Chapter V (part 2 of 2)

Chapter V (part 2 of 2)

[634] [The deed to Usher as agent of Massachusetts, in 1677, and his conveyance to Massachusetts are at the State House in Boston. Cf. Maine Hist. Coll., ii. 257; Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xi. 201.—ED.]

[635] Mr. Folsom, a graduate of Harvard in 1822, was at this time living in Saco. He subsequently removed to New York, became an active member of the New York Historical Society, was minister at the Hague, and died in Rome, Italy, in 1869.

[636] Special mention should perhaps be made of the enumeration of Maine titles in the Brinley Catalogue no. 2,571, etc., and of several town histories published since Mr. Willis wrote his Catalogue, which in their treatment go back to the early period, namely, History of Augusta, by James W. North; History of Brunswick, etc., by G. A. Wheeler and H. W. Wheeler, 1878; History of Castine, by G. A. Wheeler, Bangor, 1875; History of Bristol, Bremen, and Pemaquid, by John Johnston, Albany, 1873; History of Ancient Sheepscot and New Castle, by David Q. Cushman, Bath, 1882. Most of the local historical literature can be picked out of F. B. Perkins’s Check-List of American Local History.

A volume entitled Papers relating to Pemaquid, collected from the archives at Albany by Franklin B. Hough, was printed at Albany in 1856. They relate to the condition of that part of the country when under the colony of New York, and are of great value. Cf. also Mr. Hough’s contributions in the Maine Hist. Coll., v. and vii. 127. Pemaquid as a centre of historical interest is also illustrated in J. W. Thornton’s Ancient Pemaquid; in Johnston’s papers in his History of Bristol, etc.; in the Popham_ Memorial Volume_, p. 263; in Maine Hist. Coll., vol. viii.; Vinton’s Giles Memorial, 1864; Historical Magazine, i. 132; N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1871, p. 131. [See also Vol. IV. of this History.—ED.]

[637] [The early history of this society is told by Mr. Willis in an address printed in their Collections, vol. iv. Cf. also Note B at the end of chapter vi. of the present volume.—ED.]

[638] This collection, entitled America painted to the Life, passes by the name of the Gorges Tracts. There are copies in Harvard College Library, and noted in the Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 127; Brinley Catalogue, nos. 308, 2,640 ($225.) Cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, vii. 348; Rich’s Catalogue, no. 314; Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xviii. 432, and xix. 128; Stevens’s Historical Collections, vol. i. no. 247. The relations of Gorges and Champernoun are discussed by C. W. Tuttle in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1874, p. 404. See further on Champernoun in Ibid., 1873, p. 147; 1874, pp. 75, 318, 403. There is an account of Gorges’ tomb at St. Bordeaux in the Magazine of American History, August, 1882; and notes on his pedigree, in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1861, p. 17; 1864, p. 287; 1872, p. 381; 1877, pp. 42, 44, 112.—ED.

[639] [Captain Christopher Levett. His account was published in London in 1628. The reprint in 3 Mass. Hist. Coll., viii. 164, was made from a copy got in England by Sparks. The Maine Historical Society reprinted it in their Collections, ii. 73 (1847); and the copy in the New York Historical Society’s Library was then considered to be unique. The Huth Catalogue, iii. 843, and Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. no. 338, show original copies.—ED.]

[640] [The principal contestants may be thus divided:—

Pro,—New Hampshire Historical Collections, i.; Bell’s Wheelwright; cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1869, p. 65.

Con,—Farmer’s Belknap; Savage’s Winthrop; Palfrey’s New England; and, besides Mr. Deane, the recorded opinions of Dr. Bouton, Mr. C. W. Tuttle, Mr. J. A. Vinton; cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1868, p. 479; 1874, pp. 343, 477; and Historical Magazine, i. 57; and also a letter of Colonel Chester in the Register, 1868, p. 350.

The deed is printed in the Provincial Papers, i. 56. Cotton Mather’s original letter regarding it, dated March 3, 1708, is noted in the Brinley Catalogue, no. 1,329. Belknap has printed it, and it is also in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1862, p. 349.—ED.]

[641] Mason made no use of this grant; and no use had been made of his grant of Mariana, of March 9, 1621/22, and that to him and Gorges of Aug. 10, 1622; Hubbard’s New England, p. 614.

[642] [Governor Bell discovered in 1870 what is known as the Hilton or Squamscott patent, of March 12, 1629, and it is printed in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1870, p. 264; it was found not to agree as to its bounds with Piscataqua patent. Jenness, in his Notes, contends that Wiggin set up the title of Massachusetts to the territory under the 1628/29 charter. It was the conclusion of Mr. C. W. Tuttle (a studious explorer of New Hampshire history, who died July 18, 1881; cf. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xix. 2, 11) that Bloody Point, being included in both grants, became the cause of the trouble between Neale and Wiggin, as told by Hubbard.—ED.]

[643] Mason’s will, or a long extract from it, may be seen in Hazard, i. 397-399, dated Nov. 26, 1635; also in Provincial Papers. These papers last named are a publication of the State. The Rev. Dr. Nathaniel Bouton, between 1867 and 1876, completed ten volumes of Papers. They contain nothing before 1631; few from 1631 to 1686. Most of the original papers between 1641 and 1679 are in the Massachusetts Archives. The papers of interest in the present connection are in vols. i. and ii. The series has since been resumed under another editor, with the publication (1882) of the first part (A to F) of documents relating to towns, 1680-1800. Very few of the papers, however, are before 1700. Colonel A. H. Hoyt’s “Notes, Historical and Bibliographical, on the Laws of New Hampshire,” are in Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., April, 1876. Like most of the patents issued at the grand division, Mason’s grant included ten thousand acres more of land on the southeast part of Sagadahoc, “from henceforth to be called by the name of Massonia.”

[644] [John Farmer (1789-1838) and Jacob B. Moore (1797-1853). Each did much for New Hampshire history. For an account of Farmer, see N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., i. 12, 15. He published a first volume (Dover, 1831) of a projected new edition of Belknap’s History of New Hampshire, from a copy “having the author’s last corrections.” Moore was the father of the well-known historical student, Dr. George H. Moore, of the Lenox Library.—ED.]

[645] [Cf. C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature, p. 549. Mention has been made elsewhere of the Belknap Papers; cf. _Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc._, March, 1858.—ED.]

[646] [The reports of the Adjutant-General of the State, 1866 and 1868, contained Mr. Chandler E. Potter’s Military History of New Hampshire, from 1623 to 1861, issued separately at Concord in 1869. The histories by Whiton (1834) and Barstow (1853) are of minor importance.] There are many valuable histories of separate towns in New Hampshire, and I cannot do better than refer to the “Bibliography of New Hampshire,” in Norton’s Literary Letter, new series, no. i. pp. 8-30, by S. C. Eastman. [A current periodical, The Granite Monthly, is devoting much space to New Hampshire history; cf. Sabin, vol. xiii. no. 37,486, etc.—ED.]

[647] J. Hammond Trumbull, in Conn. Hist. Soc. Coll., ii. 8. [Dr. Trumbull has compassed a large part of the field of the Indian nomenclature of Connecticut in his Indian Names of Places: ... in Connecticut, etc., Hartford, 1881. The fortunes of the natives of this colony have been traced in J. W. De Forest’s History of the Indians of Connecticut (with a map of 1630), of which there have been successive editions in 1850, 1853, and 1871. Of Uncas, the most famous of the Mohegan chiefs, there is a pedigree, as made out in 1679, recorded in the Colony Records, Deeds, iii. 312, and printed in N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1856, p. 227. The will of his son Joshua is in Ibid., 1859, p. 235. An agreement which Uncas made in 1681 with the whites is in the Public Records, i. 309, and in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., x. 16. The warfare in 1642 between Uncas and Miantonomo, the chief of the Narragansetts, and which ended with the latter’s death in captivity, the English approving, is described by Winthrop and Hubbard; also in Trumbull’s Connecticut, chap. 7; Arnold’s Rhode Island, chap. 4; Palfrey’s New England, vol. ii. chap. 3; and it was the subject of an historical address in 1842 by William L. Stone, called Uncas and Miantonomo.—ED.]

[648] Massachusetts Colonial Records, i. 170.

[649] See Connecticut Colonial Records, i. 4.

[650] J. Hammond Trumbull, as above, p. 15.

[651] New Haven Records.

[652] [Block, in 1614, had been the first to explore the river for the Dutch; and both O’Callaghan (New Netherland, i. 169) and Brodhead (New York, i. 235) set forth the prior right of the Dutch; cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., vi. 368.—ED.]

[653] [Roger Wolcott celebrated Winthrop’s agency in London, in 1662, in a long poem, which was printed in Wolcott’s Poetical Meditations, London, 1725, and in Mass. Hist. Soc. Coll. Cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. 369; Brinley Catalogue, no. 2,134.—ED.]

[654] It had been printed by Trumbull in 1797, in the Appendix to the first edition of his History, i. 528-533; and is repeated in the second edition, 1818; cf. Dr. J. H. Trumbull’s Historical Notes on the Constitutions of Connecticut, 1639-1878, published in 1873. Hinman published a collection of Letters of the Kings of England to the Successive Governors (1635-1749).

[655] Douglass’s Summary, ii. 160; Neal’s New England, 2d ed., i. 163; Trumbull’s 2d ed. 1818, i. 21; Hubbard, p. 310.

[656] Trumbull, i. 28, from manuscripts of President Clap. This old Connecticut patent has always been a mystery. Some of the colonists of the Winthrop emigration to Massachusetts in 1630 were unfavorably impressed on their arrival with the place selected for a plantation. The sad mortality of the preceding winter was appalling, and they began to cast their thoughts on a more southerly spot than Massachusetts Bay. In a letter of John Humfrey, written from London, Dec. 9, 1636, in reply to one just received from his brother-in-law, Isaac Johnson, from the colony, he says, in speaking of Mr. Downing: “He is the only man for Council that is heartily ours in the town; and yet, unless you settle upon a good river and in a less snowy and cold place, I can see no great edge on him to come unto us.” Further on he says, “My Lord of Warwick will take a patent of that place you writ of for himself, and so we may be bold to do there as if it were our own.” (4 Mass. Hist. Coll., vi. 3, 4.) No further hint is given as to the location of Warwick’s intended grant, and we have no contemporaneous record of any patent having been taken by him at this time or later. The Earl was a great friend of the Puritans. It was through him that the Massachusetts patent was obtained; and the patent to the people of Plymouth was signed by him alone, but in the name of the Council, and sealed with their seal.

The title to Connecticut was contested. On the grand division of 1635, James, Marquis, afterward Duke, of Hamilton, received for his share the territory between the Connecticut and Narragansett rivers, and a copy of his feoffment was cited by Chalmers, as on record bearing date April 22, 1635, that being the date which all the grants of that final division bore. From a copy on the Connecticut files Mr. R. R. Hinman, Secretary of State, published the deed in a volume of ancient documents, at Hartford, in 1836. On the Restoration the heirs of the Duke, in a petition to the King, asked to “be restored to their just right,” and their claim was, in 1664, laid by the King’s commissioners before the Connecticut authorities. These in their answer set up, in the first place, the prior grant of Lord Say and Sele and others, which Connecticut, as they alleged, had “purchased at a dear rate,” and which had been recently ratified and confirmed by the King in their new charter; then, secondly, a conquest from the natives; and, thirdly, they claimed thirty years’ peaceable possession (Trumbull, i. 524, 530). At a period still later, the Earl of Arran, a grandson, applied to King William for a hearing; and when in a formal manner several patents were exhibited on the part of Connecticut, the Earl’s final reply was, “that when they produced a grant from the Plymouth Council to the Earl of Warwick, it should have an answer.” (Chalmers, pp. 299-301; Trumbull, i. 524.)

Some entries in the recently recovered records of the Council for New England tend to deepen the suspicion that the Earl of Warwick never received the alleged grant from that body. It is true that the records as preserved are not entire, and do not cover the year 1630, and for the year 1631 they begin at November 4. But some later entries are very significant. Under date of June 21, 1632, which is three months after the date of the grant to Lord Say and Sele and associates, is this entry: “The Secretary is to bring, against the next meeting, a rough draft in paper of a patent for the E. of Warwick, from the river of the Narrigants 10 leagues westward. Sir Ferd. Gorges will forthwith give particular directions for the said patent.” At the next meeting, June 26, “The rough draft of a patent for the E. of Warwick was now read. His Lordship, upon hearing the same, gave order that the grant should be unto Rob. Lord Rich and his associates, A, B, etc. And it was agreed by the Council that the limits of the said patent should be 30 English miles westward, and 50 miles into the land northward, provided that it did not prejudice any other patent formerly granted.” A committee was appointed to take further order respecting this patent, and there is no evidence that it was ever perfected or issued. This proposed grant, it will be seen, covered in part the same territory previously included in the grant above cited to Lord Say, Lord Brook, Lord Rich, and others by the Earl of Warwick himself.

Three days afterward some very singular orders were adopted by the Council, indicating that there had been a serious disagreement with the Earl, or that a feeling akin to suspicion, of which the Earl was the object, had found a lodgment in that body. The Earl being president, the meetings for some years had been held at “Warwick House in Holborne.” At a meeting on the 29th of June, at which the Earl was not present, “It was agreed that the E. of Warwick should be entreated to direct a course for finding out what patents have been granted for New England.” (Did not the Council keep a record of their grants?) Also, “The Lord Great Chamberlain and the rest of the Council now present sent their clerk unto the E. of Warwick for the Council’s great seal, it being in his Lordship’s keeping.” Answer was brought that as soon as his man Williams came in he would send it. It was then voted that the meetings of the Council, which for some time, as I have already said, had been held at Warwick House, should hereafter be held at Captain Mason’s House, in Fenchurch Street. But the seal was not then sent, and during the next five months two other formal applications were made for it. In the mean time and thence after the records indicate the Earl’s absence from the meetings, and finally Lord Gorges was chosen President of the Council in his place.

The patent to Lord Say and Sele, it may be added, was never formally transferred to Connecticut. In the agreement of 1644/45 Fenwick conveyed the fort and lands on the river, and promised to convey the jurisdiction of all the lands between Narragansett River and Saybrook Fort, “if it come into his power,”—which he seems never to have done, though the authorities of Connecticut claimed that they had paid him for it. For a long time the Connecticut authorities appear to have had no copy of this patent, for they were often challenged to exhibit it, and were not able to do so; though they say that a copy was shown to the commissioners when the confederation of the colonies was formed,—then of course in the possession of Fenwick; and in 1648 it is referred to as having been recently seen. (Hazard, ii. 120, 123.) A transcript of this patent was found in London by John Winthrop, among the papers of Governor Hopkins, who died there in 1658. See Connecticut Colonial Records, pp. 268, 568, 573, 574.

