Mother's Remedies Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of the United States and Canada (part 3 of 5)

Mother's Remedies Over One Thousand Tried and Tested Remedies from Mothers of the United States and Canada (part 3 of 5)

Symptoms.--Of course, upon examination this split is seen. It may involve not only the hard palate, but also the soft palate and uvula. It is then generally accompanied by single or double hare-lip. When the severe forms occur they cause great trouble. Fluids pass freely into the nose, and unless the child is carefully fed by hand it will soon die, as it is unable to suck. In the less severe forms the child soon learns to swallow properly, but when he learns to speak he cannot articulate properly and his voice is nasal.

Treatment.--For this reason an early operation is advisable, not so early as for hare-lip, but before the child has learned to speak, say between the age of three and four when faulty speech (articulation) may be overcome by successful closure of the palate. When the operation is done late, the patient will not be able to overcome the bad habits of articulation acquired in his childhood.

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Operation.--The anaesthetic is necessary. The end of one-half of the cleft palate is seized with an instrument and the edge freely pared with a thin bladed sharp knife; same with the other half. Then the stitches are put in of silk worm, gut or wire. The patient is fed on liquid food for three or four days, and afterwards on soft food until the stitches are removed. They are removed about the sixth or eighth day, and the wound should be completely healed.

CROOKED FEET. Talipes.--There are many varieties. The treatment should be begun, under the instructions of a physician, and continued from infancy and many a good foot can be obtained.

KNOCK KNEE. (Genu Valgum).--This is due to an overgrowth of the internal knuckle (condyle) on the knee joint, and curving inward of the shaft of the thigh-bone (femur) in its lower parts, with relaxation and lengthening of the ligaments of the knee joint.

It usually shows itself soon after the child begins to walk, but may not do so until puberty,--rarely later. It is due in the child to rickets; in the latter form, it is caused by an occupation that requires continued standing, by a person of feeble development of the muscles and ligaments. "Flat-foot" is often associated with it and, at times, may be the real cause. It may affect one or both knees, may be so slight as to escape detection, except upon a very careful examination, or so severe as to separate the feet very widely and render walking difficult and wobbling. In children other symptoms of rickets can generally be found. If not severe it may often get better spontaneously as the rickets condition improves and the general strength increases. This result is common in the cases occurring later, from standing if the general condition improves.

Treatment.--Should be begun early and both general and local treatment should be given. The quicker the treatment is begun, the quicker will be the recovery and the deformity will be less. The ordinary medical and hygienic treatment should be given for rickets.

Local Treatment.--This is mechanical, supplemented by baths, rubbing, friction, electricity and preceded, if necessary, by attending to the bones. If the rickets is still active, and the bones are soft and yielding, standing and walking should be forbidden, the limb should be straightened by manipulation and the correct position secured and maintained by an outside splint and bandage. Sometimes operative measures are needed.

BOW LEGS. (Genu Varum).--This is the opposite of knock knees, and the deformity usually affects both limbs, the knees being widely separated. The disease begins in early childhood; the cause is rickets, and the deformity is the direct result of the weight of the body and muscular action.

[DEFORMITIES 371]

Treatment.--Spontaneous recovery occurs; but if the case is at all severe, and the child is young enough that the bones have not become firmly set in the abnormal curves, mechanical treatment should be employed to bring the limbs to a better position. This may be done by plaster of paris or braces. This must be used intelligently and continuously. Children should not be allowed to walk so early, especially those of slow development.

CLUB FOOT (Talipes).--Varieties:

1. The heel may be drawn up and the foot extended (Talipes Equinus).

2. The foot may be flexed, bent up, (Talipes Calcaneus).

3. The foot may be drawn inward, adducted, (Talipes Varus).

4. The foot may be drawn outward, abducted, (Talipes Valgus); or, two may be combined, extended, and drawn inward (Equino Varus).

In the congenital (born with it) variety the displacement is almost always one of adduction, that is, drawn inward, with commonly some elevation of the heel. It generally affects both feet, but it may be confined to one and if only one is affected, the right is oftener affected than the left. The deformity varies. At the time of birth and for some months afterwards the deformity can usually be corrected by proper manipulation, but later, if left to itself, it becomes in greater or less measure fixed, because of the muscular contraction, and developed changes in the shape of the bones.

Cause--It is not known.

Treatment is successful if it is begun early. Each case should be treated as it needs. The treatment should be varied to suit each case. Bandaging or adhesive straps properly applied has been used with success. Sometimes the leg must be kept motionless by plaster of Paris or gutta-percha bandages. They must be frequently removed and reapplied. In older cases the tendons must be cut and braces applied. Parents are careless who neglect such a case for even one month.

INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES

ALCOHOLISM. Acute Symptoms.--The face is flushed, the breath has the odor of liquor, the pulse is full and bounding with deep respiration. Reason, memory, judgment and will are first stimulated and then blunted. The drinker's peculiarities are exaggerated, the person becoming affectionate or quarrelsome. There is a loss of coordination as shown by the staggering, swinging, the relaxation of the muscles, and finally deep sleep, with snoring breathing. The person is unconscious, but can be partly aroused and will mutter when questioned or disturbed. The pupils are contracted or dilated, and they will dilate when the face is slapped. The urine is increased, but it is often retained.

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CHRONIC ALCOHOLISM.--This results from protracted or periodic "sprees."

Symptoms.--The face is red, the capillaries are dilated, eyes are watery, conjunctiva is congested. There is chronic inflammation of the stomach, which is characterized by morning vomiting; there is often hardening of the liver, trembling of the hands and tongue; the memory is weakened and judgment and will as well, especially until a stimulant has been taken; often the person is irritable, careless, with loss of moral sense and in extreme cases dementia. Peripheral neuritis is more common in men than in women. It begins with sharp pain and tingling in the feet and hands; paralysis affects the lower extremities, then the upper, and is most marked in the further muscles of the limbs. The pain may be very severe, with great tenderness. There is Arteriosclerosis (hardening of walls of the arteries); often heart dilation.

DELIRIUM TREMENS.--This is a brain manifestation of chronic alcoholism occurring in steady drinkers after excessive drinking or sudden withdrawal of alcohol, or after sudden excitement or accident, pneumonia or other illness, or lack of food.

Symptoms.--There are restlessness, insomnia (sleeplessness), mental depression, then active delirium with great restlessness, talking, muttering, hallucination of sight and hearing. He thinks he sees objects in the room such as rats, mice, or snakes, and fancies that they are crawling over his body, has them in his boots, etc. The terror inspired by these imaginary objects is great, and has given the popular name of "horrors" or "snakes" to the disease. You must watch the patient constantly, or he may try to jump out of the window or escape. The patient may think he hears sounds and voices, threats of imaginary enemies. There is much muscular "shakings," the tongue is coated with a thick white fur and, when protruded, trembles. The pulse is rapid and soft, sleeplessness is a constant feature. Favorable cases improve in the third or fourth day, the restlessness abates, the patient sleeps and the improvement sets in. The shakings persist for some days, the hallucinations disappear gradually, and the appetite returns. In the more serious cases, the sleeplessness (insomnia) persists, the delirium is incessant, the pulse becomes more frequent and feeble, the tongue dry, the prostration is extreme and death takes place from gradual heart failure.

Treatment.--In acute alcoholic cases special measures are seldom required, as the patient sleeps off the effect of his "spree." If there is deep profound alcoholic coma, it may be proper to wash out the stomach and if symptoms of collapse occur, the limbs should be rubbed, and hot applications made to the body.

[INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 373]

Chronic Alcoholism.--This is different; withdraw the alcohol and substitute strychnine, one-thirtieth of a grain three or four times a day, nourishing food, confinement in a sanitarium if necessary. Give the bromides for the restlessness and sleeplessness. Drugging of the liquor with apo morphine or tartar emetic.

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Drunkenness. 1. Effective as Cure for.--

"Arsenious Acid 19 grains Bromine Water sufficient Tribromide of Gold 14 grains Distilled Water sufficient

Ten drops of this solution for injection, which equals one thirty-second grain of gold tribromide." This is an active tonic, powerful sedative and destroys the appetite or cravings for alcoholic stimulants; the medicine is to be taken regularly four or five times a day for several weeks until the alcohol is out of the system even though he may appear cured. This is a good remedy, but should be given under the supervision of a doctor.

Treatment.--The patient must be put into a bed and carefully watched; withdraw alcohol at once unless the pulse is too feeble. Procure rest and sleep for the patient. How? In mild cases, thirty grains (one-half dram) of bromide of potassium, combined with tincture of capsicum five to ten drops, may be given every three hours. Call a doctor for the rest. One hundredth grain hyoscine hypodermically is sometimes good; one-fourth grain morphine hypodermically is sometimes given. For heart weakness: Aromatic spirits of ammonia.

MORPHINE HABIT. (Morphinomania--Morphinism).--This is usually acquired by the repeated use of the hypodermic syringe for pain. It is also used by the mouth or opium smoking.

Symptoms.--At first it causes a sense of well-being and exhilaration, but it must be gradually increased to produce the result; when the effect wears off, the person feels weary, mentally and physically; has nausea, slight distress in the stomach region or pain like intestinal colic. Another dose relieves these feelings, eventually the person becomes thin, his face is sallow, the pupils are dilated or unequal, except when he is under the influence of the drug. His appetite is poor with indigestion. Sometimes itching of the skin, restlessness; irritable, disturbed sleep, and a tendency to lie about everything.

Treatment.--The patient must be taken from home and friends and be constantly watched. The drug should be withdrawn gradually and nourishing food given at stated intervals.

COCAINE HABIT.--The drug is taken as a snuff, hypodermically, or in sprays and often the habit is formed when given as sprays, etc., in disease.

Symptoms.--Large doses cause great excitement, sometimes convulsions, followed by weak heart and respiratory weakness, general prostration, convulsions and coma.

The cocaine habit causes emaciation, anemia, disturbances of the stomach, etc., disordered heart action, weakness of the body and mind, nervous and great depravity.

Treatment.--Same as for the morphine habit.

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CHLORAL HABIT. Symptoms.--After a slight primary exhilaration there is depression of the mind and body; skin eruptions, bad breath, spongy gums, poor appetite, indigestion, bad nutrition, permanent dilation of the cutaneous (skin) blood vessels, intermittent pulse, blunting of the higher mental faculties, restlessness, sleeplessness, irritability, sometimes dementia.

Treatment.--Same as for morphine.

LEAD POISONING. (Plumbism-Saturnism). Causes.--It is common in lead smelters and grinders, painters, glaziers, and plumbers, whose hands are not washed before eating. The lead is absorbed by the mouth, skin and lungs. It may be taken into the system by drinking water, cider, etc., in new lead pipes, or from hair-dyes or cosmetics containing lead.

Symptoms of Acute Case.--These develop rapidly from continued exposure. There is rapidly progressing anemia, with acute neuritis, epilepsy, convulsions or delirium or with severe stomach and bowel symptoms.

Chronic Cases. Symptoms. 1.--Anemia, lead line on the gums, paralysis, colic, and brain symptoms.

2. Blue-black line of lead in the gums near the teeth.

3. This is preceded by an obstinate constipation. It resembles severe intestinal colic. There may be vomiting.

4. Paralysis. This is the result of peripheral neuritis, localized or generalized. Wrist drop and many other symptoms of local and general paralysis.

TREATMENT. Prevention.--The hands and finger nails of the lead workers should always be thoroughly cleaned before eating. Use respirators if lead is present in the form of dust.

For chronic poisoning remove the cause. Potassium iodide, five to ten grains three times a day. Not to be given in acute cases or when the symptoms are very severe, until what is in the bowels is removed.

Constipation.--For this give a half ounce of epsom salts before breakfast when needed, or repeat in small doses.

For pain.--Heat over the abdomen and give morphine, if necessary.

FOOD POISONING. (Bromototoxismus).--Food may contain the specific organisms of disease, as of tuberculosis or trichinosis; milk and other foods may become infected with typhoid bacilli, and so convey the disease. Animals (or insects or bees) may feed on substances that cause their flesh or products to be poisonous to man. Meat poisoning. Eating sausage or pork pie or headcheese has caused poisoning. Poisoning from impure milk, shell fish, pellagra, from using altered maize, etc.

[INTOXICANTS AND SUN STROKES 375]

Symptoms.--Acute inflammation of stomach and bowels, with great prostration, ending in collapse. In shell fish poisoning, there are numbness, weakness, dilated pupils, rapid and feeble pulse, temperature under the normal and collapse.

Treatment.--In all cases empty the stomach by emetics or stomach tube and the bowels by cathartics. Stimulate if necessary.

HEAT STROKE.--Called also heat exhaustion; thermic fever, coup de Soleil. A condition produced by exposure to excessive heat.

Heat Exhaustion.--This is caused by continued exposure to high temperatures, especially while working hard.

Symptoms.--Prostration with cool skin, temperature often below normal, 95-96, pulse is small and frequent, sometimes restlessness and delirium. The person need not necessarily be exposed to the direct rays of the sun, but the condition may come on at night, or while at work in close, confined rooms.

Treatment of indoor heat exhaustion.--Aromatic spirits of ammonia one to two drams and strychnine; avoid alcohol. If the temperature is below normal, (98.6) a warm bath can be given. Rest in bed in a well ventilated room.

SUNSTROKE. Heat Stroke, Thermic (heat) Fever.--This occurs in persons chiefly who, while working very hard are exposed to the sun. Soldiers who are marching with their heavy accoutrements are very liable to be attacked. In large cities the most of the cases are confined to workmen who are much exposed and at the same time, have been drinking beer and whisky.

Symptoms.--The patient may be struck down and die very soon with symptoms of failure of the heart, difficult breathing and coma. This kind is most frequent in soldiers. In ordinary cases there may be failure to perspire, premonitory headache, dizziness, sometimes nausea and vomiting, colored or poor sight (vision); insensibility follows, which may be temporary or increased deep coma. The face is flushed, the skin is dry and hot, the pupils are temporarily dilated, then usually greatly contracted, the pulse is rapid and full, and the temperature ranges from 107 to 110 degrees or higher. The breathing is deep, labored and snoring (stortorous). Usually there is complete muscular relaxation, with twitchings, jerkings, or very rarely convulsions may occur. In fatal cases, coma (deep sleep) deepens, the pulse becomes more frequent and feeble, the breathing becomes more hurried, shallow and irregular and death may occur within twenty-four to thirty-six hours. In others, the consciousness returns, the temperature falls, the pulse and breathing become normal and recovery may be complete or leave bad results. The patient may be predisposed to future attacks or suffer from weakness or headache, and disturbance of the mind when ever the weather is warm.

[376 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Prognosis.--The death rate is higher when treatment is delayed, and when alcohol has been used as a beverage.

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Sunstroke, Quick Method to Relieve.--"Apply alternately hot and cold applications to forehead and base of the brain or back of the neck, place the feet in warm mustard water, and apply mustard to the stomach and calves of legs. This remedy was tried by my brother's wife, who is a trained nurse. She says it is very effective," The hot and cold applications help to draw the blood from the brain. Placing feet in warm mustard water will help to give relief.

Treatment.--Avoid exposure and alcohol. For a mild case--Rest in a cool place, cool sponging, aromatic spirits ammonia or strychnine if needed for the prostration.

For severe cases.--The temperature must be reduced as rapidly as possible. Pack the patient in a bath of ice. Rubbing the body with ice is an excellent procedure to lower the temperature rapidly. Ice water enemata (injections in bowel) may also be employed. If ice cannot be obtained strip the patient and sprinkle him with water until the temperature is reduced. Use a thermometer to see it does not go too low. Ice cap or cold water to the head. Keep working for hours.

Medicine.--Glonoin, 1/100 to 1/200 grain is of help in severe cases.

ACCIDENTS, EMERGENCIES AND POISONS

COLLAPSE.--1. Place the patient flat on his back.

2. Raise the feet and lower his head, unless blueness of the face occurs.

3. Make the patient warm by applying warm coverings and hot water bottles, bricks or wood.

4. Enema of strong coffee.

5. If necessary the legs and arms can be bandaged beginning at the feet and hands and then bandage up. Use above in order given.

FAINTING.--Place the patient on her back, with the head low and feet raised unless the face is flushed. The face is generally pale.

Loosen the clothing about the waist, throat, etc.

Plenty of air and no crowding around the patient.

ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 377

Cold water on the face with cloths. It is not necessary to wet her all over. Ammonia or camphor near the nostrils to inhale. Lie still for some time and do not attempt to rise while still feeling dizzy or faint.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sea Sickness, Red Pepper and Molasses Relieves.-- "A teaspoonful of red pepper mixed with molasses and taken in one dose is considered one of the best remedies for this trouble."

2. Sea Sickness, Peppermint an Excellent Relief for.--"A teaspoonful of essence of peppermint put in a tumbler of hot water, sipped occasionally, is both a preventive and cure for sea-sickness."

Sea Sickness.--Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia, says: "The bromides should be used in the dose of five to ten grains three times a day for several days before the patient sails to quiet the vomiting center." After sea sickness begins the following combination is good:

(a) Citric Acid 2 drams Distilled Water 4 ounces Make a solution.

(b) Bromide of Potash 1 dram Bicarbonate of Potash 1 dram Distilled Water 4 ounces Make a solution.

Then a tablespoonful of each of these solutions should be added to one another and taken during effervescence. Lemon juice can be used in place of citric acid in the first combination.

DOG BITES (Not Rabid).--Treat the same as for any torn wound, wash out thoroughly with hot water and an ounce of salt in a pint of water. There is no danger of hydrophobia from the bite of a dog, cat or any animal unless that animal has hydrophobia. No one can take hydrophobia from an animal that does not have it. (See Hydrophobia).

POISONED WOUNDS. Mosquito Bite.--Remove the sting in the wound. Diluted vinegar applied to the bites is sometimes of help. Camphor is also good.

Snake Bite.--Naturalists have discovered twenty-seven species of poisonous serpents and one poisonous lizard; eighteen species of these are true rattlesnakes; the remaining nine are divided between varieties of the moccasin, copperhead or the viper. The poisonous lizard is the Texan reptile known as the "Gila Monster." In all these serpents the poison fluid is secreted in a gland which lies against the side of the skull below and behind the eye, from which a duct leads to the base of a hollow tooth or fang, one on each side of the upper jaw; which fang, except in the case of vipers, is movable and susceptible of erection and depression. When not in use the fang hugs the upper jaw and is ensheathed in a fold of mucous membrane. In the vipers the fang is permanently erect. In the case of biting the contents of the poison sac are forcibly ejected through the hollow fang.

[378 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Symptoms of a Snake Bite.--The symptoms are similar in bites of poisonous snakes. Pain in the wound, slight at first, but becoming more severe, with rapid swelling and spotted discoloration in the vicinity of the wound. Symptoms of heart and lung depression soon show themselves by feeble and fluttering pulse, faintness, cold sweating, mental distress, nausea and vomiting and labored breathing. Death may occur very soon in intense poisoned cases, but more frequently the struggle extends over a number of hours.

Treatment.--First thing to do.--When the bite is on a limb, tie the limb above the bite toward the body and twist the ligature so tight that the circulation is cut off, or checked. Then cut the wound open very freely. When the bite is on the body, make a free cut, and when this cannot be done suck the wound vigorously, which can done without danger, if there are no cracks or abrasions of the lips or mouth, as the poison is harmless when taken into a well mouth. If a hot iron is at hand apply it freely within the wound and this may take the place of the knife or suction. Salt put in the cut wound will be of help, or fill the wound with permanganate of potash and inject a solution of the same, diluted three-quarters with water, around the wound. Strychnine one-fifteenth of a grain every two hours until the symptoms are better. This is not given until the symptoms of snake poisoning have shown themselves.

If such agents are not at hand, brandy or whisky should be given freely. The pulse will show when the patient has had enough.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. INSECT AND OTHER BITES.--1. Simply Use Pepper for Dog Bite.--"My son had his hand bitten by a dog and it was over a week before it was brought to my notice. The sore was then filled with green pus and the pain went up to his jaw, so we were afraid of lockjaw. I had him cleanse it thoroughly in a basin of warm saleratus water, then filled and thickly covered it with black pepper. The pain stopped almost instantly. It seems as though pepper would smart a cut terribly, but it does not." This is a good remedy and worth trying. The black pepper did not smart the wound because the flesh was dead.

2. Bites, Tobacco Good for Dog.--"Immediately wash the parts with clear water; then take leaf or cut tobacco and bind over the part bitten, changing it two or three times a day for a week. This effectually absorbs the poison. It is a good prevention of any future trouble."

3. Bites, Ammonia Good for Insect.--"Rub the affected parts with ammonia, which will draw out the poison. For mosquito bites have often used baking soda. This always gives relief and is very cooling."

4. Bites, Baking Soda for Insect.--"Cover the affected parts with baking soda and keep moist." A mud poultice is an old tried remedy.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 379]

5. Bites, Hartshorn Old Time Remedy for.--"Apply hartshorn or spirits of ammonia to part which neutralizes the formic acid, the active principle of the poison." This is an old-time remedy and will always give relief if applied immediately.

6. Bites, Carbolic Acid Draws Poison from.--"Bathe frequently in a weak solution of carbolic acid." The carbolic acid is a very good remedy and seldom fails to cure, but if you do not happen to have the acid, use vinegar, and it will have practically the same effect.

7. Bites, Alum and Vinegar Good Remedy for.--"Alum and vinegar. Purchase five cents' worth of powdered alum and dissolve in a pint of vinegar and apply freely. This is a very good remedy."

8. Bites, Salt Water for Mosquito.--"Take salt and water in a little dish and keep wetting the bite for a few moments. This will soon destroy the poison," This will be found a very simple but effective remedy, especially in children or small babies, as we mothers all know how very annoying a mosquito bite is to children. The salt water will remove all the poison and at the same time relieve the itching and swelling. Care should be taken not to make it too strong for a small baby.

9. Bites, Spirits of Ammonia for Snake.--"Strong spirits of ammonia applied to the wounds of snake bites or rabid animals is better than caustic. It neutralizes the poison." Enough of the ammonia should be used to irritate the parts. It is harmless treatment and should be used freely.

STINGS, MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Leaves of Geranium Good for Bee or Wasp.--"Bruise the leaves of geranium and bind on the affected part. This has proved an excellent, though simple remedy."

2. Stings, Simple Remedy for.--"Take a dresser key or any with a good sized hole and press over the sting. If used very soon this will remove the stinger, then cover with wet salt."

DISLOCATIONS.--A dislocation is the putting out of joint some bone, such as the elbow or shoulder bone or bones. The bone has slipped out of its socket. They are called after the joints involved.

General Causes.--Blows, sudden contraction of the muscles; also due to some diseases of the joints.

General Symptoms.--There is a deformity at the joint, pain and sometimes it is not possible to make all the joint movements.

General Treatment.--Of course it is to replace the bone, as soon as possible, before there is much swelling, inflammation and consequent adhesions.

DISLOCATION OF THE JAW.--It is not possible to close the mouth. The chin is too far forward. The jaw may turn toward the other side in one-sided dislocation.

[380 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Treatment.--Hold something hard between the teeth in front so that when the jaw snaps in place your thumbs will not be bitten. A piece of wood as thick as your fingers will do. Stand in front of the patient, who should be sitting in a high chair. Put your thumbs in the mouth upon the lower jaw two-thirds of the length backwards, and your forefingers directly underneath the jaw; with the thumbs press down and with the fingers pull forward.

Sometimes it is necessary to hold the jaw in place for some days. For that purpose the bandage for a broken jaw can be used.

SHOULDER JOINT DISLOCATION.--There is a depression of the skin over the cavity. The shoulder is flattened. The bone of the arm points to where the head of the bone is.

Treatment.--Carry the elbow to the side with the forearm at right angles to the arm: turn the arm around until the forearm points away from the body. Then carry the arm up from the body until it is level with the shoulder. In this position gradually rotate the arm again and then bring the arm to the side, with the forearm across the chest, hand pointing to the other shoulder when it should be bandaged by pieces of bandages three inches wide passing around the arm, elbow and body. A pad should be placed under the hand to keep it from making the flesh sore.

FINGER OR THUMB DISLOCATION.--If the joint is dislocated forward pull the front part forward and backward. If it is dislocated backwards, pull the front part of the finger forward and upward. If reduced immediately this needs no bandaging.

FRACTURES.--They are simply broken bones or cartilage, usually applied popularly to a broken bone.

Varieties.--Simple fracture means a break of the bone only.

Compound fracture is where the broken bone sticks out through the skin.

ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 381

Comminuted is where the bone is broken into small parts.

Impacted is where one part of the broken bone is driven into the other part.

Green stick break. This is not really a break, but only a bending of the bone, seen mostly in children.

Bandages for fractures can be made of muslin. They should be six to eight to twelve yards long for large bones.

Width. For a finger one inch. For arm or head two and one-half inches. For the leg three to four inches. For the body six to eight inches.

An old sheet can be used and the ends of the strips sewed together and then wrapped tight in a roll, with the ravelings from the sides removed. The bandage should be started from the end of the limb, wrapped towards the body. They should not be wrapped so tightly as to shut off circulation,

Padding.--This should be of cotton. In case of necessity, handkerchiefs, towels, pieces of muslin, cloths; hay or grass can be used temporarily.

Splints.--In emergencies splints can be made from shingles, pasteboards or even bark.

How to Take Hold of a Broken Leg or Arm.--Never take hold of it from above, but slip the hands underneath, and then take a firm but gentle hold at two points a short distance from the break on each side, and all the while making slight extension with the hand on the end part (distal part) so as to keep the ends from rubbing together, and lift with both hands at the same time slowly and evenly until the limb is in the required position. Then apply the emergency treatment. This is to help keep the broken parts in place until proper care can be given, or to assist in safely and comfortably moving the patient to the place desired. Support the broken limb with something smooth and stiff, such as a thin narrow shingle, three inches wide perhaps, or thin board, stout pasteboard, or the bark of trees, and padded with something soft, such as cotton, wool, hay, straw, leaves, which can be held by bandages of required width, or handkerchiefs folded in triangular shape, or by strips of linen, muslin, ribbon or anything with which the splint can be temporarily held fast.

For the Forearm.--Two padded splints three to four inches wide and long enough to take in the hand also should be applied, one to the thumb, and the other to the back of the forearm, slight extension being made by pulling on the patient's hand. This pulls the broken end in place. Tie on the splints over the hand, wrist and just below the elbow. Two or three wraps of adhesive plaster or five or six wraps of a bandage or handkerchief or towel folded and pinned will temporarily hold the limb in place. Put on a sling reaching from the finger tips to beyond the elbow.

[382 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

For the Arm.--Put on two padded splints from the shoulder to the elbow, one in front and the one behind, and bind on at the bottom and top. Then place the forearm on the chest pointing to the well or sound shoulder and bind the arm with bandages or a long towel to the body.

For a Broken Leg.--Pull on the foot gently to make slight extension, and lift the leg on a pillow or some sort of pad, and tie this firmly about the leg; or broad strips of wood may be padded and placed on either side of the broken leg and securely tied.

