Chapter V (part 1 of 2)

Chapter V (part 1 of 2)

The vessels remained for some time at Barbadoes, and did not arrive at Point Comfort until the 27th of February, 1634. Here the colonists were received by Governor Harvey, of Virginia, “with much courtesy and humanity,” in obedience to letters from the King. Fresh supplies having been procured in Virginia, the “Ark” and “Dove” weighed anchor and sailed up the bay to the mouth of the Potomac, which they entered and proceeded up about fourteen leagues, to an island which they called St. Clement’s. The emigrants landed here, and took formal possession of Maryland “for our Saviour, and for our Sovereign Lord the King of England.”

Governor Calvert left the “Ark” at the island and sailed up the river with two pinnaces, in order to explore the country and conciliate the Indian chieftains. He was accompanied by Captain Henry Fleet, of the Virginia colony, who was versed in the Indian tongues and acquainted with the country. They assured the chiefs that the strangers had not come to make war upon them, but to impart the arts of civilization and show their subjects the way to heaven. Not deeming it prudent to seat the first colony so far in the interior, Calvert returned down the river and was conducted by Captain Fleet up a tributary stream which flows into the Potomac, from the north, a few miles above its mouth. This river, which is now called the St. Mary’s, is a deep and wide stream. Six or seven miles above its mouth the Governor’s exploring party came to an Indian village, situate on a bluff on the left bank. They determined to settle here, but, instead of forcibly dispossessing the feeble tribe in possession, they purchased thirty miles of the land from them for axes, hatchets, and cloth, and established the colony with their consent. And thus the method of William Penn was antedated by half a century. By the terms of the agreement the Indians were to give up at once one half of the town to the English and part of the growing crops, and at the end of the harvest to leave the place altogether. The “Ark” was sent for, and on the 27th of March, 1634, amid salvoes of artillery from the ships, the emigrants disembarked and took possession of their new home, which they called St. Mary’s.

Attention was first given to building a guardhouse and a general storehouse, their intercourse meanwhile with the natives being of the most genial character. The Indian women taught them how to use corn meal, and with the Indian men they hunted deer and were initiated into the mysteries of woodcraft. They planted the cleared land, and in the autumn of the same year were able to send a cargo of corn to New England in exchange for salt fish and other provisions. From Virginia the colonists procured swine and cattle; and, within a few months after landing, the settlement was enjoying a high degree of prosperity. The English race had now learned the art of colonization.

Although Governor Harvey visited St. Mary’s and seems always to have been friendly to the new colony, the Virginians were bitterly hostile. Captain Young wrote to Sir Tobie Matthew from Jamestown, in July, 1634, that it was there “accounted a crime almost as heinous as treason to favor, nay, to speak well of, that colony” of Lord Baltimore. Sympathy with what they regarded as Clayborne’s wrongs increased their enmity. Soon after the “Ark” and “Dove” left Point Comfort, Clayborne informed the Governor and Council of Virginia that Calvert had notified him that the settlement upon Kent Island would henceforth be deemed a part of Maryland, and requested the opinion of the Board as to his duty in the premises. The Board expressed surprise at the question. and said that there was no more reason for surrendering Kent Island than any other part of the colony; and that, the validity of Lord Baltimore’s patent being yet undetermined, they were bound to maintain the rights of their colony. It was probably on account of remonstrances from Virginia that the committee of the Privy Council for plantations wrote to the Virginians in July, 1634, that there was no intention to affect the interests which had been settled when Virginia was under a corporation, and that for the present they might enjoy their estates with the same freedom as before the recalling of their patents. This letter, which was merely designed to show that Baltimore’s charter should not invade any individual right, appears to have been regarded by Clayborne as justifying his resistance to Calvert’s claim of jurisdiction over his trading stations.

Clayborne endeavored at once to incite the Indians to acts of hostility against the colony. He told them that the new-comers were Spaniards, enemies of the English, and had come to rob them. These insinuations caused a change in the demeanor of the Indians, which greatly alarmed the people of St. Mary’s. The suspicions of the natives, however, were soon dispelled and friendly relations with them were renewed. Clayborne now resolved to wage an open war against the colony. Early in 1635 a casus belli was found in the capture by the Maryland authorities of a pinnace belonging to Clayborne, upon the ground that it was a Virginia vessel trading in Maryland waters without a license. Clayborne thereupon placed an armed vessel under the command of Lieutenant Warren, with orders to seize any of the ships belonging to St. Mary’s. Governor Calvert determined to show at once that this seditious opposition would not be tolerated. He equipped two small vessels and sent them against Kent Island. A naval engagement between the hostile forces took place in April, 1635, which resulted in the killing of one of the Maryland crew, and of Lieutenant Warren and two others of the Kent Island crew. Clayborne’s men then surrendered and were carried to St. Mary’s. Clayborne himself took refuge in Virginia, and Governor Calvert demanded his surrender. This demand was not granted, and two years later Clayborne went to England. He presented a petition to the King, complaining that Baltimore’s agents had sought to dispossess him of his plantations, killing some of his men and taking their boats. He offered to pay the King £100 per annum for the two islands, and prayed for a confirmation of his license and an order directing Lord Baltimore not to interfere with him.

This petition was referred to a committee of the Privy Council, before which Clayborne appeared in person, and arguments upon both sides were heard. The committee decided, in April, 1638, that Clayborne’s license to trade, under the signet of Scotland, gave him no right or title to the Isle of Kent, or to any other place within the limits of Baltimore’s patent, and did not warrant any plantation, and that no trade with the Indians ought to be allowed within Maryland without license from Lord Baltimore. As to the wrongs complained of, the committee found no reason to remove them, but left both sides to the ordinary course of justice. Clayborne returned to Virginia, postponing but not abandoning his vengeance, and Kent Island was subjected to the government of St. Mary’s, Captain George Evelyn being appointed commander of the isle. In the same year Palmer’s Island was seized, and Clayborne’s property there confiscated.

In February, 1635, the first legislative assembly of the Province was convened. Owing to the destruction of most of the early records during Ingle’s Rebellion, no account of the proceedings of this Assembly has come down to us. The charter required the assent of the Proprietary to the laws, and when the acts of this Assembly were laid before Lord Baltimore he disallowed them. In April, 1637, he sent over a new commission, constituting Leonard Calvert the lieut.-general, admiral, and commander, and also the chancellor and chief-justice of the Province. In certain cases, he was directed to consult the council, which was composed of Jerome Hawley, Thomas Cornwallis, and John Lewger. The governor was directed to assemble the freemen of the Province, or their deputies, upon the 25th of January ensuing, and signify the Proprietary’s dissent from the laws made at the previous assembly, and at the same time to submit to them a body of laws which he would himself send over. John Lewger, the new member of the council, and secretary of the Province, came to St. Mary’s in November, 1637, accompanied by his family and several servants. He was distinguished as a scholar at Oxford, and had been converted to Catholicism by the celebrated controversialist Chillingworth. His appointment is an evidence of the solicitude shown by the Proprietary for the affairs of his plantation. During the first years of the settlement he and his friends expended above £40,000 in sending over colonists and providing them with necessaries, of which sum at least £20,000 was out of Baltimore’s own purse.

There can be no doubt that the Proprietary contemplated the foundation of an aristocratic State, with large tracts of land in the hands of individuals who would be interested in upholding his authority. He published, from time to time, certain “conditions of plantation,” stating the quantity of land to which emigrants would be entitled. In the conditions issued in 1636 he directs that to every first adventurer, for every five men brought into the Province in 1634, there should be granted two thousand acres of land for the yearly rent of four hundred pounds of wheat; and to each bringing a less number, one hundred acres for himself, and one hundred acres for his wife and each servant, and fifty acres for every child, under the rent of ten pounds of wheat for each fifty acres. The conditions offered to subsequent adventurers were, naturally, less favorable. All these grants were of fee-simple estates of inheritance, and the colonists received in addition grants of small lots in the town of St. Mary’s. Each tract of a thousand acres or more was erected into a manor, with the right to hold courts baron and leet, and the other privileges belonging to manors in England. A large number of manors were laid off in the Province, and in some instances courts baron and leet were held.[868]

It was only in this regard that the design of transplanting the institutions of expiring feudalism to the New World was carried out. Political and social equality resulted from the conditions of the environment. The “freemen,” who were entitled to make laws, were early held to include all but indented servants, whether they owned a freehold or not. The second Assembly, which met in January, 1638, was a pure democracy. Writs of summons had been issued to every freeman directing his personal attendance. The governor presided as speaker, and the council sat as members. Those freemen who did not choose to attend gave proxies. Proclamation was made that all persons omitted in the writs should make their claim to a voice in the Assembly, “whereupon claim was made by John Robinson, carpenter, and was admitted.” Upon the question of the adoption of the body of laws proposed by Lord Baltimore, the Speaker and Lewger (who counted by proxies fourteen voices) were in the affirmative, and all the rest of the Assembly, being thirty-seven voices, in the negative. Thus was begun a constitutional struggle between the people and the Proprietary. The latter held that, under the charter, the right of originating legislation belonged exclusively to him. For this reason, he had rejected the laws made in 1635, and had himself proposed a number of bills. The colonists were unwilling to concede this claim, and now rejected, in turn, the propositions of the Proprietary. This early evidence of the persistence with which a handful of emigrants maintained what they conceived to be their rights possesses a peculiar interest. The immediate result of the contest was to leave the colony without any laws under which criminal jurisdiction could be exercised. This subject next occupied the attention of the House. Subsequently a number of laws were made, but with the exception of an act of attainder against Clayborne, their titles only remain. They were sent to Lord Baltimore, who promptly exercised his veto power upon them. In February, 1638, a county court was held at which Thomas Smith, who had been captured in the naval engagement described above, and subsequently held a prisoner, was indicted by a grand jury for murder and piracy. There being no court legally constituted to try Smith, he was arraigned and tried before the Assembly, Secretary Lewger acting as the prosecuting attorney. The House found him guilty, with but one dissenting voice, and he was sentenced to be hanged.

Soon after Lord Baltimore had for the second time rejected the acts of the Assembly, he wisely determined to yield his claim of the right to originate legislation. Accordingly he wrote to his brother in August, 1638, giving him power to assent to such laws as he might approve. The assent of the governor was to give force to the laws till the dissent of the Proprietary should be signified. This double veto power was similar to that which existed in most of the royal colonies, where the first negative was in the governor and the second in the king. In a Palatinate government, like Maryland, the Proprietary exercised the royal prerogative. There being no further obstacle to legislation an Assembly was called to meet in February. 1639, which body was composed partly of delegates elected by the people, and partly of freemen specially summoned by the governor’s writ. It was also held that any freeman, who had not participated in the election of deputies, might sit in his individual right. The laws passed at this session provided principally for the administration of justice in criminal and civil cases. It was enacted that the inhabitants should have all their rights and liberties according to the Great Charter.

One of the acts declared that “Holy Church within this Province shall have all her rights and liberties.” A similar law was made in the following year. Both are founded upon the first clause of Magna Charta and must be held to apply to the Roman Church, since the phrase “Holy Church” was never used in speaking of the Church of England. But these acts can hardly be regarded as evidence of an intention to establish the Roman Church. They do not seem to have had any practical effect whatever. We have seen that Lord Baltimore purposed to make all creeds equal in Maryland. Apart from this fixed purpose, from which he never swerved, the impolicy of granting any peculiar privileges to the Catholic Church, in a province subject to England, was so apparent that it was recognized by the Jesuits themselves. Among the Stonyhurst Manuscripts there is preserved the form of an agreement between the Provincial of the Society of Jesus, and Lord Baltimore, in which, after a statement of the manner in which Maryland had been obtained and settled, it is recited that it is “evident that, as affairs now are, those privileges, etc., usually granted to ecclesiastics of the Roman Catholic Church by Catholic princes in their own countries, could not possibly be granted here without grave offence to the King and State of England (which offence may be called a hazard both to the Baron and especially to the whole colony).” The agreement then binds the members of the society in Maryland not to demand any such privileges except those relating to corporal punishments.[869]

It is certain that, from the time the emigrants first landed at St. Mary’s, religious toleration was the established custom of the Province. The history of Maryland toleration does not begin with the famous Act of 1649. That was merely a legislative confirmation of the unwritten law. Long before that enactment, at a time when intolerance and martyrdom was almost the law of Christendom, and while the annals of the other colonies of the New World were being stained with the record of crimes committed in the name of religion, in Maryland the doctrine of religious liberty was clearly proclaimed and practised. It is the imperishable glory of Lord Baltimore and of the State. For the first time in the history of the world there was a regularly constituted government under which all Christians possessed equal rights. All churches were tolerated, none was established. To this “land of the sanctuary” came the Puritans who were whipped and imprisoned in Virginia, and the Prelatists who were persecuted in New England. In 1638 one William Lewis was fined by the council five hundred pounds of tobacco, and required to give security for his good behavior, because he had abused Protestants and forbidden his servants to read Protestant books. The Puritans were invited to settle in Maryland. In 1643 Lord Baltimore wrote to Captain Gibbons of Boston, offering land to any inhabitants of New England that would remove to his province, with liberty in matter of religion, and all other privileges.[870]

It appears from a case that came before the Assembly in 1642 that there was at that time no Protestant clergyman in Maryland. The only religious guides were the Jesuit missionaries, and they formed the only Catholic mission ever established in any of the English colonies in America. Two priests, as we have seen, accompanied the first emigration. In 1636 the mission numbered four priests and one coadjutor. They labored among the Indians in the spirit of Xavier, establishing stations at points distant from St. Mary’s. Their efforts to elevate the savage were not without success. One of their converts was Tayac, the chief of the Piscataways. He and his wife were baptized in 1640, when Governor Calvert and many of the principal men of the colony were present at the ceremony. The Jesuits also succeeded in converting many Protestants. The annual letter of 1638, as communicated to their Superior, states that nearly all the Protestants who came from England in that year, and many others, had been converted.

Although the missionaries did much towards conciliating the Indians, and a fair and gentle treatment of them was the constant policy of the colony, it was yet impossible to preserve a perfect peace with all the tribes. The increase of the colonists began to alarm them, and they were constantly committing petty depredations. All the inhabitants capable of bearing arms were trained in military discipline, and a certain quantity of arms and ammunition was required to be kept at each dwelling-house. Expeditions were frequently made for the purpose of punishing particular tribes which had committed “sundry insolencies and rapines.” Scarcely anything is known of the details of these Indian wars. It was made a penal offence for the colonists to supply any Indian with arms, but the Swedes on the Delaware had no scruples in this respect.

In 1640 another Assembly was held. St. Mary’s County had now been divided into hundreds, and conservators of the peace appointed for each hundred. In addition to the burgesses elected in each hundred, the governor summoned certain freemen by special writ, as had been previously done. The theory upon which this Assembly and those held in the following years proceeded, in framing laws, was that justice should be done according to the law of England, except in so far as changed by provincial enactments.

The Civil War was now at its height in England, and that mighty convulsion filled all the colonies with alarm and uncertainty. The supremacy of the Puritans foreboded danger to the colony of a Catholic nobleman, who still adhered to the cause of the King. Governor Calvert determined to consult his brother personally in regard to the course to be pursued in this crisis. Delegating his powers to Giles Brent, he sailed for England and soon after joined his brother at Oxford. They received from the King a commission to seize any London ships that might come to St. Mary’s. Baltimore sent this commission to Maryland; and in January, 1644, when one Richard Ingle appeared in the Province with an armed ship from London, Governor Brent seized the vessel, and issued a proclamation against Ingle, charging him with treason to the King. Ingle was taken, but soon after made his escape and returned to England. Governor Calvert arrived in September, 1644, and found the Province torn with internal feuds and harassed by Indian incursions. Many thought that the triumph of Parliament would put an end to the Proprietary dominion. Clayborne availed himself of the confusion to renew his designs upon Kent Island, and, by the end of the year, he had regained his former possession. Ingle soon after arrived in another ship, with parliamentary letters of marque. The Proprietary was as powerless as the King with whose fortunes his own were thought to be linked. Ingle landed his men, allied himself with the disaffected, and easily took possession of the government. Governor Calvert fled to Virginia, and the insurgents were undisturbed. The records of the Province brand Ingle as a pirate. To plunder seems indeed to have been his main purpose, and it is not clear that he even professed to act on behalf of the Commonwealth. He afterwards alleged, in a petition to Parliament, that, when he arrived in Maryland, he found that the governor had received a commission from Oxford to seize all London ships, and to execute a tyrannical power against Protestants; and that, therefore, he felt himself to be conscientiously obliged to come to the help of the Protestants against the Papists and Malignants. His only statement as to his proceedings in the Province is that “it pleased God to enable him to take divers places from them, and to make him a support to the well-affected.” It is, however, certain that the period of Ingle’s usurpation was marked with much oppression and extortion. The Jesuits were sent in chains to England, and most of those deemed loyal to the Proprietary were deprived of their property and banished.

Towards the close of 1646 Governor Calvert, who had been watching the progress of events from Virginia, deemed that the time was ripe for a counter revolution. He appeared at St. Mary’s, at the head of a small force levied in Virginia, and regained the government without resistance. Ingle left the Province, and the body of the people returned to their allegiance with marked alacrity. The most permanent evil caused by this usurpation—commonly called Clayborne and Ingle’s Rebellion, although they do not appear to have acted in concert—was the destruction of the greater part of the then existing records. The entire period is, consequently, involved in obscurity; and it is impossible to determine why it was that so many of the inhabitants were ready to join Ingle in what they afterwards called his “heinous rebellion.” Kent Island alone held out, and Governor Calvert went there in person, and brought back the island to subjection. The entire Province was now tranquillized; but Leonard Calvert did not live to enter upon his labors. On the 9th of June, 1647, he died at the little capital of St. Mary’s, which he had founded seventeen years before, and where he had long exercised, with wisdom and moderation, the highest executive and judicial functions. He had led out the colony from England when a young man of twenty-six years, and in the discharge of various offices he had, in the language of his commission, displayed “such wisdom, fidelity, industry, and other virtues as rendered him capable and worthy of the trust reposed in him.” Upon his death-bed he named Thomas Greene his successor, who now assumed the duties of governor. Greene proclaimed a general pardon to those in the Province who had “unfortunately run themselves into a rebellion,” and a pardon to those who had fled the Province, “acknowledging sorrow for his fault,” except “Richard Ingle, mariner.”[871]

The cause of the monarchy was now prostrate in England, and in the supremacy of Parliament Lord Baltimore saw great danger threatening his colonial dominion. It was necessary to put it out of the power of his enemies to say that Maryland was a Catholic colony, and at the same time he felt bound to protect his co-religionists. He therefore determined to pursue at once a policy of conciliation to the Puritans and of protection to the Catholics. The course he adopted was one well calculated to attain this double end. In August, 1648, he removed Greene, who was a Catholic, and appointed William Stone governor. Stone was a Virginian, and well known as a zealous Protestant and adherent of the Parliament. Lord Baltimore at the same time issued a new commission of the Council of State appointing five councillors, three of whom were Protestants, and he also appointed a Protestant secretary. Accompanying the commissions were oaths to be taken by the governor and councillors. Each was required to swear that he would not trouble or molest any person in the Province professing to believe in Jesus Christ, “and in particular no Roman Catholick for, or in respect of, his or her religion.” While the usual power to assent to laws in the name of the Proprietary was given to Stone, his commission contained a proviso that he should not assent to the repeal of any law—already made or which should thereafter be made—which might in any way concern matters of religion, without special warrant under the seal of the Proprietary. The object of this restriction was to prevent the repeal, by subsequent legislatures, of the act of religious toleration which Lord Baltimore purposed to have passed by the next Assembly. By this act he did not design to have the custom of religious liberty, which had prevailed from the settlement, at all enlarged, but only to be a law of the land beyond the reach of alteration. This security was the more necessary since Stone had agreed to procure five hundred settlers to reside in Maryland, and these might create an overwhelming Protestant majority.

The new governor and council entered upon their duties in the beginning of 1649, and in April of that year the Assembly met. The first law made was the famous “act concerning religion;” which, at least so far as it related to toleration, was doubtless one of the sixteen proposed laws which Lord Baltimore had sent over in the preceding year with the new commissions. The memorable words of this act, the first law securing religious liberty that ever passed a legally constituted legislature, provide that—

“Whereas, the inforcing of the conscience in matters of religion hath frequently fallen out to bee of dangerous consequence in those commonwealths where it hath beene practised, and for the more quiet and peaceable government of this province, and the better to preserve mutuall love and unity amongst the inhabitants here,” it was enacted that no person “professing to believe in Jesus Christ shall, from henceforth, be any waies troubled, molested, or discountenanced for, or in respect of, his or her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof within this province, ... nor any way compelled to the beleefe or exercise of any other religion, against his or her consent.”

The Assembly was composed of sixteen members, nine burgesses, the governor, and six councillors. Their faith has been a matter of dispute, but the most recent investigations make it certain that a majority were Catholics. The governor, three of the council, and two of the burgesses were, without doubt, Protestants. It is equally certain that three of the council and five burgesses were Catholics. The faith of the remaining two members is doubtful; and there is also doubt whether the governor and council sat as a distinct upper house or not.

By the other sections of the “act of toleration,” blasphemy, and denying the divinity of Christ, or the Trinity, were made punishable with death; and those using reproachful words concerning the Virgin Mary or the Apostles, or in matters of religion applying opprobrious epithets to persons, were punishable by a fine, and in default of payment by imprisonment or whipping. It does not appear that any of these penalties were ever inflicted. The toleration established by this act is so far in advance of all contemporary legislation, that it would be invidious to reproach the law-givers because they were not still more enlightened. It may have been that they regarded any broader toleration as prohibited by the provision of the charter respecting the Christian religion, or as likely to excite the animadversion of the Puritans in England. Parliament had recently passed a law (Act of 1648, chapter 114) for the preventing of the growth of heresy and blasphemy, by which the “maintaining with obstinacy” of any one of a number of enumerated heresies—such as that Christ is not ascended into heaven bodily, or that the bodies of men shall not rise again after they are dead—was made a felony punishable with death.

In 1649 Governor Stone invited a body of Puritans who were banished from Virginia, on account of their refusal to conform to the Church of England, to settle in Maryland. These Puritans, the fruits of a mission which had been sent from New England to “convert the ungodly Virginians,” numbered over one hundred. Stone having promised them liberty in the matter of religion and the privileges of English subjects, they accepted the invitation, and in this year settled at a place which they called Providence,—now the site of Annapolis. The settlement was, at the next Assembly, erected into a county, and named Anne Arundel, in honor of Lord Baltimore’s wife, recently deceased, who was a daughter of the Earl of Arundel. The conditions of plantation required every person taking up land in the Province to subscribe an oath of fidelity to his lordship, acknowledging him to be “the true and absolute lord and Proprietary of this province.” The Puritans objected to this oath as being against their consciences, because it required them to acknowledge an absolute power, and bound them to obey a government which countenanced the Roman religion. It is clear that these refugees from intolerance were eager to be intolerant themselves. During a temporary absence of Stone in November, 1649, Greene, the deputy-governor, foolishly proclaimed Charles II. king, and granted a general pardon in furtherance of the common rejoicing. Although this act was promptly disavowed, it afterwards became a formidable weapon against Lord Baltimore.

Notwithstanding their scruples, the Providence Puritans sent two burgesses to the Assembly of 1650, one of whom was elected speaker of the lower house. At this session there was first made a permanent division of the Assembly into two houses, which lasted till the Revolution of 1776. The lower house consisted of the burgesses, and the upper of the governor, secretary, and council. The majority of this Assembly were Protestants; but they made a law enacting, as “a memorial to all posterities” of their thankfulness, fidelity, and obedience to the Proprietary, that, “being bound thereunto by the laws both of God and man,” they acknowledged him “to be the true and absolute lord and Proprietary of this province,” and declaring that they would maintain his jurisdiction till “the last drop of our blood be spent.” Another act was passed altering the oath of fidelity prescribed by the conditions of plantation. The new oath afforded ample opportunity for mental reservation. By it the subscribers bound themselves to maintain “the just and lawful” right and dominion of the Proprietary, “not in any wise understood to infringe or prejudice liberty of conscience in point of religion.”

Lord Baltimore’s trimming at this crisis aroused the displeasure of Charles II. Although a powerless exile, he deposed the Proprietary, and appointed Sir William Davenant royal governor of Maryland, on the ground that Baltimore “did visibly adhere to the rebels in England, and admitted all kinds of sectaries and schismatics and ill affected persons into the plantation.” Baltimore afterwards used this assertion to prove his fidelity to Parliament. Sir William collected a force of French and sailed for Maryland, but was captured in the channel.

Lord Baltimore was soon after threatened from a much more formidable quarter. The revolt of the island of Barbadoes called the attention of Parliament to the necessity of subjecting the colonies to its power, and by an act passed Oct. 3, 1650, for reducing Barbadoes, Antigua, “and other islands and places in America” to their due obedience, the Council of State was authorized to send ships to any of the plantations, and to commission officers “to enforce all such to obedience as do or shall stand in opposition to Parliament.” When the news of this act reached Maryland, the Puritans of Providence thought that the days of the Proprietary dominion were numbered, and they consequently refused to send burgesses to the Assembly which met in March, 1651. Upon information of their conduct and of the perturbed state of the Province being transmitted to Lord Baltimore, he sent in August, 1651, a long message to the governor and Assembly. He declared that the reports concerning the dissolution of his government were unfounded, and directed that in case any of the inhabitants should persist in their refusal to send burgesses to the Assembly, they should be proceeded against as rebels. He also requested the governor and council to use their best endeavors to suppress such false rumors, and suggested that a law be made punishing those spreading false news.

But they who asserted that the Proprietary dominion was about to fall, did not “spread false news.” That steps were not immediately taken to execute the Act of 1650 was probably owing to the fact that Scotland was now in arms under the banner of Charles II. But after the “crowning mercy” of the battle of Worcester, the Council of State, Sept. 20, 1651, appointed two officers of the navy, and Richard Bennett and William Clayborne of Virginia, commissioners under the act. They were directed to use their “best endeavors to reduce all the plantations within the Bay of Chesapeake to their due obedience to the Parliament and the Commonwealth of England.” Maryland was at first expressly named in these instructions; but before they were issued, Baltimore went before the committee of the Council and showed that Governor Stone had always been well affected to Parliament; proved by merchants, who traded to Maryland, that it was not in opposition, and declared that when the friends of the Commonwealth had been compelled to leave Virginia he had caused them to be well received in his province. The name of Maryland was thereupon stricken out of the instructions; but when they were finally issued, a term was used under which the Province might be included.

Clayborne and Bennett were in Virginia; the other commissioners soon after sailed with a fleet carrying a regiment of men, and one hundred and fifty Scotch prisoners who were to be sold as servants in Virginia. A part of the fleet finally reached Jamestown in March, 1652. The commissioners speedily came to terms with Sir William Berkeley, and then turned their attention to Maryland. They appeared at St. Mary’s toward the last of March, and demanded submission in two particulars: first, that all writs and proclamations should be issued in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England, and not in that of the Proprietary; and second, that all the inhabitants should subscribe the test, called “the engagement,” which was an oath of allegiance to Parliament. The instructions of the commissioners expressly authorized them to insist upon these terms. The governor and council acceded to the second demand, but refused the first on the ground that process in Maryland had never run in the name of the king, and that it was not the intention of Parliament to deprive Lord Baltimore of his rights in the Province. The commissioners immediately removed Stone and appointed a council of six to govern the Province independently of the Proprietary. Bennett and Clayborne then returned to Virginia, where they appointed themselves respectively governor and secretary of that colony. A few months later Stone, deeming that he could best subserve the interests of the Proprietary by temporizing, submitted to the terms of the commissioners, who, finding that Stone was too popular a man to be disregarded, reinstated him in his office June 28, 1652.

Now that Virginia and Maryland were both under the authority of the same commissioners, the Virginians thought that the time had arrived when an attempt to regain their lost territory was likely to prosper. In August, 1652, a petition was presented to Parliament praying that Virginia might have its ancient limits as granted by the charters of former kings, and that Parliament would grant a new charter in opposition to those intrenching upon these limits. This petition was referred to the committee of the navy with directions to consider what patent was proper to be granted to Virginia. The committee reported Dec. 31, 1652. They found that Kent Island had been settled three years before the settlement of Maryland; that Clayborne had been unlawfully dispossessed of it; that Baltimore had exacted oaths of fealty to himself; that several laws of Maryland were repugnant to the statutes of England, such as the one protecting Papists; that persons of Dutch, French, and Italian descent enjoyed equal privileges with the English in Maryland; and that in March, 1652, the governor and council of Maryland had refused to issue writs in the name of the Keepers of the Liberties of England. No action was taken upon this report. Baltimore had previously presented a paper containing reasons of state why it would be more advantageous for the Commonwealth to keep Maryland under a separate government than to join it to Virginia. These reasons were adapted to the existing condition of affairs, and are sufficiently ingenious.

The Province seems to have been quiet during the year 1653. In England, Cromwell turned Parliament out of doors, and the whole strength of the nation was devoted to the Dutch War. Lord Baltimore thought the time propitious for an attempt to recover his colony. Accordingly, in the latter part of the year, he directed Stone to cause all persons who had failed to sue out patents for their land, or had not taken the amended oath of fidelity to the Proprietary, to do so within three months upon pain of forfeiture of their land. Stone was also directed to issue all writs and processes in the name of the Proprietary. In pursuance of these instructions Stone issued a proclamation in February, 1654, requiring those seated upon lands to obtain patents, and swear allegiance to Lord Baltimore. A few weeks later he commanded all officers of justice to issue their writs in the name of the Proprietary, and showed that this change would not infringe their “engagement” to the Commonwealth. In May he proclaimed Cromwell Lord Protector. But the Puritans were not mollified by this act. Before the proclamation of February had been issued, information as to Baltimore’s instructions had reached the Puritans on the Severn and Patuxent; and they had sent petitions to Bennett and Clayborne, in which they complained that the oath of fidelity to be required of them was “a very real grievance, and such an oppression as we are not able to bear,” and prayed for relief according to the cause and power wherewith the commissioners were intrusted. The open disaffection of the Puritans caused Stone in July, 1654, to issue a proclamation in which he charged Bennett and Clayborne, and the whole Puritan party, with leading the people into “faction, sedition, and rebellion against the Lord Baltimore.” The commissioners, still acting under their old authority, resolved again to reduce Maryland. They put themselves at the head of the Providence party, and advanced against St. Mary’s. At the same time a force levied in Virginia, threatened an invasion from the south. Stone, deeming resistance hopeless, submitted. The commissioners deposed him, and by an order dated Aug. 1, 1654, committed the government of the Province to Captain Fuller and a Puritan council. An Assembly was called to meet in the ensuing October for which Roman Catholics were disabled from voting or being elected members. And thus the fugitives from oppression proceeded to oppress those who had given them an asylum. “Ingratitude to benefactors is the first of revolutionary virtues.” The new Assembly met at the house of an adherent on the Patuxent River. Its first act was one denying the right of Lord Baltimore to interfere in the affairs of the Province. An act concerning religion was passed, declaring that none who professed the Popish religion could be protected in the Province, “but to be restrained from the exercise thereof.”

When the news of the deposition of his officers reached Lord Baltimore he despatched a special messenger with letters to Stone, upbraiding him for having yielded the Province without striking a blow, and directing him to make every effort to re-establish the proprietary government. Stone, thus commanded, resolved to dispute the possession of the government with the Puritans. He armed the population of St. Mary’s, and caused the records, which had been removed to the Patuxent, and a quantity of ammunition to be seized. In March, 1655, he advanced against Providence with about two hundred men and a small fleet of bay craft. He sent ahead of him envoys with a demand for submission which was rejected. The Puritans obtained the aid of Roger Heamans, master of the “Golden Lion,” an armed merchantman lying in the port, and prepared for resistance. Stone landed his men near the town on the evening of the 24th of March, and on the next morning the hostile forces advanced against each other. The battle-cry of the Puritans was, “In the name of God fall on!” that of their opponents, “Hey for St. Mary’s!” The fight was short and decisive. The Puritans were completely victorious. About fifty of Stone’s men were killed or wounded, and nearly all the rest, including Stone himself, who was wounded, were taken prisoners. The loss of the Puritans was trifling, but they did not use their victory with moderation. A drum-head court-martial condemned ten prisoners to death, upon four of whom the sentence was executed. Among those thus tried and condemned was Governor Stone, but the soldiers themselves refused to take his life. It is said that the intercessions of the women caused the lives of the others to be spared. They were however kept in confinement, and the estates of the “delinquents” were confiscated.

Each party was now anxious to find favor in the sight of the Protector. Lord Baltimore presented the affidavit of certain Protestants in the Province as to the high-handed proceedings of the Puritans; while the commissioners transmitted documents to prove that he was hostile to the Protector. In the course of the year several pamphlets were published on either side of the controversy. Cromwell, however, does not appear to have concerned himself about the dispute, since both parties acknowledged his supremacy. In January, 1655, Baltimore had obtained from him a letter to Bennett, directing the latter to forbear disturbing the Proprietary or his people in Maryland. Soon after the receipt of this letter Bennett abandoned the governorship of Virginia and went to England. He there made such representations to the Protector, that, in September, 1655, Cromwell wrote to the “Commissioners of Maryland,” explaining that his former letter related only to the boundary disputes between Maryland and Virginia. After the battle of Providence, Cromwell referred the matter to the Commissioners of the Great Seal, and declared his pleasure that in the mean time the government of Maryland should remain as settled by Clayborne. The Commissioners of the Great Seal reported to the council of state in the following year. This report was not acted upon, but was itself referred to the Commissioners for Trade. It was probably favorable to Lord Baltimore, for he made another effort to wrest his Province from the hands of the Puritans. In July, 1656, he appointed Josias Fendall governor of the Province, with all the powers formerly exercised by Stone. Fendall was in reality only a persistent and unscrupulous revolutionist, but his activity had hitherto been exercised on behalf of the Proprietary. Even before his appointment his conduct had excited the suspicions of the Puritan council. He was arrested by them on the charge of “dangerousness to the public peace,” and kept in confinement till September, 1656, when he was released upon taking an oath not to disturb the existing government until the matter was determined in England.

On the 16th of September, 1656, the Commissioners of Trade reported to the Lord Protector entirely in favor of Baltimore. The report was not acted upon, and Bennett and Matthews, the agents of the Puritans, continued the contest. In October they sent to the Protector a paper entitled, Objections against Lord Baltimore’s patent, and reasons why the government of Maryland should not be put into his hands. These objections merely recite the old grievances. Baltimore did not wait for the report to be confirmed, but, confident that his province would be restored to him, directed Fendall to assume the administration of affairs. He also directed large grants of land to be made to those who had been conspicuous for their fidelity to him, and instructed the Council to make provision, out of his own rents, for the widows of those who had lost their lives in his service. Towards the close of the year the Proprietary sent his brother, Philip Calvert, to Maryland as a member of the Council and secretary of the Province. Maryland was now divided between the rival governments. The Puritans held undisputed sway over Anne Arundel, Kent Island, and most of the settlements, while Fendall’s authority seems to have been confined to St. Mary’s County. But there were no acts of hostility between the opposing factions. In September, 1657, the Puritans held another Assembly at Patuxent, at which they again passed an act in recognition of their own authority, and imposed taxes for the payment of the public charges.

Such was the posture of affairs when an agreement was reached by Lord Baltimore and the Puritan agents in England. The favor with which the Protector regarded the old nobility, and his failure to notice the remonstrances which the Puritan agents had addressed to him, caused the latter to despair of setting aside the adverse report of the Commissioners of Trade. The new agent of Virginia, Digges, acted as the intermediary between Baltimore and Bennett and Matthews, and the articles of agreement were signed on the 30th of November, 1657. After reciting the controversies and the “very sad, distracted, and unsettled condition” of the Province, they provide for the submission of those in opposition to the Proprietary and their surrender of the records and great seal. Lord Baltimore, on his part, promised “upon his honor” that he would punish no offenders, but would grant land to all having claims under the conditions of plantation, and that any persons desiring to leave the Province should have liberty to do so. The Puritans now desired the protection of the Toleration Act, and Lord Baltimore therefore stipulated that he would never assent to its repeal. Fendall, who had gone to England for the purpose of consulting the Proprietary, immediately returned to Maryland with a copy of this agreement. At the same time Bennett wrote to Captain Fuller, apprising him of the engagement which had been made on behalf of his party. Fendall arrived in the Province in February, 1658; and the Providence council were requested to meet the officers of Lord Baltimore in order to treat for the performance of the agreement. A meeting of the rival councillors accordingly took place in March. The Puritans, fatigued by the long struggle, were not unwilling to submit, but insisted upon making some changes in the articles of surrender. Fendall accepted their terms, and the new agreement was signed on the 24th of March, 1658. It was stipulated that the oath of fidelity should not be pressed upon the people then resident in the Province, but that, in its place, each person should subscribe an engagement to submit to Lord Baltimore, according to his patent, and not to obey any in opposition to him. It was further agreed that no persons should be disarmed; that there should be a general indemnity for all acts done since December, 1649, and that the proceedings of the Puritan assemblies and courts, in cases relating to property rights, should not be annulled. Proclamation was then made of this agreement and of the governor’s commission, and writs were issued for an Assembly to be held in the ensuing April. At this Assembly the articles of surrender were confirmed. And thus, after six years of civil broils, the Proprietary sway was re-established.

But the spirit of that revolutionary epoch was not yet extinct in Maryland. Another attempt to subvert the authority of Lord Baltimore was made in the following year. This time the leader was Fendall himself, who, after having broken faith with the Puritans, now broke faith with the Proprietary. Upon the confusion which followed the death of Cromwell, Fendall thought that the opportune moment had come for shaking off the rule of his feudal lord. At a session of the Assembly held in March, 1660, the burgesses, in pursuance of Fendall’s scheme, sent to the upper house a message, in which they claimed to be a lawful assembly, without dependence on any other power, and the highest court of judicature. “If any objection can be made to the contrary,” the message concluded, “we desire to hear it.” A conference between the houses was held, at which Fendall stated that he was only commissioned to confirm laws till the Proprietary should declare his dissent, but that in his opinion the true meaning of the charter was that the laws made by the freemen and published by them in his lordship’s name should at once be of full force. On the same day the lower house came in a body to the upper, and declared that they would not permit the latter to continue its sittings, but that its members might take seats among them. Fendall then dissolved the upper house, and, surrendering the powers he had received from the Proprietary, accepted a new commission from the burgesses. Philip Calvert protested against the proceedings, and left the house. The burgesses sought to fortify their authority by making it a felony to disturb the government as established by them.

Lord Baltimore made short work of these treacherous proceedings. As soon as the tidings reached him, in the following June, he appointed Philip Calvert governor. Soon after he obtained from Charles II. a letter commanding all the inhabitants of the Province to submit to his authority. Philip Calvert was sworn in at the Provincial Court held at Patuxent in December, 1660, and had no difficulty in obtaining control of the Province. No one ventured to disobey the commands of a monarch who had just been restored to the throne amid universal enthusiasm. Fendall, indeed, attempted to excite an insurrection, but, failing in this, surrendered himself voluntarily. Lord Baltimore had instructed his deputy not to permit Fendall to escape with his life; and subsequently, while proclaiming a general amnesty, he excepted Hatch and “that perfidious and perjured fellow Fendall, whom we lately entrusted to be our lieutenant of Maryland.” Notwithstanding these instructions, Fendall was punished only by a fine and disfranchisement.

Charles II. was duly proclaimed, and the power of King and Proprietary permanently revived. The tranquillity which now came to the exhausted colony was destined to last, without interruption, till the mighty wave of another revolution in England proved fatal to the lord paramount of Maryland. Clayborne, who has been called the evil genius of the Province, now disappears from its history. His courage and energy have won the admiration of some writers; but, according to the settled principles of public law, his claim upon Kent Island was entirely without foundation. Towards the close of 1661 Charles Calvert, the eldest son of the Proprietary, was appointed governor, and remained in that office till the death of his father. The history of the Province becomes the record of peaceful progress under his wise and just administration. The population, which in 1660 was 12,000, had increased, five years later, to 16,000. In 1676 Lord Baltimore wrote to the Privy Council that the population was 20,000. The provincial assemblies continued to be held at St. Mary’s, and new counties were from time to time erected.

The cultivation of tobacco was, from the earliest period, the main occupation of the colonists. Indeed, the prosperity of all the middle colonies reposed chiefly upon this foundation. It was almost the sole export of Maryland. There were no manufactures and no large towns in the Province. It was an agricultural community, scattered along the shores of the noble bay, and of the Potomac and other tributary streams which intersected the country in every direction. The abundance of these natural highways relieved the infant State from a large part of the burden of maintaining roads. Every large planter had at his own door a boat-landing, where he received his supplies, and from which his tobacco was taken to be shipped upon foreign-bound vessels. The high price of tobacco in the second quarter of the seventeenth century (ten times its present value), and the large demand for it by Dutch traders, led the colonists to devote themselves so exclusively to its cultivation, that, on more than one occasion, they suffered from a scarcity of food. Beginning in 1639, numerous acts were passed to enforce the planting of cereals. In order to maintain the excellence of the tobacco exported, the Assembly in 1640 enacted the first tobacco-inspection law,—and thus began a system which has, in some form, been maintained down to the present day. According to the Act of 1640, no tobacco could be exported till scaled by a sworn viewer; and when a hogshead was found bad for the greater part, it was to be burned.

Tobacco was not only the great staple of the Province, but also its chief currency. Taxes were assessed, fines imposed, and salaries paid in tobacco. After the Restoration the restrictive measures, to which we shall refer, and the overproduction of tobacco caused great depreciation in the value of the article. The consequent inconvenience was such that in 1661 the Assembly prayed the Proprietary to establish a mint for the coining of money. Lord Baltimore, by a doubtful stretch of his palatinate prerogatives, caused a large quantity of shillings, sixpences, and groats to be coined for the Province. These coins were put into circulation under an act, passed in 1662, requiring every freeman to take up ten shillings’ worth of them per poll for every taxable person in his custody, and to pay for the same in tobacco at the rate of two pence per pound. But their introduction did not give permanent relief, and tobacco continued to be the chief medium of exchange. Its value decreased so much, that, early in 1663, commissioners were appointed by Virginia and Maryland to consider the evil and its remedy. They could only suggest a diminution of the quantity raised. In the following year the Virginia agents represented to the Privy Council the necessity of lessening the cultivation of tobacco in Virginia and Maryland, and offered proposals for effecting it. These proposals did not meet the approval of Lord Baltimore. The Privy Council ordered that there should be no cessation of the planting of tobacco; but, in order to encourage the planters in cultivating other articles, directed that pitch, tar, and hemp, of the production of those colonies, should be imported into England free of duty for five years. In 1666 an agreement was made between delegates from Virginia, Maryland, and Carolina, providing for a total cessation in the planting of tobacco for one year. The legislatures of these colonies passed acts to enforce this agreement; but the Maryland act was vetoed by Lord Baltimore, upon the ground that it would work great injury to the poorer sort of planters, as well as cause a loss of revenue to the Crown. For various reasons these efforts to control the market by limiting the supply never succeeded.

The colonists did not then fully perceive where the root of the evil lay. There was not too much tobacco but too few buyers; and the number of buyers had been artificially lessened. The real cause of this colonial distress was the famous Navigation Act and the statutes which had been made in pursuance of the policy then begun. The Navigation Act, passed by the Long Parliament in October, 1651, provided that no goods should be imported from Asia, Africa, or America but in English vessels, under the penalty of the forfeiture of both goods and ship. Originally designed as a blow at the commercial supremacy of the Dutch, this Act became, to use the language of Burke, the corner-stone of the policy of England with regard to the colonies. This Act was supplemented by still more restrictive statutes passed in 1660 and in 1663 (15 Car. II. c. 7). The result of these regulations was that the colonists could buy nothing except from English merchants, and could sell nothing except to English merchants. They were not even permitted to export their own goods in their own vessels. They suffered from a triple monopoly of sale, of purchase, and of transportation. They bought in the dearest and sold in the cheapest market.

The chief source of the revenue derived by the Proprietary from the Province arose from the quit-rents which, from the earliest period, had been charged on all grants of land. These rents were at first payable in wheat. In later grants they were made payable in money or the commodities of the country, at the option of the Proprietary, until 1671, when an export duty of two shillings per hogshead was imposed on all tobacco, one half of which went to the support of the government, and the other half was granted to the Proprietary in consideration of his commuting his money quit-rents and alienation fines for tobacco, at the rate of two pence per pound. After 1658 another source of Proprietary revenue was an alienation fine of one year’s rent, which was made a condition precedent to the validity of every conveyance. In 1661 there was given to the Proprietary a port and anchorage duty of half a pound of powder and three pounds of shot on all foreign vessels trading to the Province. The fines and forfeitures imposed in courts of justice inured to the Proprietary as the fountain of justice and standing in loco regis. The royal nature of the Proprietary dominion was also shown in the use of his name in all writs and processes, as the name of the king was used in England. Provincial laws were enacted in his name, by and with the advice and consent of the upper and lower houses. Indictments, including those upon the penal statutes of England, charged the offences to be against his peace, good rule, and government.

The first mention of negro slaves occurs in an act passed in 1664; but they had probably been previously introduced into the Province from Virginia, where slavery existed before the settlement of Maryland. In 1671 an act was passed to encourage their importation, and slavery was thenceforth established. It was long, however, before slaves took the place of indented servants, who formed a large part of the population down to the time of the Revolution. They at first consisted of those who had signed an indenture of service for a limited number of years and were brought into the Province by the masters themselves. Subsequently the traffic in servants was taken up by shipowners and others, who sold them for the remainder of their term to the highest bidders. The term of service, which was at first five years, was reduced by the Act of 1638 to four years. Upon the expiration of his indenture a servant was entitled to fifty acres of land and a year’s supply of necessaries. These servants were called “Redemptioners,” and many of them became valuable citizens. After the Restoration the practice of kidnapping men in English seaports and selling them as servants in the colonies became very common. Among the Maryland papers is the petition of one Mrs. Beale to the king, complaining that the master of a ship had taken her brother as his apprentice on a voyage to Maryland, and there sold him as a servant. The lord mayor and aldermen of London complained to the Council that “certain persons, called spirits, do inveigle, and, by lewd subtilities, entice away” youth to be sold as servants in the plantations. Owing to its equable climate, Maryland had more of these indented servants than any other colony, and the statute book contains many acts relating to them. The practice of sending convicts to America, however, was warmly resisted, and in 1676 an act was passed to prevent it.

A temporary exception to the universal religious toleration, which was a capital principle of government in Maryland, occurred in the case of the Quakers. The first Quaker missionaries appeared in Maryland in 1657. Two years later other preachers of that sect visited the Province and caused “considerable convincement.” Their refusal to bear arms, or to subscribe the engagement of fidelity, or to give testimony, or to serve as jurors, was mistaken for sedition.

On July 23, 1659, under Fendall’s administration, an order was passed directing that if “any of the vagabonds and idle persons known by the name of Quakers” should again come into the Province, the justices of the peace should arrest them and cause them to be whipped from constable to constable out of the Province. There is no evidence that this penalty was ever enforced. The most active Quaker missionary simply received a sentence of banishment; and after the suppression of Fendall’s rebellion there was no persecution of the Quakers. They found a refuge in Maryland from the intolerance of New England and Virginia. In 1672 George Fox arrived in the Province and attended two “general meetings for all Maryland Friends,” which he describes in his journal as having been largely attended, not only by Quakers but by “other people, divers of whom were of considerable quality in the world’s account.” Maryland was also sought by many French, Bohemian, and Dutch families. In 1666 the first act of naturalization was passed admitting certain French and Bohemians to the rights of citizenship, and from that time forward numerous similar acts were passed.

On the 30th of November, 1675, died Cecilius, Lord Baltimore, after having inscribed his name upon one of the fairest pages in the history of America. The magnificent heritage left him by his father was beset with difficulties; but his courage, perseverance, and skill had triumphed over the hostility of Virginia and the intrigues of Clayborne, over domestic insurrection and Puritan hatred. The first ruler who established and maintained religious toleration is entitled to enduring honor in the eyes of posterity. His name is that of one of the most enlightened and magnanimous statesmen who ever founded a commonwealth.

In the year following his death, Governor Charles Calvert, now the Lord Proprietary, called an assembly at which a thorough revision of the laws of the Province was made. Among the laws continued in force was the Toleration Act of 1649. In the same year Lord Baltimore appointed Thomas Notley deputy-governor, and then sailed for England, where he remained three years. Upon his arrival he found that a clergyman of the Church of England, named Yeo, residing in Maryland, had written to the Archbishop of Canterbury, under the date of 25th May, 1676, begging him to solicit from Lord Baltimore an established support for the Protestant ministry. “Here are ten or twelve counties,” he writes, “and in them at least twenty thousand souls, and but three Protestant ministers of the Church of England. The priests are provided for, and the Quakers take care of those that are speakers, but no care is taken to build up churches in the Protestant religion. The Lord’s day is profaned. Religion is despised, and all notorious vices are committed, so that it is become a Sodom of uncleanness and a pest-house of iniquity.” There is reason to believe that this letter was an exaggerated libel. At any rate the writer considered it easy to cure the evil. It would be sufficient to impose an established church upon the Province. The Archbishop referred the letter to the Bishop of London, who asked the Privy Council to “prevail with Baltimore to settle a revenue for the ministry in his province.” The Privy Council wrote to Baltimore communicating the unfavorable information with regard to the dissolute life of the inhabitants of his province, and desiring an account of the number of Established and Dissenting ministers there. Lord Baltimore replied that in every county of the Province there were a sufficient number of churches which were supported by the voluntary contributions of those attending them, and that there were, to his knowledge, four clergymen of the Church of England in the Province. He also urged that at least three fourths of the inhabitants were Presbyterians, Independents, Baptists, and Quakers, the members both of the Church of England and of the Church of Rome being the fewest, “so that it will be a most difficult task to draw such persons to consent unto a law which shall compel them to maintain ministers of a contrary persuasion to themselves, they having already assurance by an Act for Religion that they shall have all freedom in point of religion and divine worship, and no penalties imposed upon them in that particular.” The Council, however, directed that some provision should be made for the ministry of the Church of England, and that the laws against vice should be enforced. Baltimore returned to Maryland in 1680, but nothing was done to carry out the orders of the Council.

Soon after his return the restless Fendall, in conjunction with John Coode, attempted to stir up an insurrection of the Protestants against the Proprietary. Baltimore, having early notice of the proceedings, arrested Fendall. He was punished by fine and banishment, and the enterprise ended almost as soon as it began. The great preponderance of the Protestant population, and the course of affairs in England were fast making the position of a Catholic Proprietary untenable. Complaints of the favor shown to Catholics were constantly sent to England. In October, 1681, the Privy Council wrote to Baltimore that impartiality must be shown in admitting Catholics and Protestants to the council and in the distribution of arms. In reply to these complaints a declaration was issued in May, 1682, signed by twenty-five Protestants of the Church of England residing in the Province. This declaration certified that places of honor, trust, and profit were conferred on the most qualified, without any regard to the religion of the participants, and that in point of fact most of the offices were filled with Protestants, one half of the council, and by far the greater part of the justices of the peace and militia officers, being Protestants. The subscribers published to the world the general freedom and privilege which all the inhabitants of the Province enjoyed in their lives, liberties, and estates, and in the free and public exercise of their religion.

The first Proprietary had finally come off successful in the long contest for his territory with Virginia and Clayborne. The second Proprietary was now called upon to begin a longer and less successful struggle with William Penn. The charter limits of Maryland included the present State of Delaware and a large part of Pennsylvania. In 1638 a settlement of Swedes was made on the Delaware, which was brought under subjection to the government of the States General in 1655.[872] In 1659 the governor and council, in pursuance of Lord Baltimore’s instructions, ordered Colonel Utie to “repair to the pretended governor of a people seated on the Delaware Bay, within his lordship’s province, and to require them to depart the province.” Utie had an interview with the authorities of New Amstel, and threatened them with war in case of a refusal to leave. They replied that the matter must be left to their principals in England and Holland. Towards the close of the year the Dutch sent Augustine Hermann and Resolved Waldron as ambassadors to Maryland. They had an interview with the governor and council in which the claim of Holland to the territory in question was formally presented. The governor asserted the title of Lord Baltimore and demanded the submission of the settlements. This demand was rejected and the interview terminated. The Dutch power in America was soon after brought to an end by the Duke of York, to whom Charles II. in 1664 granted all the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware rivers.[873] In 1680 Penn asked for a grant of the territory west of the Delaware and north of Maryland. In his patent, which passed the seals in March, 1681, the southern boundary of his province was a “circle of twelve miles drawn around New Castle to the beginning of the forty degrees of latitude,”—a description which it was impossible to gratify. In April, 1681, the King wrote to Baltimore notifying him of Penn’s grant, and directing him to aid Penn in seating himself, and to appoint some persons to make a division between the provinces, in conjunction with Penn’s agents.[874] Lord Baltimore met Penn’s deputy, in September, 1682, at Upland (now Chester), when it was found, by a precise observation, that the fortieth degree of latitude was beyond Upland itself. The knowledge of this fact caused Penn to be anxious to obtain a grant of Delaware. Though the Duke of York’s grant did not extend south of the Delaware, Penn, by dint of importunity, obtained from him in August, 1682, a grant of the territory twelve miles around New Castle, and southward, along the river, to Cape Henlopen. Penn asked for that which he knew to be within the boundaries of Maryland, and beyond the power of the Duke to grant. He also received a release of the Duke’s claim to the territory of Pennsylvania, and soon afterwards sailed for his province.