[657] First edition, vol. i. Appendix v. and vi. See also Ibid., i. 149, 507-510, edition of 1818, with which compare Connecticut Colonial Records, pp. 568, 573, 585.

[658] Vol. i. p. 306; cf. Trumbull, i. 110; Hutchinson, i. 100, 101.

[659] Vol. i. pp. 77-80, 509-563, 1-384. The twelve Capital Laws of the Connecticut Colony, established in 1642, were taken almost literally from the Body of Liberties of Massachusetts, established in 1641. The preamble to the code of 1650, the paragraph following it, and many, if not all, of the laws were taken from the Massachusetts Book of Laws published in 1649. A copy of the constitution of 1639 was prefixed to the Code. This was first printed in a small volume in 1822 at Hartford, by Silas Andrus, called The Code of 1650, being a Compilation of the Earliest Laws and Orders of the General Court of Connecticut; also, the Constitution, or Civil Compact, entered into and adopted by the Towns of Windsor, Hartford, and Weathersfield, in 1638-39, to which is added some Extracts from the Laws and Judicial Proceedings of New Haven Colony commonly called Blue Laws. There was an edition at Hartford in 1828, 1830, 1838, from the same plates; and in 1861 there appeared at Philadelphia A Collection of the Earliest Statutes, Edited with an Introduction, by Samuel W. Smucker.

[660] Cf. also Trumbull, i. chap. viii.; Caulkins, New London, pp. 27-50.

[661] Vol. i. pp. 259, 260, 404, 405.

[662] Vol. i. 1, et seq.; cf. Trumbull, i. chap. vi.; Hubbard, chap. xlii. See also Davenport’s Discourse about Civil Government in a New Plantation, Cambridge, 1663, probably written at this early period; Leonard Bacon, Thirteen Historical Discourses, New Haven, 1839; and Professor J. L. Kingsley, Historical Discourse, New Haven, 1838.

[663] [Of Governor Eaton, the first governor of New Haven, there is a memoir by J. B. Moore in 2 N. Y. Hist. Coll., ii. 467.—ED.]

[664] A copy of the original edition is also in the Library of the Boston Athenæum, not quite perfect. Two copies were in the sale of Mr. Brinley’s library in 1879, and they brought, one $380, the other, not perfect, $310. Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, in his learned Introduction to his edition of The True-Blue Laws of Connecticut and New Haven, and the False Blue Laws Invented by the Rev. Samuel Peters, etc., Hartford, 1876, says: “Just when or by whom the acts and proceedings of New Haven Colony were first stigmatized as Blue Laws cannot now be ascertained. The presumption, however, is strong that the name had its origin in New York, and that it gained currency in Connecticut among Episcopalian and other dissenters from the established church, between 1720 and 1750” (p. 24). He thinks that “blue” was a convenient epithet for whatever “in colonial laws and proceedings looked over-strict, or queer, or ‘puritanic’” (pp. 24, 27).

Mr. Peters, of course, did not invent the name. He says of these laws: “They consist of a vast multitude, and were very properly termed Blue Laws, i.e., bloody laws.” In his General History of Connecticut, London, 1781, Peters gives some forty-five of these laws as a sample of the whole, “denominated blue laws by the neighboring colonies,” which “were never suffered to be printed.” The greater part of these probably never had an existence as standing laws or otherwise. The archives of the colony fail to reveal such, though we do not forget that the jurisdiction records for nine years are lost. Peters’ laws have often been reprinted, and appear in Mr. Trumbull’s volume above cited, along with authentic documents relating to the foundation of Connecticut and New Haven colonies, already referred to in this paper. (See Peters’ Connecticut, pp. 63, 66; the New-Englander, April, 1871, art. “Blue Laws;” and Methodist Quarterly Review, January, 1878.)

It might be inferred from the conclusion of the titlepage (cited above) of the small volume published by Silas Andrus, at Hartford, in 1822, on bluish paper, bound in blue covers, with a frontispiece representing a constable seizing a tobacco taker, which was stereotyped and subsequently issued at different dates, that the book contained the Peters’ laws; but what related to New Haven here were simply extracts of a few laws and court orders from the records. The Blue Laws of Peters were reprinted by J. W. Barber, in his History and Antiquities of New Haven, 1831, with a note in which the old story is repeated, that the term blue originated from the color of the paper in which the first printed laws were stitched. They were also printed by Mr. Hinman, formerly Secretary of the State of Connecticut, in 1838, in a volume already cited, along with other valuable documents relating to the colony, and with what he called the Blue Laws of Virginia, of Barbadoes, of Maryland, New York, South Carolina, Massachusetts, and Plymouth.

Peters’ Connecticut (1781) is now a scarce book. The copy in the Menzies sale, no. 1,590, brought $125. Cf. Brinley Catalogue, no. 2,088, etc. The interest in this apocryphal history of Connecticut and in Peters’ Blue Laws was revived in modern times by the publication in 1829 of a new edition of Peters’ History, in 12º., at New Haven, with a preface and eighty-seven pages of supplementary notes. The anonymous editor of the new edition was Sherman Croswell, son of the Rev. Harry Croswell,—a recent graduate of Yale College, who furnished the supplementary notes. Nearly all the type of this edition was set by the late Joel Munsell, then a young man just twenty-one years of age. Mr. Croswell subsequently went to Albany as co-editor with his cousin, Edwin Croswell, of the Albany Argus. (Joel Munsell, Manuscript Note; October, 1871.) Professor Franklin B. Dexter, of Yale College, writes me under date of Feb. 20, 1883, respecting the enterprise of publishing the new edition of Peters’ History: “I have heard that the publisher, Dorus Clarke, used to say that he lost $2,000 by the publication. Sherman Croswell was a young lawyer then living here, a son of the Rev. Dr. Harry Croswell, and brother and classmate (Yale College, 1822) of the more gifted Rev. William Croswell, of the Church of the Advent in Boston. Sherman was born Nov. 10, 1802; removed to Albany in 1831, and became an editor of the Argus with his cousin, Edwin Croswell; returned to New Haven in 1855, and died here March 4, 1859. I have repeatedly heard that he edited this publication, though my authority has never been a very definite one. Munsell’s note I should not hesitate to accept as far as this fact is concerned.” Munsell inadvertently calls Sherman Croswell a brother of Edwin. A spurious edition of this book was published in New York in 1877, edited by a descendant of the author, S. J. McCormick. Cf. Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., Oct. 22, 1877, and N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1877, p. 238.

But New Haven was not the only New England colony whose laws were satirized or burlesqued by those who did not sympathize with the strict ways of the Puritan. John Josselyn, who visited the Massachusetts Colony twice, in his account of the country published in 1674 professes to give some of the laws of that colony. Some of those cited by him are true, and some are false. Some were court orders or sentences for crimes. One is similar to a law in Peters’ code: “For kissing a woman in the street, though in the way of civil salute, whipping or a fine” (p. 178). Of course there were at an early period in the colony instances of ridiculous punishments awarded at the sole discretion of the magistrate, of which the record in all cases may not be preserved, and it is hazardous to deny, for that reason, that they ever took place. The existence of standing laws are more easily ascertained. Josselyn (p. 179) refers the reader to “their Laws in print.” During his second visit to Massachusetts (1663-1671) he could have seen the digest of 1649, and that of 1660. Of the first no copy is now extant, but the Connecticut code of 1650, first printed in 1822, was perhaps substantially a transcript of it. 3 Mass. Hist. Coll. viii. 214. Josselyn probably never examined either of the Massachusetts digests.

The notorious Edward Ward published, in 1699 a folio of sixteen pages, entitled A Trip to New England, etc. (Carter-Brown, ii. 1580.) A large part of it, where he speaks of “Boston and the Inhabitants,” is abusive and scandalous. He enlarges upon Josselyn in the instance cited, whose book he had seen. Mr. Drake and Dr. Shurtleff, in their histories of Boston, both quote from it. No one would think of believing “Ned Ward,” the editor of the London Spy, who was sentenced more than once to stand in the pillory for his scurrility; yet for all this he probably was as truthful, if not as pious, as Parson Peters of a later generation.

[665] See Trumbull, i. 297; New Haven Colonial Records, ii. 217, 238, 363; Connecticut Colonial Records, ii. 283, 303, 308, 324.

[666] [See chap. x. of the present volume, and chap. ix. of Vol. IV.—ED.]

[667] See also Winthrop’s letter in Connecticut Historical Society’s Collections, i. 52, and Secretary Clarke’s in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., xi. 344. The earnest protest of New Haven against the union, till the time it really took place, may be seen in the records of that colony from 1662 to 1665.

[668] See also Hutchinson, i. 213-220; the lecture on The Regicides sheltered in New England, Feb. 5, 1869, by Dr. Chandler Robbins, who used the new materials published in a volume of “Mather Papers” in 4 Massachusetts Historical Society’s Collections, vol. viii.; J. W. Barber’s History and Antiquities of New Haven, etc., 1831.

[669] Cf. Trumbull, History, i. 524, 526, 362, 363; Arnold’s Rhode Island, vol. i., passim; Palfrey, New England, vol. ii. [An elaborate monograph of the Boundary Disputes of Connecticut, by C. W. Bowen, Boston, 1882, covers the original claims to the soil, and the disputes with Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and New York. It is illustrated with the Dutch map of 1616, an Indian map of 1630, and various others.—ED.]

[670] Copies are rare. A copy sold in the Brinley sale (no. 2,001) for $300. Mr. Brinley issued a private reprint of it, following this copy, in which he gave a fac-simile of the title and an historical introduction.

[671] [Cf. C. K. Adams’s Manual of Historical Literature, p. 552. The author was the Rev. Benjamin Trumbull, D.D. (b. 1735; d. 1820). The papers of Governor Jonathan Trumbull (b. 1710; d. 1785), bound in twenty-three volumes, are in the library of the Massachusetts Historical Society; and the writer of the present chapter is the chairman of a committee preparing them for publication. Their chief importance, however, is for the Revolutionary period. The papers were procured in 1795, by Dr. Belknap, from the family of the Governor. One volume (19th) was burned in 1825. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., i. 85, 393.—ED.]

[672] [Dr. Trumbull’s labors ceased, with the second volume after the union; when, beginning with 1689, the editorial charge was taken by Mr. Hoadly.—ED.]

[673] Reference may here be made to a valuable note on the alleged incident, as related by Dr. Benjamin Trumbull in 1797, which has for so many years invested “The Charter Oak” with so much interest. See Palfrey, iii. 542-544. Vol. iii. of the Colonial Records contains a valuable official correspondence relating to this period, and also the “Laws enacted by Governor Andros and his Council,” for the colony, in 1687.

[674] The first volume (1860) has reprints of Gershom Bulkeley’s The People’s Right to Election ... argued, etc., 1869, following a rare tract of Mr. Brinley on Their Majesties’ Colony of Connecticut in New England Vindicated, 1694. A second volume of Collections was issued in 1870.

[675] [The first, in 1865, contained a history of the colony, by Henry White; an essay on its civil government, by Leonard Bacon; and others on the currency of the colony, etc. In the second is a valuable sketch of the life and writings of Davenport, by F. B. Dexter, and some notes on Goffe and Whalley from the same source. The third includes J. R. Trowbridge, Jr., on “The Ancient Maritime Interests of New Haven;” Dr. Henry Bronson on “The early Government of Connecticut and the Constitution of 1639;” and F. B. Dexter on “The Early Relations between New Netherland and New England.”—ED.]

[676] It has a map of New Haven in 1641.

[677] [There is no considerable Connecticut bibliography of local history; and F. B. Perkins’s Check-List of American Local History must be chiefly depended on; but the Brinley Catalogue, nos. 2,001-2,340, is very rich in this department. So also is Sabin’s Dictionary, iv. 395, etc., for official and anonymous publications. There are various miscellaneous references in Poole’s Index, p. 292. E. H. Gillett has a long paper on “Civil Liberty in Connecticut” in the Historical Magazine, July, 1868. Mr. R. R. Hinman’s Early Puritan Settlers of Connecticut was first issued in 1846-48 (366 pages), and reissued (884 pages) in 1852-56. Cf. N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1870, p. 84. Savage’s Genealogical Dictionary of the First Settlers of New England, however, is the chief source of genealogical information for the earliest comers.—ED.]

[678] The official name of this State since 1663 is “Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.” The Island of “Aquedneck,” its Indian name, spelled in various ways, was so called till 1644, when the Court ordered that henceforth it be “called the Isle of Rhodes, or Rhode Island.” It is said that Block, the Dutch navigator, in 1614, gave the island the name of “Roodt Eylandt,” from the prevalence of red clay in some portions of its shores. There are traditions connecting the name with Verrazano and the Isle of Rhodes in Asia Minor, which require no further mention. See Arnold’s Rhode Island, i. 70; Rhode Island Colonial Records, i. 127; Verrazano in 2 N. Y. Hist. Coll., i. 46; Brodhead’s New York, i. 57, 58; Amer. Antiq. Soc. Proc., i. 367; J. G. Kohl, in Magazine of American History, February, 1883.

[679] In 1838 it was republished as vol. iv. of Rhode Island Historical Society’s Collections, edited by Professor Romeo Elton, with notes, and a memoir of the author, and reissued in Boston in 1843; cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, iii. 600.

[680] It was reprinted in 2 Mass. Hist. Coll., ix. 166-203. It is called “inaccurate” by Bancroft.

[681] Cited by S. G. Arnold, History of Rhode Island, i. 124.

[682] Bartlett’s Bibliography of Rhode Island, p. 204.

[683] [A second edition was published in 1874; cf. C. K. Adams’s Manual of Historical Literature, p. 552.—ED.]

[684] John Pitman’s Discourse was delivered in August, 1836; Job Durfee’s in January, 1847; and Zachariah Allen’s in April, 1876; and another, by Mr. Allen, on “The Founding of Rhode Island,” in 1881.

[685] The original edition of the Key was issued in London in 1643. Brinley Catalogue, no. 2,380. It is also reprinted in the _R. I. Hist. Soc. Coll._, vol. i. See an earlier page under “Massachusetts.”

[686] It was at first intended to republish also such of the writings of John Cotton, George Fox, and John Clarke as were connected with Roger Williams, to be followed by the writings of Samuel Gorton and Governor Coddington; but with the exception of two pieces by Cotton, edited by R. A. Guild, the publications of the Club have been limited to the writings of Williams.

[687] He published an abridgment in 1804, which was reprinted in Philadelphia, in 1844, with a memoir of the author, under the title of Church History of New England, from 1620 to 1804. Backus was born in 1724, and died in 1806.

[688] [Dr. Turner also read a paper—Settlers of Aquedneck and Liberty of Conscience—before the Historical Society, in February, 1880, which was published at Newport the same year.—ED.]