For a Broken Thigh, Upper Leg.--The splint should extend from under the arm to the ankle, padded and bound to the body and to the leg by means of long towels or pieces of sheeting applied six inches apart. If the patient is in a wagon and no splint can be had, bags of dirt or sand applied around the thigh will hold some. But there is always something at hand to use as a splint and to bind the splint to the leg.

For a Broken Collar Bone.--Place the patient on his back if he is to be moved and put a firm pad in the arm pit and bind the arm to the side with the forearm across the chest; or if you have a roll of adhesive plaster two or three inches wide, after putting a pad in the arm pit (sometimes this is not necessary) put the adhesive strip around the arm midway to the shoulder. The arm should be lifted up and a little back. Run the strip of adhesive plaster around the body and fasten to the first part. Then put another strip fast to the band around the arm and run this down around the bent elbow and over the forearm placed on the chest, the fingers pointing to the sound shoulder. This strip can pass over the sound collar bone and fasten to the strip about the body. If it is put on properly, the injured part will feel comfortable.

Broken Ribs.--Put on a towel, about eight to twelve inches wide. This should go around the body and be pinned tightly; or, if you have a roll of adhesive plaster, two and one-half to three inches wide, use this. Start at the backbone, at the lowest point necessary, about two ribs below the broken one, and carry it straight across the chest to the breast bone; put on about eight of such strips, lapping each about one-half inch. Fasten the ends with a strip running up and down one-half on the flesh and the other half on the strip. This is to keep the strips from slipping any. The arms should be held up while the strips are being applied.

A Broken Jaw.--Take a strong piece of muslin, long enough to reach around the neck and eight inches longer. Split this through the center to within about seven inches of the center of the band. Put this unsplit part above, over and under the chin. Tie the upper tails around the neck and run the under tail pieces up in front of the ear to the crown of the head. Tie each end on the back part of the head to the pieces left over after tying back of the neck.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 383]

Broken Nose.--Put the parts in place by pressure and moulding. It is easily done. Do not hurry. Put a strip of adhesive plaster across the bridge of the nose over the break reaching to the cheek.

If the injury causes bleeding, the wound should be washed with clean linen and boiled water and covered with clean linen. To wash the wound, one teaspoonful of salt to one pint of boiled water. Salt is usually at hand.

If an artery is cut, this bleeding must be stopped. The blood spurts out. Press your hands hard on the back of the thigh towards the body of the wound. Another should tie some cloth around the thigh above the wound tightly. It can be made tighter by putting a stick under the band and twisting it around as much as possible. Raise the leg high up and put the head low. If the cut is below the knee or on the foot, bend the leg back. First put a pad or your fist in under the knee joint and bend leg over the pad or your fist. Sometimes the spurting artery can be caught or pressed upon with your finger. If the arm is injured, bandage as for the thigh. If the forearm, the same as for the leg.

If a finger is cut clean off, pick the piece up and wash it and the stump clean and then place the cut off part against the stump and tie on, or stick on with adhesive plaster. It sometimes grows fast.

SPRAINS.--Sprains or wrenches of the joints are caused by a twist or a blow. The injury consists in the tear or rupture of a number of the fibres of the ligaments.

Symptoms.--Severe pain, the joint is practically useless for a time; swelling, heat and later the joint discolored from effusion of the blood into the tissues.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sprains, Ointment for.--"The bark of bittersweet with chamomile and wormwood simmered in fresh lard make an excellent ointment for sprains and swellings."

2. Sprains, Vinegar and Bran Poultice for.--"Make a poultice with vinegar and bran only, or with the addition of oatmeal, or bread crumbs. As the poultice becomes dry it should be moistened with vinegar."

3. Sprains, Turpentine Most Common Remedy for.--"Rub the injured part with turpentine and keep warm and you will find this remedy to be one of the best to keep proud flesh out that has ever been used. I always have turpentine in my home and find that I have to use it often, and it always does as I said above, if once used you will never be without it."

4. Sprains, Quick Relief for.--"Bathe the parts with hot water as hot as one can bear it and relief comes at once." This is an old tried remedy, but if hot water does not give relief use cold water.

5. Sprains, Relieves Pain of.--"Put warm woolen cloth over sprain, drip hot water as hot as can be borne on cloth for half hour. Bathe with spirits of camphor."

[384 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Bandaging and Photographs by DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS, of Detroit. Done expressly for this book.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 385]

6. Sprains, Quick Application for.--"A poultice of stiff clay and vinegar." Add enough vinegar to the clay to make a nice moist poultice. The clay is exceptionally good for swellings and sprains.

7. Sprains, Turpentine Liniment for.--"Equal parts of spirits of turpentine and vinegar and the yolk of one egg make a valuable liniment in cases of sprains, bruises and rheumatism poultice. Take common salt, roast it on a hot stove till dry as possible. Take one teaspoonful each of dry salt, venice turpentine and pulverized castile soap. Excellent for felon, apply twice daily until open." This is a very good liniment and if applied often will draw, which is one of the essential things for a felon.

8. Sprains, Old English White Oil.--

"Alcohol 1/4 pint. Turpentine 1/4 pint. Hartshorn 1/2 ounce. Oil Origanum 1 ounce.

For sprains and rubbing around sores."

9. Sprains, Arnica Much Used for.--"Tincture of arnica." This should be diluted with water about one and one-half for adults and one and three-fourths for a child. This is one of the best known remedies for sprains that can be obtained. Apply freely to the bruise or sprain.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Sprains.--Rest for a time (for some weeks). The parts should be raised to lessen the blood supply. Hot applications, through fomentations, or cold evaporations, lotions, massage later, and support with a pad and a firm bandage, in some cases. When there is not much swelling, a plaster of Paris bandage is sometimes applied at once in order that absolute rest can be secured.

1. Tincture of Arnica.--This is an excellent remedy for sprains When the part is much swollen and looks bluish is when it is especially beneficial. It can be used full strength by saturating cloths and applying either hot or cold, or diluted to half strength.

2. Hot Water.--Applied with soaked cloths on the part is very grateful in some cases. It should be kept hot and plenty of water on the part all the time. This should be applied for hours. Between the soakings, the parts should be dressed with the lead and laudanum wash, and rubbed with ichthyol ointment or camphor and laudanum liniment.

3. Cold Applications.--Cold water.--Some patients are more benefited by the cold applications. The part should be elevated and a cloth wrung out of ice cold water, or an ice bag should be kept on the part.

4. Lead and Laudanum Wash.--This should not be used if the skin is broken. Then the laudanum, three-fourths water, can be used alone. Composition of lead and laudanum wash, proportions four parts of undiluted lead water, diluted with sixteen parts of water to one of laudanum. This can be made stronger in the laudanum.

[386 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

5. Fomentations of hops, or smartweed or wormwood, etc., are also good.

6. Vinegar and Hops--Turpentine Liniment.--This can be used later, for stimulating purposes.

[Illustration: Usual Spiral Reverse Bandage of the Arm.] Bandaging and Photographs by DR. W. E. ZIEGENFUSS, of Detroit. Done expressly for this book.

The following is a liniment made by an old gentleman I used to know. I was well acquainted with him while he was living, and I know he was a good, competent man. Following is the recipe:

"Oil of Amber l ounce. Oil of Wormwood 1 ounce. Oil of Tansy 1 ounce. Camphor Gum 2 ounces. Ammonia 2 ounces. Oil of Spike 1 ounce. Small piece castile soap. Spirits of Wine 1 pint.

Rub in thoroughly. In some cases it should be diluted one-fourth to one-half strength. Full strength for much pain.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 387]

BURNS. SCALDS.--

A Burn is caused by dry heat.

A Scald is caused by moist heat.

A superficial burn, upon a young child, that involves the third of the body will almost certainly prove fatal, while a very deep burn, provided it is localized, may not be so serious, unless important nerves and blood vessels have been destroyed.

Burns may be divided into three degrees:

First degree are those burns that only affect the outer or superficial layer of the skin, producing a redness with some small vesicles.

Second degree burns: These extend through the true skin and blisters result.

Third degree burns: This goes down underneath and involves the deeper tissues. Charring and destruction of tissue takes place.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Burns, Linseed Oil for.--"Quick application of linseed oil." The oil forms a coating and is very soothing.

2. Burns, Common Soda for.--"There is nothing better than common baking soda for burns and scalds; apply a thick coating of dry soda. Bind a cloth over it, and keep on until the pain ceases, after which any good healing salve will do."

3. "Apply crushed onion poultice; cover to keep out the air. This will soon extract the heat and pain." Onions seem to possess many medicinal properties. They are very soothing, and in a case of scalds keep out the air and relieve the pain.

4. Burns, Molasses Takes Pain from.--"Apply New Orleans molasses to the burn and cover with flour. This forms a coating over the affected parts, keeping the air from it, thereby relieving the burning. This is an excellent remedy and one easily prepared."

5. Burns, Butter a Relief for.--"Spread butter on the affected parts and bandage well. This is one of the remedies our grandmothers used to use and is a good one."

6. Burns, Oil of Peppermint Draws Fire Out of.--"Apply oil of peppermint; it will take the fire out almost immediately."

7. Burns, Sweet Oil and Cotton Batting Relieves.--"Saturate cotton batting in sweet oil and cover the burns and keep covered until the fire is out. I had my hand burned with steam until the skin peeled off, and this remedy relieved the smarting."

8. Burns, Vinegar Prevents Blistering from.--"Vinegar applied every few minutes will keep it from blistering." This is a remedy always at hand, and will do just what it says.

[388 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Scalds, Elder Berries Soothing for.--"The flowers of the black elder berries and the bark all possess valuable medicinal properties. An ointment made by stirring the fresh flowers into melted lard or vaselin and occasionally stirring it, will be found an excellent remedy for scalds or burns." It is not only soothing, but forms a coating thereby keeping the air out.

2. Scalds, Alum for Slight.--"Put a teaspoonful of alum in a pint of water, and bathe the parts frequently. Keep the parts well wet with this solution which extracts the heat in a remarkable manner and soothes the patient into a calm and refreshing sleep." This remedy is most always at hand and will relieve if the case is not too severe.

3. Scalds, Scraped Potatoes will Relieve.--" A few raw potatoes scraped or grated and beaten in a bowl, then add a dram of laudanum; apply to the affected parts as you would a poultice."

4. Scalds, Crackers and Slippery Elm as Poultice for.--"Apply a poultice of cracker and slippery elm, made of raspberry leaf tea. Guard against taking cold." Use enough of the raspberry tea to make a soft mixture. This is very soothing, and keeps the air from the scald which is one of the essential things in order to get relief.

5. Scalds, Raisins' and Lard with Tobacco Helps.

"One pound Raisins, chopped. One pound Lard. Five cent package of Chewing Tobacco.

Mix all together and let this simmer about three hours slowly, strain it and put in a jar."

6. Scalds, Sweet Oil Soothing for.--"I know of nothing better than equal parts of sweet oil and lime water." This is very good and should be applied freely.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Superficial Bums.--Exclude the air; protect and treat the parts is the theory of treatment.

Superficial Burn.--When the skin is not broken, bicarbonate of soda may be sprinkled thick over the burn, then wrap the part in moist gauze, lint or linen, and over this a layer of common cotton, and hold in place with a bandage. Flour can be used in place of the soda. Oatmeal flour, rice flour, etc., will do also. The objection to all powders is that the moist gauze, etc., will make the flour form cakes and make removal painful and difficult. Applications in liquid form are therefore better.

Liquid Forms.--If the blisters are large, open them with a clean (sterile-boiled) instrument (scissors or knife) and absorb the fluid with a clean gauze. Then dissolve bicarbonate of soda in water--a saturated solution. This term means as much soda as the water will dissolve. Then gauze, lint or linen pads may be wrung out of this solution or the same strength of boric acid solution and applied. Put over this a layer of clean cotton and hold in place by a bandage or strip of adhesive plaster. (Keep parts always moist). Baking soda will do about as well as bicarbonate of soda.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 389]

Oil and ointments are also very beneficial. Spread the ointments or oil over the burn thick and cover with lint or soft linen, and change frequently to keep from smelling badly.

1. Carron oil made of equal parts of lime-water and linseed oil is good.

2. Carbolized oil or simple pure sweet oil is good.

3. Cosmoline, Vaselin, Pineoline (salves) are all good; they cover and protect.

4. Cold cream is very good.

5. Thick lather from any good pure soap spread over the part thick and then covered with the cloth dressing. This is very good and is always at hand.

6. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, very strongly recommends the following simple remedy: One teaspoonful of common salt to one pint of boiled water, used comfortably warm. Old clean muslin or gauze cloths of several thicknesses should be dipped in this solution and spread evenly over the sores in several layers and over this oiled paper or paraffine paper should be applied to prevent evaporation or drying and bind all with a bandage. The covering should not be too thick or it might make the part too warm. This should be avoided in all dressings.

This salt water dressing can be moistened and changed when necessary.

7. Beeswax ointment. (Dr. Douglas).-

"Benzoinated Lard 6 ounces. Yellow Beeswax 1 ounce. Salicylic Acid 20 grains."

Mix the wax in a tin cup, then add the lard, when all is melted remove from the fire and stir till cool, then add the salicylic acid and continue stirring until cold. This makes an excellent covering, excludes the air.

8. Ointment of Oxide of Zinc is very good. The following are the ingredients:

"Oxide of Zinc 2 drams. Lanoline 5 drams. Alboline 1 dram. Salicylic Acid 10 grains.

Mix, and make ointment and apply."

The following is not very pleasant to think about, but farmers have frequently used it: Cow manure as a poultice.

Another: The inner bark of elder boiled in cream. Use the salve resulting. This is good for burns and sores.

Another: Slippery elm bark tea boiled down so it will be thick and oily, is very good.

[390 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Some claim that immersing the part in milk and keeping it so is a very good remedy. We know that cream is, but it will soon become rancid.

Remedies must be of an oily covering nature to do good, or else do it by their antiseptic qualities like salt, boric acid, etc.

Another:

"Picric Acid 75 grains. Alcohol 20 ounces. Distilled Water 2 pints.

Mix and apply."

Cleanse the burns of dirt and charred clothing and then soak strips of clean gauze in this solution and apply to the part. Place over this a pad of dry absorbent cotton which can be fastened by a light bandage or adhesive straps. The dressing dries rapidly, and may be left in place for several days. Then moisten it with the same solution so as to soften the dressing and remove it. Then apply a fresh dressing of the same kind and leave on a week. This dressing soon relieves the pain, prevents the formation of matter (pus), hastens healing and, leaves a smooth surface. The dressing stains the hands so it is best applied with rubber gloves. This is good for all degree burns.

For Severe Case.--There may be and is shock and great weakness after some burns. The patient should be put to bed and given strong black coffee, or if you have it one teaspoonful of aromatic spirits of ammonia in a glass of water. Hot water bags and jars should be applied to the feet and one teaspoonful of paregoric may be given to an adult for the pain. Give the patient ice to hold in his mouth, as he is very thirsty. Cold water and milk to drink also. If the burn is severe put oil cloth or rubber on the bed to protect the bed from the wet dressing. Do not put a night-shirt or pajamas on him, as it pains to remove and renew the dressings, if such are used as need frequent removal and renewal. Cover warmly, but keep covers lifted so that their weight will not give unnecessary pain. The bowels can be kept open with soap-suds enemas. Watch carefully, especially a man, if urine is passed and enough in quantity. It must be drawn if it is not passed within twelve hours.

For Third Degree Burns.--In this kind there is a great shock. Stimulate the patient with whisky, etc. Put one ounce in a glass one-half full of water, and give two teaspoonfuls frequently, dependent upon how much stimulant the patient has ever used; or an enema of one ounce of hot coffee can be given.

The first dressings may be the same, but when the patient is stronger others should be used.

Warm Baths are now used when the deep tissues are burned, and the sloughs and charred material are removed.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 391]

When convenient, begin with a warm tub bath, with boric acid added to the water--handful to the tub. This is good for stimulating purposes, and also to relieve pain and for cleansing the surfaces before the applications of the dressings, these can be of those recommended.

When the air passages have been scalded by hot steam or hot liquids, the steam of lime-water, not too hot, may soothe.

Burns from Acid.--Soda, chalk, whiting, sprinkled over the surface of the skin and covered with moist coverings of gauze. Egg albumen is also good applied, on the part.

Bums from Alkali (like potash or strong ammonia).--Vinegar poured over the part, or dress with a mild solution of boric acid. One teaspoonful to four ounces of water.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bruises, Cold Water Prevents Coloring.--"Bathe the parts in cold water, prevents turning black and blue."

2. Bruises, Kerosene Relieves the Pain of.--"Bathe freely with kerosene."

3. Bruises, Turpentine to Keep Proud Flesh from.--"Rub the injured part with turpentine and keep warm, and you will find this remedy to be one of the best to keep proud flesh out and gangrene that has ever been used. I always have turpentine in my home, and find that I have use for it often. If once used you will never be without it."

4. Bruises, Bread and Vinegar Quick Remedy for.--"Apply a poultice made of hot vinegar and bread. A girl bruised her fingers with some iron rings in a gymnasium. She applied this poultice at night, and they were well in the morning. Since then I always use it for a bruise."

5. Bruises, Good Liniment for.--"Where inflammation is under the thin covering of the bone, dissolve chloral and camphor gum together. They dissolve each other by putting together, and looks like glycerin. Apply very little with tip of finger, put absorbent cotton on and bind up with pure gum rubber band to keep it from evaporating as it is very volatile. Rubber band must not be too tight, as it will cut off the circulation."

6. Bruises, Liniment Used in Ohio for.--"Five cents' worth spirits ammonia, five cents' worth spirits turpentine, whites of two eggs beaten, one cup cider vinegar, two cups rain water." This gentleman from Ohio says he has used the liniment for many years, and his neighbors have used it with the utmost success. He recommends it as the best he ever used.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. Bruises.--1. Tincture of Arnica applied from one-half to full strength is very good.

2. Alcohol about two-thirds strength is also very good, gently rubbed in the parts.

3. Cold or hot water applied with cloths.

4. Raw beefsteak (lean) is excellent. Place it on the bruise.

5. Lead and laudanum wash if the skin is not broken. Of course bruises usually disappear in time. The above remedies will help. Heat applied at some distance from the parts relaxes the surrounding vessels and promotes absorption of the blood in the bruise.

[392 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CUTS. WOUNDS.--They are named cut (incised); contused, such as made by a blunt instrument.

Lacerated or torn, when the tissues are torn or ragged.

Punctured, stab-wounds, when made by a pointed instrument.

Treatment.--There may be pain, gaping (opening) of the edges and bleeding. In order to gape, the cut must pass through the deep skin. Cuts or wounds that do not go deep leave little or no scar. Such require only a little antiseptic dressing like this remedy:

"Boric Acid 1/2 ounce. Boiled Water 1 pint."

Wash the cut thoroughly and cover with gauze or clean linen. Cuts or wounds should always be washed first with boiled water, cooled enough to use. Do this with absolutely clean muslin, absorbent cotton or gauze and boiled water. After being thoroughly cleansed and washed with hot water and cloths, a thick pad of muslin, absorbent cotton or gauze thoroughly soaked with the boric acid solution, (strength one-half ounce of boric acid to a pint of boiled water) should be applied on the wound, and for an inch or two around it. Over this lay a thick layer of absorbent cotton or muslin, bandage all securely with a bandage or adhesive strap, so the dressing cannot slip.

Gaping Wounds generally need stitches. These should be put in deep enough to draw the deep edges together. If that is not done, a pocket will be left where the parts are not together and "matter" may form there. Plaster will not draw the deeper parts of wounds together. They should then be covered the same way as superficial wounds; of course the wound should be thoroughly cleansed in the same way before the stitches are put in. Such wounds unless they are large, need not be dressed for a day or two, unless there is soreness or pain. If the wound is sore and throbs it should be redressed immediately. Some discharge will no doubt he found penned in, and needs a drain through which to escape. This does not usually happen, and if it does, the wound was infected (poisoned) and then needs dressing once or twice a day, and full vent given to any discharge that may be present. The dressing immediately over the wound should then be thick and soft so as to absorb the discharge that may be present. The stitches are usually removed in small wounds the third or fourth day. This is easily done, with a sharp pointed scissors or knife; put one point underneath the stitch next to the knot, cut it off and with the forceps take hold of the knot and pull it out gently. It comes away easily as a rule.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 393]

Torn Wounds should be trimmed. That is, cut away the torn pieces and then stitch together as for other wounds. Of course all the tissue possible should be saved and only ragged flesh should be cut away. This would die anyway, and prove a foreign body, and would be very apt to cause pus. These wounds should be dressed the same way as previously directed.

Sometimes bleeding may cause trouble. Usually, hot water constantly applied will stop it. Pressing above the part will often stop bleeding. If an artery is cut it will spurt red blood. The artery should be tied and pressure made upon the limb above the cut toward the body; or tying the limb tight. If a finger or toe is cut and bleeds much, press on each side. The arteries are there. Put the limb high and the head low. Bandaging a limb tight, beginning at the end, often stops bleeding. Stimulants' are sometimes necessary for a time.

Punctured Wounds.--From a sharp pointed instrument, nail, etc. The first thing to do is to cleanse the wound thoroughly with hot water and about one-half ounce of salt to a pint of water. Keep this up constantly for one-half hour. Then if it is from a nail, put on a bread and milk poultice hot, and keep changing it every ten minutes to keep it good and hot. Keep this going for at least an hour. Salt pork can then be put on and kept on; or a cloth dipped in hot salt water can be applied, and kept on for a few hours when it can be dressed as other wounds are. There should be no throbbing pain the next day. A wound of this kind should be dressed every day, with great care in the matter of cleanliness. It is lack of cleanliness that usually causes trouble, either the poison that gets into the wound at the time of injury or that is allowed to get in and infect the wound afterwards. Clean hands, tools, basins, dressings and boiled water are essential to a quick healing.

Rusty Nail Wound, Simple Guard Against Serious Results from.--"Every little while we read of someone who has run a rusty nail in his foot or some other part of his person, and lockjaw has resulted therefrom. All such wounds can be healed without any fatal consequences following them. It is only necessary to smoke such wounds or any wound or bruise that is inflamed, with burning wood or woolen cloth. Twenty minutes in the smoke will take the pain out of the worst case of inflammation arising from any wound I ever saw." Put on a poultice of bread and milk, changing every five or ten minutes. After this bind on salt pork and keep on for several days.

[394 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Cuts, Iodoform and Vaselin Salve for Barb Wire.--

"Iodoform 1 teaspoonful. Vaselin 1 ounce."

Before applying the above salve it is very necessary to cleanse the affected parts with a solution made of one teaspoonful of salt to a pint of water. If the iodoform is offensive to some people, you may use the vaselin alone, although the iodoform is known to be one of the best healing remedies that can be obtained.

2. Cuts, Turpentine Good in Small Quantities for.--"For cuts and any open wound pour turpentine in and put a piece of absorbent cotton on and soak well with the liniment, tie up, and leave it so until dry, then pour on some more." Care should be taken in using turpentine, not to put too much on the wound, as it may cause proud flesh in some people; a little of it is very healing and effective.

3. Cuts, Tincture of Myrrh for Fresh.--"Use freely of the tincture of myrrh by saturating a cloth and applying to the parts affected." This tincture of myrrh may be purchased at, any drug store, and is a very effectual remedy for fresh wounds of any description. It is slightly contracting, and has great healing qualities.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Bleeding, Unusual Way to Stop.--"If fresh, sprinkle full of black pepper. It will not smart, and is soon healed. If not fresh, clean with a weak solution saleratus and cover while wet with pepper. This has been tried many times in our home and has never failed."

2. Bleeding, Cobwebs to Stop.--"Make a pad of cobwebs and apply to cut. I have never found anything to equal this remedy." This simple remedy has been known to save many lives, and can always be obtained. As most housekeepers know; cobwebs are easily found in every home, and perhaps after reading this remedy they will not seem such a pest as heretofore, if we stop to think that at some future date our baby's life might be saved by using them.

3. Bleeding, Powdered Alum and Hot Water Stops.--"A heaping teaspoonful of powdered alum, placed in a teacup of water will stop the flow of blood in ordinary wounds, where no large artery has been cut. This will be found very beneficial for children, when their finger has been cut and bleeding badly." Alum is something that should always be kept in the home, using it in a case of emergency when there is no time to run to the drug store.

4. Bleeding, Salt and Flour Successful Remedy for.--"Equal parts of fine salt and flour placed on cut. I have seen this tried and it proved successful." The salt will stop the bleeding by its astringent action and mixed with flour forms a coating over the cut.

5. Bleeding, Boracic Acid Excellent for.--"Bind up in boracic acid powder." The boracic acid is very healing and a good antiseptic, which is one of the important things to be attended to in a bad cut or wound.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 395]

6.--Bleeding, Tobacco Will Stop.--"Bind in tobacco." Very few people know that the nicotine in tobacco is very healing, and by applying it to a cut, not only stops the flow of blood, but heals.

THINGS IN THE EAR; Buttons, Beads, etc.--The bent hairpin is good to use for removing these objects, unless it is too far in. Sometimes the object can be washed out with a stream of water. This will kill and destroy insects. A small stream from a pitcher will do, if there is no fountain syringe handy. Water should not be used for corn, peas or beans, for if they are not removed the water will cause them to swell up and enlarge. A competent person should then be called, but no injury will be done for a few hours.

GAS from wells, cisterns, mines, illuminating gas and coal gas.

Treatment.--Fresh pure air. Open all windows in the house and remove patient from a house filled with coal gas. Artificial respiration: Inject salt enemas; teaspoonful of salt to one pint of warm water.

FITS. (Convulsions).--Loosen all clothing. Put something hard between the teeth to keep the patient from biting his tongue. Allow plenty of sleep afterward.

IN-GROWING TOE-NAILS. Causes.--Pressure from improperly fitting shoes, or a wrong way of cutting the nails. The flesh along the nails becomes inflamed. Toe-nails should be cut straight across, and not trimmed too closely at the corners.

Treatment.--Wear broad-toed shoes with low heels. The high heels push the toes against the shoe and besides are unhealthy and dangerous in walking.

Hot poultices will relieve the inflammation and pain. Soak the toe in hot water and push the flesh back from the nail. Cotton under the edge and corner of the nail helps to keep it away. Dust a boric acid powder, mixed with an equal quantity of starch flour, on the parts. Mennen's borated talcum powder is good.

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. In-growing Toe-Nail, Popular Remedy for.--"Shave a little common laundry soap and mix with a little cream and pulverized sugar, work to the consistency of salve and apply to the affected part night and morning. It will take off the proud flesh in about ten days and then heal. This is a good salve for bed-sores or cuts, that, have dirt in them, and will also draw out a splinter. To prevent in-growing toe-nails, scrape the center of the nail very thin and cut a V in the top. This will allow the nail to bend and the corners will have a chance to grow up and out. Avoid short shoes and stockings." Anyone suffering from this dreaded thing will be willing to try anything that will give relief. The above treatment is always at hand, and has been known to cure in severe cases.