On August 19, 1682, he had procured from the King a letter to Baltimore directing the latter to hasten the adjustment of the boundaries. An interview between the two Proprietaries took place in December, when Penn handed to Lord Baltimore the King’s letter. Baltimore insisted upon the fortieth degree as his northern boundary, and the conference was fruitless. They had another interview, at New Castle, in the following year, which also made it apparent that no agreement between the rival Proprietaries was possible. Penn now raised against the Maryland charter an objection similar to that which had been urged by Virginia and Clayborne,—that Delaware had been settled by the Dutch before the grant of the charter, and that, if this were not the case, Baltimore had forfeited his rights by failure to extend his settlements there.

Both Penn and Lord Baltimore now resolved to go to England to contest the matter before the King and Council. Baltimore called an assembly—the last over which he presided in person—in April, 1684. He acquainted them with the necessity he was under of going to England, and assured them that his stay would be no longer than requisite for the decision of the differences between Penn and himself. The Assembly then proceeded to revise the laws of the Province; after which the Proprietary appointed a council of nine, under the presidency of William Joseph, to govern the Province during his absence, and sailed for England. Baltimore found that he was no match in court influence for Penn. In November, 1685, the Board of Trade decided that the Maryland charter included only “lands uncultivated and inhabited by savages, and that the territory along the Delaware had been settled by Christians antecedently to his grant, and was therefore not included in it;” and they directed that the peninsula between the two bays should be divided equally by a line drawn from the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth degree, and that the western portion was Baltimore’s and the eastern Penn’s. The Revolution, however, came in time to prevent the execution of this decision, and the vexed question was not finally settled till the middle of the following century.

The accession of James II. brought increased danger to Lord Baltimore. To a king who designed the subversion of the liberties of the colonies as well as of England, the liberal charter of Maryland was especially odious. In April, 1687, an order in Council was made directing the prosecution of a writ of quo warranto against the Maryland charter. In that age the issuing of such a writ seldom failed to achieve its object; but before judgment could be obtained against Baltimore the Revolution of 1688 had occurred, and the Stuart dynasty was at an end. The tidings that a writ had been issued against Baltimore’s charter alarmed the imaginations of the provincials. When the Assembly met in November, 1688, President Joseph sought to counteract this state of feeling in a manner which only served to increase the anxiety. In his opening speech he claimed his right to rule jure divino, tracing it from God to the King, from the King to the Proprietary, and from the Proprietary to himself. He then took the unprecedented step of demanding an oath of fidelity from the Houses. The burgesses at first refused, and were with difficulty persuaded to yield. The Assembly showed its loyalty to the monarch, who was then a fugitive from his kingdom, by passing an act for a perpetual thanksgiving for the birth of the prince, and fixed a commemoration of it each succeeding tenth day of June.

Upon the accession of William and Mary the Privy Council directed Lord Baltimore to cause their majesties to be proclaimed in Maryland. He immediately despatched a messenger with orders to his council to proclaim the king and queen with the usual ceremonies. This messenger unfortunately died at Plymouth, and, although William and Mary had been acknowledged in the other colonies, the Maryland council shrank from acting without orders from the Proprietary, while they alarmed the inhabitants by collecting arms and ammunition. Information of this delay was sent to the Board of Trade from Virginia. Baltimore was consequently summoned before it, when he explained that he had sent the required directions to Maryland, but that they had failed to arrive. He was ordered to despatch duplicate instructions, but before they reached the Province the Proprietary’s power was overthrown. The absence of all colonial records from the close of the session of 1688 to the year 1692 makes it difficult to understand the exact cause of this revolution. Enough appears from other sources, however, to show that it was a rebellion fostered by falsehood and intimidation,—“a provincial Popish plot.” In April, 1689, John Coode and other disaffected persons formed “An Association in arms for the defence of the Protestant religion, and for asserting the right of King William and Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and all the English dominions.” Early in July they began to gather in large numbers on the Potomac. They alleged that the Catholics had invited the northern Indians to join them in a general massacre of the Protestants in the following month, and that they had taken arms to defeat this conspiracy. When a similar rumor had been set on foot, in the preceding March, a declaration had been published, signed by several of those who were now Associators, asserting that the subscribers had examined into all the circumstances of the pretended design, and “found it to be nothing but a sleveless fear and imagination fomented by the artifice of some ill-minded persons.” But in July the Association availed itself of this baseless rumor to obtain the adherence of those who were foolish enough to believe it; while to others they asserted that their purpose was only to proclaim William and Mary.

By these means the neutrality or support of the greater part of the population was secured, and the Associators moved upon St. Mary’s. The council prepared for resistance, but, upon the approach of Coode with greatly superior forces, they surrendered the State House and the provincial records. The Association then published a “Declaration of the reasons and motives for the present appearing in arms of their Majesties’ Protestant subjects in the Province of Maryland.” This Declaration, dated July 25, 1689, signed by Coode and many others, was printed at St. Mary’s.[875] It is an ingenious and able paper, but certainly an audacious calumny, which could only have found credence in England. It set forth that, by the contrivances of Lord Baltimore and his officers, “the tyranny under which we groan is palliated,” and “our grievances shrouded from the eye of observation and the hand of redress.” These grievances were then stated in general terms. In the mean time Joseph and his council retired to a fort on the Patuxent. When Coode marched against them with several hundred men they were again compelled to surrender, and the Associators became masters of the situation. On the third of August, 1689, they sent an address to the king and queen congratulating them upon having restored the laws and liberties of England to their “ancient lustre, purity, and splendor,” and declaring that, without the expense of a drop of blood, they had rescued the government of Maryland from the hands of their enemies, and would hold it securely till a settlement thereof should be made. A convention was called to meet on the 23d of August, to which however several counties refused to send delegates. The convention sent an address to the King asking that their rights and religion might be secured under a Protestant government. The matter was now to be determined in England, and addresses from all the counties and from both parties poured in to the King. Many Protestants favored the Proprietary, and, in their addresses, denounced the falsehoods of the Associators. A number of the Protestants of Kent County declared in their address that “we have here enjoyed many halcyon days under the immediate government of Charles, Lord Baron of Baltimore, and his honorable father, ... by charter of your royal progenitors, wherein our rights and freedoms are so interwoven with his Lordship’s prerogative that we have always had the same liberties and privileges secured to us as other of your Majesty’s subjects in the Kingdom of England.” The greater number of signers, however, sided with the revolutionists. A friend of Lord Baltimore wrote that “people in debt think it the bravest time that ever was. No courts open nor no law proceedings, which they pray may continue as long as they live.” The same writer asserted that the best men and the best Protestants stood stiffly up for the Proprietary’s interest.

Those who had benefited by a Protestant Revolution in England were naturally disposed to look with favor upon a similar Revolution in America. And thus it came to pass that the Proprietary government “fell without a crime.”

King William on Feb. 1, 1690, in pursuance of the recommendation of the committee of the Council for Trade and Plantations, wrote to those in the administration of Maryland, acknowledging the receipt of their addresses and approving their motives for taking up arms. He authorized them to continue in the administration, and in the mean time to preserve the public peace. Lord Baltimore struggled hard to retain his province, although his chance of obtaining justice was desperate. He presented to the King and Council various affidavits and narratives showing the falsity of the charges against his government. In January, 1690, he petitioned the Board of Trade to grant a hearing to such inhabitants and merchants as had lived in and dealt with Maryland for upwards of twenty-five years, at the same time forwarding a list of their names. A few days later he requested the Board to hear his account of the disturbances, to the end that the government might be restored to him. In August, however, the Council directed the attorney-general to proceed by scire facias against Baltimore’s charter. Chief-Justice Holt had previously given an opinion that the King could appoint a governor of Maryland whose authority would be legal; and the attorney-general and solicitor-general were directed to draft a commission of governor.

On the 12th of March, 1691, Queen Mary wrote to the Grand Committee of Maryland that the Province was taken under the King’s immediate superintendence, that Copley would be governor, and, until his arrival, they were to administer the government in the names of their Majesties. In the following August Sir Lionel Copley was commissioned by the king and queen. He reached Maryland early in 1692, and the Province became a royal colony for a quarter of a century. The Proprietary was still allowed to receive his quit-rents and export duty, but all his other prerogatives were at an end.

CRITICAL ESSAY ON THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION.

THE earliest publication relating to Maryland was a pamphlet which appeared in London in 1634. It is entitled A Relation of the Successful Beginnings of the Lord Baltemore’s Plantation in Maryland: being an extract of certaine Letters written from thence by some of the Adventurers to their friends in England.[876] The similarity of the language of this relation with Father White’s Relatio Itineris would seem to show that he was its author. The relation describes the first settlement and the products of the soil, and narrates the naïve wonder of the Indians at the big ships and the thunder of the guns. It is dated “From Saint Marie’s in Maryland, 27 May, 1634.”

The next publication was, A Relation of Maryland, London, Sept. 8, 1635,—a work of great value to the student. It was evidently prepared under the direction of Lord Baltimore, and is an extensive colonizing programme. It recounts the planting of the colony and their intercourse with the Indians, and describes the commodities which the country naturally afforded and those that might be procured by industry. It also contains the “conditions propounded by the Lord Baltemore to such as shall goe or adventure into Maryland,” and gives elaborate instructions as to what the adventurers should take with them, together with an estimate of the cost of transporting servants and providing them with necessaries.[877]

A very full account of the voyage of the “Ark and Dove” to Maryland is contained in a letter written by Father Andrew White, S. J., to the General of the Order. The originals of this letter, as well as of different letters from the Jesuit missionaries in Maryland from 1635 to 1677, were discovered, about fifty years ago, by the Rev. W. M. Sherry, who was afterwards Provincial of the Jesuits in Maryland, in the archives of the Society in Rome. The copy he then made of these manuscripts is now in the possession of Loyola College, Baltimore. In 1874 and 1877 the Maryland Historical Society published this Relatio Itineris, and extracts from the annual letters, in the original Mediæval Latin, with a translation by Mr. Josiah Holmes Converse. This publication also contains an account of the colony in which the character of the country and its numerous sources of wealth are set forth in the glowing colors of anticipation. The original of this Declaratio Coloniæ was also found at Rome. It was probably written by Lord Baltimore soon after the grant of his patent, and sent to the General of the Society at the time of his request that priests might be sent out to the colony. These publications are enriched with the notes of the late Rev. E. A. Dalrymple, S. T. D.[878] then Corresponding Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society. The letters, which have been frequently used in the preceding narrative, throw much light upon the early days of the Province, and give a vivid picture of the activity of the missionaries.[879]

The reduction of Maryland at the time of the Commonwealth caused several pamphlets upon its affairs to be published in London. The first of these was The Lord Baltemore’s case concerning the Province of Maryland, adjoyning to Virginia in America with full and clear answers to all material objections touching his Rights, jurisdiction, and Proceedings there, etc. London, 1653. This tract was probably called forth by the report of the committee of the Navy on Maryland affairs in December, 1652. Although written by Lord Baltimore, or under his direction, it is a temperate and reliable statement. It contains his reasons of state why it would be more advantageous for the Commonwealth to keep Maryland and Virginia separate.

An answer to this pamphlet was published in London in 1655, entitled, Virginia and Maryland, or The Lord Baltemore’s printed case uncased and answered, etc.[880] This work is of value in giving a full statement of the Puritan side of the controversy down to 1655. It has the proceedings in Parliament in 1652 relating to Maryland, copies of the instructions of the commissioners for the reduction, and other documents.

There are four pamphlets bearing upon the battle of Providence in March, 1655. The first is called, An additional brief narrative of a late Bloody design against The Protestants in Ann Arundel County and Severn in Maryland in the County of Virginia.... Set forth by Roger Heaman, Commander of the Ship Golden Lyon, an eye-witness there. London, July 24, 1655. The author gives a detailed but unfair account of the fight, and of his connection with it, and of the previous proceedings of Governor Stone. Heamans was answered by John Hammond, “a sufferer in these calamities,” in a tract, called Hammond vs. Heamans; Or, an answer to an audacious pamphlet published by an impudent and ridiculous fellow named Roger Heamans, etc. The author was the person despatched by Stone, early in 1655, to remove the records from Patuxent. He declares that he “went unarmed amongst these sons of Thunder, and myself alone seized and carried away the records in defiance.” In the same year were published both Babylon’s Fall in Maryland, etc., by Leonard Strong, and John Langford’s Refutation of Babylon’s Fall, etc. Strong, the author of the former pamphlet, was one of the leading Puritans of Providence, and afterwards their agent in London, where he wrote the tract. It is a party work, containing a garbled statement of the facts. Langford’s Refutation has a letter from Governor Stone’s wife to Lord Baltimore describing the conduct of the Puritans and their treatment of her husband. Langford was rewarded for this work by Lord Baltimore with a gift of fifteen hundred acres of land in Maryland.[881]

In 1656 John Hammond published his Leah and Rachel; or, the Two fruitfull Sisters Virginia and Maryland. Their present condition impartially stated and related, etc.[882] This pamphlet is favorable to Lord Baltimore and condemns the Puritans.

A highly curious production is, A Character of the Province of Maryland, by George Alsop. London, 1666.[883] Alsop had been an indented servant in Maryland, and gives a favorable account of the condition of Maryland apprentices. The tract is written in a jocular style, and was designed to encourage emigration to the Province. It contains some interesting details concerning the Indian tribes.

Various causes, chief among which are Ingle’s Rebellion, time, and negligence, have resulted in the destruction of a large part of the early records of the Province. The principal portion of what now remains relating to the period before the Protestant Revolution is contained in the following manuscript folio volumes:—

1. Liber Z. The Proprietary Record-book from 1637-1642. This is the oldest record-book extant. It contains a full account of the proceedings of the Assembly held in 1638, and of the process against William Lewis for his violation of the proclamation prohibiting religious disputes. This volume also has the records of the Council acting as a county court, and of proceedings in testamentary causes. Many of the original signatures of Leonard Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and others are scattered through the volume.

2. A. 1647-1651. The original second Record-book of the Province. The first fifty-eight pages and several of the last are wanting. It has in it proceedings of assemblies, court records, appointments to office, demands and surveys of land, wills, etc.

3. Y. 1649-1669. Journals and acts of different assemblies, commissions from the Proprietary, etc. This volume contains the Toleration Act of 1649[884] and the proceedings of Fendall’s revolutionary assembly in 1660.

4. H. H. 1656-1668. Council proceedings. The original volume containing instructions from the Proprietary, commissions of Fendall and others, ordinances, and the proceedings against the Quakers.[885]

5. A. M. 1669-1673. Council Proceedings. A copy probably made in the last century.

6. F. 1637-1642. Council Proceedings and other documents in vol. i. of the Land-Office Records. This copy of the original, which is lost, was made in the first quarter of the eighteenth century, and is certified by a Judge of the Provincial Court to be correct. This volume contains Governor Leonard Calvert’s commission, Clayborne’s petition to the King, orders of the Privy Council, etc.

7. A. 1647-1650. Council and Court Proceedings. Some part of the original is lost. A copy in vol. ii. of the Land-Office Records.

8. B. 1648-1657. Council and Court Proceedings and Acts of Assembly. The original is lost. A copy is in vols. i. and iii. of the Land-Office Records. This volume contains the proceedings of Captain Fuller’s council and of the Puritan Assembly in 1654, lists of servants for whose importation land was demanded, etc.

9. Vellum folio. 1636-1657. Council Proceedings. A copy made in the eighteenth century. This volume has Stone’s commission, the conditions of plantation in 1648 and 1649, the proceedings of Bennett and Clayborne in the reduction of Maryland, and of Stone and the Puritans. The documents in this volume are not arranged in chronological order.

10. Vellum folio. 1637-1658. Proceedings of Assemblies. A copy.

11. F. F. 1659-1699. Upper House Journals. A copy. Contains a full account of the proceedings.

12. X. 1661-1663. Council-book. This original volume contains instructions from the Proprietary to Philip Calvert and Fendall, demands and grants of land, etc.

13. 1676-1702. Votes and Proceedings of the Lower House. A copy made by the State Librarian in 1838 from the original papers, which are not now to be found. It has the proceedings of the Assemblies in 1676,1683, and 1684.

14. C. B. 1683-1684. The original Council-book for land.

The first five of the above volumes are in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society, Baltimore, having been entrusted to its guardianship by a resolution of the Legislature in 1847. The remaining folios are in the Land Office at Annapolis.

The three following manuscript volumes are in the office of the Clerk of the Court of Appeals, at Annapolis:—

15. Liber W. H. Laws: erroneously lettered on the back 1676-1678. This volume contains laws made at different Assemblies from 1640 to 1688. They are not placed in strict chronological order. These copies were made in the seventeenth century, and many of the transcripts are attested by Philip Calvert as Cancellarius.

16. W. H. and L. 1640-1692. Laws made at some of the Assemblies held during these years.

17. C. and W. H. 1638-1678. Laws. A copy from older books made in 1726, and certified to be correct.

The two following original volumes are in the State Library at Annapolis:—

18. Proprietary, 1642-1644. Contains proceedings of the Council sitting as the Provincial Court, proclamations, commissions, etc. A part of this volume has been transcribed into one of the Land-Office Records.

19. Provincial Court of Maryland. Records. March, 1658-November, 1662. This volume is in bad condition and several pages are wanting. It contains the records of the Council as a Court, oaths of officers, depositions, etc.

A calendar of the state papers contained in Nos. 1-13 of the above volumes, and in some of a later date, was compiled in 1860 by the Rev. Ethan Allen, under the direction of J. H. Alexander.[886] No systematic publication of extracts from these records has ever been made. After the death of Mr. S. F. Streeter, in 1864, his large collection of manuscripts pertaining to the provincial history of Maryland was placed in the hands of Henry Stockbridge Esq., who prepared them for publication, and in 1876 some extracts from these with notes by Mr. Stockbridge were published by the Maryland Historical Society in a volume entitled, Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland, by S. F. Streeter. This volume contains the proceedings and acts of the Assembly of 1638, with a list of the members and their occupations, the record of the case against William Lewis, the first will, the first marriage license and various court proceedings.

The Legislature of Maryland at its January session, 1882, passed an act directing that all the records and state papers belonging to the period prior to the Revolution be transferred to the custody of the Maryland Historical Society, and appropriating the sum of two thousand dollars to be expended by the Society in the publication of extracts from these documents.

In 1694, when the capital was removed from St. Mary’s to Annapolis,—then called Anne Arundel Town,—the Assembly directed that the records should be transported on horses, and in bags sealed with the great seal and covered with hides. The persons charged with this duty afterward reported to the Assembly that they had safely delivered the books to the sheriff of Anne Arundel County. There is a full list of these volumes in the Journal of the Lower House, and one perceives with regret that the greater part of them no longer exist. Many state papers were greatly damaged during this removal, and others were lost in the fire which destroyed the State House in 1704. When the government of the Province was restored to Lord Baltimore in 1716, an act was passed appointing commissioners to inspect the records and to employ clerks to transcribe and bind them. The preamble to the act set forth the loss of several important records, and that a great part of what remained was “much worn and damnified;” which was partly owing to the want of proper books at first. On such general revisions of the laws as were made in 1676, 1692, and at other times, it was customary to make transcripts in a “Book of Laws” only of those acts which were continued in force. The record of the laws not re-enacted was then neglected.

Very little care was bestowed upon the state papers generally. Many of the volumes cited by Bacon in his Laws of Maryland, published in 1765, are not now to be found. In 1836 the State librarian (Ridgely) made three reports to the governor and council upon the early records, which contain a partial list of those then discovered. He says that in the treasury department he found “the remains of two large sea-chests and one box which had contained records and files of papers which were in a state of total ruin.” He also discovered many early records, whose existence had not been suspected, in different public offices, and some “under the stairway as you ascend the dome.”[887]

Other original authorities for the history of the Province, second in importance only to its own records, are the documents preserved in the state-paper office in London. The peculiar nature of the palatinate proprietorship of Maryland, and the fact that the Proprietary generally resided in England, have caused the Maryland papers to be more abundant than those of any other colony. It was customary to send to the Proprietary documents concerning all the public affairs of the Province. A large number of these, as well as of the papers directly transmitted to the Privy Council or the Board of Trade, are in the state-paper office.[888] In 1852 Mr. George Peabody gave to the Maryland Historical Society a manuscript index, prepared by Henry Stevens, to the Maryland papers, then accessible in that office. This index contains abstracts of 1,729 documents relating to Maryland affairs between the years 1626 and 1780; and the abstracts are somewhat more full than those in Sainsbury’s Calendars of State Papers.[889]

Additional papers have been placed in the state-paper office since the Peabody Index was made, and it is therefore necessary to consult both calendars. There are other manuscripts relating to Maryland in the British Museum, the Bodleian Library, and elsewhere in England, of which no calendars have been published.[890]

A letter of Captain Thomas Yong to Sir Tobie Matthew, written from Virginia in July, 1634, describes his interviews with Clayborne and Captain Cornwallis, and passes an unfavorable judgment upon the former. Yong gives an account of various plots of Clayborne and other Virginians against the colony at St. Mary’s, and of Clayborne’s refusal to attend a conference which had been arranged for the adjustment of the controversy. The letter is printed in Documents connected with the history of South Carolina, edited by P. C. J. Weston, London, 1856, p. 29, and in 4 Mass. Hist. Coll. ix. p. 81 (Aspinwall Papers), and in the Appendix to Streeter’s Papers Relating to the Early History of Maryland.

* * * * *

There are scarcely any remains of the buildings erected in the Province before 1688. Lord Baltimore wrote to the Lords of the Committee for Trade and Plantations in 1678 that “the principal place or town is called St. Mary’s where the General Assembly and provincial court are kept, and whither all ships trading there do in the first place resort; but it can hardly be called a town, it being in length by the water about five miles, and in breadth upwards towards the land not above one mile,—in all which space, excepting only my own house and buildings wherein the said courts and offices are kept, there are not above thirty houses, and those at considerable distance from each other, and the buildings (as in all other parts of the Province), very mean and little, and generally after the manner of the meanest farm-houses in England. Other places we have none that are called or can be called towns, the people there not affecting to build near each other, but so as to have their houses near the water for convenience of trade, and their lands on each side of and behind their houses, by which it happens that in most places there are not above fifty houses in the space of thirty miles.”[891]

The principal building at St. Mary’s was the State House, erected in 1674, at a cost of 330,000 pounds of tobacco. In 1720 it was given to the parish of William and Mary to be used as a church; and in 1830, being very much decayed, it was pulled down, and a new edifice built in the neighborhood. Lord Baltimore’s house—called the Castle—stood on the plain of St. Mary’s, at the head of St. John’s Creek. The spot is marked by a few mouldering bricks and broken tiles, and a square pit overgrown with bushes.[892] At St. Inigoe’s manor, near St. Mary’s, there is preserved the original round table at which the first council sat, besides a few other relics.[893]

The earliest historian of Maryland was George Chalmers, whose Political Annals of the present United Colonies was published in London in 1780. Chalmers was a Maryland lawyer, who returned to England at the outbreak of the Revolution. He had access to the English state papers in writing his work, and his account of Maryland is fair and, for the most part, accurate.[894]

The ablest man who has written upon the history of the Province was John V. L. McMahon. He was born in Cumberland, Maryland, in 1800, and, after graduating at Princeton, began the practice of the law in Maryland, where he soon became one of the leaders of a very able bar. The first volume of his Historical view of the Government of Maryland from its Colonization to the Present Day was published in 1831. Though the author did not die till 1871, this volume was never followed by its promised successor. The manuscript of the second volume is in the possession of McMahon’s heirs. The volume published brings the history of the Province down to the Revolution, but its strictly historical part is less than one half of the whole, and treats the subject only in outline. The remainder of the book is devoted to an examination of the legal aspects of the charter, the sources of Maryland law, and the distribution of legislative power under the State government. The work is founded on an original study of the records, so far as was thought necessary for its limited historical scope.[895]

The History of Maryland from its first settlement in 1633 to the Restoration in 1660, in two volumes, by John Leeds Bozman, was published in 1837. The manuscript of this work was offered to the State in 1834, after the death of its author, on condition of its being printed within two years. The offer was accepted by the Legislature, and the book was published under its direction. The first volume is introductory, and the history of the Province proper is contained in the second volume. The work is based on an exact study of the original records, and is a very careful and accurate summary in great detail. Bozman did not have access to the papers preserved in the English state-paper office, and much other material has been brought to light since he wrote. His strict pursuance of the chronological order often results in sacrificing the interest of the narrative. The appendix to the second volume has a valuable collection of extracts from the records. The work as a whole may be said to furnish materials for the history of the Province rather than to be the finished history itself.[896]

The History of Maryland from its first Settlement, in 1634, to the year 1848, in one volume, by James McSherry, a lawyer of Frederick City, Maryland, was first published in 1849. It is written in an agreeable style, and, so far as relates to the period under consideration, gives a clear summary of the leading occurrences, but does not appear to have been founded on original investigation of the sources.

In Burnap’s Life of Leonard Calvert, published in Sparks’s American Biography,[897] there is an excellent history of the colony to the death of Governor Calvert in 1647. Dr. Burnap was for many years pastor of the Unitarian Church in Baltimore. His chief authorities were Bozman and Father White’s Relatio Itineris.

To Mr. George Lynn-Lachlan Davis, a member of the Baltimore Bar, who died a few years ago, is due the credit of having settled the vexed question of the religious faith of the legislators who passed the Toleration Act of 1649. His work was based on an examination of wills, rent-rolls, and other records. His conclusions are those stated in the preceding narrative. The result of his investigations was published in 1855 in a volume entitled, The Day Star of American Freedom: or, The Birth and Early Growth of Toleration in the Province of Maryland. It also contains a summary of all that is known of the entire personal history of each member of the Assembly of 1649.[898]

The Rev. E. D. Neill’s Terra Mariæ: or, Threads of Maryland Colonial History, published in 1867, is a digressive account of the career of the first Lord Baltimore, with some notices of men more or less connected with the Province in its early days. He quotes many letters of the seventeenth century, but rarely refers to the source from which he drew them.[899] What the volume contains relative to the internal affairs of the Province is not always accurate. Mr. Neill has published several pamphlets and articles on the early history of Maryland, in which he endeavors to show that Maryland never was a Roman Catholic colony, that a majority of the colonists were from the beginning Protestants, and that the Church of England was established by the charter.[900]

The latest and most comprehensive History of Maryland is that by Mr. J. T. Scharf, in three octavo volumes, published in 1879. This work extends from the earliest period to the present day. Mr. Scharf publishes in full many valuable documents from the English state-paper office, among which is an English translation of the charter of Avalon.[901]

Histories of Kent, Cecil, and some other counties in the State have also been published.[902]

* * * * *

The subject of religious toleration in Maryland—its causes and significance—has given rise to much discussion both within and without the State. We shall refer only to a few of the many pamphlets and articles which have appeared on this topic. In 1845 the late John P. Kennedy delivered a discourse before the Maryland Historical Society on the Life and Character of the first Lord Baltimore. He maintained that toleration was in the charter and not in the Act of 1649, and that as much credit was due to the Protestant prince who granted as to the Catholic nobleman who received the patent, and that the settlement of the Province was mainly a commercial speculation. This discourse was reviewed in 1846 by Mr. B. U. Campbell, who contended with so much show of reason that the honor of the policy of toleration must be attributed to the Proprietary and the first settlers, that Mr. Kennedy felt called upon in the same year to reply to the review.[903] In 1855 the Rev. Ethan Allen published a pamphlet on Maryland Toleration, in which he upheld Clayborne’s side of the controversy with Lord Baltimore, denied that Maryland was a Catholic colony, and asserted that protection to all religions was guaranteed by the charter. This question was also referred to in the discussion between Mr. Gladstone and Cardinal Manning, concerning the Vatican decrees, in 1875. Cardinal Manning had pointed to the toleration established by Catholics in Maryland to refute Mr. Gladstone’s assertion that the Roman Church of this day would, if she could, use torture and force in matters of religious belief. Mr. Gladstone replied, in his Vaticanism, that toleration in Maryland was really defensive, and its purpose was to secure the free exercise of the Catholic religion, because it was apprehended that the Puritans would flood the Province.[904]

Students of Maryland history are fortunate in possessing an admirable edition of the laws of the Province, compiled in 1765 by Thomas Bacon, chaplain to the last Lord Baltimore. It contains all the laws then in force, and the titles of all the acts passed in the several assemblies from the settlement. There are references to the books where the different acts are recorded, and numerous notes upon historical and legal points.

The chief impetus to the study of the history of Maryland and to the preservation of its archives has been given by the Maryland Historical Society, which was organized in 1844.[905] One of the originators of this Society was Mr. Brantz Mayer, an accomplished man of letters, who until his death, two years ago, was active and efficient in promoting its welfare. The Society has a large membership and occupies a suitable building in Baltimore. Its library contains about 20,000 volumes, including nearly every book relating to the history of Maryland. The collection of manuscripts bearing upon the Colonial and Revolutionary history of the State is large and valuable. It has also many rare American maps, coins, and pamphlets, and a large collection of Maryland newspapers from the year 1728. The Society has published about eight volumes, relating chiefly to the history of Maryland. It now has a permanent publication fund, which it also owes to the generosity of George Peabody.

Notwithstanding the loss of many original records, there is still in the State archives an abundance of historical material which has never been adequately worked up by any writer. This material is now better known and more accessible than formerly. Many documents in the state-paper office are now being made known for the first time by the calendars published under the direction of the Master of the Rolls. It is probable that the papers in the British Museum and Bodleian Library will also be calendared. This varied treasure of interesting and important material relating to the provincial history of Maryland has never been thoroughly searched, and the history in which a satisfactory use of it is made remains to be written.

INDEX.

[Reference is commonly made but once to a book if repeatedly mentioned in the text; but other references are made when additional information about the book is conveyed.]

AA, VAN DER, Versameling, 79, 188.

Abelin, J. P, 167.

Accomac, 147, 179.

Achter Kol, 429.

Acomenticus, charter of, 364; river, 322. See Agamenticus.

Acosta, map in (1598), 196.

Acquines (Hawkins), 82.

Adams, Annals of Portsmouth, 366.

Adams, Charles-Francis, Jr., edits Morton’s New English Canaan, 348; on “old planters” about Boston Harbor, 347.

Adams, Clement, 36, 41, 43, 44, 47.

Adams, C. K., Manual of Historical Literature, 166, 368.

Adams, Henry, on the Pocahontas story, 162.

Adams, J. Q., on the New England Confederacy, 354.

“Admiral”, ship, 171.

Adventurers in Virginia, 127.

Agamenticus, 190. See Acomenticus.

Aggoncy, 184.

Agnese, Baptista, map (1554), 218; his portolanos, 218.

Agostino, 77.

Agriculture in New England, 316.

Ahasimus, 422.

Aitzema, Histoire, 415.

Albany, 390, 407.

Alcocke, John, autog., 338.

Alden, John, in Duxbury, 272, 273; autog., 268; last survivor of the signers of the Pilgrims’ compact, 271.

Aldsworth, 321.

Alexander, James, 452; his Bill in Chancery, 452.

Alexander, J. H., 556.

Alexander, Sir William, 327; his map, 306, 341; his grant, 299; his Encouragement to Colonies, 305.

Alexandria, province of, 306.

Allard, C., view of New York, 416; map of New York, 417.

Allard, Minor Atlas, 384,

Allen, Rev. Ethan, 556, 557, 560; St. Ann’s Parish, 561; Maryland Toleration, 561.

Allen, James, autog., 319.

Allen, Nathaniel, 479.

Allen, S. M., 562.

Allen, Zachariah, 377; Founding of Rhode Island, 377.

Allerton, Isaac, 273, 276, 277; autog., 268; assistant, 275.

Allyn, John, 334; autog, 335, 374.

Alsop, George, Province of Maryland, 555.

Amadas, Philip, 108, 111, 122.

Amazons, 118.

America, part of Asia, 69; earliest English publications on, 199; earliest instance of the name on maps, 214.

American Antiquarian Society, 344.

Amsterdam, English Brownists in, 261.

Amyrault, Moses, 474.

Anderson, J. S. M., History of the Church of England in the Colonies, 155, 286.

Andress, Lawrence, 436.

Andringa, Joris, 397.

Andros, Sir Edmund, his rule in Plymouth, 282; in Connecticut, 335; in Rhode Island, 339; governor of New York, 398, 429; administration, 400; knighted, 401; vice-admiral, 401; arrests Carteret, 401; portrait, 402; governor of New England, 407, 444; New York added, 409; in Massachusetts, 321; imprisoned, 411; interferes in New Jersey, 433, 434; collects duties in New Jersey, 431.

Andros Tracts, 362.

Andrus, Silas, 371.

Anian straits, 68, 80, 203; sought by Drake, 69; gulf, 68; regnum, 68.

“Ann”, ship, 292.

Ann, Cape. See Cape Ann.

Annapolis in Maryland, 535, 561.

Anne Arundel county in Maryland, 535; town, 557.

Anonaebo, 77.

Antillæ, 201.

Antinomian controversy, literature of, 349, 351, 352; in Rhode Island, 336.

Antiquary, a London periodical, 160.

Apian’s map (1532), 199.

Appleton, W. S., 543.

Aquedneck, 336, 376, 377. See Rhode Island.

Arber’s English Garner, 346.

Arboledo, Cape, 77.

Archæologia Americana, or Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, 123.

“Archangel”, ship, 175, 191.

Archdale, 324.

Archer, Gabriel, 130; his Relation, 131; his account of Newport’s explorations, 154.

Arctic regions, Cabot in, 36, 39; discoveries in 1586, 42; bibliographies, 97. See Northwest Passage.

Arembec, 170, 185. See Norumbega.

Arenas, C. de las, 197, 213.

Argall, Samuel, 159, 301, 305; arrested, 142; expedition to Acadia, 140; elected deputy-governor of Virginia, 141; on the Maine coast, 178, 179, 193; at Jamestown, 134, 139.

Arica, 67.

“Ark”, ship, 524.

Arlington, Lord, 150.

Armor, Governors of Pennsylvania, 475.

Armstrong, Edward, 510, 516; edits Budd’s Good Order, 451; edits the Penn Correspondence, 506; on Penn’s landing, 513.

Arnold, James N., 381.

Arnold, S. G., History of Rhode Island, 376.

Arran, Earl of, 370.

Arundell, Earl of, 297.

Asher, G. M., Hudson the Navigator, 99, 104; List of Maps and Views of New York, 417.

Ashley, Anthony, 207.

Ashton, Robert, Works and Life of Robinson, 286.

Aspinwall, Colonel Thomas, 350; his library, 159; on the Narragansett Patent, 379; Papers, 164.

Assacumet, 180.

Astrolabe, 207.

Atherton Company, 338. See Narragansett.

Atkinson, Joseph, History of Newark, 456.

Atlas, earliest marine, 207.

Atwater, E. E., History of New Haven Colony, 375.

Augusta (Me.), 365.

Austerfield, 283, 284; map of vicinity, 259; church at, 260.

Avalon, 519, 523; charter, 561.

“Ayde”, ship, 87.

Baccalaos, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 26, 27, 29,32, 37, 42, 56, 101, 185, 203, 213, 215, 216.

Backus, Isaac, 377; History of New England, 377; Church History of New England, 377.

Bacon, Francis, aspersions on Ralegh, 120; his Declaration about Ralegh, 121; autog., 121; his Certain Considerations, 247; Controversies of the Church of England, 217.

Bacon, Leonard, Genesis of the New England Churches, 285; Thirteen Historical Discourses, 359, 371; on New Haven’s civil government, 375.

Bacon, Nathaniel, Jr., 151.

Bacon, Thomas, 561; Laws of Maryland, 561.

Bacon’s laws (Virginia), 152.

Bacon’s rebellion, 151; authorities, 164.

Badajoz, junta at, 4, 48.

Baffin, William, 93; autog., 94; authorities, 99.

Baffin’s Bay, 99; Luke Fox’s map, 98.

Bagaduce, 190. See Pentagöet.

Bagnall, Anthony, 131.

Bagnall, Walter, 322.

Baillie, R., Anabaptism, 288.

Baker, Northamptonshire, 457.

Balboa, 65.

Ballard, Edward, 210.

Baltimore, Lord. See Calvert.

Baltimore (town), histories of, 561.

Bamfield, 483.

Bancroft, George, 154, 160, 162; on the Cabots, 43; controversy with Josiah Quincy, 378; on the Quakers, 509.

Baptists, 228, 377; in Pennsylvania, 494.

Barber, Connecticut Historical Collections, 375.

Barcia, Ensayo Chronologico, 48.

Barclay, Alex., 199, 202.

Barclay, David, 435.

Barclay, Robert, 435, 443; governor of East Jersey, 436; autog., 436; his Apology, 436, 503.

Barclay, Robert (of our day), Inner Life, 251, 504.

Bardolo, G. G., 26.

Barentz, 217.

Barker, James N., Settlements on the Delaware, 463, 512.

Barker, J. W., History of New Haven, 372.

Barker, Thomas, 435; autog., 484.

Barlow, S. L. M., Bibliotheca Barlowiana, 159.

Barlow, William, Navigator’s Supply, 208.

Barlowe, Arthur, 108, 122.

Barney, C. G., 163.

Barret, Charles, 457.

Barrow, Sir John, _Chronological History of the Voyages to the Arctic Regions_, 97; Life of Drake, 79; Naval Worthies, 102.

Barrowism, 219, 254.

Barry, J. S., History of Massachusetts, 286, 344; and the Bradford MS., 286.

Bartlett, John Russell, Bibliography of Rhode Island, 354, 380; Naval History of Rhode Island, 380; Catalogue of the Library of John Carter Brown, 380; edits Rhode Island Records, 377.

Bartlett, W. H., Pilgrim Fathers, 258, 284, 292.

Baudet, Leven van Blaeu, 216.

Bay Psalm-book, 350.

Baylie, Dissuasive, 351.

Baylies, Francis, Memoir of New Plymouth, 291.

Bayne, Peter, English Puritanism, 252.

Beach, Indian Miscellany, 167.

Beare, James, 102.

Beauvois, Eugene, La Norambegue, 184.

Becher on Frobisher, 103.

Bedford, Cape, 90, 91.

Beechey, Voyage towards the North Pole, 98.

Behaim, Martin, his astrolabe, 207; globe, 212, 217; life by Ghillany, 8.

Behring’s Straits, 69.

Belknap, Jeremy, American Biography, 94, 188, 291; on Pilgrim history, 291; founder of the Massachusetts Historical Society, 344; his life, 344; papers, 344, 368; History of New Hampshire, 367.

Bell, C. H., on the Wheelwright deed, 366.

Belle isle, 213.

Belleforest, Cosmographie, 36.

Bellingham, Richard, governor of Massachusetts, 318.

Bennet, Richard, 148, 149, 537.

Bergen, 422, 428.

Bergenroth, 57.

Berkeley, John, 144, 145; in New Jersey, 422; autog., 422; sells his right, 430.

Berkeley, Sir William, 147, 537; autog., 147; governor of Virginia, 149; Discourse, 157.

Bermuda, 216; Gates wrecked at, 134, 135, 156.

Bermuda in Virginia, 138.

Bernard, Recueil de voiages, 188.

Berry, John, 428, 436, 443.

Berry, Leonard, 118.

Bertius, Peter, 46.

Beschrijvinghe van Virginia, 415.

Besse, Joseph, on William Penn, 505; Sufferings of the People called Quakers, 359, 503.

Beste, George, True Discourse, 36, 102, 204.

Bevan, Sylvanus, 475.

Beverley, Robert, History of Virginia,164.

Bezar, John, 479.

Bible, authority of the, 227, 229.

Biddle, Craig, 507.

Biddle, Richard, Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, 14, 43.

Biddle, William, 441.

Billings, Hammatt, 293.

Billington Sea, 272.

Binckes, 397.

Birch, Thomas, Lives of Bacon, 121; General Dictionary, 121.

Biscayan fishermen, 12.

Bishop, George, New England Judged, 359.

Bishop, History of American Manufactures, 166.

Bittle, Edward, 515.

Blackstone, William, autog., 311.

Blackwell, Captain John, 495.

Blaeu map (1685) of New England, 381, 384; atlas, 381; globes, 216.

Blagrave, John, Solace for Navigators, 208.

Blanco, Cape, 8, 213.

Bland, Colonel Richard, 158.

Blaxton. See Blackstone.

“Blessing”, ship, 134.

Block, Adrian, 376; on the Connecticut River, 368.

Block Island, 382.

Blome, Richard, Present State, etc., 384, 449.

Bloody Point (Maine), 367.

Bloody Statute, The, 231.

Blue Hills (Massachusetts), 198, 342. See Cheviot Hills, Massachusetts Mount.

Blue Laws, 371, 372.

Blundeville, Thomas, Universall Maps, etc., 207; his Exercises, 207, 208, 217.

Bodega Bay, 74, 75, 80.

Body of Liberties, 314, 350, 371.

Bollen, James, autog., 428.

Bollero’s map, 200.

Bolling, Robert, 141, 162.

Bolling, Thomas, 163.

Bonavista, Cape, 216.

Booth’s Bay, 191.

Bordone, Libro, 194.

Boston, 282, 283; site of, visited by Smith, 179; by Dermer, 183; in Smith’s map, 198; publication of its Record Commissioners, 343; Harbor, old planters about, 347; histories of, 362.

Boterus, Welt-beschreibung, 102.

Bourchier, Sir John, 300.

Bourje, T. P., map of New York, 418.

Bourne, Edward E., 210.

Bourne, William, Regiment of the Sea, 207, 208.

Bouton, Nathaniel, 363, 366; edits Provincial Papers, 367.

Bowden, Friends in America, 314, 504, 508.

Bowen, C. W., Boundary Disputes of Connecticut, 374.

Bowen, Geography, 185, 188.

Boyle, Robert, 356; autog., 356.

Bozman, J. L., 560; History of Maryland, 559.

Bradford, Alden, History of Massachusetts, 344.

Bradford Club, 384.

Bradford, William, notices of him, 289; Plymouth Plantation, 286, 289; fac-simile of writing, 289, 292; will, 289; Bible, 289; descendants, 289; Dialogues, 289; letter to Winthrop, 289; his verses, 289; part author of Mourt’s Relation, 290; Letter-book, 291; fac-simile of record of his baptism, 260; autog., 268, 278; at Plymouth, 273; his manuscripts, 283; life by Cotton Mather, 283.

Bradford, William, printer, 493, 515, 516.

Bradstreet, Simon, autog., 338.

Brain, James, 435.

Brant, Sebastian, Ship of Fools, 199, 201, 202.

Brantly, William T., “The English in Maryland”, 517.

Brasil Island, 101.

Brawnde, Edward, 181.

Brayton, G. A., Defence of Gorton, 354.

Brazil, Prisilia, 201; Brasiliam, 201.

Breda, Treaty of, 395, 415, 421.

Bremen (Maine), 365.

Brent, Giles, 532.

Brent, Margaret, 459; autog., 533.

Brereton, John, Brief and True Relation, 187.

Breton, Cape. See Cape Breton.

Brevoort, J. C., his Verrazano, 12; as an historical scholar, 20, 28, 41, 53; drawings of old New York, 419, 420.

Brewster, Edward, 137.

Brewster, Jonathan, autog, 349.

Brewster, William, at Scrooby, 258; teaching Elder, 277; date of birth, 287; printer while in Holland, 287; life by Steele, 285, 287; autog., 268, 287; his library, 287; at Leyden, 263; in Duxbury, 273; his sword, 274; his chair, 278; Brief Relation of New England, 192.

Brigham, William, on Jones of the “Mayflower”, 288; edits Plymouth Laws, 292.

Brinley, George, 374; Catalogue of his Library, 211; rich in Connecticut history, 375.

Bristol (England), 2, 5.

Bristol (Maine), 365.

Bristol manuscripts, 53.

Brock, Robert A., “Virginia”, 127.

Brockenbrough, W. H., History of Virginia, 165.

Brockholls, Anthony, 398, 401, 402, 404, 435.

Brodhead, J. R., History of New York, 413, 414; oration to commemorate the English Conquest, 414.

Bronson, Henry, on early government of Connecticut, 375.

Brook, Lord, 326, 331.

Brooks, N. C., 554.

Brown, Alexander, on Virginia history, 162.

Brown, B. F., 560.

Brown, G. W., Civil Liberty in Maryland, 559.

Brown, Henry Armitt, 456.

Brown, John, of Pemaquid, 321.

Brown, John Carter, his library, 380; rich in Arctic books, 97; autog., 381.

Brown, Nicholas, 381.

Brown, Peter, 273.

Brown University, 381.

Browne, Fox, his English Merchants, 78.

Browne, Robert, and Brownists, 261; his autog., 261.

Browning, Charles, 559.

Brownists, 219, 248, 261.

Bruce, E. C., 123.

Brun, Malte, Histoire de la Géographie, 195.

Brunswick (Maine), 365.

Brydges, Sir E., Restituta, 102.

Buck, W. J., Montgomery County, 509; Bucks County, 510.

Buckley, John, 341.

Budd, Thomas, 441; Good Order, etc., 450, 499.

Bugg, Francis, Picture of Quakerism, 503.

Bulfinch, Thomas, Oregon and El Dorado, 126.

Bulkley, Gershom, People’s Right to Election, 375.

Bulkley, Peter, autog., 356.

Bull, Henry, Memoirs of Rhode Island, 376.

Bullock, William, Virginia impartially examined, 157.

Burdett, George, 326.

Burk, John, History of Virginia, 165.

Burke, Edmund, European Settlements, 509.

Burke, Bernard, Commoners, 457; Landed Gentry, 457.

Burleigh, Lord, 86.

Burlington (New Jersey), 432, 441, 456.

Burnap, Life of Leonard Calvert, 560.

Burnet, Gilbert, Reformation, 248.

Burney, Voyages in the South Sea, 78.

Burras, Anne, 132.

Burrough, Edward, 359; autog., 359.

Burrough, Stephen, 207.

Burton, Robert, English Hero, 83.

Burtsell, R. L., New Jersey colonized by Catholics, 457.

Burwell, Nathaniel, 164.

Butler, B. F. (of New York), on Smith’s History of New York, 412.

Butler’s Hudibras, 237.

Butrigarius, 26.

Butten, William, 284.

Button, Sir Thomas, 93.

Button’s Bay, 96.

Buzzard’s Bay, 278.

Byllynge, Edward, 435, 440; in New Jersey, 430; autog., 430; trustees of, 432; dies, 442; difficulties with the Province, 451; tracts on the difficulty, 451.

Bylot, Robert, 93.

Byrd, Colonel William, 145, 148, 158, 159, 161.

Cabell, N. F., Agriculture in Virginia, 166.

Cabot, Anthony, 18.

Cabot, John, maps now lost, 8, 24, 35, 36; license (1497-98), 43; date of his discovery, 44; career, 1, 52; family, 3; first voyage, 2, 8, 32, 33, 51, 216; second voyage, 3, 8, 57; first printed notice, 23; letters patent, 37; portrait, 58.

Cabot, Sebastian, mappe monde, 6; described, 20, 217; fac-simile, 22; notices of, 24, 34, 43; rejected by Kohl, 45; career, 2, 12, 52; voyage with Pert, 4; in Spain, 4, 48; portrait, 5, 31, 47, 58; not a knight, 32; earliest notice of, in print, by Peter Martyr, 14, 15; life of, by Richard Biddle, 14, 43; voyage of 1516-7, 28; maps, 39, 41, 44, 45 lives of, 43; intrigue with Venice, 49; refuses to return to Spain, 51; pension, 51, 56; on ascertaining longitude, 207.

Cabot family, 58.

Cabrillo, 68.

“Cacafuego”, ship, 67.

Cadwalader, John, 464.

Cadwalader, R. M., Law of Ground Rents, 512.

Cæsar, Sir Julius, 47; autog., 205.

Caines, island, 68.

Calamy’s Nonconformist Memorial, 252.

Campbell, B. U., 554, 561.

Campbell, Charles, History of Virginia, 164.

Campbell, J. W., History of Virginia, 164.

Campbell, Lord Neill, 443.

Campbell’s Lives of the Admirals, 102.

Calendar of State-Papers, 193, 343. See Sainsbury, Noel.

California, 67; visited by Portuguese, 68; gold, 72; Gulf of, called “Mare Vermeo”, 79.

Callender, John, Historical Discourse, 376.

Callender, Voyages, 79.

Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, receives charter of Maryland, 520; his grants to settlers, 528; appoints Protestants to office, 533; deposed by Charles II, 536; struggles to preserve his province, 537, 539, 540; succeeds, 541; his quit-rents, 544; portrait, 546, 558; dies, 547; Papers, 558; tracts, 554.

Calvert, Charles, third Lord Baltimore, 542, 547; contest with Penn, 548; struggles to preserve his province, 552; autog., 542.

Calvert, George, first Lord Baltimore, 517; autog., 146, 518; portrait, 518, 558; made Baron Baltimore, 519; a Roman Catholic, 519; in Newfoundland, 519; in Virginia, 519; arms, 520, 558; dies, 520; his descendants, 520; tracts, 553, 554.

Calvert, George, the younger, 524.

Calvert, Leonard, 147, 459, 524, 555; autog., 524; dies, 533; life by Burnap, 560.

Calvert, Philip, 556; autog., 535.

Calvert, Philip, the younger, 540, 542.

Calvert pedigree, 559.

Cambridge Platform, 314, 334, 354.

Cambridge, Press at, 350.

Camden Hills (Maine), 176, 190, 191.

Canada, 101, 213, 216; as an island, 203.

Canada Company, 327.

Canaries, islands, as the first meridian, 214.

Candish. See Cavendish.

Cantino’s map, 218.

Cape Ann, 311; settlement at, 346.

Cape Breton discovered, 2; landfall of Cabot, 24, 56; mentioned, 101, 201, 213, 216.

Cape Cod, 381; visited by Gosnold, 173; on the old maps, 197; Pilgrims at, 267; plan of the harbor, 270.

Cape Fear, 213.

Cape. See the various names of capes.

Captain’s Hill, 272, 273, 284.

Captivities, a hobby of collectors, 361.

Carey’s Swan’s Nest, 93.

Carleill, J., Discourse, 205.

Carpenter, Samuel, 493.

Carr, Sir Robert, 421; in Maine, 364; autog., 388, 422.

Cartagena, 63, 80.

Cataya. See Cathay.

Cates, Thomas, Summary, 82.

Carter-Brown Catalogue. See Brown, John Carter.

Carteret, Sir George, in New Jersey, 422; autog, 423; receives new grant, 430; dies, 433.

Carteret, James, 427.

Carteret, Philip, governor, 424, 430; autog., 424; hostility to his government, 426; relations with Andros, 433; imprisoned, 434.

Cathay, 3, 88, 91.

Cartier’s Voyage, 204.

Cartwright, Colonel George, autog., 388.

Cartwright’s Admonition, 233.

Carver, John, 284; at Leyden, 263; governor, 271; his sword, 274; dies, 274; his chair, 278.

Cary, Colonel Archibald, 145.

Casco, 190, 382; Treaty of, 361.

Cass, Lewis, 515.

Castine (Maine), 190, 365. See Bagaduce, Pentagöet.

Caulkins, Miss, History of Norwich, 375; History of New London, 375.

Cavendish, Thomas, 74, 77; in Virginia, 111; portrait, 83; voyages, 84.

Cayley, Arthur, Life of Ralegh, 121.

Cedri, island, 67, 68.

Cecil, Sir Robert, 517; autog., 206.

Ceely, Christopher, 82.

Chaffin, John, 441.

Challer’s Cape, 90.

Chalmers, George, Political Annals, 159, 340, 414, 559; Revolt of the American Colonies, 559.

Chamberlain, Joshua, Maine, her Place in History, 190, 210, 211, 366.

Champernoun, 365, 366.

Champernoun, Henry, 105.

Champernoun, Sir Philip, 105.

Champlain on the New England coast, 174; On the Maine coast, 191, 193.

Champlain, Lake, 327, 381, 382, 383, 384.

Chandler, Peleg W., Criminal Trials, 349.

Charles II. proclaimed in Massachusetts, 316; dies, 406.

Charles City, 147.

“Charles”, ship, 95.

Charlton Island, 95.

Charter Oak, 375. See Connecticut.

Chasteaux, 213.

Chauveton, Histoire Nouvelle du Nouveau Monde, 36.

Chaves, Alonzo de, 49.

Cheever, Journal of the Pilgrims, 290.

Chesapeake Bay, 213, 216; De Laet’s map (1630), 125; explored by John Smith, 131; maps of 167, 465, 501, 525; visited by Spaniards, 167. See Virginia, maps of.

Chester, Joseph L., 364.

Chester (Pennsylvania), 483.

Cheviot Hills (in Massachusetts), 198, 342. See Blue Hills.

Chiapanak, 213.

Chicheley, Sir Henry, 151, 152.

Child, Major John, 354.