[689] [Dr. Dexter a few years since recovered a lost tract by Williams, Christenings make not Christians, 1645, which he found in the British Museum, and edited for Rider’s Historical Tracts, no. 14, in 1881, adding certain of Williams’s letters. Williams’s letter to George Fox, 1672, in his controversy with the Quakers, is printed in the Historical Magazine, ii. 56.—ED.]

[690] [Sabin’s Dictionary, iv. 106; Menzies Catalogue, no. 392; Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 729. It was reprinted in 4 Mass. Hist. Coll., ii. pp. 1-113. Thomas Cobbett’s Civil Magistrates’ Power in Matters of Religion modestly debated, London, 1653, was in part an answer to this “slanderous pamphlet” (Prince Catalogue, no. 97-154). The character of Clarke and the influence of his mission to England, wherein he procured the revocation of William Coddington’s commission as governor, gave rise to a controversy between George Bancroft and Josiah Quincy in relation to the misapprehension of Grahame on the subject in his History of the United States; cf. Historical Magazine, August, 1865 (ix. 233), and the references noted in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., ii. 339. Coddington (of whom there is an alleged portrait in the Council Chamber at Newport,—N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1873, p. 241) also had his controversy with the Massachusetts authorities, and his side of the question is given in his Demonstration of True Love unto ... the rulers of the Massachusetts, ... by one who was once in authority with them, but always testified against their persecuting spirit, which was printed in 1674. Menzies Catalogue, no. 422 ($36); Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,101. See Magazine of American History, iii. 642; N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., April, 1882, p. 138.—ED.]

[691] [A copy of the charter is in the Massachusetts Archives (Miscellaneous, i. 135), and it is printed in the N. E. Hist. and Geneal. Reg., 1857, p. 41. The discussion in the Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc. was by Mr. Deane and Colonel Thomas Aspinwall. The latter’s contribution was also issued in Providence (2d ed.) in 1865, as Remarks on the Narragansett Patent.—ED.]

[692] Other digests followed in 1730, 1745, 1752, and 1767.

[693] [Cf. Thomas T. Stone on Roger Williams the Prophetic Legislator, Providence, 1872.—ED.]

[694] [Cf. Mr. Whitehead’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]

[695] See chapter xi.

[696] See chapter xi.

[697] The History of the Province of New York, from the first Discovery to the year MDCCXXXII. To which is annexed a Description of the Country, with a short Account of the Inhabitants, their Trade, Religious and Political State, and the Constitution of the Courts of Justice in that Colony. By William Smith, A.M. London; MDCCLVII., 4º, pp. 255.

[698] [Of Smith and his History O’Callaghan (ii. 64) says “Smith knew about as little of the history of New Netherland as many of his readers of the present day.”—ED.]

[699] [Cf. Mr. Fernow’s estimate of Smith in Vol. IV. Also, Hist. Mag., xiv. 266.—ED.]

[700] The Natural, Statistical, and Civil History of the State of New York, in three volumes, by James Macauley. New York, 1829. 8º.

[701] [Cf. Mr. Fernow’s estimate in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[702] History of the New Netherlands, Province of New York, and State of New York, to the Adoption of the Federal Constitution. In two volumes. By William Dunlap. Printed for the author by Carter & Thorp, New York, 1839-1840. 2 vols. 8º.

[703] [Cf. Mr. Fernow’s estimate in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[704] History of the State of New York, by John Romeyn Brodhead. First period, 1609-1664. New York, 1853; second edition, 1859. Second period, 1664-1691. New York, 1871. Harper & Brothers, New York. 2 vols. 8º. Mr. Brodhead was born Jan. 21, 1814, and died May 6, 1873.

[705] [Cf. Mr. Fernow’s estimate of Brodhead in Vol. IV., where, in the chapter on New Netherland, an examination is made of the labors of Brodhead and others in amassing and arranging the documentary history of the State.—ED.]

[706] See also Bowden’s Friends in America, i. 309; Lamb’s New York, i. 180; Valentine’s Manual, 1842-43, p. 147; Gay’s Popular History of the United States, ii. 236.

[707] There were later enlarged editions in 1680 and 1705, or of about those dates. Muller, Catalogue (1877), no. 3,389.

[708] Cf. Mr. Fernow’s chapter in Vol. IV. It was afterwards followed in part in Lotter’s map. (Asher’s List, no. 20.)

[709] [See a chapter in Vol. IV. for the Dutch rule.—ED.]

[710] [See this volume, chap. x., for the English Conquest.—ED.]

[711] [See Vol. IV. for the Swedish rule.—ED.]

[712] [See chapter ix.; and the full treatment of the struggle to maintain the charter, given by Mr Deane, in the Memorial History of Boston, i. 329.—ED.]

[713] East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments, pp. 250, 251.

[714] Leaming and Spicer’s Grants and Concessions, p. 493.

[715] [See chapter x.—ED.]

[716] It was entitled A Brief Account of the Province of East Jersey in America, published by the present Proprietors, for information of all such persons who are or may be inclined to settle themselves, families, and servants in that country.

[717] It was styled A Brief Account of the Province of East New Jersey in America. Published by the Scots’ Proprietors having interest there, For the information of such as may have a desire to Transport themselves or their Families thither; wherein the Nature and Advantage of, and Interest in, a Forraign Plantation to this Country is Demonstrated. Printed by JOHN REID.

[718] Twenty-five copies were printed separately, bearing date 1867. Sabin’s Dictionary, xiii. 53,079. Alofsen Catalogue, No. 823.

[719] Vol. I. p. 226.

[720] It was entitled The Model of the Government of the Province of East New Jersey in America; And Encouragements for such as Designs to be concerned there. Published for Information of such as are desirous to be Interested in that place.

[721] [The copies known are these: 1. New Jersey Historical Society. 2. Harvard College Library. 3. John Carter Brown Library, Providence. 4. William A. Whitehead, Newark. 5. J. A. King, Long Island. 6. British Museum. 7. Huth Library, London. 8. Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh. 9. Göttingen University. 10. Lenox Library, New York.—ED.]

[722] The title, in full, is quite a correct table of contents, and under the several headings is given very excellent advice as to the course to be followed to insure success in the new settlements. It is as follows: Good Order Established in Pennsilvania and New Jersey in America. Being a true Account of the Country, With its Produce and Commodities there made, And the great Improvements that may be made by means of Publick Store-houses for Hemp, Flax, and Linnen-Cloth; also, the Advantages of a Publick School, the profits of a Publick Bank, and the Probability of its arising, if those directions here laid down are followed; With the advantages of publick Granaries. Likewise, several other things needful to be understood by those that are or do intend to be concerned in planting in the said Countries. All which is laid down very plain in this small Treatise; it being easie to be understood by any ordinary Capacity. To which the Reader is referred for his further satisfaction. By THOMAS BUDD. Printed in the year 1685.

[723] The title, which may also be considered a table of contents, was as follows: An Historical Description of the Province and Country of West New Jersey in America. A short View of their Laws, Customs, and Religions. As also the Temperament of the Air and Climate, The fatness of the Soil, with the vast Produce of Rice, etc., the improvement of the Lands as in England to Pasture, Meadows, etc. Their making great quantities of Pitch and Tar, as also Turpentine, which proceeds from the Pine Trees, with Rosen as clear as Gum Arabick, with particular Remarks upon their Towns, Fairs, and Markets; with the great Plenty of Oyl and Whale-Bone, made from the great number of whales they yearly take: As also many other Profitable and New Improvements. Never made Publick till now. By GABRIEL THOMAS.

[This book is rare, and may be worth, when found, $200. Copies have brought, however, $300 within ten years. Griswold Catalogue, Part I. No. 851. It was reprinted in lithographic fac-simile in New York in 1848 for Henry Austin Brady. One copy, on blue writing paper and illustrated, was in the Griswold sale, No. 852.—ED.]

[724] It was entitled The Case put and decided. By George Fox, George Whitehead, Stephen Crisp, and other the most Antient and Eminent Quakers. Between Edward Billing, on the one part, and some West Jersians, headed by Samuell Jenings, on the other part, In an Award relating to the Government of their Province, wherein, because not moulded to the Pallate of the said Samuell, the Light, the Truth, the Justice, and Infallibility of these great Friends are arreigned by him and his Accomplices. Also Several Remarks and Anniversations on the same Award, setting forth the Premises. With some Reflections on the Sensless Opposition of these Men against the present Governour, and their daring Audatiousness in their presumptuous asserting an Authority here over the Parliament of England. Published for the Information of the Impartial and Considerate, particularly such as Worship God and profess Christianity not in Faction and Hypocrisie, but in Truth and Sincerity. Ending with the texts Isa. xxx. 1, Isa. xlvii. 10, and [no book given] v. 11.

[725] He entitled it Truth Rescued from Forgery and Falshood. Being An Answer to a late Scurralous piece, Entituled The Case put and Decided, etc.; Which Stole into the World without any known Author’s name affixed thereto, And renders it the more like its Father, Who was a Lyer and Murtherer from the Beginning. By SAMUEL JENINGS.

[726] A Journal of the Life, Travels, Sufferings, and Labour of Love in the Work of the Ministry of that Worthy Elder and faithful Servant of Jesus Christ, William Edmundson, Who departed this Life the thirty-first of the sixth Month, 1712.

[727] It received the following title: A Bill in the Chancery of New Jersey, at the Suit of John, Earl of Stair, and others, Proprietors of the Eastern-Division of New Jersey, against Benjamin Bond, and some other Persons of Elizabeth-Town, distinguished as Clinker Lot Right Men; With three large Maps, done from Copper Plates. To which is added The Publications of the Council of Proprietors of East New Jersey, and Mr. Nevill’s Speeches to the General Assembly, Concerning the Riots committed in New Jersey, and the Pretences of the Rioters, and their Seducers. These Papers will give a better Light into the History and Constitution of New Jersey than any Thing hitherto published, the Matters whereof have been chiefly collected from Records. Published by Subscription: Printed by James Parker, in New York, 1747, and a few Copies are to be Sold by him and Benjamin Franklin, in Philadelphia. Price, bound, and Maps coloured, Three Pounds; plain and stitcht only, Fifty Shillings, Proclamation Money.

[728] It is to be regretted that one who is styled by Smith, the historian of New York, “a gentleman eminent in the law, and equally distinguished for his humanity, generosity, great ability, and honorable stations,” should never have had his biography written. [Alexander’s own copy of the bill was sold in the Brinley sale, 1880, No. 3591, and contained considerable manuscript additions in his handwriting.—ED.]

[729] The following is the title of the publication: An Answer to a Bill in the Chancery of New Jersey, at the suit of John, Earl of Stair, and others, commonly called Proprietors of the Eastern Division of New Jersey, against Benjamin Bond and others, claiming under the original Proprietors and Associates, of Elizabeth-Town. To which is added: Nothing either of The Publications of The Council of Proprietors of East New-Jersey, or of The Pretences of the Rioters and their Seducers; Except, so far as the Persons meant by Rioters Pretend Title against the Parties to the above Answer; but a Great Deal of the Controversy, Though Much Less of the History and Constitution of New Jersey than the said Bill. Audi Alteram Partem. Published by Subscription. New York: Printed and Sold by James Parker at the New Printing Office in Beaver Street. 1752, pp. 218, folio.

[730] Of the minor publications meriting attention the following are thought worthy of notice here:—

A Brief Vindication of the Purchassors Against the Proprietors in a Christian Manner. 48 pages 20º. New York, 1746.

An Answer to the Council of Proprietors’ two Publications, set forth at Perth Amboy the 25th of March, 1746, and the 25th of March, 1747. As also some observations on Mr. Nevill’s Speech to the House of Assembly in relation to a Petition presented to the House of Assembly, met at Trentown, in the Province of New Jersey, in May, 1746. New York: Printed and sold by the Widow Catharine Zenger, 1747. Folio, pp. 13. This is very rare, only two copies known.

A Pocket Commentary of the first settling of New Jersey by the Europeans; and an Account or fair detail of the original Indian East Jersey Grants, and other rights of the like tenor in East New Jersey. Digested in order. New York: Printed by Samuel Parker. 1759. 8º.

To these may be added the following of an earlier date:—

A further account of New Jersey in an Abstract of Letters lately writ from thence by several inhabitants there resident, 1676. This has been reprinted in fac-simile by Mr. Brinton Coxe.

The true state of the case between John Fenwick, Esq., and John Eldridge and Edmund Warner, concerning Mr. Fenwick’s Ten Parts of his land in West New Jersey in America. London, 1677; Philadelphia, reprinted 1765. A copy is in the Pennsylvania Historical Society’s Library, as I am informed by Mr. F. D. Stone, the librarian.

An Abstract or Abbreviation of some few of the many (Later and Former) Testimony from the inhabitants of New Jersey and other eminent persons who have wrote particularly Concerning that Place. London, 1681. 4º. 32 pp. Several of these letters, between 1677 and 1680, are printed in Smith’s History. The preface and whole tenor of the publication shows that rumors published in London were having a detrimental effect. There is a copy in the Carter-Brown Library.

Proposals by the Proprietors of East New Jersey in America for the building of a town on Amboy Point, and for the disposition of Lands in that Province. London, 1682, 4º. 6 pp.

[731] The History of the Colony of Nova-Cæsaria, or New Jersey: containing an account of its First Settlement, progressive improvements, the original and present Constitution, and other events, to the year 1721, with some particulars since; and a short view of its present state. By SAMUEL SMITH, Burlington, in New Jersey. Printed and sold by James Parker. Sold also by David Hall, in Philadelphia, MDCCLXV. 8º. [Smith was born in 1720, and died in 1776. This edition is a rare book, and may be worth $25.00. Copies have brought much higher sums.—ED.]

[732] As late as 1877, a second edition was published without any alteration,—a questionable proceeding, but evincing the estimation in which the work is held at the present day. [It was issued by William S. Sharp at Trenton, and contains a brief memoir of the author by his nephew, the late John Jay Smith, of Germantown, Pennsylvania.—ED.]

[733] It is entitled The Grants, Concessions, and Original Constitutions of the Province of New Jersey: The Acts Passed during the Proprietary Governments, and other material Transactions before the Surrender thereof to Queen Anne; The Instrument of Surrender, and Her formal acceptance thereof; Lord Cornbury’s Commission and Instructions consequent thereon. Collected by some Gentlemen employed by the General Assembly, And afterwards Published by Vertue of an Act of the Legislature of the said Province. With proper Tables, alphabetically digested, containing the principal Matters in the Book. By AARON LEAMING and JACOB SPICER. Philadelphia: Printed by W Bradford, Printer to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty for the Province of New Jersey. Small folio, pp. 763. The date of printing does not appear upon the titlepage; but it is presumed to have been in 1758.