[396 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

FALLS.--If one has had a severe fall and is wholly or partially conscious, move as little as possible, in case of broken bones. Remain in a comfortable position until proper aid can be given. If unconscious stimulation may be necessary.

FIRE in Clothing.--Keep quiet, and away from a draught. Wrap anything handy around him and roll him. Leave only the head and face uncovered. Keep mouth closed.

CHOKING. (Foreign bodies in the larynx).--Produce vomiting. Give an emetic, warm water, melted lard, vaselin or one teaspoonful of mustard in one-half glass of warm water and drink. Tickle the throat with your finger or a feather. For a child, sometimes by taking hold of the feet with the head down and give a few slight jerks frequently expels the foreign body. Slap patient's back. The last resort is an operation,--tracheotomy.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Choking, Fish Bone to Stop.--"A fish bone stuck in the throat can often be dislodged by swallowing a raw egg or raw oyster."

2. Choking, Simple Remedy to Stop.--"Hold both hands high above the head. If necessary tap gently between the shoulders."

3. Choking, Pennyroyal Tea and Lard Relieves.--"Pennyroyal tea and hog's lard; drink hot." The pennyroyal may be purchased at any drug store for ten cents. Make a tea of this, then add the hog's lard. As we all know, that this will produce vomiting and relax the tissues so that any foreign matter will come out.

4. Choking, Grease and Meat Common Remedy for.--"Warm lard, or any kind of grease, and give the patient. Have seen it used with success." The warm grease will usually cause vomiting, and in that way remove the foreign matter.

In the Gullet.--An emetic is good to give if the body cannot be reached with the hand. Doctors use forceps or another instrument called a probang. Pennies will go down into the stomach and pass out through the bowels and usually cause no trouble. Fish bones can generally be reached with the finger or crochet hook. This is also good for foreign bodies in the nose, such as beans.

THINGS IN THE NOSE. Corn, Peas, Beans, Buttons, etc.--Children frequently get such things in their nose and also ears. They should be removed soon and then there will be no harm done. They have been known to remain for years, and they have been the cause of catarrh. A small curved hair-pin makes a good instrument to use and is always handy. Also a crochet hook, though not so good, for it will not bend as well as the hair-pin. The mother should sit facing a window or open door. The child should be placed on its back with its head resting between the mother's limbs and an assistant holds the child's hands. Its legs will be hanging down. The light now shines into the nostril and the bent hair-pin can be slipped over the foreign body and easily hooked out. The head must be held quiet by the mother. The mother can do this herself, with one hand holding the head quiet and with the other can introduce the hair-pin and remove the object. But the position of the child must be reversed with the head between her knees and the light shining in the nose; or place the child on a bench or cradle or buggy, head on a pillow, and to the light. Hold the head and legs quiet; by kneeling by the child's side, you can easily see the object and remove it. If they are too far back, they can be pushed over into the throat, but parents should never attempt to remove an object in the nose they cannot see. Sometimes causing sneezing with a feather or pepper will expel the object.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 397]

TREATMENT OF THE DROWNED, SUFFOCATED OR ELECTRICALLY SHOCKED. Accidents, etc.--The one action of first importance in the treatment of the drowned, the suffocated or the electrically shocked is to restore breathing. This must be done by expelling from the lungs the poison or water which has caused the trouble, and by establishing artificial respiration. Avoid delay. One moment may lose or save a life.

Schaefer Method of Effecting Artificial Respiration In Case of Drowning.--After an investigation and comparison of the different methods of artificial respiration, Schaefer suggests one which is by far the simplest and easiest and at the same time one of the most effective and least injurious to the patient. In describing it he says: "It consists in laying the subject in the prone posture, preferably on the ground, with a thick folded garment underneath the chest and epigastrium, (region above the stomach). The operator puts himself athwart or at the side of the subject, facing his head (see plate) and places his hands on each side over the lower part of the back (lowest ribs). He then slowly throws the weight of his body forward to bear upon his own arms and this presses upon the thorax of the subject and forces air out of the lungs. This being effected, he gradually relaxes the pressure by bringing his own body up again to a more erect position, but without moving his hands." These movements should be repeated regularly at a rate of twelve to fifteen times per minute, until normal respiration begins or until hope of its restoration is abandoned. Some claim there is no hope of restoring respiration after half an hour of artificial respiration. Others claim there is a chance of saving the patient even then, and say that artificial respiration should be kept up for two or three hours.

[398 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

TO RESUSCITATE THE DROWNED.--First: Lose no time in recovering the body from the water. Always try to restore life; for while ten minutes under the water is usually the limit, still persons have been resuscitated after being under water for thirty or forty minutes. Do not lose time by taking the body to a place of shelter--operate immediately.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 399]

Second: Quickly lay the person prone, face downward with stomach resting on a barrel or roll of clothing, so the head will be lower than rest of the body and the water will run out from the throat and lungs. Wipe dry mouth and nostrils. Wrap the corner of a handkerchief about the forefinger and clear the mouth of all mucus and slimy substance back as far as the top of the throat. Rip open the clothing on chest and back and keep the face exposed to the air. Separate the jaws and keep them apart with a cork, stone, or knot in a handkerchief.

Third: Remove the roll of clothing from underneath the stomach of the patient. Kneel by the side of or across the patient. Place your hands over the lowest ribs. Lean forward and put your weight straight over the lowest ribs. Exert this pressure for three seconds. To count three seconds, say: "One thousand and one, one thousand and two; one thousand and three,"

Fourth: Do not remove the hands from the ribs; but release the pressure from the ribs for two seconds, by squatting backward. To count two seconds, say: "One thousand and one, one thousand and two,"

Fifth: Again exert pressure straight over the lowest ribs for three seconds. Alternate thus (three seconds pressure and two seconds release), about twelve times a minute, until breathing is restored. This method of resuscitation at once expels water and produces the identical results of normal breathing.

Sixth: If another person is at hand to assist, let him do everything possible to keep the body warm, by sheltering it from the wind, rubbing hands and soles of feet, making hot applications. Warm the head nearly as fast as the other parts of the body to avoid congestion. Camphor or ammonia may be applied to nostrils to excite breathing.

Seventh: Do not give up too soon. Any time within two hours you may be on the point of reviving the patient without there being any sign of it. Send for a physician as soon as possible after the accident. Prevent friends from crowding around the patient and excluding fresh air.

AFTER-TREATMENT.--After breathing is restored, remove the patient to a warm bed where there is free circulation of fresh air. Administer in small doses stimulants (hot coffee, ginger tea, hot sling) being careful not to let the patient choke or strangle. There is danger that the patient may suffer congestion of the lungs and have great difficulty in breathing. When this occurs, a large mustard plaster should be placed over the lungs.

HOW TO KEEP FROM DROWNING.--To keep from drowning it is advisable, but not necessary, to know how to swim. The human body in the water weighs little more than a pound; so that one finger placed upon a piece of board, an oar or a paddle, will easily keep the head above water, and the feet and the other hand can be used to propel the body toward the shore. It is all important for the person in the water to breathe and keep a cool head, and the mouth closed.

[400 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HOW TO FIND DROWNED PERSONS.--Make a board raft, ten or twelve feet square. Cut a round hole in the center, eight or ten inches in diameter. Lie down on the raft with the face over the hole, covering the head with a coat or shawl, to exclude the light. By this contrivance the rays of the light are concentrated directly under the raft, and objects of any size can be seen a considerable distance below the surface. Tow the raft over the place where the drowned person is supposed to be. If the body has just gone under and no raft can be provided at once, dive or drag the bottom with line and hooks. The important object is to rescue the body at the earliest possible moment. If the body is not rescued, it will rise to the surface within a week or ten days.

Three hundred lives are lost in Michigan every year from drowning. If by studying and learning how to carry out the directions in this article, you can be a life saver at some critical moment, the few moments spent in careful reading will be well repaid. Master the directions so that you will be able to do everything possible in case of accident.

ELECTRIC SHOCK, ETC.--In suffocation by smoke or any poisonous gas, as also by hanging if the neck is not broken, and in suspended breathing from effects of chloroform, hydrate of chloral, or electric shock, remove all obstructions to breathing, instantly loosen or cut apart all neck and waist bands, taking special pains to keep the head very low, and placing the body face downward, to prevent closure of the windpipe by the tongue falling back. Then proceed to induce artificial respiration the same as in drowning, described above.

BATHING IN SEWAGE POLLUTED WATERS IS DANGEROUS.--Cases have been reported where typhoid fever has been contracted by bathing in streams below cities and villages. Probably this occurred through accidentally or carelessly taking the infected water into the mouth. No person should bathe in an ordinary stream just below any city or village, or other source of sewage or privy drainage, or in any harbor or lake near the entrance into it of a sewer or the drainage of a privy.

POISONS

An antidote is something given that counteracts poison, such as soda, chalk, magnesia, soap, whiting, milk mixed with magnesia, soda diluted, etc., followed by whites of eggs and bland drinks such as flaxseed tea, slippery elm tea, quince seed tea, and sweet or castor oil given after regular antidote.

For Shock, inject hot black coffee into the rectum.

Emetic is some medicine given to produce vomiting. The simplest emetic is mustard and warm water. If one does not know what poison has been taken, the best thing to do is to give an emetic first.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 401]

Mustard.--One-half ounce or four teaspoonfuls for an adult, one to two teaspoonfuls for a child, of mustard to a cup of warm water may be given and repeated every ten or fifteen minutes until free vomiting is produced.

Salt and warm water may be used in the same way. Tickling the throat with a finger or a feather produces vomiting.

Goose grease, lard, lard drippings, vaselin, all in large amounts.

Other medicines: Sulphate of zinc, ten to twenty grains at a dose, in a cup of warm water; or fluid extract of ipecac fifteen to thirty drops, or syrup of ipecac one teaspoonful.

Poisons may be divided into corrosive and irritant.

Corrosive poison: This is a poison that is likely to eat or burn through organic tissue immediately.

Irritant poison acts more slowly and produces inflammation which later may result in suppuration and perforation.

An emetic or stomach pump cannot be used in some poisons, such as suphuric acid, because the tissues are quickly injured by the acid and the emetic and pump would only injure farther.

ACONITE. Symptoms.--Sudden collapse; slow, feeble, irregular pulse, and breathing; tickling in the mouth and the extremities, giddiness, great muscular weakness; pupils generally dilated, may be contracted; mind is clear.

Antidotes: Solution of tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of water, to wash out the stomach.

Treatment.--Stimulants, whisky or brandy; digitalis, artificial respiration, warmth and friction of the body. Lie in recumbent position.

ALCOHOL. Symptoms.--Stupid, confused, giddy, staggers, drowsy, but can be aroused; full pulse, deep snoring, respiration, injected eyes, dilated pupils, low temperature.

Emetics.--Strong hot coffee, inhale amyl nitrite; hot and cold douches.

AMMONIA. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.

Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.

Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil should be used last.

ANTIMONY. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming bloody, feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to a glass of water.

[402 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flaxseed tea, etc.; external heat.

ARSENIC, Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse.

Antidotes.--Jeaunel's antidote.

Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, goose grease, etc. White of egg and milk, and then sweet oil or castor oil.

ARSENICAL POISONING, Chronic Cases, Causes.--Inhaling arsenic from dyes, in wall-paper, carpet, etc, Taking it in by the mouth in handling dyed paper, artificial flowers, etc., and in many fabrics employed as clothing. The glazed green and red papers used in the kindergartens also contain arsenic. The drug given in repeated and excessive doses causes poisoning sometimes.

Symptoms.--Dry throat, watery swelling of the eyelids, sometimes coryza, nausea, burning vomiting, and burning watery diarrhea; skin eruptions, falling off of the hair, paralysis of the arms and legs, with wasting and numbness, but little pain, The legs are most affected, causing steppage gait.

Treatment.--Remove the cause in these chronic cases and treat the symptoms. It may be best for a physician to prescribe treatment.

ATROPINE. Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, goose grease, vaselin, etc.

Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration.

BELLADONNA, Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water,

Treatment.--Emetics to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, etc.

Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration,

BLUE STONE. Symptoms.--Vomiting and purging, taste of metal, severe pains, dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility.

Treatment.--Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, etc. Then white of eggs, followed by milk and soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc.

BLUE VITRIOL. Symptoms.--Vomiting and purging, taste of metal, severe pains, dizziness and headache and sometimes insensibility.

Antidote.--Jeaunel's antidote.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 403]

Treatment.--Emetics such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, etc., then white of eggs, followed by milk and soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc.

CARBOLIC ACID. Symptoms.--Immediately burning pain from mouth to stomach; giddiness, loss of consciousness, collapse, partial suppression of the urine; characteristic odor and white color of lips, etc.

Antidotes. Epsom salts or glaubers salts, and water very freely to drink; drink a pint of flaxseed tea. Later strong coffee or whisky and water as stimulants.

External.--If burned externally by carbolic acid, apply immediately some oil-sweet oil, olive oil or any good oil at hand-or wash freely with baking soda water. Should the acid get into the eye continue application of oil or soda water and send for a physician. Hold lower lid down to prevent acid getting into pupil until you are sure all the acid is off of the lids.

CHLORAL. Symptoms.--Deep sleep, livid look, pulse weak, breathing slow, pupils contracted during sleep, but dilated when awake, temperature low.

Antidotes.--Permanganate of potash, four to five grains every half hour.

Treatment.--Emetics at first, if seen early, such as mustard water, and warm salt water, vaselin, goose grease, etc. Keep person awake by walking, slapping and cold applications; give strong coffee enemas.

COPPER. Symptoms.--Intense corrosion of the mouth and stomach, bleeding and cramps in the bowels.

Treatment. Emetics.--Mustard water, warm salt water, lard, vaselin, etc. Then milk and eggs, black coffee enema.

CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE. Symptoms.--Burning heat in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue white, shriveled: suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation.

Antidote.--Milk or white of eggs; one egg for four grains of drug; milk, flour paste.

Treatment.--Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, and follow with soothing drinks, castor oil.

CHEESE, Spoiled. Symptoms.--Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, weakness, cold hands and feet.

Treatment.--Emetics, such as warm water and salt until patient vomits freely; or mustard water, lard, vaselin, tickle throat with feather, etc. Enema to empty lower bowel; stimulants, such as strong coffee or whisky.

DEADLY NIGHT-SHADE. Symptoms.--Flushed face, red eyes, throbbing head, pulse fast, dizzy, staggering, hot and dry throat, dilated pupils, scarlet rash on the skin. Patient may be delirious and wildly so.

[404 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops in glass of water. Emetics to produce vomiting, such as mustard water, salt and warm water, goose grease, vaselin, etc.

Stimulants.--Coffee to drink or by enema, artificial respiration.

FOWLER'S SOLUTION. Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse.

Antidote.--Jeaunel's antidote.

Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, salt and warm water, goose grease, etc., then white of egg and milk and follow with sweet oil or castor oil.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID, Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult; "coffee grounds" vomiting.; pulse feeble, clammy skin.

Treatment.--Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. Send for a doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if necessary, take plaster from the wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also three or four eggs (raw) in a glass of milk can be taken.

HELLEBORE, WHITE AND GREEN. Symptoms.--Pain and burning in the bowels, vomiting and diarrhea, slow weak pulse, pupils dilated usually.

Treatment.--Emetics, such as mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, etc.; stimulants, strong coffee, brandy, whisky. Keep patient quiet and warm.

IODINE. Symptoms.--Pain in throat and stomach, vomiting is yellow from the iodine, or blue if starch is in the stomach; color and odor of iodine on lips and in mouth.

Antidote.--Starch or flour mixed into a paste with water, should be given and followed by emetics.

Treatment.--Emetics, something to cause vomiting, warm salt water, mustard water, etc. Then sweating drinks, such as hot flaxseed or hop tea, etc.

LYE. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.

Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water; vinegar and water, half and half.

Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil should be used last.

LAUDANUM. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 405]

Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used. Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial respiration, etc.

MERCURIC CHLORIDE. Symptoms.--Burning heat in stomach and bowels, vomiting, diarrhea, with bloody stools, tongue white, shriveled, suppressed urine, gums sore, salivation.

Antidote.--Milk or white of eggs; one egg for four grains of drug, flour paste.

Treatment.--Cause vomiting after the antidote has been given, then give soothing drinks and dose of castor oil.

MORPHINE. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong; patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible; snoring breathing.

Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used. Emetics, such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water, or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake; stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial respiration, etc.

NUX VOMICA. Symptoms.--Appear quickly. Terrible convulsions, in paroxysms, devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw set.

Treatment.--Cause vomiting with warm salt water, warm mustard water, lard, vaselin, etc.; sixty grains of bromide of potash and thirty grains of chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark quiet room.

NITRIC ACID. Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult. "Coffee grounds" vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin.

OXALIC ACID. Symptoms.--Hot acrid taste; burning, vomiting, collapse, numb and stupid.

Antidotes.--Lime or chalk.

Treatment.--Medicines, soothing drinks, flaxseed tea, etc.

OPIUM. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.

Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used. Emetics, such as mustard water, or warm salt water or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial respiration, etc.

PARIS GREEN. Symptoms.--Violent burning in the stomach, nausea, and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, suppressed urine, cramps in the legs, intense thirst, collapse.

[406 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Antidotes.--Jeaunel's antidote.

Treatment.--Emetics freely, mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, etc. White of egg and milk first, and then sweet oil or castor oil.

PAREGORIC. Symptoms.--Excitement at first, soon weariness, weighty limbs, sleepiness, pin-point pupils, pulse and breathing slow and strong, patient roused with difficulty and later it is impossible, snoring breathing.

Treatment.--This is a dangerous poison. A stomach pump should be used. Emetics such as mustard and warm water or warm salt water, or vaselin, etc. Keep patient awake, stimulants, coffee enemas, artificial respiration, etc.

PHOSPHORUS MATCHES. Symptoms.--Vomiting and pain, the vomit may be luminous in the dark, characteristic odor, after several days deep jaundice, blood in vomited matter and bloody stools, pulse is rapid and weak.

Treatment.--Emetics to cause vomiting such as warm salt water, warm mustard water, etc., followed by epsom salts in large doses; five to ten drops of turpentine.

POTASH, CAUSTIC. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.

Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.

Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen water, white of egg water. The oil should be used last.

POISONOUS PLANTS. Symptoms.--Vomiting, terrible weakness.

Treatment.--Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, vaselin, lard, etc.; strong coffee, brandy; heat to extremities, artificial respiration.

ROUGH ON RATS. Symptoms.--Violent burning in stomach, nausea, and vomiting, retching, thirst, purging of blood and mucus, Suppressed urine, cramps in legs, intense thirst, collapse.

Antidote.--Jeannel's antidote.

Treatment.--Emetics freely such as warm mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, etc. White of egg and milk first, and then sweet oil or castor oil.

[ACCIDENTS AND POISONS 407]

SALTPETRE. Symptoms.--Intense inflammation of the stomach and bowels, often with bloody vomiting and purging; lips and tongue swollen; violent difficulty in breathing; characteristic odor.

Antidotes.--Lemon juice and water, vinegar and water half and half.

Treatment.--Milk, soothing drinks; sweet oil or castor oil, bland drinks like flaxseed tea, slippery elm, albumen (white of egg) water. The oil should be used last.

SANTONIN. Symptoms.--Object looks blue, then yellow, ringing ears, dizziness.

Treatment.--Emetics such as warm mustard water, warm salt water, goose grease, lard, etc.; stimulants, brandy, strong coffee.

STRYCHNINE. Symptoms.--Appear quickly. Terrible convulsions, in paroxysms, devilish grin, the body is curved backward, jaw set.

Treatment.--Cause vomiting, with warm salt water, warm mustard water, lard, vaselin, etc.; sixty grains of bromide of potash and thirty grains of chloral hydrate by the rectum. Dark, quiet room.

SPOILED FOODS. Symptoms.--Vomiting, cramps, diarrhea, weakness, cold hands and feet.

Treatment.--Emetics such as warm salt water until patient vomits freely; or mustard water, lard, goose grease, vaselin, tickle throat with feather, etc.

SULPHURIC ACID. Symptoms.--The stomach and bowels are irritated and inflamed, the mouth may burn and bleed; swallowing is difficult. "Coffee grounds" vomiting. Pulse feeble, clammy skin.

Treatment.--Usually the first thing to do is to give an emetic. Send for a doctor and give an emetic. Then give chalk or, if necessary, take plaster from wall, mix it with a glass of water. Also three or four eggs (raw) in a glass of milk can be taken.

TARTAR EMETIC. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming bloody, feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water.

Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flaxseed tea, etc., external heat.

TOBACCO. Symptoms.--Vomiting, terrible weakness.

Treatment.--Emetics, such as warm salt water, warm mustard water, goose grease, lard, vaselin, etc.; then stimulants such as strong, coffee, brandy; heat to extremities, artificial respiration.

WINE OF ANTIMONY. Symptoms.--Metallic taste, violent vomiting, becoming bloody, feeble pulse; pain and burning in the stomach. Violent watery purging, becoming bloody; cramps in the extremities, thirst, great weakness; sometimes prostration, collapse, unconsciousness.

Antidotes.--Tannic acid, twenty drops to glass of water.

Treatment.--Soothing drinks, milk, white of egg and water, flax seed tea, etc.; external heat.

[408 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HERB DEPARTMENT

OVER ONE HUNDRED (100) MEDICAL HERBS Partially Illustrated, with Full and Detailed Explanation as to Their Internal and External Uses, Part to Be Used, When to Gather, Time of Flowering, Where Found, Preparation for Medicine, Teas, Etc., and Full Directions for Using.

In preparing this department we have been governed by two essential observations. First, that the tendency in American and Canadian homes is to the return to the good old home remedies that mother and grandmother used so successfully. We have, therefore, tried to choose in this list of over one hundred herbs, the most common ones, ones that could be prepared at home easily and quickly and which would be perfectly safe for the average person to administer as medicine.

Second, upon a close examination of the herb departments of practically all of the medical works or receipt books sold for family use today we discovered that only general information and directions were given. In this connection, we have endeavored, and we believe successfully, to supply what other books have neglected,--definite directions for the preparation, dose, etc. Should a physician leave a bottle of medicine at your home without directions you would not think of using it, and it is just as useless and indiscreet for a young mother to attempt to use herbs from the field without explicit directions for their preparation and administration.

We give below a few important directions for gathering, keeping and preparation of herbs, etc., for reference when using herbs not in this list. Those in the list are explained under their respective headings.

Drying and Preserving Roots, Herbs, Barks, etc.--Gather herbs when the weather is fine, when there is no dew upon them, when the flowers are in full bloom or the seeds are ripening. By gathering the herbs yourself you are assured of their being fresh although, if living in the city, you can purchase them ready prepared in ounce packages for about five cents at any drug store. Should you gather them yourself dry them in the shade, after which they should be kept from exposure to the air by wrapping up in paper or keeping in paper bags, tied and hung up in the attic or other dry place. If hanging exposed in your home for a long time watch them that moths do not gather in them and make their nests.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 409]

Roots should be dug in the spring when the sap is rising if you wish to make extract; or they may be gathered in autumn when they have ceased to vegetate. To dry for winter use they should be sliced, dried and kept from the air.

Barks should be stripped when the tree is in full leaf and dried in the shade. The bark of the roots should be taken in the fall, when the sap has descended.

Flowers and Seeds.--Flowers should be gathered when in full bloom and free from the dew and should be kept from exposure to the air. Be sure that seeds have fully matured; dry them also in a shady place and keep ready for use.

Preparation of Herbs for Medicine.--There are many different methods of preparing herbs for medicine,--Infusion, Decoction, Fomentation, Ointment, Plaster, Poultice, Powder, Essence, Tincture, etc. Only five of these, Plaster, Poultice, Fomentations, Decoction and Infusion are commonly used. An infusion is more commonly called "tea."

Infusion or Tea, to make.--Usually about one ounce of the herb to a pint of water is used for an infusion. Sometimes cold water is poured over the herb, but the most common method is to pour boiling water over the herb and let stand for a short time, just as you would make common tea for the table. Sometimes a little sugar may be added to make the tea more palatable. An infusion or tea should be used while fresh.

Decoction, to make.--Make same as for infusion and boil for some time, just as you would make coffee.

Essence, to make.--Take about an ounce of the essential oil of the herb and dissolve in a pint of alcohol.

Fomentations, to make.--Dip cloths or heavy towels in the infusion or decoction, wring out and apply locally to part that you wish to cover.

Ointments or Salve, to make.--An easy method to make a salve or ointment is to take about eight parts of vaselin or lard or any like substance and add two parts of the remedy you wish to use. Thus, if you were to make a sulphur salve you would use eight ounces of vaselin and two ounces of sulphur; stir and mix well while hot and when cool you would have a regular sulphur salve or ointment.

Plasters, to make.--Bruise the leaves, root, or other part of the plant and place between two pieces of cloth, just as you would a mustard plaster, and apply to the surface you wish to cover.

[410 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Poultices, to make.--Poultices are used to apply heat (moist heat), to soothe or to draw. Usually a soft substance is used, such as soap and sugar, bread and milk, mustard, etc. Some cause a counter-irritation, some draw the blood from a congested part and thus relieve pain. In the chapter on nursing many different poultices are given with methods of preparing them.

Powder, to make.--The part to be used is crushed, pounded, or ground until it is made very fine. It is best to have substance dry if to be prepared for powder.

Syrups, to make.--After preparing the substance for a tea boil for some time, then add considerable sugar and stir until all is nicely dissolved. To each pint of this syrup add one ounce of glycerin and seal up in bottles or cans as you would fruit.

Tincture, to make.--Take one ounce of the powdered herb and add 4 ounces of water and 12 ounces of alcohol, let stand for two weeks. A dram of glycerin may be added. After standing for two weeks pour off liquid and bottle for use. If it is necessary for you to use a tincture we would advise that you buy it at a drug store, as it is not often made properly at home. The above is a safe method for making a tincture and would not be especially strong. Should the herb used have a very weak medicinal power one to four ounces of the herb may be used for the above amount of water and alcohol.

ALDER, SPOTTED.--Snapping Hazelnut. Winterbloom. Witch Hazel. Hamamelis.

Internally used for.--Falling of the womb, sore mouth, falling of the bowel, piles, bleeding diarrhea.

Externally used for.--Sore eyes, ulcers, sores, enlarged veins, sprains, bruises and ivy poisoning.

Part used.--Leaves and fresh bark.

Gather.--In the fall.

Flowers (when).--From September to November.

Grows (where).--In all sections of the United States, especially in damp woods.