Child, Dr. Robert, 354; New England’s Jonas, 354, 355.

Childley, Catharine, Independent Churches, 288.

Chilton, Mary, 272.

China, Gulf of, 67; routes through the continent to, 183.

Christison, Wenlock, 505; autog., 314.

“Christopher”, ship, 65.

Church, Colonel Benjamin, his sword, 274; autog., 361; notes on Philip’s War, etc., 361; spurious portrait, 361.

Church, Thomas, autog., 361; Entertaining Passages, 361; edited by Dr. H. M. Dexter, 361.

Church members. See Freemen.

Churchill, Charles, his likeness passed off for Colonel Church’s, 361.

Churchill’s Voyages, 96.

Churchyard, Thomas, on Frobisher’s Voyage, 36, 204.

Chytræus, Variorum in Europa Itinerum Deliciæ, 9, 21, 45, 46.

Cibola, 80.

Cimaronnes, 65.

Cladera, Investigaciones, 212.

Claesz, Voyages, 79.

Claiborne. See Clayborne.

Clarendon, Lord, 310.

Clarendon Papers, 414.

Clark, Daniel, autog., 374.

Clark, James S., Congregational Churches, 285.

Clark, Dr. John, portrait, 315.

Clark’s Island, 271, 272.

Clarke, Dorus, 372.

Clarke, John (sectary), 220.

Clarke, John, of Rhode Island, 336, 337, 338.

Clarke, Dr. John, 378; Ill Newes from New England, 358, 378.

Clarke, Sir Richard, 187.

Clarke, R. H., 415, 554, 561.

Clarke, Samuel, Life of Drake, 83.

Clarke, Maritime Discovery, 205.

Clarkson, Thomas, Life of Penn, 505; Portraiture of Quakerism, 504.

Claudia, island, 213, 216.

Clayborne, William, 144, 146, 148, 458, 522, 526; incites the Indians, 527; war with Baltimore, 527; regains Kent Island, 532; his rebellion, 533; disappears, 542; commissioner, 537; in the archives, 556; Yong’s account of, 558; defended, 561, 562.

Claypoole, James, 481, 492, 497; autog., 484; his letter-book, 497.

Cleeves, George, 322, 323.

Clement, John, History of Fenwicke’s Colony, 456.

Clerk, Robert, 212.

Cluverius, Introductio, etc., 184.

Clyfton, Richard, 259, 262.

Coale, James, autog., 273.

Coale, Josiah, 473, 476, 505.

Coast names in maps, 197.

Cobbett, Thomas, Civil Magistrate’s Power, 378.

Cod, Cape. See Cape Cod.

Coddington, William, 377; in Rhode Island, 336; autog., 336; portrait, 378; commission as governor revoked, 378; controversy with Massachusetts, 378; Demonstration of True Love, 378; deed to, 379.

Coddington usurpation, 337, 377. See Rhode Island.

Codrington, Thomas, 437, 443.

Coffin, Joshua, History of Newbury, 315.

Coke, Sir Edward, 300, 307.

Colburn, Jeremiah, Bibliography of Massachusetts, 292, 363.

Colden, Cadwallader, on Smith’s History of New York, 412.

Coleman, James, Pedigree of Penn Family, 507.

Colliber, S., Columna Restrata; or English Sea Affairs, 84, 124.

Collier, J. P., Rarest Books in the English Language, 154.

Collier, William, 266.

Collinson, Richard, Voyages of Frobisher, 99, 102.

Columbia College, 411.

Columbus’ third voyage, 218.

Colve, Anthony, 397.

Commelin, Isaac, Begin en Voortgangh, 79.

Commerce of New England, 316.

Comokee, 216.

Compass (sea), 208.

Conant, Roger, 311.

“Concord”, ship, 172.

Congregationalism a modification of Barrowism, 254; bibliography of, 246, 285, 293.

Connecticut, first settled, 310; “Old Patent”, 310; history of, 330; first constitution, 330; secures a charter, 334, 374; quo warranto against its charter, 335; charter concealed, 335; first book printed in, 334; sources of its history, 368; origin of name, 368; Indian names in, 368; the three towns, 368; original constitution of them, 368; Say patent, 369; notes on the constitutions, 369; royal letters to the governors, 369; laws, 334, 371, 374, 375; capital laws, 371; disputes with the Dutch, 373; education in, 373; charter uniting New Haven, 334, 373; colonial secretaries, 374; genealogies, 375; early constitutions, 375; quarrels with Rhode Island, 374; boundary disputes, 374; Records published, 375; histories of, 375; laws under Andros, 375; local histories, 375; Gazetteer, 376; bounds with New York, 391, 398, 399, 405, 414; claims to land in Pennsylvania, 463. See New Haven.

Connecticut River explored, 368; rights of the Dutch to, 369; English settle on it, 369; map (1666), 333.

Connecticut Valley Historical Society, 344.

Conner, P. S. P., Sir William Penn, 506.

Conrad, R. T., 513.

Constable’s hook, 422.

Constitution of Government, first written, 330.

Contarini, 49.

Converse, J. H., 533.

Convicts sent to Virginia, 152, 160, 545. See Virginia.

Coode, John, 548; his rebellion, 551.

Cooke, John, 283; autog., 268.

Cooley, W. D., 82.

Cooper, Captain Michael, 181.

Cooper, Thomas, 435.

Coote, C. H., 215.

Cope, Gilbert, 510.

Copiapo, 67.

Copland, Rev. Patrick, 144, 166.

Copley, Sir Lionel, 553.

Copper in New England, 197.

Cornelius, Cape, 489.

Cornell, W. M., History of Pennsylvania, 509.

Cornwall county, Maine, 325.

Cornwallis, Thomas, 524, 528; autog., 524.

Coronelli, map of New England, 384.

Cortambert, E., 217.

Cortereal, 56, 69; Terra Cortesia, 201; Cortereali, 201.

Cortes, Martin, Art of Navigation, 207.

Cortes’ conquest of New Spain, 204.

Cosa, Juan de la, his map, 2, 8, 194, 217; fac-simile, 8.

Cosmographiæ Introductio, 214.

Cothren, W., Ancient Woodbury, 375.

Cotton, John, writings, 255; Way of the Churches Cleared, 334, 351; Moses, his Judicials, 350; portrait, 351; his books, 351; controversy with Roger Williams, 351, 378; with Hooker, 352; Bloudy Tenet,351; Keyes of Heaven, 351; Milk for Babes, 352; and the Cambridge Platform, 354; tracts edited by Guild, 377.

Cotton, John, of Plymouth, autog., 356.

Cotton, Josiah, 291.

Coxe, Brinton, 452.

Coxe, Daniel, 442.

Cozones, island, 79.

Cradock, Mathew, 311; autog., 311.

Craig, Neville B., 514.

Crandall, John, 378.

Crane Bay, 382. See Plymouth.

Craney Island, 111.

Crashaw, Ralegh, 132.

Crashaw, William, 136; sermon, 155.

Cressap, Thomas, 514.

Creuxius, map of New England, 382; Historia Canadensis, 382.

Crispin, William, 479.

Croatoan, 112.

Croese, Gerard, Historia Quakeriana, 503, 504.

Crosby, Early Coins of America, 543.

Cross-staff, 207, 208.

Croswell, Edwin, 372.

Croswell, Rev. Harry, 372.

Croswell, Sherman, 372.

Croswell, Rev. William, 372.

Crowninshield Catalogue, 206.

Cruden, History of Gravesend, 207.

Cuba, name applied to North America, 201.

Cudworth, James, 359.

Cullick, John, autog., 374.

Culpepper, Lord, 150, 152.

Cumberland Isles, 90, 91.

Cunningham, William, Cosmographicall Glasse, 200.

Curteis, G. H., Bampton Lectures,—Dissent in its Relation to the Church of England, 252, 253.

Cushman, David Q., History of Sheepscot, 365.

Cushman, Mary, 283.

Cushman, Robert, at Leyden, 263; negotiates in London, 266; in Plymouth, 275; his Sermon, 290.

Cushman, Thomas, autog., 271.

Cushman Genealogy, 291.

Cutt, John, 330.

Cuttyhunk, 173, 188.

Cyppo Bay, 67.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 137; governor of Virginia, 138; sails for England, 141.

Dalrymple, E. A., 554; dies, 554; his library, 554.

Dalrymple, Sir John, 559.

Daly, Charles P., Early History of Cartography, 9, 218.

Damariscotta River, 190.

Damariscove Islands, 191.

Danby, Sir Thomas, 458.

Danckaerts, see Dankers.

Danckers’ Atlas, 417; map of New York, 417.

Danforth, Thomas, in Maine, 326; autog., 326.

Dankers, Jasper, Journal, 420.

Dankers’ and Sluyter’s Journal, 505, 558.

Danvers, Sir John, 158.

Dapper, Die unbekante neue Welt, 184.

Dare, Virginia, 114.

Darnall, C., 511.

D’Avezac, 217.

Davenant, Sir William, 536.

Davenport, John, portrait, 332; autog., 332; Civil Government in a New Plantation, 371; memoir by Dexter, 375.

Davies, James, Voyage to Sagadahoc, 192.

Davies, Richard, autog, 484.

Da Vinci, Leonardo, his map, 14, 214.

Davis, G. L. L., Daystar of American Freedom, 560.

Davis, J., First Settlers of Virginia, 162.

Davis, Judge John, 291.

Davis, John, of Sandridge, navigator, 73, 99; voyages, 89; autog., 89; authorities, 99; his World’s Hydrographical Description, 99, 205; his maps, 99; Seaman’s Secrets, 207.

Davis, John, of Limehouse, 99.

Davis, William T., on the Pilgrims, 284, 290.

Davis, W. W. H., Bucks County, 510. Davis Straits, 89.

Davis Island, 90.

Davison, William, 258.

Day-breaking, The, 355.

Day, Sherman, Historical Collections, 508.

Daye, Stephen, 350.

Dealy, P. F., 415.

Dean, John Ward, Memoir of Nathaniel Ward, 350.

Deane, Charles, his library, passim; on the Cabots, 1; on Virginia history, 153-155, 158, 159, 167; on the Smith-Pocahontas story, 161; edits Hakluyt’s Westerne Planting, 208; notice of J. G. Kohl, 209; on the Popham question, 210; on Smith’s New England Trials, 211; on John Smith, 212; interest in Pilgrim History, 259, 260, 284, 285; edits Plymouth Patent, 275; edits Bradford’s History, 286; edits Bradford’s Dialogue, 289; on Roger Williams, 290; edits Cushman’s Sermon, 291; on “New England”, 295; on the Narragansett Patent, 379; on J. F. Watson, 509.

De Bry, Voyages, 123, 167.

De Bure globe, 214.

De Costa, B. F., on “Norumbega”, 169; Northmen in Maine, 185; Cabo de Baxos, 188, 197; Footprints of Miles Standish, 290; edits Voyage to Sagadahoc, 190, 192; Hudson’s Sailing Directions, 193; Mount Desert, 194; Verrazano the Explorer, 199.

Dee, Dr. John, 196; his map (1580), 196; diary, 171, 196.

Deerfield, attack on, 384.

De Forest, J. W., Indians of Connecticut, 368.

De Laet, his map of Virginia, 125; map of the Chesapeake, 167; Nieuwe Wereldt, 184; map of New England, 381.

Delafield, M. L., 412.

Delaware Bay, 137, 423, 465.

Delaware, northern bounds of, 477; bought by Penn, 480; confirmed to Penn, 489; mentioned, 548, 549.

De la Warre, Lord, Relation, 81, 156; governor of Virginia, 133; autog., 133; goes to Virginia, 136; in Virginia, 142; portrait, 142; autog., 156.

“Deliverance”, ship, 136.

Delfthaven, 293; Pilgrims at, 267.

Demarcation, papal line of, 4.

Denison, Daniel, autog., 338.

Denison, George, autog., 338.

Dennis, Robert, 148.

Dennis, Samuel, 437.

Denonville, 415; and the Iroquois, 408.

Denton, Daniel, Brief Description of New York, 419.

De Peyster, General J. W., 415.

De Quir, 104.

Derby (Connecticut), 375.

Dermer, Captain, 181-183, 194.

Desolation, land, 91, 100.

De Vries, David Pieterson, 422.

Dexter, F. B., “The Pilgrim Church and Plymouth Colony”, 257; Life of John Davenport, 375; on Gotfe and Whalley, 375; on relations of New Netherland and New England, 375.

Dexter, George, First Voyage of Gilbert, 187.

Dexter, Henry M., Congregationalism, 238, 239, 245, 246, 293; his historical labors, 246; his bibliography of Congregationalism, 246; Visits to Scrooby, 284, 285; interest in Pilgrim history, 285; explores their Leyden life, 288; edits Mourt’s Relation, 288, 290; edits Church’s Entertaining Passages, 361; As to Roger Williams, 378; recovers a tract by Williams, 378.

“Diamond”, ship, 134.

Diarium Europæum, 496.

Digges, Sir Dudley, 94, 103.

Digges, Edward, 149.

Diman J. L., edits Cotton’s Reply to Williams, 378.

Dipping-needle, 207.

“Discovery”, ship, 91-93, 128, 173, 289.

Disraeli, Isaac, Amenities of Literature, 122.

Dissenters, 221; in Virginia, 148. See Nonconformists.

Dixon, Jeremiah, autog., 489.

Dixon, William Hepworth, William Penn, 306.

Dixwell, Colonel John, 374. See Regicides.

“Dominus Vobiscum”, ship, 185.

Doncker, Hendrick, New England in his Paskaert, 382.

Dongan, Colonel Thomas, 439; governor of New York, 403, 407; autog., 403; checks Penn’s attempt to extend bounds of Pennsylvania, 404; retires, 409; references, 415.

Doppelmayr, 212.

Dorchester Antiquarian Society, 344.

Dorchester Fishing Company, 311.

Dort, Benjamin, 509.

Dorr, H. C., Planting of Providence, 377.

Doughty executed, 66.

Douglass, William, 346; Summary of British Settlements, etc., 346.

“Dove”, ship, 524.

Dover (New Hampshire), 327; Neck, 326; Hilton patent of, 367. See Hilton.

Downing, Sir George, 333; intrigues of, 387, 389; pamphlets against, 415; his agency, 415; Downingiana, 415.

Doyle, J. A., The English in America, 168.

Drake, Francis, 207; with Hawkins, 63; called “The Dragon”, 64; voyages to West Indies, 64; autog., 65; sees the Pacific, 65; voyage round the world, 65; on northwest coast, 69; and the Indians, 70; takes possession of the country, 72; authorities, 79; World Encompassed, 74, 79; Sir Francis Drake Revived, 79, 82; discovers California coast, 465; at home, 73; knighted, 73; again with Hawkins, 73; dies, 73; crowned by the Indians, 80; Le Voyage de Drack, 79; Le Voyage Curieux, 79; Expeditio Francisci Draki, 80; portrait, 81, 84, 168, 465; his library, 81; Cates’s Summary, 82, 123; expedition with Norris, 82; his log-book, 82; Maynarde’s account, 82; lives of, 83; bibliography of, 84; Journalen van drie Voyagien, 84; latest notices, 84; at Roanoke Island, 112; on the New England coast, 188.

Drake, S. G., Researches among the British Archives, 160; Book of the Indians, 290; editor of Baylies’ New Plymouth, 291; accounts of, 360; reprints tracts on Philip’s War, 360; Old Indian Chronicle, 360; Narrative Remarks, 361; History of King Philip’s War, 361; edits Increase Mather’s Early History of New England, 361; edits Hubbard’s Narrative, 361; edits Church’s Entertaining Passages, 361; History of Boston, 362; Memoir of Prince, 346.

Drake’s Bay, 69; where was it? 74, 80.

Dresser, Matthæus, Historien von China, 123.

Drew, John, 91.

Drogeo, 90, 101.

Drummond, John, 435.

Du Creux. See Creuxius.

Dudley, Joseph, portrait, 320; autog., 320, 356; president of the Council, 320, 407.

Dudley, Robert, his maps, 74; Arcano del Mare, 74, 194, 196, 303; his Coast of New Albion map, 76, 77; map of New England, 381.

Dudley, Thomas, 265; Letter to Countess of Lincoln, 346.

Duke’s Laws, 391, 414, 510, 511. See York, Duke of.

Dungan, Rev. Thomas, 494.

Dunlap, William. History of New Netherlands and New York, 413.

Dunlop, James, on the Penn-Baltimore controversy, 514.

Duponceau, P. S., 512, 513.

Durfee, Job, 377.

Durrie, D. S., Index to American Genealogies, 289.

Dusdale, Robert, 441.

Dutch, The, on the New England coast, 193; on the Connecticut, 369; in Pennsylvania, 494, 515; embassy to Maryland, 557. See New Netherland.

Dutch Gap, 138.

Duxbury, map of harbor, 272; settlements at, 273.

Dwight, Theo., Jr., History of Connecticut, 375.

Dyer, Mary, 505.

Dyre, William, 440.

East India Company, 92, 103.

East Jersey, population of, 436; laws, 437; Brief Account of, 438, 449; Board of Proprietors, 439; bounds with New York, 442; Records, 452. See New Jersey.

Easter Point, 90.

Eastman, S. C., Bibliography of New Hampshire, 368.

Easton, John, Narrative of Philip’s War, 360.

Eaton, Cyrus, History of Thomaston, etc., 190.

Eaton, Francis, autog., 268.

Eaton, Theophilus, 333, 334; memoir, 371; code of laws, 371; New Haven’s Settling in New England, 354, 371.

Ebeling, Professor, Erdbeschreibung von America, 508.

Eden, Richard, 35; Treatise of the Newe India, 27, 199, 204; fac-simile of title, 200; Decades, 14, 29, 30, 35, 47, 200; acquaintance with Sebastian Cabot, 30; A Brief Correction, etc., 201; edits Cortes’ Art of Navigation, 207, 208; Book concerning Navigation, 207.

Edmundson, William, 494; Journal, 452, 503.

Education in Connecticut, 373; in Virginia, early efforts, 144; in Pennsylvania, 492

Edward VI., autog., 6.

Edwards, Edward, Life of Ralegh, 122.

Egle, W. H., History of Pennsylvania, 508.

Elbridge, 321.

El Dorado, 116, 126.

Eldridge, John, 430.

Elephants, 186.

Eliot, John, the Apostle, 315; his labors, 355; autog., 356; Indian Bible, 356; letters, 356; portrait, 356; Christian Commonwealth, 356; Tracts, 356; Briefe Narrative, 356; and the Bay Psalm-book, 350.

Eliot, John, Jr., 360.

Elizabeth, Queen, autog., 106.

Elizabeth (New Jersey), 424; history of, 456.

Elizabeth Islands (Tierra del Fuego), 66.

Elizabeth city, 147.

“Elizabeth”, ship, 65, 90, 139, 173.

Elizabethtown, Bill in Chancery, 452; answers to, 452, 453.

Ellis, Arthur B., History of First Church in Boston, 256, 354.

Ellis, George E., “Religious Element in the Settlement of New England”, 219; on intruders and dissentients in Massachusetts, 378; Life of William Penn, 506.

Ellis, Thomas, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102.

Elton, Romeo, edits Callender’s Discourse, 376; Life of Roger Williams, 378.

Emley, William, 441.

Emott, James, 437.

Endicott, John, sent to New England, 311; portrait, 317; autog., 317; at Salem, 346.

Endicott’s company at Salem, 242.

Endicott Rock, 329.

England, her title to North America, 1, 39, 40, 41; laggard in colonization, 184.

English in New York, The, 385.

English Public Record Office, 343.

Engronelant. See Greenland.

Epenow, 180.

Erasmus’s Encomium of Folly, 237.

Eriwomeck, 467.

Esopus, 390

Essex Institute, 344.

Estland, 101.

Estotiland, 91, 101.

Etechemins, 382.

Etting, F.M., 474.

Evangelical and Literary Magazine, 168.

Evans, B., Early English Baptists, 252.

Evans, Charles, 504; Friends in the Seventeenth Century, 504.

Evelin, Robert, 458; Directions for Adventurers, 459; autog., 458.

Evelyn, George, 562; at Kent Island, 528.

Everett, Edward, on the Pilgrims, 293.

Evertsen, 397.

Exeter (New Hampshire), 329.

Fabritius, Jacob, 494.

Fairbairn, Henry, defence of Penn against Macaulay, 506.

Fairfield (Connecticut), 333.

Fairman, Thomas, 494.

“Falcon”, ship, 106.

Falkland Islands, 66.

Falkner, David, 501, 502; Curieuse Nachricht, 502.

Falling Creek, 145; massacre, 163.

False Cape, 489.

Farmer, John, 367; edits Belknap’s History, 368.

Farmer and Moore, Collections of New Hampshire, 367.

Farollones, 77.

Farrar, Canon, on Ralegh, 126.

Farrar’s Island, 138.

Farre, Elias, 441.

Farrer, John, Discovery of New Britaine, map in, 464. See Ferrar.

Fear, Cape. See Cape Fear.

Featherstone, Richard, 131.

Fell, Margaret, 504.

Felt, J. B., 343; History of Salem, 363; Customs of New England, 363; Reply to White, 255; Ecclesiastical History of New England, 256; arranged Massachusetts archives, 343.

Fendall, Josias, 540, 541, 542; autog., 540; arrested, 548.

Fenwick, George, 332.

Fenwick, John, Proposals, 449; buys grant in New Jersey, 430; comes over, 431; a prisoner to Andros, 431; released, 432; representation, 441; memoir by Johnson, 456; Historical Account of Salem, 455; history of his colony by Clement, 456.

Fenwick of Connecticut, 370.

Ferdinando, Simon, 113; in Norumbega, 171, 186.

Ferrar, Domina Virginia, her map of the Chesapeake, etc., 168.

Ferrar, John, 168. See Farrer.

Ferryland, 519.

Fessenden, History of Warren, Rhode Island, 290.

Figurative map, 381.

Finæus, Orontius and his map, 10, 11.

“First-comers” to Plymouth, 292.

Fisher, J, F., 513; on William Penn, 506.

Fisher, Mary, 505; autog., 314.

Fisheries, grant of, 296; act against monopolies of, 298, 299, 300, 301, 307.

FitzGeffrey, Life of Drake, 83.

FitzHugh, Colonel William, 161.

Five Nations. See Iroquois.

Fleet, Henry, 526; his Journal, 561.

Fletcher, Francis, in the World Encompassed, 79; Drake’s chaplain, 66.

Florida, 25, 37, 42, 201; early described by the English, 60, 61; Indians, 78; account in English, following Ribault, 200.

Florio, John, 204.

Flower, Enoch, 492.

Foley, Henry, Records of the English Jesuits, 457.

Folsom, George, 210; Catalogue of Documents relating to Maine, 208; Saco and Biddeford, 364; Catalogue of Original Documents, 364; on Samuel Argall, 463.

Forbes, Alexander, his California, 78.

Force, Peter, Historical Tracts, passim.

Ford, Philip, autog., 484; Vindication of Penn, 498.

Forest, Mrs. Thomas, 132.

Forster. W. E., William Penn and T. B. Macaulay, 506.

Fort Nassau, 422.

Fort Orange, 390.

“Fortune”, ship, 275.

Foster, John, printer, of Boston, 361.

Foulke, W. P., 515.

Fox, George, 442; letter from Roger Williams, 378; his ministry, 469; portrait, 470; plan of settlement in America, 476; tracts, 497; Journal, 503; Swathmore manuscripts, 504; in Maryland, 547. See Quakers.

Fox, Luke, 95; his Northwest Foxe, 95, 99.

Fox, Richard, 148.

Fox Channel, 94, 95.

Fox Island, 190.

Frame, Richard, Short Description, etc., 500.

Frampton, John, Joyfull Newes, 204, 205; edits Medina’s Arte de Navegar, 207.

Francisca, 201. See New France.

Frank, manor of, 497.

Frankfort globe, 214, 215, 217.

Frankfort Land Company, 490, 502; Curieuse Nachricht, 502.

Franklin, Benjamin, Historical Review, 508.

Frascator, 24, 25, 26.

Free Society of Traders, 482, 497; receipt and seal of, 498; their articles, etc., 498.

Freeman, History of Cape Cod, 290.

Freemen to be church members, 313.

French claim to the Iroquois country, 406.

Friends. See Quakers.

Friesland, 100, 101.

Frobisher, Martin, 35, 36; his voyages, 86; portrait, 87; autog., 87; relics of, 89; authorities, 99, 102; used the Zeno map, 100; Beste’s True Discourse, 102, 204; De Forbisseri Navigatione, 102; lives, 102; his Straits, 86, 91, 98; misplaced, 100; map of, 103; map, 195; Settle’s account of his Voyage, 203; Churchyard’s account of his Voyage, 204.

Froude, History of England, 79; Forgotten Worthies, 99.

Fuller, Samuel, 284; autog., 268; cradle, 278.

Fuller, Thomas, Holy and Prophane State, 83; Worthies of England, 102, 161.

Fundy Bay, visited, 176.

Furlano’s map, 68.

Furman, Gabriel, 420.

Futhey, J. S., and Cope, Gilbert, Chester County, 510.

“Gabriel”, ship, 86.

“Gabryll Royall”, ship, 186.

Gævara, Antonio de, 207.

Gali. See Gaulle.

Galvano, Antonio, Tradado, 32.

Gammelt, William, Memoir of Roger Williams, 378.

Garde, Roger, autog., 364.

Gardiner, Lion, 331, 349; autog., 348.

Gardiner, R. H., 210, 291.

Gardiner, S. R., Prince Charles, etc., 122, 285, 517; Personal Government of Charles I., 524.

“Gargarine”, ship, 170.

Garrett, J. W., 558.

Gastaldi, 25.

Gates, Sir Thomas, 133, 159; autog., 133; wrecked, 134; reaches Jamestown, 136; returns to England, 137; again comes over, 138.

Gaulle, Francis, 80.

Gay, Sidney Howard, on Pilgrims’ history, 290; Popular History of the United States, passim.

Genealogies of New England, 363; of Virginia, 160.

“George”, ship, 142.

George, Staughton, 510.

George’s River, 190, 191.

Gerard, J. W., 420.

Germans in Pennsylvania, 490, 502, 515.

Germantown (Pennsylvania), 491, 501, 515.

Gerritsz, H., on Hudson, 103.

Ghillany, Erdglobus von Behaim, etc., 214; Martin Behaim, 8, 212.

Giants, 201.

Gibbons, Ambrose, 327, 328.

Gibbons, Edward, 531.

Gibson, William, 435; autog., 484.

“Gift of God”, ship, 176.

Gilbert, Bartholomew, 187.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 89, 105, 171, 187; Discourse of Discovery, 35, 200; his voyage, 39; his expeditions (1578), 106, 122; (1583), 107; at Newfoundland, 108; autog., 187; his True Report, 187; his charts lost, 196; his map (1576), 203.

Gilbert, Sir John, 118.

Gilbert, Otho, 105.

Gilbert, Raleigh, 176.

Gilbert family, 187.

Gilbert’s Sound, 90.

Gillett, E. H., Civil Liberty in Connecticut, 375.

Girardin, L. H., 165.

Gladstone, W. E., on Maryland toleration, 561, 562.

Globes, early, 212; paper on, 215.

Glorious Progress of the Gospel, 355.

Goche, Dr. Barnabe, 301, 305.

“Godspeed”, ship, 91, 128.

Godfrey, Edward, 324.

Godfrey, J. E., 291.

Goffe and Whalley, 374, 375. See Regicides.

Gold, supposed to be found by Frobisher, 87; supposed to be in New England, 180, 181, 183.

“Golden Hind”, ship, 187.

“Golden Lion”, ship, 539.

Gomara, Historia General de las Indias, 26, 27; account of Cortes, 204.

Gomez, 16, 195.

Gondomar, Count, 119.

Goodell, A. C., 210.

Good Speed to Virginia, 155.

Gookin, Daniel, Sr., 145, 159.

Gookin, Daniel, Jr., goes to New England, 145.

Goos, Peter, Zee-Atlas, 418.

Gordon, Robert, 435.

Gordon, T. F., History of New Jersey, 455; History of Pennsylvania, 508.

Gorgeana, 190, 322, 323, 324, 364.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 175; autog., 175, 275, 364; plans of colonization, 180, 184, 192, 296; grant to, 192; Brief Narration, 192, 193, 365; papers, 192; his fame, 210; fort named after him, 210; patent for New England, 297, 299, 300; his grants under it, 299; defends his patent, 307; attacks the Massachusetts Charter, 318; his province of New Somerset, 322, 323, 324; dies, 324, 365; tomb, 366; pedigree, 366; Laconia patent, 327, 328; his patent on the Maine coast, 341; grants to, in Maine, 310, 363; commission as governor of New England, 363; deed to Edgecomb, 363; chosen governor, 302, 310. See New England.

Gorges, Ferdinando, the younger, papers regarding him in the State-Paper Office, 364; patent, 322; seeks to recover his patrimony, 324; sells it to Massachusetts, 325; America Painted to the Life, 192, 365.

Gorges, Robert, sent to New England, 303; at Wessagusset, 304, 311.

Gorges, Thomas, 323; autog., 364.

Gorges, William, in Maine, 322.

Gorges and Mason Grant, 191.

Gorges Tracts, 365.

Gorton, Samuel, 336, 337; autog., 336; his trouble with Massachusetts, 354; Simplicitie’s Defence, 354, 378; edited by Staples, 354; defence of, by Brayton, 354; in Rhode Island, 378; letter to Morton, 378.

Gosling, John, 441.

Gosnold, Anthony, 132.

Gosnold, Captain Bartholomew, 128; dies, 129; on the New England coast, 172; authorities, 187; his landfall, 188.

Gottfried’s Voyages, 79; Neue Welt, 167.

Gough, History of the Quakers, 504.

Gould, E. R. L., 516.

Gowans, William, 420.

Graeff, A. op den, 491.

Grahame, Colonial History of United States, 378, 509.

Grande, Rio, 80.

Granganimeo, 109.

Granite Monthly, 368.

Grantham, Sir Thomas, his Historical Account of some Memorable Actions, 151, 164.

Grants from the English Crown, 153.

Gray, Francis C., 350.

“Great Galley”, ship, 186.

Green, Samuel, printer, 351.

Green, S. A., Bibliography of Massachusetts Historical Society, 343.

Greene, G. W., Short History of Rhode Island, 335, 376.

Greene, Thomas, 533; autog., 533.

Greenhow, Oregon and California, 78.

Greenland, 91, 100, 101; earliest map of, 101; Fox’s map, 98; Gronlandia, 203.

Greenleaf, Jonathan, Ecclesiastical History of Maine, 365.

Grenville, Sir Richard, 110, 114.

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 86.

Griffin, Press in Maine, 209.

Griffith, T. W., Early History of Maryland, 561; Annals of Baltimore, 561.

“Griffith”, ship, 431.

Grigsby, H. B., 158, 163.

Griswold, A. W., Catalogue of Library, 211.

Grocland, 90, 101.

Grolandia. See Grocland.

Gronland. See Greenland.

Groom, Samuel, 435, 436, 440.

Grynæus, Novus Orbis, 10, 199.

Gualter, Rodolph, 248.

Guamas, R. das, 197.

Guatulco, 68.

Guiana, voyage to, 105; empire of, 117; Ralegh in, 124; Ralegh’s account, 124, 126; Newes of Sir Walter Rawleigh, 126.

Guild, R. A., edits Cotton Tracts, 377.

Guilford (Connecticut), 333.

Guinea, 200; coast, 60.

Gulf Stream, Dr. Kohl on, 209.

Gurnet, 272.

Guy, Richard, 441.

Hacket, Thomas, 200; his version of Thevet, 32.

Haies, Edward, 187.

Haige, William, 479, 511.

Hakluyt, Richard, 123, 204, 205; autog., 204; depreciated by Biddle, 29, 39; connection with colonization, 189; his life, 189; Divers Voyages, 37, 189, 204, 205; Principal Navigations, 41, 44, 46, 97, 185, 189, 205; Virginia Richly Valued, 189; Westerne Planting, 40, 108, 189, 208; map (1587), 196; encourages public lectures on navigation, 207.

Hale, Edward E., “Hawkins and Drake”, 59.

Hale, Nathan, 515; edits Prince’s Annals, 346.

Half-way Covenant, 334; literature of, 359.

Hall, Christopher, 102.

Hall, James, in the Arctic seas, 92.

Hallam, Henry, Constitutional History of England, 250.

Hamilton, Andrew, 443.

Hamilton, Duke of, 370; claim to Connecticut, 335, 374; autog., 275.

Hammond, John, Hammond vs. Heamans, 554; Leah and Rachel, 166, 555.

Hamor, Ralph, 139, 141, 146; True Discourse, 81, 157.

Hampton (New Hampshire), 329.

Hanam, Thomas, 175.

Hanbury, Historical Memorials, 288.

Hanson, George A., Old Kent, 561.

Hariot, Thomas, 111, 113, 123; his Virginia, 81, 123, 205; on rhumbs, 208.

Harlow on the Maine coast, 178; captures an Indian, 180.

Harris, John, Map of Pennsylvania, 491, 516.

Harris, J. Morrison, 122.

Harris’s Voyages, 79.

Harrison, George L., Remains of William Penn, 475.

Harrison, S. A., Wenlock Christison, 505, 555.

Harrisse, Henry, Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima, 9; Bibliotheca Barlowiana, 159; Jean et Sebastian Cabot, 218.

Hart, Thomas, 435.

Hartford (Connecticut), 330.

Hartop, 64.

Hartshorne, Hugh, 435.

Hartshorne, Richard, 437.

Harvard College founded, 314.

Harvey, Sir John, 140, 146; autog., 156.

Hasty-pudding, 62.

Hatch, Edwin, Organization of the Early Christian Churches, 254.

Hatfield, E. F., History of Elizabeth, New Jersey, 456.

Hatfield, attack on, 384.

Hatherly, Timothy, 266.

Hatorask, 112.

Hatteras Indians, 116.

Hatteras, Cape, 213, 216, 465. See Hatorask.

Haven, S. F., on the Popham Question, 210; History of the Grants, 209, 302, 340.

Hawkes, Ecclesiastical History of the United States, 166.

Hawkins, John, voyages, 60; autog., 61; portrait, 61; his coat armor, 63; defeated by Spaniards, 64; authorities, 78; his Voyages to Guynea, 78; lands sailors at Gulf of Mexico, 170; again with Drake, 73; dies, 73.

Hawkins, Richard, his Voyage to the South Sea, 78; on the New England coast, 181, 182, 194.

Hawkins, William, voyages, 59; authorities, 78.

Hawkins Voyages, 79.

Hawks, Francis L., 533; History of North Carolina, 124.

Hawley, Jerome, 524, 528.

Haynes, John, governor, 331; autog., 331; alleged portrait, 331.

Hazard, Ebenezer, Historical Collections, 153, 283.

Hazard, Samuel, Annals of Pennsylvania, 510; Pennsylvania Archives, 510; Register of Pennsylvania, 510.

Hazard, Willis P., Annals of Philadelphia, 509.

Hazlett, W. C., Bibliographical Collections and Notes, 204.

Heamann, Roger, 539, 554.

Heath, Sir Robert, 561.

Heckewelder, John, Indians in Pennsylvania, 515.

“Helen”, ship, 90.

Hellowes, Edward, Invention of Navigation, 207.

Hemans, Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, 294.

Hendricks, Gerhard, 491.

Hening, Statutes at large, 164.

Henlopen, Cape, 489.

Hinman, R. R., Royal Letters to the Governors of Connecticut, 369; edits New Haven Laws, 371.

Henri II. (Dauphin), map, 195, 217.

Henrico, 138; college at, 141, 144.

Henry VII., his sign-manual, 1.

Henry VIII., autog., 4.

Henry, M. S., 162.

Henry, William Wirt, “Sir Walter Ralegh”, etc., 105; on the Pocahontas story, 162; champions Smith, 162.

“Henry and Francis”, ship, 438.

Herman, Augustine, 466, 549.

Hermosa Bay, 80.

Herrera, Historia General, 47; Description, etc., 185.

Hersent, Samuel, 488.

Heylin, Peter, Cosmographie, 466.

Heywood, John, 435.

Hicks, Elias, 504.

Higginson, Francis, at Salem, 346; Journal, 346; New England Plantation, 211, 346.

Hildeburn, C. R., Press in Pennsylvania, 514.

Hildreth, Richard, History of the United States, 562.

Hill, Edward, 147, 149.

Hillard, George S., Life of John Smith, 211; Memoir of James Savage, 353.

Hilton, Edward, 326.

Hilton, William, 326.

Hilton’s Point, 326, 327. See Dover.

Hiltons on Dover Neck, accounts of, 366; their patent, 367.

Hinckley, Thomas, autog., 278, 356.

Hingham Meeting-house, view of, 319.

Hinman, R. R., Early Puritan Settlers in Connecticut, 375.

Hispaniola, 201. See San Domingo.

Historical Commission (England), reports of, 159.

Historical Magazine, passim.

Historical Memorials relating to Independents, 252.

Hixon, Ellis, 82.

Hoadley, C. J., edits Connecticut and New Haven Records, 375.

Hoboken, 422

Hobson and Harlow, 193, 194.

Hobson on the Maine coast, 178, 180.

Hochelaga, 213, 216. See Montreal.

Hogenberg, 34.

Holland, Henry, Heroologia, 81.

Holland, English exiles in, 231.

Hollanders, 193. See Dutch.

Hollandsche Mercurius, 415.

Hollister, G. H., History of Connecticut, 375.

Holme, John, True Relation, etc., 501.

Holme, Thomas, 481; Map of Philadelphia, 516; Map of Pennsylvania, 516.

Holmes, Abiel, 187.

Holmes, Obadiah, 378.

Holmes, O. W., 286.

Honda, Rio, 213.

Hondius, Jodocus, 46; map, 47, 75, 208; map of California coast, 79, 80; globe, 216.

Hood, Thomas, on Jacob’s staff, 207; Mariner’s Guide, 207; Use of Mathematical Instruments, 208; his map, 196, 197, 217.

Hooker, Richard, Ecclesiastical Polity, 228, 249; Walton’s life of him, 249.

Hooker, Thomas, in Connecticut, 330; autog., 330; his Survey of Church Discipline, 334, 352; controverts Cotton, 352.

Hope Sanderson, 90.

Hope’s Check, 93.

“Hopewell”, ship, 347.

Hopkins, Edward, governor, 371; autog., 374.

Hopkins, Samuel, 429; Youth of the Old Dominion, 162.

Hopkins, Stephen, on Rhode Island history, 376.

Hopkins, governor of Connecticut, dies, 371.

Hoppin, James M., Old England, 285.

Hortop, Job, Rare Travailes, 186, 205.

Hotten, Original Lists, etc., 160.

Hough, F. B., on Pemaquid, 365.

Houghton, Lord, 285; poem on the Pilgrims, 294.

Houses, early, in Pennsylvania, 491.

Howe, Historical Collections of Virginia, 165.

Howgill, Francis, Popish Inquisitions in New England, 358.

Howison, R. R., History of Virginia, 165.

Howland, John, 273; autog., 268; his marriage, 284; family, 284.

Hoyt, A. H., on the laws of New Hampshire, 367.

Hubbard, William, autog., 362; Troubles with the Indians, 361, 384; Present State of New England, 361; History of New England, 291, 362; map of New England, 384.

Hudson, Henry, voyages, 92, 103; authorities, 99, 103, 104, 193; Detectio Freti Hudsoni, 104; on the New England coast, 178, 193.

Hudson, William, autog., 338.

Hudson Bay, Cabot in, 26, 28, 34; James’s map of, 96; Fox’s map, 98.

Hudson River, connects with the St. Lawrence, 465.

Hues, Robert, Tractatus de Globis, 208.

Humboldt, Alexander, Examen Critique, 8, 214.

Hume, David, History of England, attacks Ralegh, 122.

Hunloke, Edward, 442.

Hunnewell, J. F., 155.

Hunt, Robert, 129.

Hunter, Joseph, 284; on Pilgrim history, 283; Founders of New Plymouth, 284.

Huston, Charles, Land in Pennsylvania, 512.

Hutchinson, Edward, autog., 338.

Hutchinson, George, 441.

Hutchinson, Thomas, History of Massachusetts Bay, 283, 344; controversy over his papers, 344; publications, 344; Original Papers, 344; on the Pilgrims, 291.

Huth Catalogue, 82.

Hylacomylus. See Waldseemüller.

Icaria, 101.

Iceland, 101.

Independents, 248.

Indian Bible, Eliot’s, 356; bibliography of, 356.

Indian corn, 113.

Indian languages, 355.

Indian names in Virginia, 153.

Indian trails, 186.

Indian wars, books on, 361.

Indians, the community-buildings of the southern tribes, 62; houses on the northwest coast, 69; in Virginia, 131; about Plymouth, 290; conversion of, 315, 355, 393; Society for Propagating the Gospel among them, 315, 316, 355, 356; their right to the soil, 341; in Connecticut, 368; books on, 368; in New Jersey, 425; and the Quakers, 473; in Pennsylvania, 489, 514, 515; in Maryland, 526, 527, 531, 555. See Iroquois, and other names of tribes.

Ingle, Richard, 147, 532, 533.

Ingle’s rebellion, 555.

Ingram, David, 64, 170, 186; his Relation, 186.

Inter-charter period in Massachusetts, 362.

Interlude of Four Elements, 16, 28.

Inwood, William, 457.

Iron manufactured in Jersey, 448; in Virginia, 163; first in America, 144, 145.

Iroquois nations, 393; wars with the French, 394, 408, 415; Jesuits among, 400, 406; friends of the English, 404-406, 408. See Mohawks.

Jack’s Bay, 74, 75.

Jacob’s staff, 207, 208.

Jamaica, 201.

James I., autog., 127.

James II. proclaimed in Massachusetts, 321; on the throne, 406.

James, Captain Thomas, 95; his map, 96; his Strange and Dangerous Voyage, 96.

James River, 128.

Jameson, J. F., 414.

Jamestown founded, 129; view of, 130; early history of, 153. See Virginia.

Janney, S. M., Religious Society of Friends, 504; Life of Penn, 505.

Jannson, map of New England, 384.

Japan, 67, 68, 85; (Zipangri), 201; (Giapan), 203.

Jasper, John, 473.

Jeffrey, Lord, on William Penn, 505.

Jeffreys, Herbert, 152.

Jenings, Samuel, 440, 451, 488; governor of West Jersey, 441; Truth Rescued, 452.

Jenkins, M. C., 561.

Jenness, J. S., Isles of Shoals, 198; New Hampshire, 366; Original Documents, 367.

Jerseys, the English in the, 421. See New Jersey.

Jesuit Relations, 193.

Jesuits in Maryland, 523, 525, 531; their letters, 553.

“Jesus”, ship, 60.

Jews denied being freemen in Rhode Island, 379.

Jogues, Novum Belgium, 416.

“John and Francis”, ship, 139.

“John Sarah”, ship, 480.

Johnson, Edward, 358; autog., 358; Wonder-working Providence, 210, 358, 365.

Johnson, Francis, 220, 261; autog., 261.

Johnson, George, 220.

Johnson, Isaac, 369.

Johnson, Robert, his New Life of Virginia, 156.

Johnson, R. S., Memoir of Fenwicke, 456.

Johnson, Samuel, Life of Drake, 84.

Johnston, John, History of Bristol, etc., 190, 365.

Johnstone, George, Cecil County, 561.

Johnstone, John, 443, 450.

Jomard, Monuments de la Géographie, 8, 21, 217; notices of, 217.

“Jonathan”, ship, 326.

Jones, Edmund, 173.

Jones, F., Life of Frobisher, 102.

Jones, H. G., 500, 515, 516.

Jones, Joel, Land-office Titles, 512.

Jones, Samuel, criticises Smith’s History of New York, 412.

Jones, Skelton, 165.

Jones, Captain Thomas, of the “Mayflower”, 269, 271, 288; his alleged treachery, 289.

Jones, Sir William, 483, 511.

Jones, Present State of Virginia, 164.

Joseph, William, 550.

Josselyn, Henry, 360.

Josselyn, John, 372; Two Voyages, 360, 384; New England’s Rarities, 360.

Judæis, Cornelius de, Speculum Orbis Terrarum, 196; his map (1593), 196.

“Judith”, ship, 63.

Juet, companion of Hudson, 103.

Jury trial, first in Virginia, 146.

Kalendarium Pennsilvaniense, 493.

Kanibas, 382.

Keach, Elias, 494.

Keen, Gregory B., “Note on New Albion”, 457.

Keith, George, 445, 501, 503.

Keith, Sir William, History of Virginia, 165.

Kelpius, 501.

Kemp, Richard, 147.

Kendall, John, 128.

Kennebec River, 190, 382, 383; Plymouth patent of it, 278, 291, 308, 324; projected settlement on, 302.

Kennedy, J. P., Life of Lord Baltimore, 561.

Kennett, White, Bibliothecæ Americanæ Primordia, 348.

Kent Island, 522, 526, 527, 528, 532, 533, 538, 542, 562.

“Kent”, ship, 432.

Kerr, Voyages, 84.

Kest, Robinson, Prediker, 286.

Keymis, Lawrence, 118, 120; his account of Ralegh’s voyage, 124.

Kidder, Frederic, 123; on the Popham Question, 210.

King’s Province (Rhode Island), 339.

“Kingfisher”, frigate, 321.

Kingsland, Isaac, 437, 443.

Kingsley, Charles, on Ralegh, 126; Westward Ho!, 78.

Kingsley, J. L., Historical Discourse, 371.

Kingston (New York), 390.

Knight, John, 92.

Knowles, J. D., Life of Roger Williams, 378.

Kohl, J. G., his career and likeness, 209; his Discovery of Maine, or Documentary History of Maine, 8, 12, 208, 209, 218; his Die beiden ältesten General-Karten von America, 16; his cartographical labors, 209; his maps in the State Department at Washington, 209; in the American Antiquarian Society, 209; on the name of Rhode Island, 376; Maps in Hakluyt, 80, 124.

Kort en bondigh Verhael, 415.

Kunstmann, F., Entdeckung Amerikas, 8, 82, 217.

Labadists, 505.

Labanoff, Catalogue, 200.

Labrador, 90, 101; Cabot’s landfall, 34; as an island, 203.

Laconia, 308; patent, 340, 367; Company, 327, 328, 363; sources of its history, 366, 367.

La Cosa. See Cosa.

Lacour, Louis, 82.

Lafreri, Geografia, 10.

Lake, Sir Thomas, 517.

Lakeman, Sijverts, Treatyse, etc., 208.

Lamb, Joshua, 123.

Lamb, Martha J., History of New York City, 415.

Lambert, E. R., History of New Haven Colony, 375.

Lambrechtsen, Korte Beschryving, 418.

Lancaster Sound, 95.

Lane, Ralph, 187; in Virginia, 110, 111; autog., 110; his narrative, 122; letters, 123, 124.

Langford, John, Refutation of Babylon’s Fall, 555.

Langren’s globes, 216.

Laon globe (1493), 212.

La Plata River, Cabot at, 4, 48.

Larkham, Thomas, 327.

La Roque, Armorial, 58.

La Salle’s discoveries, 403.

La Tour, 383.

Las Casas, English translation, 205.

Latitude, instruments for taking, 207.

Latrobe, J. H. B., 514.

Laudonuière’s colony, 61.

Lawrence, Sir John, 457.

Lawrie, Gawen, 430, 435, 437, 438, 443; autog., 430.

Lawton on William Penn, 506.

Lawyer, first, in Massachusetts, 351.

Laydon, John, 132.

Leaming, Aaron, 454.

Leaming and Spicer, Grants, etc., of New Jersey, 454.

Lechford, Thomas, 351; Plain Dealing, 351; its manuscript, 351; fac-simile of, 352; autog., 351, 353; note-book, 351.

Leclerc, Bibliotheca Americana, 217.

L’Ecuy globe, 214.

Leddra, William, hanged, 359, 505.

Lederer, John, Discoveries, 157.

Lefroy, History of Bermuda, 156.

Legislature, first, in America, 143.

Leicester, Earl of, 64, 74.

Leigh, Sir Thomas, 141.

Leigh, William, 158.

Leisler, Jacob, 411; autog., 411; his dwelling, 417.

Lelewel, Géographie du Moyen Âge, 8, 217.

Leng, Robert, 82.

Lenox, Duke of, 297, 301, 341; autog., 275.

Lenox globe, 14, 212.

Lenox Library, 380.

Leroux, 212.

Lescarbot’s map (1609), 197.

Levett, Christopher, 303, 308, 366.

Levick, J. J., John ap Thomas, etc., 515.

Lewger, John, 528; autog., 528.

Lewis, Alonzo, History of Lynn, 347.

Lewis, Lawrence, Jr., 488; Land Titles, 512; Courts of Pennsylvania, 512

Lewis, William, 531, 555, 556.

Leyden, Pilgrims in, 262; university, 262, 263; plan of the town, 263; Pilgrims leave, 267; later emigrations from, 276, 277; H. C. Murphy on the Pilgrims at, 287; George Sumner on the same, 286. See Pilgrims.

Libraries in Virginia, 153.

Lightfoot, Bishop, Christian Ministry, 254.

Lil, H. van, on William Penn, 506.

Linn, J. B., 510.

Linschoten, Discours, 205; portrait, 206.

Lions, 186.

“Little James”, ship, 292.

Little Harbor (New Hampshire), 326.

Livermore, George, 354.

Livingston, William, 411, 453.

Lloyd, Charles, autog., 484.

Lloyd, David, 488.

Lloyd, Lawrence, 466.

Lloyd, Thomas, autog., 494.

Local histories, 363.

Lock, Lars, 494.

Locke, John, and Churchill’s Voyages, 205.

Locke or Lok, Michael, 86; his map, 39, 205; fac-simile, 40; History of West Indies, 47.

Loddington, William, Plantation Work, 496.

Lodge, H. C., Life of George Cabot, 58; English Colonies, 160; on the Pocahontas story, 162.

Lodge, Thomas, with Cavendish, 84; his Margarite of America, 84.

Lodwick, C., 420.

Loe, Thomas, 473, 475.

Log invented, 207.

Logan and Penn correspondence, 506.

Lok. See Locke.

London coast, 90.

London Company, 127.

London Spy, 373.

Longfellow, H. W., Courtship of Miles Standish, 294.

Long Island, 388, 457, 458; assigned to New York, 391.

Longitude, methods of, 35, 41; first meridian of, 212, 214.

“Lord Sturton”, ship, 186.

Lorrencourt, 79.

Lotteries, 141; in Virginia, 158.

Lovelace, Francis, governor, 395; autog., 395; leaves, 397; letters, 414.

Lucas, Charters of the Old English Colonies, 153.

Lucas, Nicolas, autog., 430.

Ludlow’s laws (Connecticut), 334.

Ludwell, Thomas, 149.

Lumley’s Inlet, 90.

Lyford, John, 277.

Lygonia, 191, 323, 324.

Lyon, Henry, 437.

Macaulay, T. B., on William Penn, 506; his views controverted, 506.

Macauley, James, History of New York, 413.

Mace, Captain Samuel, 115.

Mackie, J. M., Life of Samuel Gorton, 378.

Macock, Samuel, 143.

Madison, Isaac, 141, 146.

“Madre de Dios”, ship, 116.

Maffeius, map (1593), 196; Historiarum Indicarum libri, 196.

Magellan, 66; his straits, 201, 203.

Magin, Histoire Universelle, 184.

Magnetic pole first suggested, 207.

Maine, documentary history, 208; grants and charters, 209; province of, 310, 324; bought by Massachusetts, 320, 324; her history, 321; patents, 321; Massachusetts again in possession, 325; authorities on the history of, 363; origin of name, 363; patent to Gorges, 363; royal charter, 363; records, 363, 364; royal commissioners in, 325, 363; histories of, 364; bibliography of, 209, 365; map of the coast, 190; English on the coast, 193. See Gorges, Norumbega, Pemaquid, Popham.

Maine Historical Society, 208; Collections, 365.

Major, R. H., 191; on Cabot’s voyage, 45.

Malabar, Cape, 382, 383.

Malectites, 382.

Malignants, 147.

Man, Abraham, 488.

Manchese, 110, 111.

Mangi, sea, 67, 68; region, 68.

Manning, Captain, 397.

Manoa, 117.

Manomet, 272.

Manor of Frank (Pennsylvania), 482.

Manteo, 110, 111, 114.

Manufactures in Virginia, 166; in New England, 316.

Marco, Cape, 101.

“Maria”, ship, 95.

Mariana, 367.

“Marigold”, ship, 65, 187.

Mariner’s Mirrour, 207.

Markham, A. H., Voyages of John Davis, 99.

Markham, C. R., 79; Voyages of Baffin, 99.

Markham, William, 478; letters, 497.

Maroons, 65.

Marriage, first, in Virginia, 132.

Marshall, O. H., on the charters of New York, 414; on Denonville’s expedition, 415.

Marsillac, J., Vie de Penn, 506.

Marston, Eastward ho!, 128.

Martha’s Vineyard, 180.

Martin, John, 128, 137, 143, 146.

Martin, J. H., Chester and its Vicinity, 510.

Martin, Gazetteer of Virginia, 165.

Martin Mar-Prelate Tracts, 237, 238.