[734] Since this notice of the book was written a new edition of it has unexpectedly appeared, printed by Honeyman & Co., Somerville, New Jersey.

[735] Documents relating to the Colonial History of the State of New Jersey. [First Series.] Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITEHEAD. Vol. I. 1631-1687. Newark: Daily Journal Establishment. 1880. 8º. Succeeding volumes cover a period later than that which now occupies us.

[736] Its full title was East Jersey under the Proprietary Governments; a Narrative of Events connected with the settlement and progress of the Province, until the Surrender of the Government to the Crown in 1702. Drawn principally from original sources. By WILLIAM A. WHITEHEAD. With an appendix containing The Model of the Government of East New Jersey in America. By GEORGE SCOT, of Pitlochie. Now first reprinted from the original edition of 1685. 8º. pp. 341. A second edition, revised and enlarged, making a volume of 486 pages, with a large number of fac-simile autographs, was published in 1875. [It was also published separate from the Collections. It contained a map of New Jersey, 1656, following Vanderdonck’s, and another of East Jersey, with the settlements of about 1682, marked by Mr. Whitehead.—ED.]

[737] On the family of Sir Edmund Plowden, see Burke’s Commoners and Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, under “Plowden;” Baker’s Northamptonshire, under “Fermor;” the Visitation of Oxfordshire, published by the Harleian Society, and other works cited below, particularly Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, by Henry Foley, S. J. (London, 1875-1882), especially vol. iv. pp. 537 et seq.

[738] On this point, see Father Foley’s Records, just mentioned, and “A Missing Page of Catholic American History,—New Jersey colonized by Catholics,” by the Rev. R. L. Burtsell, D.D., in the Catholic World for November, 1880 (xxxii. 204 et seq., New York, 1881). Sir Edmund Plowden was not so stanch in his adherence to his faith as was his illustrious grandfather, for in 1635 he is said (temporarily, at least) to have counterfeited conformity in religion. See “Sir Edmund Plowden in the Fleet,” by the Rev. Edward D. Neill, in the Pennsylvania Magazine, v. 424 et seq., an article which “furnishes some facts relative to the career of Sir Edmund Plowden just before he left England for Virginia,” from “the calendars of British State papers during the reign of Charles the First.”

[739] See “Sir Edmund Plowden or Ployden,” by “Albion,” in Notes and Queries, iv. 319 et seq. (London, 1852), containing so many statements not elsewhere met with as to have provoked a series of pertinent queries from the late Sebastian F. Streeter, Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society, Ibid., ix. 301-2 (London, 1854), several of which, unfortunately, are still unanswered.

[740] The petitions and warrant mentioned, with a paper entitled “The Commodities of the Island called Manati ore Long Isle within the Continent of Virginia,” extracted from Strafford’s Letters and Despatches (i. 72) and Colonial Papers (vol. vi. nos. 60, 61), in the Public Record Office at London, are given in the N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., 1869, pp. 213 et seq. (New York, 1870). “Between this period and 1634,” according to “Albion,” “Sir Edmund was engaged in fulfilling the conditions of the warrant by carrying out the colonization by indentures, which were executed and enrolled in Dublin, and St. Mary’s, in Maryland, in America. In Dublin the parties were Viscount Muskerry, 100 planters; Lord Monson, 100 planters; Sir Thomas Denby, 100 planters; Captain Clayborne (of American notoriety), 50; Captain Balls; and amounting in all to 540 colonizers, beside others in Maryland, Virginia, and New England.” The same persons, with “Lord Sherrard” and “Mr. Heltonhead” and his brother, are named as lessees under the charter of New Albion, in Varlo’s Floating Ideas of Nature, ii. 13, hereafter spoken of.

[741] “Confirmed,” says “Albion,” “24th July, 1634.” The Latin original of this charter may be seen in the Pennsylvania Magazine, vol. vii. p. 50 et seq. (Philadelphia, 1883), with an Introductory Note by the writer, embracing Printz’s account of Plowden, extracts from the wills of Sir Edmund and Thomas Plowden, and a portion of Varlo’s pamphlet, hereafter referred to.

[742] So “Albion.”

[743] Printed in Rymer’s Fœdera, xix. 472 et seq., A.D. 1633, and reprinted in Ebenezer Hazard’s Historical Collections, i. 335 et seq., Philadelphia, 1792. For biographical accounts of Yong and Evelin, see Memoir and Letters of Captain W. Glanville Evelyn (Oxford, 1879), and The Evelyns in America (Ibid., 1881), both edited and annotated by G. D. Scull; cf. also “Robert Evelyn, Explorer of the Delaware,” by the Rev. E. D. Neill, in the Historical Magazine, second series, vol. iv. pp. 75, 76; and Neill’s Founders of Maryland, p. 54, note.

[744] These facts are stated in letters from Yong to Sir Tobie Matthew, referred to in the chapter on Maryland, which also contains a fac-simile of the signature of Thomas Yong.

[745] Direction for Adventurers, and true description of the healthiest, pleasantest, and richest Plantation of New Albion, in North Virginia, in a letter from Mayster Robert Eveline, that lived there many years. Small 4º. (“Liber rarissimus,” Allibone.) It was reprinted in chapter iii. of Plantagenet’s Description of New Albion, hereafter mentioned.

[746] So Beauchamp Plantagenet.

[747] Before the Committee of Trade. See Samuel Hazard’s Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 109.

[748] With regard to whom see Vol. IV., chapter on “New Sweden.”

[749] Hazard’s Annals, pp. 109, 110, citing “Albany Records,” iii. 224.

[750] “Sir Edmund Plowden,” by the Rev. Edward D. Neill, Pennsylvania Magazine of History, v. 206 et seq., citing “Manuscript records of Maryland, at Annapolis.”

[751] Printed at the end of Kolonien Nya Sveriges Grundläggning, 1637-1642, af C. T. Odhner (Stockholm, 1876), referred to in Vol. IV., chapter on “New Sweden.” The “former communications” spoken of in it cannot be found, although they have been diligently sought for, on behalf of the writer, in Sweden.

[752] Accomack and Kecoughtan (as it is usually spelled by English writers), the present Hampton. The diverse orthography of the text conforms to the original. The places are noted on contemporary maps.

[753] Cited in Vol. IV., chapter on “New Sweden.” John Romeyn Brodhead, in his History of the State of New York, i. 381, 484, mentions Plowden’s visits to Manhattan as occurring in 1643 and 1648.

[754] Scull’s Evelyns in America, p. 361 et seq. The lawyers referred to were Henry Clerk and Arthur Turner, serjeants-at-law, and Arthur Ducke, Thomas Ryves, Robert Mason, William Merricke, Giles Sweit, Robert King, and William Turner, doctors of laws; of whom, says the editor, two at least, Ducke and Ryves, are “recognized as very able and learned lawyers in their day.” The rest, as well as Bysshe, speak of the letters patent as “under the Great Seal of Ireland.” I am informed by Mr. Scull that the documents mentioned constitute a manuscript folio volume now in the Bodleian Library, Oxford.

[755] A Description of the Province of New Albion. And a Direction for Adventurers with small stock to get two for one, and good land freely: And for Gentlemen, and all Servants, Labourers, and Artificers to live plentifully. And a former Description reprinted of the healthiest, pleasantest, and richest Plantation of New Albion in North Virginia, proved by thirteen witnesses. Together with a Letter from Master Robert Evelin, that lived there many years, shewing the particularities, and excellency thereof. With a briefe of the charge of victuall, and necessaries, to transport and buy stock for each Planter, or Labourer, there to get his Master £50 per Annum, or more in twelve trades, at £10 charges onely a man. Printed in the Year 1648. Small 4º, 32 pp. (Sabin’s Dictionary, vol. v. no. 19,724.) On the verso of the titlepage (reproduced here from the copy of the book in the Philadelphia Library) appear: “The Order, Medall, and Riban of the Albion Knights, of the Conversion of 23 Kings, their support;” the medal (given also in Mickle’s Reminiscences of Old Gloucester) bearing on its face a coroneted effigy of Sir Edmund Plowden, surrounded by the legend, ‘EDMUNDUS. COMES. PALATINUS. ET. GUBER. N. ALBION,’ and on the reverse two coats of arms impaled; the dexter, those of the Province of New Albion, namely, the open Gospel, surmounted by a hand dexter issuing from the partiline grasping a sword erect, surmounted by a crown; the sinister, those of Plowden himself, a fesse dancettée with two fleurs-de-lis on the upper points; supporters, two bucks rampant gorged with crowns,—the whole surmounted by the coronet of an Earl Palatine, and encircled with the motto, ‘SIC SUOS VIRTUS BEAT;’ and the order consisting of this achievement encircled by twenty-two heads couped and crowned, held up by a crowned savage kneeling,—the whole surrounded with the legend, ‘DOCEBO INIQUOS VIAS TUAS, ET IMPII AD TE CONVERTENTUR.’ These engravings are accompanied by Latin mottoes and English verses on “Ployden” and “Albion’s Arms.” The work is the subject of an essay entitled “An Examination of Beauchamp Plantagenet’s Description of the Province of New Albion,” by John Penington, in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. iv. pt. i. pp. 133 et seq. (Philadelphia, 1840), for which the writer is very justly censured by a reviewer in the Gentleman’s Magazine for August, 1840, in these terms: “He has shown himself not unskilful in throwing ridicule upon the exaggerations and falsifications with which (as unhappily has been generally the case with such compositions in all ages) the prospectus of Ployden, or Plowden, abounds; but he has failed in the more difficult task of separating truth from falsehood.” The same critic says: “It is clear to us that the pamphlet was issued with the consent, and probably at the procuration and charges, of Sir Edmund Ployden;” and he attempts to throw some light upon the personality of the author, whose name of “Plantagenet,” undoubtedly, is fictitious. Besides the copy of the Description of New Albion in the Philadelphia Library, there is another in the Carter-Brown Library (Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 649), at Providence; three are mentioned by Mr. Penington as included in private libraries; and two, says the writer in the Gentleman’s Magazine, are preserved in the British Museum. The book was reprinted from the Philadelphia copy in Tracts and Other Papers collected by Peter Force, vol. ii. no. 7 (Washington, 1838), and again reprinted from Force in Scull’s Evelyns in America, p. 67 et seq. The citations in the text are taken directly from the Philadelphia and Carter-Brown copies, which will account for some variations from these occasionally inaccurate reprints. A second edition of the original is mentioned by Lowndes as published in 1650. See the Huth Catalogue, which says: “The original edition was doubtless published at Middleburgh in 1641 or 1642.”

[756] An intimacy which authorized Plantagenet to speak thus of the Earl Palatine: “I found his conversation as sweet and winning, as grave and sober, adorned with much Learning, enriched with sixe Languages, most grounded and experienced in forain matters of State policy, and government, trade, and sea voyages, by 4 years travell in Germany, France, Italy, and Belgium, by 5 years living an Officer in Ireland, and this last 7 years in America.” “Sir Edmund Plowden,” says “Albion,” “was not inferior to any of his co-governors in ability, fortune, position, or family.”

[757] Reproduced in Heylin’s Cosmographie, in Philips’s enlarged edition of Speed’s Prospect of the Most Famous Parts of the World, in Stith’s History of Virginia (Williamsburg, 1747), and in the Pocket Commentary of the first Settling of New Jersey by the Europeans (New York, 1759). Compare “Councells Opinions concerning Coll. Nicholls pattent and Indian purchases,” in Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y., xiii. 486, 487 (Albany, 1881). On certain of these points, see “Expedition of Captain Samuel Argall,” by George Folsom, in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., second series, i. 333 et seq. (New York, 1841), and Brodhead’s History of the State of New York, i. 54, 55, 140, and notes E and F.

[758] See Sketches of the Primitive Settlements on the River Delaware, by James N. Barker (Philadelphia, 1827), Penington’s work already cited, and “An Inquiry into the Location of Mount Ployden, the Seat of the Raritan King,” by the Rev. George C. Schanck, in New Jersey Hist. Soc. Proc., vi. 25 et seq. (Newark, N. J., 1853). According to Plantagenet, “The bounds is a thousand miles compasse, of this most temperate, rich Province, for our South bound is Maryland North bounds, and beginneth at Aquats or the Southermost or first Cape of Delaware Bay in thirty-eight and forty minutes, and so runneth by, or through, or including Kent Isle, through Chisapeack Bay to Pascatway, including the fals of Pawtomecke river to the head or Northermost branch of that river, being three hundred miles due West; and thence Northward to the head of Hudson’s river fifty leagues, and so down Hudson’s river to the Ocean, sixty leagues; and thence by the Ocean and Isles a crosse Delaware Bay to the South Cape, fifty leagues; in all seven hundred and eighty miles. Then all Hudson’s river, Isles, Long Isle, or Pamunke, and all Isles within ten leagues of the said Province being; and note Long Isle alone is twenty broad, and one hundred and eighty miles long, so that alone is four hundred miles compasse.” These limits of New Albion, as given in Smith’s History of New Jersey, are cited by the Rev. William Smith, D.D., in An Examination of the Connecticut Claim to Lands in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia, 1774), with the remark, page 83: “This Grant, which was intended to include all the Dutch Claims, was the Foundation of the Duke of York’s Grant.”

[759] Domestic Interregnum, Entry Book, xcii. 108, 159, 441. Reprinted in N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll. 1869, pp. 221-22.

[760] Reproduced herewith from a copy in the possession of John Cadwalader, Esq., of Philadelphia. It will be seen that Mr. Penington was correct in his account of this map, op. cit., notwithstanding the criticisms of the reviewer of his work in the Gentleman’s Magazine, which were based not on this, but on a similar map in The Discovery of New Britaine (London, 1651), in the British Museum, collated by “John Farrer, Esq.” Cf. Editorial Note A, following chapter v.

[761] Neill’s Sir Edmund Plowden, before cited.

[762] The document is on file in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury, London, and has two seals attached to it,—described by “Albion” as Sir Edmund’s “private seal of the Plowdens, and his Earl’s with supporters, signed ‘Albion,’ the same as is given in Beauchamp Plantagenet’s New Albion.” The extracts in the text were copied from the original will by a London correspondent of the writer.

[763] Extract courteously made from the original at Somerset House, London, by the same correspondent. This gentleman assures me that, notwithstanding the declaration of “Albion” to the contrary, the will contains “no allusion whatever to the death of anybody at the hands of American Indians.”

[764] In his manuscript Journal, preserved in Sweden.

[765] See Doc. Col. Hist. N. Y., ii. 82, 92.

[766] In these terms: “A Commission was granted to Sir Edmund Ploydon for planting and possessing the more Northern parts [of New Netherland], which lie towards New England, by the name of New Albion.” Similarly (following Heylin) the Pocket Commentary of the first Settling of New Jersey.