Prepared (how).--As a poultice, ointment, decoction. Make a decoction by using one and one-half ounces of the fresh bark or leaves, boiled in a pint of water. The medicine can be bought at any drug store.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For sore mouth, throat, leucorrhea, falling of the womb and bowel, use the decoction strong locally. It should not cause any pain. For falling bowel, use a full strength injection and apply locally with cloths on the sore bowels. Used locally for bleeding from the nose or from pulling teeth. For piles, an ointment can be made by using strong decoction and cosmaline mixed. Apply decoction locally on varicose veins or varicose ulcers. It is often used in the form of "Pond's Extract." For diarrhea one to three ounces every three hours. Good also applied locally for burns, old sores, eczema, ivy poisoning, bruises.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 411]

BALMONY. Snakehead. Fish Mouth. Turtlebloom. Bitter Herb. Salt Rheum Weed. Chelone Glabra.

Internally used for.--Dyspepsia, weak digestive organs, jaundice.

Part used.--Leaves are best for medical use.

Gather.--In the fall.

Flowers (when).--From July to late Autumn.

Grows (where).--Found in the United States in wet grounds.

Prepared (how).--Leaves made into a powder or tea. One ounce of the leaves to a pint of boiling water to make the tea. Let steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the powder, for above-named diseases, one-half to one even teaspoonful, four times a day. Dose of the tea for the above diseases, one to two ounces three or four times a day. The tea is the best to use. Gentian can be added to this remedy, if desired, when a more active bitter tonic is wanted. Use same amount of each and make into a tea. Dose of combination, one to two ounces before meals.

BAYBERRY.--Wax Myrtle. Waxberry. Candleberry. Myrica Cerifera.

Gather.--Collect it late in the fall, dry without exposure to moisture, pound with a hammer to separate the bark, powder and keep in dark, sealed vessels.

Grows (where).--In damp places in United States, especially in New Jersey.

Prepared (how).--As a powder, poultice, decoction. To make decoction use one ounce of the bark to a pint of water and boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For jaundice, use the decoction, one to three ounces, every two to five hours. For diarrhea and dysentery one-half ounce every two hours. For blood diseases and scrofula, take two ounces four times daily. Poultice for scrofulous tumors and ulcers, alone, or with elm. For sore throat, mouth and gums gargle freely with the decoction. A plaster can be made and used on ulcers. Dose of powder: twenty to thirty grains, three times a day.

BEARBERRY. Upland or Wild Cranberry. Mountain Box. Red Berry. Arbutus Uva Ursi.

Internally, used for.--Its special use is in kidney and bladder troubles. It may be used in diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhea, but as stated it is better for cystitis, urinary trouble, etc., gonorrhea.

Part used.--The leaves.

Gather.--In autumn, and use only the green leaves.

Grows (where).--On mountains and dry land in United States, Europe and Asia.

[412 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Prepared (how).--As a powder or decoction. For decoction use one ounce of the leaves and boil in one and one-half pints of distilled water. Boil down to a pint.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to three ounces every two to four hours for gonorrhea, with bloody and mucous discharges and pain in the bladder. For cystitis one ounce every two hours. For kidney troubles one ounce four times a day. If taken long or in too large doses it irritates the kidneys.

BEECHDROPS. Cancer Root. Epipegus Virginiana.

Internally, used for.--An astringent for bleeding from the bowels and womb, and for diarrhea.

Externally, used for.--Erysipelas and skin eruptions, ulcers, and also good as an injection in leucorrhea.

Part used.--Roots and tops.

Flowers (when).--In August and September.

Grows (where).--All parts of North America.

Prepared (how).--As a powder, decoction, and poultice. To make a decoction take one ounce of the root to a pint of water and boil. Keep adding water to make a full pint.

Diseases, Doses, etc.--The decoction has been used in erysipelas, one-half to one ounce every two hours. Same dose for bleeding and diarrhea. Dose of powder ten to fifteen grains, four times a day. Decoction can be used locally in erysipelas. This is also good for ulcers and wounds, and for skin affections applied locally; or a poultice can be used. A poultice of this remedy, poke and white oak, equal parts, is very good for old sores. Useful locally also for sore mouth and throat, and as an injection for leucorrhea.

BETHROOT. Birth Root. Ground Lily. Lambs Quarter. Wake Robin. Indian Balm. Three-Leaved Night-Shade. Trillium Purpureum.

Internally used for.--Astringent, tonic, antiseptic. For bleeding from lungs, kidneys and womb, for leucorrhea and for confinement. Also for diarrhea, nose-bleed.

Externally.--The root is used as a poultice for tumors, lazy ulcers, buboes, carbuncles, stings of insects.

Part used.--The root. This contains volatile oil, tannic acid, etc.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--In May and June.

Grows (where).--In middle western and southern states.

Prepared (how).--As a poultice, powder and infusion. Use one to one and one-half ounce of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For female weakness, bleeding, leucorrhea, and bearing down particularly, bloody urine, two to four ounces, of the strong tea, four times daily, and also used as an injection in leucorrhea, once daily. For bleeding from the lungs, one ounce every hour for a few doses. For dysentery and diarrhea boil one ounce in a pint of milk and use two ounces every two to four hours. Powdered root, given in hot water, may be used in doses of one-half to one teaspoonful three times a day, instead of infusion. Taken after confinement, use the infusion four times a day, smell of the red bethroots.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 413]

BLACKBERRY. Dewberry or low blackberry. Red Raspberry.

Internally, used for.--Tonic and astringent, diarrhea, bleeding from the bowels and womb, injection for leucorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Gonorrhea, gleet.

Part used.--Leaves of the raspberry and the bark of the other two.

Flowers (when).--Spring.

Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.

Prepared (how).--Use one ounce of the leaves of raspberry or bark of either of the others, to a pint of water and boil to make a decoction.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For diseases mentioned, such as diarrhea, take one tablespoonful every four hours. For injection use the decoction. This is used once daily for leucorrhea, gleet, gonorrhea, falling of the womb and bowel. Internally it is also used as a diuretic.

BLACK HAW. Viburnum Prunifolium.

Internally, used for.--Tonic, astringent, diuretic and alterative. Tonic for the womb, for threatened abortion and prevention of miscarriage. Good for severe after-pains, and for bleeding from the womb.

Part used.--Bark of the root.

Flowers (when).--From March to July.

Grows (where).--Most abundant in the middle states and southern.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion and tincture (or fluid extract). Prepare infusion by adding one ounce of bark of the root to a pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For threatened abortion or miscarriage use infusion three or four times daily, in two teaspoonfuls doses, a week or two before, it usually has occurred; or the tincture in ten to twenty drop doses five times daily. For bleeding from the womb take ten to twenty drops, four times daily, a few days before the time for the flow.

BLOOD ROOT. Red Puceoon. Red Root. Sanguinaria Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Tonic, emetic, and for sick headache.

Externally, used for.--Ulcers, ringworms and warts.

Part used.--Root and should be kept dry.

Flowers (when).--Appears early in March and April.

Grows (where).--Most parts of United States in woods, groves, in shaded banks, in rich light soil.

[414 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Prepared (how).--An Infusion and powder. For an infusion one ounce to one pint of vinegar.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder as an emetic, ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion as an emetic one to four teaspoonfuls: For ringworm, tetter and warts, it is applied locally, freely. Applied to ulcers and growths, it often cures, and removes the growths. As a tonic for the stomach, the dose should be small, one to one and one-half teaspoonful of the infusion four times daily, and for sick headache it should be half as much and not repeated oftener than twice, a half hour apart.

BLUE FLAG. Flower de Luce. Flag Lily. Snake Lily. Liver Lily. Iris Versicolor.

Internally, used for.--Chronic liver troubles, sick or bilious headache, cathartic, catarrh of the upper bowel, jaundice, round worms, indigestion, chronic rheumatism.

Part used.--The root. Make a tincture immediately or dry it quickly before the fire, clean, powder, and bottle tight for use.

Gather.--In the fall. It must be kept fresh.

Flowers (when).--May or June.

Grows (where).--Found in all parts of the United States, growing in wet places, in meadows and borders of swamps. Prepared (how).--In powder, tincture or fluid extract. They can all be bought.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--As a cathartic, five to twenty grains of powder. If it nauseates, mix with it a few grains of capsicum or ginger. Dose of saturated tincture, ten to sixty drops. Fluid extract, twenty to sixty drops. For sick headache one drop doses every hour. For chronic liver troubles, five to ten drops of tincture, four times daily. Same dose for all chronic diseases. For round worms, large doses must be used, enough to move the bowels. Following is good for indigestion and biliousness: Fluid extract of blue flag and golden seal each; one-half ounce, simple elixir, one ounce. Take a dessertspoonful in hot water, before meals.

BONESET.--Thoroughwort. Fever Wort. Sweating Plant. Cross Wort. Indian Sage. Ague Weed. Vegetable Antimony. Eupatorium Perfoliatum.

Internally, used for.--Ague, malarial fevers, influenza, colds, tonic, cathartic.

Externally, used for.--A fomentation.

Part used.--The top and leaves.

Gather.--When at its best in early autumn.

Flowers (when).--In August and September.

Grows (where).--All over the United States.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 415]

Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion, one and one-half ounces to a pint of water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For malarial fever, a hot strong infusion taken freely as hot as possible. Teacupful at a time often enough to produce sweating. Same way for colds and influenza. Use the cold infusion as a tonic and laxative. As a tonic it is useful after fevers, etc. Dose of powder ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion two to four ounces. It can be combined with tansy and hops and makes splendid fomentation.

BROOKLIME. Veronica Beccabunga.

Internally, used for.--Scurvy and for the menses, obstructed menstruation.

Part used.--Leaves and top.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--From April to August.

Grows (where).--Eastern and northern states, and grows in small streams and near watercourses.

Prepared (how).--As a decoction, and it may be used freely.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For scurvy used to purify the blood. It is used in decoction to regulate menstruation, and should be taken freely and warm and begun a day before the menstrual period.

BUCHU. A South African plant of the genus Barosma.

Internally, used for.--Bladder troubles. In irritable bladder and urethra, due to increased sand in the urine, inflammation.

Part used.--Leaves.

Gather.--Buy in drug store.

Grows (where).--In Africa.

Prepared (how).--Infusion; make it by putting one ounce of the leaves to a pint of boiling water and let it steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose is two to four ounces, three or four times a day in chronic cases of bladder trouble, or one ounce every two or three hours in acute cases. It is very good when the urine is not free or is painful to pass. In acute and chronic inflammation, but more especially in the acute form. If it injures the stomach it can be used in alternation with pumpkin seed tea.

BURDOCK. Arctium Lappa.

Internally, used for.--Kidney troubles, rheumatism, syphilis, skin diseases. Must be used a long time.

Externally, used for.--Can be used as an ointment.

Part used.--Roots and seeds.

Gather.--In the spring.

Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.

Prepared (how).--As a decoction, two ounces to a pint of water or fluid extract can be bought.

[416 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of decoction: This should be used freely as it is not strong, one pint can be taken in twenty-four hours. Used as an ointment for skin diseases; the juice, of the leaves, is mixed with lard, cream or vaselin. This remedy is used frequently in combination with other blood remedies, for the above named diseases and is very beneficial.

CARROT. Wild Carrot. Bird's Nest. Bee's Nest. Daucus Carota.

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, chronic kidney troubles and gravel.

Externally, used for.--Ulcers: as a poultice.

Part used.--Roots and seeds. Garden carrot, only the root is used.

Flowers (when).--June to September.

Grows (where).--In neglected fields and by roadsides.

Prepared (how).--In infusion (tea) by using one ounce to a pint of boiling water and allow it to steep, but not to boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose, two to four ounces of the infusion, three or four times a day, for diseases mentioned. When the infusion is made from the seeds the dose is only about one-third of a teaspoonful four times daily. For external use for troublesome ulcers, scrape or grate the root and apply to the ulcers.

CATNIP. Catmint. Catwort. Nepeta Cataria.

Internally, used for.--Sweating, nervous troubles, colic and tonic.

Externally, used for.--Poultices and fomentations.

Part used.--Leaves and top.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--June to September.

Grows (where).--Grows in dry neglected places, about old buildings and fences.

Prepared (how).--The infusion should be prepared by adding one ounce of the plant to a pint of boiling water, Do not let it boil, but only steep; stand only a few minutes; when wanted as a tonic, use it cold. When used for sweating purposes, etc., it must be used hot.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Drink as freely as the stomach will permit. It is frequently used for colic in babies in doses of half to one teaspoonful, warm. To produce sweating it should be used hot and freely taken. A combination of catnip, lady's slipper and skullcap, equal parts, either in the infusion or fluid extract, one dram doses, is good for nervous headache, hysteria, chorea. Leaves are used as a fomentation. The expressed juice of the plant is good for amenorrhea in one to two teaspoonful doses five times daily.

CELANDINE.--Tetter Wort. Chelidonium Majus.

Internally, used for.--Liver and skin troubles.

Externally, used for.--Warts, corns, salt rheum.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 417]

Part used.--Herb and root. Latter is the best.

Flowers (when).--Throughout the summer.

Grows (where).--In the United States in waste places.

Prepared (how).--It is best used internally in the tincture, powdered root, or fresh juice.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For liver disease, it is especially good where the pain is under the right shoulder blade. Use the tincture in ten-drop doses three times a day. Externally rub the juice on the corn or wart. Make an ointment from the root and rub this on the skin for salt rheum. It is said to be good for piles also. Dose:--Powdered root ten to twenty to thirty grains. Tincture, ten to twenty drops, and of the juice ten to twenty drops.

CHAMOMILE. Roman Chamomile. Anthemis Nobilis.

Internally, used for.--Tonic in small doses, dyspepsia, colic, cramp, diarrhea, dysmenorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Fomentation, boiled in vinegar and applied to painful swellings.

Part used.--Leaves and herb.

Gather.--When in bloom.

Flowers (when).--Summer.

Grows (where).--Native of Europe. It grows wild in the United States.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion use a half ounce to a pint of boiling water, steep and take freely.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use cold infusion in dyspepsia; warm infusion for colic and cramps, and for diarrhea in children, especially of the green kind of stools. Dose:--One teaspoonful every two or three hours. Good for nervousness in teething children. An oil also is used, two to five drops on sugar. This is given for colic, cramps, and in painful dysmenorrhea.

CLEAVERS. Goose Grass. Catch Weed. Clivers. Bed Straw. Galium Aparine.

Internally, used for.--Suppression of the urine, gravel, inflammation of the kidneys and bladder, and for scalding urine in gonorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Freckles.

Part used.--The plant.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--From June to September.

Grows (where).--Common in the United States, growing on cultivated grounds, moist thickets, and along fences and hedges.

Prepared (how).--Infusion. Use one and one-half ounces of the herb in a pint of warm water and allow it to steep for two hours.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take two to four ounces of the infusion three or four times a day, when it is cold. The dose can be lessened and taken oftener. It may be sweetened with sugar when taken for the diseases named above. Also equal parts of cleavers, maidenhair, and elder blows, steeped in warm water for two or three hours and drank freely when cold forms an excellent drink in erysipelas, scarlet fever and measles. An infusion made with cold water is good to remove freckles; wash the parts several times daily for two or three months.

[418 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CLOVES. Caryophyllus.

Internally, used for.--Flatulent colic, diarrhea, cholera morbus, toothache, (oil of cloves).

Gather.--Collect flowers in October and November, before they are fully developed and dry quickly.

Grows (where).--In tropical climate.

Prepared (how).--Boil two or three teaspoonfuls of the ground cloves in a half pint of milk.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Two to four teaspoonfuls every twenty to thirty minutes for gas colic, or diarrhea where the bowels need tone. The oil can be used in three to five-drop doses. Also good to place in hollow teeth. Put a little of the oil on cotton and insert into the tooth. It is also good to add to other medicines to stop griping and nausea.

BLUE COHOSH. Squaw Root. Papoose Root. Blue Berry. Caulophyllum Thalictroides.

Internally, used for.--Nervous affection, rheumatism, womb troubles, such as amenorrhea, leucorrhea; used previous to labor it is beneficial and also good for afterpains.

Externally, used for.--Sore throat. Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Latter part of summer or in autumn.

Grows (where).--All over the United States in low moist rich grounds, near running streams, in swamps, etc.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion or decoction. It can be bought in the fluid extract form. Make a tea by adding one ounce of the root to a pint of boiling water. Decoction is made by allowing it to boil some length of time.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of fluid extract fifteen to thirty drops. Dose of tea, two to four ounces, three or four times daily. Dose of decoction, one-half the amount. When used in acute disease, the dose should not be more than one-fourth as much and given every one or two hours. For rheumatism it is especially valuable, when small joints like the fingers and toes are involved. It is very good in the chronic womb diseases named above. It should be used in small doses several weeks prior to labor. It is said to assist in making labor easier.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 419]

BLACK COHOSH. Rattle Root. Black Snake Root. Squaw Root. Rich Weed. Cimicifuga Racemosa.

Internally, used for.--Chorea, dependent upon rheumatism; rheumatism, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, leucorrhea, afterpains.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Early in the autumn and dry in the shade.

Flowers (when).--In June and July.

Grows (where).--Native of United States. Grows in shady and rocky woods, rich grounds and on sides of hills.

Prepared (how).--Powder; decoction, one ounce to a pint of water; and tincture.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of decoction half to one ounce; of powder ten to twenty grains. For chorea, use powder, twenty grains, three times a day. Use tincture or fluid extract or the decoction for womb affections. Dose of tincture, thirty to sixty drops three times daily. Fluid extract, ten to thirty drops three times daily; for afterpains give half as much about every three hours. In making the decoction you can make it stronger by boiling longer. The dose must then be less, according to the strength. This is a very useful remedy. For rheumatism, especially the chronic kind, it is often beneficial.

COMFREY. Healing Herb. Gum Plant.

Internally, used for.--An astringent and soothing agent in diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, lung affections, female weakness, leucorrhea, and urinary diseases.

Externally, used for.--Bruises, ruptures, fresh wounds, sore breasts, ulcers and swellings.

Part used.--Root.

Flowers (when).--May or June.

Prepared (how).--It is boiled in water or wine or it can be made into syrup. For external use bruise the root and apply it to the diseased part.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the syrup one to four ounces, two or three times a day. For the diseases named it is best to take it in smaller doses and oftener, say four teaspoonfuls every hour or two; children in proportion.

CORN SILK. Zea Mays.

Internally, used for.--Diuretic, quieting to the urinary passages. Congested kidney, dropsy from heart disease, chronic nephritis, suppression of the urine, renal colic, haematuria, cystitis.

Prepared (how).--Make a tea and drink freely. Fluid extract can be bought.

Diseases., Dose, etc.--Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls of fluid extract three or four times a day, or drink freely of tea for above diseases.

[420 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CRANBERRY (High). Cramp Bark. Viburnum Opulus.

Internally, used for.--Cramps and spasms of all kinds, asthma, hysteria; cramps in the legs, especially during pregnancy, or at labor.

Part used.--Bark.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--In June.

Grows (where).--In Canada and northern United States, in low rich lands, woods, borders of fields.

Prepared (how).--Use an ounce of the bark, powdered, to a quart of wine.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take half a wineglassful four times a day for continued use. For hysteria attacks, asthma spasms, less should be used and taken oftener for a few doses. The following combination is effective for the spasmodic attacks, above named: Cramp bark two ounces, scull cap and skunk cabbage one ounce each, cloves one-half ounce, capsicum two even teaspoonfuls. Powder all, and bruise and add to them two quarts of good native wine. Dose: one or two ounces two or three times a day; oftener and smaller doses for hysteria, etc. It should be taken for two or three months during pregnancy.

CRAWLEY. Dragon's Claw. Coral Teeth. Fever Root. Chicken Toes. Albany Beechdrops. Corallorhiza Odontorhiza.

Internally, used for.--Sweating purposes in fevers and inflammatory diseases, acute erysipelas, pleurisy, low stages of fevers, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, in afterpains, and suppressed lochia.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--In the fall.

Flowers (When).--In July. No leaves.

Grows (where).--Found on barren hills and shady uplands in northern states and Canada.

Prepared (how) .--Powder and keep it in well closed bottles.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, from ten to twenty grains in hot water and repeated every hour or two as needed. Combined with blue cohosh, it is very beneficial in amenorrhea, etc., as above stated. In fevers, Culver's root can be added to it, if the bowels need regulating. It is also good for flatulent colic in twenty-grain doses. Some combine pleurisy root with it in pleurisy. It should be given in acute diseases every one to two hours as needed.

CRANESBILL (spotted). Crowfoot. Tormentil. Storkbill. Alum Root. Geranium Maculalum.

Internally, used for.--Second stage of dysentery, diarrhea in an infusion of milk; in bleedings, sore mouth, leucorrhea, gleet, menorrhagia and excessive mucous discharges, nose-bleed, bleeding from extracted teeth, piles, bleeding after labor, sore throat.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 421]

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--Collected in late autumn.

Flowers (when).--From April to June.

Grows (where).--In United States in open woods, thickets and hedges.

Prepared (how).--Powder. Use one and one-half ounces of the root and boil it in a pint of water or milk.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: one to two tablespoonfuls. Use the watery decoction as a gargle for sore mouth and throat. For piles:--Inject a strong decoction and retain as long as possible; or apply an ointment of two ounces of the root to tobacco ointment seven ounces, and apply three or four times a day. Nose-bleed and bleeding from teeth extraction:--Apply the powder or strong decoction to the part. Bleeding from the womb:-- Inject strong decoction or apply on gauze or cotton to inner womb. Decoction, two parts to one part blood root, forms a good injection for leucorrhea and gonorrhea. Good in latter stages of diarrhea and dysentery of children, boiled in milk, given in teaspoonful doses, every one to three hours.

CULVER'S ROOT. Veronica. Black Root. Culver's Physic. Tall Speedwell. Leptandra Virginica.

Internally, used for.--A laxative, bilious fever, dyspepsia due to inactive liver and bowels.

Part used.--Root. Age impairs its virtues. The dried root is safest to use, if not too old.

Gather.--In the autumn.

Flowers (when).--In July and August.

Grows (where).--In limestone lands and in rich moist places, woods, thickets, and barrens.

Prepared (how).--As a powder, extract and infusion. Fluid extract can be bought. To make decoction, use one ounce of the powdered root to one pint of water and let boil. If you use the green root put one ounce in cold water, and let it remain there for one hour.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the powder of dry root, one small teaspoonful as a cathartic. This will bring away a black tarry discharge. Then it is better to use the decoction; one to two teaspoonfuls every two hours. Dose of extract is one-fourth of a grain. This is a good form to give, when the liver is acting badly. Good also for indigestion, in this form when due to inactive liver and costive bowels.

DANDELION. Leontodon Taraxacum.

Internally, used for.--Liver when it is torpid and engorged. It is also laxative and tonic.

Part used.--Root. The green plant is good to use in the form of greens. Milky juice is also good when fresh.

[422 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Gather.--July, August and September.

Flowers (when).--During spring and summer.

Grows (where).--Everywhere, it seems.

Prepared (how).--Juice is used, also infusion, extract and fluid extract. Infusion, two ounces of root to the pint of water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Juice, ten drops to one-half teaspoonful. Extract, ten grains. Fluid extract, one to two teaspoonfuls. It should be taken often enough, when the liver is torpid, to move the bowels once or twice a day. If the infusion is used, begin with a half ounce and take every three hours; increase or decrease as necessary. The extract is pleasanter and less bulky and best to use in winter. Take two or three grains every three hours more or less.

DEVIL'S BIT. False Unicorn Root. Drooping Starwort. Blazing Star. Helonias Divica. Somewhat similar to true unicorn root.

Internally, used for.--Used mainly in womb troubles, strengthens the womb and prevents miscarriages. Good also for leucorrhea, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea.

Part used.--Root. Root is two to two and a half inches in length.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--In low grounds in United States and Canada.

Prepared (how).--Powdered root and decoction.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--It is a tonic to the womb and should be used for two months before the time the miscarriage usually occurs. For the other womb troubles, it should be taken four times a day. The fluid extract can be bought at any drug store, and can be used. Dose: Fifteen drops, four times daily. Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Decoction, one to two ounces.

ELDER (Sweet). Black-berried Elder. Sambucus Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Erysipelas, kidneys, for sweating purposes, blood diseases and scarlet fever.

Externally, used for.--Burns, scalds, ulcers, skin diseases and weak eyes.

Part used.--Flowers and berries. Bark of the root also is used.

Gather.--Gather when in flower and when berries are ripe.

Flowers (when).--In summer.

Grows (where).--Grows in all parts of United States and Canada.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 423]

Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce of the flowers or root to a pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use warm infusion for sweating and for erysipelas, half teaspoonful every three hours. Too much taken will move the bowels and also cause vomiting. Same for scarlet fever in adults. Infusion of the bark of the root may be taken in doses of half ounce twice daily, to act as a cathartic. Local, use inner bark of the limbs and steep with cream and apply freely and often for burns, sores, etc. For weak eyes make a tea from the flowers and use as an eye wash for children.

ELECAMPANE. Inula Helenium.

Internally, used for.--For sweating, expectorant, bronchitis, dyspepsia and dysmenorrhea.

Part used.--Root of the second year.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--In July and August.

Grows (where).--In Europe and Japan. Cultivated in United States and grows in moist places and about houses. Prepared (how).--Use half ounce of the powdered root to a pint of boiling water and boil to make a decoction.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For bronchitis, dyspepsia and dysmenorrhea, take half ounce doses four times daily. For sweating and painful menses take two teaspoonfuls of the hot decoction every two hours until relieved.

FLEABANE. Pridewood. Blood Staunch. Mare's Tail. Colt's Tail. Fireweeds. Erigeron Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Diarrhea, dysentery, gravel, painful urination, piles, bleeding from the womb and bowels.

Part used.--The whole plant.

Gather.--Collect while in flower.

Flowers (when).--July and August.

Grows (where).--In United States and Canada. In fields and meadows, by roadsides, etc.

Prepared (how).--Powder, oil and infusion. To make infusion, use one ounce to pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion, one to two ounces, should be used three or four times daily; powder, ten to twenty grains, the same. The oil is more effective in bleeding and dysentery and bleeding piles. Oil is very good, in doses of one to five drops every three hours for acute diseases, or three times a day for chronic cases. Put on sugar.

GARLIC. Allium Sativum.

Internally, used for.--Nervous children, coughs, colds, hoarseness, worms, croup, nervous vomiting.

[424 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Externally, used for.--Poultice.

Part used.--The bulb.

Gather.--When ripe.

Grows (where).--Native of Asia and Egypt; now cultivated.

Prepared (how).--Juice, syrup, powder, or may be taken whole. Juice or syrup is the best form.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For coughs, bronchitis and worms, should be taken five times daily; croup, every half hour for a few doses. Nervous cough and vomiting only a few doses. Local.--Bruise bulbs and apply warm as a poultice in bronchitis, croup and tumors. For retention of urine, place a poultice in the perineum or over bladder on the abdomen. Dose of juice, twenty to thirty drops. Dose of syrup, ten drops to one teaspoon; this is very destructive to round worm.

GENTIAN. Gentiana Lutea.

Internally, used for.--Tonic appetizer, dyspepsia, ammenorrhea.

Part used.--Root used and imported. Grows (where).--In the Alps.