Martindale, J. C., Byberry and Moreland, 509.

Marvin, W. T. R., edits the New England’s Jonas, 355.

Mary, Queen, autog., 7.

“Mary and John”, ship, 176.

“Mary of Guilford”, ship, 170, 185, 186.

Maryland, history of, 517; charter, 517; name of, 520; bounds, 520; powers of the Proprietors, 520, 521; rights of the settlers, 522; controversy with Virginia, 522, 528; Jesuit missions, 523, 554; the charter’s significance of toleration, 523, 530, 562; map of, 465, 525; colonists arrive, 526; early assemblies, 527, 528, 530, 531; struggle of colonists with the Proprietor, 529; Ingle’s usurpation, 532; overthrown, 532; Toleration Act, 534, 541, 555, 560; passed by Catholics, 534; indorsement of, 535; Puritan settlers, 535; two houses of the Assembly formed, 536; commissioners’ demands, 537; second conquest, 538; victory of the Puritans of Providence, 539; the Proprietor reinstated, 541; population, 543; coinage, 543; boundary disputes with Pennsylvania, 478, 488, 489, 548; writ of quo warranto against the charter, 550; Coode’s “Association”, 551; proprietary government ends, 552; a royal province, 553; sources of its history, 553; Relation (of 1634), 553; (of 1635), 553; letters of Jesuit missionaries, 553; map, 553; boundary disputes with Virginia, 554; battle of Providence, authorities on, 554; archives of the State, 555-557; laws, 529, 556, 557, 562; calendar of State papers, 556; loss of records, 557; documents in State-Paper Office in London, 557; index to them, 557; other manuscript sources, 557; histories, 559; seal of the colony, 559; proportion of Catholics, 560; the question of toleration discussed, 561; source of charter, 561; bibliography of, 561; local histories, 561. See Calvert, Kent Island, etc.

Maryland Historical Society, 562; publications, 562.

Mason, Charles, autog., 489.

Mason, Captain John, of New Hampshire, on the Maine coast, 193; his will, 367; grant of Laconia, 308, 327, 328; vice-president of Council for New England, 309; grant of New Hampshire, 310, 367; his grants, 329; autog., 364; dies, 328; memoir by C. W. Tuttle, 364.

Mason, John, of Connecticut, in Pequot war, 348; autog., 348; his narrative, 349.

Mason, Robert Tufton, 329, 367.

Mason and Dixon’s line, 489, 514, 515.

Massa, 104.

Massachusetts, 310; early meant Boston Harbor, 179, 183; patent, 309, 310, 342; charter, 311, 342, 343; government of, 312; objects of the founders, 312; charter attacked, 313; charter concealed, 318; her relations with the other colonies, 316; buys the patent of Maine, 320, 364; writ of quo warranto against the charter, 321; origin of name of, 342; authorities for its history, 342; government transferred to the soil, 343; archives of, 343; records printed, 343, 359; manuscripts elsewhere, 343; histories of, 344; laws of, 314, 349-351, 373; struggle to maintain its charter, 362; authorities on the struggle, 362; bibliography of, 363; claims westward to the Pacific, 396; claim to lands west of the Hudson, 405. See New England.

Massachusetts Company, 342, 343.

Massachusetts Historical Society, archives of, 343; publications, 343; Collections, 343; Proceedings, 343.

Massachusetts Mount, 342. See Blue Hills.

Massachusetts River, 342.

Masson, Life of Milton, 245.

Massonia, 367.

Massasoit, 274, 282; his family, 290.

Mataoka. See Pocahontas.

Mather, Cotton, autog., 319; his library, 345; Ecclesiastical History of New England, or Magnalia, 240, 283, 345; portrait, 345; Diary, 345; Parentator, 345; on the Wheelwright deed, 367; map of New England, 345, 384; forged letter of, 502.

Mather, Increase, Relation of the Troubles, 340, 361; Brief History of the War, 361.

Mather, Richard, 255, 350.

Mather Papers, 374.

Matowack, 388.

Matthews, Samuel, 149.

Mattson, Margaret, 488.

Maverick, Samuel, 360; autog., 311, 388; controversy with Massachusetts, 354.

Mavooshen, 363.

Maxwell’s Virginia Historical Register, 168.

May, Dorothy, autog., 268.

May’s Arctic expedition, 104.

Mayer, Brantz, 533, 559, 562; Calvert and Penn, 507.

Mayer, Lewis, 557, 562.

“Mayflower”, ship, 267; passengers on, 267, 292; their autographs, 268; last survivor, 271; passengers, origin of, 284; her history, 290. See Pilgrims, Jones.

Maynarde, Thomas, 82.

McCall, Peter, 512.

McCamant, Thomas, 510.

McCormick, S. J., 372.

McDonald, Colonel A. W., his report on Virginia bounds, 159.

McMahon, J. V. L., History of Maryland, 559.

McSherry, James, History of Maryland, 560.

McSherry, Richard, 560; Essays and Lectures, 560.

Meade, Old Churches and Families of Virginia, 160.

Medina, Arte de Navegar, 207.

Meeting-houses, old, in New England, 319.

Megiser, Septentrio novantiquus, 104.

Melton, Edward, Zee- en Landreizen, 419.

Mendocino, Cape, 74-76, 80.

Menzies Catalogue, passim.

Mennonites, 251, 479, 490.

Mercator, Gerard, his engraved gores of a globe, 214; Hondy’s edition, 167, 381; his projection improved by Wright, 208.

Merchant adventurers, 266.

Merlan, J. E. V., 491.

“Mermaid”, ship, 89.

Merrill, James C., 353.

Merry Mount, 278.

Metacomet, 282.

Meta Incognita, 86, 89, 91.

Meusel, Bibliotheca Historica, 124.

Mew, Richard, 435.

Mexico, press in, 350.

Mey, Cornelius Jacobsen, 422.

Miantonomo, 368.

“Michael”, ship, 86.

Michener, Ezra, Early Quakerism, 505.

Mickle, Isaac, Old Gloucester, 456.

Middletown (New Jersey), 424, 427.

Milford (Connecticut), 333.

Millard, F. J., 104.

Millenary petition, 239.

Miller, J., Description of New York, 420.

Millet, Father, his Relation, 415.

“Minion”, ship, 64.

Minot, G. R., History of Massachusetts, 344.

Mint in Boston, 316; illegal, 320; in Maryland, 543; in New Jersey, 447.

Mitchell, Jonathan, 360.

M’Kinney and Hall, Indian Tribes, 163.

Mohawks, 394, 396; friendship with, 400; French expeditions against, 415. See Iroquois.

Mohegan case, 349.

Molineaux, Emeric, map, 44, 46, 77, 91, 99, 197, 216, 217; of California coast, 80; his globe, 90, 196, 205, 207, 208, 212, 213.

Moll, Herman, his maps, 345.

Moluccas, 48; discovered, 68.

Monardes, Joyfull Newes, 204.

Mondidier Catalogue, 348.

Monhegan, 176, 178, 179, 181-183, 190, 191, 321.

Monmouth patent, 426.

Montanus, Arnoldus, De Nieuwe Weereld, 184, 416; map of New York, 381, 417.

Monterey, 74, 75.

Montreal (Mont Royal), 213. See Hochelaga.

Moody, Joshua, autog., 319.

“Moonshine”, ship, 89.

Moore, George H., 368; on Poole’s edition of Johnson’s Wonder-working Providence, 358.

Moore, J. B., 367; Governors of New England, 289.

Moore, John, 488.

Moorhead, Sarah, portrait of Cotton Mather, 345.

Mooshausic, 377.

Moravians’ (Bethlehem) library, 500.

Morden, Robert, map of New England, 384.

More, Caleb, 360.

More, Nicholas, 482, 486, 488, 494, 497; autog., 484; Letter from Dr. More, 500.

Moreland, manor of, 482.

Morris, Caspar, 515.

Morris, J. G., Lord Baltimore, 559; Bibliography of Maryland, 561.

Morris, Colonel Lewis, 436.

Morrison, Francis, 148, 149, 152.

Morton, Charles, autog., 319.

Morton, George, 290.

Morton, Nathaniel, 283; New England’s Memorial, 283, 291, 359; autog., 291.

Morton, Thomas, 278, 309, 322; New English Canaan, 348; edited by C. F. Adams, Jr., 348.

Mount Desert, 178, 179, 190, 194, 382, 383.

Mount Wollaston, 311.

Mountfield, D., The Church and Puritans, 253.

Moulton, J. W., New York One Hundred and Seventy Years Ago, 416.

Mourt’s Relation, 288, 289; its authorship, 290.

Mudie, David, 443.

Mulford, I. S., History of New Jersey, 455.

Muller, Frederick, Catalogue of American Portraits, 416; Books on America, passim.

Muller, Geschiedenis der noord Compagnie, 98.

Muller, History of Doncaster, 102.

Munsell, Joel, 372.

Munster, or Münster, Sebastian, Cosmographia, 27, 36, 199, 200; map (1532), 199, 201; edits Grynæus and Ptolemy, 199; in English by Eden, 200, 201; map (1540), 201, 217.

Murphy, H. C., Henry Hudson in Holland, 104; Verrazzano, 214; on the Pilgrims in Leyden, 287; and Milet’s captivity, 415; edits Danker’s Journal, 420.

Muscongus, 191.

Muscovy Company, 6, 46, 103.

Myritius, Johannes, Opusculum Geographicum, 10.

“Nachen”, ship, 181.

Nancy globe, 214.

Nantasket, 311.

Nantucket, 382.

Napier, Lord Bacon and Ralegh, 126.

Narragansett country, Connecticut’s claim, 335, 339; settled, 336; Massachusetts proprietors of, 338; townships, 361; histories of, 376; patent, 379. See Rhode Island.

Narragansett Club, 377.

Narragansett Historical Register, 381.

Narragansetts, 382.

Naumkeag, 311. See Salem.

Naunton, Sir Robert, 265.

Navigation, early books on, 206.

Navigation Act, 150, 386, 387, 400, 415, 544.

Nead, B. M., 510.

Neal, Daniel, History of the Puritans, 250; History of New England, 345; its map, 345.

Neale, Walter, 327, 328; autog., 363.

Needle, variation of, 9, 23, 41.

Nehantic country, 371.

Neill, E. D., his Virginia and Virginiola, 154; Notes on the Virginia Colonial Clergy, 157; History of the Virginia Company of London, 158, 288, 340; English Colonization in America, 155, 158, 288, 561; his notes on Virginia history, 158, 160, 162, 163, 166; on Sir Edmund Plowden, 457; on Robert Evelyn, 459; Francis Howgill, 505; Light thrown by the Jesuits, etc., 554; Terra Mariæ, 560; Lord Baltimore and Toleration, 560; Founders of Maryland, 560; Maryland not a Roman Catholic Colony, 561.

Nelson, Captain, at Jamestown, 131.

Nelson, William, History of Passaic County, 456.

Nelson River, 93.

“Neptune”, ship, 142.

Nevada, 67.

Nevada River, 101.

Nevill, James, 441.

Nevill, Samuel, 454.

New Albion (Drake’s), 80; under “Caput Draconis”, 69, 72.

New Albion (Plowden’s), 457; bounds, 458, 463; medal and ribbon of the Albion knights, 461, 462. See Plowden.

New Amsterdam surrenders to the English, 389, 421; first reports of, 414; burghers take the oath, 414; early views, 415. See New York.

New Cæsaria. See Nova Cæsaria.

New England, name first given, 198; thought to be an island, 197; Cartography, 194, 381, 382, 383; Dudley’s map, 303; Paskaart, 333; Mather’s map, 345; Confederation (of 1643), 281, 315, 334, 338, 354; its records, 373; religious element in, 219; sources of her history, 340; relations with the Dutch, 375; dominion extends to the Pacific, 409; Andros seal, 410; bounds as allowed by the French, 456; Council for, 295; their Briefe Relation, 296; patent, 297; seal, 341, 342; Platform, 302; records, 301, 308, 340; partition the coast, 305; grants, 308, 340; surrenders patent, 309; authorities on, 340.

New England Almanac, 384.

New England Historic Genealogical Society, 344.

New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 344.

New England Society of New York, 293.

New England’s First Fruits, 355.

New France, 101.

New Haarlem, 390.

New Hampshire, grant of, 310; history of, 326; submits to Massachusetts, 327, 329; name first used, 329, 367; Provincial Papers, 363, 367; sources of her history, 366; Wheelwright deed, 366; patents, 367; map (1653), 367; laws, 367; histories of, 368; local histories, 368; bibliography, 368.

New Hampshire Historical Society Collections, 367.

New Haven, 310, 368; founded, 332, 371; united to Connecticut, 334; fundamental articles in original Constitution, 371; laws, 371; Blue Laws, 371; charter of union with Connecticut, 373; Records, 371, 375; histories of, 375; maritime interests, 375. See Connecticut.

New Haven Historical Society Papers, 375.

New Interlude, 199.

New Jersey, grants of, 392; boundary disputes, 406; named, 422, 423; Concessions, etc., 423, 425, 426, 427; government, 423; earliest Assembly, 425; lords proprietors, 428; laws, 429, 447; quintipartite deed, 431; under Andros’ government, 444; attempt to run the line between East and West Jersey, 445; Planter’s Speech, etc., 449; sources of its history, 449; counties and towns, 446; churches in, 447; education in, 447; coinage in, 447, 448; early tracts on, 453; histories of, 453, 455; Archives, 454; map by Van der Donck, 455; efforts to complete its archives, 455; Chalmers papers on its history, 455; Testimonys from the Inhabitants, 476. See East and West Jersey.

New Jersey Historical Society, 454, 455.

New London (Connecticut), 375.

New Netherland, relations with New England, 375; taken by the English, 385; capture contemplated by Cromwell, 386; bounds of, 456. See Dutch, New York.

New Plymouth, 276. See Plymouth.

New Scotland, 306.

New Somerset, 322, 363; records, 363.

New Sweden, 456, 465; surrenders to the Dutch, 422.

New York (city), 405, 407; view of the Strand, 417; Stadthuys, 419, 420; Water-gate, 420; first named, 390; taken by the Dutch, 397, 415, 429; restored to the English, 398; government, 414; early views, 415; maps, 417, 418; its history, 415. See New Amsterdam.

New York (province), described (in 1678), 400; boundary disputes with Connecticut, 405; sources of its history, 411; under English rule, 385; charter of liberties, 404; charter of franchises, 405; annexed to New England under Andros, 409; histories of, 411; literature of disputed boundaries, 414; charters, 414; seals, 415; maps, 417; descriptions, 419. See New Netherland.

Newark (New Jersey), 425; history of, 456.

Newbie, Mark, 441, 448.

Newce, Thomas, 144.

Newfoundland, 519. See Avalon, Baccalaos.

Newichwaneck, 327, 328.

Newport, Captain Christopher, 128, 132, 133, 139; his discoveries, 154.

Newport (Rhode Island), founded, 336, 338.

Newport-Historical Magazine, 381.

Newport-News, origin of the name, 154.

Nicholas, Thomas, his Pleasant History, 204, 205; his Peru, 204.

Nicholls, Richard, 389; killed, 396; autog., 388. 421.

Nichols, Philip, 83.

Nichols, Dr. William, Doctrine of the Church of England, 248.

Nicholson, Francis, 444.

Nicholson, Joseph, autog., 314.

Niles, T. M., 376

Noble, George, 457.

Noddle’s Island, 311.

Nombre de Dios, 65.

Nonconformists, 219, 223. See Dissenters, Separatists.

Norman, Robert, Newe Attractive, 207, 208; Safeguard of Saylers, 207.

Norris, J. S., 555; Early Friends in Maryland, 505.

North, J. W., History of Augusta, 365.

North Carolina, Indians of, 109; map of, by John White, 124.

Northeast Passage, 6, 30.

“North Star”, ship, 90.

Northwest explorations, 85; Passage, 203. See Arctic.

Northwest Territory, Virginia’s claims to, 153.

Norton, Francis, 328.

Norton, John, Discussion of the Suffering of Christ, 357; autog., 358; Heart of New England Rent, 358.

Norton, Literary Gazette, 205.

Norumbega, 101, 188; its English explorers, 169; bounds, 169; meaning of the name, 184; authorities, 184; varieties of the name, 195, 214. See Arembec, Maine

Norwich (Connecticut), 375.

Norwood, Colonel Henry, 148.

Norwood, Voyage to Virginia, 157.

Notley, Thomas, 547.

Nova Albion, 42. See New Albion.

Nova Britannia (Virginia), 155, 156, 199.

Nova Cæsaria, 422. See New Jersey.

Nova Francia. See New France.

Nova Scotia, 299.

Oakwood Press, 500.

O’Callaghan, E. B., on New York history, 414; New Netherland, 415; edits Wooley’s Journal, 420; his Catalogue, passim.

Ocracoke Inlet, 111.

Ogden, John, 429.

Ogilby, John, America, 167, 184, 360, 416; map of New York, 417; map of New England, 381.

Oiseaux, Isle des, 213.

Olaus Magnus, 101.

Old Colony Club, 293.

Old Colony Historical Society, 291, 344.

“Old Dominion”, name of, 153.

Oldham, John, 303.

Oldmixon, John, British Empire in America, 345, 499, 502.

Oldys, William, Life of Bacon, 121; British Librarian, 205.

Olive, Thomas, 441.

Onderdonk, Henry, Jr., Annals of Hempstead, 505.

Opecancanough, 131.

Orcutt and Beadsley, History of Derby, 375.

Oregon coast, 68.

Orinoco River, 117; valley, map, 124.

Orleans, Isle of, 213.

Ortelius’s map in Hakluyt, 205; Theatrum orbis terrarum, 34.

Oswego, 411.

Otten’s map of New York, 417.

Oviedo, Historia de las Indias, 49.

Oxford Tract, 156.

Oxford Voyages, 79.

Pacific, passages to the, 183, 459; called Mare del Sur, 203. See South Sea.

Pack, Roger, 457.

Paget, John, Inquiry, etc., 506.

Paine, John, autog., 338.

Palfrey, John G., his interest in Pilgrim history, 284; History of New England, 293, 344, 375, 376.

Palmer, W. P., 161.

Palmer’s Island, 522, 528.

Pamunkey Indians, 131.

Paper manufacture in Pennsylvania, 493.

Parias, 201, 215.

Parmenius, 171, 187.

Partridge, Ralph, 280.

Paschall, Thomas, 499.

“Pasha”, ship, 65.

Passao, island, 79.

Passe, Simon, 212.

Patterson, James W., 210.

Pastorius, F. D., 491, 515; Beschreibung, etc., 502.

“Patience”, ship, 136.

Patowomekes, 135.

Patuxet, 273.

Pavonia, 422.

Payne, Elizabethan Seamen, 78, 187.

Peabody, George, 557, 562.

Pearls sought for on the New England coast, 181.

Pearson, Peter, 358; autog., 314.

Pease, J. C., 376.

Peckard, Peter, Memoir of Nicholas Ferrar, 158.

Peckham, Sir George, 39, 196; his True Report, 187, 205.

Peirce, E. W., Indian History, etc., 290; Civil Lists, etc., 293.

Peirce, James, Vindication of the Dissenters, 248.

Peirce, John, 269, 275, 299, 301, 341.

Peirce, William, Almanac, 350.

Pejepscot patent, 324.

Pelham, Peter, 345.

“Pelican”, Drake’s ship, 65; broken up, 73.

Pemaquid, 190, 191, 193, 365, 382, 400, 407; Popham at, 176; map, 177; settled, 321; Papers, 365; books on, 365; purchased by Duke of York, 325, 388; grant of, 399. See Maine.

Pembroke, Earl of, 64, 86.

Pemisapan, 112.

Penhallow, Indian Wars, 349.

Penington, John, on New Albion, 461.

Penn, Granville, Sir William Penn, 506.

Penn, Hannah, 514.

Penn, Richard, 514.

Penn, William, intervenes in New Jersey disputes, 430, 432; purchases Carteret’s interest in Jersey, 435; his Letter (printed in 1683), 498, 499; Further Account, 500; Sir W. Popple’s Letter to Penn, 502; alleged plot to capture him, 502; Brief Account, etc., of the Quakers, 496, 503; Primitive Christianity Revived, 503; his Works, 505; lives of, 505, 506; connection with Algernon or Henry Sidney, 506; Papers, 506, 507; Apology, 506; correspondence with Logan, 506; his family, 507; travels in Holland, 507; deeds, grants, letters, etc., 507; his career, 473; portraits, 474, 475; autog., 474, 484; his burial-place, 475; No Cross, no Crown, 475; Great Case of Liberty of Conscience, 475; interest in West Jersey, 476; petitions for land east of the Delaware, 476; charter granted, 477 Some Account, etc., 478, 479, 495, 496; arrives in America, 480, 482; Letitia Cottage, 483; at Shackamaxon, 490, 513; his country-house, 491; slate-roof house, 492; Brief Account, 496; vindicated by Ford, 498; his letters, 498; his landing, 512; treaty with the Indians, 513; belt of wampum, 513; Treaty Tree, 513; and the Indians, 513; controversy with Baltimore, 514, 548, 549; letter to Free Society of Traders, 516. See Pennsylvania.

Penn, Sir William, 506.

Pennsbury manor, 491.

Pennsylvania, origin of name, 477; founding of, 469; charter granted, 477; bounds with Maryland, 404, 473, 488, 513, 514, 548; country described, 481; Frame of Government, 497, 511; its seal and signers, 484; courts, 487; population, 491; Harris’s map, 491; education, 492; trade, 492; press in, 493; ecclesiastical affairs, 493; sources of its history, 495; early tracts on, 495, 496; Twee Missiven, 499; Beschreibung der Pensylvanien, 499; Recüeil de pieces, etc., 499; Missive van Bom, 500; Nader Informatie, 500; Some Letters, 500; Copia eines Send-Schriebens, 501; Gabriel Thomas’s map, 501; Curieuse Nachricht, 502; histories of, 507; constitutional history, 510; local histories, 509; seal, 511; documents in State-Paper Office, 510; Votes of the Assembly, 510; Colonial Records, 510; Pennsylvania Archives, 510; charter and laws, 485, 510, 511, 512; Certain Conditions, etc., 511; maps, 516; purchases from the Indians, 516. See Penn, William.

Pennsylvania Historical Society, 516; Memoirs, 516; Pennsylvania Magazine of History, 516.

Pennypacker, S. W., 491, 499, 515.

Penobscot River, 190; the Pilgrims on the, 291.

Pentagöet (Castine), 190, 382, 383.

Pentecost Harbor, 175, 190, 191.

Pepperrell, Sir William, his sword, 274.

Pequods, 382; war with, 348; literature of, 348, 349, 371.

Percy, Abraham, 143, 146.

Percy, George, 134, 136; portrait, 134, 154; his Observations, 154.

Perfect Description of Virginia, 157.

Perkins, F. B., Check-List of American Local History, 292, 363.

Perle, island, 67.

Pero, Cape, 197.

Peru, 203.

Perry, W. S., The Church in Virginia, 166.

Pert, Sir Thomas, 4, 26, 28, 48.

Perth Amboy, 439, 440, 446; history of, 455; Quakers at, 505.

Perth, Earl of, 435; autog., 439.

Peter Martyr, 10; his Decades, 15, 200; quoted, 18, 19, 20, 35; edited by Hakluyt, 42; map from, 42; translation by Locke, 47; his manuscript, 47.

Peters, Samuel, his false Blue Laws, 372; General History of Connecticut, 372.

Peterson, Edward, History of Rhode Island, 376.

Petitot, Mémoires, 193.

Pethedam, John, Bibliographical Miscellany, 99.

Philadelphia founded, 481; laid out, 491; Holme’s plan, 491; growth of, 493; histories of, 509; map, 516.

“Philip”, ship, 424.

Philip, William, 205.

Philip’s War, 281, 318, 374; in Rhode Island, 339; tracts on, 360; its end, 361.

Phillipps, Sir Thomas, 208; library at Middlehill, 208; now at Cheltenham, 208.

“Phœnix”, ship, 131.

Pickering, Charles, 488.

Pierpont, John, Pilgrim Fathers, 294.

Pierse, Thomas, 143.

Pigmies, 101.

Pike, James S., New Puritan, 359.

Pike, Robert, autog., 359.

Pilgrim Society, 293.

Pilgrims of Plymouth, 257; their relations with the Massachusetts Puritans, 242; at Leyden, 263; apply to the Virginia Company, 264, 265; their declaration in seven articles, 265, 281, 287; the Wincob patent, 265, 269; plans changed for New Netherland, 266; agree with Weston, 266; leave Leyden, 267; at Delfthaven, 267; sail from Southampton, 267; return to Dartmouth, 267; sail from Plymouth (Devon), 267; reach Cape Cod, 267; the Peirce patent, 269; seek Hudson River, 269; their compact, 269, 271; explorations from Cape Cod, with map, 270; choose Carver governor, 271; land at Plymouth, 271; date of landing, 290; the spot in dispute, 271, 290; Samoset visits them, 273; the “Fortune” arrive, 275; their new patent, 275; their common stock, 276; land allotted, 276; their governors, 278; new patent (1641), 279; relics of, 279; government of, 280; poverty of, 281; the ministry among, 281; education among, 281; authorities on their history, 283; and the Indians, 290; in Scrooby, authorities on, 285; in Holland, authorities on, 285, 286; genealogy of, 292; monuments to their memory, 293; their patents, 293; pictures representing their history, 293; poems, 294; landed within the patent of the Council for New England, 302. See Leyden, Mayflower, Plymouth, Robinson, Scrooby.

Pinkerton, Voyages, 102, 124.

Piscataqua, 326, 327, 367, 382; patent, 367.

Piscataway (New Jersey), 425.

Pitman, John, 377.

Place, Francis, 474.

Plaia, R. de la, 197.

Plancius, Peter, map, 217.

Plantagenet, Beauchamp, Description of New Albion, 461.

Planter’s Speech, 449, 499.

Plastrier, 178, 193.

“Plough”, ship, 322.

Plough patent, 322, 323.

Plowden, Sir Edmund, his grant of New Albion, 457; his origin, 457; his family, 457; his sons and descendants, 458, 467; in America, 459, 460; in Boston, 460; his will, 464. See New Albion.

Plowden, Francis, 466.

Plowden, Thomas, 458, 466.

Plumstead, Clement, 435.

Plumstead, Francis, autog., 484.

Plymouth Colony, 257, 382; character of colonists, 210; united to Massachusetts Bay, 282; authorities on its history, 283; laws, edited by Brigham, 292; Records printed, 292; fac-simile of first page, 292; patent, 310; has no charter, 341; sends emigrants to Windsor, on the Connecticut, 368; grant on the Kennebec, 191. See Pilgrims.

Plymouth Harbor, map, 272; visited by Pring, 174, 188; by Smith, 179; by Dermer, 183.

Plymouth Rock, 272, 290, 293.

Plymouth, town, palisade of, 276; fort, 276.

Plymouth Company, 127.

Plymouth County Atlas, 292.

Pocahontas, 135, 157; in London, 119, 141; betrayed, 139; married, 139, 161, 162; dies, 141, 162; her descendants, 141, 162; doubtful story of, 154, 161; pictures of, 163, 211.

Pocasset (Rhode Island), 336.

Podalida, 101.

Point Comfort, 128.

Pontanus, History of Amsterdam, 103.

Poole, W. F., on the Popham question, 210; edits Johnson’s Wonder-working Providence, 210, 358.

Poor, John A., 210.

Popellinière, Les trois Mondes, 37.

Popham, Sir Francis, 178.

Popham, George, 176.

Popham, Sir John, 175; autog., 175.

Popham Colony, 177, 190, 295; authorities, 192, 209; Popham Memorial, 192, 210, 366; rival views, 209; its relation to New England colonization, 210.

Porpoise, Cape, 322.

Port Nelson, 93, 96.

Port St. Julian, 66.

Portland (Maine), founded, 322; history of, 365.

Portsmouth (New Hampshire), 328; treaty of, 361.

Portuguese portolano (1514-1520), 56; discoveries, 56.

Pory, John, 143, 159.

Post service, early, in Pennsylvania, 491.

Potatoes, found in Virginia, 113.

Pott, Dr. John, 144, 146.

Potter, C. E., Military History of New Hampshire, 368.

Potter, E. R., History of Narragansett, 376.

Potter’s American Monthly, 166.

Powell, Nathaniel, 142, 143.

Powhatan River, 128.

Powhatan, Indian king, 131.

Prato, Albert de, 185, 186.

Prémontré globe, 214.

Prence, Thomas, autog., 272.

Presbyterianism in Massachusetts, 354.

Press, early, in Philadelphia, 493; in Massachusetts, 350, 356.

Pretty, Francis, Famous Voyage of Drake, 79; in Hakluyt, 79; with Cavendish, 84.

Price, Benjamin, 436.

Prichard, Edward, autog., 484.

Pricket, Abacuk, with Hudson, 93.

Priest, Degory, 284.

Prince Edward Island, 24.

Prince, John, Worthies of Devon, 121.

Prince, Thomas, on Pilgrim history, 285; Chronological History, or Annals, 283, 346; publishes Mason’s Narrative, 349. See Prence.

Prince Society, 344.

Pring, Martin, on the New England coast, 173, 175; in Plymouth Harbor, 174, 188; authorities, 188.

Printer, James, autog., 356.

Printz, Johan, governor of New Sweden, 459.

Proud, Robert, History of Pennsylvania, 454, 508.

Proude, Richard, 207.

Providence (Maryland), 535.

Providence (Rhode Island), founded, 336; history of, 377; its libraries, 381.

Providence Gazette, 376.

Providence Plantations, 337, 338.

Pulsifer, David, edits Plymouth Records, 293; edits the Simple Cobler, 350.

Punchard, George, History of Congregationalism, 285, 288.

Punta de los Reyes, 75, 77.

Purchas, Samuel, his Pilgrimage, 47; his Pilgrimes, 47, 97.

Purchase, Thomas, in Maine, 324.

Puritans, 219, 223; their agitation, 232; satires upon, 237; become Nonconformists in New England, 242; distinction between Puritans and Pilgrims, 288. See Dissenters, Nonconformists, Pilgrims.

Pynchon, William, Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, 357; Covenant of Nature, 357.

Quakers, printing among, 516; Barclay’s Inner Life, 251; in Carolina, 472; in Connecticut, 373; in England, 473; and the Indians, 473; on Long Island, 505; in Maryland, 472, 505, 545, 555; in Massachusetts, 313, 317, 358, 472; autographs of, 314; in New England, 504; in New Jersey, 430, 447, 505; their legislation, 432; in New Netherland, 472; in New York, 505; in Pennsylvania, 469, 515; their views, 471; their meetings, 494; rise and progress of, 503; best exposition of their views, 503; Historia Quakeriana, 503; books on, 358, 503-505; Hicksites, 504; archives of the sect, 504; Swarthmore manuscripts, 504; in Plymouth, 280, 281; in Rhode Island, 378, 472; in Virginia, 166, 472, 505.

Quarry, Colonel, 501.

Quincy, Josiah, President, controversy with George Bancroft, 378.

Quinnipiack, 310, 332, 368.

Quisan, 68.

Quivira, 67, 68, 76, 77.

Raccolta di Mappamondi, 218.

Race, Cape (Razo), 213; (Raso), 216.

Raimundus, 54.

Raine, Parish of Blyth, 258, 284.

Ralegh, 105, 188, 193, 213; autog., 105; spelling of his name, 105; sails with Gilbert, 106; in favor with Elizabeth, 107; and Spenser, 107; plans of colonization, 108; his marriage, 116; at Trinidad, 117; arrested, 119; in the Tower, 119; wrote his History of the World, 119; his last voyage, 120; burns St. Thomas, 120; beheaded, 120, 122; authorities, 121; Bacon’s book, 121; lives of him, 121, 122; his works, 121; Voyages edited by Schomburgk, 122; Discoverie of Guiana, etc., 124; his voyage criticised, 126; commemorated by a window at St. Margaret’s, 126; and Gosnold’s voyage, 173.

Ralegh, Mount, 90, 91.

Ramusio, 19, 20, 50; his Navigationi, etc., 24-26, 184.

Randolph, Edward, 319, 335, 339.

Randolph, Henry, 150.

Randolph, John, 158.

Randolph, Peyton, 158.

Randolph, Richard, 163.

Ratcliffe, John, 128; Rational Theology, 252.

Raum, J. O., History of New Jersey, 455.

Rawle, William, 467, 468, 512, 515.

Rawliana, 465.

Read, John M., Jr., 492.

Real, Cape, 213.

Receuil d’ Arrests, 104.

Recueil van de Tractaten, 415.

Redemptioners, 545.

Reed, John, Map of Philadelphia, 491, 509.

Reed, W. B., 516.

Reformation in England, 222.

Regicides in Connecticut, 374. See Goffe and Whalley.

Reichel, W. C., 515.

“Resolution”, ship, 93.

Revell, Thomas, 451.

Reynel’s chart, 12.

Rhode Island, History of, 335; doctrine of soul-liberty, 336, 337; Massachusetts seeks to govern, 337; excluded from the New England Confederacy, 338; Royal Commissioners in, 339; education in, 339; origin of name, 376; sources of her history, 376; Gazetteer, 376; histories of, 376; Records, 377; charter got by Williams, 337, 379; charter from Charles II., 338, 379; Laws, 337, 379; excludes Roman Catholics as freemen, 379; excludes Jews as freemen, 379; bibliography of, 380. See Williams, Roger.

Rhode Island Historical Society, Proceedings, 381; Discourses, 377.

Rhode Island Historical Tracts, 377.

Rhode Island Republican, 376.

Rhumbs, 208.

Ribault, Terra Florida, 33, 200.

Ribero’s map (1529), 16, 24.

Rice, John Holt, 168, 211.

Rich, Obadiah, Catalogues, passim.

Rich, R., Newes from Virginia, 81, 155.

Rich, Robert, Lord, 370.

Richardson, Amos, autog., 338.

Richardson, W., Granger’s Portraits, 163.

Richmond Dispatch, 162.

Richmond, Duchess of, portrait, 211.

Richmond Island, 190, 322.

Rider, S. S., 377.

Ridgeley, David, Annals of Annapolis, 561.

Ridpath, History of the United States, 153.

Rigby, Alexander, 323, 324.

Rigby, Edward, 324.

Rigg, Ambrose, 435.

Riker, History of Harlem, 417.

Rio de la Hacha, 63.

Roanoke, Voyage to, 105; Island, 110, 111, 123; bird’s-eye view of, 124; colony, survivors, 129. See Virginia.

Robbins, Chandler, The Regicides, 374.

Roberts, Thomas, 327.

Robertson, William, 162.

Robertson, Wyndham, Descendants of Pocahontas, 162.

Robinson, Conway, 154; Discoveries in the West, 43, 167, 168; contributions to Virginia history, 158, 159.

Robinson, Edward, Memoir of William Robinson, 286.

Robinson, Rev. John, of Duxbury, 286.

Robinson, John, of Leyden, 231; autog., 259; farewell address, 259, 285; in Amsterdam, 261; in Leyden, 262, 286; his house, 262, 288; his burial-place, 263; death of, 277, 288; his relation to the Pilgrims, 285; life by Kist, 286; by Ashton, 286; his family, 286; H. M. Dexter on, 285; his influence, 288; attempts to remove schisms among the Brownists, 288. See Pilgrims.

Robinson, John, of Maryland, 529.

Robinson, Patrick, 488, 494.

Robinson, William, autog., 314; hanged, 505.

Rochefort, César de, Description des Antilles, 496; Recit, etc., 496.

Rocroft, Captain, 182, 194.

Roe, Sir Thomas, 297.

Rogers, Horatio, Libraries of Providence, 381.

Roggeveen, Arent, chart of New York coast, 419; Brandende Veen, 382, 419; Burning Fen, 383, 419.

Rolfe, John, 135; begins tobacco culture, 139; marries Pocahontas, 139; secretary, 141; Relation of Virginia, 157.

Roman Catholics excluded from being freemen in Rhode Island, 379; in Maryland, 560.

“Rose”, frigate, 321.

Roselli, mappemonde, 217.

Rosier, James, True Relation, 81, 191.

Rosignol, Port, 306.

Ross, A. A., Discourse on History of Rhode Island, 376.

Rotz, John, Idrography, 195.

Rough, John, 239.

Rous, John, autog., 314.

Rowlandson, Mrs., her captivity, 361.

Royal Commissioners, 388; in Boston, 318, 389.

Royall, W. L., on Virginia colonial money, 166.

Rudyard, George, autog., 484.

Rudyard, Thomas, 435, 436.

Ruggles, George, 159.

Rundall, Thomas, Narratives of Voyages, etc., 98.

Ruscelli, 25.

Russell, Dr. Walter, 131.

Russell, W. S., Guide to Plymouth, 292; Pilgrim Memorials, 292.

Rut, John, 170, 185, 186.

Rutherford, Samuel, Due Rights, etc., 288.

Rutters, 207.

Ruysch’s Ptolemy map (1508), 9, 217; fac-simile, 9.

Ryebread, Thomas, 457.

Ryttenhouse, William, 493.

Sabin, Joseph, American Bibliopolist, passim; Dictionary of Books relating to America, passim; Menzies’ Catalogue, passim.

Sabino, peninsula, 177, 190, 210.

Sable Island, 216.

Sablons, Cape, 195.

Saco River settlement, 190, 321, 322, 323.

Sadlier Correspondence, 378.

Sagadahock River, 190, 191; settlement on, 177.

Saguenay River, 101, 213, 383.

Sainsbury, Noël, Calendar of State Papers, 159; and the English records, 343.

Saint. See St.

Salado River, 77, 197.

Salem (Massachusetts), 311; history of, 363.

Salem (New Jersey), 431, 455.

Salterne, Robert, 175.

Samoset, 184, 273, 290.

“Samson”, ship, 170, 183, 185, 186.

San Domingo, 82. See Hispaniola.

San Francisco, 74; is it Drake’s Bay? 78; derived from Drake’s name, 84.

San Juan d’Ulua, 63.

San Lorenzo, bay, 80.

San Miguel, 79, 213.

San. See St., Santa.

Sanderson, William, 212, 216.

Sanderson’s tower, 90, 91.

Sandford, William, 436.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 142, 265, 297, 298; State of Religion, 259; arrested, 299.

Sandys, George, 145, 146.

Sandys, Sir Samuel, 259.

Sanson, Nicholas, map of New England, 382; extract from his map of Canada, 456.

Santa Barbara, 77.

Santa Cruz, 213.

Santa Maria, Cape, 197.

Santa. See San, St.

Santarem’s Atlas, 9, 217; Essai, 217.

Santiago, 197.

Sanuto Livio, Geographica distincta, 41.

Saquish, 272.

“Sarah”, ship, 139.

Sargeant, Thomas, Land Laws of Pennsylvania, 512.

Sasanoa River, 193.

Savage, James, Genealogical Dictionary of New England, 289; New England antiquary, 351; endorsement on Lechford’s book, 353; memoir by G. S. Hillard, 353; edits Winthrop’s Journal, 357; on the Wheelwright deed, 366; on Pilgrim history, 283.

Savage, Thomas, in Virginia, 131.

Savage Rock, 172, 173.

Savile, Henry, Libell of Spanish Lies, 82.

Say, Lord, 326, 331, 370; patent to, 369.

Saybrook, 322; platform, 334.

Schanck, George C., 463.

Scharf, J. T., Chronicles of Baltimore, 561; History of Maryland, 561.

Schele de Vere, Romance of American History, 162.

Schenectady, 396.

Schenk and Valch, map of New York, 417.

Scrivener, Matthew, 130.

Schomburgk, R. H., edits Ralegh’s Voyage, 122.

Schondia, 18, 101.

Schoner or Schöner, John, globe (1520), 214, 217; his Terræ descriptio, 214.

Scrooby, in Nottinghamshire, 258; site of its manor-house, 258; map of vicinity, 259; visits to, 284, 285; described, 285. See Pilgrims.

Scot, George, Model of the Government of East New Jersey, 438, 450, 454.

Scott, Benjamin, on the Pilgrims, 288.

Scull, G. D., Memoir of Captain Evelyn, 459; The Evelyns in America, 459, 562.

Sea-manuals, 206.

“Sea Venture”, ship, 134.

Selden, John, 299.

Seeskabinet, 8.

Seidensticker, Oswald, 501; Penn in Holland, 507.

Seller, John, Description of New England, 384; maps of New England, 384.

Sellman, Edward, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102.

Separatists, 219, 223. See Dissenters, Nonconformists.

Settle, Dionysius, account of Frobisher’s voyage, 102, 203.

Seven Cities, 53.

Sewall, R. K., Ancient Dominion of Maine, 185; on Popham’s town, 210.

Sewel, William, History of the Quakers, 359, 503, 504.

Seymour, Richard, 176.

Shackamaxon Conference, 490.

Shakespeare’s “new map”, 217.

Shannon, Manual of the City of New York, 414, 415.

Sharswood, George, Common Law of Pennsylvania, 512.

Shawmut, 311. See Boston.

Shawomet, 336.

Shea, J. G., edits Millet’s Relation, 415; edits Jogues’ Novum Belgium, 416; edits Miller’s Description of New York, 420; edits Alsop’s Maryland, 555.

Sheepscott River, 190; town, 365.

Sheffield, Lord, autog., 275.

Shepard, Thomas, Clear Sunshine, 355; Autobiography, 355; fac-simile of writing, 355.

Sheppard, J. H., 361.

Sherry, W. M., 533.

Ship of the Seventeenth Century, 347.

Shoals, isles of, 327.

Shrewsbury (New Jersey), 424, 427.

Shrigley, Nathaniel, True Relation, 157.

Shurt, Abraham, autog., 321.

Shurtleff, N. B., on the “Mayflower” passengers, 292; edits Plymouth Records, 293; edits Massachusetts Records, 343; death of, 362; his library, 362; Description of Boston, 362.

Sibley, J. L., Graduates of Harvard University, 256, 415.

Sidney, Henry, 483.

Sidney, Sir Philip, 86.

Silk-worms in Virginia, 158.

Silva, Mina da, 79.

Sir Thomas Roe’s Welcome, 95.

Skeats, H. S., Free Churches, 251.

Skeyne, John, 442.

Slack, Dr. James, 500.

Slaughter, History of St. Mark’s, Culpepper, etc., 160.

Slave-trade begun by Hawkins, 60; how conducted, 62, 63; first public protest against, 491.

Slavery in Virginia, 143, 166; in Pennsylvania, 515; in Maryland, 545.

Sloane manuscripts, 557.

Sluyter, Peter, Journal, 420.

Smith, Buckingham, 214; his Inquiry, 214.

Smith, B. H., 515.

Smith, C. C., “Explorations to the Northwest”, 85.

Smith, Charles, edits laws of Pennsylvania, 512.

Smith, Charles W., Wrightstown, 510.

Smith, George, Delaware County, 509.

Smith, Rev. Henry, 330.

Smith, Captain John, 128; at Jamestown, 129; explores the Chesapeake, 131, 132; his map of Virginia, 132, 167; elected president at Jamestown, 132; his services, 135; his True Relation, or Newes from Virginia, 153; his Oxford Tract, 156; Map of Virginia, 156, 211; account in Fuller’s Worthies, 161; credibility of the story of his rescue by Pocahontas, 161; on the New England coast, 179; his Description of New England, 179, 181, 194, 211; his Map of New England, 180, 197, 212, 341, 381; heliotype of, 198; used by Sanson, 456; captured by the French, 181; admiral for life, 182; Generall Historie, 194, 211; variety in copies, 163, 211; his portrait, 198, 211; autog., 211; his letter to Bacon, 211; New England’s Trials, 211, 290; life, by George S. Hillard, 211; by W. G. Simms, 212; by C. D. Warner, 162, 212; True Travels, 211; Advertisements for Planters, 147, 212; his character for truth, 212; tomb, 212. See New England, Virginia.

Smith, John Jay, 454; Memoir of the Penn Family, 507.

Smith, Joseph, Friends’ Books, 359, 504; Anti-Quakeriana, 359, 504.

Smith, Lloyd P., 516.

Smith, Margaret, autog., 314.

Smith, Ralph, 280.

Smith, Roger, 146.

Smith, Samuel, History of New Jersey, 453, 507; his manuscripts, 507; History of the Quakers in Pennsylvania, 507.

Smith, Sir Thomas, 113; portrait, 94; treasurer of the Virginia Company, 127.

Smith, Thomas, in Maryland, 529.

Smith, William, 412; History of New York, 411, 412; criticised, 412.

Smith, William, Jr., 453.

Smith and Watson, American Historical and Literary Curiosities, 484.

Smith’s Islands, 131.

Smucker, S. W., 371.

Smyth, John, the “Se-Baptist”, 227; autog., 257; in Amsterdam, 261.

Snow, C. H., History of Boston, 362.

Somerby, H. G., 208, 364.

Somers, Sir George, 133, 137.

Somers, Matthew, 137.

Somers, Sir Thomas, 136.

Somersetshire (Maine), 191.

Sonmans, Arent, 435.

Soule, George, 284; autog., 268; in Duxbury, 273.

Soulé and others, Annals of San Francisco, 78.

South America, earlier known than North, 85.

South Sea, 88. See Pacific.

Southern Literary Messenger, 164, 168.

Southey, Robert, Life of Ralegh, 122.

Sowle, Andrew, autog., 484.

Spain seizes Hawkins’s ships, 60.

Spaniards on the Chesapeake, 167.

Spanish Main ravaged by Drake, 65, 73.

Sparks, Jared, his library, 211.

Speed, John, Prospect, 384; map of New England, 384; Theatre of Great Britain, 467.

“Speedwell”, ship, 173, 267.

Spelman, Henry, 135; rescued, 137; his Relation, 155.

Spelman, Sir Henry, 299.

Spicer, Jacob, 454.

Spooner, Z. H., Poems of the Pilgrims, 294.

Springett, Harbt, autog., 484.

Springett, Sir William, 480.

Springfield (Massachusetts), settled, 330.

Squamscott patent, 367.

Squanto, 182, 194, 274.

“Squirrel”, ship, 187.

St. Anthoine Bay and River, 195.

St. Augustine, 80.

St. Brandon, 42.

St. Brandon Island, 101.

St. Christopher, Cape, 195; Bay, 197.

St. Christoval, 213.

St. Clement’s Island, 525.

St. Inigoe’s manor, 558.

St. Jacques, 82.

St. James Island, 77.

St. Joan Cape, 197.

St. John, Life of Ralegh, 122.

St. John River (New Brunswick), 186.

St. John, 213.

St. John Baptiste Bay, 195, 197.

St. Lawrence Gulf, 101, 213; explored by Cabot, 55; River, 213.

St. Mary’s River, 526; Town, 526; ruins of, 558.

St. Nicholas, 213.

St. Thomas, island, 79.

St. See San, Santa.

Stacy, Mahlon, 441.

Stacy, Robert, 441.

Stadin River, 213.

Standish, Alexander, autog., 273.

Standish, Miles, at Leyden, 263; autog., 268; at Cape Cod, 271; at Duxbury, 273; his swords, 274, 278; origin of, 284; his will, 284; monument to his memory, 284; his faith, 284; his books, 284; his descendants, 284; alleged portrait, 293; Longfellow’s Courtship of, 294; Lowell’s Interview, 294; sent to England, 308.

Stanley, A. P., Christian Institutions, 254.

Stanwood, J. R., 416.

Staples, W. R., Annals of Providence, 377; edits Rhode Island Laws, 379; edits Gorton’s Simplicitie’s Defence, 378.

“Star”, ship, 138.

State-Paper Office, 343.

Steel, John, autog., 374.

Steele, Ashbel, Elder Brewster; or, Chief of the Pilgrims, 285, 287.

Steg, Robert, 148.

Stephenson, Call from Death to Life, 358.

Stevens, Henry, rescues White’s drawings, 123; Historical and Geographical Notes, 8, 167, 218; Bibliotheca Geographica, 9; Mondidier Catalogue, 348; Index to New Jersey Documents, 455; Index to Maryland Documents, 557; Historical Collections, passim.

Stevens, J. A., “The English in New York”, 385.

Stevenson, Marmaduke, 505.

Stevin, Simon, De Haven-vinding, 208.

Stiles, Ezra, History of the Judges, 374.

Stiles, H. R., Ancient Windsor, 375.

Stillman, Seeking the Golden Fleece, 78.

Stirling, Earl of, grant to, 310, 388.

Stith, William, History of Virginia, 165.

Stobnicza’s map, 10, 13; his Introductio in Ptholomei Cosmographiam, 10.

Stockbridge, Henry, 556.

Stone, Frederick D., “The Founding of Pennsylvania”, 469.

Stone, Samuel, 330.

Stone, William, 533; autog., 534.

Stone, W. L., Uncas and Miantonomo, 368.

Stonyhurst manuscripts, 530.

Stoughton, Israel, autog., 348.

Stoughton, J., Church and State, 252.

Stoughton, John, William Penn, 507.

Stoughton, William, autog., 356.

Stow’s Chronicle or Annals, 37.

Stowe, Survey of London, 211.

Strachey, William, 156; in Virginia, 137; autog., 156; his Lawes Divine, 137, 156; Historie of Travaile, 156, 191, 192; Map of Virginia, 167.

Strange News from Virginia, 164.

Stratford (Connecticut), 333.

Stratton, John, 322.

Strawberry Bank, 327-329. See Portsmouth (N. H.).

Streeter, Sebastian F., 457, 543, 556, 562; Early History of Maryland, 556; his manuscripts, 556; Maryland Two Hundred Years Ago, 560; his manuscript history of Clayborne, 562; First Commander of Kent Island, 562; Fall of the Susquehannocks, 562.

Strong, Leonard, Babylon’s Fall, 555.

Strong, Richard, 172.

Strype, John, his Works, 248.

Studley, Daniel, 220.

Studley, Thomas, 128.

Stuyvesant, Peter, 389, 390.

Sullivan, James, Land Titles in Massachusetts, 341; History of Maine, 364.

Sumner, George, on the Pilgrims in Leyden, 286.

“Sunshine”, ship, 89.

“Susan Constant”, ship, 128.

Susquehanna Indians, 131, 515, 562; lands, 490.

Sutherland, Lord, 514.

Sutliffe, Dean of Exeter, 198.

“Swallow”, ship, 60, 134, 194.

“Swan”, ship, 65.

Swarthmore Hall, 470.

Swedes on the Delaware, 480, 481, 548; their churches, 493.

Symmes, Benjamin, 147.

Symondes, William, sermon on Virginia, 155.

Symson, Cuthbert, 239.

Synods in New England, 354.

Syon, County Palatine, 457.

Tadenac, Lake, 216.

Taisnierus, Joannes, on navigation, 35, 207.

Talbot, Sir William, 157.

Tanner, Robert, Mirror for Mathematiques, 207.

Tarbox, I. N., on Pilgrim history, 288.

Tatham, John, 451.

Taylor, Christopher, autog., 484.

Tazewell, L. W., 153.

Telner, Jacob, 490.

Terra Mariæ, 520. See Maryland.

Thacher, Dr., American Medical Biography, 315; manuscript on the Winslows, 277; History of the Town of Plymouth, 291.

Thevet, André, 32; New found Worlde (English translation), 200; Cosmographie, 184.

Thomas, Gabriel, Description of West New Jersey, 451; map of Pennsylvania, 501; Some Account, etc., 501.

Thomas, Isaiah, History of Printing, 351.

Thomas, John, 514.

Thomas, William, 266.

Thomason, George, his collection of tracts, 245.

Thompson, Mrs. A. T., Life of Ralegh, 121.

Thompson, David, 326, 328; in New Hampshire, 366.

Thompson’s Island, 311.

Thompson, Long Island, 349.

Thomson, C. W., 508.

Thorne, Robert, his map in fac-simile, 17; described, 18.

Thornton, John, Atlas Maritimus, 384.

Thornton, J. Wingate, First Records of Anglo-American Colonization, 158; on the Gosnold expedition, 188; on the Popham question, 210; and the Bradford manuscript, 286; Ancient Pemaquid, 365.

Thorpe, George, 144, 145.

Thurloe, State Papers, 555.

Thurston, Thomas, 473.

Tienot, Cape, 213.

Tierra del Fuego, 66.

Tigna River, 67.

Tignes, 79.

Tilley, Edward, 284.

Tinker, Thomas, 284.

Tobacco, 69, 166; in Florida, 60; in Virginia, 113, 139, 141, 146, 147, 149, 150; as currency, 143, 166; production of, 144; in Maryland, 543, 544, 558.

Tobàh, 69.

Tockwogh River, 131.

Tontoneac River, 67.

Torres, Relacion, 82.

Town system of New England, 363.

Townley, Richard, 443.

Townsend, Richard, 493.

Trask, Mary, autog., 314.

Trask, W. B., 361.

“Treasurer”, ship, 139, 193.

Triple Alliance, 395, 396.

Trinidad, 117; Ralegh’s map, 124.

Trinity Harbor, 213.

Trömel, Bibliotheca Americana, 499.

Tross globe (gores), 214.

Trowbridge, J. R., Jr., on New Haven’s maritime interests, 375.

Trumbull, Rev. Benjamin, History of Connecticut, 374.

Trumbull, Governor Jonathan, his papers, 374.