[767] Maps of “New England and New York” and “Virginia and Maryland,” in this work, name the region on the west side of the Delaware south of the Schuylkill “Aromaninck,” which was understood by Mr. Neill to be the “Eriwomeck” of Yong and Evelin, placed, therefore, at that point by him in articles in the Historical Magazine and the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, before referred to. “Aromanink” is given on another map, one of Visscher’s (from which these in Speed’s work were partly derived), agreeing with several of the period in assigning “Ermomex” (quite as likely the true “Eriwomeck”) to the eastern side of the Delaware. Modern historians of New Jersey, following a statement of Evelin, place Yong’s Fort near Pensaukin Creek.

[768] For information with regard to this family, see Note B to Mr. Henry C. Murphy’s translation of “The Representation of New Netherland,” N. Y. Hist. Soc. Coll., second series, ii. 323 et seq. (New York, 1849), and the Rev. Dr. Burtsell’s article, already quoted. The latter lays particular stress upon the devout fidelity to the Catholic Church of the kinsfolk of the Earl Palatine of New Albion, whether in England or America, and intimates the Catholic character of Sir Edmund Plowden’s projected colony.

[769] In 8º, 30 pp., with the following titlepage: The Finest Part of America. To be Sold, or Lett, From Eight Hundred to Four Thousand Acres, in a Farm, All that Entire Estate, called Long Island, in New Albion, Lying near New York: Belonging to the Earl Palatine of Albion, Granted to His Predecessor, Earl Palatine of Albion, By King Charles the First. [asterism] The Situation of Long Island is well known, therefore needs no Description here. New Albion is a Part of the Continent of Terra Firma, described in the Charter to begin at Cape May; from thence Westward 120 Miles, running by the River Delaware, closely following its Course by the North Latitude, to a certain Rivulet there arising from a Spring of Lord Baltimore’s, in Maryland; to the South from thence, taking its Course into a Square, bending to the North by a Right Line 120 Miles; from thence also into a Square inclining to the East in a right Line 120 Miles to the River and Port of Reacher Cod, and descends to a Savannah or Meadow, turning and including the Top of Sandy Hook; from thence along the Shore to Cape May, where it began, forming a Square of 120 Miles of good Land. Long Island is mostly improved and fit for a Course of Husbandry. N.B.—Great Encouragement will be given to improving Tenants, by letting the Lands very cheap, on Leases of Lives, renewable for ever. Letters (Post paid) signed with real Names, directed for F. P., at Mr. Reynell’s Printing-Office, No. 21, Piccadilly, near the Hay-Market, will be answered, and the Writer directed where he may be treated with, relative to the Conditions of Sale, Charter, Title Deeds, a Map, with the Farms allotted thereon, etc., etc. Just Published, and may be had as above (Price One Shilling), A True Copy of the Above Charter, With the Conditions of Letting, or Selling the Land, and other Articles relating thereto. A copy of this rare tract (that collated by Sabin, and consulted by the writer) is owned by Mr. Charles H. Kalbfleisch, of New York; others are mentioned in Mr. Whitehead’s East Jersey under the Proprietors (2d ed.), p. 11, note, as belonging to the late John Ruthurfurd, of Newark, N. J., and the late Henry C. Murphy, of New York. The copy formerly pertaining to Varlo’s counsellor, William Rawle, long since passed out of the possession of his family. Of the contents of the book mentioned in the text, the translation of the charter and the lease and release were reprinted in Hazard’s Historical Collections, i. 160 et seq.; the address is given (with the error “Sir Edward” for “Sir Edmund Plowden”) in a “parergon” to Penington’s essay; and the conditions for letting or selling land appear in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, vii. 54, as before intimated.

[770] “The Proclamation,” says Mr. Murphy, “has not been republished. The only copy which we know of is the one for the use of which we are indebted to the kindness of the Hon. Peter Force, of Washington.”

[771] Notice was also given that “True copies in Latin and English of the original charter registered in Dublin, authenticated under the hand and seal of the Lord Mayor of Dublin, 1784, may be seen, by applying to Captain Cope, at the State Arms Tavern, New York.”

[772] An account of Varlo’s “Tour through America” was given in his Nature Displayed, p. 116 et seq. (London, 1794), and was reprinted (with slight variations of phrase) in his Floating Ideas of Nature, ii. 53 et seq., London, 1796. A copy of the former book is in the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia, and one of the latter is in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[773] The letters appear in the Floating Ideas of Nature, ii. 9 et seq.

[774] The authorities cited in this paper contain, it is believed, all the facts in print concerning New Albion, although the subject is mentioned in all the general and in many of the local annals of New Jersey, as well as in several histories of Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New York.

[775] See chapter ix.

[776] As early as 1658 Josiah Coale and Thomas Thurston visited the Susquehanna Indians. They were received with great kindness, and spent some weeks with the red men, travelling over two hundred miles in their company. Coale also visited the tribes of Martha’s Vineyard and others of Massachusetts. He returned to them after being liberated from prison at Sandwich, and was told by a chief: “The Englishmen do not love Quakers, but the Quakers are honest men and do no harm; and this is no Englishman’s sea or land, and the Quakers shall come here and welcome.” Of this early teacher Penn wrote: “Therefore shall his memorial remain as a sweet oyntment with the Righteous, and time shall never blot him out of their remembrance.” Fox had several meetings with the Indians, and at one he says, “They sat very grave and sober, and were all very attentive, beyond many called Christians.” After Fox’s return to England, his interest in the Indians continued, and in 1681 he wrote to the Burlington Meeting to invite the Indians to worship with them. It was thus that the way was prepared for the peaceful settlement of West Jersey and Pennsylvania.

[777] [See Mr. Whitehead’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]

[778] An Abstract or Abbreviation of some Few of the Many (Latter and Former) Testimonys from the Inhabitants of New Jersey, etc. London, 1681.

[779] [The history of the Swedish period is told in Vol. IV.—ED.]

[780] History of Chester County, Pa., by Judge J. Smith Futhey and Gilbert Cope, p. 18.

[781] The courts were of three different kinds: namely, the County Courts, Orphans’ Courts, and Provincial Court. The County Courts sat at irregular intervals during the year, and were composed of justices of the peace, commissioned from time to time, the number of whom varied with the locality, the press of business, or the caprice of the government. They had jurisdiction to try criminal offences of inferior grades, and all civil causes except where the title to land was in controversy. In proper cases they exercised a distinct equity jurisdiction, which seems, however, to have been excessively irritating to the people. In many instances they were materially assisted in their labors by boards of peacemakers, who were annually appointed to settle controversies, and who performed pretty nearly the same functions as modern arbitrators. The Justices of the County Courts sat also in the Orphans’ Courts, which were established in every county to control and distribute the estates of decedents. For some cause now imperfectly understood, the conduct of the early Orphans’ Courts was exceedingly unsatisfactory, and their practice so irregular that but little can be gleaned respecting them.

The Provincial Court, which was established in 1684, was composed of five, afterwards of three, judges, who were always among the most considerable men in the province. They had jurisdiction in cases of heinous or enormous crimes, and also in all cases where the title to land was in controversy. An appeal also lay to this court from the County and Orphans’ Courts, in all cases where it was thought that injustice had been done.

[782] In 1700 the admiralty jurisdiction was done away with by the establishment of a regular vice-admiralty court in the province.

[783] Manuscript note furnished by Lawrence Lewis, Jr., Esq.

[784] [See the Maryland view of this controversy in chap. xiii.—ED.]

[785] This must not be confused with the present Cape Henlopen, which was in 1760 called Cape Cornelius. The line was eventually run from a point known as “The False Cape,” about twenty-three or twenty-four miles south of the present Cape Henlopen.

[786] While in America, Penn made other purchases from the Indians. One purchase from the Five Nations for land on the Susquehanna was delayed until after the limits between Pennsylvania and Maryland were settled, when it was consummated in 1696, through the agency of Governor Dongan of New York, and confirmed by the Indians in 1701.

[787] Manuscript note furnished by Samuel W. Pennypacker, Esq.

[788] [There is a contemporary map showing the laying out of Philadelphia by Holme (concerning which much will be found in John Reed’s Explanation of the Map of Philadelphia, 1774), and also a part of Harris’s map of Pennsylvania, which gives the location of Pennsbury Manor, Penn’s country house, in Bucks County, four miles above Bristol, on the Delaware, which was built during Penn’s first visit, on land purchased by Markham of the Indians. See the view in Gay’s Popular History of the United States, iii. 174.—ED.]

[789] Their frames were logs; they were thirty feet long and eighteen wide, with a partition in the middle forming two rooms, one of which could be again divided. They were covered with clapboards, which were “rived feather-edged.” They were lined and filled in. The floor of the lower rooms was the ground; that of the upper was of clapboards. These houses, he said, would last ten years; but some persons, even in the villages, had built much better. The house built for James Claypoole was about such as we have described. It had, however, a good cellar, but no chimney. He said it looked like a barn.

[790] Some Account of the Province of Pennsilvania in America, Lately Granted under the Great Seal of England To William Penn, etc., Together with Priviledges and Powers necessary to the well-governing thereof. Made public for the Information of such as are or may be disposed to Transport Themselves or Servants into those Parts. London: Printed and Sold by Benjamin Clark, etc., 1681.

See Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,225; Rice Catalogue, no. 1,753. There is a copy in Harvard College Library, from which the accompanying fac-simile of title is taken. The chief portion of it is reprinted in Hazard’s Annals of Pennsylvania, p. 505; Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, i. 305.

In this pamphlet we have the origin of the quit-rents, which gave considerable uneasiness in the province. It gives also a picture of the social condition of England.

[791] Een Kort Bericht van de Provintie ofte Landschap Pennsylvania genaemt; leggende in America; Nu onlangs onder het groote Zegel van Engeland gegeven aan William Penn, etc. Rotterdam: Pieter van Wynbrugge, 1681, 4º, 24 pp. See Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,227; Trömel, Bibliotheca Americana, no. 381.

A copy of this was sold at the Stevens sale (no. 619) in 1881 for £10 5_s._

[792] Eine nachricht wegen der Landschaft Pennsylvania in America: welche jungstens unter dem Grossen Siegel in Engelland an William Penn, etc. Amsterdam: Christoff Cunraden, 4º, 31 pp. See Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,226. A copy is in the Philadelphia Library. (Loganian, no. Q, 1,262.) [Harrassowitz of Leipzig, in recently advertising a copy (28 marks) with the imprint, Frankfort, 1683, says that it originally formed a part of the Diarium Europæum, and was never published separately.—ED.]

[793] Recit de l’Estat Present des Celebres Colonies de la Virgine, de Marie-Land, de la Caroline, du nouveau Duché d’York, de Pennsylvania, et de la Nouvelle Angleterre, situées dans l’Amerique septentrionale, etc. Rotterdam: Reinier Leers, 4º, 43 pp. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,230; Leclerc’s Bibliotheca Americana, no. 1,324.

[794] A Brief Account of the Province of Pennsylvania, lately granted by the King, under the Great Seal of England, to William Penn and his Heirs and Assigns. London: Printed by Benjamin Clark, in George-Yard in Lombard Street, 4º; also abridged and issued in folio, without place or date.

There is a copy in Harvard College Library. Cf. Smith’s Catalogue of Friends’ Books, and Rëcuel de Diverses pieces concernant la Pensylvanie. See infra, p. 31.

[795] Plantation Work the Work of this Generation. Written in True-Love To all such as are weightily inclined to Transplant themselves and Families to any of the English Plantations in America. The Most material Doubts and Objections against it being removed, they may more cheerfully proceed to the Glory and Renown of the God of the whole Earth, who in all undertakings is to be looked unto, Praised, and Feared for Ever. Aspice venturo lætetur ut India Sêclo. London: Printed for Benjamin Clark, in George-Yard in Lombard Street, 1682, 4º, 18 pp. and title.

Copies of the tract are in the Carter-Brown Library, vol. ii. 1,252, Friends’ Library, Philadelphia, and in that of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

[796] The Frame of the Government of the Province of Pennsilvania in America: Together with certain Laws agreed upon in England by the Governour and divers Free Men of the aforesaid Province. Folio, 11 pp., 1682.

Penn’s copy of the above, with his bookplate, is in the library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It was purchased at the Stevens sale in 1881 for £10 5_s._ (Stevens’s Historical Collection, no. 623; Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,251.) There is another copy in Harvard College Library, from which the annexed fac-simile of title is taken. Later editions of the Frame, containing the alterations made in 1683, are spoken of on a subsequent page.

[797] Information and Direction To Such Persons as are inclined to America, more Especially Those related to the Province of Pennsylvania. Folio, 4 pp.

The title of this tract is given in Smith’s Catalogue of Friends’ Books, under date of 1681. It is reprinted, with a fac-simile of the half-title, in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, iv. 329, from a copy in possession of Mr. Henry C. Murphy. An edition was published at Amsterdam in 1686, which is given on a following page.

[798] There is a copy of the original tract in Harvard College Library. Its title is as follows,—

The Articles, Settlement, and Offices of the Free Society of Traders in Pennsilvania: Agreed upon by divers Merchants and others for the better Improvement and Government of Trade in that Province. London: Printed for Benjamin Clark, folio, 14 pp., 1682.

[799] Copies of it are in the British Museum and in the Friends’ Library, London. It is reprinted in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, vi. 176, from a transcript obtained from the British Museum.

[800] A Letter from William Penn, Proprietary and Governour of Pennsylvania in America, to the Committee of the Free Society of Traders of that Province, residing in London. To which is added An Account of the City of Philadelphia, etc. Printed and Sold by Andrew Sowle, at the Crooked-Billet in Holloway Lane in Shoreditch, and at several Stationers’ in London, folio, 10 pp., 1683.

A copy of the edition, with list of property holders, is in the Library of the New York Historical Society. It has been lately reprinted by Coleman, of London. Copies of the edition, which does not contain the list of purchasers, are in the Philadelphia Library and in the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. It is reprinted in Proud’s History of Pennsylvania, i. 246; Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, i. 432; Janney’s Life of Penn, p. 238; and in the various editions of Penn’s collected Works. Menzies’ copy sold for $65. Harvard College Library has a copy without the list; another is in the Carter-Brown Library. Cf. Rich’s Catalogue of 1832, no. 403.

[801] Missive van William Penn, Eygenaar en Gouverneur van Pennsylvania, in America. Geschreven aan de Commissarissen van de Vrye Societeyt der Handelaars, op de selve Provintie, binnen London resideerende. Waar by noch gevoeght is een Beschrijving van de Hooft-Stadt Philadelphia, etc. Amsterdam: Gedrukt voor Jacob Claus, 1684, 4º, 23 pp.