Prepared (how).--Powder, tincture and infusion. To make infusion, use one ounce of the root to a pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Tincture, one teaspoonful. Infusion, one to two ounces. Taken before meals for dyspepsia and loss of appetite. It should not be taken when the stomach is irritable. It is a good bitter tonic.

GINSENG.--Red Berry. Five Fingers. Panax Quinquefolium.

Internally, used for.--Gravel, general weakness, poor appetite.

Part used.--Root.

Flowers (when).--In May.

Grows (where).--In United States, in rich soil and in shady places.

Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion is made by adding one ounce to a pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--It should be taken three or four times a day for gravel or general weakness. As an appetizer it should be taken before meals. Dose of powder, ten to sixty grains. Dose of infusion, one to three ounces.

GINGER. Zingiber Officinale.

Internally, used for.--To increase gastric juice secretions, stimulating tonic, diarrhea, dysentery, flatulency, cramps and nausea.

Externally, used for.--Ulcers.

Grows (where).--Native of Asia.

Prepared (how).--Powder. Infusion made by adding half ounce of the powdered or bruised root to a pint of boiling water.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 425]

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For diarrhea, dysentery and cholera infantum, mix it with rhubarb, equal parts, or take alone. If with rhubarb it should be stopped if it becomes too laxative. Used alone for want of tone of stomach, flatulency, cramps and colic. It tones up the stomach and bowels temporarily, but should not be used long or frequently. Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains. Dose of infusion, one to two ounces.

GOLDEN SEAL. Orange Root. Yellow Puccoon. Ground Raspberry. Turmeric Root. Hydrastis Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Tonic in dyspepsia, chronic stomach and bowel trouble. Torpid liver, sore mouth; gonorrhea (injection), leucorrhea, gleet.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--In May or June.

Grows (where).--United States and Canada.

Prepared (how).--Powder, infusion, tincture, fluid extract. Use half ounce of root to a pint of boiling water for infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Of the powder, five to ten grains; of infusion, one ounce; of tincture, half to one teaspoonful and of fluid extract, five to twenty drops. When it is called for, the tongue is generally coated whitish; it will soon clear that. Diarrhea, etc., due to stomach and bowel troubles are benefited by it. Two parts of the decoction of golden seal and one of cranesbill used as an injection is good for gonorrhea, gleet, and leucorrhea. Same is good for chronic cystitis. If too strong, weaken it. Good in this form, mixed with cranesbill, for diarrhea and dysentery; taken in two teaspoonful doses every three hours.

GRAVEL PLANT. Gravel-Weed. Mountain Pink. Ground Laurel. May Flower. Trailing Arbutus. Epigea Repens.

Internally, used for.--Gravel and irritable bladder, causes more urine to flow, just as buchu does.

Part used.--The leaves.

Gather.--In summer.

Flowers (when).--Appear in April and May.

Grows (where).--Canada and United States, on sides of hills with northern exposure.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, and fluid extract which can be bought. Use one ounce of the leaves to one pint of boiling water and let it steep to make an infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: One to two teaspoonfuls. For gravel, take one teaspoonful every three hours. For irritable bladder take half teaspoonful every three hours.

[426 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HOPS. Humulus Lupulus.

Internally, used for.--Nervousness, sleeplessness, hysteria, in afterpains, to prevent chordee.

Externally, used for.--Used as a fomentation in many inflammatory diseases.

Part used.--Cones.

Gather.--In the fall or when fully ripe.

Grows (where).--Native of North America and Europe.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, tincture and fluid extract lupulin.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, two to four ounces; tincture one to four drams. Fluid extract, five to twenty drops. For nervous troubles, take one ounce of the infusion, or one dram tincture, every hour or two until quiet; same for sleeplessness. In delirium tremens, infusion drank with some red pepper in it settles the stomach and quiets the craving for drink. Following is good for chordee, etc.:

Lupulin 1 dram. Camphor monobromate 1 dram. Cocoa Butter, sufficient.

Make twelve suppositories and insert one in rectum every three or four hours. Take at the same time, the infusion or tincture every two or three hours. Fomentations are good in pleurisy and many other inflammations. Inhale steam in throat and chest troubles.

HORSE CHESTNUT. Aesculus Hippocastanum.

Internally, used for.--Rheumatism. Used especially for piles.

Part used.--Bark and fruit which contains tannin.

Gather.--Late autumn.

Flowers (when).--In May and June, and fruit ripens late in autumn.

Grows (where).--Native of Asia. Naturalized here.

Prepared (how).--Powder of the rind of the root or powdered fruit. Decoction made of the bark by using one and one-half ounces to a pint of water and boiling.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: For rheumatism two ounces, three times a day. For piles, make an ointment of the powdered nut and apply. This is very good.

HOARHOUND. White Hoarhound. Marrubium Vulgare.

Internally, used for.--Coughs, colds, bronchitis, chronic asthma, sweating, hoarseness.

Part used.--Whole herb.

Gather.--When fresh.

Grows (where).--Naturalized in United. States. Grows in dry sandy fields, waste grounds, roadsides; etc.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 427]

Prepared (how).--Infusion hot and cold by adding one ounce to pint of water; fluid extract.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, two to four ounces; fluid extract, one to two teaspoonfuls. A syrup is also made; dose, two ounces. Infusion used hot for sweating, freely and often; cold and chest troubles about every two to four hours; or use fluid extract. The hot infusion should be used in asthma, amenorrhea, and hoarseness.

JUNIPER. Juniper Communis.

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, and to increase flow of urine in kidney troubles.

Part used.--Berries.

Gather.--August.

Flowers (when).--In May and June and ripe in August.

Grows (where).--Grows in United States and Canada, in dry woods and hills.

Prepared (how).--In infusion or oil. For infusion, use one ounce of the berries to a pint of boiling water. It can be made more effective by adding half ounce of cream of tartar to the infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--It should be used within the twenty-four hours for above troubles, dropsy, etc. The oil can be bought and used in doses of five to twenty drops, three or four times a day.

LADY'S SLIPPER. American Valerian. Yellow Umbel. Nerve Root. Yellow Moccasin Flower. Noah's Ark. Cypripedium Pubescens. Internally, used for.--Hysteria, chorea, nervous headache, nervousness, delirium, hypochondria.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--In autumn, cleanse from dirt and dry in the shade. Virtue impaired by boiling.

Flowers (when).--In May and June.

Grows (where).--Most parts of United States in rich woods and meadows.

Prepared (how).--In infusion, powder and tincture.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, thirty to sixty grains in hot water. Tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls. Infusion, one to four ounces. For chronic cases large doses three or four times daily. For acute cases half as much every two or three hours. For nervous headache two doses, half hour apart. Following is a good preparation for nervous or sick headache: catnip, scullcap and lady's slipper, in powder, of each one-half ounce. Pour on a pint of boiling water and steep for fifteen minutes, and take half ounce every half hour, for three or four hours.

[428 MOTHERS' REMIEDIES]

LIFE ROOT. Rag Wort. Squaw Weed. Female Regulator. Senecio Gracilis.

Internally, used for.--Mainly for menstrual disorders, when suppressed or too profuse, dysmenorrhea.

Part used.--Root and herb.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--May or June.

Grows (where).--Northern and western United States on banks of creeks and in low marshy grounds.

Prepared (how).--In infusion, by adding half ounce to a pint of boiling water and let steep and take throughout twenty-four hours. Take four or five days before menstruation is expected.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea it may be combined in equal parts with savin and wild ginger, and take one to two ounces four times a day some days before menstruation. In menorrhagia--too much flow--cinnamon and raspberry leaves can be combined with it. Dose, two to four ounces four times a day.

LOBELIA. Wild or Indian Tobacco. Emetic Herb. Puke Weed. Asthma Weed. Lobelia Inflata.

Internally, used for.--Asthma, emetic for croup (but very weakening), and lung diseases.

Part used.--Leaves and seeds. Dry carefully in the shade. Keep whole or powdered.

Gather.--August or September.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Very common, growing in fields and roadsides.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion, one ounce to pint of water, steeped; also tincture.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the tincture, five to ten drops. Infusion, one to two teaspoonfuls. It should not be used strong enough to produce vomiting, as it is too weakening. In small doses and given often in infusion it produces sweating and relaxation of the tissues, thus helping in asthma and lung diseases; For asthma, dose:--Ten drops of tincture every ten minutes at the onset until better or until there is a little nausea, and then lengthen the interval.

MAIDENHAIR. Adiantum Pedatum.

Internally, used for.--Expectorant, tonic and cooling uses; in fevers, erysipelas, and pleurisy, coughs, hoarseness, influenza.

Part used.--Part above the ground.

Gather.--In autumn. Grows (where).--In United States in deep woods, on moist rich soil.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 429]

Prepared (how).--As a decoction or syrup. Take an ounce of the herb to a pint of boiling water and boil to make a decoction.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use freely. For feverish conditions use one to two ounces every two hours. In coughs and hoarseness, take four to five times daily. For influenza and pleurisy enough to produce perspiration.

MANDRAKE. May Apple. Wild Lemon. Indian Apple. Raccoon Berry. Podophyllum Peltatum.

Internally, used for.--A cathartic, alterative action in liver troubles in chronic hepatitis; in blood diseases as syphilis, rheumatism; clears liver; for constipation.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--In autumn soon after fruit has ripened.

Flowers (when).--May and June and fruit ripens in September.

Grows (where).--In all parts of the United States, in damp and shady woods and sometimes in dry and exposed places.

Prepared (how).--In powder and tincture. To make tincture: Gather the fresh root before the fruit is ripe, chop and pound to a pulp, and weigh. Then take two parts of alcohol by weight, mix the pulp thoroughly with one-sixth of the alcohol and then add the rest of the alcohol. Stir all, pour into a well stoppered bottle, let stand eight days, in a cool place. Pour off, strain, filter.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--The resin, called podophyllin, can be obtained, and is used in one-fourth to one-eighth grain as a laxative; one-sixteenth of a grain can be taken four times a day for chronic liver trouble. Take ten drops of tincture four times a day for chronic diseases. Some can take more. For blood diseases., rheumatism, etc.

MARSHMALLOW. Mortification Root. Altheae Officinalis.

Internally, used for.--Hoarseness, gonorrhea, irritated bladder, acute dysentery, and diarrhea, blood in urine and gravel.

Externally, used for.--Poultice for painful swellings, bruises, scalds, burns, poisons.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Europe and this country.

Prepared (how).--Poultice; cut up finely and apply hot. Decoction half ounce to two pints of boiling water and boil down to one pint.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take one to three ounces four times a day for chronic diseases, and one ounce every two hours for acute troubles mentioned above. It is a mild soothing drink and medicine.

[430 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

MARIGOLD. Calendula Officinalis.

Externally, used.--As a local remedy for cuts and wounds, applied constantly, it is the best remedy I know.

Part used.--Leaves and flowers.

Gather.--When in full bloom.

Grows (where).--Well-known garden plant.

Prepared (how).--Make a tincture of the flowers and leaves, or buy it. To make tincture: Take the fresh leaves at the top of the plant with the blossoms and buds, chop and pound to a pulp, enclose in a piece of new linen and press. Shake the expressed juice, with an equal part of alcohol by weight, allow it to stand eight days in a well stoppered bottle, in a dark cool place and then filter.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use freely on clean linen or gauze on wounds, cuts, etc.

MILKWEED. Also called Silkweed. Asclepias Syriaca.

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, retention of urine, scrofulous and rheumatic troubles.

Part used.--Root. Plant gives out a milky juice when wounded.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--July and August.

Grows (where).--Common in United States and grows in sandy fields, on the roadsides and on bank of streams.

Prepared (how).--Powder, decoction and tincture. Decoction is made by using three ounces of the root to one quart of water, and boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take as directed four times a day. Dose of tincture, ten to thirty drops four times a day. Can be bought. Dose, of the powder, ten to twenty grains. Decoction, two to four ounces.

MOTHERWORT. Leonurus Cardiaca.

Internally, used for.--Menstrual disorders, nervousness, cramps, amenorrhea from colds, suppressed lochia, hysteria, pains peculiar to women, disturbed sleep.

Externally, used for.--Used as a fomentation over womb in dysmenorrhea.

Part used.--Tops and leaves.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--May and September.

Grows (where).--In fields and pastures.

Prepared (how).--Decoctions, use two ounces of dried herb to a quart of water and boil down to a pint.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to two tablespoonfuls every two hours. Smaller doses can be used for nervous women every hour, and when there are painful menstruations, suppressed lochia, hysteria, sleeplessness, etc.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 431]

MUSTARD. Sinapis Alba.

Internally, used for.--As an emetic, condiment, hiccough.

Externally, used for.--Counter-irritation.

Part used.--The seeds or leaves.

Gather.--While fresh, so the leaves can also be used. Seeds when used should be ripe.

Grows (where).--Almost everywhere.

Prepared (how).--In many ways, poultices, plasters, etc.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Mustard leaves dampened with cold water are good for pleurodynia, lumbago, neuritis, cramps in legs, inflammations, croup, etc., applied locally. For apoplexy and convulsions, mustard poultices of the seeds to feet, and mustard foot baths, handful of ground mustard to hot water. Same is good in colds, sleeplessness, dysmenorrhea, headache. Mustard water is good for poisoning as an emetic. Hiccough: Teaspoonful of mustard in four ounces of boiling water, steep for twenty minutes, and take in four doses.

OAK BARK. (Red and White). Quercus Alba.

Internally, used for.--Leucorrhea, piles, diarrhea, sore throat and mouth.

Externally, used for.--Sores on man or beast.

Part used.--The bark; white oak is more astringent.

Prepared (how).--Decoction.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--This decoction is used as an injection in leucorrhea, piles and as a gargle in sore mouth, etc. Its astringent property is due to the tannic and gallic acid it contains.

ONION. Allium Cepa.

Internally, used for.--Coughs, catarrh, croup, laxative.

Externally, used for.--Poultice for boil, inflammation, earache, etc., raw and roasted and used locally.

Part used.--Bulb. It contains many constituents, such as citrate of lime, allyl sulphide, volatile oils, sulphur.

Gather.--In autumn.

Grows (where).--Native.

Prepared (how).--As a poultice, raw; when boiled volatile oil is cast off.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Juice mixed with sugar is good for colds, coughs, catarrh, croup, chronic bronchitis. Roasted Spanish onion is good, eaten at bedtime, as a laxative; fried in lard and applied locally it makes a splendid poultice. Roasted in coals it makes a good poultice for earache, toothache, sore throat and sore chest.

[432 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PARSLEY. Rock Parsley. Petroselinum Sativum.

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, especially following scarlet fever, retained urine, painful urination, gonorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Seeds and leaves sprinkled on the hair, in powder, destroy vermin. Bruised leaves applied as a fomentation, cure the bites or stings of insects.

Part used.--Root, seeds and leaves.

Gather.--In autumn.

Grows (where).--Cultivated.

Prepared (how).--Infuse the whole plant, or a decoction can be made of the root and seeds.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Drink freely of the infusion or decoction. Dose, two to four ounces three times a day, or less dose and oftener. The oil can be bought and used, two to three drops three or four times, daily.

PARTRIDGE BERRY. Squaw Vine. Checker Berry. One Berry. Winter Clover. Deerberry. Mitchella Repens,

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, suppressed urine, tonic and alterative action on womb.

Externally, used for--Cure for sore nipples.

Part used.--The vine.

Gather.--During the season.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--In United States and Canada; in dry woods, among hemlock timber and in swampy places.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, tincture, fluid extract, decoction. Infusion, one ounce to pint of boiling water. Tincture: chop fresh plant and pound to a pulp and weigh. Then take two parts, by weight, of alcohol; mix pulp with one-sixth part of it thoroughly and rest of alcohol added, stir all well, pour into a well stoppered bottle and let stand eight days in a dark cool place; pour off, strain and filter.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful. For chronic diseases take one to two ounces of infusion four times a day. For suppressed urine take half ounce every two hours. Dose of infusion, from one to two ounces every three hours. To tone the womb and make labor easier, the Indians used to take it several weeks before confinement. For sore nipple: two ounces (fresh, if possible) and make a strong decoction in a pint of boiling water. Boil down thick and apply on nipple after each nursing.

PEACH TREE. Amygdalus Persica.

Internally, used for.--Constipation, tonic to the stomach and bowels, leucorrhea, worms, inflammation of stomach and bowels, irritable bladder. haematuria, dysentery.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 433]

Part used.--Leaves and kernels.

Gather.--When ripe.

Grows (where).--Cultivated.

Prepared (how).--By infusion; put ounce of leaves in one pint of cold water and let it steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For inflammations take one tablespoonful of the cold infusion every hour or two. For bladder and urinary troubles and leucorrhea, put four ounces of the kernels in a quart of brandy; dose,--teaspoonful three or four times a day. For bowel troubles use half ounce of the flowers and half ounce of the kernels to a pint of water; boil to make a decoction and sweeten; dose,--teaspoonful occasionally, until relieved; for teething children and for worms use about five doses.

PENNYROYAL. Squaw Mint. Tickweed. Hedeoma Pulegoides.

Internally, used for.--Stimulant, sweating, menstrual troubles, suppressed lochia, suppressed menses, flatulent colic in children.

Part used.--The herb. Gather.--In fall. Flowers (when).--June to October.

Grows (where).--In dry sterile places in calcareous soils. In all parts of the United States, etc.

Prepared (how).--An infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling water and only steep, not boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use infusion freely. Dose of oil two to five drops. For menstrual troubles, checked lochia and perspiration, take a hot foot bath in bed and drink freely of the tea until sweating occurs. It is frequently taken at bedtime for painful menstruation, etc.

PEPPERMINT. Mentha Piperita.

Internally, used for.--Tone stomach, colic, spasms, or cramps in stomach, to check nausea and vomiting.

Externally, used for.--Fresh herb bruised and laid over the abdomen, to allay sick stomach and diarrhea of children.

Part used.--The whole herb.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Native of England, cultivated here and grows wild in wet places.

Prepared (how).--Essence, oil; infusion made by adding one ounce of herb to a quart of boiling water and steep.

Disease, Dose, etc.--One to two ounces of infusion at a dose. The best form is the essence or oil. Dose of the essence five to ten drops; of oil one to five drops. It should be used carefully.

[434 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PLANTAIN. Plantago Major.

Externally, used for.--It is better used externally; the bruised leaves are good for poisonous wounds, bites of snakes, spiders and insects, ulcers, sore eyelids, salt rheum, erysipelas, poisoning from ivy and other skin affections.

Part used.--Roots and tops.

Flowers (when).--From May to October.

Grows (where).--Well known and grows in rich moist places.

Prepared (how).--Tincture, infusion, bruised leaves for external use.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Some claim the infusion is good for snake bites or the expressed juice can be used. This, to my mind, is doubtful and I would advise the usual remedies first. The tincture is good for some kinds of toothache, in one to two drop doses. The bruised leaves or the tea may be used for other diseases mentioned as poultice or wash.

PLEURISY ROOT. Butterfly Weed. Wind Root. Tuber Root. Orange Swallow Wort. Asclepias Tuberosa.

Internally, used for.--Pleurisy, pneumonia, catarrh, acute rheumatism, diarrhea, dysentery, sweating and expectorant, falling womb.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--July and August.

Grows (where).--In gravelly and sandy soils.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to a pint of boiling water and let steep. Tincture; buy powder.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to thirty grains three times a day in womb diseases. For falling womb use one ounce pleurisy root and one-half ounce unicorn root (true), mix powder and give in twenty to thirty grain doses three times daily; and an injection of the same, in infusion, may be given once a day. For pleurisy, etc., in first stage give the warm infusion to promote sweating. Dose,--Four teaspoonfuls every half hour, until sweating is produced. Following is good for diarrhea and dysentery: Tincture pleurisy root two ounces, brandy one ounce, syrup of raspberry three ounces. Half to one teaspoonful everyone or two hours.

POKE. Garget. Coakum. Pingeon Berry. Scoke. Phytolacca Decandra.

Internally, used for.--Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, sore throat, sore, inflamed breasts, scrofula.

Externally, used for--For fat people. Caked breasts, felons and tumors.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 435]

Part used.--Root, leaves and berries.

Gather.--Root late in November, cut in thin transverse slices and dry with moderate heat. Berries, when ripe.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Native of United States along fences in newly cleared spots, in cultivated fields, roadsides, etc.

Prepared (how).--Juice of plant. Powdered root, poultice, fomentation.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--One to five grains of powdered root as an alterative in chronic blood diseases, syphilis, etc. Juice of plant, half teaspoonful three times a day, for same diseases can be used. For caked breasts one to three drops of the tincture every one to three hours, at same time applying the root (roasted in ashes until soft) mashed and applied as a poultice; good also for a felon or can apply a hot fomentation of the leaves instead.

PRICKLY ASH. Toothache Tree. Xanthoxylum Fraxineum.

Internally, used for.--Chronic rheumatism, syphilis, skin affections, dysmenorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Decoction used as a wash or gargle in sore throat.

Part used.--Bark and berries.

Gather.--Autumn or earlier in some climates.

Flowers (when).--April and May.

Grows (where).--United States in woods, thickets and moist shady places.

Prepared (how).--Tincture. Powder. Decoction of root one ounce to a pint of water and boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose,--half ounce every four to five hours. Tincture of the berries is also used for nervous diseases, dysmenorrhea, etc., in ten to thirty drops every two to four hours. Good also in blood diseases, four times a day. Powder for same troubles in doses of five to ten grains four times a day.

PRINCE'S PINE. Wintergreen. Ground Holly. Pipsissewa. Rheumatism Weed. Chimaphila Umbellata.

Internally, used for.--Kidney and bladder troubles, chronic rheumatism, syphilis, scrofula, gout, gleet.

Part used.--Whole plant.

Gather.--In autumn or late summer.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--United States, etc., under the shade of woods and prefers a loose sandy soil enriched by decaying leaves.

Prepared (how).--Decoction and tincture; put a pound of the dried herb into a quart of water and three quarts of spirits; let stand for twelve days, and then turn off the liquid. This makes a tincture. To make decoction use one ounce of plant to a pint of boiling water and boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take one to two ounces of the decoction three or four times a day; fluid extract can be bought, dose fifteen drops four times daily. Dose of tincture, one-half to one teaspoonful.

[436 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]

PUMPKIN. Cucurbita Pepo.

Internally, used for.--For tape worm and for urinary troubles, suppressed or retained urine.

Gather.--When ripe.

Grows (where).--Common.

Prepared (how).--A tea can be made of the seeds, or an oil gathered from them.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--A tea strong or weak as the age and case demand, may be given freely and is very effective. Do not bruise the seeds, as the virtue resides in the covering. An oil can be gathered from the seeds and is good for same purpose. Dose.--Six to twelve drops several times daily or three drops every two hours. For Tape worm, see article on another page. If it is best to take it as an emulsion get druggist to make it. Taken at night with fasting. In the morning take dose of salts. Watermelon seed tea is also good for kidney trouble.

QUEEN OF THE MEADOW. Purple Boneset. Gravel Root. Trumpet Weed. Joe-Pye Weed. Eupatorium Purpureum.

Internally, used for.--Gravel stone in the bladder, kidney or stone colic, or other urinary troubles.

Part used.--The herb.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--August to November.

Grows (where).--In wet places in United States.

Prepared (how).--Fluid extract; or an infusion, one ounce of the dried leaves or plant in a quart of boiling water and steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Half teacupful of the infusion may be taken every hour or two as hot as possible. This is a splendid remedy. Drug stores keep the fluid extract, which can be bought and given in doses of fifteen to thirty drops every three or four hours. Some claim it relieves the pain in the kidney stone colic; the Indians used it for that purpose.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 437]

QUEEN'S ROOT. Queen's Delight. Yaw Root. Cock-up-Hat. Stillingia Sylvatica.

Internally, used for.--Secondary syphilis, scrofula, chronic skin diseases.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--April to July.

Grows (where).--In United States, etc.

Prepared (how).--An infusion of the fresh root, or use the tincture or fluid extract. One ounce of root to pint of water for infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to two ounces. Tincture; dose, twenty to sixty drops. Extract; dose, ten to thirty drops; smaller doses given every two or three hours; larger dose three or four times daily. This is a good remedy. It can be given with other remedies like poke root, sarsaparilla, etc.

RED CLOVER. Trifolium Pratense.

Internally, used for.--Blood diseases and is often used with other remedies; good drank warm in whooping cough.

Externally, used for.--Ulcers.

Part used.--Blossoms.

Gather.--When fresh.

Flowers (when).--Throughout summer.

Grows (where).--Common.

Prepared (how).--In infusion and salve.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Use blossoms to make tea and drink freely; tea boiled down thick makes a good salve for ill-conditioned looking sores.

ROCK ROSE. Frost wort. Frost Plant. Cistus Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Scrofula and blood diseases.

Part used.--The herb.

Gather.--In autumn early.

Flowers (when).--From May to July.

Grows (where).--In United States in dry sandy soil.

Prepared (how).--Infusion. Fluid extract. Decoction, use four ounces of the dried leaves to one quart of boiling water and boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion or decoction, one ounce three times a day. Fluid extract is the best form, can be bought and given in doses of half to one teaspoonful three or four times a day. The following combination is good one for secondary syphilis: Rock rose, turkey corn, Queen's root, equal parts; either the infusion, decoction or fluid extract.

SAGE. Garden sage. Salvia Officinalis.

Internally, used for.--To stop sweating in consumption, used cold; and used warm to sweat. Gargle in sore throat, colds, coughs, etc., alone or combined with sumach berries or vinegar, or honey or alum.

Part used.--The leaves.

Gather.--In early autumn;

Flowers (when).--In June.

Grows (where).--Cultivated.

[438 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Prepared (how).--As an infusion cold or hot; half ounce of leaves to a pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose, an ounce or two. To produce perspiration give warm. To check perspiration give cold, in smaller doses and oftener. For sore mouth, sore throat, tonsilitis and quinsy, use hot infusion strong as a gargle.

SCOURING RUSH. Horse Tail. Shave Grass. Equisetum Hyemale.

Internally, used for.--Dropsy, suppression of the urine, blood in the urine, gravel, gonorrhea and gleet.

Part used.--The stalk.

Gather.--Matures in June and July,

Grows (where).--In wet grounds in river banks, hillsides, and borders of woods in United States.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to the pint of water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For above diseases drink in half ounce doses every two hours.

SASSAFRAS. Laurus Sassafras.

Internally, used for.--Syphilis, scrofula, skin eruptions, bland drink after poisoning,

Part used.--The bark of the root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--April and May.

Grows (where).--Common.

Prepared (how).--Infusion of the bark, one ounce to a pint of water; as a mucilage made by using two parts of the pith to one hundred of water. Do not boil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to two ounces. Oil, five to ten drops on sugar for menstrual pain, and in painful urination. The mucilage is good for chest disorders, bowels, kidneys and for inflammation after poisoning, as a bland demulcent drink.

SENECA SNAKE ROOT. Mountain Flag. Milk Wort. Seneka or Senega. Polyagla Senega.