Trumbull, J. H., edits Brinley Catalogue, passim; edits Lechford, 351; on the Indian languages, 355; on Indian names in Connecticut, 368; on the Constitutions of Connecticut, 369; True Blue Laws, etc., 372; edits Connecticut Records, 375; edits Williams’s Key, 377.

Trusler, John, 457.

Tucker, 322.

Tucker, Daniel, 132.

Tucker, St. George, Hansford, 164.

Tuckerman, Edward, edits Josselyn’s New England Rarities, 360.

Tulloch, John, Leaders of the Reformation, 252; English Puritanism, 252.

Turner, H. E., on Coddington, 377; Settlers of Aquedneck, 377.

Turner, Robert, 435, 441, 477.

Tuttle, C. W., 153, 210; on John Mason, 364; on Champernoun, 366; on the Wheelwright deed, 366; on New Hampshire history, 367.

Twine, John, 143.

Tyler, M. C., History of American Literature, 154, 165.

Tyson, Job R., 508; Colonial History, etc., 505.

Tytler, P. F., Life of Ralegh, 122; Historical View, 43.

Uhden, Geschichte des Congregationalisten, 384.

Ulpius globe, 214.

Uncas, 368; his pedigree, 368; and Miantinomo, 368.

Underhill, Captain John, 327, 349; Newes from America, 348.

Upham, Ratio disciplinæ, 359.

Upland, 480, 481, 483.

Upsall, Nicholas, autog., 314.

Utie, Colonel, 548.

Vadianus’ map, 217.

Valentine, David, History of New York City, 417; Manual of the City of New York, 414, 415.

Van der Aa’s Voyages, 79, 188.

Van Heuvel, El Dorado, 126.

Van Keulen, charts, 419.

Van Loon’s Pascærte, 382; Zee-Atlas, 382.

Van Meteren, 82.

Varina Neck, 138.

Varkens Kil, 459.

Varlo, Charles, 467; The Finest Part of America, 467; Nature Displayed, 468; Floating Ideas, 468.

Vaughan, R., English Nonconformity, 252.

Vaughan, Sir William, 519.

Vaux, Roberts, on Penn’s treaty, 513.

Vaux, W. S. W., 79.

Veech, James, 515.

Venegas’ California, 75.

Venetian calendars, 51.

Verrazano, 185, 376; his sea, 183, 218; influence on Gosnold, 172; his map, 194.

Vetromile, History of the Abnakis, 184.

Vincent, C., Vie de Penn, 506.

Vincent, Philip, 348; Late Battell, 348.

Vines, Richard, 182, 303, 322, 323.

Vinton, J. A., on the Wheelwright deed, 366; Giles Memorial, 365.

Virginia, 127; (1580), 42; True Declaration, etc., 81; Declaration of the State of the Colony, 81; Good Speed to, 81; New Life of, 81; named by Elizabeth, 110, 153; map of, by White, 124; map of “Ould Virginia”, 124; earliest map, 124; De Laet’s map (1630), 125; Farrer map, 464, 465; other maps, 167; charter of 1609, 133; first legislature, 143; constitution (1621), 145; massacre (1622), 145, 163; massacre (1644), 147; under the Commonwealth, 148; Bacon’s Rebellion, 151; “convict” emigrants, 152, 160; Indian names in, 153; the early patents, 153; authorities on the history of, 153; Laws Divine, 156; bounds of, 159; Colonial Records, 159; lists of arrivals, 160; destruction of archives, 160; families, 160; county and parish records preserved, 161; Calendar of State Papers, 161; histories of, 164, 165; boundary disputes, 167; in America Richly Valued, 168; disputes with Maryland, 554; Northern Colony of, 295, 342; Southern Colony of, 295. See Jamestown, Roanoke, Smith.

“Virginia”, pinnace, 177.

Virginia Company, 143; seal, 140, 143; charter annulled, 146; records, 158; silk-worm culture, 158.

Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine, 164.

Virginia Historical Reporter, 160, 162, 168.

Virginia Historical Society, 168.

“Virginia Merchant”, ship, 148.

Virginia’s Cure, 157.

Viscaino’s map, 75.

Visscher, map of New England, 382; Atlas Minor, 417; map of New York, 418.

Vitellus, 104.

Vullieum, L., William Penn, 506.

Waddington, John, Track of the Hidden Church, 285, 288; Congregational History, 285, 288.

Wade, Robert, 494.

Wagenaer, Luke, 207.

Walckenaer’s Catalogue, 8.

Waldo, Richard, 132.

Waldo Patent, 191.

Walford, Thomas, autog., 311.

Waldron, Resolved, 466, 549.

Waldseemüller map (1507-13), 14.

Walker, John, 187; in Norumbega, 171.

Wallace, J. W., 514, 516; on William Bradford, 515.

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 86.

Walter, Nehemiah, autog., 319.

Waterhouse, Edward, his Declaration, 163.

Wampanoags, 274.

Wamsutta, 282.

Ward, Edward, Trip to New England, 373.

Ward, Nathaniel, autog., 350; Body of Liberties, 350; Simple Cobler, 350.

Ward, Townsend, 492, 509.

Ware, William, Memoir of Nathaniel Bacon, 164.

Warham, Rev. John, 330.

Warne, Thomas, 435.

Warner, Charles D., Study of John Smith, 162.

Warner, C. L., 516.

Warner, Edmond, autog., 430.

Warren, Henry, 365.

Warrosquoyoke, 147.

Warwick, Earl of, 86, 308, 309, 342, 354, 369; autog., 275; grants to, 370; and the Council for New England, 370.

Warwick (Rhode Island), 337.

“Warwick”, ship, 327, 363.

Warwick’s foreland, 90, 91.

Washburn, Emory, Judicial History of Massachusetts, 363.

Washburn, John D., 75.

Watson, J. F., Annals of Philadelphia, 509; on Penn’s treaty, 513; Olden Times in New York, 416.

Watson, Thomas, 154.

Wattes, John, 114.

Waugh, Dorothy, autog., 314.

Waymouth, Captain George, 91, 174, 189; autog., 91; authorities, 189.

Webb, Maria, The Penns and Peningtons, 507.

Webster, Daniel, on the Pilgrims, 293.

Webster, Noah, edits Winthrop’s Journal, 357.

Weehawken, 422.

Weems’s Life of Penn, 509.

Weir, R. W., picture of the Pilgrims at Delfthaven, 293.

Weiss, L. H., 502.

“Welcome”, ship, 482.

Welde, Thomas, Short Story, etc., 349, 351; Bay Psalm Book, 350.

Welles, Thomas, autog., 374.

Wells (Maine), 324.

Welsh Barony (Pennsylvania), 482.

Welsh in Pennsylvania, 482, 515.

Wenman, Sir Ferdinand, 136.

Wessagusset, 304.

West, Benjamin, picture of Penn’s Treaty, 513.

West, Francis, 132, 134, 143, 146; admiral of New England, 303.

West India Company, 385, 389, 422.

West Jersey, 432; concessions, etc., 432; local government, 440; Records, 452; Quakers in, 473; Penn’s interest in, 476; map of, 501. See New Jersey.

West, John, 147; autog., 164.

West, Robert, 435.

West, Thomas, Lord De la Warre, 133. See De la Warre.

Westcott, History of Philadelphia, 502.

Westcott, Thompson, 509.

Westland, Nathaniel, 451.

Westminster, Treaty of, 398.

Weston, P. C. J., Documents of South Carolina, 186, 558.

Weston, Thomas, 266, 267, 304; settles at Weymouth, 278, 311.

Westover manuscripts, 159.

Wethersfield (Connecticut), 330.

Weymouth (Massachusetts), 278, 311.

Wharton, Thomas I., 515.

Whiddon, Jacob, 116.

Wheeler, History of North Carolina, 124.

Wheeler, G. A., History of Brunswick, 365; History of Castine, 365.

Wheelwright, John, memoir of, 366; at Exeter, 329; deed of New Hampshire, controversy over, 366, 368.

Whitaker, Alexander, 137, 138, 141; Good Newes from Virginia, 81, 157.

White, Father Andrew, 554; Relatio itineris, 553, 554.

White, Christopher, 441.

White, D. A., New England Congregationalism, 255.

White, Henry, on New Haven Colony, 375.

White, John (governor), views in Virginia, 113; governor, 113; his drawings engraved by De Bry, 123, 164; his map of Virginia, 124, 183.

White, Rev. John, 311.

White, John, of Dorchester, Planter’s Plea, 346.

White, John, of Pennsylvania, 488.

White, Peregrine, autog., 268; his chest, 278.

White, Resolved, autog., 268.

Whitehead, George, 442.

Whitehead, W. A., “The English in East and West Jersey”, 421; East Jersey under the Proprietary Government, 454; Documents relating to New Jersey, 454; Index to Colonial Documents, 455; History of Perth Amboy, 455.

Whitfield, Rev. Henry, 355; The Light Appearing, 335; Strength out of Weakness, 355.

Whiting, John, Truth and Innocency Defended, 359.

Whiting, John, Catalogue of Friends’ Books, 504.

Whitmore, William H., American Genealogist, 292; Peter Pelham, 345; edits Andros Tracts, 362; his chapter on Andros in the Memorial History of Boston, 362.

Whitson Bay, 174.

Whittier, J. G., Pennsylvania Pilgrim, 491.

Wickham, Rev. William, 141, 143.

Wiggin, Thomas, 326.

Wigglesworth, Michael, autog., 319.

Wilberforce, Samuel, Episcopal Church in America, 286.

Wilcox, Thomas, 435.

Wilkinson, William, 128.

Willard, Samuel, autog., 319.

Willes, Richard, 35; edits Eden’s Peter Martyr as History of Travayle, 204.

Willett, Thomas, autog., 338, 414; mayor of New York, 414; his family, 414.

William and Mary College founded, 144, 160.

William of Orange, 396; invited to England, 410.

Williams, Captain, on the Maine coast, 179.

Williams, Dr. Daniel, his library, 245.

Williams, Edward, Virgo triumphans, 168.

Williams, Francis, 328, 329.

Williams, George W., Negro Race in America, 168.

Williams, John Foster, 190.

Williams, Roger, in his youth, 242; at Plymouth, 290; views on civil polity, 290; settles Rhode Island, 335, 336; goes to England, 337; autog., 339; his Key, 355, 377; lives of, 378; deed from the Indians, 379; letters, 377, 378; letter to George Fox, 378; banished from Massachusetts, 378; Christenings make not Christians, 378; Charter obtained by, 379. See Rhode Island.

Williamson, History of North Carolina, 124.

Williamson, W. D., historical labors, 208; History of Maine, 364.

Willis, William, 209, 210; History of Portland, 365; Bibliography of Maine, 365.

Willoughby’s expedition, 30.

Wills, Daniel, 441.

Wilson, John, first minister of Boston, 312; portrait, 313; autog., 313.

Wincob, John, 265.

Winder, Samuel, 443.

Windmill, First, in America, 144.

Windsor (Connecticut), 330, 375; settled, 368.

Wine made early in Florida and Massachusetts, 61.

Winfield, Charles H., History of Hudson County, 456.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, 128; Discourse, 155.

Wingina, 109, 153.

Winslow, Edward, his chair and table, 278; part author of Mourt’s Relation, 290; Good News from New England, 291; portrait, 277, 293; at Leyden, 263; autog., 268, 278; settles in Marshfield, 273; his descendants, 277; accounts of, 277; Hypocrasie Unmasked; or, Danger of Tolerating Levellers, 285, 354; founds Society for Propagating the Gospel among the Indians, 315, 355; New England’s Salamander Discovered, 355.

Winslow, General John, his sword, 274.

Winslow, Josiah, autog., 278; portrait, 282.

Winsor, Justin, The Bradford Manuscript, 287; edits Memorial History of Boston, 362.

Winter Harbor, 303.

Winter, John, with Drake, 79.

With, John. See White, John.

Winthrop, John, governor, goes to New England, 311; death, 316, 357; and the Short Story, 351; Journal or History of New England, 255, 357.

Winthrop, John, Jr., governor of Connecticut, 331, 334; autog., 331; portrait, 331; in Connecticut, 369; charter procured by him, 388.

Winthrop, R. C., on the Pilgrims, 293; on Sir George Downing, 415.

Wisner, Old South Church in Boston, 359.

Witchcraft trial in Pennsylvania, 488.

Wolcott, Roger, 369; Poetical Meditations, 369.

Wolfe, John, 208; editor of Linschoten, 101, 205; its map, 101.

Wollaston, Captain, 348.

Wolstenholme, Sir John, 94.

Women sent to Virginia, 144, 158.

Wood, Anthony, Athenæ Oxoniensis, 204.

Wood, Leonard, his historical labors, 208; notices of him, 208.

Wood, William, New England’s Prospect, 347, 348; map of New England, 381.

Woodbridge (New Jersey), 425.

Woodbury (Connecticut), 375.

Woodstock Letters, 554.

Wooley, Rev. Charles, Journal, 420.

Woollen manufactures, 493.

Woolston, John, 447.

Worcester Society of Antiquity, 344.

Worsley, Sir Boyer, 457.

Worthington, William, 7, 31, 44, 51.

Wotton, Thomas, 128.

Wright, Edward, 207; The Haven-finding Art, 208; Certain Errors, 208, 216; and the Molineaux map, 216.

Wyatt, Sir Francis, 144, 146, 147.

Wyatt, Haut, 144.

Wynne, British Empire in America, 509; Historical Documents, 162.

Wynne, Peter, 132.

Wynne, Thomas, autog., 486.

Wynne, Thomas H., 159.

Wytfliet, Descript. Ptolemaicæ Augmentum, 184.

Yates, J. V. N., 412.

Yeardley, George, 141, 146; governor, 142.

Yeardley, Francis, 149.

Yong, Captain Thomas, 458, 558; autog., 558.

York, Duke of, 310; patent to, 387, 388; alienates East Jersey, 403; grants of New Jersey, 392, 399; new patent of New York, 399; becomes James II., 406; patent (1664), 414, 421, 423; proposed memorial of, 414; autog., 421; grants to Berkeley, etc., 422; grants to Penn, 480; Laws, 510, 511.

York (Maine), 326.

Young, Alexander, Chronicles of the Pilgrims, 283, 292; Chronicles of Massachusetts Bay, 347.

Yucatan, 201.

Zaltieri’s map (1566), 67.

Zarate’s Peru, 204.

Zeno map, 100; its influence, 100.

Ziegler, James, on Cabot, 18; as geographer, 19; Schondia, 101.

Zipangu, 85.

Zürich archives, letters of the exiled Puritans in, 247.

Zürich Letters, 248.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] An error in Eden’s translation of a passage in Peter Martyr, written in 1515, makes him a member of the Council of the Indies.

[2] It will be understood that we now regard it as satisfactorily settled that the voyage of discovery took place in 1497, followed by a second voyage in 1498.

I have spoken of the map of the discoveries of the Cabots being made known to rival courts. In a letter dated Dec. 18, 1497, written from London by the Abbé Raimondo, envoy of the Duke of Milan to the Court of Henry VII., recently brought to light, and printed on page 54, the writer, speaking of the return of John Cabot from his voyage of discovery, says: “This Master John has the description of the world in a chart, and also in a solid globe, which he has made, and he shows where he had landed.” Don Pedro de Ayala, the Spanish Minister, also writes to Ferdinand and Isabella, in the following year, July 25, 1498, after the second expedition had sailed: “I have seen the map which the discoverer has made.”

In the year 1500, the Spanish navigator, Juan de la Cosa, who had accompanied Columbus on his second voyage to the West in the years 1493-96, compiled a map of the world on which he delineated all he knew of the Spanish and Portuguese discoveries in the New World. He also depicted, undoubtedly from English sources, the northern portion of the east coast of the continent, as is shown by a broad legend or inscription running along the coast: “Mar descubierta por Ingleses.” There was also placed at the eastern cape of the coast: “Cavo de Ynglaterra.” It is the earliest map known on which the western discoveries are depicted. A few copies of the map are supposed to have been made soon after its compilation, one of which hung up in the office of the Spanish Minister of Marine. The map afterwards fell into neglect and was forgotten. In the year 1832 it was found and identified by Humboldt, in the library of his friend the Baron Walckenaer, in Paris. [It is on ox-hide, measuring five feet nine inches by three feet two inches, drawn in colors, and was afterwards bought in 1850 for 4,020 francs (see Walckenaer Catalogue, no. 2,904) by the Queen of Spain, and is now in the Royal Library at Madrid. See Humboldt’s appendix to Ghillany’s Geschichte des Seefahrers Ritter Martin Behaim, and the appendix to Kunstmann’s Entdeckung Amerikas; also Kohl’s Discovery of Maine, 151, 179. This Cosa map is given in part full-size and in part half-size, in Humboldt’s Examen Critique, vol. v., 1839, but not accurately; and again in connection with Humboldt’s essay in Ghillany’s Behaim, Nürnberg, 1853. This essay was also issued at Amsterdam in the Seeskabinet, with the fac-simile of the map. The only full-size fac-simile in colors is in three sheets in Jomard’s Monuments de la Géographie, pl. 16; and there are reductions of the American portion in Stevens’s Hist. and Geog. Notes, 1869, pl. 1 (following Jomard’s delineation); in De la Sagra’s Cuba; in Lelewel’s Géog. du Moyen Age, 1852, no. 41. A biographical study of Juan de la Cosa, by Enrique de Leguina, was published at Madrid in 1877. Cosa died while accompanying Ojedo in December, 1509. Peter Martyr, in 1514, gave him a high rank as a cartographer. The American (Asian) part of his map is given in phototype herewith, reduced from Jomard’s fac-simile.—ED.]

Some have supposed that Cosa drew his whole eastern coast of North America as a separate and independent continent, entirely distinct from Asia, on the authority of the maps of the Cabots on which their discoveries were delineated. Of course, in the absence of the maps or globes of the Cabots, it is impossible for us to tell precisely what was delineated upon them, or how much of Cosa’s coast-line was copied from them; but from whatever source this line was drawn, it must be evident that it was supposed by Cosa to be the eastern coast of Asia. Cosa, so far as is observed from the fac-simile of his map,—which is a map of the world,—drew no east coast of Asia at all, unless this be it. (See Stevens’s Notes as above, pp. 14, 17; Cf. Kohl, pp. 145, 152, 153.)

I have already said that the discoveries of the English on Cosa’s map were noted on the northern portion of the east coast of the continent, and if confined, as they appear to be, to that region, we have no right to assert that the remaining portion of the east coast-line was supplied from the Cabots, but rather that it was taken from well-known existing representations of the east coast of Asia. The map and globe of the Cabots, already referred to, had laid down upon them the results of their experience on their first voyage, the voyage of discovery, in 1497. Of the results of the voyage of 1498, with which Sebastian Cabot is now more particularly associated, we know but little. Accounts narrated by others, but originally proceeding many years after the event from Sebastian Cabot himself, of a voyage to the new-found lands, have been supposed by modern writers to refer more particularly to this voyage; and these accounts, as we shall see further on, speak of a run down the coast to a considerable extent. That the Cabots, or Sebastian Cabot, should have prepared maps of the second voyage at the time of its occurrence, as well as of the voyage of discovery, is in every respect probable. But all these early maps are lost. Perhaps they are yet slumbering in some dusty archive.

[The Editor cannot derive from the reasons expressed by Stevens (Hist. and Geog. Notes, p. 15) that the coast where the legend is put, represents the north shore of the Gulf of St. Lawrence; for it is not easy to account for the absence of the characteristics of a gulf, if “mar,” unaccompanied by “oceanus,” signifies, as Stevens holds, an enclosed sea; and if so, why is the genuine gulf between Cuba and the Asian coast called “mar oceanus”?—ED.]

Cosa’s map not having been engraved, or to any extent copied, exercised but little influence on the cartography of the period, and although the information relating to the English discoveries depicted upon it could have come from no other source than the Cabots themselves, their names were not inscribed upon the map; neither was the legend already quoted copied upon any one of the maps, relating to the new-found lands, which soon followed. The enterprising Cortereals, who are supposed to have seen Cabot’s or Cosa’s map, soon spread their sails for the West, and the maps of their discoveries, in the regions visited by them, contained a record of their own name, or inscriptions which have perpetuated the memory of their exploits. (See vol. iv. of the present work.) Not so with the Cabots unless we should adopt the improbable statement of Peter Martyr, in 1515, that Sebastian Cabot gave the name Baccalaos to those lands because of the multitude of big fishes which he saw there, and to which the natives gave that name. This subject is considered in a later note.

Another important map will be briefly referred to here, as it may possibly have some connection with the Cabots,—that of John Ruysch, published in the Ptolemy of 1508, at Rome. It is the first engraved map with the discoveries of the New World delineated upon it. [There are accounts of this map (which measures twenty-one and a quarter by sixteen inches) in Harrisse’s Bibliotheca Americana Vetustissima, p. 108; in the Catalogue of the John Carter-Brown Library, i. p. 39; in Henry Stevens’s Bibliotheca Geographica, No. 3058; and reproductions are given in Humboldt’s Examen Critique, v., in his essay on the earliest maps appended to Ghillany’s Martin Behaim; in Stevens’s Historical and Geographical Notes, pl. 2 (cf. Historical Magazine, August, 1869, p. 107); in Santarem’s Atlas composè de mappemondes depuis le v^e jusqu’au xvii^e, siècles; in Lelewel’s Moyen Age; in Judge Daly’s Early History of Cartography, p. 32 (much reduced); and a section is given in Kohl’s Discovery of Maine, p. 156. A copy of the original is in the Sumner Collection in Harvard College Library, and has been used for the fac-simile herewith given.—ED.] A northeastern coast similar to that on the Cosa map is drawn, but there is no record on it that the English had visited it, and “Cabo de Portogesi” takes the place of “Cavo de Ynglaterra,” on the point of what is now called Cape Race. Concerning John Ruysch, the maker of the map, who was a German geographer, Kunstmann (Die Entdeckung Amerikas, p. 137) says that he accompanied some exploring expeditions undertaken from England to the north. Marcus Beneventanus, an Italian monk, who edited this edition of Ptolemy, and included in it “A new Description of the World, and the new Navigation of the Ocean from Lisbon to India,” says: “But John Ruysch of Germany, in my judgment a most exact geographer, and a most painstaking one in delineating the globe, to whose aid in this little work I am indebted, has told me that he sailed from the South of England, and penetrated as far as the fifty-third degree of north latitude, and on that parallel he sailed west toward the shores of the East, bearing a little northward (per anglum noctis), and observed many islands, the description of which I have given below.” Mr. Henry Stevens, from whom I have taken this extract, thinks that Ruysch may have sailed with the Cabots to the new-found islands. We know that among the crew one was a Burgundian and one a Genoese. Beneventanus professed to know of the discoveries of the English as well as of those of the Spaniards and Portuguese: “Columbi et Lusitanorum atque Britannorum quos Anglos nunc dicimus.” (Stevens’s Hist. and Geog. Notes, p. 32; Biddle, p. 179.)

In his Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, p. 179, Mr. Biddle calls attention to a remarkable inscription on this map, placed far at the north, some twenty degrees above “I. Baccalauras,” namely, “Hic compassus navium non tenet nec naves quæ ferrum tenent revertere valent” (“Here the ship’s compass loses its property, and no vessel with iron on board is able to get away”). Mr. Biddle cites this inscription as showing the terror which this phenomenon of the variation of the magnetic needle, particularly noticed by Cabot, had excited. (See Humboldt’s Examen Crit. iii. 31, et seq.; Chytrœus, Variorum in Europa Itinerum Delicicæ, published at Herborn, in Nassau, 1594, pp. 791, 792.) Columbus had noticed the declination of the magnetic needle in his first voyage.

All these places in the new-found lands,—Terre Neuve, Baccalaos, Labrador, etc.,—named by European visitors to these shores, were supposed to be sections and projections of the Old World, and to belong to the map of Asia; and this continued to be the opinion of navigators and cartographers, advancing and receding in their views, for a number of years afterward.

[Johannes Myritius in his Opusculum Geographicum, published at Ingoldstadt in 1590, is accounted one of the last to hold to this view. Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 314. After the discovery by Balboa in 1513 of the South Sea, the new cartographical knowledge took two—in the main—distinct phases, both of which recognized South America as an independent continental region, sometimes joined and sometimes disjoined from the northern continent; while in one, North America remained a prolongation of Asia, as in the map of Orontius Finæus, and in the other it presented a barrier to western sailing except by a northern circuit. An oceanic passage, which seemed to make an island of Baccalaos, or the Cabot region, nearly in its right latitude and longitude, laid New England, and much more, beneath the sea. The earliest specimen of this notion we find in the Polish Ptolemy of 1512, in what is known as the Stobnicza map, one of the evidences that on the Continent the belief did not prevail that the Cabots had coursed south along a continental shore. It was a year before Balboa discovered the Pacific that this map was published at Cracow; and we are forced to believe that divination, or more credible report, had told John de Stobnicza what was beyond the land which the Spaniards were searching. The map is striking, and, singular to say, it has not been long known. The only copy known of the little book of less than fifty leaves, which contains it, was printed at Cracow without date as Introductio in Ptholomei Cosmographiam, and is in the Imperial Library at Vienna; and though there are other copies known with dates (1512), they all lack the maps, there being two sheets, one of the Old World, the other of the New, including in this latter designation the eastern shore of Asia, which is omitted in the fac-simile given herewith. A full-size fac-simile of the New World was made by Muller of Amsterdam (five copies only at twenty-five florins), and one is also given in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 53. We note but a very few other copies, all however, except one, without the map. One is in the great library at Munich. A second (forty-three leaves and dated 1512) was sold by Otto Harrassowitz, a dealer of Leipsic, in 1873, to Muller of Amsterdam (we suppose it to be the copy described in the latter’s Books on America, iii. 163, which was sold for 240 florins), from whom it passed into the Carter-Brown Library in Providence. Harrisse, Bib. Amer. Vet., no. 69, says there are two copies at Vienna, one in the Imperial Library (which has the map, a woodcut), and the other in the City Library, both without date. One or both of these copies are said to have forty-two leaves,—Kunstmann, Die Entdeckung Amerikas, p. 130. A fifth was advertised in 1876 by Harrassowitz, Catalogue no. 29, as containing forty-six leaves, dated 1512, but without the map, and priced at 500 marks. In the same dealer’s Catalogue no. 61, book-number 56, a copy of forty-six leaves is dated 1511, and priced 400 marks, which is perhaps the same copy with a corrected description. See also Panzer, Annales Typographici, vi. 454. From this it would appear, as from slight changes said to be in the text, that there were three separate issues and perhaps editions about 1511-12. Mr. Henry C. Murphy’s copy of 1513 has no map. A second edition was printed in Cracow in 1519, but without the map,—Carter-Brown Catalogue, no. 60; Harrisse, Bib. Amer. Vet. no. 95. The Finæus map, above referred to, was a heart-shaped projection of the earth, which appeared in Grynæus’s Novus Orbis, in the edition of Paris, 1532. A fac-simile of it has been published by Muller, of Amsterdam, and in Stevens’s Notes, pl. 4. America occupies the extreme edge of the plate, and is greatly distorted by the method of projecting. Mr. Brevoort reduced the lines to Mercator’s projection for Stevens’s Historical and Geographical Notes, 1869, pl. 3; and a fac-simile of this reduction, which shows also the true Asian coast-line in its right longitude, and curiously resembling the American (Asian) coast of the map, is given herewith. See also Stevens’s Bibliotheca Geographica, p. 124; Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 104; Harrisse, Bibliographia Americana vet. pp. 294, 297. There are copies of the map also found in the 1540 editions of Pomponius Mela, and in the Geografia of Lafreri and others, published at Rome, 1554-72.—ED.]

[3] The first Decade, which was begun in 1493, and completed in 1510, was printed at Seville in 1511.

[4] Baccalaos is an old ante-columbian name for codfish, in extensive use in the South of Europe. Humboldt says (Ghillany, p. 4), “Stockfischland, von Bacallao, dem Spanischen Namen des stockfisches.” Mr. Brevoort says it is the Iberian name for codfish; see his Verrazano the Navigator, pp. 61, 137, where the etymology of the word is given. The name is found on many of the early charts. On that of Reynel, the Portuguese pilot, assigned by geographers to the year 1504 or 1505, it appears on the east coast as “Y dos Bocalhas” (Island of Codfish). On the chart of Ruysch, 1508, it is seen as applied to a small island, or cape, as “J. Baccalaurus.” On another Portuguese map published by Kunstmann, assigned to the year 1514, or a little later, the name “Bacalnaos” is applied to Newfoundland and Labrador, including also Nova Scotia. After various fortunes the name became subject to the limitations which overtook “Norumbega,” and has settled down on a small island on the east coast of Newfoundland. There appears to be no evidence, except Martyr’s statement, that Cabot gave the name to the region he discovered; and it may well be asked on what book or map he had caused it to be inscribed? There is no such name on Cosa’s map, the only early record of the Cabots’ discoveries in the New World. The name was probably applied by the Portuguese. Dr. John G. Kohl, the distinguished geographer, says that the Portuguese originated the name of Tierra de Bacalhas (“the stock-fish country”) and gave currency to it, though the word, like the cod-fishery itself, appears to be of Germanic origin. See his learned note in full in Doc. Hist. of Maine, i. 188, 189, and compare Parkman’s Pioneers of France, pp. 170, 171. Parkman says: “If, in the original Basque, baccalaos is the word for codfish, and if Cabot found it in use among the inhabitants of Newfoundland, it is hard to escape the conclusion that Basques had been there before him.” The affirmative of this proposition—that the Cabots had been preceded by the fishermen—has been held by a few writers, but it is generally believed that the evidence for it is insufficient. Dr. Kohl says: “That the name should have been introduced by the Cabots is for many reasons most improbable; and that they should have heard and received the name from the Indians, is certainly not true; though both these facts are asserted by Peter Martyr, De Orbe Novo, dec. iii. ch. 6.” (Kohl, pp. 188, 189; and compare his statement on p. 481.) Dr. Kohl had already said that the name, with some transposition of the letters, had long been used, before the discoveries of the Cabots and Cortereals, in many Flemish and German books and documents. It should be added that the statement of Peter Martyr, that the savages on the coast visited by Sebastian Cabot called a certain kind of fish found there in abundance baccalaos, is repeated in the legend on Cabot’s map, published in 1544, as rendered by Hakluyt in his folio of 1589, p. 511. Indeed, much in the general description of the coast and the inhabitants, both of the sea and the land, is similar in both accounts, and indicates one origin.

[In a dispute with England so early as 1672, the Spaniards claimed a right to fish at Newfoundland by reason of the prior discovery by the Biscayan fishermen. Papers relating to the rupture with Spain, London, 1672. The latest claim for the Basques’ antedating Cabot in this region is in C. L. Woodbury’s Relation of the Fisheries to the Discovery of North America, Boston, 1880.—ED.]

[5] This, the earliest notice of Cabot which I have seen in print, and, written by one so distinguished as Peter Martyr, who had such rare opportunities for information, is given almost entire. It is from the quaint English version of Richard Eden, made some three hundred and thirty years ago, and published in his Decades, fol. 118, 119. The translation has been compared with the Latin text of Martyr, in the De Orbe Novo of 1516, “Tertie decadis liber sextus,” printed the year after it was written, and a few redundances eliminated. See M. D’Avezac’s criticism on some of Eden’s English renderings, in Revue Critique, v. 265.

[6] When Mr. Biddle was issuing the second London edition of his Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, in 1832, he cancelled one leaf in the book, at pages 77, 78, that he might insert a notice of an early dramatic poem cited by J. Payne Collier in his then recently published History of English Dramatic Poetry ... and Annals of the Stage, London, 1831, ii. 319. The play was entitled, A new interlude and a mery of the nature of the iiij elements declaryinge many proper poynts of phylosophy naturall and of dyvers straunge landys and of dyvers straunge effects and causis, etc. Dr. Dibdin, in his Typogr. Ant., iii. 105, inserts it among the works from Rastell’s press, and in a manuscript note at the beginning of the copy in the British Museum, it is said to have been printed by him in 1519. This copy, the only one known, formerly belonged to Garrick. I saw it in London in 1866, and collated it with the brief extracts in Collier. It is imperfect; and, as the colophon is wanting, the imprint, including date, is gone. Different years have been assigned to the book according as the reader has interpreted the historical references in it. The citations from the “Interlude” which follow are taken from the publications of the Percy Society, vol. xxii. issued in 1848. Among the characters is one Experyens (Experience), who represents a practical navigator who had been a great traveller:—

“Right farr, Syr, I have ridden and gone, And seen straunge thynges many one In Affrick, Europe, and Ynde; Both est and west I have ben farr, North also, and seen the sowth sterr Bothe by see and lande.

And, apparently pointing to a map, Experience proceeds:—

“There lyeth Iselonde where men do fyshe, But beyonde that so colde it is No man may there abyde. This see is called the Great Occyan; So great it is that never man Coulde tell it sith the worlde began Tyll nowe within this xx. yere, Westewarde be founde new landes That we never harde tell of before this By wrytynge nor other meanys. Yet many nowe have ben there; And that contrey is so large of rome, Muche lenger then all Crestendome, Without fable or gyle; For dyvers maryners had it tryed, And sayled streyght by the coste syde Above V. thousande myle! But what commodytes be wythin, No man can tell nor well imagin. But yet not long ago Some men of this contrey went, By the Kynge’s noble consent, It for to search to that entent, And coude not be brought thereto; But they that were they venteres Have cause to curse their maryners, Fals of promys, and dissemblers, That falsly them betrayed, Which wold take no paine to sail farther Than their own lyst and pleasure; Wherfor that vyage, and dyvers other Such kaytyffes have destroyed. O what a thinge had be than Yf that they that be Englyschemen Myght have ben furst of all That there shulde have take possessyon, And made furst buyldynge and habytacion, A memory perpetuall! And also what an honorable thynge Bothe to the realme, and to the Kynge, To have had his domynyon extendynge There into so farr a grounde, Whiche the noble Kynge of late memory, The most wyse prynce, the VII. Herry, Causyd furst for to be founde, ...”

Percy, in his essay on the Origin of the English Stage, 1767, supposed this play to have been written about the year 1510, from the following lines which he referred to Columbus:—

“... Within this xx. yeer Westewarde be founde new landes.”

But Columbus is not named in the play, and the finding of America is attributed to Americus Vespucius, whose earliest alleged voyage was in 1497:—

“But this newe lands founde lately, Ben callyd America, bycause only Americus dyd furst them fynde.”

The date ascribed to the play by the writer of the memorandum in it, 1519, would seem to be not far from the truth. But the verses which speak of the discovery made for the late king, Henry VII., principally interest us here. They would seem to refer to the Cabots, who made the only authentic Western discovery for England in that reign. The whole poem has been reprinted by the Percy Society. See Winsor’s Halliwelliana, p. 8, and references there. Mr. J. F. Nicholls, in his Life of Sebastian Cabot, London, 1869, p. 91, prints these lines, and thinks “that the Experyens herein depicted was none other than Sebastian Cabot himself.”

[7] [A sketch of a portion of the North American coast is given in another chapter. It was reproduced in Sprengel’s translation of Muñoz’s Geschichte der neuen Welt, Weimar, 1795, and separately in his Ueber J. Ribero’s älteste weltcharte, size 50 by 65 centimetres, and shows the coast from Labrador to Magellan’s Straits. Cf. Humboldt’s Examen Critique, iii. 184. It is also given in Lelewel’s Atlas; in Murphy’s Verrazzano, p. 129; and in De Costa’s Verrazano the Explorer, p. 43. The original is at Weimar, with a replica at Rome.—ED.]

[8] I might mention here an interesting map composed by the English merchant, Robert Thorne, while residing in Seville in Spain, in 1527, and sent, with a long discourse on cosmography, to Dr. Ley, English ambassador to Charles V. The map is very rude, and was first published with the discourse by Hakluyt in his little quarto in 1582. Along the line of the coast of Labrador is a Latin inscription of which the following is the English reading: “This land was first discovered by the English.” Thorne was very urgent—as well in his letter to Dr. Ley as in a letter to the king, Henry VIII., also published by Hakluyt—that the English should engage in those maritime discoveries to the west which the Spaniards and the Portuguese were monopolizing.

[9] In Ziegler’s original work he begins this sentence thus: “Petrus Martyr mediolanensis in hispanicis navigationibus scribit, Antoninum quendam Cabotum solventem a Britannia,” etc. This clerical or typographical error as to Cabot’s Christian name probably arose from a misreading of Martyr’s language in Dec. iii. lib. 6: “Scrutatus est eas Sebastianus quidam Cabotus.” Eden did not hesitate to substitute Sebastian for Anthony. As a mystification concerning the name Antoninum (or Anthony) Cabot, I will add that Mr. Brevoort has called my attention to the following entry in Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII., vol. i. pt. 1, p. 939, doc. 5639, Nov. 27, 1514: “Patent denization to Anthony Chabo, surgeon, native of Savoy,” with another entry showing that in 1512 an annuity of twenty pounds was granted to him; and Mr. Brevoort asks the question if Anthony could have been another son of Jean Cabot, arriving in England later; and also whether the Cabots might not have come originally from Savoy? [Ziegler’s title reads: Syria, Palestina, Arabia, Ægyptus, Schondia, Holmia,—the section on Schondia, as he calls the north, takes folios 85-138; and the last of the eight maps in the book is of Schondia. See Harrisse’s Biblio. Amer. Vetus, no. 170; F. Muller’s Catalogue, 1877, no. 3595. The Schondia section was reprinted in Krantzius’s Regnorum Aquilonarium, etc., Frankfort, 1583. F. Muller’s Catalogue, 1872, no. 844.—ED.]

[10] [It is also so drawn in Ruscelli’s map of 1544.—ED.]

[11] Ziegler’s book is rare and curious; he was a geographer of great repute. Such books often serve to perpetuate references to more important works, and to show the erroneous geographical opinions of the period. A second edition, under a different title, was published at the same place in 1536. See Harrisse’s Biblio. Amer. Vetus, pp. 290, 291, 350, and the Carter-Brown Catalogue, pp. 106, 120, where will be found a notice of Ziegler. Biddle, p. 31.

[12] Carter-Brown Catalogue, p. 110.

[13] See Année Véritable de la Naissance de Christophe Colomb, p. 10, n. 8.

[14] See also Relationi del S. Pietro Martira Milanese, Della cose notabili della provincia dell’ Egitto, etc., by Carlo Passi, Venetia, 1564.

[15] In a recent letter from Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, the distinguished bibliographer and historical scholar, of Brooklyn, N. Y.,—who has kindly communicated for my use his abundant materials relating to the Cabots, and has laid me under great obligations for aid in preparing this paper,—he says he has been collating the first part of the Summario of 1534 with the Latin Decades of Peter Martyr, and he finds them to differ in a way that no mere translator would have ventured to effect; that in one instance two books of the Decades are condensed into a few lines, and the whole worked over as an author only could do it. The Italian Summary closes at the end of the ninth book of the third Decade. He thinks that Ramusio, with the edition of 1516 before him, would not have omitted the tenth book. Mr. Brevoort therefore is led to believe that Martyr himself rewrote in 1515, in Italian, the three Decades (the last book not having yet been written) and sent the MS. to a friend in Italy, where it slumbered until 1534, when it fell into the hands of Ramusio, who committed it to the press. This is a curious question in bibliography.

It should be added here that the statements of Martyr included in the Latin Decades of 1516 (afterward published in the entire work of 1530) are so often referred to by the author, in the course of his correspondence, that we are bound to accept that edition as the genuine work. It was published during his lifetime, and received his imprimatur.

[16] The figures of men and animals on the map are colored. I have recently received from my friend M. Letort, of the National Library in Paris, a more particular description of the legends of this map than has hitherto been published.

[17] It is supposed that a new edition of this map was published in 1549, the year after Sebastian Cabot returned to England. The only evidence of this is contained in a thick duodecimo volume first published in 1594, at Herborn, in Nassau, edited by Nathan Chytræus, entitled Variorum in Europa Itinerum Deliciæ,—a work consisting of monumental and other inscriptions, antique legends, and curious bits of antiquity in prose and verse, picked up by the diligent compiler in almost every country in Europe. He was in England in 1565; and apparently at Oxford he saw a document, “a geographical table,” under which he found several inscriptions in not very elegant Latin, which he copied and printed in his volume, filling twenty-two pages of the book. They are wholly in Latin, and correspond substantially with the Latin inscriptions on the Paris map described above. There is this difference. The inscriptions here are but nineteen in number, whereas on the Paris map there are twenty-two, five of them in Spanish only. No. xviii., of Chytræus, is in the body only of the map, and in Spanish; and No. xix. appears only in Spanish. In Chytræus each inscription has a title prefixed, wanting, as a rule, on the Paris map. There are some verbal variations in the text, owing probably to the contingencies of transcription and of printing. In the legend, No. xvii., which has the title, “Inscriptio sev titulus Auctoris,” the date 1549 is inserted as the year in which the map to which the inscriptions belonged was composed, instead of 1544, as in the Paris map.

[18] I copy here this legend entire, in the original Spanish as on the Paris map:—

“No. 8. Esta tierra fue descubierta por Ioan Caboto Veneciano, y Sebastian Caboto su hijo, anno del nascimiento de nuestro Saluador Iesu Christo de M.CCCC.XCIIII. a ueinte y quarto de Junio por la mannana, a la qual pusieron nôbre prima tierra uista, y a una isla grâde que esta par la dha tierra, le pusieron nōbre sant Ioan, por auer sido descubierta el mismo dia lagente della andan uestidos depieles de animales, usan en sus guerras arcos, y flechas, lancas, y dardos, y unas porras de palo, y hondas. Es tierra muy steril, ay enella muchos orsos plancos, y cieruos muy grâdes como cauallos, y otras muchas animales, y semeiantemête ay pescado infinito, sollos, salmōes, lenguados, muy grandes de uara enlargo y otras muchas diversidades de pescados, y la mayor multitud dellos se dizen baccallaos, y asi mismo ay en la dha tierra Halcones prietos como cueruos Aquillas, Perdices, Pardillas, y otras muchas aues de diuersas maneras.”

In the Latin inscription we read that the discovery was made “hora 5, sub diluculo;” that is, at the hour of five, at daybreak. The Spanish simply says that the discovery was made in the morning.

[19] [We give reduced a part of the North American coast. Other representations will be found in Stevens’s Hist. and Geog. Notes, pl. 4; Kohl’s Discovery of Maine, p. 358; Jurien de la Gravière’s Les Marins du XV^e et du XVI^e siècle, Paris, 1879, with an essay on the map,—papers originally printed in the Revue des Deux Mondes, 1876; Nicholl’s Life of S. Cabot, but inaccurate in the names; Hist. Mag., March, 1868, in connection with Mr. Brevoort’s paper; F. Kidder’s Discovery of North America by John Cabot; Bryant and Gay’s United States, i. 193. Also in Augusto Zeri’s Giovanni e. Sebastiano Caboto, Estratto dalla Rivista Marittima, Marzo, Roma, 1881. The whole of the map is given, but on a much reduced scale, in Judge Daly’s Early History of Cartography, N. Y., 1879.—ED.]

[20] The following extract of a letter from Sebastian Cabot to the Emperor Charles V., dated London, Nov. 15, 1554, speaks of a sea-chart intended for his Majesty, and refers also to the subject of the variation of the needle, which interested Cabot in an especial manner:—

“With respect to laying down the position of the coast of Guinea conformably with the variation made by the needle with the pole, if the King of Portugal falls into an error, I give your Majesty a remedy.

“The same Francisco de Urista, whom I have named before, takes with him to show to your Majesty two figures which are: a mappe monde divided by the equator, from which your Majesty can see the causes of the variation of the needle, and the reasons why it moves at one time towards the north, at another towards the south pole; the second figure shows how to take the longitude on whatever parallel a man happens to be. The results of both these the said F. de U. will relate to your Majesty as I have here instructed him fully about them, and as he is himself skilled in the art of navigation. In regard to the sea-chart (?) which the said F. de U. has, I have written to your Majesty before about it, that it is of importance to your service, and also [have written] about a relation in my own handwriting to Juan Esquefe, your ambassador, to send it to your Majesty. From what I am told, it is in the possession of the Secretary Eraso. To it I refer you, and I assert that the chart will be of great service in reference to the division line agreed upon between the royal crown of Spain and Portugal for the reasons set forth in my relation.

“I beg you to receive my good will, etc. (Would come in person but am ill, etc.).”

(Col. de Doc. Ined. Madrid, 1843, iii. 512.) Andrés Garcia de Céspedes, in his Regimiento de Navigation, etc., 1606, speaking of the longitude, p. 137, probably alludes to this very map: “Sebastian Cabott de nacion Inglés, Pilóto bien conocido, in un Mapa que dio al Rey de Castilla,” etc.

[21] Cf. the learned dissertations on this map, by Dr. Kohl and M. D’Avezac, in Doc. Hist. of Maine, i. 358-77, 506, 507; and Mr. Major’s review of the whole question in the Archæologia, xliii. 17-42, in 1870.

[Reference may also be made to D’Avezac’s paper in the Bulletin de la Société de Géographie, 4th ser., iv. 266; Asher’s appendix to his Henry Hudson, p. 260; and papers by Mr. Deane himself in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April, 1867, Historical Magazine, November, 1866, p. 353; and his note in Hakluyt’s Westerne Planting, p. 225. Cf. also Kohl’s Descriptive Catalogue of those Maps relating to America, mentioned in Hakluyt’s Third Volume, p. 11.—ED.]

[22] The geographical designation here employed has been thought by some to be very indefinite, inasmuch as the Spaniards, who discovered Florida, subsequently gave that name to the whole country northward and westward of the territory now bearing that name; but it must be remembered that that designation was not accepted by geographers of other nations. After the voyages of Verrazano and Cartier the name “La Nouvelle France” was applied by French geographers to the territory as far down as 40° N., and the name was sometimes applied to the whole of North America. The maps of the Italian geographer, Gastaldi, who made maps for Ramusio’s third volume, and of Ruscelli, his pupil, confined Florida to more southern limits; and so did Sebastian Cabot himself, if the map of 1544 was made by him. Indeed, in the conversation of these Italian savans at the house of Fracastor, that geographical status was assumed; that is to say, the country of Cabot’s landfall, and the land by which he sailed north and south, was not understood to be Florida, for the statement is that “he sailed down the coast by that land toward the equinoctial, and came to that part of this firm land which is now called Florida.” Of course the point which he reached is very indefinite. Peter Martyr had said, thirty-five years before, that Cabot told him that he went south almost to the latitude of the strait of Gibraltar, which is in 36° N. Nobody knows whether these two accounts relate to the same voyage. That to which the conversation refers is assumed by the narrator to be the voyage of discovery. Indeed, for two hundred years and more there was no suspicion that a voyage by the Cabots followed immediately the voyage of discovery; though some incidents are related which may have taken place in a subsequent voyage, and others which never took place at all. Modern critics, who accept the above story as to the latitude reached at the south, generally agree that it was only on the second voyage that this was accomplished.

[23] The conversation at Caphi, at the house of Fracastor, who was a friend of Ramusio, took place a short time only before its publication. Ramusio says, in his report, “a few months ago.” We do not know precisely when he wrote his report, but there is a reference in it to a book of Jacob Tevius, published in 1548. As I have said above, we do not know the year of the interview with Cabot at Seville. The narrator says that it was “some years ago,” and I should infer that it was some years after Cabot’s return in August, 1530, from the La Plata expedition, to which Cabot in the interview refers. He also mentions that he is growing old, and retiring from active duties. In 1540 he would probably have been approaching seventy years of age, and this date may safely be assumed as not far from the time when the conversation took place. M. D’Avezac, in Revue Crit., v. 265, gives 1544 or 1545 as the probable date.

To the publication of this report relating to Cabot, Hakluyt, in 1589, prefixed the name of Galeacius Butrigarius, the Pope’s legate in Spain, as the distinguished person who reported the conversation with Cabot; and ever since that time, down to the publication of Biddle’s Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, in 1831, the statement passed without question. Biddle, who regarded the matter as of little moment, said there was no authority for that name in Ramusio, who says himself that he withholds it from motives of delicacy; but Biddle did not say, perhaps he did not observe, that Hakluyt got the name from Eden (Decades, f. 252, verso), who made the original blunder. Martyr, in the beginning of his second Decade, written in 1515, speaks of knowing Butrigarius of Bologna, when the latter was of the Pope’s embassy in Spain; and I find that he died in 1518, in the forty-third year of his age (see Zedler’s Universal Lexikon, v. 4, Halle, 1733). M. D’Avezac had noted, as early as 1869, that Butrigarius had died thirty years before the conversation took place at the house of Fracastor, and also that the editor of Ramusio, Tomaso Giunti, had added the word Mantuan to this anonymous person’s name; and now, through the researches instituted by Charles Bullo and by the mediation of the superintendent of the archives of the state at Venice, it is ascertained that this unknown person was Gian Giacomo Bardolo, of Mantua. See Intorno a Giovanni Caboto, etc., by Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, 1881, pp. 26, 27; also, in Atti, vol. xv., of the Società ligure di storia patria.

[24] Fracastor died Aug. 8, 1553, over seventy years of age. He was a maker of globes. Humphrey Gilbert says that he was a traveller in the northern parts of America. (Kohl, p. 229; Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602).

[25] Ramusio, ii. 4; Hakluyt, 1589, p. 513.

[26] Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602.

[27] Eden’s Decades, fol. 318, corrected by the original. [The first edition of Gomara is a rare book, and a copy has been lately priced by Quaritch at £36. It proved to be one of the most popular of all the books of that century on the New World; and, as we count, including varieties of titles, there were more than a score of editions in fifty years, so that his statements became widely known. There were seven such issues in Spanish, either in Spain or in Flanders, in two years, when the demand for it seems to have failed in its original tongue, and was transferred to Italy, where at Rome and Venice there were six editions in twenty years (1556 to 1576). Sabin says eighteen in that interval, but I fail to find them. There was a seventh near the end of the century (1599). In 1568 or 1569 there seem to have been three issues of the first French translation, and six others followed, from 1577 to 1597. These statements are based chiefly on the lists of editions given in Sabin, vii. 306 (said to have been drawn up by Mr. Brevoort); in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 169; and Leclerc’s Bibliotheca Americana, No. 143.—ED.]

[28] [See a later Editorial note on “The earliest English publications on America.”—ED.]

[29] Doc. Hist. of Maine, i. 206.

[30] Mem. of Sebastian Cabot, 110-119.

[31] Vol. iii. p. 4, 1556.

[32] Divers Voyages, Hakluyt Soc., pp. 50, 51.

[33] Doc. Hist. of Maine, i. 208-210.

[34] Mr. Brevoort has submitted some notes to my attention, on this voyage. Rejecting the year 1516-17 as impracticable, he adopts an earlier date, before Cabot had left England, and finds some authority for it in a book of George Beste, London, 1578, on the three voyages of Frobisher, hereafter to be mentioned. The writer there gives 1508 as the year of Sebastian Cabot’s discovery of North America, probably never having heard of any previous voyages. Mr. Brevoort thinks he had authority for a voyage of Cabot about the year named. Thomas Pert, or Spert, against whom the charge of “faint heart” is alleged by Eden, is mentioned in vol. i. of Letters and Papers Foreign and Domestic, Henry VIII., 1512, C. 1514, as master of the “Mary Rose,” and of the “Great Harry.” In 1514 he is pensioned, and in 1517 is placed on shore duty. There is no report of him in 1516, but as he was a veteran in 1514 it is hardly probable that he would have been on a voyage of discovery in 1516. He is usually mentioned as Thomas Spert; only once is he called Pert. As evidence that an expedition left England on a voyage of discovery some time during the last years of Henry VII., or during the early years of his successor, the Interlude of the Four Elements, of uncertain date, but probably written before 1519, cited above, is adduced as showing that the incident related occurred “not long ago.” And certain verses which speak of the disobedience of the mariners, which put an end to the voyage, and to the hopes of the projector, afford the earliest reference to the mutiny story. Mr. Brevoort is of opinion that Eden’s vague reference to an event occurring in the reign of Henry VIII., “about the same year of his reign,” was intended to place it in the 8th year of the century. But that would bring it within the reign of Henry VII.

[35] Mem. of Sebastian Cabot, pp. 62-66.

[36] Dedication of the book, folios 1, 2; Biddle, pp. 64, 65.

[37] Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages, 1582.

[38] He printed it on folios 316, and 317 of his Decades. See the inscription in Latin in a work already cited, by Nathan Chytræus, pp. 779-781.

[39] See vol. iii, 807, and iv. 1812. See Doc. Hist. of Maine, ii. 224.

[40] Appendix to his Mem. of Sebastian Cabot. Mr. Biddle is said to have paid £500 for the picture.

[41] See their Proceedings, ii. 101. 111.

[42] No. 103 in the Catalogue of its gallery. A copy of this picture, painted in the year 1763, now hangs in the Sala della Scudo, in the ducal palace in Venice, with a long Latin inscription composed probably at the time the copy was made. Notes and Queries, 2d ser. vol. v. p. 2.

[43] See Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. Jan. 1865, pp. 91-96. Hist. Mag. Nov. 1869, pp. 306, 307.

[44] See the Appendix to the Historical View of the progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America, by Patrick Fraser Tytler, Esq.

[45] Examen Crit. iv. 232.