A copy is in the Carter-Brown Library, Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,293, and in the O’Callaghan Catalogue, no. 1,816 ($20). The one in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania lacks the map. It contains, in addition to what is in the London edition, a letter from Thomas Paschall, dated from Philadelphia, Feb. 10, 1683 (N. S.), the first, we believe, dated from that locality. This letter will be found translated in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, vi. 322.

[802] Beschreibung der in America new-erfunden Provinz Pensylvanien. Derer Inwohner Gesetz Arth Sitten und Gebrauch: auch samlicher reviren des Landes sonderlich der haupt-stadt Philadelphia. (Hamburg.) Henrich Heuss, 1684, 4º, 32 pp. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,295.

[803] Recüeil de Diverses pieces concernant la Pensylvanie. A La Haye: Chez Abraham Troyel, 1684, 18º, 118 pp.

Of the copy in the Carter-Brown Library, Mr. J. R. Bartlett, its curator, writes that it is the same with the German. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,295. Another copy is in the possession of a member of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; cf. Stevens, Historical Collection, no. 1,539.

[804] Twee Missiven geschreven uyt Pensilvania, d’ Eene door een Hollander, woonachtig in Philadelfia, d’ Ander door een Switser, woonachtig in German Town, Dat is Hoogduytse Stadt. Van den 16 en 26 Maert, 1684, Nieuwe Stijl. Tot Rotterdam, by Pieter van Alphen, anno 1684, 2 leaves, small 4º.

[805] See Mr. Whitehead’s chapter in the present volume, and Proud’s History of Pennsylvania, i. 226.

[806] We are unable to give any information additional to that furnished by Mr. Whitehead, except that a copy of this tract sold for $160 at the Brinley sale, and that the original edition can be found in the Carter-Brown, Lenox, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, and Friends’ (of Philadelphia) libraries; cf. Historical Magazine, vi. 265, 304. A biographical sketch of Budd will be found in Mr. Armstrong’s introduction to the work as published in Gowan’s Bibliotheca Americana, no. 4.

[807] Missive van Cornelis Bom Geschreven uit de Stadt Philadelphia in de Provintie van Pennsylvania Leggende op d’ vostzyde van de Zuyd Revier van Nieuw Nederland Verhalende de groote Voortgank van deselve Provintie Waerby komt de Getuygenis van Jacob Telner van Amsterdam. Tot Rotterdam, gedrukt by Pieter van Wijnbrugge, in de Leeuwestraet, 1685.

The title we give is from a copy in the “Library of the Archives” of the Moravians, Bethlehem, Pa.

[808] A Further Account of the Province of Pennsylvania and its Improvements. For the Satisfaction of those that are Adventurers and enclined to be so. No titlepage. Signed “William Penn, Worminghurst Place, 12th of the 10 month, 1685.”

Tweede Bericht ofte Relaas van William Penn, Eygenaar en Gouverneur van de Provintie van Pennsylvania, in America, etc. Amsterdam: By Jacob Claus, 4º, 20 pp.

Copies of all three editions are in the Carter-Brown Collection. (Catalogue, ii. 1, 320-22). The two English editions are in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Extracts from it are given in Blome’s Present State of His Majesties Isles and Territories in America, London, 1687, pp. 122-134. We do not think that the work has ever been reprinted. Trömel, Bibliotheca Americana, no. 390, gives the Dutch edition.

[809] Nader Informatie en Bericht voor die gene die genegen zijn, om zich na America te begeeven, en in de Provincie van Pensylvania Geinteresseerd zijn, of zich daar zocken neder te zetten. Mit een Voorreden behelzende verscheydene aanmerkelzjke zaken vanden tegenwoordige toestand, en Regeering dier Provincie; Novit voor dezen in druk geweest: maar nu eerst uytgegeven door Robert Webb t’ Amsterdam. By Jacob Claus, 1686, 4º, i+11 pp. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,332.

[810] A Letter from Doctor More, with Passages out of several Letters from Persons of Good Credit, Relating to the State and Improvement of the Province of Pennsilvania. Published to prevent false Reports. Printed in the Year 1687.

It is reprinted in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, iv. 445, from a copy in the Carter-Brown Library, Catalogue, vol. ii. no. 1,339.

[811] Some Letters and an Abstract of Letters from Pennsylvania, Containing the State and Improvement of that Province. Published to prevent Mis-Reports. Printed and Sold by Andrew Sowe, at the Crooked Billott in Holloway Lane in Shoreditch, 1691, 4º, 12 pp.

Penn’s copy is in the Library of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania; see Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 1,423. It is reprinted in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, iv. 189.

[812] A Short Description of Pennsilvania, or, A Relation What things are known, enjoyed, and like to be discovered in the said Province. [Imperfect.] By Richard Frame. Printed and sold by William Bradford in Philadelphia, 1692, 4º, 8 pp.

But one copy is known to have survived, and it is preserved in the Philadelphia Library. A small edition was printed in fac-simile, in 1867, on the Oakwood Press, a private press of “S. J. Hamilton” (the late Dr. James Slack). Its introduction is in the form of a letter by Horatio Gates Jones, Esq.

[813] Copia Eines Send-Schriebens ausz der neuen Welt, betreffend die Erzehlung einer gefäherlichen Schifffarth, und glücklichen Anländung etlicher Christlichen Reisegefehrten, welche zu dem Ende diese Wallfahrt angetratten, den Glauben an Jesum Christum allda Ausz-zubreiten. Gedruckt im Jahr 1695, 4º, 11 pp.

A copy was purchased by the Historical Society of Pennsylvania at the Stevens sale in 1881 for £26. It has been translated by Professor Oswald Seidensticker for publication in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History. Professor Seidensticker inclines to the belief that it was written by Daniel Falkner.

[814] There are two copies of the book in Harvard College Library; from the map in one the annexed fac-simile is taken. Cf. Wharton’s paper on provincial literature in Hist. Soc. Mem., i. 119; and the Carter-Brown Catalogue, ii. 1,550.

[815] Umstandige Geographische Beschreibung Der zu allerletzt-erfundenen Provintz Pensylvaniæ, In denen End Grantzen Americæ In der West-Welt gelegen durch Franciscum Danielem Pastorium, etc. Vattern Melchiorem Adamum Pastorium, und andere gute Freunde. Franckfurt und Leipzig. Zu finden bey Andreas Otto, 1700, 16º, 140 pp.

The Harvard College copy is dated 1704; cf. Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,077; and O’Callaghan Catalogue, no. 1,807, with a Continuatio of 1702 ($43 00).

[816] Curieuse Nachricht von Pensylvania in Norden-America welche auf Begehren guter Freunde, etc. Von Daniel Falknern, Professore, Burgern und Pilgrim allda. Franckfurt und Leipzig. Zu finden bey Andreas Otto, Buchhandlern, 1702, 16º, 58 pp.

[817] It is worth while to make record of two tracts of this early period whose titles might deceive the student with the belief that they pertained to the subject, but they do not. The first is a burlesque indorsement of the Protestant Reconciler, entitled Three Letters of Thanks to the Protestant Reconciler: 1. From the Anabaptists at Munster; 2. From the Congregations in New England; 3. From the Quakers in Pennsylvania. London: Benjamin Took, 1683, 4º, 26 pp.

The other is a Letter to William Penn, with His Answer, London, 1688, 4º, 10 pp; again the same year in 20 pp.; and in Dutch, 16 pp., Amsterdam, 1689.

This letter, by Sir William Popple, is addressed “To the Honourable William Penn, Esq., Proprietor and Governor of Pennsylvania.” It is a friendly criticism on his conduct while living in England, after his return from America. It has nothing to do with his province but is of a biographical nature. Proud prints the correspondence in his History of Pennsylvania (i. 314). It has been catalogued as connected with the history of the province. Cf. Carter-Brown Catalogue, vol. ii., nos. 1,363 and 1,390. Both of the London editions are in the possession of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

The student may also need to be warned against a forged letter of Cotton Mather, about a plot to capture Penn. Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., 1870, p. 329.

[818] A Journal or Historical Account of his Life, Travels, Sufferings, etc. London, 1694, folio. Again, London, 1709; 1765; 7th ed., 1852, with notes by Wilson Armistead. Allibone’s Dictionary, i. 625; Sabin’s Dictionary, vi. 25, 352.

[819] London, 1713; Dublin, 1715; London, 1715, 1777; Dublin, 1820; and in two different Friends’ libraries, 1833 and 1838. Sabin, vi. 21,873.

[820] Apology for the Church and People of God called in derision Quakers; Wherein they are vindicated from those that accuse them of Disorder and Confusion on the one hand, and from such as calumniate them with Tyranny and Imposition on the other; shewing that as the true and pure Principles of the Gospel are restored by their Testimony, so is also the ancient apostolick order of the Church of Christ re-established among them, and settled upon its Right Basis and Foundation. By Robert Barclay, London, 1676, 1 vol., 4º.

There have been various later editions in English and German. Masson calls this book by far the best-reasoned exposition of the sect’s early principles.

[821] A Collection of the Sufferings of the People called Quakers, for the testimony of a good Conscience. London, 1753, 2 vols., folio.

[822] The History of the Rise, Increase, and Progress of the Christian People called Quakers, intermixed with several remarkable occurrences. Written originally in Low Dutch by W. S., and by himself translated into English. London, 1722, folio, 752 pp. There are later editions,—London, 1725; Philadelphia, 1725; Burlington, N. J., 1775; again, 1795, 1799-1800; Philadelphia, 1811; again, 1833, in Friends’ Library; New York, 1844, etc. The Philadelphia edition of 1725 bears the imprint of Samuel Keimer. It was this book which Franklin, in his Autobiography, tells us he and Meredith worked upon just after they had established themselves in business. Forty sheets, he says, were from their press.

[823] [This was published at Amsterdam in 1696, and was translated into English, with a letter by George Keith, vindicating himself, the same year; and also into German. Sabin’s Dictionary, v. 17,584. The next year (1797) Francis Bugg’s Picture of Quakerism was printed as “A modest Corrective of Gerrard Croese” (Sabin, iii. 9,072); Bugg having, since about 1684, joined their opponents. Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,503.—ED.]

[824] Portraiture of Quakerism, 3 vols., London, 1806; New York, same date.

[825] Four vols., Philadelphia, 1860-67.

[826] London, 1876.

[827] An Examen of Parts relating to the Society of Friends in a recent work by Robert Barclay, entitled, etc. Philadelphia, 1876.

[828] See also Brinley Catalogue, no. 3,479, for a variety of titles; and Bohn’s Lowndes, p. 2017.

[829] It may not, however, be out of place to mention here the chief reasons on which the followers of Fox base their objections to the manner in which it is customary to speak of the first Quakers who visited New England. It is generally represented that it was the behavior of these early ministers which caused their persecution; but before a European Quaker had set foot on Massachusetts the court had denounced them, and in October, 1656, a law was passed which spoke of them as a “cursed sect of heretickes.” It is also customary to speak of the executions of Quakers in Boston in connection with certain acts of indecency committed by women who were either laboring under mental aberrations or believed that they were fulfilling a divine command, leaving on the mind of the reader the impression that the capital law was called into existence to correct such abuses. No such acts were committed until after the capital law had fallen into disuse. Nor is it clear, from printed authorities, that the death penalty was only inflicted after every possible means had been tried by the Massachusetts authorities to rid themselves of their unwelcome visitors. The language of the law of 1658, which declared that if a banished Quaker returned he or she should suffer death, does not show that it supplemented that of 1657, by which punishments increasing in severity were visited on Quakers upon their first, second, and third return. Neither will the practice under the law of 1658 justify this interpretation. The penalties of the law of 1657 had not been exhausted in the cases of Mary Dyer, William Robinson, Marmaduke Stevenson, and William Ledera, when they were hanged.

[830] See Memoirs of Long Island Historical Society, vol. i.

[831] London, 1726, 2 vols., folio; London, 1771, 1 vol., royal folio; London, 1782, 5 vols., 8º; London, 1825, 3 vols., 8º.

[832] A list of the most important of these, with references to where they will be found, is printed in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, vi. 368.

[833] London, 1813, 2 vols.; Dover, N. H., 1820; new edition, with preface by Forster, 1849. It is reviewed by Jeffrey in Edinburgh Review, xxi. 444.

[834] Philadelphia, 1852; cf. Sabin’s Dictionary, vol. ix. p. 221. Mr. Janney was appointed Indian Agent by President Grant, 1869. He died April 30, 1880.

[835] London, 1851; again, 1856. It is reviewed in the Edinburgh Review, xciv. 229, and Christian Observer, li. 818.

[836] Two vols., 1791. It is of some interest to note another French life by C. Vincent, Paris, 1877, and a Dutch life by H. van Lil, Amsterdam, 1820-25, 2 vols.

[837] 1. ANSWERS TO MACAULAY.—Defence of William Penn from Charges, etc., of T. B. Macaulay, by Henry Fairbairn. Philadelphia, 1849, 8º, 38 pp.

2. William Penn and T. B. Macaulay, by W. E. Forster. Revised for the American edition by the author. Philadelphia, 1850, 8º, 48 pp. This first appeared as an Introduction to an edition of Clarkson’s Life of W. Penn, London, 1850.

3. William Penn, par L. Vullieum. Paris, 1855, 8º, 83 pp.

4. Inquiry into the Evidence relating to the Charges brought by Lord Macaulay against W. Penn, by John Paget. Edinburgh, 1858, 12º, 138 pp. Cf. also Westminster Review, liv. 117; and Eclectic Magazine, xxiii. 115; xxxix. 120. Sabin’s Dictionary, 49,743.

ADDITIONAL WORKS.—Memorials of the Life and Times of [Admiral] Sir W. Penn, by Granville Penn. London, 1833, 2 vols. 8º. Cf. also P. S. P. Conner’s Sir William Penn, Philadelphia, 1876, and “The Father of Penn not a Baptist,” in Historical Magazine, xvi. 228.

“The Private Life and Domestic Habits of W. Penn,” by Joshua F. Fisher, in the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, vol. iii. part ii. p. 65 (1836); published also separately.

“Memoir of Part of the Life of W. Penn,” by Mr. Lawton, a contemporaneous writer, in Ibid., p. 213.

“Fragments of an Apology for Himself,” by W. Penn, in Ibid., p. 233.

“Penn and Logan Correspondence.” Edited by Edward Armstrong, in vols. ix. and x. of Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. These volumes cover only the years between 1700 and 1711; they also contain Mr. J. J. Smith’s Memoir of the Penn Family, reprinted in Lippincott’s Magazine, v. 149. Cf. Magazine of American History, ii. 437; also James Coleman’s Pedigree and General Notes of the Penn Family, 1871.

“William Penn’s Travels in Holland and Germany,” by Oswald Seidensticker. See Pennsylvania Magazine of History, ii. 237. Penn’s journal of these travels will be found in his collected works.

