... .... 148 N T E .NTS. XV TAG. 1K4 •178

Chapter XX. Expeditions To Egypt And St

DOMINGO — EUROPE, FROM THE TEACE OF AMIENS TO THE RENEWAL OF THE WAR, Advance of the Turkish army toward Egypt — Negotiations for peace frustrated by the British — Defeat of the Turks — Expedition of Sir R. Abercromby — Battle of Alexandria — British take possession of Cairo — Surrender of the French army — Attempts of Napoleon to regain Egypt — Naval action between the British and French — Treaty between France and Spain — Preparations of Napoleon for invading England — French treaties with Turkey. Bavaria, America, Algiers, and Russia — Effects of the peace — Ambitious projects of Napoleon — Expedition to St. Domingo — Its first success and final defeat — Condition of St. Domingo — Napoleon's aggressions in Europe — Revolution in Holland — And in the Cis-Alpine Republic — Prosperity of Great Britain — Causes of irritation between England and France — Mutual recriminations — Extraordinary scene with Lord Whitworth at the Tuileries — England declares war — Imprisonment of British travellers in France : - 155