[46] iv. 1177.

[47] I might mention here that an English version of this book, made by Thomas Hacket, was published in England in 1568, dedicated to Sir Henry Sidney. The passage in question occurs in fol. 122 H. C. Carter-Brown Catalogue, p. 241. [This version is perhaps rarer than the two French editions (Paris and Anvers) of 1558, and the Italian of 1561, and is worth ten guineas or thereabout. A recent French catalogue prices the original Paris edition at about the same sum. It has been recently, 1878, reprinted in Paris with notes by Paul Gaffarel.—ED.]

[48] Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, p. 89.

[49] See La Historia General de las Indias, 1554, cap. xxxix, fol. 31.

[50] [Huth Catalogue, ii. 572, Brinley Catalogue, i. no. 29. This translation is also contained in J. S. Clarke’s Progress of Maritime Discovery, London, 1803, Appendix. The Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 224, says an English translation was printed in the Oxford Collection of Voyages, ii.—ED.]

[51] Pages 87, 88.

[52] Or inlet.

[53] Under the year 1526 Galvano says: “In the year 1526 there went out of Sevill one Sebastian Cabot, a Venetian, being chief Pilote to the emperor,” etc. There is added to the old English version, not in the Portuguese text, after “a Venetian,”—“by his father, but born at Bristol in England.” Hakluyt Society’s volume, p. 169.

[54] Mr. J. Winter Jones, the editor of the Divers Voyages for the Hakluyt Society, says, concerning the original French edition of this work, that it “is not known to exist, and it is doubtful if it ever was printed.” Hakluyt, however, in his “Discourse on Westerne Planting,” published as vol. ii., Doc. Hist. of Maine, p. 20, says it is “extant in print, both in French and English”. [Sparks, in his Life of Ribault, p. 147, says that he cannot find that the original French was ever published; but Gaffarel, Floride Francaise, says it was published in London, 1563, as Histoire de l’Expédition Francaise en Floride, and soon became scarce.—ED.]

[55] Hakluyt Society’s Divers Voyages, p. 92.

[56] As the language of Hacket’s English version of Ribault was accessible to me only through Richard Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages, 1582, in which he reprinted it, I had an ungenerous suspicion that he might have substituted that date for another, he having placed the year 1498 in the margin of the page on which he first prints the alleged extract from Fabian. The only known copy of Hacket’s translation is in the British Museum, and on an appeal to that, through a transcript of it taken for Mr. John Carter-Brown, I find Ribault’s date to be 1498. [Hacket’s version as given by Hakluyt is also reprinted in B. F. French’s Hist. Coll. of Louisiana and Florida, ii. 159.—ED.]

[57] [Ortelius was not far from thirty years old, when Sebastian Cabot died. He had been in England, and possibly had seen the old navigator. Felix Van Hulst’s account of Ortelius was published in a second edition at Liege in 1846. Ortelius was the first to collect contemporary maps and combine them into a collection, which became the precursor of the modern atlas. His learning and integrity, with a discrimination that kept his judgment careful, has made his book valuable as a trustworthy record of the best geographical knowledge of his time. His position at Antwerp was favorable for broadening his research, and a disposition to better each succeeding issue, in which he was not hampered by deficiency of pecuniary resources, served to spread his work widely. The first Latin edition of 1570 was followed by others in that language, and in Dutch, German, French, and Italian, with an ever-increasing number of maps, and recasting of old ones. These editions, including epitomes, numbered at least twenty-six, down to 1606, when it was for the first time put into English, followed by an epitome in the same language, with smaller maps, in 1610. There were a few editions on the continent during the rest of that century (the latest we note is an Italian one in 1697), but other geographers with their new knowledge were then filling the field.—ED.]

[58] See Biddle’s Cabot, p. 56.

[59] Carter-Brown Catalogue, p. 255.

[60] The Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, Hakluyt Soc. 1867, p. 22. [This putting forth of energy by the English at this time in pursuit of maritime discovery is reflected in the larger production of the English press in this direction, as shown in a later Editorial note.—ED.]

[61] Biddle’s Cabot, p. 291.

[62] Vol. iii, p. 4.

[63] See also Hakluyt, 1589, p. 602.

[64] Richard Eden died about this time, perhaps in the previous year. He left among his papers a translation, made “in the year of our Lord, 1576,” and from the Latin of Lewis Vartomannus, which Willes includes in his own edition. The last book published by Eden was an English translation from the Latin of a book on navigation, by Joannes Taisnierus, public professor in Rome and of several universities in Italy. It bears no date, but it is supposed to have been issued in 1576 or 1577. See Carter-Brown Catalogue, pt. 1. p. 262, which puts its date 1576; but it is given 1579 in Markham’s Davis’s Voyages. In the Epistle Dedicatory, Eden speaks of attending “the good old man,” Sebastian Cabot, “on his death-bed,” and listening to his flighty utterances about a divine revelation of a new method for finding the longitude. See Biddle, pp. 222, 223. Eden was also engaged in other literary enterprises not mentioned by me.

[65] Willes’s History of Travayle, etc., fol. 232, 233; Biddle’s Cabot, p. 292; Hakluyt, 1589, pp. 610-616.

[66] Kohl, p. 364.

[67] I quote from Biddle’s Cabot, p. 27; but Brunet, iii. 1945, and Supplement, i. 1129, notice an edition in 1575, 3 vol. folio. See also Stevens’s Bibliotheca Historica, 1870. p. 121.

[68] Tom. ii. p. 2175.

[69] Biddle, p. 28.

[70] [See Carter-Brown Catalogue, pt. i. p. 292, which shows there were two editions the same year. The book is rare, and was priced by Leclerc in 1878 at 650 francs. Stevens, Hist. Coll. i. 135, says he has seen but two copies of the map which should accompany the book. This is a folded woodcut, which in the main is a reduced copy of the map in Ortelius’s first edition. The map is in the Harvard College copy. The Huth Catalogue, iv. 1169, shows the map.—ED.]

[71] Hakluyt, in a Discourse on Westerne Planting, written in 1584, which was printed for the first time by the Maine Hist. Soc. in 1877, cites this book of Popellinière, and gives an English version from it of the conversation in Ramusio. Hakluyt is here asserting the Queen of England’s title to all the territory “from Florida to the Circle Arctic,” and he enlarges upon the exploits of Sebastian Cabot, on which the claim of England is based.

[72] Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, pp. 42-47.

[73] [They were subsequently reprinted in Rymer’s Fœdera, in Chalmers’s and Hazard’s Hist. Coll. and in the Hakluyt Society’s ed. of the Divers Voyages.—ED.]

[74] In the Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society for October, 1881, Mr. George Dexter has traced the publication of this alleged extract from Fabian to an earlier date than had usually been assigned to it. It was published by Stow, in his Annals, in 1580, together with the paragraph relating to the savage men said to have been brought home by Sebastian Cabot, and also printed by Hakluyt in 1582. They were also printed in the second edition of Holinshed, 1586-87. The Cotton manuscript, Vitellius, A. xvi., has been re-examined, and proves not to be a Fabian. Mr. Dexter has printed the two extracts from it, the latter, relating to the “savage men,” for the first time. In the Cotton collection, Nero, C. xi., is a genuine Fabian, but it contains nothing about Cabot. The conclusion to which I have arrived from this examination by Mr. Dexter is, that the Vitellius manuscript was not the original used by Stow and Hakluyt. They give facts and details not to be found in that manuscript; and this remark will particularly apply to the extract relating to the three savage men, which in the Vitellius is brief and meagre. Both Stow and Hakluyt must have used a genuine Fabian manuscript yet to be discovered. For though neither would probably hesitate to add or change a name or a date, if he thought he had sufficient authority for so doing, they would not manufacture a narrative.

As regards the savage men referred to, Stow, under the date of 1502, says they were that year presented to the King, yet that they were brought over by Sebastian Cabot in 1498, giving Fabian as his authority. Hakluyt, in his quarto of 1582, repeats the same story, on the same authority; yet in his folio of 1589 he changes the date in his heading as to the year of their presentation to the King, making it conform to the year in which they were brought over. Mr. Biddle (Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, pp. 230, 231) has a labored argument to show that the men were not brought over by Cabot, but by some one else, in the year they were presented to the King, 1502, reflecting severely on Hakluyt for changing this last date. It is not at all probable that the name of either John Cabot or Sebastian Cabot was given in the original manuscript used by Stow and Hakluyt. I will add that George Beste, in his work on the voyages of Frobisher, cited above, says that Sebastian Cabot brought home “sundry of the people” of the country he visited, “and many other things, in token of possession taken,” very oddly assigning the voyage, which he regarded as the voyage of discovery, to the year 1508.

[75] I had called attention to this fact in some notes on Cabot’s map in the Proceedings of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867, and Dr. Kohl, p. 371, says that Locke is supposed to have copied the inscription from a map of Cabot in England. The fact must have been inscribed on some other map of Cabot than the recently recovered one in Paris, for that certainly does not bear out the conjecture.

[76] Hakluyt, 1589, p. 680.

[77] Hakluyt, iii. 173.

[78] In the year 1584 Richard Hakluyt, at the request of Sir Walter Raleigh, wrote a Discourse on Westerne Planting,—to which I have already made a brief reference,—supposed to embody the opinions of the statesmen of England at that period on the colonization of North America. It is a remarkable paper, intended for the eye of the Queen. After giving all the reasons why England should enter upon this work speedily, he presents, in chapter xviii. “the Queen of England’s title to all the West Indies, or at least to as much as is from Florida to the circle Arctic,” as being “more lawful and right than the Spaniards’, or any other Christian princes’;” and the claim is based mainly on the discovery by Sebastian Cabot, in the year 1496, as related in the first volume of Ramusio, which is cited. Hakluyt is anxious to make it appear that Cabot discovered North America before Columbus discovered the firm land of the Indies; yea, more than a year before, and he recurs more than once to this date as showing the fact. Indeed, he once goes so far as to cite the date on Clement Adams’s map, 1494, as carrying the claim yet farther back. [The history of this manuscript, published as vol. ii. of the Documentary History of Maine, is traced in an Editorial note to Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[79] Memoir of S. Cabot, pp. 30, 178-180.

[80] Ibid. p. 31.

[81] This book of Mr. Biddle was published in London in two editions, 1831 and 1832, and in the United States, 1831, all without the name of the author, an eminent jurist and statesman of Pittsburg, Penn., who was born in 1795, and died in 1847. It is a work of great value for its authorities, and displays much critical talent; and though composed with little system and with a strong bias in favor of Sebastian Cabot, whom the author makes his hero, it may be regarded as the best review of the history of maritime discovery relating to the period of which he treats, that had appeared.

[The most important notice of Mr. Biddle’s book occurred in Tytler’s Historical View of the Progress of Discovery on the more Northern Coasts of America, Biddle’s reflections upon Hakluyt being the particular occasion of a vindication of that collector. George S. Hillard also reviewed Biddle in the North American Review, xxxiv. 405, and it elicited other essays in contemporary journals. It supplied largely the material for Hayward’s Life of Cabot in Sparks’s American Biography. The most recent treatment of the subject is in a condensed and somewhat enthusiastic Remarkable Life, Adventures and Discoveries of Sebastian Cabot, by J. F. Nicholls, the public librarian of Bristol, London, 1869. This writer ascribes the chief glory to Sebastian and not to the father, and rather grandly lauds his achievements. This provoked Henry Stevens to putting a note in his Bibliotheca Historica, 1870, no. 2519, in vindication of John Cabot’s greater claim,—a view he again emphasized in a little tract, with the expressive mathematical title, Sebastian Cabot-John Cabot = O: Boston, 1870. Some of the later information has been embodied by Bancroft in a paper on Cabot in the New American Cyclopædia, which he has used again in vol. i. of his Centenary Ed. History of the United States. A very good resumé of existing knowledge as it stood forty-five years ago, is given in Conway Robinson’s Discoveries in the West and Voyages along the Atlantic Coast, Richmond, 1848. A somewhat similar treatment is given in Peschel’s Geschichte des Zeitalters der Entdeckungen, book ii., ch. 6, and notice may also be taken of the same author’s Geschichte der Erdkunde, vol. iv. Fox Bourne, in his English Seamen under the Tudors, gives a summary of the Cabots’ career as explorers, and in his English Merchants he treats of their relation to British commerce and the enterprise of Bristol. Mr. Travers Twiss communicated some papers on the relative influence of Columbus and Cabot on American Discovery to the Nautical Magazine, July and August, 1876; and a review of a somewhat similar kind will be found in Admiral Jurien de la Gravière’s Les Marins du xv^e et xvi^e Siècles, composed of papers which had originally appeared in the Revue des deux Mondes, 1876, et seq. Among other views, reference may be made to F. von Hellward’s Sebastian Cabot, 43 pp.; Malte-Brun’s Annales des Voyages, xcix., p. 39.—ED.]

[82] Page 126.

[83] Vol. iii. p. 807.

[84] See D’Avezac in the Bulletin de la Soc. Géog., Quar. Ser., xvi. 272, 273.

[85] [The titles of these works in full, with some further account of the instrumentality of Hakluyt in advancing discovery, are given in Dr. De Costa’s chapter on “Norumbega,” and in the notes accompanying it.—ED.]

[86] M. D’Avezac, in the Bulletin de la Soc. Géog., Quar. Ser., xiv., 271, 272, 1857, and Dr. Asher in his Henry Hudson (Hakluyt Soc.), pp. lxviii, 261, 1860, both express the opinion that Clement Adams deliberately altered the date from 1494 to 1497, the latter being the date copied by Hakluyt into his extract from Adams’s map, as published in the third volume of his fol. of 1600; neither of these writers being aware of the fact that in Hakluyt’s first citation from Adams’s map, in his folio of 1589, the date 1494 was given. All we know of Adams’s map is derived from Hakluyt; and as an additional evidence that the extract cited from it bore the date 1494, we have Hakluyt’s previous statement, in his Discourse on Westerne Planting, cited above, where this fact is clearly affirmed.

In the Proceedings of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867, I called attention, in some notes on Cabot’s map, to the inadvertences of these distinguished historians; and, in a later paper by M. D’Avezac, printed in the Bulletin de la Soc. Géog., in Paris for 1869, and translated in the Doc. Hist. of Maine, i. 506, 507, he revises his opinion, and affirms his belief that the change of date from 1494, in Hakluyt’s first folio, to 1497 in that of 1600 was caused by a typographical error. [D’Avezac’s paper was entitled: Les navigations Terre-neuviennes de Jean et Sébastien Cabot—Lettre au Révérend Leonard Woods: and was also printed separately in Paris.—ED.]

[87] [See the note on Molyneaux’s map, with a sketch of it, appended to the chapter on “Norumbega.”—ED.]

[88] It has been suggested that Hakluyt had access to Cabot’s papers in possession of William Worthington, and that they revealed the true date. It is a pity he did not “make note of it” among his authorities. See R. H. Major’s True Date of the English Discovery, etc., London, 1870, originally printed in the Archæologia, xliii, 17.

The mention of the name of William Worthington, against whom Mr. Biddle has emphasized a suspicion of unjust dealing with Sebastian Cabot, reminds me of a remark of M. D’Avezac in speaking of the marriage of Cabot to Catherine Medrano,—that he suspected that Worthington, instead of being hostile to Cabot, was, on the contrary, bound to him by family ties. See Revue Critique, v. 268, 269.

[89] Page 511.

[90] Page 128.

[91] Mr. Major concludes his paper by producing incontestable evidence from the recently published Venetian and Spanish Calendars, to be adduced farther on, that the true date of discovery was 1497.

[92] See a more full analysis of this subject in Proceedings of the Am. Antiq. Soc. for April, 1867.

[93] See vol. i. 226, 274; ii. 243, 267; iii. 10; cf. Biddle, 184-187, 311, who doubts as to Cabot’s appointment as “grand pilot,” as asserted by Hakluyt. [Davis, in his World’s Hydrographical Descriptions, does not give him any official title in 1595. “Sebastian Gabota, an expert pilot, and a man reported of speciall judgment, who being that wayes imployed returned without successe.” Davis’s Voyages (Hakluyt Soc.), p. 195.—ED.]

[94] The Legend no. xvii. of the map is copied from Chytræus into the text of the Tabularum Geog. Contractatrum of Peter Bertius, published in Latin and in French. In the Latin edition of 1602 or 1603, the second edition, the Legend is given on page 627, and in the French of 1617 on page 777. The text is ascribed to Jodocus Hondius, who died in 1612, says Lelewel, in his Géographie du Moyen Age. (Letter of J. Carson Brevoort.)

[95] Among the many works whose publication was inspired by Hakluyt, was the issue in 1612 of an English version of the eight Decades of Peter Martyr, translated by Michael Locke, thus laying before the English reader whatever that industrious chronicler had written concerning Sebastian Cabot. The first three Decades, as we have already seen, had been translated by Richard Eden, many years before, and those were now adopted by Locke into his completed version; the work was entitled De Novo Orbe, or the History of the West Indies, etc., London, 1612. It contained a Latin dedication to Sir Julius Cæsar, and an address in English to the reader. The same sheets were also issued with another titlepage without date, and omitting the Latin dedication, and also again in 1628 with a new title, calling the book a second edition. [Copies of either issue are worth from £5 to £10, and even more. Fifty years ago Rich (1832, no. 130) priced one at £1 16_s._ The text was reprinted in the supplement to the 1809 edition of Hakluyt.—ED.]

Purchas has several notices of the Cabots taken from Hakluyt principally, hereafter the great authority cited, and from Ramusio. His is the earliest mention made, within my knowledge, of Sebastian Cabot’s picture in Whitehall gallery, but he speaks of it as though it were displayed on Clement Adams’s map hanging there. He probably never took the trouble to visit the gallery himself, but wrote from wrong information.

[Purchas’s Pilgrimage gave his own form and language to the accounts of the voyages which he collected, and those in his eighth and ninth book concern America. It was published in 1613, when he was thirty-six years old. There was a second edition in 1614, and a third with additions in 1617, the year after Purchas inherited Hakluyt’s manuscripts. He now set about his greater work,—Hakluytus Posthumus, or Purchas, his Pilgrimes,—in which he changed his method, and preserved the language of the narratives, which he brought together. This was published in four volumes (part of the third and all of the fourth volume pertaining to America), in 1625; and the next year a new edition of his first work was brought out, which has ever since constituted the fifth volume of the entire work. The set has nearly or quite quadrupled in value during the last fifty and sixty years, and superior copies are now worth £100; such a copy however must contain the original engraved frontispiece with its little map of the world, which is seldom found, and “Hondius his Map of the World,” which is rarer still, on page 95, where ordinary copies show a reduplication merely of the map properly belonging on page 115. Mr. Deane owns Thomas Prince’s copy of the American portions, which are enriched with Prince’s notes. Samuel Sewall’s copy is in Harvard College Library. Purchas survived the publication but two years, and died in 1628. His service to the cause in which he and Hakluyt were so conspicuous workers, was great, but is not generally accounted as equal to that of the elder chronicler. See Clarke’s Maritime Discovery, i. xiii., and the references in Allibone’s Dictionary. Bohn’s Lowndes p. 2010, is useful in determining the collation, which is confused.—ED.]

Bacon, in his Life of Henry VII. published in 1622, notices the voyage of Sebastian Cabot, in which North America was discovered; but mentioning no year implies that it took place in 1498. His principal authority seems to have been Stowe’s Chronicle.

A valuable work was published at Madrid in 1629, by Pinello D. Ant. de Leon, entitled an Epitome de la bibliotheca oriental i occidental, nautica i geographica, etc. of which a second edition, edited by De Barcia, was published in 1737-38. Particular mention is made in it of the several editions of the writings of Peter Martyr, though the information is not always correct. He says that Juan Pablo Martyr Rizo, a descendant of Peter Martyr, had a manuscript translation in Spanish of the Decades for printing, which we may well believe never appeared.

[96] In the Foreign and Domestic Calendars of Henry VIII., ii. pt. ii. p. 1576, Sebastian Talbot (Cabot) is named as receiving twenty shillings, in May, 1512, “for making a card of Gascoigne and Guyon.” He left soon after for Spain.

[97] Dec. i. p. 254, Madrid, 1730; Biddle, p. 98.

[98] Navarrete, Historica Nautica, p. 138.

[99] Page 119.

[100] D’Avezac, in Revue Critique, v. 265.

[101] Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 18.

[102] Navarrete, Coll. iii. 319.

[103] Navarrete, Bibl. Maritima, tome ii. pp. 697-700; Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 70; Venetian Calendar, vol. ii. no. 607.

[104] Herrera, Dec. ii. p. 226; Cf. Biddle, p. 121.

[105] Gomara, cap. xcix. Navarrete, Coll. iv. 339; Bibl. Maritima, as above. Cf. Biddle, pp. 122, 123.

[106] Biddle’s Cabot, pp. 123-128, where will be found a good summary of these events, with the original authorities cited; with which cf. Peter Martyr, Dec. vii. cap. 6; Navarrete, Bibl. Maritima, as above.

[107] Bibl. Maritima, as above.

[108] Navarrete, Bibl. Maritima, ii. 697-700; Ibid. Coll. v. 333; Herrera, Dec. iv. pp. 168, 169, 214; D’Avezac, Bulletin Soc. Géog. Quart. Ser. xiv. 268.

[109] Navarrete, Nautica, pp. 135, 136, 155.

[110] Viage del Sutil y Mexicana, in 1792; Madrid, 1802, Introduction (by Don M. F. Navarrete, then a young man), p. xlii.

[111] Oviedo, Historia general y natural de las Indias, ii. p. 169, 1852.

[112] In a notice of the settlement of the estate of Sir Thomas Lovell, who died May 25, 1524, among the debts unpaid and now, February 18, discharged, was one to John Goderyk of Cornwall, draper, for conducting Sebastyan Cabot, master of the pilots in Spain, to London, at testator’s request, 43_s._ 4_d._—Letters and Papers, Henry VIII., vol. iv. pt. i. p. 154.

[113] Venetian Calendars, vol. iii., nos. 557, 558, 589, 607, 634, 669, 670, 710, 1115; V. 711; Foreign, under date Sept. 12, 1551; Hardy’s Report upon Venetian Calendars, pp. 7, 8.

[114] Strype, Eccl. Mem. Oxford, 1822, vol. ii. pt. i. p. 296; Harleian MSS., quoted by Biddle, p. 175, where the story is told in a letter dated April 21, 1550, from the Council to Sir Philip Hoby, resident minister in Flanders. Bancroft, American Cyclopædia, iii. 530.

[115] Biddle, pp. 187, 217, 219; Rymer’s Fœdera, xv. 427, 466; Bancroft, as above.

[116] [It is well known that in commemoration of the English discovery, Cabotia a has been urged as a name for North America; but if Sebastia, urged by William Doyle in his Acc. of the British Dominion beyond the Atlantic, 1770, had been adopted, we should have had a misapplication, quite mating the mishap which gave the name of America to the western hemisphere.—ED.]

[117] Venetian Calendars, vol. i. no. 453; D’Avezac, Doc. Hist. Maine, i. 504, 505; S. Romanin, Storia Documentata, iv. 453.

[118] Mr. J. F. Nichols, in his Life of Sebastian Cabot, pp. 20, 21, appears to misapprehend the terms of this privilege of naturalization, supposing it was a grant of citizenship for fifteen years to come, and not on account of fifteen years’ residence already passed. The memorandum reads: “Quod fiat privilegium civilitatis de intus et extra Joani Caboto per habitationem annorum xv. juxta consuetum,”—“That a privilege of citizenship, within and without, be made for John Cabot, as usual, on account of a residence of fifteen years.” That such is the proper interpretation of the grant is shown by the full document itself, issued four years previously to another person, and referred to in the Register, where the privilege to John Cabot is recorded. The document recites that “Whereas, whoever shall have dwelt continuously in Venice for a space of fifteen years or more, spending that time in performing the duties of our kingdom, shall be our citizen and Venetian, and shall enjoy the privilege of citizenship and other benefits,” etc. Then follows the statement that the person applying had offered satisfactory proofs that he had dwelt continuously in Venice for fifteen years, and had faithfully performed the other duties required, and he was thereupon declared to be a Venetian and citizen, within and without, etc. (See Intorno a Giovanni Caboto, etc., by Cornelio Desimoni, Genova, 1881, pp. 43-45.)

[119] Ramusio, i. 374.

[120] Decades, f. 255.

[121] M. D’Avezac believed that Sebastian Cabot was born in 1472 or 1473, and that John Cabot and his family removed to England not far from the year 1477. He infers this last date from a conviction that John Cabot early engaged in maritime voyages from Bristol, and that the mention of a vessel sailing from that port in 1480, belonging to John Jay the younger, conducted by “the most skilful mariner in all England,” pointed to John Cabot as the real commander. And he thought he derived some support for this opinion from some passages in the letter of D’Ayala, the Spanish ambassador, mentioned farther on, in regard to voyages made from Bristol to the west for several years before the date of his letter. See Corry’s History of Bristol, i. 318, a work not accurate in relation to the Cabot voyages; cf. Botoner, alias William Wyrcestre, in Antiquities of Bristol, pp. 152, 153.

[122] Spanish Calendars, vol. i. no. 128.

[123] Strachey, in his Historie of Travaile into Virginia (written between the years 1612 and 1619), p. 6, says that John Cabot, to whom and to his three sons letters patents were granted by Henry VII. in 1496, was “idenized his subject, and dwelling within the Blackfriers,” etc.

[124] History and Antiquities of Bristol, 1789, p. 172.

[125] In vol. iv. of the new edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, now publishing, at p. 350, under the article Bristol, is the following:—

“This year (1497), on St. John’s the Baptist’s Day, the land of America was found by the merchants of Bristowe, in a ship of Bristol called the ‘Matthew,’ the which said ship departed from the port of Bristow the 2d of May, and come home again 6th August following.”

Some of the dates are new. This statement is credited to an ancient manuscript “in possession of the Fust Family of Hill Court, Gloucestershire, the ‘collations’ of which are now, 1876, in the keeping of Mr. William George, bookseller, Bristol.”

This memorandum, containing the name of “America,” must have been written many years after the event described. Bristol manuscripts have been subjected to much suspicion. See an article in the English Notes and Queries, 2d series, vol. v. p. 154.

[126] Biddle’s Cabot, p. 80.

[127] Venetian Calendars, i. 262.

[128] Venetian Calendars, i. 260. These papers were for the first time printed in America by the American Antiquarian Society, in their Proceedings for October, 1866, in an interesting communication from the Rev. Edward E. Hale, D.D., principally relating to the Cabot voyages. [Mr. Rawdon Brown, who calendared these papers, made his discoveries the subject of a paper on the Cabots in the Philobiblion Society’s Collections, ii. 1856; and in the preface to the first volume of the Venetian Calendars, A.D. 1202 to 1509, he describes the archives at Venice, which yield these early evidences. The late Professor Eugenio Albèri edited at Florence Le Relazioni degli Ambasciatori Veneti al Senato durante il Seclo xvi^o, in fifteen volumes, which contain numerous reports of English transactions at that time.—ED.]

[129] And is copied by Cornelio Desimoni, in his Giovanni Caboto, Genoa, 1881.

[130] “John Cabot’s Voyage of 1497,” in Hist. Mag. xiii. 131 (March, 1868), with a section of the Cabot (Paris) map. See also “The Discovery of North America by John Cabot in 1497,” by Mr. Frederic Kidder, in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. (Oct. 1878), xxxii. 381 [who reproduces also a part of the same map, and gives a sketch-map marking Cabot’s track around the Gulf. He bases his argument partly on Pasqualigo’s statement that Cabot found the tides “slack,” and shows that the difference in their rise and fall in that region is small compared with what Cabot had been used to, at Bristol. In the confusion of the two Cabot voyages, which for a long while prevailed (see an instance in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. x. 383, under date, 1663), the track of his first voyage is often made to extend down the eastern seaboard of the present United States, and it is thus laid down on the map in Zurla’s Di Marco Polo e degli viaggiatori Veneziani, Venezia, 1818. Stevens, Hist. and Geog. Notes, does not allow that on either voyage the coast south of the St. Lawrence was seen; and urges that for some years the coast-line farther south was drawn from Marco Polo’s Asiatic coasts; and he contends for the “honesty” of the Portuguese Portolano of 1514, which leaves the coast from Nova Scotia to Charleston a blank, holding that this confirms his view. It may be a question whether it was honesty or ignorance. Dr. Hale, Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc. Oct. 21, 1871, gives a sketch-map to show the curious correspondence of the Asian and American coast lines. Observe it also in the Finæus map, already given.—ED.]

[131] I am indebted to Professor Franklin B. Dexter, of Yale College, for the privilege of using this paper, copied by him from the collection of Privy Seals, no. 40, in her Majesty’s Public Record Office in London. Other valuable memoranda, including a copy of the renewal to Sebastian Cabot, in 1550, of the patent of 1495/6, were also generously placed in my hands by Professor Dexter.

[132] Of course, neither John Cabot nor Sebastian could furnish ships at his own charge, any more than Columbus could. Raimondo says that John was “poor,” and the acceptance by him of small gifts from the King proves it. He was probably aided by the wealthy men of Bristol, with whom he may have taken up a credit.

Among the Privy Purse expenses under date of 22d March and 1st April, 1498, are sums of money, £20, £20, £30, £2, paid to several persons in the way of loan, or of reward, for their “going towards the new isle.” Three of these payments were to Lanslot Thirkill, of London, who appears to have been an owner or master of a ship. (Biddle, p. 86.)

[133] Calendar of Spanish State Papers, i. 176-77. [This letter was discovered by Bergenroth in 1860, the document being preserved at Simancas. See also Bergenroth’s Memoirs, p. 77, and Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc. Oct. 21, 1865, p. 25.—ED.]

[134] Biddle, pp. 227-234, 312.

In a work entitled Armorial de la Noblesse de Languedock, by M. Louis de la Roque, Paris, 1860, vol. ii. p. 163, there is an account of the family of Cabot in that Province. The writer says that this family derived its name and origin from Jean Cabot, a Venetian nobleman who settled in Bristol in the reign of Henry VII.; was a distinguished navigator, the discoverer of Terre Neuve, thence passing into the service of Spain; that he had three sons,—Jean (who died in Venice), Louis, and Sebastian (who continued in the service of England and died in France without posterity); that Louis, here called the second son, settled at Saint-Paul-le-Coste, in the Cévennes, had a son Pierre, who died Dec. 27, 1552, leaving a will, by which is shown his descent from Jean the navigator, through his father Louis. Through Pierre the family is traced down to the present time. The arms of the family are given: Device, “D’azur à trois chabots d’or;” motto, “Semper cor cabot Cabot,”—the same as those of the ancient family of Cabot in the island of Jersey, whence the New England family of Cabot sprung. Mr. Henry Cabot Lodge, in the introduction to his Life of George Cabot, has given reasons for believing that the French family was derived from that of Jersey. The three sons of John Cabot named in the letters patent of March 5, 1496, are Louis, Sebastian, and Sancius, the last of whom is not named in the list here cited.

It may well be doubted if Jean Cabot is properly styled above “a Venetian nobleman.” See the grant of denization to him in Venice, the several letters patent to him of Henry VII., and the letter of Raimondo on page 54. In the statement that he entered into the service of Spain, he is evidently confounded with his son Sebastian, who, it may be added, did not die in France, but in England. Whether Sebastian left posterity is not known, but he had a wife and children while he was living in Spain. Referring to the motto of the family here given, I may add that the motto on Sebastian’s picture is “Spes mea in Deo est.”

Mention is made on page 31 of a portrait of Sebastian Cabot, till recently attributed to Holbein, painted in England when Cabot was a very old man, of which a copy taken in 1763 now hangs in the Ducal Palace in Venice. At a meeting of the French Geographical Society, April 16, 1869, M. D’Avezac stated that M. Valentinelli, of Venice, had recently sent to him a photograph copy of a portrait of John Cabot, and one of his son Sebastian Cabot, at the age of twenty years, after the picture of Grizellini, belonging to the gallery of the Ducal Palace. He proceeded to say that some guarantee for the authenticity of the picture of Sebastian was afforded by some traces of resemblance between it and the well-known portrait of him by Holbein at the age of eighty-five years (Bulletin de la Soc. de Géographie, 5 ser. to. 17, p. 406). The existence of a portrait of Sebastian Cabot taken at so early an age, before he left Venice to live in England, would be an interesting fact if authentic. An authentic picture of John Cabot, the real discoverer of North America, would have even higher claims to our regard. Prefixed to a Memoir of “Giovanni Cabotto,” by Carlo Barrera Pezzi, published at Venice in 1881, which has just come under my notice, is a medallion portrait, inscribed “Giovanni Cabotto Veneziano.” It is not referred to by the author in the book in which it is inserted.

[135] [See Editorial Note, A, at end of chapter vi. of the present volume.—ED.]

[136] In this narrative is an account of tobacco twenty years before that luxury was introduced into England by Ralph Lane. The account is in these words (the grammar is defective, but the copy is accurate): “The Floridians, when they travel, have a kinde of herbe dryed, which with a cane and an earthen cup in the end, with fire, and the dried herbs put together, do sucke thoro the cane the smoke thereof, which smoke satisfieth their hunger, and therewith they live foure or five days without meat or drinke, and this all the Frenchmen vsed for this purpose: yet do they holde opinion withall that it causeth water and fleame to void from their stomacks.” It is a little curious that he should thus connect tobacco with Florida, as if he had not observed its use in the West Indies. It had, indeed, been used in Southern Europe before this time.

[137] A recently discovered letter of Winthrop shows that the Massachusetts colonists made wine of their grapes in the first summer. The appetite for such wine does not seem perilous.

[138] [The story of this French colony is told in Vol. II.—ED.]

[139]

“Thy name is hasty pudding: how I blush To hear the Pennsylvanians call thee mush!”

—BARLOW: Hasty Pudding.

[140] One hundred and forty years later, Daniel De Foe, a devoted Christian man, wrote his celebrated biography of Robinson Crusoe, who, when he had been long living in Brazil as a planter, met his critical shipwreck in a voyage to the African coast for slaves. The romance is intended by its author to be what we call a religious novel. The religious experiences of the hero are those to which De Foe attached most importance. In the relation of these experiences he enumerates and repents his “manifold sins and wickedness.” But among these, although he regrets his own folly in risking so much in the pursuit of wealth, it is never intimated that there is anything wrong in dragging these wretched negroes unwilling from their homes: so slow had been the development of the spirit of humanity in the sixteenth and even the seventeenth century, and so ill defined were the rights of man!

[141] [See the note on Ingram’s and Hortop’s narratives in the critical part of chap. vi. Since hat chapter was in type, Dr. De Costa has examined anew the story of Ingram’s journey, and has printed Ingram’s relation, from a manuscript in the Bodleian, in the Magazine of American History, March, 1883.—ED.]

[142] By a play upon his name,—“Dracus,” or “Draco.” See the curious coincidence of “Caput Draconis,” mentioned in a later note.

[143] Cortes was never “silent upon a peak in Darien,” except in Keats’s poem.

[144] The World Encompased.

[145] [It is to be observed, however, that the Portuguese, who had made their way to the Moluccas by the Cape of Good Hope in 1512,—a year before Balboa disclosed the great sea to the Spaniards,—claim that in the very year (1520) when Magellan was finding a passage by the straits, and Cortes was exploring the Gulf of Mexico in the vain endeavor to find another, their ships from the Moluccas crossed the ocean eastward and struck the coast of California. It is also represented that the expedition conducted by Cabrillo, a Portuguese in the King of Spain’s service, went up to 44° in 1542-43. This phase of the subject is more particularly examined in Vol. II.—ED.]

[146] It should be remembered that all these dates are of old style, and correspond to dates ten days later now.

[147] [It is a question how far north Drake went. Up to the middle of the last century, the writers, except Davis in his World’s Hydrographical Discovery, and perhaps Sir William Monson, had fixed his northing at 43°,—these two exceptions placing it at 48°, and this last opinion has been followed by Burney, Barrow, and the writer of the Life of Drake in the 1750 edition of the Biographia Britannica. Greenhow, Oregon and California, 2d edition, p. 74, doubts the later view. Drake’s aim was to find the westerly end of what was for a long time the conjectural Straits of Anian, or the northern passage to the Atlantic, which, ever since Cortereal, in 1500, had found what he supposed the easterly end of such a passage in Hudson’s Straits, had been a dream of navigators and geographers. An examination of the unstable views which were held regarding the shape and inlets of the western coast of North America, from the time of Cortes’ first expedition north, belongs to another volume of this work. A notion of the continuity of Asia and America, which was temporarily dispelled by Balboa’s discovery of the Pacific in 1513, was revived twenty years later by a certain school of geographers, and continued to be held by some for thirty or forty years. Before Drake’s time it had given place to views which more distinctly prefigured the Straits of Behring, not yet to be determined for a hundred and fifty years. The earlier conjectural propinquity of America and Asia at the north—as shown in the maps of Münster, Mercator, and others—was giving place to a more minute configuration, as shown in the maps of Zaltieri and Furlano, of which outlines are given in the text, indicating the kind of view which was prevailing regarding this northern part of the Pacific, which Drake was baffled in his attempt to explore. It is curious to observe, moreover, that Mercator in his map in zones, dated 1541, marks the region later to be called New Albion as having the star Caput Draconis in the zenith,—almost in strange anticipation of its being the spot where the English “dragon” was first to contest Spanish supremacy on the North American continent. Spain had as yet had no sharer of this northern new world.—ED.]

[148] In the narrative in Hakluyt tobàh is always called tobacco. But Fletcher and Drake’s nephew in The World Encompassed call it tobàh or tabàh; and they knew tobacco and its name perfectly well. They speak of it as an herb new to them. There is no evidence that the natives smoked tobàh.

[149] Alarcon’s account is in these words. He speaks of the winter houses of which Nargarchato informed him. “He told me that these houses were of wood covered with earth on the outside, and plastered with clay within; that they were in form of a round room.” The reader should remember that Fletcher alludes to the architectural device, still to be seen in old New England churches, where the roof rises on all sides to a spire in the middle.

[150] The fondness for feathers is observed by later voyagers; cf. La Perouse.

[151] So in Shelvocke’s journal of his voyage in 1719. “The soil about Puerto Seguro, and very likely in most of the valleys, is a rich black mould, which, as you turn it up fresh to the sun, appears as if intermixed with gold and dust.”

[152] [The Spanish minister, indeed, protested against Drake’s piracies and his sailing in those waters; but the English Government made a declaration denying such prescriptive right to the Spaniards, unless it was enforced by possession. Cf. Camden’s History of Elizabeth, 1688, p. 225; Purchas, iv. 1180; Deane’s edition of Hakluyt’s Discourse, 236.—ED.]

[153] “The course which Sir Francis Drake held to California,” etc.

[154] [Mr. Hale has written of Dudley and his atlas in the American Antiquarian Society’s Proceedings, October 21, 1873. Cf. also the chapter on “New England” in the present volume.—ED.]

[155] See Editorial Notes following this chapter.

[156] [See a later page.—ED.]

[157] Colonel John D. Washburn, in a very careful paper in the Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., no. 58, 1872, suspects from Torquemada’s account (1615, published at Seville), as cited in the English version of Father Venegas’s History of California (Field, Indian Bibliography, 1,599, 1,600), that the port visited by Viscaino was Jack’s Bay, as indeed the original Spanish of Venegas (iii. III) distinctly says. Cf. also John T. Doyle’s paper, with an introduction by Colonel Washburn in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., October, 1873.

[158] [They had learned by this time to avoid the head-winds that swept westerly from Acapulco to Manila, by stretching northeastwardly on the return voyage, making the coast above San Francisco, and so to follow the shore south. Cf. the Key to a section of Molineaux’s map in the Editorial Notes following this chapter.—ED.]

[159] Sayer and Bennett, 1774. [I find this twenty years earlier, as shown in the annexed sketch from Jefferys’ Chart of California, New Albion, etc., 1753. Key:—

1. C. das Navadas, or Snowy Cape, 2. Punta de los Reys. 3. Les Farollones. 4. Isles of St. James. 5. Port S^r. Francis Drake, 1578, not St. Francisco. 6. Pto. de Anno Novo.—ED. ]

[160] “He does smile his face into more lines than are in the new map, with the augmentation of the Indies.”—Act iii, sc. 2. [The map referred to is Molineaux’ map of 1600, and it has been disputed that it was the map alluded to by Shakespeare. See chap. vi., Editorial Note, F. A section showing the point referred to in the text is given further on.—ED.]

[161] [The coast-survey authorities have usually favored San Francisco. This was the opinion of Alexander Forbes in his California, 1839, where he gives (p. 127) an interesting view of the bay before commerce had marked it. Dr. Stillman, in the Overland Monthly (October, 1868, March, 1869), and later in his Seeking the Golden Fleece (p. 295), has advocated San Francisco. S. G. Drake, in the American Historical Record, August, 1874, took the same view.

Greenhow, in the second edition (1845) of his Oregon and California, p. 74, does not think the question can be definitely settled between San Francisco and Bodega.

There have been many disputes over Jack’s Bay,—the Sir Francis Drake Bay of the maps. Soulé and the writers of the Annals of San Francisco accept it as the spot; so does Kohl. Professor J. D. Whitney (Encyclopædia Britannica, art. “California”) says the evidence points strongly to Jack’s Bay.

Vancouver seems to have reported the story of the Spaniards calling it Sir Francis Drake’s Bay. Captain Beechey thought it too exposed to have deserved Drake’s description; and it has been held he could not have graved his ship in it. It is claimed, however, that Limantour’s Bay, which opens through an inlet westwardly from Jack’s Bay, answers the required conditions of water and shelter.—ED.]

[162] There are copies in the Library of Congress, and in the New York State, Harvard, Lenox, and Carter-Brown (ii. 263) libraries. Cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, vol. viii. no. 30,957; Field’s Indian Bibliography, no. 667. Hawkins’s voyage is also included in Purchas’s Pilgrimes; and Charles Kingsley in his Westward Ho! pictures vividly the spirit of Hawkins’s day. Cf. also Burney’s History of Voyages in the South Seas.

[163] It is reprinted by Vaux, later mentioned.

[164] They are in the Harvard College, Carter-Brown, and Charles Deane copies, not to name others.

[165] Brinley Catalogue, no. 21; Stevens’s Nuggets, no. 921; Sabin’s Dictionary, no. 20,853. S. G. Drake bought a copy in Boston in 1844 for $4. It was priced by Vaux in 1853 at as many pounds, and is worth much more now. The later editions are worth somewhat less. S. G. Drake (Genealogical Register, i. 126) gives a partial list of those who accompanied Drake, being about one-third of his one hundred and sixty-four men. Among the fullest of the modern narratives are those in Barrow’s Life of Drake, and in Froude’s England, vol. xi. chap. 29. [But Mr. Froude has used his valuable authorities carelessly. He depends in part upon some reports of Spanish officers, which exist in manuscript in Spain, and upon some which are in England, brought home by English cruisers. One of the most interesting, which should still be in the national library in Madrid, I found in 1882 had been cut from the volume and carried away.—E. E. H.]

[166] Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 423.

[167] Ibid., ii. 731.

[168] Hakluyt, vol. iii., or quarto edition, vol. iv.; Harris, vol. i.; Oxford, vol. ii. Hakluyt also gives the relation of Nuna da Silva, a Portuguese pilot whom Drake had captured, and who made his report to the Viceroy of Spain, and John Winter’s account of his companionship with Drake. Vaux collates his text with a manuscript preserved in the British Museum, which may have been the collection of Fletcher’s notes which the compiler of The World Encompassed used. Several narratives are also in the Callender collection of Voyages, Edinburgh, 1766. There are German versions in Gottfried and Vander Aa (1727, vol. xviii.), Cornelius Claesz (1598, 1603), etc. Appended to the Begin en Voortgangh (1645 and 1646) of Isaac Commelin, of Amsterdam, is sometimes a Dutch narrative of the voyages of Candish, Drake, and Hawkins, “described by one of the fleet,” and with an imprint of 1644, which is very rare. Frederic Muller says, in his Books on America, 1872 (no. 1,871), that he had never seen but the one then described, and another, sold to Stevens in 1867.

A French edition, Le Voyage de François Drack alentour du Monde, was originally issued in Paris in 1613, and is now scarce, and sometimes priced at 300 francs. There were other editions, with additions, in 1627 (Sabin, vol. v. no. 23,845), 1631, 1641, 1690. Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 668. The Dedicatory Epistle is signed F. de Lorrencourt. Leclerc, Bibliotheca Americana, no. 2,743. The title of the later edition runs: Le Voyage curieux faict autour du Monde, etc. Muller’s Books on America (1877), no. 973. [This curious book affects in the dedication to be an original narrative: “I dedicate it to you, Monsieur, because you gave it to me, telling me that you received it from one of your subjects of Courtomer, who had made the voyage with this gentleman.” On examination, however, it proves that the narrative is a rough translation, not very accurate, and generally abridged from that in Hakluyt: generally, but not always; for in a few instances details of local color are added, which I think important, and which appear, so far as I know, in no other narrative. With no apparent purpose but to make the book bigger, a second part is added, entitled Seconde Partie des Singvlaritez remarquees aux isles et terres fermes du Midy et des Indes Orientales: par l’Illustre Seigneur et Chevalier Francois Drach, Admiral d’ Angleterre. It is a botch of travels in Africa, the Indian Ocean, and America, in places mostly which Drake never saw.—E. E. H.]

[169] Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 374; Brinley Catalogue, no. 20; Leclerc, Bibliotheca Americana (205 francs); Huth Catalogue, ii. 442. Leclerc, no. 2,744, prices the maps alone at 400 francs; and Quaritch, in 1877, advertised them for £50. The Lenox Library has a copy with the four maps, and a second copy with different vignettes on the title.

[170] Quaritch prices a copy at £10 10_s._; Stevens, Nuggets, puts one at £5 15_s._ 6_d._ Hakluyt’s third volume (1600) gives the narrative. In some copies of Hakluyt’s volume of 1589 there is found, before page 644, a broadside, giving a journal from Drake’s log-book, Sept. 14, 1585, to July 22, 1586. (Sabin, vi. 543.) It was on this voyage that Drake on his return visited the new settlement in Virginia, as mentioned in chap. iv. of the present volume.

[171] Quaritch, in 1877, claimed that only three copies of this map were known, and only four or five complete sets of the other four are known. The mappemonde is in the Grenville copy, and was in a copy possessed by Rodd, the London dealer, fifty years ago. Baptista B. (or Boazio) seems to have been the designer or engraver. There is also a copy of this fifth map in the Lenox Library.

[172] The Huth Catalogue also gives all five maps to the first edition (52 pages); says the errata are corrected in the second edition, and the words “with geographical mappes,” etc., are left out of the title; while for the third edition (copy in the King’s Library, in the British Museum) a smaller type is used, contracting it to 37 pages. An edition of 1596 is sometimes cited, but it is doubtful if such exists. Lowndes mentions a somewhat doubtful French edition of the same year.

[173] Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 669.

[174] Bare mention may, however, be made of the English accounts, A true coppie of a Discourse, London, 1589, which has been reprinted by Collier, and Robert Leng’s Sir Francis Drake’s valuable Service done against the Spaniards, in the Camden Society’s Miscellanies, vol. v., and the Latin account, printed at Frankfort, 1590, and a German one at Munich, the same year. Stevens’s Bibliotheca Historica (1870), no. 597; Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 668.

[175] This name is the Spanish rendering of John Hawkins; and Draque and Aquines figure also in Torres’ Relacion de los servicios de Sotomayor, Madrid, 1620. Rich (1832), no. 156.

[176] Mr. J. P. Collier printed a small (one hundred copies) fac-simile edition of the 1596 book; but most of the copies were destroyed by fire. A full Relation of this voyage, dated 1652, was included in the 1653 edition of Sir Francis Drake Revived, and is sometimes found separately; Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 753.

[177] There were other Dutch editions in 1643 (called by Muller the best; cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 521, for Journalen van drie Voyagien) and 1644. A German account was added in 1598 to the narrative of Candish’s voyages, printed at Amsterdam. Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. no. 520. The rendering in De Bry, part viii., is incorrect and incomplete.

[178] Rich (1832), no. 294, £1 8_s._; Sunderland, ii. 4,052; Huth, ii. p. 444; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 312. There is a copy in Charles Deane’s collection. It is worth £6 or £7.

[179] The Grenville Catalogue errs in making this the first edition. Huth, ii. 444; Brinley, i. 49; Carter-Brown, ii. 332.

[180] Sunderland, vol. ii. no. 4,053; Huth, ii. 444; Carter-Brown, vol. ii. no. 753. There is also a copy in Harvard College Library.

[181] Reprinted in 1819, at the Lee Priory press, by Sir Egerton Brydges.

[182] Sabin (Dictionary, iv. 13,445) says the title differs in some copies. Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 1,056.

[183] For a Drake bibliography we must go to Sabin’s Dictionary, v. 20,827, etc., and Bohn’s Lowndes. Stevens (Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 202) notes a collection of copies from manuscripts in public depositaries in England which had been brought together as materials for writing a memoir of Drake. As a Devonshire hero, Drake figures in the local literature of Plymouth and its neighborhood.

[184] Cf. Journalen van drie Voyagien, which covers both Drake and Cavendish’s expeditions, and Commelin’s Begin ende Voortgang, and the collection of Gottfried and Vander Aa (1727). Thomas Lodge, the Elizabethan dramatist, accompanied Candish in his voyage of circumnavigation, and translated upon it, from the Spanish, his Margarite of America, published in London in 1596. Sabin’s Dictionary, x. 41,765; Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 1,383.

[185] [Cf. map given on page 11.—ED.]

[186] [Cf. the Lenox Globe and other delineations, in chap. vi.—ED.]

[187] [Chap. i., by Charles Deane.—ED.]

[188] Collinson’s Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, p. 72; Hakluyt’s Voyages (ed. 1600), iii. 58.

[189] Collinson’s Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, p. 75; Hakluyt’s Voyages, iii. 59.

[190] Collinson’s Three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, p. 119.

[191] Ibid., p. 242; Hakluyt’s Voyages, iii. 80.

[192] In his first expedition to seek for traces of Sir John Franklin, 1860-1862, our countryman, Captain Charles F. Hall, obtained and brought home numerous relics of Frobisher’s voyages. Some of these were sent to England, and others are deposited in the National Museum at Washington. See Hall’s Arctic Researches, passim; Collinson’s Three Voyages, etc., Appendix; and the Semi-Annual Report of the Council of the American Antiquarian Society, October, 1882.

[193] [See Dr. De Costa’s chapter, and Gilbert’s map and comments in Editorial Note A, sub anno 1576, at the end, and also the notes at the end of Mr. Henry’s chapter.—ED.]

[194] Northwest Fox, p. 42.

[195] Letter to Mr. Sanderson, in Hakluyt’s Voyages, iii. 114.

[196] Rundall’s Narratives of Voyages towards the Northwest, p. 62.

[197] Northwest Fox, p. 50.

[198] Northwest Fox, p. 117. The documents relating to Hudson’s fourth voyage are in Purchas’s Pilgrimes, iii. 596-610, and in Asher’s Henry Hudson, the Navigator, pp. 93-138.

[199] Northwest Fox, pp. 117, 118.

[200] Ibid., p. 118.

[201] Northwest Fox, p. 244.

[202] [The reader may consult the following, which has a parallel English text: Die Literatur über die Polar-regionem der Erde. Von J. Chavanne, A. Karpf, F. Ritter v. Le Monnier. Herausg. von der K. K. geographischen Gesellschaft in Wien. Wien, 1878, xiv. + 333 pp., 8º.

This book shows 6,617 titles, including papers from serials and periodicals. It is far from judiciously compiled, however; containing much that is irrelevant, and not a little that indicates the compilers’ ignorance of the books in hand, as when they were entrapped from the title into including Dibdin’s Northern Tour and other works equally foreign to the subject. One of the best collections of Arctic literature in this country is in the Carter-Brown Library at Providence; and this, putting strict limits to the subject and not including papers of a periodic character, shows a list of between six and seven hundred titles. Letter of John R. Bartlett.—ED.]

[203] A Chronological History of Voyages into the Arctic Regions; undertaken chiefly for the Purpose of discovering a Northeast, Northwest, or Polar Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific: from the earliest Period of Scandinavian Navigation to the Departure of the recent Expeditions under the Orders of Captains Ross and Buchan. By John Barrow, F. R. S. London: John Murray. 1818. 8º. pp. 379 and 48.

[204] Narratives of Voyages towards the Northwest, in Search of a Passage to Cathay and India, 1496 to 1631. With Selections from the Early Records of the Honourable the East India Company, and from MSS. in the British Museum. By Thomas Rundall, Esq. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1849. 8º. pp. xx. and 260.

[This book has a convenient map of Arctic explorations between 1496 and 1631. The general reader will find condensed historical summaries of antecedent voyages, often prefixed to the special narratives, as in the case of Captain Beechey’s Voyage of Discovery towards the North Pole, 1843, and in the introductions to Asher’s Henry Hudson and Winter Jones’s edition of Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages.—ED.]

[205] [Cf., for instance, Muller’s Geschiedenis der noordsche Compagnie, 1614-1642. Utrecht, 1875.—ED.]