The Penns and the Penningtons, and The Fells of Swarthmore Hall, by Maria Webb, are two interesting books throwing light on the Quaker society in which Penn moved.

Calvert and Penn; or, the Growth of Civil and Religious Liberty in America, by Brantz Mayer. Delivered before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, April 8, 1852. Baltimore, 1852, 8º, 49 pp.

John Stoughton’s William Penn, the Founder of Pennsylvania. London, 1882. This book, called out by the Bi-Centenary of Pennsylvania, is founded on the standard Lives, but adds some new matter.

[838] Coleman, James, bookseller. Catalogue of Original Deeds, Charters, Copies of Royal Grants, petitions, Original Letters, etc., of William Penn and his Family. July, 1870. Also Supplement. London, 1870, 8º, 32, 12 pp.

Also see The Penn Papers. Description of a large Collection of Original Letters, Manuscript Documents, Charters, Grants, Printed Papers, rare Books and Pamphlets relating to the Celebrated William Penn, to the early History of Pennsylvania, and incidentally to other parts of America, dating from the latter part of the 17th to the end of the 18th century, lately in the possession of a surviving descendant of William Penn, now the property of Edward G. Allen. London, 1870.

Also see Original Deeds and Charters, State and Boundary Documents, Letters, Maps, and Charts, also Books and Papers relating to America, the Penn Family, and the Quakers, many of them from the Penn Library. July, 1876. London, 1876, 8º, 24 pp.

[839] The published address delivered upon their presentation to the Historical Society is entitled Proceedings of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania on the Presentation of the Penn Papers, and Address of Craig Biddle, March 10, 1873, Philadelphia, 1873, 8º, 30 pp. Cf. Catalogue of Paintings, etc., belonging to the Pennsylvania Historical Society, no. 177.

[840] Mr. Whitehead informs me that the papers in the Library of the New Jersey Historical Society consist of 17 parts (no. 10 missing), and are called, “The History of the Colonies of New Jersey and Pennsylvania in America. From the time of their first discovery to the year 1721. Together with an Appendix containing several occurrences that have happened since, down to the present time. Undertaken at the desire of the Yearly Meeting of the people called Quakers, of the said Colonies, and published by their order. By——. Psal. cv. 12. 13. 14, when they were but a few, etc.” Several of the passages, marked “Transfer to History of Friends,” correspond to the Philadelphia manuscript, which is apparently the portion designated as the second part in the author’s scheme, as thus detailed by himself in the New Jersey manuscript: “The History of the Province of Pennsylvania in two parts. Part I. The time and manner of the grants of territories, the arrival of settlers, a general view of the original state of the country and of the public proceedings in legislation, and other matters for the first forty years after the settlement made under William Penn. Part II. The introduction and some account of the religious progress of the people called Quakers therein, including the like account respecting the same people in New Jersey as constituting one Yearly Meeting.”

[841] The History of Pennsylvania in North America, from ... 1681 till after the year 1742, with an Introduction respecting the Life of W. Penn, ... the Religious Society of the People called Quakers, with the First Rise ... of West New Jersey, and ... the Dutch and Swedes in Delaware; to which is added a Brief Description of the said Province, 1760-1770. Philadelphia, 1797-1798.

[842] A biographical notice of him by the Rev. Charles West Thomson will be found in vol. i. of the Memoirs of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (2d ed. p. 417), together with some verses which show the sympathies of a Loyalist. He was born in 1728, and died in 1813. A Portrait after a pencil sketch is noted in the Catalogue of Paintings, etc., belonging to the Pennsylvania Historical Society, no. 86.

[843] Philadelphia, 1829.

[844] London, 1854; vol. i. appearing in 1850. The work was never completed.

[845] Harrisburg, 1876; 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1880.

[846] London, 1757, 2 vols., 8º.

[847] London, 1770, 2 Vols., 8º.

[848] [This book has passed through several editions,—1830, with lithographic illustrations; 1844, 1850, 1857, and 1868, with woodcuts. A tribute to Mr. Watson (who was born June 13, 1779, and died Dec. 23, 1861), by Charles Deane, is in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proc., v. 207; and Benjamin Dorr published A Memoir of John Fanning Watson, Philadelphia, 1861, with a portrait. Mr. Willis P. Hazard’s Annals of Philadelphia, 1879, supplements Mr. Watson’s book. The local antiquarian interest will be abundantly satisfied with Mr. Townsend Ward’s papers on the old landmarks of the town, which have appeared in the Pennsylvania Magazine of History, though much in them necessarily fails of association with the early years with which we are dealing. This is likewise true of Thompson Westcott’s Historic Buildings of Philadelphia, 1877; cf. the papers on old Philadelphia in Harper’s Monthly, 1876; cf. An Explanation of the Map of the City and Liberties of Philadelphia. By John Reed. Philadelphia, 1794 and 1846.—ED.]

[849] Philadelphia, 1867, 12º, 379 pp.

[850] Norristown, 1859.

[851] Philadelphia, 1862. See Memoir of Dr. Smith in Pennsylvania Mag. of Hist., vi. 182.

[852] Philadelphia, 1877.

[853] Doylestown, Pa., 1876, 8º, 875 + 54 pp.

[854] It is unfortunate that a book of such merit should have been given to the public in so objectionable a form. It is a 4º, 782 + 44 pages (Philadelphia, 1881), profusely illustrated with pictures calculated to gratify the vanity of living persons and to mislead students as to the value of the work.

[855] Annals of Pennsylvania, from the Discovery of the Delaware, by Samuel Hazard, 1609-1682, Philadelphia, 1850, 8º, 664 pp. An excellent compilation, containing nearly all the documentary information on the subject, arranged in chronological order.

A catalogue of the papers relating to Pennsylvania and Delaware in the State-Paper Office, London, was printed in the Memoirs of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, vol. iv. part ii. p. 236.

[856] Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the Province of Pennsylvania. Beginning the Fourth Day of December, 1682. Volume the First, in Two Parts. Philadelphia, 1752. This collection was continued down to the Revolution. It is contained in six folio volumes. The first three are from the press of Franklin and Hall. They are always known as “Votes of the Assembly.”

[857] The first ten volumes of the series known as the Colonial Records bear the title of Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, from the Organization [1683] to the Termination of the Proprietary Government; the last six: Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania from its Organization to the Termination of the Revolution. They contain, however, the Minutes down to 1790. The publication of this series was begun by the State in 1837, the American Philosophical Society and the Historical Society of Pennsylvania having petitioned the Legislature to adopt measures for this end. After three volumes were issued (Harrisburg, 1838-1840) the publication was suspended. In 1851, at the request of the Historical Society, the matter was again brought before the Legislature by Edward Armstrong, Esq., a member of the Society, then a delegate to the Legislature. The sixteen volumes of the Colonial Records and twelve of the Pennsylvania Archives were issued between the years 1852 and 1856. The volumes issued in 1838-1840 were reprinted in 1852, and an index volume to both works in 1860. The latter does not apply to the volume of the Records published in 1838-1840.

[858] Pennsylvania Archives, selected and arranged from Original Documents in the Office of the Secretary of the Commonwealth. By Samuel Hazard, Commencing 1664. 12 vols., 8º. Harrisburg and Philadelphia, 1852-1856. To Mr. Samuel Hazard, who was also the author of the Annals of Pennsylvania and publisher of Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania (16 vols., 8º, Philadelphia, 1828-1835), the students of history are greatly indebted for the preservation of some of the most important documents relating to the history of the State.

[859] Charter to William Penn and Laws of the Province of Pennsylvania, 1682 and 1700; preceded by Duke of York’s Laws in Force from the year 1676 to the year 1682. Published under the direction of John Blair Linn, Sec. of Commonwealth, Compiled and edited by Staughton George, Benjamin M. Nead, and Thomas McCamant. Harrisburg, 1879, 8º, 614 pp.

Appendix A of this volume contains a compilation of the laws, etc., establishing the Courts of Judicature; it is by Staughton George. Appendix B contains Historical Notes of the Early Government and Legislative Councils and Assemblies of Pennsylvania; it is by Mr. Nead. Both are valuable pieces of work; but we do not agree with Mr. Nead that the laws printed and agreed upon in England, and the written ones prepared by Penn and submitted to the Assembly that met at Upland, December, 1682, were both passed. The passage in Penn’s letter of Dec. 16, 1682, which reads, “the laws were agreed upon more fully worded,” indicates that the printed series was superseded by the written one.

[860] Laws of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, 1810 (Beoren’s edition). The second volume of this edition contains an elaborate “note” on land-titles; it will be found on pp. 105-261. It was prepared by Judge Charles Smith.

View of the Land-Laws of Pennsylvania, with Notes of its Early History and Legislation. By Thomas Sargeant. Philadelphia, 1838, 8º, xiii + 203 pp.

Address before the Law Academy. By Peter McCall. Philadelphia, 1838. A valuable historical essay.

Essay on the History and Nature of Original Titles of Land in Pennsylvania. By Charles Huston. Philadelphia, 1849, 8º, xx + 484 pp.

Syllabus of Law of Land-Office Titles in Pennsylvania. By Joel Jones. Philadelphia, 1850, 12º, xxiv + 264.

The Common Law of Pennsylvania. By George Sharswood. A lecture before the Law Academy. Philadelphia, 1856.

Equity in Pennsylvania. A lecture before the Law Academy of Philadelphia, Feb. 11, 1868. By William Henry Rawle. With an Appendix, being the Register Book of Governor Keith’s Court of Chancery. Philadelphia, 1868, 8º, 93 + 46 pp.

A Practical Treatise on the Law of Ground-Rents in Pennsylvania. By Richard M. Cadwalader. Philadelphia, 1879, 8º, 356 pp.

An Essay on Original Land-Titles in Philadelphia. By Lawrence Lewis, Jr. Philadelphia, 1880, 8º, 266 pp.

The Courts of Pennsylvania in the Seventeenth Century. Read before the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, March 14, 1881. By Lawrence Lewis, Jr. See Pennsylvania Magazine of History, v. 141, also, separately.

Some Contrasts in the Growth of Pennsylvania and English Law. A Lecture before the Law Department of the University of Pennsylvania, Oct. 3, 1881. By William Henry Rawle. Philadelphia, 1881, 8º, 78 pp., 2d ed., 32 pp., 1882.

[861] A number of addresses were delivered before this Society. That of J. N. Barker, delivered in 1827, is the most valuable of the series, and is entitled Sketches of the Primitive Settlements of the River Delaware, Philadelphia, 1828.

[862] That no doubt should exist regarding the accuracy of these dates, we have had Penn’s letter to the Lords of Plantation in the State-Paper Office, London, examined, and in it the 24th is clearly written. This is confirmed by the original draft of his letter to the Free Society of Traders, in which the same date of arrival is given. The “New Castle County old Records transcribed,” quoted by Hazard, give the 27th as the time of his arrival before that town, and the 28th as the day on which he took official possession. These statements are verified by the Breviate of Penn vs. Lord Baltimore, in which the original Newcastle Records appear to have been quoted, since the volumes and folios referred to differ from those given by Hazard.

[863] This conclusion has been reached by examining the evidence we have in strict chronological order. There is nothing to show that Penn met the Indians in council until May, 1683. At this conference the Indians either failed to understand him, or refused to sell him land. His next meeting with them was on June 23, 1683. He then purchased land from them, and the promises of friendship quoted on a former page were exchanged. It is a significant fact that while there is scarcely any allusion to the Indians in his letters prior to the meeting of June 23, subsequent to that time they are full of descriptions of them, and of accounts of his intercourse with them.

[864] [The elm-tree known as the Treaty-tree which was long venerated as the one under which the interview was held, was blown down in 1810, and a picture of it taken in 1809 is preserved in the Historical Society. (Cf. Catalogue of Paintings, etc., belonging to the Historical Society, no. 167. Cf. views in Gay’s Popular History of the United States, ii. 493; Watson’s Annals of Philadelphia; one of the latter part of the last century in Pennsylvania Magazine of History, iv. 186.) For the monument on the spot, see Lossing’s Field Book of the Revolution, ii. 254. It is well known that Benjamin West made the scene of the treaty the subject of a large historical painting. The original first deed given by the Indians to Markham is in the possession of the Historical Society. Cf. Catalogue of Paintings, etc., belonging to the Historical Society, no. 174.

William Rawle’s address before the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1825 was upon Penn’s method of dealing with the Indians as compared with the customs obtaining in the other colonies. (Cf. Historical Magazine, vi. 64.) Fac-similes of the marks of many Indian chiefs, as put to documents from 1682 to 1785, are given in Pennsylvania Archives, vol. i.—ED.]

[865] [Cf. also Pennsylvania Archives, 2d series, vol. vii. There is a map illustrating the boundary dispute in Pennsylvania Archives (1739), i. 595; cf. Neill’s Terra Maria, chap. v., Hazard’s Register of Pennsylvania, ii. 200, and Mr. Brantley’s chapter in the present volume.—ED.]

[866] S. R. Gardiner’s Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage, i. 164.

[867] S. R. Gardiner’s Personal Government of Charles I., ii. 290.

[868] In the Maryland Historical Society are preserved the original manuscript records of courts baron and leet held in St. Clement’s manor at different times from 1659 to 1672.]

[869] Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus. London, 1878, iii. 362.

[870] [See Memorial History of Boston, i. p. 278.—ED.]

[871] At a session of the Assembly held in Januuary, 1648, an incident occurred which annalists have generally deemed worthy of mention as the first instance of a demand of political rights for women. Miss Margaret Brent—who was the administratix of Governor Calvert, and as such held to be the attorney, in fact, of Lord Baltimore—applied to the Assembly to have a vote in the House for herself, and another as his lordship’s attorney.

Upon the refusal of her demand, the lady protested in form against all the proceedings of the House. The Assembly afterwards defended her from the censures passed by Lord Baltimore upon her management of his affairs in the Province.

[872] [See Vol. IV.—ED.]

[873] See chapter x.—ED.

[874] See chapter xii.—ED.

[875] [It is reprinted in the Magazine of American History, i. 118.—ED.]

[876] A copy of the original, which is very rare, is in the British Museum. It was reprinted by Munsell, of Albany, as No. 1 of Shea’s Early Southern Tracts. [It is suggested in the preface of the reprint, which was edited by Colonel Brantz Mayer, that it “was perhaps prepared by Cecilius Calvert, Lord Baltimore, from the letters of his brothers, Leonard and George Calvert, who went out with the expedition.” It was also reprinted in the Historical Magazine, October, 1865—ED.]