Internally, used for.--Second stage of bronchitis in aged people, bronchial asthma, coughs.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--June to August.

Grows (where).--In United States in woods and on hillsides.

Prepared (how).--Powdered root. For decoction use one ounce of the dried root to a pint of boiling water and let boil. You can buy the syrup and fluid extract.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the decoction, half to one ounce three or four times a day. Dose of the syrup, one to two teaspoonfuls.

Dose of the extract, ten to twenty drops. This remedy is frequently used with other remedies for bronchitis and cough.

[ HERB DEPARTMENT 439]

SHEEP SORREL. Rumex Acetosa.

Internally, used for.--Scurvy.

Externally, used for.--Good for wens, boils, tumor, ulcers.

Part used.--Plant.

Gather.--Autumn.

Grows (where).--Well known plant.

Prepared (how).--Decoction; poultice made of roasted leaves.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Decoction, freely drank for scurvy. Poultices should be applied to above troubles.

SKUNK CABBAGE. Swamp Cabbage. Meadow Cabbage. Polecat Weed. Fetid Hellebore. Dracontium. Ictodes Foetida.

Internally, used for.--Asthma, whooping cough, nervousness, hysteria, convulsions of pregnancy.

Part used.--Root. Gather.--In autumn or early spring and dried carefully.

Flowers (when).--March and April.

Grows (where).--Various parts of United States in moist places.

Prepared (how).--Powder. Tincture.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: Five to ten grains of powder three times a day. A saturated tincture of the fresh root is much better, of which half a teaspoonful can be given everyone to four hours for above diseases.

SKULL CAP. Madweed. Hoodwort. Blue Pimpernel. Scutellaria Lateriflora.

Internally, used for.--Chorea, delirium, convulsions, neuralgia, restlessness, insomnia.

Part used.--The whole herb.

Gather.--Late summer while in flower.

Flowers (when).--July and August.

Grows (where).--In moist places.

Prepared (how).--Infusion, one ounce to the pint.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion may be drank freely, Fluid extract, dose, half to one teaspoonful, every two or three hours.

SLIPPERY ELM. Red Elm. Ulmus Fulva.

Internally, used for.--As a mucilage for stomach and bowel and urinary troubles when a mild, soothing demulcent drink is needed; in diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, painful urination, constipation.

Externally, used for.--As a poultice.

Part used.--Inner bark.

[440 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Gather.--Early fall. Flowers (when).--In April.

Grows (where).--In United States, in open elevated situations in rich firm soil.

Prepared (how).--Infusion of two ounces to pint of water. Mucilage made by using six parts of the dried bark to one hundred of water and allow to steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--The infusion and mucilage may be taken freely. The infusion can be injected for dysentery, diarrhea, gonorrhea, gleet and leucorrhea. Mucilage is taken after poisoning to allay inflammation of the membranes, etc. Eat bark or take prepared tablets for constipation.

SPEARMINT. Mentha Viridis.

Internally, used for.--Nausea and vomiting, internal and external scalding urine. For fever is superior to peppermint.

Externally, used for.--For piles.

Part used.--The herb.

Gather.--Just as the flowers appear in dry weather, and dry in the shade.

Flowers (when).--July and August.

Grows (where).--United States in moist places.

Prepared (how).--Warm or cold infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Warm infusion, a handful of the herb to a quart of water and used freely to allay fever in inflammations, colds, etc. Cold infusion is good in highly colored or scalding urine. Local, saturate cotton with the strong infusion or diluted tincture, and apply to piles; use it hot.

SPIKENARD. Spignet. Pettymorrel. Pigeon-weed. Aralia Racemosa.

Internally, used for.--Coughs, colds, chronic rheumatism, syphilis.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Grows (where).--In dry rocky woods in United States.

Prepared (how).--Decoction. Syrup.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Decoction, used freely in above diseases. It is an old home remedy. A syrup can also be made of it.

SMARTWEED. Water Pepper. Polygonum Punctatum.

Internally, used for.--Suppressed menstruation, to wash out the bladder, good for gravel, colds and coughs.

Externally, used for.--Fomentations. Part used.--The whole herb.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--August and September.

Grows (where).--About brooks and streams.

Prepared (how).--An infusion or a tincture made from the fresh plant. Use cold water to make infusion. Fomentations, simmer in water and vinegar.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to three ounces. Tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls. Apply fomentations for colic, bloating of abdomen; used often with other plants externally. For menstruation give half teaspoonful of the tincture four times a day a week before menstruation. Use small doses for other troubles.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 441]

SNAKE ROOT, VIRGINIA. Aristolochia Serpentaria.

Internally, used for.--Sweating for feverish conditions where eruptions are tardy in coming out.

Externally, used for.--For snake bites.

Part used.--Root.

Gather (when).--May and June.

Grows (where).--Hill-sides, in rich shady woods.

Prepared (how).--Powdered root. Infusion made by using four teaspoonfuls of the powdered root to a pint of water and let steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take two to three tablespoonfuls of the hot infusion every three to four hours. Dose of powdered root, ten to twenty grains in hot water.

SOLOMON'S SEAL. Convallaria Multiflora.

Internally, used for.--Female weakness, leucorrhea, menorrhagia.

Externally, used for.--Poultice for piles.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--May and August.

Grows (where).--In United States and Canada, sides of meadows, high banks, woods, and mountain.

Prepared (how).--Decoction, use one ounce of the root to pint of water and boil. Poultice, bruise the root.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the decoction, one to two ounces. Take less when it is taken oftener, as much as the stomach will bear. Make a poultice of the bruised root for piles and local inflammation.

STONE ROOT. Horse Balm. Rich Weed. Knob Root. Hard Hack. Collinsonia Canadensis.

Internally, used for.--Cramps, colic, dropsy, bladder troubles, gravel, leucorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Poultice for bruises, blows, wounds, strains.

Part used.--The plant.

Gather.--Autumn.

Grows (where).--United States and in Canada.

Prepared (how).--In infusion and poultice, steep the root in a covered dish.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion half to one ounce, three or four times a day.

[442 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

STRAWBERRY. Fragaria Vesca.

Internally, used for.--Gravel, gout, irritable bladder, nettle rash, eruption.

Part used.--Fruit, roots, and leaves.

Gather.--When ripe.

Flowers (when).--Spring; April, May and June.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Leaves are astringent and good in infusion for sore mouth, diarrhea, and dysentery. Infusion of the root is a good diuretic and is effective in difficult urination and gonorrhea. Drink freely.

STRAMONIUM. Thorn-Apple. Stink Weed. Jimson Weed. Apple Pern. Datura Stramonium.

Internally, used for.--Used mainly for asthma.

Externally, used for.--Piles.

Part used.--Leaves.

Gather.--When leaves are green and when flowers are in bloom.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Along roads, etc.

Prepared (how).--Ointment. The leaves should be dried for smoking. It is rather dangerous.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For asthma, the leaves are mixed with tobacco leaves and smoked. It must be done carefully as it is poisonous. The leaves are good to cure piles when rubbed on them, or made into an ointment and used locally.

SUMACH. Rhus Glabra.

Internally, used for.--Sore mouth and throat, quinsy, diarrhea, leucorrhea, gonorrhea, suppressed urine.

Part used.--Bark and fruit.

Gather.--Autumn. Berries earlier.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Prepared (how).--Make an infusion as usual. Use either bark or berries.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Fluid extract can be used and is safer; in doses of ten drops three times a day. The infusion will do as a gargle and a wash.

SWEET FLAG. Calamus. Flag Root. Sweet Rush. Acorus Calamus.

Internally, used for.--Disorders of the stomach, flatulency, dysentery, colic.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 443]

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--Late autumn or early spring, wash clean and dry with moderate heat.

Grows (where).--Borders of small streams, ponds, wet meadows, swamp.

Prepared (how).--Infusion made by scalding one ounce of the root in a pint of water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose: One to three ounces, warm, for general troubles; give hot for colic. One-third to a teaspoonful of the root can be taken.

ST. JOHN'S WORT. Hypericum Perfoliatum.

Internally, used for.--Suppressed urine, chronic urinary affections, diarrhea, menorrhagia, hysteria, etc.

Externally, used for.--Fomentations for caked breasts, hard tumors, bruises, swellings, stings and wounds.

Part used.--Tops and flowers.

Gather.--When fresh.

Flowers (when).--From June to August.

Grows (where).--In this country.

Prepared (how).--Ointment. Infusion of powder or blossoms. Infusion one ounce to one pint of boiling water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion, one to two ounces, three or four times daily or less. Powder; dose, thirty to sixty grains can be put in hot water and drank. Children's dose: Half to one teaspoonful. It should be taken three or four times daily in regular full doses for chronic diseases, and in half doses every two or three hours for acute diseases. Local.--Make an ointment of the tops and flowers, or boil down the infusion until thick, and make an ointment. First way is the best.

TANSY. Tanacetum. (Sometimes called double tansy).

Internally, used for.--Womb troubles and sweating, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, hysteria.

Part used.--The whole herb.

Gather.--In the summer.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--Cultivated and also grows wild.

Prepared (how).--As an infusion and fomentation. The oil can be bought. To make infusion use one ounce of the plant to one pint of boiling water and let steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion one to two ounces. Oil, half to one drop. This oil is dangerous, so it must be taken carefully. For dysmenorrhea, take half ounce of infusion every hour or two. Same for hysteria. For amenorrhea, two ounces three times daily. For sweating, it should be taken in one to two-ounce doses and hot. Fomentations should be used hot and are good placed on the abdomen, over the womb, in painful menstruation.

[444 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

TURKEY CORN. Wild Turkey Pea. Stagger-Weed. Corydalis Formosa.

Internally, used for.--Tonic, diuretic and alterative, for syphilis and scrofula. (Eclectics esteem this a great remedy).

Part used.--Root, small round ball.

Gather.--While the plant is in flower.

Flowers (when).--In March.

Grows (where).--In rich soils, on hills and mountains, etc.

Prepared (how).--Tincture. Infusion, four teaspoonfuls of the powdered bulb to one pint of boiling water and let steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of the infusion, one to three ounces three or four times daily. Tincture, half to one teaspoonful. Tincture can be bought at a drug store.

TURNIP, INDIAN. Jack-in-the pulpit. Wild Turnip. Dragon Root. Arum Triphyllum.

Internally, used for.--Expectorant and sweating purposes in chest troubles. Also good for sore mouth and sore throat if given in honey or syrup.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--From May to July.

Grows (where).--Common in South America in all moist and damp places.

Prepared (how).--Dry the root and powder it and give in honey or make into a syrup or given in powder.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--For sweating use powder in hot water, ten grains three times a day or smaller dose oftener. For bronchitis, etc., use in syrup or in honey, three or four times a day, five to ten grains at a dose. Same way for sore mouth and throat.

TRUE UNICORN ROOT. Star Grass. Colic Root. Ague Root. Crow Corn. Aletris Farinosa.

Internally, used for.--Its tonic influence upon the womb to prevent a tendency to miscarriage, for amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, falling, also for chlorosis.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--Most parts of United States, usually in dry sandy soils and barrens.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 445]

Prepared (how).--Powdered root. Tincture. Fluid extract.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Powdered root, five to ten grains three times a day. Saturated tincture, two to five drops, three times a day. Fluid extract, five to ten drops. Tincture and fluid extract can be bought at any drug store. For the above diseases it should be taken regularly four times a day. The fluid extract is the best form in which to take it and is often given by doctors.

WAHOO. Indian Arrow Wood. Burning-Bush. Spindle Tree. Enonymus Atropurpureus.

Internally, used for.--Dyspepsia, torpid liver, laxative, tonic.

Part used.--The bark of the root.

Gather.--Autumn.

Flowers (when).--In June.

Grows (where).--In woods and thickets.

Prepared (how).--Powder. Tincture.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of powder, ten to twenty grains; saturated tincture, one to two teaspoonfuls; extract, one to five grains. This is a good remedy; smaller doses can be given every two hours for dyspepsia and liver complaint. It is often combined with remedies, like dandelion, yellow dock, burdock.

WILD CHERRY. Prunus Virginianus.

Internally, used for.--Tonic, dyspepsia, scrofula.

Part used.--The bark of the root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--In May.

Prepared (how).--Powdered bark or infusion. One ounce of bark to one pint of cold water to make infusion, allow it to stand for a few hours.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Take of infusion one to three ounces four or five times a day. Dose of powdered bark, one to two teaspoonfuls in hot water. For tonic action and for dyspepsia it should be taken oftener and in half the given doses.

WILD YAM. Colic Root. Dioscorea Villosa.

Internally, used for.--Bilious colic.

Part used.--Root.

Gather.--In autumn.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--United States and in Canada, twining over bushes and fences, thickets and hedges.

Prepared (how).--Decoction of the root. Pour a pint of boiling water on two ounces of the bruised root, let steep slowly for half hour, strain.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Give half cupful of decoction every twenty minutes for bilious colic. Some have given half a pint at once in a severe case.

[446 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

WORMWOOD. Artemisia Absinthium.

Internally, used for.--Worms, jaundice, dyspepsia, amenorrhea and leucorrhea.

Externally, used for.--Bruises, local inflammations.

Part used.--Tops and leaves.

Flowers (when).--In July and August.

Grows (where).--United States.

Prepared (how).--Fomentations. An infusion is made by adding thirteen of the herbs to a pint of cold water.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Dose of infusion one to four teaspoonfuls. Use fomentations for bruises and local inflammation.

WORMSEED. Goose Foot. Stinking Weed. Chenopodium Anthelminticum.

Internally, used for.--Worms, round worms.

Part used.--Seeds and herb.

Gather.--In late autumn.

Flowers (when).--July to September.

Grows (where).--United States, in waste places.

Prepared (how).--Oil.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--Four to eight drops of oil to be given night and morning, for four or five days, and then followed by a purgative. Combination: Oil of wormseed one ounce, oil of tansy one ounce, spirits of turpentine one and one-half ounce, castor oil one pint. Dose for a child, a teaspoonful every hour until it operates; for an adult one tablespoonful. Powdered herb: Dose, half to one teaspoonful.

YARROW. Milfoil. Thousand Leaf. Achillea Millefolium.

Internally, used for.--Bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, piles, dysentery, menorrhagia.

Part used.--The herb.

Flowers (when).--Nearly whole summer.

Grows (where).--Europe and America in fields, woods, pastures.

Prepared (how).--Decoction, half ounce of plant to six ounces of water and boil down to three ounces. Juice of the herb is also used.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--In menorrhagia either can be used, as well as in other diseases. Tablespoonful of decoction every hour. The expressed juice in two or three tablespoonful doses may be taken three times a day.

[HERB DEPARTMENT 447]

YELLOW DOCK. Rumex Crispus.

Internally, used for.--Skin disease, scrofula, syphilis, scurvy.

Externally, used for.--Fresh root bruised in cream is good applied to ulcers, tumors and itch.

Part used.--The root.

Gather.--Early autumn.

Flowers (when).--June and July.

Grows (where).--In pastures, dry fields, etc.

Prepared (how).--One ounce root to a pint of boiling water. Let steep.

Diseases, Dose, etc.--One or two ounces, three times a day; or half ounce every three hours. This is a good remedy. Some people should commence with smaller doses.

[448 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HOMEOPATHY

THE TREATMENT OF ABOUT ONE HUNDRED TWENTY DISEASES ACCORDING TO HOMEOPATHY

In cities and in most towns Homeopathic medicine will be found in drug stores in their special preparations. Some drug stores handle Homeopathic medicines exclusively.

MEDICINES.--Homeopathic medicines should be kept in a dry cool place. Do not leave them standing open among odors or exposed to bright lights. The following are among those common for home use:

List of Remedies.

Aconitum Colocynthis Phosphorus Antimonium crudum Cuprum metallicum Pulsatilla Antimonium tartaricum Gelsemium Rhus toxicodendron Apis Hepar Sulphuricum Sanguinaria Arnica radix Hyoscyamus Sepia Arsenicum Ipecacuanha Silicea Belladonna Lycopodium Spigelia Bryonia Mercurius Spongia Chamomilla Natrum muriaticum Sulphur China Nux Vomica Veratrum album Cina Opium Cinchona (see China) Phosphoric acid

Fluid for External Use.

Arnica. Calendula.

Care of Medicine in the Sick Room.--Use a clean tumbler and when not using cover the tumbler with a small saucer or piece of cardboard. Set it in a cool place and where it is free from odors, as liquid medicines exposed are likely to take up such impurities.

[HOMEOPATHY 449]

DIRECTIONS FOR USING HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES.

They are prepared in two forms, Dilutions and Triturations (powdered form). From the triturations tablets are made. When we write "3X dil." that means 3X dilution; when we write "3X trit." that means 3X trituration. The 3X means or indicates the strength of the medicine. We have different dilutions and triturations, as IX, 2X, 3X, 4X, etc., according to the strength of the medicine used and we say dil. or trit., for dilution or trituration, depending upon the form to be used. Tablets are handier to use than the triturations or powder. In this book when I write trituration I shall always expect you to use it in the form of tablets. Instead of giving directions in every disease how to prepare the medicine, I will give it here.

When you use the medicine in the dilution (liquid) form, you put ten to fifteen drops of the dilution (say the 2X or any one) in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonsful everyone-half to one to two or three hours, as the case may be, according to the age of the patient, etc. This is for acute cases.

For chronic cases.--You give medicine three or four times a day, one to two teaspoonfuls at a time. When you use it in trituration (tablet) form, you give one to two tablets at a dose every one-half to one, two or three hours, etc. In chronic cases three or four times a day, one or two tablets.

For the beginning of a common cold.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and take two teaspoonsful every one-half hour for three doses, then every three hours for twelve hours. Tincture of camphor in drop doses is also good.

If throat feels raw and sore.--I give three tablets of Mercurius bin. 2X trit. (tablet form) in alternation with the Aconite for three doses. Then stop it.

LA GRIPPE.--Gelsemium IX dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone-half to two hours. Feels sick, achy and bad all over; generally good at the beginning.

Belladonna 3X dil. if throat is raw and sore, throbbing, beating arteries, tickling annoying hard cough.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). When throat is sore with much saliva, sticky sweat which does not relieve.

Bryonia 2X dil. Grip with cold on chest, hurts to cough.

Phosphorus 3X dil. In bronchial tubes under breast bones.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) stopped nose, watery burning discharge; feverish, thirsty and restless; chills and fever.

STOMATITIS.--Meaning a simple inflammation of the mouth.

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two every one to three hours, according to the case.

[450 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

APHTHAE (Thrush) in Children.--l Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). Indicated when it extends downward and produces diarrhea. Give one tablet every four hours for a few days.

2. Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one tablet every two to four hours, when the parts look bluish and livid, with great weakness, much thirst and restlessness, with burning watery diarrhea.

In Adults.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give about two tablets every three hours when the edge of the tongue is ulcerated and whitish with violent burning pains.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Give two tablets every three hours, when the ulcerated gums discharge a fetid matter; loose teeth or teeth feel long, much sticky saliva in mouth.

GLOSSITIS. Inflammation of the tongue.

Aconite 2X dil. if there is much fever, fast pulse, dry skin. Prepare:--Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) indicated in most cases. Take two tablets every two to four hours.

DISEASES OF THE TEETH.--Chamomilla 1X dil. Put ten drops in one-half glass full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours. This is especially good in cross, nervous, teething babies.

Aconite 2X dil. Prepared and given as above stated. When there is much fever, dullness and stupor.

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form). When the teeth are sore and feel too long; one to two tablets everyone to three hours.

DISEASES OF THE GUMS.--Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) is good when teeth are ulcerated and decayed. Take one to two tablets every three hours. Or use,

Mercurius sol. 3X trit. (tablet form) if there is much saliva in the mouth and teeth feel too long.

UVULA, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X di1. Ten drops of this in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours, when there is fever, furred tongue, dry and hot skin.

Belladonna 3X dil., prepared and given same as Aconite, instead of Aconite when the parts are red, congested and painful.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Good when the parts are much swollen, sore and very sensitive, darkish, with much sticky saliva in the mouth.

THROAT, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops in a glass one-half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours, in the first stage attended by fever, hot and dry skin.

Belladonna 3X dil. Is better in second stage, when there is some sweating, parts are red and swollen that interfere with swallowing.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Given when there is much saliva with pain, soreness and difficulty in swallowing.

[HOMEOPATHY 451]

PHARYNGITIS, Inflammation of the Pharynx.--

Aconite 2X dil., Belladonna 3X dil., and Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) according to symptoms given above.

TONSILS, TONSILITIS AND QUINSY.--Aconite 2X dil. In the first twenty-four hours when there is fever, full pulse and dry skin.

Belladonna 3X dil. instead, when there is much redness and swelling of the parts with much trouble in swallowing, great pain. Prepared as above directed and given.

Hepar Sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to two to three hours when suppuration is threatened and where there is constant throbbing and pain in the tonsil.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three hours, when the trouble continues after suppuration, parts are dark red and much thick sticky saliva and foul breath.

ENLARGED TONSIL (Chronic).--Baryta Carb. 3X trit. (tablet form). Take one to two tablets daily for some time.

DIPHTHERIA.--Antitoxin is the best remedy.

Belladonna 3X dil. Ten to fifteen drops in one-half glass of water and give two teaspoonfuls every one to two hours when there is fever, marked inflammation of the tonsils, no spots as yet, red face and throbbing arteries.

Kali bichrom 2X trit. (tablet form). Put ten to fifteen tablets in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls every one to two hours, when the discharge is thick and stringy.

Mercurius protoid 2X trit. (tablet form). Prepare and give same way as Kali bichrom when membrane is dark, foul odor, tongue thick and pasty.

ESOPHAGUS, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. if there is much fever. Belladonna 3X dil. If there is much local pain.

GASTRITIS, ACUTE INFLAMMATION.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops or fifteen drops in a half-glass of water and give when there is active and violent inflammation with full and rapid pulse, shivering and bilious vomiting.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Give one to two tablets every one to three hours. Where there is great soreness and burning, much thirst, vomiting, dry, red and cracked tongue.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three hours. When there is a dull pain and nausea, but no active vomiting; especially good in cases from drinking.

[452 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CHRONIC GASTRITIS.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form), one to two tablets four times a day when there is much emaciation and when there is much desire to vomit.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after meals when it is caused by intemperance, eating too highly seasoned food, too much tea and coffee. Bowels are generally constipated.

Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets after meals, when it is caused by rich, greasy foods, such as cakes, pies, puddings, pork and greasy gravies.

Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets after meals when there is much wind (gas) in the stomach.

Bryonia alb. 2X dilution, ten drops put in a glass half full of water and take two teaspoonfuls after every meal and before retiring, when the stomach is sore to touch, food feels like a load in the stomach, with sour water coming up.

HEART-BURN.--Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), Mercurius vivus 3X trit. (tablet form), Bryonia alb. 2X dil. are main remedies.

GASTRALGIA (Cardialgia).--Pains in the stomach.

Nux vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) with pressure and cramps in the stomach, more particularly if the patient uses coffee, tea and liquors, or is troubled with piles, constipation, with indoor life and headaches, two tablets every half hour until better.

Ignatia 3X trit. (tablet form) especially for morose, nervous females, same dose as Nux Vomica, and same way.

Pulsatilla 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets every half hour until better. When brought on by rich food, as pork, pies, cakes. It is especially good in blonde women with scanty and painful menstruation. Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet everyone to three hours. It is especially good in brunette type with irregular and painful menstruation.

VOMITING.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). For acid vomiting, one tablet dry on the tongue every fifteen minutes.

Ipecac 3X trit. (tablet form) for bilious vomiting.

Cocculus 2X dil. for vomiting from riding. Ten drops in a half glass full of water; take one teaspoonful every ten minutes until better.

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every ten minutes until better when the vomit is watery, burning liquid, patient is very restless and thirsty. Generally found in disease.

ENTERITIS.--Acute inflammation of the small intestines.

Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours. When it is at the commencement, caused by cold, with dry skin, dry tongue and fever.

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to two hours, when the pains are burning, tearing, cutting in the bowels, restless and anxious, vomiting and thirsty.

[HOMEOPATHY 453]

Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give as usual. When the ordinary symptoms are accompanied by delirium or spasms with throbbing head.

Chamomilla 1X dil. For children during teething, with foul green diarrhea.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three hours with usual pains, pasty, coated tongue, foul breath, painful diarrhea with it.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three hours. Caused by sudden suppression of piles, especially in drinkers and high livers, with lazy habits.

LARGE INTESTINE, INFLAMMATION.--Aconite 2X dil. at the beginning. Chilly, fever, hot dry skin, usual symptoms and dose.

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three hours, with retching, vomiting, intense thirst, great prostration.

Mercurius viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose as Arsenicum. Stools are green and watery, with much pain before and after stools.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated bowels, nausea and vomiting.

DYSENTERY AND DIARRHEA.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to two hours when there is pain before stool and relieved by the passage.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) same dose, etc. When there is pain and it is not relieved by the passage, stool is sometimes slimy, bloody and very little in quantity.

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every one to three hours. The person is very restless, thirsty, anxious, vomiting, and burning watery stool.

Podophyllum 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water; take two teaspoonfuls every hour or two; especially good in children with large watery mealy stools of so large quantity of mealy liquid that the mother wonders where it all comes from.

Mercurius corr. 3X trit. (tablet form) instead of Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when the bladder also is affected.

CHOLERA INFANTUM:--Chamomilla 1X dil. in teething children, with sour mucous vomiting, frequent greenish stools.

Mercurius vivus 3X trit. (tablet form). For mucous, painful slimy stools, child strains at every stool, sometimes mixed with blood. Pain is not relieved by a stool.

Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every one to three hours, for watery burning vomiting and same kind of stools, very restless, thirsty and drawn looking.

[454 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CHOLERA MORBUS.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets on tongue every fifteen minutes until better, when there is watery burning vomiting, with terrible thirst, great prostration.

Veratrum alb. 2X dil. in water, etc. When there is vomiting with great prostration, cold hands and feet, cold sweat.

APPENDICITIS.--Aconite 2X dil. at the beginning.

Belladonna 3X dil. after the first twenty-four hours.

Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Pains are sharp, shooting, better quiet. Can alternate with Aconite or Belladonna.

Mercurius Viv. 3X trit. (tablet form) given later.

CONSTIPATION.--Correct diet and habits.

Bryonia 2X dil.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form).

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form).

Opium 6X dilution. Taken 4 times daily.

COLIC.--Colocynthis 1X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes until better. When the pains are cutting, pinching, cramping, as if the bowels were pierced with knives in the region of the navel and when the patient bends forward.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every half hour until better. When there is constipation, acid vomiting, distended abdomen.

Chamomilla 1X dil. Colic in stomach region and is caused by bad food. Face flushed, in teething children.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour, when the pain is in the liver, patient vomits much bile and has a diarrhea, both bilious and fecal, with straining.

Podophyllum 3X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water, two teaspoonfuls every hour when the liver is too active, too much bile, colic is aggravated by the bilious vomiting--jaundiced skin, bitter taste in the mouth.