[206] The three Voyages of Martin Frobisher, in Search of a Passage to Cathaia and India by the Northwest, A. D. 1576-78. Reprinted from the First Edition of Hakluyt’s Voyages, with Selections from Manuscript Documents in the British Museum and State-Paper Office. By Rear-Admiral Richard Collinson, C. B. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1867. 8º. pp. xxvi. and 376.

[207] The Voyages and Works of John Davis the Navigator. Edited, with an Introduction and Notes, by Albert Hastings Markham, Captain R. N., F. R. G. S., Author of A Whaling Cruise in Baffin’s Bay, The Great Frozen Sea, and Northward Ho! London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1880. 8º. pp. xcv. and 392.

[This volume gives a fac-simile of the Molineaux map of 1600; and reprints Davis’s Worlde’s Hydrographical Description, London, 1595. The presentation copy to Prince Henry, with his arms and a very curious manuscript addition, is in the Lenox Library. Cf. John Petheram’s Bibliographical Miscellany, 1859, and the note, p. 51, in Rundall’s Voyages to the Northwest. In this last book the accounts in Hakluyt are reproduced. Respecting Davis’s maps, see Kohl’s Catalogue of Maps in Hakluyt, pp. 20, 27.—ED.]

[208] Henry Hudson, the Navigator. The Original Documents in which his Career is recorded, collected, partly translated, and annotated, with an Introduction. By G. M. Asher, LL.D. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1860. 8º. pp. ccxviii. and 292. See Editorial Notes.

[209] The Voyages of William Baffin, 1612-1622. Edited, with Notes and an Introduction, by Clements R. Markham, C.B., F.R.S. London: Printed for the Hakluyt Society. 1881. 8º. pp. lix. and 192.

[Purchas first printed Baffin’s narrative of his first voyage, and Rundall re-edited it, supplying omissions from the original manuscript preserved in the British Museum. Markham reprints it, and adds a fac-simile of Baffin’s map of his discoveries; and he also gives a series of five maps from Fox’s down (the first is reproduced in the text), to show the changes in ideas respecting the shape and even the existence of Baffin’s Bay. Of the voyage in which this water was discovered, Purchas also printed, and Markham has reprinted, the account as given in Baffin’s journal.—ED.]

[210] North-West Fox, or, Fox from the Northwest passage. Beginning With King Arthur, Malga, Octhvr, the two Zenis of Iseland, Estotiland, and Dorgia; Following with brief Abstracts of the Voyages of Cabot, Frobisher, Davis, Waymouth, Knight, Hudson, Button, Gibbons, Bylot, Baffin, Hawkridge; Together with the Courses, Distance, Latitudes, Longitudes, Variations, Depths of Seas, Sets of Tydes, Currents, Races, and over-Falls, with other Observations, Accidents, and Remarkable things, as our Miseries and Sufferings. Mr. Iames Hall’s three Voyages to Groynland, with a Topographicall description of the Countries, the Salvages lives and Treacheries, how our Men have been slayne by them there, with the Commodities of all those parts; whereby the Marchant may have Trade, and the Mariner Imployment. Demonstrated in a Polar Card, wherein are all the Maines, Seas, and Islands, herein mentioned. With the Author his owne Voyage, being the XIVth, with the opinions and Collections of the most famous Mathematicians, and Cosmographers; with a Probabilitie to prove the same by Marine Remonstrations, compared by the Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea, experimented with places of our owne Coast. By Captaine Lvke Fox, of Kingstone vpon Hull, Capt. and Pylot for the Voyage in his Majesties Pinnace the Charles. Printed by his Majesties Command. London, Printed by B. Alsop and Tho. Fawcett, dwelling in Grubstreet. 1635. 4º. pp. x. and 273.

[This little book is now worth about $40 or $50; Rich priced it in 1832 at $10. Brinley, no. 27; Huth, ii. 542; Field’s Indian Bibliography, no. 556. Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., October, 1878. The copy in the Dowse Collection (Mass. Hist. Soc.) has the rare original map. The Menzies and Carter-Brown copies show the map; the Brinley lacked it, as does Mr. Deane’s, which has it in fac-simile.—ED.]

[211] The name Ralegh was written in thirteen different ways. We have adopted the usual spelling of Sir Walter himself. See Hakluyt’s Westerne Planting, p. 171, and C. W. Tuttle in Massachusetts Historical Society’s Proceedings, xv. 383.

[212] [See chapter vi.—ED.]

[213] See Chalmer’s Annals, chaps. xiv. and xv., and Journals of Congress, October, 1774.

[214] [It was in 1584 that Hakluyt wrote for Ralegh his Westerne Planting, to be used in inducing Elizabeth to grant to Ralegh and his friends a charter to colonize America; and Dr. Woods, in his Introduction to that book, writes, p. xliii, of Ralegh as the founder of the transatlantic colonies of Great Britain. See the history of the MS. in the notes following Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[215] Strachey, Hakluyt Society’s Publications, vi. 85.

[216] See Works of Bacon, edited by Basil Montague, ii. 525.

[217] [It was prefixed to an edition of Ralegh’s History of the World in 1736.—ED.]

[218] [One was added to an edition of Ralegh’s Works in 1751.—ED.]

[219] [This work was in two volumes, 4º, and appeared in a second edition in 1806, 8º.—ED.]

[220] [History of England, chapters xlv. and xlviii.—ED.]

[221] A paper read by George Dexter, Esq., before the Massachusetts Historical Society, Oct. 13, 1881, upon “The First Voyage under Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s Patent of 1578,” corrects an error into which Mr. Edwards had fallen about this voyage, and shows that it was undertaken in 1578 instead of 1579, as stated by Mr. Edwards, and that Ralegh was the captain of one of the vessels. A few additional references may serve the curious student. Some new material was first brought forward in the Archæologia, vols. xxxiv. and xxxv. Ralegh’s career in Ireland is followed in the Nineteenth Century, Nov. 1881. His last year is considered in Gardiner’s Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage. A contemporary account of his execution from Adam Winthrop’s note-book is printed in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., Sept. 1873. A psychological study may be found in Disraeli’s Amenities of Literature. Two American essays may be mentioned,—that in Belknap’s American Biography, and J. Morrison Harris’s paper before the Maryland Historical Society in 1846.

As to the story at one time prevalent of Ralegh’s coming in person to his colony, Stith, History of Virginia, p. 22, thinks it arose from a mistranslation of the Latin. Cf. Force’s Tracts i. p. 37, Georgia Tract, 1742,—“Mr. Oglethorpe has with him Sir Walter Ralegh’s written journal,” etc.—ED.

[222] [The sources for this first colony may be concisely enumerated as follows:—

1. Diary of the Voyage, April 9-Aug. 25, 1585, originally in Hakluyt, 1589; also in Hawks.

2. Ralph Lane’s letters, Aug. and Sept. 1585. Some in Hakluyt, vol. iii.; also in Hawks and others referred to in the text, edited by E. E. Hale, in the Archæologia Americana, vol. iv. (1860).

3. Hariot’s narrative originally published in 1588; then by Hakluyt in 1589; and by De Bry in 1590. See later note.

4. Lane’s narrative given in Hakluyt and Hawks.

5. A Summarie and True Discourse of Sir Francis Drake’s West Indian Voyage, London, 1589; also in Hakluyt, 1600. The copy of the former in the Massachusetts Historical Society’s Library was the one used by Prince; see ch. ii.; also Barrow’s Life of Drake, ch. vi. Mr. Edward C. Bruce, in his “Loungings in the Footprints of the Pioneers,” in Harper’s Monthly, May, 1860, describes the condition of the site of the colony at that time. Roanoke Island was sold to Joshua Lamb, of New England, in 1676; Hist. Mag. vi. 123. Cf. Continental Monthly, i. 541, by Frederic Kidder.—ED.]

[223] [A notice of the original English issue of Hariot (1588) is described on a later page as the second original production relating to America presented to the English public (see notes following Dr. De Costa’s chapter); but it became more widely known in 1590, when De Bry at Frankfort made it the only part of his famous Collection of Voyages, which he printed in the English tongue, giving it the following title: A briefe and true report of the new found land of Virginia, of the commodities, and of the nature and manners of the naturall inhabitants. Discovered by the English colony there seated by Sir Richard Greinuile in the yeere 1585.... This forebooke is made in English by Thomas Hariot. Francoforti ad Moenvm, typis Joannis Wecheli, svmtibus vero Theodori de Bry, cicicxc. It is also the rarest of the parts, and only a few copies of it are known, as follows:—

1. Carter-Brown Library. Catalogue, i. 397, where a fac-simile of the title is given.

2. Lenox Library.

3. Sold in the Stevens Sale (no. 2487), Boston, 1870, to a New York collector for $975. This was made perfect by despoiling another copy belonging to a public collection.

4. Harvard College Library; imperfect.

5. Grenville copy in the British Museum, bought at Frankfort for £100 in 1710 (?).

6. Bodleian Library.

7. Christie Miller’s collection, England.

8. Sir Thomas Phillipp’s collection, England; imperfect.

Rich in 1832, Catalogue, no. 71, had a copy which was made up, and which he priced at £21, but would have held it at £100 if perfect.

A photo-lithographic fac-simile edition of this English text was issued in New York from the Stevens copy in 1871-72, about 100 copies, which is worth $20. (Griswold Catalogue, no. 309.) The original may be worth $1000.

In the same year, 1590, De Bry also issued it in Latin, German, and French. Brunet gives three varieties of the original Latin issue, besides two varieties of a counterfeit one. The Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 322, gives the collations of the five varieties slightly varying; cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, vol. iii.; Field’s Indian Bibliography, no. 653. There was a second (1600) and third edition of the German version (Carter-Brown Catalogue, pp. 354, 355; also for the French, p. 329). A German translation by Cristhopher P—— is also contained in Matthæus Dresser’s Historien von China, Halle, 1598; cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, v. 536; Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 429.

De Bry engraved the drawings which White made at Roanoke, or rather a portion of them; for nearly three times as many as appear in De Bry, who copied only twenty-three, are now in the collection of drawings as preserved in the British Museum. What De Bry used may possibly have been copies of the originals, and in any case he gave an academic aspect to the more natural drawings as White made them. Henry Stevens secured the originals in 1865, and in a fire at Sotheby’s in June of that year they became saturated with water, so that a collection of offsets was left on the paper which was laid between them. Mr. Stevens sold the originals for £210, and the offsets for £26 5_s._, both to the British Museum, in 1866; and his letter offering them and telling the story is in his Bibliotheca Historica, 1870, cf. Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc. Oct. 20, 1866. In the Sloane Collection are also near a hundred of White’s drawings; see E. E. Hale in Archæologia Americana, iv. 21. One section of Hariot’s paper, entitled “Of the nature and maners of the people,” appeared in the author’s original English in the Hakluyts of 1589 and 1600, and also in De Bry, who likewise added to his English Hariot a statement called, “The true pictures and fashions of the people in that parte of America now called Virginia,” etc. This statement is not in the printed Hakluyts, though it is said by De Bry to have been “translated out of Latin into English by Richard Hackluit.” It is there said of the pictures that they were “diligently collected and drowne by John White, who was sent thiter speciallye by Sir Walter Ralegh, 1585, also 1588, now cutt in copper, and first published by Theodore De Bry att his wone chardges.” De Bry’s engravings have often been reproduced by Montanus, Lafitau, Beverly, etc. Wyth’s, or White’s “Portraits to the Life and Manners of the Inhabitants,” following De Bry, with English text, was printed at New York in 1841.

The map which accompanies Hariot’s narrative, as given by De Bry, was procured by him from England, and is subscribed “Auctore Joanne With,”—once De Bry writes it “Whit.” It was made in 1587, and Kohl in his Maps relating to America mentioned in Hakluyt, pp. 42-46, thinks that there can be no doubt With is John White, the captain, and that he based, or caused to be based, his drawing on observations made by Lane, who had been in the Chesapeake, while White had not. Stevens, Bibliotheca Historica, 1870, p. 222, identifies the John White the artist with Governor John White. A largely reduced fac-simile of this map is herewith given, for comparison with the Coast Survey chart of the same region. Other fac-similes of the original are given in the Histories of North Carolina by Hawks and Wheeler, in Gay’s Popular History of the United States, i. 243. It was later followed in the configurations of the coast given by Mercator, Hondius, De Laet, etc. The map which is given in Smith’s Generall Historie as “Ould Virginia” closely resembles White’s, which however extends farther north, and includes the entrance of the Chesapeake. There had been one earlier representation of “Virginia” on a map, and that was in Hakluyt’s edition of Peter Martyr on a half globe. De Bry also gives a bird’s-eye view of Roanoke and its vicinity.—ED.]

[224] [The original sources are also made use of by Williamson and Wheeler in their histories of North Carolina. Some of them are printed in Pinkerton’s Voyages, in Payne’s Elizabethan Seamen, p. 211, and elsewhere; cf. Strachey’s Virginia, p. 142.—ED.]

[225] [His narrative of the first voyage was published in 1596, the year following his voyage, and was called The Discoverie of the large, rich and bewtiful empire of Guiana, with a relation of the Great and Golden Citie of Manoa (which the Spanyards call El Dorado), etc. Huth Catalogue, iv. 1216. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 507. I have compared Mr. Charles Deane’s copy. There are three copies of this in the Lenox Library, with such variations as indicate as many contemporary editions. Quaritch recently priced a copy at £20.

Ralegh had written this tract in large part on his voyage, when he made the map of Trinidad and that of Guiana, which he mentions as not yet finished. Kohl, Maps relating to America, etc., p. 65, thinks he has identified this drawing of Ralegh in a MS. map in the British Museum, which was acquired in 1849. The text of the Discoverie was reprinted in Hakluyt, iii. 627; in the Oldys and Birch’s edition (Oxford, 1829) of Ralegh’s Works, vol. viii.; in Pinkerton’s Voyages, xii. 196; in Cayley’s Life of Ralegh. The Hakluyt Society reprinted it under the editing of Sir R. H. Schomburgk, who gives a map of the Orinoco Valley, showing Ralegh’s track. Colliber’s English Sea Affairs, London, 1727, has a narrative based on it; Sabin, iv. 14414.

There was a Dutch version published at Amsterdam in 1598 by Cornelius Claesz; and it is from this that De Bry made his Latin version, in his part viii., 1599 (two editions), and 1625, also in German, 1599 and 1624. Also see part xiii. (1634). There were other Dutch editions or versions in 1605, 1617, 1644. Muller, Books on America, 1872, no. 1268, and 1877, no. 2654; Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 454. It also formed part v. of Hulsius’s Collection of Voyages, and the Lenox Library Bibliographical Contribution on Hulsius gives a Latin edition, 1599, and German editions of 1599, 1601, 1603, 1612, 1663, with duplicate copies of some of them showing variations. See Asher’s Bibliography, p. 42; Camus’s Mémoire, p. 97; Meusel’s Bibliographia Historica, vol. iii. There are also versions or abridgments in the collections of Aa, 1706 and 1727, and Coreal, 1722, and 1738.

The report of Captain Lawrence Keymis was printed at London in 1596, of which there is a copy in Harvard College Library. See Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. i. no. 500; it is also given in Hakluyt. Kohl cannot find that either Keymis or Masham made charts, but thinks their reports influenced the maps in Hondius, Hulsius, and De Bry.

The accusations against Ralegh in regard to his Guiana representations have been examined by his biographers. Tytler, ch. 3, defends him; Schomburgk shields him from Hume’s attacks; so does Kingsley in North British Review, also in his Essays, who thinks Ralegh had a right to be credulous, and that the ruins of the city may yet be found. Napier in the Edinburgh Review, later in his Lord Bacon and Ralegh, clears him of the charge of deceit about the mine. Van Heuvel’s El Dorado, New York, 1844, defends Ralegh’s reports, and gives a map. See Field’s Indian Bibliography no. 1595. St. John, in his Life of Ralegh, ch. xv., mentions finding Ralegh’s map in the archives of Simancas. See also the Lives by Edwards, ch. x.; by Thompson, ch. ii.; S. G. Drake in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., April, 1862, also separately and enlarged; Fox Bourn’s English Seamen, ch. viii.; Payne’s Elizabethan Seamen, pp. 327, 332; Bulfinch’s Oregon and El Dorado, etc. Further examination of the quest for El Dorado will be given in volume ii.—ED.]

[226] [This was originally printed at London, 1618, pp. 45. There is a copy in Harvard College Library and in Charles Deane’s collection.—ED.]

[227] Quoted by Neill in his Virginia Company of London, preface, pp. vi, vii. The play was written by Marston and others in 1605.

[228] Purchas, iv, 1685.

[229] Neill’s Virginia Company, p. 16.

[230] Generall Historie, pp. 53-65.

[231] Wingfield’s Narrative, quoted by Anderson in his History of the Church of England in the Colony, i. 77.

[232] The height of the chimney is 17-7/12 feet; the greatest width 10-7/12 feet; the fireplace is 7-10/12 feet wide.

[233] Archer was identified by the late William Green, LL.D., Richmond, Va., as the author of the tract, “A Relatyon of the Discovery of our River, from James Forte, into the Maine, made by Captain Christopher Newport, and sincerely written and observed by a Gentleman of this Colony,” reprinted in the Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society, iv. pp. 40-65.

[234] Stith, History of Virginia, p. 67.

[235] Generall Historie, ed. 1624, p. 59.

[236] In the outfit of a settler enumerated by Smith is the item, a complete suit of armor. It is of interest to note that portions of a steel cuirass, exhumed at Jamestown, are in the collection of the Virginia Historical Society at Richmond.

[237] Sainsbury’s Calendar of State Papers (1574-1660), p. 8.

[238] [See chapter vi.—ED.]

[239] This was the first wife of Rolfe, whom history records in 1614 as the husband of Pocahontas. He died in 1622, leaving “a wife and children, besides the child [Thomas] he had by Pocahontas,” for whose benefit his brother, Henry Rolfe, in England, petitioned the Company, Oct. 7, 1622, for a settlement of the estate of the deceased in Virginia.

[240] The text was, Daniel xii. 3: “They that turn many to righteousness shall shine as the stars for ever and ever.” The sermon was published by William Welby, London, 1610.

[241] Strachey, in the Hakluyt Society’s Publications, vi. 39.

[242] The tradition is that Dutch Gap derived its name from the German artisans brought over by Newport in 1608, and that the “glass house” was located here. A navigable canal across its narrowest breadth, the digging of which, for military advantages, was begun by the Federal General, Benjamin F. Butler, has since (in 1873) been completed.

[243] Letter of Sir Thomas Dale, dated “James Towne, the 25th of May, 1611,” preserved in the Ashmole Collection of MSS. in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, England, communicated by G. D. Scull, Esq., and published by the present writer in the Richmond Standard, Jan. 28, 1882.

[244] Fragments of brick, memorials of this town, are still numerously scattered over its site.

[245] In a letter of Governor Argall to the Company in 1617, the Rev. Alexander Whitaker is said to have been recently drowned in crossing James River, and another minister is desired to be sent to the colony in his stead.

[246] Newport was after this appointed one of the six Masters of the Royal Navy, and was engaged by the East India Company to escort Sir Robert Shirley to Persia. Chamberlain, in Court and Times of James I., i. 154.

[247] Neill’s Virginia Company, p. 75.

[248] [See Vol. IV.—ED.]

[249] [This statement is disputed by some.—ED.]

[250] See Hening’s Statutes, i. 98; Stith, 126, and Appendix no. 3.

[251] It has been assumed in America that the descendants in Virginia of Pocahontas were limited to those springing from the marriage of Robert Bolling with Jane, the daughter of Thomas Rolfe; but it appears that the last left a son, Anthony, in England, whose daughter, Hannah, married Sir Thomas Leigh, of County Kent, and that their descendants of that and of the additional highly respectable names of Bennet and Spencer are quite numerous. See Deduction in the Richmond Standard, Jan. 21, 1882.

[252] The parish register of Gravesend contains this entry, which has been assumed as that of the burial of Pocahontas “1616, March 21, Rebecca Wrothe, wyffe of Thomas Wrothe, Gent. A Virginia Lady borne, was buried in the Chancell.” Its relevancy has recently been questioned by the Rev. Patrick G. Robert, of St. Louis, in the Richmond Daily Despatch of Sept. 10, 1881, and by Mr. J. M. Sinyanki, of London, in the Richmond Standard of Nov. 12, 1881, both of whom claim upon tradition that the interment was in a corner of the churchyard.

[253] Stith, p. 146.

[254] Smith, Generall Historie, ed. 1627, p. 126.

[255] One of these indentures from the original, dated July 1, 1628, was published by the writer in the Richmond Standard of Nov. 16, 1878.

[256] The engraver was William Hole, engraver of Smith’s map of Virginia. The arms adopted were an escutcheon quartered with the arms of England and France, Scotland and Ireland, crested by a maiden queen with flowing hair and an eastern crown. Supporters: Two men in armor having open helmets ornamented with three ostrich feathers, each holding a lance. Motto: En dat Virginia quintum,—a complimentary acknowledgment of Virginia as the fifth kingdom. After the union of England and Scotland in 1707, the motto, to correspond with the altered number of kingdoms, was En dat Virginia quartam, the adjective agreeing with coronam understood, and it appeared on the titlepage of all legislative publications of the colony until the Revolution. Neill’s London Company, pp. 155-56.

[257] This was not the only material effort made. In 1621, under the zealous efforts of the Rev. Patrick Copland (the chaplain of an East India ship), funds were collected for the establishment of a free school in Charles City County, to be called the East India School. For its maintenance one thousand acres of land, with five servants and an overseer, were allotted by the Company.

The advantage of private education, in the families at least of the more provident of the planters, was increasingly secured by the employment as tutors of poor young men of education, who came over from time to time, and by indenture served long enough to pay the cost of their transportation. Later in the seventeenth century, all whose means enabled them to do so educated their sons in England,—a custom which largely continued during the following century, though William and Mary College had been established in 1692.

[258] A gentleman of the honorable family of Beverstone Castle, County Gloucester.

[259] He was the brother of Sir Edwin Sandys, the late Treasurer of the Company. He was born in 1577, and in 1610 visited Turkey, Palestine, and Egypt. An account of his travels was published at Oxford in 1615.

[260] Chalmers’ Introduction, i. 13-16. The Ordinance and Wyatt’s Commission may be seen in Hening’s Statutes, i. 110-113.

[261] In the Indian massacre of March 22, 1622, Daniel Gookin bravely maintained his settlement. He served as a burgess from Elizabeth City, and later returned to Ireland. His son, of the same name, becoming a convert to the missionaries sent from New England in 1642, and declining to take the oath of conformity, removed in May, 1644, to Boston. He afterwards became eminent in New England, was the author of several historical works, and held various offices of dignity and importance.

[262] In 1687, and again in 1696, Colonel William Byrd, the first of the name in Virginia, undertook the revival of the iron-works at Falling Creek; but there is no record preserved of his plans having been successfully carried out. New iron-works were, however, erected here by Colonel Archibald Cary prior to 1760, which he operated with pig-iron from Maryland, but in the year named he abandoned the forge because of its lack of profit, and converted his pond to the use of a grist-mill. The site of the works of 1622 on the western bank of the creek, and that of Cary’s forge of 1760 on the opposite side of the same water, have both been identified by the present writer by the scoriæ remaining about the ground. The manufacture of iron in Virginia was revived by Governor Alexander Spotswood at Germanna about 1716.

[263] [See chapter xiii.—ED.]

[264] These were James City, Henrico, Charles City, Elizabeth City, Warwick River, Warrosquoyoke, Charles River, and Accomac.

[265] These magnates, who were called colonels were usually members of the Council, and their functions were magisterial as well as military.

[266] Hening states that “there is a patent granted by Harvey 13th April, 1636.”—Statutes at Large, i. 4.

[267] It was fully three quarters of a century thereafter before Dissent became appreciable in the colony. Governor Spotswood wrote the Bishop of London, Oct. 24, 1710: “It is a peculiar blessing to this Country to have but few of any kind of Dissenters;” and adds the following, which may be taken in refutation of many gross misrepresentations of the moral and social condition of the colonists at the period: “I have observed here less Swearing and Prophaneness, less Drunkenness and Debauchery, less uncharitable feuds and animositys, and less Knaverys and Villanys than in any part of the world where my Lot has been.” He also wrote to the Council of Trade, Dec. 15, 1710: “That happy Establishment of the Church of England, which the Colony enjoys with less mixture of Dissenters than any other of her Majesty’s plantations;” and to the Earl of Rochester, July 30, 1711, in ample confirmation of his earlier judgment, he wrote: “This Government, I can joyfully assure your Lordship, is in perfect peace and tranquility under a due Obedience to the Royal Authority and a Gen^{ll}. Conformity to the Established Church of England.” See The Official Letters of Governor Alexander Spotswood, 1710-1722, published by the Virginia Historical Society, with Introduction and Notes by R. A. Brock, vol. i. pp. 27 and 108.

[268] His signature is Stegge. He was the maternal uncle of Colonel William Byrd, the first of the name in the colony, who came thither a youth, as the heir of his large landed estate, which included the present site of Richmond.

[269] A son of Sir George Yeardley, a former governor of Virginia, and Lady Temperance, his wife, who was born in Virginia.

[270] The letter is given in full in Thurloe’s State Papers, ii. 273, and is republished in the Richmond Standard of Feb. 11, 1882, by the present writer.

[271] Hening, ii. 24.

[272] Ibid. ii. 49.

[273] The quit-rent was one shilling for every fifty acres of land, the latest consideration in its acquirement. It was first granted to the Adventurers, by the Company, in tracts of one hundred acres, after five years’ service in the colony. If planted and seated within three years, the quantity was augmented by another hundred acres. Later, each person removing to the colony at his own expense, with the intention to settle and remain, was entitled to fifty acres of land. The right extended also to every member of his family or person whose passage-money he defrayed. These rights upon “transports” were called “head-rights,” and were assignable.

[274] The locality of the murder is indicated by a small stream known as Bacon Quarter Branch.

[275] It is given in a rare little tract: An Historical Account of some Memorable Actions, Particularly in Virginia; Also Against the Admiral of Algier, and in the East Indies: Perform’d for the Service of his Prince and Country. By S^r Thomas Grantham, K^t [Motto]. London: printed for J. Roberts, near the Oxford Arms in Warwick Lane, MDCCVI. 18º. The copy in the Virginia State Library is thought to be the only one in this country, pp. 12, 13: “If Virtue be a Sin, if Piety be Guilt, if all the Principles of Morality and Goodness and Justice be perverted, we must confess that those who are called Rebels may be in Danger of those high Imputations, those loud and severe Bulls, which would affright Innocency, and render the Defence of our Brethren and the Enquiry into our sad and heavy Oppressions Treason. But if there be (as sure there is) a just God to appeal to; if Religion and Justice be a Sanctuary here; if to plead the Cause of the Oppress’d; if sincerely to aim at the Publick Good, without any Reservation or By-Interest; if to stand in the Gap, after so much Blood of our Dear Brethren bought and sold; if after the Loss of a great Part of His Majesty’s Colony, deserted and dispeopl’d, and freely to part with our Lives and Estates to endeavor to save the Remainder, be Treason,—Let God and the World judge, and the Guilty die. But since we cannot find in our Hearts One single Spot of Rebellion and Treason, or that we have in any manner aimed at the Subversion of the Settl’d Government, or attempting the Person of any, either Magistrate or Private Man,—notwithstanding the several Reproaches and Threats of some who for sinister Ends were disaffected to Us, and censure our Just and Honest Designs,—Let Truth be bold and all the World Know the Real Foundation of our Pretended Guilt.”

[276] This is shown by the preservation of books to this day in the several departments of literature which are identified, by ownership in inscribed name and date, with the homes of the Virginia planter of the seventeenth century, many of which have fallen under the personal inspection of the present writer, who has some examples in his own library. A little later, private libraries were numerous in Virginia, and in value, extent, and variety of subject embraced, the exhibit will contrast favorably with that of any of the English colonies in America.

[277] [On the later designation of “Old Dominion,” see Historical Magazine, iii. 319; and J. H. Trumbull on Indian names in Virginia in Historical Magazine, xvii. 47.—ED.]

[278] The editor of the tract, “J. H.,” in his preface, says: “Some of the books were printed under the name of Thomas Watson, by whose occasion I know not, unlesse it were the ouer-rashnesse or mistakinge of the workmen.”

The words “by a gentleman” got also through ignorance of the real authorship into the titles of some copies as author, there being four varieties of titles. It is sometimes quoted (by Purchas for instance) by the running head-line Newes from Virginia. Mr. Deane edited an edition of it at Boston in 1866. There are eight copies of it known to be in America: one each belonging to Harvard College, S. L. M. Barlow, and the Carter-Brown Library; two in the New York Historical Society, and three in the Lenox Library. (Magazine of American History, i. 251.) The text is the same in all cases, and those copies in which Smith’s name is given have an explanatory preface acknowledging the mistake. Mr. Payne Collier, in his Rarest Books in the English Language, 1865, is of the opinion that Watson was the true author, which Mr. Deane shows to be an error. An earlier, very inaccurate reprint was made in the Southern Literary Messenger, February, 1845, from the New York Historical Society’s copy. Use is also made of it in Pinkerton’s Voyages, vol. xiii. [Mr. Deane suggests that the reason Smith omitted this tract in his Generall Historie, substituting for it the Map of Virginia, is to be found in the greater ease with which the narratives of others in the latter tracts would take on the story of Pocahontas, which his own words in the True Relation might forbid.

Tyler, History of American Literature, i. 26, calls this tract of Smith’s the earliest contribution to American literature. The latest copy sold which we have noted was in the Ouvry Sale, London, March, 1882, no. 1,535 of its Catalogue, which brought £57.—ED.]

[279] A portrait of “Captaine George Percy,” copied in 1853 by Herbert L. Smith from the original at Syon House, the seat of the Duke of Northumberland, at the instance of Conway Robinson, Esq., then visiting England, is among the valuable collection of portraits of the Virginia Historical Society at Richmond. Its frame, of carved British oak, was a present to the Society from William Twopenny, Esq., of London, the solicitor of the Duke of Northumberland. Percy (born Sept. 4, 1586, died unmarried in March, 1632) was “a gentleman of honor and resolution.” He had served with distinction in the wars of the Low Countries, and his soldierly qualities were evidenced in the colony, as well as his administrative ability as the successor of John Smith. A mutilated hand represented in the portrait, it is said, was a memorial of a sanguinary encounter with the savages of Virginia. The head from this portrait is given on an earlier page.

[280] The author of the “Relatyon,” etc., was identified by the late Hon. William Green, LL.D., of Richmond, as Captain Gabriel Archer. [Newport’s connection with the colony is particularly sketched in Neill’s Virginia and Virginiola, 1878. Neill describes the MS. which is in the Record office as “a fair and accurate description of the first Virginia explorations.” Mr. Hale later made some additions to his original notes (Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct. 21, 1864), where some supplemental notes by Mr. Deane will also be found as to the origin of the name Newport-News as connected with Captain Newport. See H. B. Grigsby in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. x. 23; also Hist. Mag. iii. 347.—ED.]

[281] Preface to Deane’s True Relation, p. xxxiii. [Wingfield’s Discourse was first brought to the attention of students in 1845 by the citations from the original MS. at Lambeth made by Mr. Anderson in his History of the Church of England in the Colonies.—ED.]

[282] [The MS. was bought at Dawson Turner’s Sale in 1859 by Lilly, the bookseller, who announced that he would print an edition of fifty copies. (Deane’s ed. True Relation, p. xxxv; Hist. Mag., July, 1861, p. 224; Aspinwall Papers, i. 21, note.) It was only partly put in type, and the MS. remained in the printer’s hands ten years, when Mr. Henry Stevens bought it for Mr. Hunnewell, who caused a small edition (two hundred copies) to be printed privately at the Chiswick Press.—ED.]

[283] Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,800.

[284] This was reprinted in Force’s Tracts, i., and by Sabin, edited by F. L. Hawks, New York, 1867.

[285] Sabin, vii. 323; Rich (1832), £1 8_s._; Ouvry Sale, 1882, no. 1,582, a copy with the autograph, “W. Ralegh, Turr, Lond.”

[286] There is a copy in Harvard College Library. (Rich, 1832, no. 121, £1 8_s._) It was an official document of the Company.

[287] Another official publication. A copy in Harvard College Library. (Rich, 1832, no. 122, £2 2_s._) It is reprinted in Force’s Tracts, iii.

[288] But one copy is now known, which is at present in the Huth collection (Catalogue, iv. 1247), having formerly belonged to Lord Charlemont’s Library at Dublin, where Halliwell found it in 1864, bound up with other tracts. The volume escaped the fire in London which destroyed the greater part of the Charlemont collection in 1865, and at the sale that year brought £63. In the same year Halliwell privately printed it (ten copies). Winsor’s Halliwelliana, p. 25; Allibone’s Dictionary of Authors, vol. ii. p. 1788. In 1874 it was again privately reprinted (twenty-five copies) in London. It once more appeared, in 1878, in Neill’s Virginia and Virginiola. Cf. Lefroy’s History of Bermuda.

[289] Tyler’s American Literature, i. 42. Malone wrote a book to prove that this description by Strachey suggested to Shakespeare the plot of the Tempest,—a view controverted in a tract on the Tempest by Joseph Hunter.

[290] Reprinted in Force’s Tracts, iii. no. 2. The dedication is given in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. 1866, p. 36.

[291] [There is a copy in the Lenox Library; it was reprinted (50 copies) in 1859, and again by Mr. Griswold (20 copies) in 1868. A letter of Lord Delaware, July 7, 1610, from the Harleian MSS., is printed in the Hakluyt Society’s edition of Strachey, p. xxiii.—ED.]

[292] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library. A very fine copy in the Stevens Sale (1881, Catalogue, no. 1,612) was afterward held by Quaritch at £25. Fifty years ago Rich (Catalogue 1832, no. 131) priced a copy at £2 2_s._ (See Sabin, xiii. 53249.) It was reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. i. no. 7, and in 2 Mass. Hist. Coll. vol. viii.—ED.]

[293] [A further account of this tract will be found in a subsequent editorial note on the “Maps of Virginia;” and of Smith’s Generall Historie a full account will be found in the Editorial Note at the end of Dr. De Costa’s chapter.—ED.]

[294] [Tyler, American Literature, i. 46; Neill, Virginia Company, 78; Rich (1832), no. 135, priced at £2 2_s._ Mr. Neill has told the story of Whitaker and others in his Notes on the Virginian Colonial Clergy, Philadelphia, 1877.—ED.]

[295] [The original edition is in the Lenox Library and the Deane Collection; and copies at public sales in America have brought $150 and $170. (Field, Indian Bibliography, nos. 642-43, where he cites it as one of the earliest accounts of the Indians of Virginia; Sabin, viii. 46.) A German translation was published at Hanau as part xiii. of the Hulsius Voyages in 1617 (containing more than was afterwards included in De Bry’s Latin), and there were two issues of it the same year with slight variations. The map is copied from Smith’s New England, not from his Virginia. Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 491; Lenox Contributions (Hulsius), p. 15.

In 1619 De Bry gave it in Latin as part x. of his Great Voyages, having given it in German the year before. Carter-Brown Catalogue, i. 348, 368.—ED.]

[296] [Some of them follow in chronological order:—

Norwood’s Voyage to Virginia, 1649; Force’s Tracts, vol. iii.; Virginia Hist. Reg. ii. 121.

Perfect Description of Virginia, 1649; Force’s Tracts, vol. ii.; Virginia Hist. Reg. ii. 60; original edition in Harvard College Library; priced by Rich in 1832, £1 10_s._, by Quaritch in 1879, £20.

William Bullock’s Virginia impartially Examined, London, 1649; Force’s Tracts, vol. iii. The original is now scarce. Rich in 1832 (Catalogue, no. 271) quotes it at £1 10_s._ (it is now worth $75). Sabin, iii. 9145; Ternaux, 685; Brinley, 3725.

Extract from a manuscript collection of annals relative to Virginia, Force’s Tracts, vol. ii.

A short Collection of the most remarkable passages from the Originall to the Dissolution of the Virginia Company, London, 1651; there are copies in the Library of Congress and in that of Harvard College.

The Articles of Surrender to the Commonwealth, March 12, 1651; Mercurius Politicus, May 20-27, 1652; Virginia Hist. Reg. ii. 182.

Virginia’s Cure; or, an advisive narrative Concerning Virginia; Discovering the True Ground of that churches unhappiness, by R. G. 1662. Force’s Tracts, vol. iii. The original is in Harvard College Library.

Sir William Berkeley’s Discourse and View of Virginia, 1663; Sabin’s Dictionary, ii. 4889.

Nathaniel Shrigley’s True Relation of Virginia and Maryland, 1669; Force’s Tracts, vol. v.

John Lederer’s Discoveries in Three Marches from Virginia, 1669, 1670, London, 1672, with map of the country traversed. It was “collected out of the Latin by Sir William Talbot, Baronet.” There is a copy in Harvard College Library, Griswold Catalogue, 422; Huth Catalogue, iii. 829.

There are in the early Virginian bibliography a few titles on the efforts made to induce the cultivation of silkworms. The King addressed a letter to the Earl of Southampton with a review of Bonœil’s treatise on the making of silk, and this was published by the Company in 1622. (Harvard College Library MS. Catalogue; Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,760.) The Company also published, in 1629, Observations ... of Fit Rooms to keepe silk wormes in; and as late as 1655 Hartlib’s Reformed Virginian Silk-worm indicated continued interest in the subject. This last is reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. iii. no. 13, and the originals of this and of the preceding are in Harvard College Library. Sabin’s Dictionary, viii. 121.—ED.]

[297] The Orders and constitutions ordained by the treasvror, covnseil, and companie of Virginia, for the better gouerning of said companie, is reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. iii.

[298] Fortieth Congress, Second Session, Misc. Doc. no. 84, Senate. Another effort was made in Congress for this eminently desirable measure in 1881. The bill introduced by Senator John W. Johnston, of Virginia, passed the Senate, but for some reason failed in the House of Representatives.]

[299] [While these two volumes were yet in his possession, Mr. Jefferson, in a letter to Colonel Hugh P. Taylor, dated October 4, 1823, says, that the volumes came to him with the Library of Colonel Richard Bland, which Mr. Jefferson had purchased,—Colonel Bland having borrowed them of the Westover Library, and never returned them. (See H. A. Washington’s ed. of Jefferson’s Writings, vii. 312.) Colonel Bland died in October, 1776. A duplicate set of these Records (transcripts made in Virginia some hundred and fifty years ago) are now in the possession of Conway Robinson, Esq., of Richmond. They were deposited with him by Judge William Leigh, one of the executors of John Randolph of Roanoke, in whose library they were found after his death, in 1833, where they were inspected and described by the late Hugh Blair Grigsby, before the dispersion of the library at a later period. (Letters of Conway Robinson and H. B. Grigsby to Mr. Deane). These Randolph-Leigh-Robinson volumes were examined by Mr. Deane in Richmond, in April, 1872, just after he had inspected the Byrd-Stith-Jefferson copy in the Law Library in Washington.—ED.]

[300] [Mr. Neill has published numerous notes on early Virginia history in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., namely, “English maids for Virginia,” 1876, p. 410; “Transportation of Homeless Children,” 1876, p. 414; “Lotteries,” 1877, p. 21; “Daniel Gookin of Virginia,” 1877, p. 267 (see also i. 345; ii. 167; Paige’s Cambridge, 563, and Terra Mariæ, 76).—ED.]

[301] [Colonel Aspinwall collected during his long consulship at Liverpool a valuable American library, of about four thousand volumes (771 titles), which in 1863 was sold to Samuel L. M. Barlow, Esq., of New York, but all except about five hundred of the rarest volumes which Mr. Barlow had taken possession of were burned in that city in 1864. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. xv. 2. This collection was described in a catalogue (a few copies privately printed), Bibliotheca Barlowiana, compiled by Henri Harrisse.—ED.]

[302] John Pory’s lively account of excursions among the Indians is given in Smith’s Generall Historie. Neill, N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. 1875, p. 296, thinks that George Ruggles was the author of several of the early tracts in Force’s Tracts. See Neill’s Virginia Company, p. 362.

[303] [The history of the dividing line (1728) between Virginia and North Carolina is found in William Byrd’s Westover MSS., printed in Petersburg in 1841. It shows how successive royal patents diminished the patent rights of Virginia. See Virginia Hist. Reg. i. and iv. 77; Williamson’s North Carolina, App.—ED.]

[304] A copy of this portion of the Records, collated with the original by Mr. Sainsbury, is in the library of the present writer. The other papers of this 1874 volume included a list of the living and dead in 1623, a Brief Declaration of the Plantation during the first twelve years (already mentioned), the census of 1634, etc.

[305] [The Speaker’s Report of their doings to the Company in England was printed in the New York Hist. Coll. in 1857. See also on these proceedings the Antiquary, London, July, 1881.—ED.]

[306] [There is a copy in Harvard College Library; Rich (1832), no. 133, £2 2_s._; Brinley, nos. 3,739-40. It was reprinted in Force’s Tracts, vol. iii. no. 5. Mr. Deane, True Relation, p. xli, examines the conflicting accounts as to the number of persons constituting the first immigration.—ED.]

[307] [The vexed question as to how far the convict class made part of the early comers is discussed in Jones’s ed. Hakluyt’s Divers Voyages, p. 10; Index to Remembrancia, 1519-1664, with citations in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. xvii. 297; Aspinwall Papers, i. 1, note; E. D. Neill, English Colonization in North America, p. 171, and his “Virginia as a Penal Colony,” in Hist. Mag., May, 1869. “It would be wholly wrong, however, to suppose that immigrants of this sort were a controlling element,” says Lodge in his English Colonies, p. 66; and this is now the general opinion.—ED.]

[308] Bishop Meade’s Old Churches and Families of Virginia, 2 vols. 8º, 1855, Slaughter’s History of St. Mark’s Parish, Culpeper County, 1877, and Bristol Parish, Dinwiddie County, 2d edition, 1879, and the files of the Richmond Standard may be referred to for purposes of genealogical investigation.

[309] A transcript of this “Register” is in the hands of the present writer for preparation for publication, with an Introduction, Notes, and Indices.

[310] A second volume, continuing the series, has been published the present year (1882). An Introduction in vol. i. recounts the losses to which the archives have been subjected, and enumerates the resources still remaining.

[311] Chapter vi.

[312] This iconoclastic view was also sustained by Mr. E. D. Neill in chapter v. of his Virginia Company in London, 1869, which was also printed separately, and in chapter iv. of his English Colonization in America. He goes farther than Mr. Deane, and, following implicitly Strachey’s statement of an earlier marriage for Pocahontas, he impugns other characters than Smith’s, and repeats the imputations in his Virginia and Virginiola, p. 20. There is a paper on the marriage of Pocahontas, by Wyndham Robertson, in the Virginia Historical Reporter, vol. ii. part i. (1860), p. 67. (Cf. Field’s Indian Bibliography, p. 383.) See Neill’s view pushed to an extreme in Hist. Mag. xvii. 144. A writer in the Virginia Hist. Reg. iv. 37, undertook to show that Kokoum and Rolfe were the same. Matthew S. Henry, in a letter dated Philadelphia, Sept. 11, 1857, written to Dr. Wm. P. Palmer, then Corresponding Secretary of the Virginia Historical Society, gives us the Lenni Lenape signification of Kakoom or Kokoum, as “‘to come from somewhere else,’ as we would say, ‘a foreigner.’”

[313] [See Maxwell’s Hist. Reg. ii., 189; and a note to the earlier part of this chapter. Her story is likely still to be told with all the old embellishment. See Prof. Schele de Vere’s Romance of American History, 1872, ch. iii. A piece of sculpture in the Capitol at Washington depicts the apocryphal scene. W. G. Simms urges her career as the subject for historical painting (Verses and Reviews). She figures in more than one historical romance: J. Davis’s First Settlers of Virginia, New York, 1805-6, and again, Philadelphia, 1817, with the more definite title of Captain Smith and the Princess Pocahontas; Samuel Hopkins, Youth of the Old Dominion. There are other works of fiction, prose and verse, bearing on Pocahontas and her father, by Seba Smith, L. H. Sigourney, M. W. Moseby, R. D. Owens, O. P. Hillar, etc.—ED.]

[314] [See an earlier note on her descendants.—ED.]

[315] Its place is sometimes supplied by a fac-simile engraved for W. Richardson’s Granger’s Portraits, 1792-96. The original Mataoka or Pocahontas picture was neither in the Brinley, the Medlicott, nor the Menzies copies, and is not in the Harvard College, Dowse, Deane, or in most of the known copies.

The Crowninshield copy (Catalogue, no. 992) had the original plate; and that copy, after going to England, came back to America as the property of Dr. Charles G. Barney, of Virginia, and at the sale of his library in New York in 1870 it brought $247.50; but it is understood that it returned to his own shelves. The Carter-Brown (1632) edition, the Barlow large-paper copy, and one copy at least in the Lenox Library have it.

[316] There exists at Heacham Hall, Norfolk, the seat of the Rolfes, a portrait thought to be of Henry, the son of Pocahontas. This is the painting mentioned by error in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. xiii. 425, as of Pocahontas.

[317] Grigsby’s authority for his statements was the son of Sully, who also painted an ideal portrait of Pocahontas. Copies of a picture of Pocahontas by Thomas Sully, and of another painted by R. M. Sully are in the Collections of the Virginia Historical Society, and it is palpable that they are both mere fanciful representations. The original of the picture which was at Cobb’s, the writer was informed by the late Hon. John Robertson, a descendant of Pocahontas, represented “a stout blonde English woman,”—a description which does not agree with the picture by Robert M. Sully purporting to be a copy.

The late Charles Campbell, author of a History of Virginia, stated that Thomas Sully was allowed to take the original from Cobb’s (it being little valued), and that after cleaning it he altered the features and complexion to his own fancy. Of the picture by Thomas Sully he states: “The portrait I painted and presented to the Historical Society of Virginia was copied, in part, from the portrait of Pocahontas in the ‘Indian Gallery,’ published by Daniel Rice and Z. Clark. In my opinion the copy by my nephew [Robert M. Sully] is best entitled to authenticity.”

[318] There is a copy in Harvard College Library; Rich (1832), no. 165, priced it at £2 2_s._

[319] [Force copied from the Richmond Inquirer of September 1804, where Jefferson had printed it from a copy in his possession. Another copy was followed in the Virginia Evangelical and Literary Magazine in 1820, which is the source from which it was again printed in the Virginia Hist. Reg., iii. 61, 621.—ED.]

[320] [See an earlier note.—Ed.]

[321] [See N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. 1861, p. 320, and Massachusetts Archives, Colonial, 1, 475; Democratic Review, vii. 243, 453. For the later historians see Bancroft’s History of the United States, vol. ii. ch. 14, and Centenary Edition, vol. i. ch. 20; Gay’s Popular History of the United States, ii. 296; and the memoir of Bacon by William Ware in Sparks’s American Biography, vol. xiii.

Articles of peace were signed by John West and the native kings, May 29, 1677 (Brinley Catalogue, 5484.)

Mrs. Aphra Behn made the events rather distantly the subject of a drama, The Widdow Ranter; and in our day St. George Tucker based his novel of Hansford upon them. See Sabin, ii. 4372.—ED.

[322] In 1722 the book was reissued in London, revised and enlarged as the author had left it, and this edition is now worth £10 10_s._ It was again reprinted in 1855, edited by Charles Campbell. (Sabin, vol. ii.; Brinley, 3719; Muller, 1877, no. 318, etc.) Jones’s Present State of Virginia, 1724, may also be noted.

[323] [Thomas Hollis wrote in the copy of Keith which he sent to Harvard College in 1768, “The Society, the glorious society, instituted in London for promoting Learning, having existed but a little while, through scrubness of the times, no other than PART I. of this history was published, and it is very scarce.”—ED.]

[324] [Some claim to be printed in London in 1753; the copy in Harvard College Library is of this 1753 imprint; see Hist. Mag. i. 59, and ii. 61 (where it is asserted that only the title is of new make), and the bibliographical note which Sabin added to his reprint of Stith in 1865, where he describes three varieties. There is a collation in the Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,796, not agreeing with either; cf. Hist. Mag. ii. 184, and North American Review, October, 1866, p. 605.—ED.]

[325] [Adams, Manual of Historical Literature, 557; Hist. Mag. i. 27; Field, Indian Bibliography, no. 1,502; Tyler, American Literature, ii. 280; Allibone, ii. 2264; article by William Green in Southern Literary Messenger, September, 1863.—ED.]

[326] See Charles Campbell’s Memoir of John Daly Burk, 1868.

[327] Sabin, iii. 9273.

[328] [C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature, 557; Potter’s American Monthly, December, 1876, the year of Campbell’s death.—ED.]

[329] [See this map in chapter i.—ED.]

[330] [The French explorations will be treated, and the illustrative maps will be given, in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[331] Lane, in 1585, heard of houses covered with plates of metal. Hakluyt, iii. 258. Others repeated similar stories about other places.

[332] Dee’s Diary in the Publications of the Camden Society.

[333] [See chap. iv.—ED.]

[334] [See chapter iv.—ED.]

[335] It should be noted that Robert Salterne, who was with Pring at Plymouth, soon after took Orders in the Church of England. This leads to the conjecture that public worship may have been conducted at Plymouth in 1603; though the subject is not referred to.

[336] [See chap. ix. of Vol. IV—ED.]

[337] [These transactions of the French will be noted in detail in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[338] [This is counting Pring as the first, not usually reckoned such however, and Champlain as the second. See the Critical Essay.—ED.]

[339] [A heliotype of this map, somewhat reduced, is given at page 198. It is the second of the ten different states of the plate. See Memorial History of Boston, i. 54; and the Critical Essay—ED.]

[340] Gorges’ Brief Narrative, ch. xv. [The map made during the Raleigh voyage of 1585, now with the original drawings of De Bry’s pictures in the British Museum, shows a strait at Port Royal leading to an extended sea, like Verrazano’s, at the west. We have been allowed by Dr. Edward Eggleston to examine a photograph of this map.—ED.]

[341] [See chapter viii.—ED.]

[342] [See editorial note, A, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[343] On the signification of this word see “The Lost City of New England” in Magazine of American History, i. no. 1, and printed separately. The most notable monograph that has appeared in connection with the general subject is that by M. Eugène Beauvois, entitled, La Norambegue. Découverte d’une quatrième colonie Pré-Colombienne dans le Nouveau Monde. Bruxelles, 1880, pp. 27-32. This very learned author labors with great ingenuity to prove that the word is of old northern origin, and that by a variety of transformations, which he seeks to explain, it means Norrœnbygda, or the country of Norway; and that, consequently, it must be regarded as showing the early occupation of the region by Scandinavians. [Cf. also the paper by the same author on “Le Markland et l’Escociland,” in Congrès des Américanistes; Compte rendu, 1877, i. 224.—ED.] To the claim that the word is of Indian origin we may oppose the statement in Thevet’s Cosmographie (ii. 1009), evidently derived by that mendacious writer from an early navigator, to the effect that, while the Europeans called the country Norumbega, the savages called it Aggoncy. Father Vetromile reported that he found an Indian who knew the word Nolumbega, meaning “still water;” yet he does not say whether he recognized it as an aboriginal or an imported word. [Vetromile, History of the Abnakis, New York, 1866, p. 49; and assented to by Murphy, Verrazano, p. 38. Father Vetromile says in a letter: “In going with Indians in a canoe along the Penobscot, when we arrived at some large sheet of water after a rapid or narrow passage, men would say Nolumbeghe.” Dr. Ballard, in a manuscript, says the coast Indians in our day have called it Nah-rah-bĕ-gek.—ED.]

[344] See his account in vol. iii. p. 129 of The Principal Navigations, voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries of the English Nation made by Sea or overland, to the remote and farthest distant quarters of the Earth at any time within the compasse of these 1600 yeeres: Divided into three severall Volumes, according to the positions of the Regions whereunto they were directed, etc., etc. By Richard Hakluyt, Master of Arts, and sometime Student of Christ-Church in Oxford. Imprinted at London by George Bishop, Ralph Newberie, and Robert Barker, 1598; in three volumes folio, the third, relating to America, printed in 1600. [This edition was reprinted (325 copies) with care in 1809-12 by George Woodfall, edited by R. H. Evans, and the reprint is now so scarce that it brings £20 to £30. Such parts of Hakluyt’s earlier edition of 1589, as he had omitted in the new edition (1598-1600), were reinserted by Evans, and the completed reprint including other narratives “chiefly published by Hakluyt or at his suggestion,” is extended to five volumes. See an account of the earlier publications of Hakluyt in the note following this chapter.—ED.]

[345] See Purchas His Pilgrimes, iii. 809.

[346] Bowen’s Complete System of Geography, two vols. folio, London, 1747, vol. ii. p. 686, where reference is made to Cape Lorembec. See also Charlevoix’s reference to Cap de Lorembec, in Shea’s edition, v. 284; also some modern maps.

[347] Descripcion de las Indias ocidentales de Antonio de Herrera, etc. 1601, dec. ii. lib. v. c. 3.

[348] This pilot has also been taken for Verrazano, said by Ramusio to have been killed and eaten by the savages on this coast. See also Biddle’s Memoir of Sebastian Cabot, second edition, London, 1832, p. 272. See also Brevoort’s Verrazano the Navigator, p. 147 [and Mr. Deane’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]

[349] Hakluyt, 111, 500.