[877] This second tract was reprinted by Sabin, of New York, in 1865 [under the editing of Francis L. Hawks. A perfect copy should have a map, engraved by T. Cecill, “Noua Terræ-Mariæ tabula.” It is often wanting, as in the Harvard College copy; it is, however, in the Library of Congress copy. Sabin reproduced it full size, and a reduced fac-simile of it is given in Scharf’s History of Maryland, i. 259. Another is given in the text. The Chalmers Catalogue says that at the time of the boundary disputes between Maryland and Pennsylvania the only copy to be found was in the Sir Hans Sloane Collection. See the Sparks Catalogue, and the Huth Catalogue, iii. 926.—ED.]

[878] [Dr. Dalrymple was born in Baltimore, in 1817, and was for twenty-four years the Corresponding Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society. He is said to have possessed the largest private library (over 14,000 volumes) south of Pennsylvania. He died Oct. 30, 1881.—Necrology (1881) of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia.—ED.]

[879] [In 1844 Georgetown College presented to the Maryland Historical Society a copy of McSherry’s transcript of the Relatio Itineris; and in 1847 Dr. N. C. Brooks made a translation from this copy, which was later printed in Force’s Tracts, iv. No. 12. The Latin text, with a revision of Brooks’s version, was printed privately in the Woodstock Letters, in 1872. Two years later (1874) the Maryland Historical Society reprinted it as stated in the text, following, however, the original McSherry transcript, which had been transferred to Loyola College, Baltimore. This, however, then wanted the concluding pages, but in 1875 the whole was found, which necessitated the printing of a supplement to the Fund Publication of the Society (No. 7) which contained it. The later version of Converse is largely reprinted in Scharf’s Maryland, i. 69, etc.

Various accounts of Father White have been printed: B. U. Campbell’s in the Metropolitan Catholic Almanac, 1841, and in the United States Catholic Magazine, vol. vii. Mr. Campbell also read before the Historical Society a paper on Early Missions in Maryland, and printed a chapter on the same subject in the United States Catholic Magazine in 1846. There is also an account of Father White, by Richard H. Clarke, in the Baltimore Metropolitan, iv. (1856), and a sketch in the Woodstock Letters. Upon all these is based the account in the Fund Publication already mentioned. Other accounts of the Maryland missions may be found in Shea’s Early Catholic Missions; and in Henry Foley’s Records of the English Province of the Society of Jesus, London, 1878, vol. iii. Mr. Neill has used this last in his tract, Light Thrown by the Jesuits upon Hitherto Obscure Points of Early Maryland History, Minneapolis. See also his Eng. Col., ch. xv.—ED.]

[880] Reprinted in Force’s Historical Tracts, vol. ii. There is a copy of it in Harvard College Library.

[881] The documents transmitted by Bennett and Matthews to the Protector, during their contest with Lord Baltimore in 1656, may be found in Thurloe’s State Papers, v. 482-486. Copies of Strong’s and Langford’s rare tracts are in the Boston Athenæum.

[882] Reprinted in Force’s Historical Tracts, vol. iii. There is a copy of it in Harvard College Library. See Sabin, viii. 30276.

[883] Reprinted in Gowan’s Bibliotheca Americana, No. 5. New York, 1869. [This edition has a map, with introduction and notes by John Gilmary Shea. It has again been reissued as one of the Fund Publications of the Maryland Historical Society.—ED.]

[884] It is reprinted in Scharf’s Maryland, i. 174.

[885] [The early Quakers of Maryland have been the subject of two publications of the Historical Society: one by J. Saurin Norris, issued in 1862; and the other, Dr. Samuel A. Harrison’s Wenlock Christison and the early Friends in Talbot County, 1878. See also Neill’s Terra Mariæ, ch. iv. On Wenlock Christison see Memorial History of Boston, i. 187.—ED.]

[886] This manuscript volume is in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. An Index to the Calendar was printed in 1861.

[887] In 1860 another valuable report to the governor on the condition of the public records was made by the Rev. Ethan Allen, D. D.

[888] Cf. Preface to Alexander’s Calendar.

[889] Published in the Master of the Rolls series. [The Peabody Index is described in Lewis Mayer’s account of the library, 1854.—ED.]

[890] The Maryland Historical Society has a manuscript copy of some of the Sloane manuscripts in the British Museum, pertaining to the first Lord Baltimore and Maryland. Mr. Alexander gave to the State Library at Annapolis some of the manuscripts relating to Maryland in Sion College, London. A number of the Maryland papers in the state-paper office have been published in Scharf’s History of Maryland, and in the Report on the Virginia and Maryland Boundary Line, 1873. The Journal of the Dutch Embassy to Maryland in 1659, and some of the communications between the Maryland Council and the Dutch at New Amstel have been published in Documents Relating to the Colonial History of the State of New York, ii. 84 et seq. The 1880 Index, p. 246, to accessions of manuscripts in the British Museum shows various papers of Cecil Calvert.

[891] A description of the occupations of the planters of Maryland, and of the culture of tobacco by them in the year 1680, is contained in the “Journal of a voyage to New York and a Tour in several of the American colonies,” by Jaspar Dankers and Peter Sluyter, published in the Memoirs of the Long Island Historical Society, vol. i. pp. 194, 214-216, 218-221.

[892] An article in Lippincott’s Magazine for July, 1871, describes the topography and the present condition of St. Mary’s.

[893] There is a fine portrait of the first Lord Baltimore in the gallery of the Earl of Verulam at Glastonbury, England. It was painted by Mytens, court painter to James I. An engraving from it is in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. In 1882 a copy of this portrait was presented to the State of Maryland by John W. Garrett, Esq. It is engraved in McSherry’s Maryland, p. 21, as from an original in the great gallery of Sir Francis Bacon; and again in S. H. Gay’s Popular History of the United States, i. 485. An engraved portrait of Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, at the age of fifty-one, made by Blotling, in 1657, is in the possession of the Maryland Historical Society. Engravings of these portraits of the two lords are given in the present chapter.

The Baltimore arms are those of Calverts, quartered with Crosslands. The Calvert arms are barry of six, or and sable, over all a bend counterchanged. Crosslands: quarterly, argent and gules, over all a cross bottony counterchanged. Lord Baltimore used: quarterly, first and fourth paly of six, or and sable, a bend counterchanged; second and third, quarterly, argent and gules, a cross bottony counterchanged. Crest: on a ducal coronet proper, two pennons, the dexter or, the sinister sable; the staves, gules. Supporters: two leopards, guardant coward, proper. Motto: Fatti maschii, parole femine.

The first great seal of the Province was lost during Ingle’s Rebellion; and in 1648 the Proprietary sent out another seal, slightly different. This seal had engraven on one side the figure of the Proprietary in armor on horseback, with drawn sword and a helmet with a great plume of feathers, the trappings being adorned with the family arms. The inscription round about this side was: Cecilius absolutus dominus Terra Mariæ et Avaloniæ Baro de Baltimore. On the other side of the seal was engraven a scutcheon with the family arms; namely, six pieces impaled with a band dexter counterchanged, quartered with a cross bottony, and counterchanged; the whole scutcheon being supported with a fisherman on one side and a ploughman on the other (in the place of the family leopards), standing upon a scroll, whereon the Baltimore motto was inscribed; namely, Fatti maschii, parole femine. Above the scutcheon was a count-palatine’s cap, and over that a helmet, with the crest of the family arms; namely, a ducal crown with two half bannerets set upright. Behind the scutcheon and supporters was engraven a large ermine mantle, and the inscription about this side of the seal was, Scuto bonæ voluntatis tuæ coronasti nos. In 1657 Lord Baltimore sent out another seal, similar in design, which was used till 1705. Subsequent changes were made in the seal and arms of the Province and State, but in 1876 the last described side of the Great Seal sent out in 1648 was adopted as the arms of Maryland. A full account of the pedigree of the Calverts will be found in An Appeal to the citizens of Maryland, from the legitimate descendants of the Baltimore family, by Charles Browning, Baltimore, 1821. [Fuller’s Worthies of England and Anthony Wood’s Athenæ Oxoniensis give us important facts regarding the first Lord Baltimore. See John G. Morris’s The Lords Baltimore, 1874, No. 8 of the Fund Publications of the Historical Society; and Neill’s English Colonization in North America, ch. xi.—ED.]

[894] [He undertook it at the instance of Sir John Dalrymple. See his chapters ix. and xv. See, also, his Introduction to the History of the Revolt of the American Colonies. Chalmers had come to Maryland in 1763 to give legal assistance to an uncle in pursuing a land claim. Many of his papers were bought at his sale by Sparks, and are now in Harvard College Library.—ED.]

[895] [Compare George William Brown’s Origin and Growth of Civil Liberty in Maryland, a discourse before the Historical Society in 1850. And Brantz Mayer’s Calvert and Penn,—a discourse before the Pennsylvania Historical Society in 1852.—ED.]

[896] [Bozman was born in 1757 and died in 1823. He had published in 1811 a preliminary Sketch of the History of Maryland during the three first years after its Settlement. Some of the old records, supposed to have been lost since he used them, were found at Annapolis in 1875, and serve to show the accuracy with which he copied them. Gay’s Popular History of the United States, i. 515.—ED.]

[897] New Series, vol. ix.

[898] [Following Chalmers, it had been often stated that the Assembly of 1649 was Catholic by majority; but four or five years before this publication of Davis, Mr. Sebastian F. Streeter, in his Maryland Two Hundred Years Ago, had claimed that the Assembly which passed the Toleration Act was by majority Protestant, for which, so late as January, 1869, he was taken to task in the Southern Review by Richard McSherry, M.D., who reprinted his paper in his Essays and Lectures. The question of the relations of Protestant and Catholic to the spirit of toleration is discussed by E. D. Neill, in his “Lord Baltimore and Toleration in Maryland,” in the Contemporary Review, September, 1876; by B. F. Brown, in his Early Religious History of Maryland: Maryland not a Roman Catholic Colony, 1876; in “Early Catholic Legislation, 1634-49, on Religious Freedom,” in the New Englander, November, 1878. The Rev. Ethan Allen, in his Who were the Early Settlers of Maryland? published by the Historical Society in 1865, aimed to show that the vast majority were Protestant. Kennedy also had asserted that the Assembly of 1649 was Protestant.—ED.]

[899] [He says in his preface that he picked up his threads from the printed sources in the Library of Congress while he was one of the Secretaries of President Johnson.—ED.]

[900] [The principal of Mr. Neill’s other contributions are The Founders of Maryland as portrayed in Manuscripts, Provincial Records, and early Documents, published by Munsell, of Albany, in 1876; and English Colonization of America, chapters xi., xii., and xiii., where he first printed Captain Henry Fleet’s Journal of 1631. Streeter, in his Papers, etc., gives an account of Fleet.—Mr. Neill also printed Maryland not a Roman Catholic Colony, Minneapolis, 1875.—ED.]

[901] A manuscript copy of this charter, both in Latin and English, is in the Maryland Historical Society. Many writers, including the Rev. E. D. Neill, so late as 1871, in his English Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, have made the mistake of supposing that the charter of Maryland was copied from the charter of Carolina, granted in 1629 to Sir Robert Heath. The last two named charters were both copied from the charter of Avalon, issued in 1623. [The Maryland charter of June 20, 1632, is printed by Scharf, i. 53, following Thomas Bacon’s translation, as given in his edition of the Laws, Annapolis, 1765; where is also the original Latin, which is likewise in Hazard’s Collection, i. 327. Lord Baltimore had printed it in London, in 1723, in a collection of the Acts, 1692-1715,—an edition which Bacon had never found in the Province. See the Brinley Catalogue, No. 3657. The Philadelphia Library has an edition printed in Philadelphia in 1718.—ED.]

[902] [The Rev. John G. Morris, D.D., began a Bibliography of Maryland in the Historical Magazine (April and May, 1870), but it was never carried beyond “Baltimore.” If a topical index is furnished to Sabin’s Dictionary, when completed, it may supply the deficiency; but in the mean time the articles “Baltimore” and “Maryland” can be consulted. Of the local works references may be made to a few: George A. Hanson’s Old Kent, 1876, is largely genealogical, and not lucidly arranged. T. W. Griffith published in 1821 his Sketches of the Early History of Maryland, and in 1841 his Annals of Baltimore. J. T. Scharf published his Chronicles of Baltimore in 1874. David Ridgely published in 1841 his Annals of Annapolis (1649-1872). Rev. Ethan Allen’s Historical Notes of St. Ann’s Parish (1649-1857), appeared in 1857; and George Johnstone’s History of Cecil County in 1881.—ED.]

[903] [Mr. Kennedy’s reply appeared in the United States Catholic Magazine, and Mr. Michael Courtney Jenkins printed a rejoinder in the same number.—ED.]

[904] [Mr. Gladstone was answered by Dr. Richard H. Clarke, in the Catholic World, December, 1875, in a paper which was later issued as a pamphlet, with the title, Mr. Gladstone and Maryland Toleration. Mr. Gladstone had reissued his Vaticanism essays with a preface, styling the book, Rome and the Newest Fashions in Religion, in which he reiterated his arguments.

It is perhaps largely owing to the deficiency of early personal narratives bearing upon Maryland history and throwing light upon character, that there is so much diversity of opinion regarding the interpretation to be put on the charter as an instrument inculcating toleration. The shades of dissent, too, are marked. Hildreth, History of the United States, says, “There is not the least hint of any toleration in religion not authorized by the law of England.” Henry Cabot Lodge, Short History of the English Colonies, p. 96, says, “There is no toleration about the Maryland charter.” Some light regarding Calvert, on the side of doubt, may be gathered from Gardiner’s Prince Charles and the Spanish Marriage.

In Baltimore’s controversy with Clayborne, the side of the latter has been espoused by Mr. Streeter in his Life and Colonial Times of William Claiborne, which he has left in manuscript, and of which an abstract of the part relating to Clayborne’s Rebellion is given by Mr. S. M. Allen in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, April, 1873. Mr. Streeter was of New England origin, a graduate of Harvard (1831), and had removed to Richmond in 1835, and to Baltimore the following year, where he had been one of the founders, and was long the Recording Secretary of the Maryland Historical Society. He contributed also in 1868 to its Fund Publication (No. 2), The First Commander of Kent Island,—an account of George Evelin, under whose administration the island passed into Calvert’s control. This tract has been reprinted in G. D. Scull’s Evelyns in America, privately printed at Oxford (England), 1881. Streeter’s “Fall of the Susquehannocks,” a chapter of Maryland’s Indian history, 1675, appeared in the Historical Magazine, March, 1857, being an extract only from a voluminous manuscript work by him on the Susquehannocks.—ED.]

[905] [Lewis Mayer published an account of its library, cabinets, and gallery in 1854; and No. 1 of its Fund Publications is Brantz Mayer’s History, Possessions, and Prospects of the Society, 1867.—ED.]

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Transcriber’s note:

—Obvious errors were corrected.

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