PAINTER'S COLIC.--Opium 6X dil. As usual, prepared, and given every one to two hours, when the constipation is obstinate, hard abdomen, with intense pain, griping and pinching.

Belladonna 3X dil. same way. When bowels feel constricted or seem as if grasped by the finger nails.

[HOMEOPATHY 455]

PILES.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet after each meal and before retiring. Constipation with pain in the lower back and in the lower part of the rectum; piles may protrude and be sore.

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) Tablet at night in connection with Nux Vomica in the morning.

Aloes 3X dil. One drop of it four times a day when the piles are very painful, and in the lower part of the bowels, and lots of them.

BOWEL FALLING (Prolapsus ani).--Tincture Cina is good when caused by worms, one-tenth to one drop of the tincture every two hours.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when caused by dysentery or loose bowels.

Mercurius Corr. 3X trit. (tablet form) when caused by dysentery. Last two use 3X; one to two tablets every two hours.

WORMS.--Tincture of Cina from one-tenth drop to two drops four times a day for pin (seat) (thread worms) and round worms.

Symptoms.--Boring of the nose, livid, semi-circle under the eyes, restless sleep, cross, etc.

CHOLERA ASIATIC.--Aconite first stage.

Tincture Camphor in drop doses second stage every fifteen minutes.--Follow with Arsenicum, Veratrum alb.

Carbo veg. 3X trit. (tablet form) third stage.

PERITONITIS.--Aconite 2X dil. at first.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet from) when patient is thirsty, very restless. Dose every hour.

Bryonia alb. 2X dil. Prepare. Pains worse from motion,--cutting shooting; constipated.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) Later, skin yellow, coated pasty tongue.

DROPSY.--After scarlet fever. Apis Mel. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every two hours.

In feet, ankles, and abdomen.--Arsenicum alb. 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every three hours.

LIVER, INFLAMMATION (Hepatitis) Bryonia 2X dil. Prepare as usual and give, etc. When some fever; lies on affected side. Severe pains when moved.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every two to four hours, after first remedy, when heavy odor from the breath, dry mouth, bitter taste, yellow (pasty) coated tongue, yellow color of skin.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form), etc. When severe pains in region of liver extending to the back; nausea, vomiting and constipation.

LIVER, ENLARGED.--Phosphorus 3X dil. Prepare and give two teaspoonfuls every four hours.

[456 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

BILIOUSNESS, LIVER.--With vomiting of bile and mucus use Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) one every three hours, also from stimulants and over feeding.

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) when associated with piles. One tablet night and morning.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Two tablets four times a day, when associated with white costive stools and depression of spirits.

BILIOUS DIARRHEA.--Give Podophyllum 3X dil. one drop every three hours.

BILIOUS ATTACKS.--In children brought on by teething, cold or anger give one drop of Chamomilla 1X dil. every three hours.

Chelidonium 3X dil. Is good for chronic liver disease, when there is a thick yellow coating on the tongue, pains, aching under right shoulder blade, also constipation. Give two drops four times a day of 3X dil.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). Liver troubles of drinkers. Use two tablets every three hours.

JAUNDICE.--Aconite 2X dil. Beginning from taking cold. Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). Constipation prominent. Chamomilla IX dil. From fright, anger, teething.

DISEASE OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS.--Coryza, cold in the head.

Aconite 2X dil. Prepare as usual. Use first twenty-four hours.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet every hour for burning watery discharge from the nose; nose stopped up, discharge makes nose sore.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three hours, for thick mucous discharge.

CATARRH, CHRONIC.--Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). Use tablets; take about four times a day.

Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form) thick crusts from ulcers in the nostrils, one tablet four times a day.

LARYNGITIS, (Inflammation of the Larynx).-Aconite 2X dil. In first twenty-four hours; give one to two drops every hour.

Belladonna 2X dil. (second day) after aconite; give same way.

Kali Bich 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets everyone to three hours when hoarseness is present.

CHRONIC LARYNGITIS.--Belladonna 3X dil.

Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form).

Phosphorus 3X dil.

[HOMEOPATHY 457]

CROUP.--Aconite 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water, and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes in alteration with Spongia 3X trit. (tablet form) one at a dose. If there is no fever the Spongia can be used alone. Cough is hard, rasping, barking, sawing.

Hepar sulph, 3X trit. (tablet form), This can be used in place of Spongia in light haired children. Cough may be a little looser than the spongia cough.

BRONCHITIS, ACUTE AND CHRONIC.--Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops, etc. One to two teaspoonfuls everyone to three hours in first stage for the fever, etc.

Belladonna 2X or 3X dil., etc., same. Chilly, dry throat and dry cough, soreness, and rawness beneath the breast bone, pain in the head.

Phosphorus 3X dil. etc, Constant cough, pressing feeling under breast bone, a little mucus expectorated.

Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet form), One tablet every four hours. Better for old people and chronic cases, when the cough is loose and much rattling from mucus. Also good in children for capillary bronchitis.

INFLUENZA.--Gelsemium 1X dil. generally at the beginning twenty-four hours one drop every hour.

Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat.

Phosphorus 3X dil. for bronchitis.

Bryonia 2X for the lungs.

WHOOPING-COUGH. (Pertussis).--Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. Ten drops in a glass half full of water and two teaspoonfuls given every one to three hours for sudden tight, violent cough, with sore throat, headache and nose bleed.

Cuprum Met. 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every hour, for the violent forms causing convulsions.

Hyoscyamus 1X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water; a dessertspoonful after each paroxysm until they get better. This is indicated when the paroxysms are frequent but not so violent, and when they are worse at night; no fever, mucus of a thick greenish color; and when the cough produces a sparkle or spots before the eyes.

PNEUMONIA, Inflammation of the Lungs.--Aconite 2X dil., etc. every hour for first twenty-four hours.

Bryonia 2X dil., etc. Given same way, when the patient lies quietly, hurts to move, stitching pain in chest when coughing and attended by a pain in the head. Goes well after Aconite. Aconite and Bryonia are frequently alternated every hour.

Phosphorus, 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet everyone to three hours. Tight cough, with little mucus.

[458 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PLEURISY, Inflammation of the Pleura.--Aconite 2X dil., etc., one to two teaspoonfuls every hour, for the chill and fever, dry hot skin, full bounding pulse, shortness of breath. First stage.

Byronia 2X dil. One to two teaspoonfuls every hour. Head aches as if it would split open, sharp stitching pain in the affected side. Constipation.

PLEURODYNIA, (Intercostal Neuralgia).--Belladonna 3X dil. Bryonia 2X dil.

ENDOCARDITIS.--Inflammation of inner lining of the heart.

Aconite 2X dil.

Spigelia 3X dil.

Cactus 3X dil.

ANGINA PECTORIS.--Cactus 2X dilution.

Spigelia 3X dil.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).

PALPITATION.--Aconite 2X dil. One drop. Arising from excitement.

Chamomilla 1X dil. and Nux Vomica 3X dil. (tablet form) caused from anger.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) for palpitation from indigestion.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. (light haired people).

PULSE INTERMITTENT.--Give digitalis, spigelia 2X dil. Gelsemium 2X dil.

VEINS VARICOSE.--Hamamelis locally is good.

Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form) for varicose ulcers.

SPLEEN, ENLARGEMENT.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) two tablets three times a day.

China 3X di!. Two drops four times a day.

Bryonia 2X dil. One drop four times a day. Worse on motion and on touch.

KIDNEY (NEPHRITIS). (Inflammation of the Kidneys).--Aconite 2X dil. Ten drops in a glass half full of water and two teaspoonfuls everyone to two hours, when there is much fever.

Belladonna 3X dil. can follow.

BRIGHT'S DISEASE.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet four times a day.

DIABETES MELLITUS.--Phosphoric acid 3X dil. Two drops four times a day.

Uranium nitrate 3X trit. (tablet form). One tablet three times a day.

[HOMEOPATHY 459]

CYSTITIS (Inflammation of the Bladder).--Acute and chronic. Aconite 2X dil. One drop everyone to two hours first twenty-four hours.

Cantharis 3X dil. For painful urination, and small amount; one to two drops every two hours.

RENAL CALCULI.--Sand in the urine. Lycopodium 30X trit. (tablet form). One tablet three times a day, for red sand.

Sarsaparilla 2X dil. Two drops three times a day for white sand.

Berberis Vulgaris (tincture). One drop four times a day for thick urine, pain in the back running down to the bladder.

HEMATURIA.--(Blood in the urine). Aconite 2X dil., etc., beginning, when there is fever.

Cantharis 3X dil. Ten drops every two hours. Urine pains in passing little at a time.

Terebinth 3X dil. When the urine has a good deal of blood in it.

RHEUMATISM.--Acute inflammatory. Aconite 2X dil. At first, and when new joints are attacked.

Belladonna 2X or 3X dil. When the parts throb and beat, and are swollen a bright red.

Bryonia 2x dil. Pains are cutting, lancinating. Worse on least motion and touch; better by rest.

Rhus tax 6X dil. Parts sore and stiff, but better, for a time, when moved a little. Opposite to Bryonia.

GOUT.--Aconite 2X dil. At first for the fever.

Colchicum 3X dil. every two hours.

For chronic and muscular Rheumatism; above remedies are good but given four times a day.

ERYSIPELAS.--Belladonna 3X dil. Bright red color, pain in head and eyes; full throbbing, bounding pulse.

Rhus tax 6X dil. When swelling is dark and in the form of vesicles.

Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form) for puffy swollen kind. Urine is generally light yellow color and lessened. Give a tablet generally every hour.

ACNE.--Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). When caused by menstruation in dark haired women.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blondes, and when caused by rich foods.

HIVES.--Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two tablets every two hours.

ITCH.--Sulphur 6X trit. (tablet form). One tablet four times daily and sulphur ointment.

[460 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

ECZEMA.--Graphites 6X trit. (tablet form).

Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form).

Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form).

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).

PEMPHIGUS.--Cantharis 3X dil. Dose every two hours.

PSORIASIS.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X tablet.

IMPETIGO.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form). Rhus tox 6X, Graphites 6X.

BOILS.--Belladonna 2X dil. Hepar sulph 3X tablets.

CARBUNCLE.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).

SCURVY.--Carbo Veg. 3X trit. (tablet form). Mercurius 3X tablet.

SCARLET FEVER.--Belladonna 3X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every two hours for usual kind.

Apis Mel. 2X trit. (tablet form). One to two every three hours when the kidneys secrete less and there is some dropsy.

MEASLES.--Aconite 2X dil. in the beginning.

Belladonna 3X dil. for sore throat, dry spasmodic cough, headache delirium.

Bryonia 2X dil. When lungs are sore and hurts much to cough.

CHICKEN POX.--Aconite 2X dil. for fever stage. Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). Tablet every three hours.

SMALL POX.--Aconite 2X dil. for fever. Tartar Emetic 3X trit. (tablet form). 2 Tablets every two hours after fever is low.

FEVER, INTERMITTENT, AGUE, ETC.--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).

Natrum Mur. 30X trit. (tablet form) especially after Quinine has failed.

INFANTILE REMITTENT FEVER.--Aconite 2X dil.

Belladonna 3X dil.

Mercurius 3X tablet.

INFLAMMATORY CONTINUED FEVER.--Aconite 2X dil. for the fever.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One every two to three hours for the stomach.

[HOMEOPATHY 461]

TYPHOID FEVER.--Gelsemium 1X dil. Ten drops in a half glass, etc., 2 teaspoonfuls every hour, generally good in beginning stage.

Arsenicum 3X. trit. (tablet form). One to two everyone to three hours, later when there is sunken countenance and eyes; dry, cracked, tongue, burning thirst, restless, burning and involuntary diarrhea.

Rhus tox 3X dil. Delirium, nose bleed, sordes on teeth, brown dry tongue, wants to change position often, muttering, drowsy sleep, picking at things.

YELLOW FEVER.--Tincture Camphor drop doses every hour followed by Belladonna and Arsenicum.

CONGESTION OF BRAIN.--Aconite 2X dil. Prepare, and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to two hours.

Belladonna 3X dil. Prepare and give one to two teaspoonfuls everyone to two hours. When head bounds and throbs much.

Bryonia 2X dil. Aggravated by motion; more fullness in the forehead; bilious temperament.

BRAIN, INFLAMMATION OF.--Aconite 2X dil. at beginning.

Belladonna 3X dil. This follows well after Aconite.

Chamomilla 2X. Good in teething children.

CORD, INFLAMMATION OF (Myelitis).--Aconite 2X dil. At beginning.

Belladonna 3X dil. and Bryonia 2X dil. following.

SPOTTED FEVER (Cerebro-Spinal Meningitis).--Aconite 2X dil.

Belladonna 3X dil.

Bryonia 2X dil.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form).

AP

OPLEXY.--Belladonna 3X dil. When arteries beat violently at first.

WATER ON THE BRAIN (Acute Hydrocephalus).--Helleborus nig. 3X dil.

HEADACHE (Cephalalgia).--Belladonna 3X dil. One to two drops every half hour until better. Pounding throbbing headache, eyes red, and pain.

Bryonia, 2X dil. same way. Stomach trouble, headache, worse on motion, in forehead, full forehead, bilious feeling.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). One to two every one-half to two hours. Begins in morning after eating, nausea, especially when from too much coffee, liquor, etc.

Gelsemium 2X dil. For nervous headache.

[462 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

SICK HEADACHE.--Bryonia 2X dil. Vomiting (bilious) worse from motion.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes with menstrual troubles.

Iris vers. 2X dil. Ten drops in water. Bilious sick headache, frequent nausea and vomiting.

Sanguinaria 2X dil. Ten drops, etc. Dose every fifteen minutes to an hour. Stomach sick headache. Nausea and vomiting of stomach material, sick waves from stomach to head.

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) for brunettes; bilious jaundiced appearance.

Spigelia 2X dil. Neuralgic headache, one sided, in one eye, heart palpitates.

CONVULSIONS, IN CHILDREN.--Belladonna 3X dil. Ten drops in a half glass of water, one teaspoonful every half hour to one hour. Flushed face with wandering look, half open, staring eyes.

Chamomilla 2X dil. Spasms during teething, screaming, tossing, restless sleep, irritable cross children.

Cina 1X dil. Two drops every half hour. When caused by worms.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form). When caused by indigestion from a hearty meal; constipated bowels.

ST. VITUS' DANCE (Chorea).--Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) emaciated, tired girls, weak.

Belladonna 3X dil. suited to rugged looking girls, with rush of blood to the head.

Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) constipated, stomach bad.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. For blonde girls, menstrual troubles.

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). For brunettes, menstrual troubles.

NEURITIS (Inflammation of the Nerves).--Aconite 2X dil. when caused from cold or congestion.

Belladonna 3X dil. sore to touch and movement.

Arnica 2X dil. when caused by injury,

Rhus tox ex trit. (tablet form) when caused by strain.

NEURALGIA or pain in the nerves, Tic douloreux infra-orbital. Facial, intercostal, sciatic, etc.

Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold, fever, hot dry skin.

Belladonna 3X dil. Beating throbbing pain, red parts, faceache, pain in the eyeballs, bright eyes.

Arsenicum 3X trit. tablet form. Periodical in character, burning pain, relieved temporarily by heat, aggravated by cold.

[HOMEOPATHY 463]

TOOTHACHE.--Aconite 2X dil. Fever, heat, and from cold or wet.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) when cold brings on a paroxysm or aggravates the pain.

Belladonna 3X dil. Throbbing pain, great in extent, aggravated by heat.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Hollow teeth, ulcerated, feel too long.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Persons of blonde type, menstrual troubles.

SCIATICA.--Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form). Pains better on motion, must move.

Bryonia 2X dil. must keep quiet.

Arsenicum 3X trit. (tablet form) restless, burning, shooting pains.

LUMBAGO.--Rhus tox 6X trit. (tablet form).

Bryonia 2X dil.

PALPITATION OF THE HEART.--Nux Vomica 3X trit. (tablet form) from over eating, drinking, sedentary life.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. Blondes who have menstrual troubles also when caused by fat greasy foods.

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). Brunette type, womb troubles.

EYES, Simple Inflammation of.--Aconite 2X dil. First stage.

Belladonna 3X dil. Second stage.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge.

EYES, weak and watery.--Ruta 3X dil. (may need glasses).

EYES, stye on lids. Pulsatilla 3X dil. Four times daily.

EARS, boils in the canal.--Belladonna 3X dil. hourly doses.

Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) when suppuration (pus formation) appears.

EAR, inflammation or.--Aconite 2X dil. First stage, followed by

Belladonna 3X tablet; then Hepar sulph. 3X trit. (tablet form) or

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form).

DISEASES OF WOMEN.

METRITIS, (inflammation of the womb)--Aconite 2X dil. followed by

Belladonna 3X dil. when the skin is moist.

Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form) when there is a thick discharge.

MENSES, suppression of.--Aconite 3X dil. when caused by cold.

Caulophyllum 3X dil. can alternate this with aconite every hour.

[464 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

OVARY, inflammation of.--Aconite 2X dil.

Apis Mel 2X trit. (tablet form). These can be alternated.

DYSMENORRHEA, Painful Menstruation.--Cocculus 2X dil. Put ten drops in a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every fifteen minutes.

Caulophyllum 3X dil. can be used if Cocculus fails.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. used in blondes.

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form) used in brunettes.

MENORRHAGIA (too much flow).--Sabina 3X dil. pains between sacrum and pubic bones most, bright red blood.

Ipecac 3X dil. especially when there is much nausea.

China 3X dil. especially when it is a chronic case.

WHITES, Leucorrhea. Pulsatilla 3X dil. In blondes.

Sepia 6X trit. (tablet form). In brunettes.

China 3X dil. When it follows loss of blood, long sickness, malaria, etc.

MUMPS.--Mercurius 3X trit. (tablet form). Tablet everyone to three hours.

Pulsatilla 3X dil. When it goes down. Give every hour.

NIGHT SWEATS.--China 2X dil. and Phosphoric acid 3X dil. These can be used alternately, giving each one three times a day.

[PATENT MEDICINES 463]

PATENT MEDICINES AND SECRET FORMULAE

About One Hundred and Twenty Medicines in Common Use, How to Prepare Them and Their Approximate Cost.

In giving the following recipes and formulae to the public, we wish to offer a word of explanation. Many, in fact, most of the above are the exact formulae. Others were secured from analysis by reliable institutions and you need entertain no doubt whatever as to their reliability as far as chemical analysis could determine their ingredients. Some of the patent medicines are changed a trifle from time to time to conform with the Pure Food Laws, etc. We can supply many others not in this list and will be pleased to do so to our subscribers at any time upon request.

ALLEN'S WORLD'S HAIR RESTORER.

Sulphur l-1/2 drams Plumbi Acetatis 2 drams Glycerin 3 ounces Water, flavored to make 6-1/4 ounces

Dissolve the plumbi acetatis in the water then add the glycerin and sulphur. Any aromatic water may be used for making the restorer.

The above amount would cost about 20 cents.

RELIEF FOR ASTHMA.

Powdered Lobelia 1 ounce Powdered Stramonium Leaves 1 ounce Powdered Saltpeter 1 ounce Powdered Black Tea 1 ounce

Mix and sift. Burn and inhale the fumes.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

ANTI-CONSTIPATION PAD.

Podophyllum 3 ounces Aloes, powdered 1/2 ounce Extract Colocynth compound, powdered 1/2 ounce Croton Oil 1 dram Oil of Sassafras 1 dram Black Root 1/2 ounce Lady's Slipper 1/2 ounce

Mix. Wear pad directly below pit of stomach.

The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

[466 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

BLOOD AND LIVER REGULATOR.

Potassii Iodidi 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Senna 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Stillingia 1/2 ounce Simple syrup to make 8 ounces

Dose: One teaspoonful three times daily.

This is conceded by all to be one of the finest combinations for regulating blood and liver known.

The above amount would cost about 75 cents.

AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL.

Acetate of Morphia 3 grains Tincture Sanguinaria 2 drams Wine Antimony 3 drams Wine Ipecac 3 drams Syrup Wild Cherry 3 ounces

Mix.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

SALVE FOR BOILS AND OLD SORES.

Rosin 1 ounce Beeswax 1 ounce Mutton Tallow 4 ounces Copper Acetate 1 dram

Melt the rosin, tallow and wax together, then add the copper acetate, stir until cool.

The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

AYER'S HAIR VIGOR.

Plumbi Acetate 3 drams Flowers of Sulphur 2 drams Glycerin 14 drams Water enough to make 1 quart

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

BURNS AND SCALDS.

Raw Linseed Oil 3 ounces Lime Water 3 ounces Acidi Carbolici 15 drops

This preparation for burns is used in all hospitals and is prescribed every day by the best physicians in the United States.

The above amount would cost about 20 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 467]

AYER'S SARSAPARILLA.

Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla 3 ounces Fluid Extract Queen's Root. 3 ounces Fluid Extract Rumex Crispus 2 ounces Fluid Extract Mandrake 2 ounces Sugar 1 ounce Iodide Potassium 90 grains Iodide Iron 10 grains

The above would cost about $1.00.

FOR AGUE, CHILLS AND FEVER.

Quinine 2 drams Tincture Chloride Iron 6 drams Simple Syrup 2 ounces Fowler's Solution Arsenic 128 drops Glycerin to make 8 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful three times a day in chronic ague.

The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

ROYAL CATARRH CURE.

Muriate of Berberine 0.65 parts Acidi Carbolici 1.35 parts Common Salt 98.00 parts Total (parts by weight) 100.00 parts

The above amount would cost about 15 cents.

FOR CATARRH OF LONG STANDING.

Menthol 10 grains Gum Camphor 10 grains Chloroform 10 drops Oil Petrolatum 8 ounces

This prescription is used by the most successful specialists and physicians. You can have this filled for about 25 cents and the aboline atomizer, which is used in administering the medicine, can be bought cheaply.

BARKER'S BONE AND NERVE LINIMENT FOR MAN OR BEAST.

Cures rheumatism, sprains, bruises, chilblains, etc. We have made an examination of the foregoing liniment and find it to be essentially a liquid petroleum product, containing large quantities of camphor and turpentine, and with smaller quantities of oil of tar and probably oil of thyme. The bottle is square and deeply paneled and holds two fluid ounces of a dark colored fluorescent liquid. The following formula, according to H. W. Snow, makes a preparation not to be easily distinguished from the original:

Camphor 70 grains Oil of Tar 1/2 fluid dram Oil of Thyme 1 fluid dram Oil Terebenthene 2 fluid drams Franklin Oil (Black oil, lubricating oil) sufficient to make 2 fluid ounces

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

[468 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CATARRH OINTMENT.

Eucalyptol 4 drops Terebene 8 drops Menthol 4 grains Cosmaline to make. 1 ounce

Mix. Good.

This ointment will cure any ordinary catarrhal trouble of the nasal cavities unless too far advanced.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

LAXATIVE BROMO-QUININE TABLETS.

Aloin 1/9 grain Podophyllin 1/9 grain Sodii Bicarbonatis 1 grain Quinine Sulphate 1 grain Acetanilid 2 grains

Mix. The above makes one capsule.

Would cost about 25 cents for 25 capsules.

CATHARTIC AND SURE CURE FOR CONSTIPATION.

Fluid Extract Rhamnus Purshiana 1 ounce Syrup Rhubarb 1 ounce Simple Syrup 2 ounces Mix.

Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day. Is a sure cure for constipation and the very best cathartic and laxative.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

BRINKERHOFF SYSTEM OF TREATING PILES AND OTHER DISEASES OF THE RECTUM.

There have been so many inquiries of late concerning the above treatment that we deem it a duty to tell our readers, as nearly as possible, of what the alleged specific treatment consists. The following is the Brinkerhoff secret pile remedy or injection:

Carbolic Acid 1 ounce Olive Oil 5 ounces Zinci Chloridi 8 grains

Mix.

The above amount would cost about 40 cents. Inject into the largest piles, eight drops; into the medium sized piles from four to six drops; into small piles from two to three drops; into club-shaped piles near the anal orifice two drops. He directs hot sitz baths for cases where violent pains follow an injection. He recommends an interval of from two to four weeks between each injection.

[PATENT MEDICINES 469]

COUGHS.

Hydrochlorate Ammonia 1 dram Syrup Pruni Virginani 1 ounce Syrup Squills 1 ounce Tincture Opii Camphor 1/2 ounce Syrup Tolu 1/2 ounce Syrup Rock Candy to make 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful every three to four hours.

This cough remedy is simple, but very effective remedy for coughs, such as are generally experienced after catching a severe cold. Keep bowels open with good cathartic.

The above amount would cost about 45 cents.

COLIC, CHOLERA AND DIARRHEA.

Laudanum 2 drams Oil Cloves 15 drops Oil Cassia 15 drops Compound Tincture Catechu 4 drams Alcohol to make 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful every ten minutes to produce vomiting.

This prescription is said to be one hundred years old, and has cured thousands of dysentery and diarrhea, as well as other bowel troubles.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

LYDIA PINKHAM'S COMPOUND.

High Cranberry Bark 1/2 pound Partridge Berry Vine 1/2 pound Poplar Bark 1/4 pound Unicorn Root 1/4 pound Cassia 1/4 pound Beth Root 3 ounces Sugar 3 pounds Alcohol 1 pint Water, sufficient quantity.

Reduce the six first named ingredients to Number Forty powder, add boiling water enough to cover, let stand till cold, and then percolate with water until two and one-half gallons of liquid are obtained. To this add the sugar, bring to a boil, remove from the fire, strain, and when cold add the alcohol.

The above amount would cost about $2.70 or about 40 cents per pint.

CROUP.

Powdered Alum 2 drams Honey Strained 1/2 ounce Syrup Simple 1 ounce Mucilage Acacia to make 2 ounces

Mix. Dose: Take one teaspoonful as required.

The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

[470 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

SMITH'S ELECTRIC OIL. Chloroform 1 ounce Sassafras Oil 2 ounces Linseed Oil 8 ounces Cotton Seed Oil 1 pint

Mix. The above, nearly two pints, would cost about 60 cents.

EARACHE.

Tincture Opium 1 dram Olive Oil 1/2 ounce Glycerin 1/2 ounce Mix.

This is another prescription you should have made up and keep on hand, as children are very subject to earache, especially in the winter.

The above amount would cost about 15 cents.

BULL'S BLOOD SYRUP.

Potas. Iodid 12 drams Red Iodide of Mercury 2 grains Tincture of Poke Root 3 drams Compound Syrup of Stillingia 6 ounces Simple Syrup to make 1 pint Mix.

The above, about three 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.25.

SORE EYES.

Acetate Lead 2 grains Sulphate Zinc 2 grains Glycerin 1 dram Pure Water 1 ounce

Mix. Good.

Drop a few drops in the eye, once or twice daily. For inflamed or granulated sore eyes there is no better remedy. The above would cost about 25 cents.

CALIFORNIA LINIMENT.