[350] In 1525 the “Mary of Guilford,” 160 tons, and one year old, was reserved for the King’s use. Manuscripts of Henry VIII. iv. 752. “John Rutt” was at one time master of the “Gabryll Royall.” In 1513 he was master of the “Lord Sturton,” with a crew of 250 men; and, in April of the same year, master of the “Great Galley,” 700 tons, John Hoplin being captain. Ibid., under “Ships.”

[351] Hakluyt, iii. 208; and De Costa’s Northmen in Maine, a Critical Examination, etc.,—Albany, 1870, p. 43,—[in refutation of the arguments of Kohl in his Discovery of Maine, p. 281, who contends for Rut’s exploration.—ED.]

[352] Folio, 557. A copy of the manuscript is preserved in the British Museum, Sloane manuscripts, 1447, and one is also in the Bodleian, Tanner manuscripts, 79. They present no substantial variations. Hakluyt accepts the relation in his “Discourse,” 2 Maine Hist. Coll. ii. 115-220, [but his editor, Charles Deane, thinks it “has all the air of a romance or fiction.” The Sloane copy was followed by P. C. T. Weston, who privately printed it in his Documents Connected with the History of South Carolina, London, 1856 (121 copies), with the following title: “The Land Travels of Davyd Ingram and others in the years 1568-69 from the Rio de Minas in the Gulph of Mexico to Cape Breton in Acadia.” A manuscript copy in the Sparks Collection (Catalogue, App. No. 30) is called “Relaçon of Davyd Ingram of things which he did see in Travellinge by lande for [from?] the moste northerlie pte of the Baye of Mexico throughe a greate pte of Ameryca untill within fivetye leagues of Cape Britton.” Mr. Sparks has endorsed it: “Many parts of this narrative are incredible, so much as to throw a distrust over the whole.”—ED.

[353] Purchas, iv. 1179. Ingram’s reference to Elephants reminds the reader of the Lions of the Plymouth colonists (Dexter’s Mourt, p. 75). In this connection consult the Rare Travailes of Job Hortop, who was put ashore with Ingram, being twenty-two years in reaching England. Cabeça de Vaca, who came to America with Narvaez in 1528, was six years in captivity, and spent twenty months in his travels to escape. At this period there were Indian trails in all directions for thousands of miles; on these Ingram and his companions travelled. See, for the Indian trails, Maine Hist. Coll., v. 326.

[354] [The Sloane text, according to Weston, has a blank for the name of this river.—ED.]

[355] Nouvelle France, p. 598.

[356] Œuvres, iii. 22.

[357] Hakluyt, iii. 283. [See also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[358] Williamson’s History of North Carolina, i. 53.

[359] Hawks, History of North Carolina, i. 196., ed. 1857.

[360] Archæologia Americana, iv. 11; and Colonial State Papers, i., under August 12, 1585.

[361] Calendar of Colonial State Papers, i. no. 2.

[362] [His patent is in Hakluyt, iii. 174, and in Hazard, i. 24.—ED.]

[363] [See chapter iii. in the present volume, for notices of earlier parts of Gilbert’s career. J. Wingate Thornton points out his pedigree in “The Gilbert Family,” in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., July, 1850, p. 223. In the same place, July, 1859, is one of Gilbert’s last letters (from the state-paper office), with an autograph signature which is copied in a later note.—ED.]

[364] See Richard Clarke’s narrative of “The Voyage for the discovery of Norumbega, 1583,” in Hakluyt, iii. 163; [and Edward Haies’s account of the voyage of 1583, Ibid., iii. 143, and also in E. J. Payne’s Voyages of Elizabethan Seamen, London, 1880, p. 175. Soon after Haies, in the “Golden Hind,” reached England, after seeing Gilbert, in the “Squirrel,” disappear, A True Reporte of the late Discoveries (London, 1583) came out, purporting on the titlepage to be by Gilbert; but Hakluyt, who reprinted it in 1589 and 1600, interpreted the initials G. P., of the Dedication, as those of Sir George Peckham, who had in his tract urged another attempt under Gilbert’s patent, as Captain Carlyle had done in his discourse just before Gilbert sailed, which was also reprinted in Hakluyt. See also Hakluyt’s Westerne Planting, ed. by Deane, p. 201; George Dexter’s First Voyage of Gilbert, p. 4. The Rev. Abiel Holmes, D.D., printed in Mass. Hist. Coll., ix. 49, a memoir of Parmenius the Hungarian, who went down in Gilbert’s largest ship.—ED.]

[365] Principal Navigations, iii. 246. [Also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[366] Ibid., iii. 193.

[367] A Briefe and true Relation of the Discouerie of the North part of Virginia; being a most pleasant, fruitfull, and commodious Soile. Made this present yeare, 1602, by Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold, Captaine Bartholomew Gilbert, and divers other gentlemen their associats, by the permission of the honourable Knight, Sir Walter Ralegh, etc. Written by Mr. IOHN BRERETON, one of the voyage. Whereunto is annexed a Treatise of Mr. EDWARD HAYES. 4º, London. Geor. Bishop, 1602.

[Of Brereton’s book there are copies in Harvard College Library (imperfect) and in Mr. S. L. M. Barlow’s collection. One in the Brinley sale, No. 280, was bought for $800 by Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch of New York.

This narrative is followed in Strachey’s Historie of Travaile, book ii. ch. 6. Thornton in notes c and d to his speech “Colonial Schemes of Popham and Gorges,” at the Popham celebration, enumerates the evidences of the intended permanency of Gosnold’s settlement.

The site of Gosnold’s fort on Cuttyhunk was identified in 1797 (see Belknap’s American Biography), and again in 1817 (North American Review, v. 313) and 1848 (Thornton’s Cape Anne, p. 21).—ED.]

[368] 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. viii. This reprint was made from a manuscript copy sent from England by Colonel Aspinwall. Proceedings, ii. 116.

[369] Purchas his Pilgrimes, iv. 1651; also in 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. [A French translation of the accounts of Gosnold’s and Pring’s voyages appeared at Amsterdam, in 1715, in Bernard’s Receuil de Voiages au Nord; and in 1720, in Relations de la Louisiane, etc.—Sabin’s Dictionary, ii. p. 102.—ED.]

[370] [This Versameling was issued in 1706-7 at Leyden in two forms, octavo and folio, from the same type, the octavo edition giving the voyages chronologically, the folio, by nations. It was reissued with a new title in 1727. Muller, Books on America, 1872, no. 1887; and 1877, no. 1. Sabin, Dictionary, i. 3.—ED.]

[371] This subject was first brought to the attention of students by a paper on “Gosnold and Pring,” read before the New England Historic Genealogical Society [by B. F. De Costa], portions of which were printed in the Society’s Register, 1878, p. 76. This shows the connection between the voyage of Gosnold and the letter of Verrazano. See also, “Cabo de Baxos, or the place of Cape Cod in the old Cartology,” in the Register, January, 1881 [by Dr. De Costa], and the reprint, revised. New York: T. Whittaker, 1881. Also Belknap’s American Biography, ii. 123.

[372] “New England was originally a Part of that Tract Stiled North-Virginia, extending from Norimbegua (as the old Geographers called all the continent beyond South-Virginia) to Florida, and including also New York, Jersey, Pensylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina. Though Sir Walter Raleigh’s Adventures and Sir Francis Drake’s were ashore in this Country, yet we find nothing very material or satisfactory either as to its Discovery or its Trade, till the Voyage made hither in 1602 by Captain Gosnold, who, having had some Notion of the Country from Sir Francis Drake, was the first Navigator who made any considerable Stay here, where he made a small Settlement, built a fort, and raised a Platform for six Guns.”—Bowen’s Complete System of Geography, London, 1747, ii. 666. [There is a long note on the landfall of Gosnold on the Maine coast, in Poor’s Vindication of Gorges, p. 30.—ED.]

[373] The relation of Pring’s voyage is derived from Purchas, iv. 1654 and v. 829, where it is attributed to Pring himself. [It should be noted that the identifying of Whitson Harbor with the modern Plymouth was first brought forward by Dr. De Costa in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., January, 1878. It has generally been held that Pring doubled Cape Cod, and reached what is now Edgartown Harbor in Martha’s Vineyard, or some roadstead in that region. Such is the opinion of Bancroft, i., cent. ed., 90; Palfrey, i. 78; Barry, i. 12; and Bryant and Gay, i. 266—all these following the lead of Belknap.—ED.]

[374] Voyages and Travels, London, 1742, ii. 222. See on Raleigh’s Patent, Palfrey’s New England, i. 81, note. [Also chapter iv. of the present volume.—ED.]

[375] Divers voyages touching the discouerie of America and the Islands adiacent vnto the same, made first of all by our Englishmen, and afterwards by the Frenchmen and Britons, etc., etc. Imprinted at London for Thomas Woodcocke, dwelling in paules Church-Yard, at the signe of the blacke beare, 1582. [See further in the note following this chapter.—ED.]

[376] The Principall Navigations, Voiages, and Discoveries of the English Nation, made by Sea or over Land, to the most remote and fartherest distant quarters of the Earth, etc. Imprinted at London by George Bishop and Ralph Newberie, Deputies to Christopher Barker, Printer to the Queenes most excellent Maiestie, 1589. See further in the note following this chapter.—ED.

[377] Virginia richly valued, By the description of the maine land of Florida, her next neighbor, etc., etc. London, 1609.

[378] [See Editorial note, B, at the end of this chapter, and the chapter on “The Cabots.”—ED.]

[379] Hakluyt of Yatton. See Divers Voyages, ed. 1850, p. v. note.

[380] American Biography, ii. 135.

[381] Mr. McKeene in the Maine Hist. Coll., v. 307; Hist. Mag., i. 112.

[382] Maine Hist. Coll., vi. 291.

[383] Memorial Volume, published by the Maine Historical Society, p. 301. Other writers have treated the subject, or touched upon it in passing, and some from time to time have changed ground,—one blunder leading to another.

[Belknap had employed a well-known Massachusetts navigator, Captain John Foster Williams, to track the coast with an abstract of Rosier’s journal in hand. His theory, even of late years, has had some supporters like William Willis, in Maine Hist. Coll., v. 346. R. K. Sewall in his Ancient Dominions of Maine, 1859, and Hist. Mag., i. 188, follow McKeene; as does Dr. De Costa himself in the Introduction to his Voyage to Sagadahoc, and General Chamberlain in his Maine, her place in History. George Prince was the first to advocate the George’s River, and his views were furthered by David Cushman in the same volume of the Maine Hist. Coll. Prince, in 1860, reprinted Rosier’s Narrative, still presenting his view in notes to it.

This essay by Prince incited Cyrus Eaton, a local historian (whose story has been told touchingly by John L. Sibley in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xiii. 438), to the writing of his History of Thomaston, Rockland, and South Thomaston, which he published at the age of eighty-one years, having prepared it under the disadvantage of total blindness. In this (ch. ii.) the theory of George’s River is sustained, as also in Johnson’s Bristol, Bremen, and Pemaquid, and in Bancroft. See p. 218.

More recent explorations to ascertain Waymouth’s anchorage are chronicled in the Boston Daily Advertiser, Aug. 23, 1879, and June 11, 1881.—ED.]

[384] The writer has two sketches of the mountains as seen from Monhegan; yet the Maine Hist. Coll., vi. 295, inform the reader that “the White Mountains with an elevation above the level of the sea of 6,600 feet, being distant 110 miles, could not on account of the curvature of the earth be seen from the deck of the “Archangel,” even with a naked eye.”

[385] 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 122.

[386] The Historie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia; expressing the cosmographie and comodities of the country, togither with the manners and customes of the people, gathered and observed as well by those who went first thither, as collected by William Strachey, Gent. Edited by R. H. Major for the Hakluyt Society, London, 1849. p. 159.

[387] Œuvres, iii. 74. “Il nous dit qu’il y auoit un vaisseau à dix lieues du port, qui faisoit pesche de poisson, & que ceux de dedans auoient tué cinq sauuages d’icelle riuiere, soubs ombre amitié: & selon la façon qu’il nous despeignoit les gens du vaisseau, nous les lugeasmes estre Anglois, & nommasmes l’isle où ils estoient la nef: pour ce que de loing elle en auoit le semblance.”

[388] A True Relation of the most prosperous voyage made this present yeare, 1605, by Captaine George Waymouth, in the Discouery of the Land of Virginia: where he discouered 60 miles of a most excellent River; together with a most fertile land. Written by Iames Rosier, a Gentleman employed in the voyage. Londini, Impensis Geor. Bishop, 1605. [The copy of this tract in the Brinley sale, no. 280, was bought by Mr. C. H. Kalbfleisch, of New York, for $800. There are other copies in the New York Historical Society’s Library and in the private collection of Mr. S. L. M. Barlow.—ED.]

[389] Purchas, iv. 1659.

[390] 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 125. Mr. Sparks procured a transcript of the Grenville copy, and this was used by the printer in this reprint.

[391] Pilgrimage, London, 1614, p. 756.

[392] A Brief Relation of the Discovery and Plantation of New England, London, 1622, pp. 2-4.

[393] Generall Historie of New England, London, 1624, pp. 203-4.

[394] Sir Ferdinando Gorges’ Briefe Narration of the Originall Undertakings of the advancement of plantations into the parts of America, especially showing the beginning, progress, and continuance of that of New England, London, 1658, pp. 8-10. When first published, Sir Ferdinando had been dead some years, and his grandson, Ferdinando Gorges, Esq., included it in a general work, America Painted to the Life, etc.

[395] Fourth Series, i. 219.

[396] Maine Hist. Coll., iii. 286, with an introduction by W. S. Bartlet.

[397] A Relation of a Voyage to Sagadahoc, now first printed from the original manuscript in the Lambeth Palace Library, edited with preface, notes, and appendix, by the Rev. B. F. De Costa. Cambridge, John Wilson & Son, University Press, 1880. [The Preface reviews the story of the settlement; and the Appendix reprints the extracts from Gorges, Smith, Purchas, and Alexander, from which, previous to the publication of Strachey’s account, all knowledge of the colony was derived.—ED.]

[398] Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xviii. (1880-1881) 82, 117.

[399] Smith’s Generall Historie, p. 203.

[400] [The literary history of this controversy is traced more minutely in the Editorial note C, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[401] [The Gorges papers, which might prove so valuable, have not been discovered. Dr. Woods examined some called such, in Sir Thomas Phillipps’s collection, but they proved unimportant. Hakluyt, Westerne Planting, Introduction, p. xx. The grant from James I. to Gorges, April 10, 1606, covering the coast from 34° to 45° north latitude, and which was afterwards the cause of not a little controversy with the Massachusetts colonists, is given in Hazard’s Historical Collections, i. 442, and in Poor’s Vindication of Gorges, p. 110.—ED.]

[402] See Nova Britannia, London, 1609, p. 1, no. vi., p. 11, in Force’s Tracts, vol. i.

[403] It should also be observed that Captain John Mason says: “Certain Hollanders began a trade, about 1621, upon the coast of New England, between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay, in 40° north latitude, granted to Sir Walter Raleigh in 1584, and afterwards confirmed and divided by agreement by King James, in 1606. The plantations in Virginia have been settled about forty years; in New England about twenty-five years. The Hollanders came as interlopers between the two, and have published a map of the coast between Virginia and Cape Cod, with the title of “New Netherlands.” Calendar of State-papers (Colonial), 1574, p. 166, by Sainsbury, London, 1860, p. 143, under April 2 (1632?). Mason is in error respecting the beginning of the Dutch trade, which was in 1598.

[404] For studies and speculations concerning Sabino, Monhegan, Penobscot, and other names found in Maine, see Dr. Ballard in the Report of the United States Coast Survey, 1848, p. 243. Also Williamson’s History of Maine, i. 61, and the Rev. Dr. Henry Martyn Dexter’s edition of Mourt’s Relation, p. 83. [See Dr. Ballard on the location of Sasanoa’s River in Hist. Mag., xiii. 164.—ED.]

[405] Published by the Hakluyt Society in their volume edited by Asher, and entitled Henry Hudson the Navigator, London, 1860, p. 45. See also Read’s Historical Inquiry concerning Henry Hudson, etc., 1866, with the Sailing Directions of Henry Hudson, prepared for his use in 1608, from the Old Danish of Ivar Bardsen, with an introduction and notes; also a dissertation on the Discovery of the Hudson River, by B. F. De Costa, Albany, Joel Munsell, 1869. Also, Petitot’s Memoires, vol. xx. 141, 232, 421. [See further in ch. x. of the present volume.—ED.]

[406] Purchas, iv. 1758 and 1664.

[407] Purchas, iv. 1827.

[408] Brief Narration, c. xiv. See also Pinkerton’s Voyages, xiii. 206.

[409] See Biard’s Letter in Carayon’s Première Mission, p. 62.

[410] Relations des Jésuites, Quebec, 1858, 3 vols., vol. i. p. 44.

[411] Colonial State Papers, 1574, vol. i. articles 18 and 25, 1613.

[412] For authorities see Champlain’s Œuvres, iii. 17; also, Lescarbot’s Nouvelle France, ed. 1618, lib. iv. c. 13. A translation of the narrative of Father Biard is given in Scenes in the Isle of Mount Desert, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1869. [Further accounts of these proceedings will be given in Vol. IV. of the present history.—ED.]

[413] See A Description of New England: or The Observations and Discoueries of Captain Iohn Smith (Admirall of that Country), in the North of America, in the year of our Lord 1614: with the successe of sixe Ships that went out the next yeare, 1615, and the accidents befell him among the French men of Warre: with the proofe of the present benefit this countrey affoords, whither this present yeare, 1616, eight voluntary ships are gone to make further Tryall. At London printed by Humfrey Lownes for Robert Clerke; and are to be sould at his house called the Lodge, in Chancery lane, ouer against Lincolnes Inne, 1616. Also The Generall Historie of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles ... from their first beginning An^o. 1584, to the present, 1626. London, 1632. [See note D, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[414] Brief Narration, in Maine Hist. Coll., ii. 27, and Dexter’s Mourt’s Relation, p. 86.

[415] Generall Historie.

[416] Bradford’s Plimouth Plantation in 4 Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 95. Mourt’s Relation says that Hunt took seven Indians from Cape Cod. Dexter’s Mourt’s Relation, p. 86. Dermer says that Squanto was captured in Maine.

[417] See the Hakluyt Society’s publication, edited by Markham, The Hawkins Voyages, 1878.

[418] See the letter in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1874, p. 248; and the Cotton Manuscripts, British Museum. Also Neill’s Colonization, p. 91.

[419] Gorges in Brief Narration, ch. xiv., and New England’s Trials, p. 11, in Force’s Tracts. Briefe Relation of the President and Council, Purchas, iv. 1830; also in 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., i. Prince’s New England Chronology, Boston, 1736, p. 64, and Dermer’s letter in 2 New York Hist. Coll., i. 350.

[420] Doc. Hist. of New York, i. [This is a map “Della nuova Belgia è parte della nuova Anglia,” of which a portion is given in fac-simile in chapter ix. of the present volume. The editor of the Doc. Hist. gives no clew to its origin, but it can be traced to Carta II., in Robert Dudley’s Dell Arcano del Mare, Firenze, 1647.—ED.] See, on the tourists in the New World, Verrazano the Explorer, p. 65.

[421] [It may be worth mentioning that the map in the Libro di Benedetto Bordone, 1528, gives “Norbegia” as the form of the name. Carter-Brown Catalogue, no. 91. The matter will be further considered in connection with the French explorers in another volume.—ED.]

[422] [It is described in the Catalogue of the MS. Maps, etc., in the British Museum, 1844, i. 23; and map no. 17 shows the east coast of North America from 6° N. to 51° N.; and no. 20, both hemispheres. Malte Brun describes it in his Histoire de la Géographie, Ed. Huot., i. 631.—ED.]

[423] [See further on this map in the chapter on “The Cabots,” where a fac-simile is given.—ED.]

[424] This map embraces the country from Newfoundland to Florida, showing a part of the Gulf of Mexico. It is found in a collection of eleven beautifully executed maps, bound in one large volume, preserved in the British Museum. [Cf. Kohl’s Maps, Charts, etc., mentioned in Hakluyt, 1857, p. 16; and Collinson’s Frobisher’s Voyages, published by the Hakluyt Society.—ED.] See Verrazano the Explorer, New York, 1880, p. 56. This map shows the Euripi of Nicholas of Lynn. See Inventio Fortunata.

[425] The Private Diary of John Dee, edited by Halliwell, and published by the Camden Society, 1842, P. 5. [This diary is written on the margins of old almanacs, which were discovered in the Ashmolean Museum. Halliwell calls Disraeli’s account of Dee, in his Amenities of Literature, correct and able. Winsor’s Halliwelliana, p. 5.—ED.]

[426] [It measures 3¾ by 2¼ inches; and is carefully drawn on vellum, and accompanied by another, sketchily drawn, of the same date. Catalogue of MS. Maps, etc., in the British Museum, 1844, i. 30.—ED.]

[427] Dee’s Diary, p. 16, and Hakluyt, iii.

[428] [We can only regret that Gilbert’s “cardes and plats that were drawn with the due gradation of the harbours, bayes, and capes, did perish with the admirall.” Haies in Hakluyt.—ED.]

[429] See reproduction in the Historical and Geographical Notes of Henry Stevens, 1869, and another in chapter i. of the present volume. [A fac-simile has also been separately issued in London, worth about thirty shillings. The map, which is a considerable advance on earlier maps and shows the English tracks down to about 1584, is dedicated to Hakluyt by F. G. (initials which have so far concealed the true name), and is so rarely found in copies that its presence more than doubles the value of the book, which without it may be put at eight guineas. Fifty years ago a good copy with a genuine map was not worth more than four guineas,—now twenty guineas. Rich’s Catalogue, 1632, No. 68. The Carter-Brown Catalogue, No. 370, does not show the map.—ED.]

[430] Atlas zur Entdeckungsgeschichte Amerikas, by Kunstmann and others, Munich, 1859, Plate xiii. [The original is said, in Markham’s Davis’s Voyages, p. 361, to be preserved in Dudley’s own copy of the Arcano del Mare, at Florence. The large map of 1593 in Historiarum Indicarum Libri xvi. Maffeii, also gives place to Norumbega; as does Wytfliet’s edition of Ptolemy, 1597. The Speculum Orbis-terrarum of Cornelius de Judaeis, published at Antwerp, 1593, has a map, “Americæ pars borealis, Florida, Baccalaos, Canada, Corterealis.” The German edition of Acosta, 1598, gives a map of Norumbega and Virginia, making them continuous. Carter-Brown Catalogue, nos. 517, 520.—ED.]

[431] Preserved in the Library of the Middle Temple. A tracing is in possession of the writer, from which a sketch of a section is given in note E, following this chapter.

[432] [See note F, at the end of this chapter.—ED.]

[433] See Cabo de Baxos, or the Place of Cape Cod, in the old Cartology, by B. F. De Costa, New York, 1881, p. 7.

[The Editor dissents from the views given in this elaborate tract and adopted in the text of the present chapter; and thinks that Cape Cod, and not Sandy Hook, is the conspicuous peninsula which appears on the early maps. In the general coast-line Cape Cod is a protuberant angle, while Sandy Hook is in the bight of a bay which forms an entering angle, and, unlike Cape Cod, is of no significance in relation to the trend of the continental shore. There is the least difficulty, in the matter of the bearings of one point from another, with considering this feature to be Cape Cod; and we must remember that the compass was the only instrument of tolerable precision which the early navigators had, and its records are the only ones to be depended upon. It is accordingly never safe to discard the record of it, unless under strong convictions as to a misreading of its evidence. The Editor does not receive such convictions from the moderate variations of latitude, which often were one or two degrees or even more out of the way in the old maps; nor from the coast names, which by no means were constant in position, and were not infrequently sadly confused and made to appear more than once under translated forms. The process of copying such from antecedent maps was far more liable to error than the transmission of the general direction and the sinuosities of the coast line. The cartographers sometimes scattered names, seemingly for little purpose but to fill up spaces. Coast names, before settlements were fixed, were of the utmost delusiveness, except sometimes in the case of isolated features, not to be confounded.—ED.]

[434] [See vol. iv. of this present work.—ED.]

[435] On the variations found in ten different impressions of the map, see Winsor, in the Memorial History of Boston, i. 52 [where a section of it, with the portrait of Smith, is given in heliotype. A reduced heliotype of the whole map is given herewith. Hulsius, when he translated Smith’s book for his voyages, made an excellent reproduction of the map, which appears in three of his sections. The earliest of the modern reproductions was that in 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. Palfrey has given it, reduced by photolithography, but not very satisfactorily, in his New England, i. 95. It was re-engraved by Swett in 1865 for Veazie’s edition of the Description, and the plate was subsequently altered to correspond with later states of the original plate, and in this condition appears in Jenness’s Isles of Shoals. It is reduced from this re-engraving in Bryant and Gay’s United States, i. 518.—ED.]

[436] In his Description, p. 67, Smith says, “At last it pleased Sir Ferdinando Gorge, and Master Doctor Sutliffe, Deane of Exceter, to conceve so well of these proiects and my former imployments, as induced them to make a new adventure with me in those parts, whither they have so often sent to their continuall losse.”

[437] See his Henry Hudson in Holland, printed at The Hague, 1859, pp. 43-66.

[438] Beschryvinghe van der Samoyeden Landt in Tartarien, etc., Amsterdam, 1612. The language on the map is, “ende by Westen Nova Albion in mar del sur.” See also Henry Hudson in Holland, which shows how Hudson happened to make his voyage to our coast.

[439] Verrazano the Explorer, 1881, p. 57. Hakluyt, iii. 737. Endicott, in 1661, called New England “This Patmos;” Calendar of State Papers, America and the West Indies, London, 1880, p. 9.

[440] True Travels, p. 58.

[441] [It however still kept its place on the maps of De Laet, 1633, 1640, etc.—ED.]

[442] Bourne (d. 1582) first issued almanacs with Rules of Navigation in 1567. In 1578 he printed an account of sea devices, making in it the earliest mention of Humphrey Cole’s invention of the log. Cruden’s History of Gravesend, 1843.

[443] In Dexter’s Congregationalism, pp. 277-78, are citations of English State Papers relating to this voyage and to journals of it.

[444] Dexter, Congregationalism, p. 314.

[445] Neal, History of the Puritans, iii. 347.

[446] Preface to Christian Institutions.

[447] Dexter, Congregationalism, pp. 395, 397.

[448] A full and evidently impartial account of this dissension, its method and its results, though anonymous, was published in London in 1575, under the title of A Brieff discours off the troubles begonne at Franckford, in Germany, Anno Domini 1554, Abowte the Booke of common prayer and Ceremonies, and continued by the Englishe men there to thende of Q. Maries Raigne, in the which discours the gentle reader shall see the very originall and beginnenge off all the contention that hath byn, and what was the cause off the same (no place given). This, with an Introduction, was reprinted in London in 1846, as A Brief Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort in the Year 1554, about the Book of Common Prayer and Ceremonies.

[449] Exhort. ad Castita, c. 7.

[450] Village Communities, p. 201.

[451] In Morton’s New England Memorial.

[452] Morton, p. 76.

[453] New York, 1880.

[454] The works of John Strype include Historical Memorials, six volumes; Annals of the Reformation, seven volumes; and his Lives of Cranmer, Parker, Whitgift, Grindall, Aylmer, Cheke, and Smith, published at Oxford, 1812-1828, which should be accompanied by a General Index, by R. T. Lawrence, in two volumes.

Gilbert Burnet’s History of the Reformation of the Church of England was originally published in London in three volumes in 1679, 1681, and 1715. There have been various editions since.

[455] University Press, Cambridge. Cf. The Zurich Letters.

[456] [Cf. the Critical Essay appended to the chapter on the “Pilgrim Church” in the present volume.—ED.]

[457] The Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, London, 1594. The seventh and eighth books did not appear till 1618; and the whole was issued together in 1622. There have been various editions since.

[458] Literature of Europe, ii. 166.

[459] Constitutional History of England.

[460] The History of the Puritans, or Protestant Nonconformists: from the Reformation in 1517 to the Revolution in 1688. Comprising an Account of their Principles, their Attempts for a Further Reformation in the Church, their Sufferings, and the Lives and Characters of their Most Considerable Divines. By Daniel Neal, M.A. Cf. Bohn’s edition of Lowndes, p. 1655.

[461] The Inner Life of the Religious Societies of the Commonwealth, considered principally with Reference to the Influence of Church Organization on the Spread of Christianity. By Robert Barclay. London, 1876, 4º, 700 pp.

[462] [See the chapter on “The Founding of Pennsylvania” in the present volume.—ED.]

[463] A History of the Free Churches of England, from A. D. 1688 to A. D. 1851. By Herbert S. Skeats. London, 1868.

[464] See the Annual Congregational Year-Book.

[465] Bampton Lectures, p. 68.

[466] Among the more important volumes of a historical character prompted by the occasion above referred to, may be mentioned, English Puritanism, its Character and History, etc. (by P. Bayne); The Early English Baptists (by B. Evans); Church and State Two Hundred Years Ago (by J. Stoughton); and English Nonconformity (by R. Vaughan).

[467] Leaders of the Reformation; English Puritanism and its Leaders,—Cromwell, Milton, Baxter, Bunyan; and Rational Theology and Christian Philosophy in England in the Seventeenth Century. These works were published in 1859, 1861, and 1872, respectively, and there have been later editions.

[468] Dissent in its Relations to the Church of England: Eight Lectures, on the Bampton Foundation, preached before the University of Oxford in 1871. By George Herbert Curteis, M.A., London, 1872.

[469] History of Free Churches of England, p. 14.

[470] Constitutional History, chap. iv.

[471] The Church and Puritans: a Short Account of the Puritans; their Ejection from the Church of England, and the Efforts to restore them. By D. Mountfield, M.A., Rector of Newport, Salop. London, 1881.

[472] The Organization of the early Christian Churches: Eight Lectures delivered before the University of Oxford, in the year 1880. Bampton Lectures. By Edwin Hatch, M.A. London, 1881.

[473] Christian Institutions: Essays on Ecclesiastical Subjects. By Dean Stanley, of Westminster. London, 1881.

[474] [Cf. also chapter ix.—ED.]

[475] N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg. xviii. 20.

[476] Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. xii. 98.

[477] Calendar of Domestic State Papers, Aug. 18, 1603.

[478] Historical Magazine, iii. 358.

[479] Eighth Report of Royal Commission on Hist. MSS., pt. 2, p. 45; Hanbury’s Memorials, i. 368.

[480] In the household of this Countess (widow of the fourteenth Earl), Thomas Dudley, later one of the founders of Massachusetts, was steward. The patentee did not go with the emigrants, and is never heard of again. Another John Whincop was matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge, in July, 1618, graduated B.A. in 1622, was a member of the Westminster Assembly in 1643, and died Rector of Clothall, Herts, May 6, 1653, in his fifty-second year.

[481] [We only know this compact in the transcript given in Mourt’s Relation, and in the copy which Bradford made of it in his MS. history.

Its last surviving signer was John Alden, who died in Duxbury, Sept. 12, 1686, aged eighty-seven; though that passenger of the “Mayflower” longest living was Mary, daughter of Isaac Allerton, who became the wife of Elder Thomas Cushman (son of Robert Cushman), and she died in 1699, aged about ninety.—ED.

[482] By New Style the 21st; through an unfortunate mistake originating in the last century (Palfrey’s History of New England, i. 171) the 22d has been commonly adopted as the true date.

[483] Mourt’s Relation, p. 21. Mr. S. H. Gay has suggested (Atlantic Monthly, xlviii. 616) that this landing was not at Plymouth, but on the shore more directly west of Clark’s Island (Duxbury or Kingston), and that consequently the commemoration of a landing at Plymouth on that day rests on a false foundation; but the Rev. Henry M. Dexter, D.D., has conclusively shown (Congregationalist, Nov. 9, 1881) that the soundings must have led the explorers, unless the deep-water channels have unaccountably changed since then, directly to the neighborhood of the rock which a chain of trustworthy testimony on the spot identifies as the first landing-place of any of the “Mayflower” company within Plymouth Harbor. Tradition divides the honor of being the first to step on Plymouth Rock between John Alden and Mary Chilton, but the date of their landing must have been subsequent to December 11.

[484] [The burials of that first winter were made on what was later known as Coale’s Hill, identical with the present terrace above the rock.

It perpetuates the name of one of the early comers.—ED.

[485] Printed in 1854 in Mass. Hist. Coll. vol. xxxii, with Introduction by Mr. Charles Deane; also separately (one hundred copies). [The original parchment was discovered, in the early part of this century, in the Land Office in Boston; and having been used by Judge Davis when he edited Morton’s Memorial, was again lost sight of till just before it fell to Mr. Deane to edit it. Besides the autographs of the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of Warwick, Lord Sheffield, and Sir Ferdinando Gorges, it bore one other signature, of which a remnant only remains. It is now at Plymouth.—ED.]

[486] Bradford’s History, xi.; Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., August, 1866, p. 345.

[487] Mass. Hist. Coll., xxviii. 298.

[488] [The main parts of it were also reprinted in the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton, in 1855. There is a memoir of Hunter in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xvii. 300.—ED.]

[489] Priest, Tinker and Soule, are names found in the records of parishes near Scrooby (Palfrey’s History of New England, i. 160), and it is not unlikely that Degory Priest, Thomas Tinker, and George Sowle, of the “Mayflower,” may have come from this region. It is also said by Mr. W. T. Davis (Harper’s Magazine, lxiv. 254, January, 1882, “Who were the Pilgrims?”), that a William Butten’s baptism is found in Austerfield, under date of Sept. 12, 1589. But it would be hazardous to identify this man of thirty-one years with the “William Butten, a youth, servant to Samuel Fuller,” who died on the “Mayflower’s” voyage to America. It is also believed that Miles Standish was a scion of the Standish family of Duxbury Hall, Lancashire. [This view is encouraged, if not established, by the expressions of Standish’s own will, which is printed in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., v. 335. The story of Standish’s career has been more than once reviewed of late years, on account of the efforts, not yet completed, to erect a tower to his memory on Captain’s Hill, in Duxbury. Its proposed height is not yet reached; and when completed, it will bear his effigy on its top. There were Proceedings printed to commemorate the consecration of the ground, Aug. 17, 1871, and on laying the corner-stone, in 1872. It is known that Standish was never of the Pilgrim communion; and “Was Miles Standish a Romanist?” is discussed in Mag. of Amer. Hist., i. 390. The inventory of his books is given in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., i. 54. Bartlett, Pilgrim Fathers, and the illustrated edition of Longfellow’s Poems, 1880, give some views connected with the English family. On the descendants of the Captain, see N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1873, p. 145; Winsor’s Duxbury; Savage’s Dictionary, etc.

Of the origin of Carver, their first governor, nothing is known. Cf. N. B. Shurtleff, in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1850, p. 105; 1863, p. 62; and 1872, p. 333. The Howlands were long supposed to be his descendants through the marriage of his daughter to the Pilgrim John Howland, and the modern inscription on the latter’s monument on the Burial Hill, at Plymouth, repeats a story seemingly disproved by the recovery of Bradford’s manuscript history, which states that Howland married a daughter of another Pilgrim, Edward Tilley. A recent revision of the story, by W. T. Davis, in the Boston Daily Advertiser, Nov. 25, 1881, rather urging the traditional belief, was met by Charles Deane, in Ibid., Dec. 7, 1881, who showed that John Howland, Jr., was born in Plymouth, in 1626, and could not have sprung from an earlier marriage of John, Sr., with Carver’s daughter. The decision turns upon the identity of “Lieutenant Howland,” as mentioned by Sewall, being met near Barnstable. It is barely possible that Joseph Howland, and not John, Jr., was meant; but Joseph did not live at Barnstable, as John, Jr. did. Cf. Historical Magazine, iv. 122, 251; and New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1860, p. 13, 1880, p. 193.—ED.]

[490] [Cf. Mr. Deane’s memorandum, in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., October, 1870, p. 403.—ED.]

[491] [This book contains a full exposition of the influence which the Plymouth Pilgrims exerted upon the New England Congregational system. Cf. further Dr. Jas. S. Clark’s Congregational Churches in Massachusetts, 1858; the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s Memorial; and Dexter’s Congregationalism, p. 415.—ED.]

[492] [Winslow’s tract was reissued unchanged in 1649, as The Danger of tolerating Levellers in a Civill State. There are copies in the Lenox, Charles Deane, and Carter-Brown libraries. A copy is worth, perhaps, $100. Winslow’s report of Robinson’s sermon seems to have been a reminiscence of his own, twenty-five years after the event. It is not decided when it was delivered. It has usually been held to represent advanced and liberal views; but Dr. Dexter dissents, and says that “polity, and not dogma, is the keynote of the still noble farewell.” See Congregationalism, etc., pp. 403, 409; and Palfrey’s History of New England, i. 157. The whole subject of Robinson’s relation to the Leyden congregation is treated by Dr. Dexter, p. 359; and of his union with Johnson’s church at Amsterdam, on p. 318, note. The only copies of the original edition of 1646 known to the Editor are in Dr. Dexter’s and the Carter-Brown libraries.—ED.]

[493] [Dr. O. W. Holmes has thrown a little light on contemporary life in Leyden from Scaligerana, in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. (June, 1874), xiii. 315.—ED.]

[494] See a memoir of Mr. Sumner, by R. C. Waterston, in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xviii. 189. also, a report of his speech at Plymouth, in 1859, in the Hist. Mag., iii. 332; and in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1859, p. 341.

[495] With the specific title: John Robinson, Prediker der Leidsche Brownistengemeente en grondlegster der Kolonie Plymouth. Leiden, 1846. [What is known of Robinson’s family and descendants can be learned from the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, 1860, p. 17; 1866, pp. 151, 292. The question of the Rev. John Robinson, of Duxbury, being a descendant, was set at rest negatively by Dr. Edward Robinson, in his Memoir of the Rev. William Robinson, New York. 1859.—ED.]

[496] The story of the manuscript and of its transmission to our times is given by the editor of the present volume, in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., vol. xix.,—a paper also issued separately (75 Copies).

[497] [They are also given in Steele’s Chief of the Pilgrims, p. 316; in Neill’s English Colonization, ch. vi.; in Poor’s Gorges; and in the English calendars, Colonial, i. 43.—ED.]

[498] The Bibliographical Appendix to Dr. H. M. Dexter’s Congregationalism as seen in its Literature, mentions nine of these imprints, viz., nos. 459, 467, 470, 475, 476, 478, 481, 482, 495. Three or four others are also known. See the Brinley Catalogue, no. 530. [Brewster’s career has been made the subject of an extended memoir, Chief of the Pilgrims, Philadelphia, 1857, as it is somewhat unsatisfactorily called. It has merit in tracing the European existence of the Pilgrim Church, but is unfortunately disfigured (p. 350) in a minor part by some genealogical fabrications imposed upon the author, the Rev. Ashbel Steele. (Cf. Savage’s Genealogical Dictionary, sub “Brewster.”) Dr. Dexter, N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1864, p. 18, in examining the evidence for his birth, puts it in 1566-67; so that at his death, in 1644, he was seventy-seven, or possibly seventy-eight. See Mr. Neill, Hist. Mag., xvi. 69, and cf. Mr. Deane, Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xii. 98; also Poole’s Index, p. 160.

The well-known trembling autograph of the Elder (given in fac-simile on an earlier page) is one of the sights in the Record Office at Plymouth, where it appears attached to a deed, as recorded,—a practice not uncommon in the days when the colony was small. This was long thought to be the only signature known, while it was a cause of some surprise that no one of the four hundred volumes of his library (given by title in his inventory,—Plymouth Wills, i. 53) had been identified by bearing his autograph. Three of these books, however, have since been found,—one a Latin Chrysostom, Basil, 1522, now in the Boston Athenæum, bears his autograph, with the motto, “Hebel est omnis Adam,” which is also found, as shown in the fac-simile in Steele’s Chief of the Pilgrims, in another volume, similarly inscribed, now at Yale College Library. The fact that the Athenæum volume bears evidence, in another inscription, of having belonged to Thomas Prince, the grandson of the Elder, and son of the governor of the colony of the same name, and of his receiving it in July, 1644, while the Elder died in the preceding April, would seem to indicate that the Pilgrim’s collection of books was distributed among his relatives. The Rev. Dr. Dexter, in his Congregationalism, gives a fac-simile of an autograph of Brewster written at an earlier period than the others; and this is found in a third volume belonging to Dr. Dexter, and numbered 211 in his Bibliography. Hunter, in his Founders of New Plymouth, p. 86, has shown how close a resemblance the autograph of James Brewster, the master of the hospital near Bawtry, and friend of Archbishop Sandys, bears to the Elder’s signature.—ED.]

[499] [Dr. Punchard’s work was unfortunately left incomplete. See N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1880, p. 325, and Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xviii. 3. The painstaking student will doubtless compare these works with Dr. Waddington’s Hidden Church and Cong. Hist., in which, however, Dr. Dexter seems to have little confidence. (Cf. his Congregationalism, pp. 70, 201, 211, 262, 322, and his article in the Cong. Quarterly, 1874.) The Hidden Church was published in 1864, with an Introduction by E. N. Kirk. (Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1864, p. 219; and 1881, p. 195.)

In the archives of the English Church at Amsterdam there is a document, signed by Ant. Walæus and Festus Hommius, theological professors at Leyden, dated May 25-26, 1628, testifying to Robinson’s exertions to remove the schisms between the various Brownist congregations in the Low Countries, and his resolution, upon discouragement, to remove “to the West Indies, where he did not doubt to effect this object.” A photo-lithographic copy of this paper has been issued (Muller’s Books on America, 1877, no. 2,780). The contemporary rejoinders to Robinson’s arguments can be seen in Samuel Rutherford’s Due Rights of Presbyteries, London, 1644.

The student will not neglect Hanbury’s Historical Memorials relating to the Independents, London, 1639-44; R. Baillie’s Anabaptism, London, 1647, and Catherine Chidley’s Justification of the Independent Churches (? 1650). The distinction between the Puritans and the Pilgrims is maintained in Dr. Waddington’s books; in Dr. I. N. Tarbox’s papers in the Congregational Quarterly, vol. xvii., and in the Old Colony Hist. Soc. Papers, 1878; in an appendix, p. 443, to Punchard, vol. iii.; in Benjamin Scott’s Lecture, London, 1866, reprinted in the Hist. Mag., May, 1867, from which is mostly derived a paper in Scribner’s Monthly, June, 1876. Scott also printed a lecture, “An Hour with the Pilgrim Fathers and their Precursors,” in 1869. (Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1871, p. 301; also, see Hist. Mag., May and November, 1867; October, 1869; Essex Institute Hist. Coll., vol. iv., by A. C. Goodell; besides Baylies, Palfrey, Barry, etc.) Dr. Dexter, Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xvii. 64, has pointed out a curious instance of tampering with one of Robinson’s books. See further, Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., x. 393, and N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1859, p. 259.—ED.]

[500] [This charge was first printed by Morton in his Memorial, and the earliest mention of it known is in some papers of the Record Office, London, printed in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., December, 1868, p. 385. Neill, in his English Colonization, p. 103, intimates that Jones may have purposely guided his vessel to Cape Cod from an understanding with Pierce and Gorges. Neill identifies the “Mayflower” captain with Jones of the “Discovery,” a vessel despatched to Virginia. (Cf. Young’s Chronicles, p. 102, and Palfrey’s New England, i. 163.) O’Callaghan, New Netherland, i. 80, rejects the bribe theory. The name of Jones is preserved in Jones River, shown on the map of Plymouth Bay on a previous page.—ED.]

[501] [Our chief accounts of Bradford, other than from his own writings, are derived from Mather’s Magnalia, and from Hunter’s Founders of New Plymouth. Belknap, in his American Biography, gives a judicious summary of what was then known, and there is a brief one in Cheever. Besides what may be found in the general histories, the reader can find other accounts in Tyler’s American Literature, i. 116; by J. B. Moore in Amer. Quart. Reg. xiv. 155, and in his Governors of New Plymouth, etc.; by W. F. Rae in Good Words, xxi. 337; in the Congregational Monthly, ix. 337, 393. His will is in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1851, p. 385; and an account of his Bible in same, 1865, p. 12. For accounts of his descendants, see genealogy by G. M. Fessenden in Register, 1850, pp. 39, 233; also, 1855, pp. 127, 218; 1860, pp. 174, 195. Cf. also Durrie’s Index to American Genealogies, and Savage’s Genealogical Dictionary.

Bradford’s views on the Separatist movement, and on church government, are given in several “Dialogues between Old Men and Young Men;” one of which, written in 1648, and copied in the Records by Morton, is given by Dr. Young in his Chronicles, and another, probably written in 1652, was printed with comments by Charles Deane in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., October, 1870, vol. ix. p. 396. See also the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s Memorial. A letter of Bradford to Governor Winthrop on the early relations of the Plymouth Colony with the Bay, dated Feb. 6, 1631-32, is now in the possession of Judge Chamberlain, of the Boston Public Library; and, with its signatures of Bradford and his associates, it is the most precious autograph document of the Pilgrims in private hands. It is printed in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., ii. 240, annotated by Charles Deane. Some verses by Bradford, illustrating in a slender way the colony’s early history, were referred to in his will, and were printed as a fragment in Mass. Hist. Coll., iii. 77, by Dr. Belknap. The original manuscript came with Belknap’s papers to the Society,—Proceedings, iii. 317. Other verses of a similar character were printed in 3 Collections, vii. 27; still others are edited by Mr. Deane in Proceedings, xi. 465.—ED.]

[502] [Smith gave an abstract of Mourt in his Generall Historie; then Purchas, vol. iv., condensed it; and this condensation was reprinted, with notes, in 1802, by Dr. Freeman in Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 203; but in 1819 Dr. Freeman and Judge Davis procured from a copy in the Philadelphia Library the parts omitted by Purchas in Ibid., xix. 26. (Cf. Proceedings, i. 279.) Dr. Young first printed it entire in his Chronicles. Dr. Cheever, in 1848, gave it with disorderly and homiletical editing in his Journal of the Pilgrims. Dr. Dexter used Charles Deane’s copy. There are other copies in the Carter-Brown and S. L. M. Barlow libraries. (Cf. Brinley Catalogue, no. 1,909; Menzies Catalogue, no. 1,447; Crowninshield Catalogue, no. 742; and N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1849, p. 282, and 1866, p. 281.) Rich, in his 1832 Catalogue, 164 and 171, priced a copy at £2 2_s._, and in his 1844 Catalogue at £1 8_s._; Quaritch recently held one at £36. Doctors Young and Dexter agree that “G. Mourt” must represent George Morton. A previous note has given Dr. Dexter as the best authority for tracing the localities named in this journal. See, also, Freeman’s Cape Cod and De Costa’s Footprints of Miles Standish.

Mourt makes no record of the landing from the “Mayflower” being upon a rock, nor does he indicate the precise spot, or fix a commemorative day. In an earlier note mention has been made of a recent controversy on these points. Mr. Gay found an earlier opponent than Dr. Dexter in Mr. William T. Davis, Boston Daily Advertiser, Nov. 17, 1881, to which Mr. Gay replied, Nov. 30, 1881; and again Mr. Davis rejoined, Dec. 3, 1881. As to the mistake of celebrating the 22d instead of the 21st December, which arose from the Committee of the Old Colony Club adding for the change of style one day too many, a Committee of the Pilgrim Society in 1850 recommended a change in the commemoration day; but though for a few years followed, it has not effected a permanent compliance, and by a recent vote of the Society the 22d has been re-established. The 1850 Report was printed. (Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., iv. 350, 369) Mr. Gay, in the Popular History of the United States, i. 393, takes another view of the mistake. It was in 1769 that the Plymouth people determined to institute a celebration, and fixed upon the day, December 11, Old Style, when the exploring party from the “Mayflower,” then in Provincetown harbor, first landed on the mainland and explored it.

Attempts have been made to trace the earlier and later career of the “Mayflower.” Mr. Hunter, in an appendix to his Founders of New Plymouth, p. 186, has shown how common the name was. She is thought to have been identical with one of Winthrop’s fleet ten years later; but the slaver “Mayflower,” with which she has been sometimes identified, was a larger vessel. Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1871, p. 91, and 1874, p. 50; Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, April 12, 1588.

Of Samoset, the Indian whom the colonists first encountered after landing, there are accounts in Dexter’s edition of Mourt’s Relation; Sewall’s Ancient Dominion of Maine, p. 101; Popham Memorial, by Professor Johnson, p. 297; Thornton’s Pemaquid, p. 54; and in Maine Hist. Coll., v. 186.

Mourt’s Relation and Winslow’s Good News give the earliest accounts of the Indians in the Pilgrims’ neighborhood, who had been nearly exterminated by a recent plague. (Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., v. 130.) Of Massasoit and his family,—this chief being the nearest sachem,—Fessenden’s History of Warren, R. I., gives an account. See also E. W. Peirce’s Indian History, Biography, and Genealogy pertaining to the good Sachem Massasoit and his descendants, North Abington, 1878. Drake, in his Book of the Indians, book ii. chap. ii., and in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1858, p. 1, examines the colonists’ relations with the Indians. See Congregational Quarterly, i. 129, for a paper, “Did the Pilgrims wrong the Indians?” Their efforts to Christianize them are examined in the Appendix to the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s Memorial.

It was at Plymouth (1631-1633) that Roger Williams drew up his treatise attacking the validity of the titles acquired under the patents granted by the king, in accordance with the common-law principle as understood at the time. Acceptance of his views as to the sole validity of the Indian title would have disturbed the foundations of the colony’s government; and it was not without satisfaction that the authorities saw Williams return to the Bay, where his factious and impracticable views on civil policy, quite as much or even more than any views on theology, led to his subsequent banishment. The later history of Williams was Massachusetts’ best vindication. Charles Deane has thoroughly examined his position as regards the patent, with an amplitude of references, in the Mass_. Hist. Soc. Proc._, February, 1873.—ED.]

[503] [The bibliography of this famous discourse is traced in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg, April, 1861, p. 169; and in the Hist. Mag., ii. 344; iv. 57; v. 89. Cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, v. 156. Dr. Dexter notes three copies,—his own, the Bodleian’s, and Charles Deane’s. The sermon has been several times reprinted; is given in part by Dr. Young; also in the Cushman Genealogy, and was photo-lithographed (60 copies), in 1870, from Dr. Dexter’s copy, then in Mr. Wiggin’s hands, with a historical and bibliographical preface by Charles Deane. Dexter, Congregationalism, App., p. 30, gives the reprints.—ED.]

[504] [It was printed in London in 1624. There are copies in Charles Deane’s and the Carter-Brown collections. Rich (1844), £1 8_s._ Purchas, vol. iv., abridged it; and his abridgment was printed in Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 239, with omissions supplied in xix. 74; cf. also Proceedings, i. 279. Young first printed it entire in his Chronicles, from a copy formerly in Harvard College Library; it is also in the Appendix of the Congregational Board’s edition of Morton’s Memorial.—ED.]

[505] [See a memoir of Judge Davis by Convers Francis, in 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., x. 186.—ED.]

[506] [The second edition, Boston, 1721, had a supplement by Josiah Cotton, with changes of title, indicating perhaps successive impressions. The third edition appeared in 1772, at Newport. In 1826 an edition appeared at Plymouth, followed the same year by Judge Davis’s at Boston. The last edition was issued by the Congregational Board in 1855, with notes and appendix of Bradford’s account of the church from the Colony records, and Winslow’s visit to Massasoit, from his Good Newes. The Harvard College copy of the 1669 edition has autographs of “W. Stoughton” and “John Danforth.” The Prince Library copy is imperfect, restored in manuscript, and has Prince’s notes. There were different imprints to the 1721 edition, the Harvard copy reading, “Reprinted for Daniel Henchman;” Charles Deane’s copy has “Reprinted for Nicholas Boone;” otherwise the two seem to be alike. See Brinley Catalogue, nos. 329, 330; Dexter’s Congregationalism, App. p. 94; Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., vi. 427; Tyler’s American Literature, i. 126.—ED.]

[507] [Certain of the letters, being the correspondence between the Plymouth and New Netherland Colonies in 1627, are reprinted in the New York Hist. Coll., 2d series, vol. i. See an account of the MS. in Cheever’s Journal of the Pilgrims, chap. xxiii.—ED.]

[508] [Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., i. 246, 279. S. G. Drake added a fifth part and an index to Baylies’, when he reissued the remainder-sheets of the original work, giving an account of the 1628 Kennebec patent, with an old map of that region. See, also, for the Pilgrims’ experiences on the Kennebec, R. H. Gardiner’s paper in the Maine Hist. Coll. ii., and the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1855, p. 80, and 1871, pp. 201, 274; for their Penobscot experiences, J. E. Godfrey’s paper in Maine Hist. Coll. vii. 29.—Ed.]

[509] [An “Old Colony Historical Society,” whose seat is at Taunton, began to publish papers of a Collection in 1878. The local aspect of the colony’s history is traced in various town and parish histories, to which clews will be found in F. B. Perkins’s Check List of American Local History, Colburn’s Massachusetts Bibliography, and in the historical sketch prefixed to the Plymouth County Atlas, Boston, 1879.