Tincture Myrrh 1 ounce Tincture Capsici 1 ounce Sweet Spirits Nitre 1 ounce Sulph. Ether 1 ounce Chloroform 1/2 ounce Tincture Arnica 1 ounce Oil Spearmint 2 drams Oil of Wintergreen 2 drams Oil Lobelia 1 dram Aqua Ammonia 1/2 ounce Alcohol to make 1 quart Mix.

The above, about four 8-ounce bottles, would cost about $1.50.

[PATENT MEDICINES 471]

CONSTIPATION.

Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce Fluid Extract Wahoo 1 ounce Neutralizing Cordial 2 ounces

Mix. Dose: One-half teaspoonful three times a day (more or less).

This prescription is one of Dr. John Pitzer's of St. Louis, dean of the faculty of the Missouri Medical College. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

CANCER PASTE.

I will tell you how I made it for the last twenty-three years. Take equal parts (by weight) of chloride of zinc, pulverized bloodroot, and wheat flour; mix well, add enough water to form a paste; spread the paste, just the size of the sore, on a rag and apply, put olive oil around the ulcer before applying, in order to protect the sound tissues. Leave the paste on as long as the patient can bear it. Then remove and if convenient apply a mild poultice or salve. In six or eight days the cancer will come out; if it leaves a smooth and healthy surface, all is well; if not, repeat the application until all diseased tissue is removed. This has never failed me, but remember that many so-called cancers are not cancers at all; then again, some are so malignant that this paste and all others will not cure, but all the cases I have had for twenty-three years were healed. One that I have on hand now, on the lower lip of a man thirty-four years old, is stubborn, but I hope it will finally yield. I will be pleased to furnish any further information in my power.--Jer. Hess, M. D., in Med. World.

Arsenic 2 ounces Sulphur 2 ounces Zinc Sulphate 2 ounces Rochelle Salts 2 ounces

Of each equal parts; add yolk of one egg, till of the consistence of paste; bake with slow heat, until dry, and then pulverize. When desired for use mix again with egg, and apply as paste or on cloth.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

COLIC IN INFANTS.

Dewee's Carminative 1 ounce

Dose: One week old, three to five drops; one month old, five to ten drops; three months old, ten to twenty drops. One ounce would cost about 15 cents.

[472 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

LOMBARD SECRET CANCER REMEDIES.

Dr. J. L. Horr says in Boston Medical and Surgical Journal: "Having without solicitation on my part, become possessed of the knowledge of the 'secret remedies' employed by the late Doctor Lombard, the 'famous cancer doctor' of Maine, I feel it my privilege, as a member of a scientific profession that has only for its object the advancement of knowledge and the relief of suffering to make a simple statement of the remedies and methods which were employed in the so-called 'treatment of cancer.' The remedy employed, if the cancer was small, was the inspissated juice of leaves of the phytolacca decandra (garget) which was applied in the form of a plaster until sloughing took place. The after treatment was some dressing like simple cerate. If the tumor had attained considerable size, Dr. Lombard first used a paste composed of chloride of zinc and pulverized sanguinaria until an eschar was produced and then the same plaster as before was applied until the mass sloughed away. The knowledge of these remedies was given to me by Dr. Lombard himself, while I was attending him during his last illness and a few days before his death."

CORNS.

Salicylic Acid 1 dram Muriate Ammonia 1 dram Acetic Acid 1/2 dram Lanoline 1 dram White Wax 1 dram Lard to make 1 ounce

Mix. Excellent remedy. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

CARTER'S LITTLE LIVER PILLS.

For headache, torpid liver, constipation, and the complexion take one pill every night. As a purgative take four to eight. Weight of twelve pills about seven and one-half grains of which probably two to two and one-half grains is sugar coating. They contain Podophyllin and aloes made into a pill and coated with sugar. On the above we deduce the following formula as closely resembling the original:

Podoph (resin) 1-1/2 grains Aloes (Socotrine) 3-1/2 grains Mucilage of Acacia sufficient

Mix; divide into twelve pills and coat with sugar.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

FOR DIARRHEA, FLUX AND DYSENTERY.

To one teaspoonful of Epsom Salts add eight drops of laudanum in one-fourth glass of water. An excellent medicine. The above amount would cost about 5 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 473]

CASTORIA.

Senna 4 drams Manna 1 ounce Rochelle Salts 1 ounce Fennel Seed 1-1/2 drams Sugar 8 ounces Oil of Wintergreen sufficient Boiling Water, enough to make 8 fluid ounces or a half-pint.

Pour the water over the ingredients, then cover and macerate until cool, after which strain, add the 8 ounces of sugar and dissolve by agitation; add enough oil of wintergreen for suitable flavoring.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

DYSPEPSIA TONIC.

Tincture Gentian Compound 2 ounces Tincture Rhubarb 2 ounces Tincture Ginger 1/2 ounce Essence Peppermint 2 drams Sodium Bicarbonate 1/2 ounce Water to make 8 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful after meals.

For acute cases of indigestion where the stomach and bowels are full and distended, or sour stomach and spitting up of food, this will relieve at once; and with continued use relieve entirely. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

MADAME RUPERT'S FACE BLEACH.

Analysis assigns the following composition to this cosmetic:

Corrosive Sublimate 1 grain Tincture of Benzoin 7 grains Water 10 ounces

Mix. The above amount would cost about 15 cents.

TO REMOVE BLOTCHES AND PIMPLES FROM THE FACE.

Acidi Carbolici 20 drops Powdered Borax 1 dram Listerine 1 ounce Alcohol 1 ounce Aqua Rose to make 8 ounces Mix.

For young ladies, this will prove more beneficial than any face preparation on the market. It is very refreshing and will remove black heads, tan and blemishes, leaving the skin clear and smooth. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

CHAMBERLAIN'S COLIC, CHOLERA, AND DIARRHEA REMEDY.

Tincture Capsici 2-1/2 ounces Tincture Camphor 2 ounces Tincture Guaicum 1-1/2 ounces

Mix. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

[474 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

FEMALE REGULATOR.

Carbonate Iron 1 ounce Tincture Gentian Compound 2 ounces Powdered Rhubarb 1/2 ounce Powdered Cinchona 1 ounce

Mix. Add to one pint Sherry Wine. Dose: Teaspoonful three to four times a day.

We warrant this to be one of the best tonics that can be procured for general female weaknesses.

The above amount exclusive of pint of sherry wine, would cost about 50 cents.

CUTICURA OINTMENT.

The much advertised "Cuticura Ointment" has been found to consist .of a base of petroleum jelly, colored green, perfumed with oil of bergamot and containing two per cent of carbolic acid. Four ounces would cost about 25 cents.

FLUX.

Prepared Chalk 2 drams Tincture Catechu 1/2 ounce Tincture Opii 1/2 ounce Aqua Cinnamon to make 8 ounces

Mix. Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful every three hours. For adults, only. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

CUTICURA RESOLVENT.

This preparation is said to be:

Aloes, Socot 1 dram Rhubarb Powdered 1 dram Potas. Iodidi 36 grains Spirits Frumenti 1 pint

Macerate over night and filter.

The above amount exclusive of whisky would cost about 15 cents.

FOR FEVER.

Quinia Sulp 50 grains Capsicum 6 grains

It will make twenty-five capsules. Mix. Dose: One every three hours.

This has been used for years. You should keep the bowels open to remove the cause. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 475]

ELY'S CREAM BALM.

This is a proprietary article, largely advertised in the Eastern states, and meets with rapid sales and is used for catarrh. The directions are to dip the little finger into the balm and insert up the nostrils giving two or three inhalations. It is as follows:

Thymol 3 grains Bismuth Carbonatis 15 grains Oil of Wintergreen 2 minims Vaselin to make 1 ounce

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

FOR SORE THROAT.

Listerine 2 ounces Glycerin 1/2 ounce Pure Water to make 4 ounces

Mix. Use as a gargle.

This will cure any ordinary case, but do not mistake sore throat for diphtheria. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

FELLOW'S HYPOPHOSPHITES.

Glucose 1 lb. Simple Syrup 1 pint Hypophosphite Calcium 128 grains Hypophosphite Potassium 48 grains Ferri Sulp 48 grains Sulphate Manganese 32 grains Sulphate Quinine 14 grains Sulphate Strychnine 2 grains Water sufficient

Dissolve the calcium and potassium hypophosphites in two fluid ounces of warm water. Add to one ounce of water, three fluid ounces of the syrup and dissolve in the mixture, by the aid of heat, the remainder of the salts. Mix the solutions and set by a few hours, covered, to deposit the sulphate of calcium which is formed. Filter into bottle containing the remainder of the syrup, wash the residue with an ounce of boiling water, mix filtrate and washings with the syrup; dissolve the glucose in the mixture, and add through the filter enough water to make two pints. The formula would be improved by substituting for the glucose, a refined extract of malt like that prepared by Gebe, in Germany. The proportion of the medicinal ingredients in the syrup it is true is small; I shall not warrant it to perform miracles of cure. It is simply offered as a substitute for Fellow's Hypophosphites; whatever therapeutic efficiency that nostrum has, we may count upon obtaining equally from this syrup.

The above, about four pints, would cost about $1.00.

GENERAL TONIC.

Citrate of Iron and Quinine 2 drams Simple Syrup 2 ounces Pure Water 2 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day.

This tonic is good to build up the system and to make rich, new blood. People who feel tired and do not rest well at night cannot use a better remedy.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

[476 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

GENUINE WHITE OIL LINIMENT.

Carbonate of Ammonium 19 drams Camphor 20 drams Oil of Turpentine 21 drams Oil of Origanum 20 drams Castile Soap 19 drams Water to make 1-1/2 pints

Mix. The above amount would cost about 60 cent.

HEADACHE.

Acetanilid 160 grains Citrate Caffein 1 dram Sodae Bicarbonatis 15 grains Tartaric Acid 5 grains Simple Elixir to make 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful half hour apart for two doses.

Two doses of this remedy will generally relieve any headache. Be careful of this. It is good but all these are sometimes dangerous. The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

GOOD SAMARITAN LINIMENT.

Oil of Sassafras 2 drams Oil of Hemlock 2 drams Spirits of Turpentine 2 drams Tincture of Capsicum 2 drams Tincture of Myrrh 1 ounce Laundanum 2 drams Oil of Origanum 2 drams Oil of Wintergreen 1 dram Gum Camphor 1/2 troy ounce Chloroform 3 drams Alcohol, to make 1 pint

Mix. The above amount, about twenty ounces, would cost about 90 cents.

HEARTBURN.

Tincture Nucis Vomicae 1 ounce

Dose: Take five drops three times a day before meals. This is good.

The above amount would cost about 15 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 477]

GRANDMOTHER'S OWN COUGH REMEDY.

One green paneled bottle contains seven and one-half fluid ounces of a brownish-yellow, semi-clear, very sweet, thickish liquid, of a tarry odor, and pronounced taste and smell of chloroform. From a close examination we have ascertained that an exactly similar preparation is easily made In the following way:

Rub well together:--

Liquid Tar 5 grains Fluid Extract Hemlock 1 fluid dram Powdered White Sugar 2 ounces av.

and add

Alcohol 1/2 fluid ounce Aquae 1-1/2 fluid ounces Molasses 3 ounces av. Fluid Extract Ipecac 8 minims

Mix well and add finally

Chloroform 1 fluid dram

Mix. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

HEART DISEASES, FLUTTERING, PALPITATION, ETC.

Tincture Digitalis 2 drams Elixir Valerian 1 ounce Simple Syrup to make 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful at once. In ten minutes another, and afterward every four hours for twenty-four hours or less.

When there is fluttering or palpitation of the heart, do not get excited but use the above, it is the best thing you can use in this trouble.

The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

GREEN MOUNTAIN SALVE.

Resin 1 pound Burgundy Pitch 1 ounce Beeswax 1 ounce Mutton Tallow 1 ounce Oil of Hemlock 2 drams Balsam Fir 2 drams Oil Origanum 2 drams Oil of Red Cedar 2 drams Venice Turpentine, 2 drams Oil Wormwood 1/2 dram Copper Acetate 2 drams

Melt the first articles together, and add the oils; having rubbed up the copper acetate with a little oil, put it in with the other articles, stirring well; then put into cold water and work until cold enough to roll.

The above amount, over thirty-six ounces, would cost about 50 cents.

IRON TONIC BITTERS.

Elixir Calisay and Iron 4 ounces Alcohol 1 ounce Pure Water 2 ounces Syrup Simple 1 ounce

Mix. Dose: One teaspoonful four times a day.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

[478 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

GUNN'S RHEUMATIC LINIMENT.

Oleum Olivi 1 ounce Oil Cedar 1 ounce Oil Amber 1 ounce

Take camphor gum one-half ounce; rub in a mortar with alcohol or sulphuric ether till pulverized, and while damp add

Oleum Olivi 1/2 ounce Turpentine 1/2 ounce Laudanum 1/2 ounce

After which add the first three articles. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

ITCH OINTMENT.

Lac. Sulphur 160 grains Naphthaline 10 grains Oil Bergamot 4 drops Cosmoline 1 ounce This is good.

Rub Lac. Sulphur into fine powder, sift it into the melted cosmoline and stir until nearly cool, then add napthaline and oil bergamot. Stir until cool.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

HAINES'S GOLDEN SPECIFIC FOR OPIUM HABIT.

Myrica Cerif 8 ounces Ginger Powdered 3 ounces Capsicum, powdered 1/2 ounce Mix. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

KIDNEY AND LIVER CURE.

Fluid Extract Cascara Sagrada 1 ounce Fluid Extract Uva Ursi 1 ounce Fluid Extract Buchu 1 ounce Tincture Gentian Compound 1/2 ounce Syrup Simplicis to make 16 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times daily or less dose if bowels move too freely.

The above amount would cost about 80 cents.

DR. B. W. HAIR'S ASTHMA CURE:

Potassii Iodidi 1 ounce Tar Water 16 fluid ounces Carmel sufficient to color light brown or about 30 grains

The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 479]

LINIMENT.

Chloroform 3 drams Oil Cloves 1 dram Tincture Opii 1 ounce Oil Sassafras 2 drams Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 2 drams Alcohol to make 6 ounces Mix. This is excellent.

This liniment is for household use; in sprains, bruises, cuts, and bites from insects it cannot be excelled. It is a very fine liniment to keep on hand.

The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

HALL'S HAIR RENEWER.

Sulphur Precipitated 1/2 dram Lead Acetate 1/2 dram Sodium Chloride 1 dram Glycerin 4 ounces Bay rum 1 ounce Jamaica rum 2 ounces Water enough to make 8 ounces

The above amount, nearly pint, would cost about 35 cents.

LINIMENT.

Camphor Gum 1/2 ounce Tincture of Capsid 1/2 ounce Oil of Turpentine 1/4 ounce Water Ammonia, U. S. P 5 ounces Alcohol enough to make 12 ounces

Dissolve camphor gum and turpentine in alcohol and add balance of ingredients. Do not use internally. The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

HAMBURG DROPS.

Powdered Socotrine Aloes 1-1/2 ounces American Saffron 1/2 ounce Tincture Myrrh 16 ounces

Macerate for fourteen days and filter through paper.

The above amount would cost about $1.00.

LIVER PILLS.

Aloin 5 grains Podophyllin 10 grains Capsicum Powder 5 grains Extract Nux Vomica 10 grains Henbane 1 grain

Mix. Make fifty pills. Dose: Take one or two at night.

This little pill is one which you can always depend on and in old chronic cases, torpid liver and constipated bowels, these pills if kept up will make a permanent cure. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

[480 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HAMLIN'S WIZARD OIL.

Alcohol 1 pint Gum Camphor 1 ounce Oil Sassafras 1/2 ounce Tincture Myrrh 1/2 ounce Tincture Capsicum 1/2 ounce Chloroform 1/2 ounce Mix.

I consider this recipe as harmless (and useful too) as Hamlin's famous Wizard Oil, and I believe it is as perfect an analysis as we can get.

The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

NEW YORK SUN CHOLERA CURE.

Essence Peppermint 1 ounce Laudanum 1 ounce Tincture Rhei 1 ounce Tincture Camphor 1 ounce Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful every ten minutes for three doses if necessary.

This preparation has a national reputation, and is certainly the very best preparation you could keep on hand for immediate relief from cramps, colic, and diarrhea, and no family should be without it. This preparation alone is worth the price of the book.

The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

HINKLEY'S BONE LINIMENT.

Oil of Wormwood 40 minims Oil of Hemlock 2 drams Oil of Thyme 2 drams Oil of Turpentine 4 drams Fluid Extract Capsicum 1 dram Alcohol to make 4 ounces Mix. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

NERVOUSNESS.

Tincture Chloride of Iron 1 ounce Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 1 ounce Compound Spirits Lavender l ounce

Mix. Good when run down. Dose: Fifteen drops four times a day.

People suffering from nervousness, fainting spells or shortness of breath, can obtain relief from a few doses of this medicine. The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 481]

HOLLOWAY'S OINTMENT.

The formula for this preparation is said to be:

Yellow Wax 2-1/2 drams White Wax 2-1/2 drams Terebinth 6 drams Lard 13 drams Sweet Oil 19 drams

Mix. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

NEURALGIA.

Acetanilid 160 grains Sodium Bicarbonate 15 grains Tartaric Acid 5 grains Simple Elixir 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful at a dose. Should not take more than two doses. Shake bottle. The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

KELLOG'S RED DROPS.

Spirits of Camphor 1 ounce Spirits of Origanum 1 dram Oil of Sassafras 1 dram Oleum Terebinth 2 drams Color Tincture (about) 2 ounces Mix. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

PAIN KILLER-EXTERNAL.

Chloroform 3 drams Tincture Opii 3 drams Tincture Camphor 3 drams Aromatic Spirits Ammonia 3 drams Spirits Vini Gallici 4 ounces

Mix. Do not use internally. Good liniment.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

KICKAPOO INDIAN OIL.

Camphor Gum 1/2 ounce troy Oil Turpentine 1 fluid dram Oil Peppermint 1/2 fluid dram Oil of Wintergreen 1/2 fluid dram Tincture Capsicum 1/2 fluid ounce Alcohol sufficient to make 1 pint

The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

POISON OAK AND IVY.

Zinci Oxide 1 dram Bismuth Sub. Nit. 1 dram Carbolic Acid 10 drops Glycerin 2 ounces

Mix. This is excellent. There are a number of remedies, but this is the best known for poison oak. The above amount would cost about 20 cents.

[482 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

RHEUMATISM, INTERNAL USE.

Iodide Potash 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Phytolacca Decandra 1 ounce Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla to make 8 ounces

Mix. For Chronic Rheumatism.

This is the oldest rheumatism remedy known. Rheumatism being a blood disease, requires constitutional treatment. The above amount would cost about 80 cents.

MITCHELL'S EYE SALVE.

Saxoline Snow White 175 grains White Wax 65 grains Zinc Oxide 22-1/2 grains Oxide of Mercury 2-1/2 grains Oil of Lavender 5 drops

Melt the white wax and saxoline together, and stir constantly while cooling. As soon as the mass begins to solidify incorporate the oxides and oil of lavender.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

SCROFULA.

Iodide Potash 192 grains Fluid Extract Queen's Root 1 ounce Fluid Extract Prickly Ash Bark 1/2 ounce Fluid Extract Yellow Dock 1 ounce Compound Syrup Sarsaparilla 8 ounces

Mix. Dose: Teaspoonful four times a day.

We do not claim this remedy will cure every case of scrofula, but will give relief, and if continued for several weeks will generally produce a cure. The above amount would cost about 75 cents.

MOTHER SIEGEL'S SYRUP.

Conc. Decoction of Aloes (1 to 4) 60.0 m. Borax 1.3 gm. Capsicum, Powdered 0.13 gm. Gentian, Powdered 2.3 gm. Sassafras Oil 0.3 gm. Wintergreen Oil 0.12 gm. Rectified Spirits 7.5 gm. Fluid Extract Taraxici 7.5 gm. Syrup 125. gm.

The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

SCALD HEAD.

Acidi Boracici 2 drams Salol 2 drams Balsam Peru 1 dram Carbolic Acid 20 drops Vaselin 1 ounce Lanoline 2 ounces

Mix. This is excellent. First wash the head thoroughly with castile soap and apply morning and night. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 483]

PATTERSON'S EMULSION OF PUMPKIN SEEDS.

Patterson's Emulsion of Pumpkin Seeds is said to be a good emulsion for expelling tapeworms. Take two ounces of pumpkin seeds, peel and pound to a paste with sugar, then add by degrees eight fluid ounces of water, the whole to be taken in two or three draughts at short intervals. The above amount would cost about 25 cents or less.

TAPE WORM.

Powdered Kamalia 3 drams Syrup Simple 3 ounces

Mix. This is very good. Two doses of this mixture hardly ever fails to bring the worm. Give oil and turpentine two hours after the last dose.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

SOUTHERN CHOLERA CURE.

Tincture Laudanum or Opii 1 ounce Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce Spirits Camphor 1 ounce Chloroform 180 minims Alcohol to make 5 ounces

Mix. Dose: One-half to one teaspoonful fifteen minutes apart for two doses or one-half to one teaspoonful every four hours. The above would cost about 40 cents.

PARRY'S COMPOUND SARSAPARILLA BLOOD PURIFIER.

Turkey Corn Root 1/4 lb. Stillingia Root 1/4 lb. Sarsaparilla Root 1/4 lb. Yellow Dock Root. 1/4 lb. Sassafras Bark 2 ounces Simple Syrup 1 qt. Diluted Alcohol 4 ounces. Iodide of Potassa 1/4 lb. Water sufficient

Percolate roots and bark with diluted alcohol, add syrup, then iodide of potassa. Dissolve in water to make 6 gallons. The above amount, six gallons, would cost about $2.00.

TOOTHACHE.

Gum Camphor 1 grain Chloral Hydrate 1 grain Oil of Cloves 2 drams Chloroform to make 1 ounce

Mix. Put on some cotton and put around the tooth. No physician can give a better prescription for toothache than this.

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

[484 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PERRY DAVIS'S PAIN KILLER.

Gum Myrrh 7-1/5 ounces Cayenne Pepper 2 ounces Gum Opium 1-3/5 ounces Gum Benzoin 1-1/5 ounces Gum Guaiac 3/5 ounce Gum Camphor 2 ounces Alcohol enough to make 1 gallon

The above amount would cost about $3.50 or 45 cents per pint.

WHOOPING COUGH.

Extract Belladonna 1 grain Powdered Alum 1/2 dram Mucilage Acacia 1 ounce Syrup Scillae 1/2 ounce Syrup Simple to make 4 ounces

Mix. Dose: Ten drops to use for whooping cough. It has been in use for years and some of our best doctors employ it in their practice. The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

BRODIE'S LINIMENT FOR ASTHMA.

Oil of Queen's Root 4 drams Oil of Cajeput 2 drams Oil of Lobelia 1 dram Alcohol 1 ounce

Mix. Bathe the chest and throat three times a day. The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

JOHNSON'S LINIMENT.

Chloroform 4 drams Sulph. Ether 4 drams Oil Spearmint 2-1/2 drams Oil of Wintergreen 2-1/2 drams Tincture Myrrh 1 ounce Tincture Capsicum 1 ounce Tincture Arnica 1 ounce Water of Ammonia 2 ounces Alcohol enough to make 32 ounces

Mix. The above amount would cost about $1.10.

SAGE'S CATARRH REMEDY.

Powdered Hydrastis Canadensis 1 ounce Powdered Borax 10 grains Sodium Chloride 10 grains Ferro-cyanuret of Iron sufficient to color

Mix. The above is the formula of Dr. Sage, and sold by him to Dr. Pierce, of New York, for $500.00. The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 485]

SAUL'S CATARRH REMEDY.

Tincture of Benzoin Compound 1 ounce Tincture of Tolu 1 ounce Chloroform 1/2 dram Sulphuric Ether 1/2 dram Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia 4 drams Oil of Tar 1/2 dram Rectified Spirits 2-1/2 ounces

Mix. Use with Cutler's Inhaler. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

SEVEN SUTHERLAND SISTERS' HAIR GROWER.

Stearns' Bay Rum 7 fluid ounces Dist. Extract of Witch-Hazel 9 fluid ounces Sodium Chloride 1 dram Hydrochloric Acid (5 per cent) 1 drop Magnesia sufficient

Mix the bay rum and distilled extract of witch-hazel, and shake with a little magnesia; filter, and in the filtrate dissolve the salt and add the hydrochloric acid. The agitation with magnesia causes the preparation to assume a yellow color; but by rendering it very slightly acid, with one drop of five per-cent hydrochloric acid, this color all disappears. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

SKINNER'S DANDRUFF MIXTURE.

Hydrate of Chloral 1 dram Glycerin 4 drams Bay Rum 16 drams

The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

ST. JACOB'S OIL.

Gum Camphor 1 ounce Chloral Hydrate 1 ounce Chloroform 1 ounce Sulp. Ether 1 ounce Laudanum 1/2 ounce Oil Origanum 1/2 ounce Oil Sassafras 1/2 ounce Alcohol enough to make 1 gallon

Mix. The above amount, eight pints, would cost about $2.25 or 30 cents per pint.

SYRUP OF FIGS.

Senna Leaves 7 ounces Coriander Seed 3 ounces Figs 12 ounces Tamarind 9 ounces Cassia Pulp 9 ounces Prunes 6 ounces Glycyrrhizae 3/4 ounce Essence Peppermint 3/4 ounce Syrup Simple, to make 1/2 gallon

The formula omits directions; but probably a water extract should be made of the drugs, so as to measure about four pints, and in this dissolve eight pounds of sugar to make the syrup. The above amount, four pints, would cost about $1.00.

[486 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

THOMAS'S ELECTRIC OIL. Gum Camphor 1 dram Oil Wintergreen 1 dram Oil Origanum 1 dram Chloroform 2 drams Tincture Opium 2 drams Oil Sassafras 2 drams Oil Hemlock 2 drams Oil Turpentine 2 drams Balsam fir 2 drams Tincture Guaiacum 2 drams Tincture Catechu 2 drams Alcohol, to make 1 pint Alkanet sufficient to color

Mix. The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

KELLY'S TONIC.

Tincture Nux Vomica 2 drams Dilute Nitro-hydrochloric Acid 3 drams Compound Tincture Cinchona 1-1/2 ounces Compound Tincture Gentian 3 ounces

Mix. Dose: Two drams in water three times a day.

The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

VAN BUSKIRK'S FRAGRANT SOZODONT.

The following formula may be regarded as making an article identical with the original in all essential features:

Alcohol 1 fluidounce Water 1-1/4 fluidounces Soap 120 grains Oil of Gaultheria 2 minims Red Sanders sufficient

Dissolve the soap in the mixture of alcohol and water; add the color, perfume with oil of wintergreen, add enough water to make the fluid measure three ounces.

The above amount would cost about 15 cents.

The following is suggested as a similar article to the Fragrant Sozodont powder, which accompanies the liquid.

Infusoria1 Earth 40 grains Orris Root 125 grains Precipitated Chalk 200 grains To make 365 grains

Perfume very tightly with Oil of Cloves. The above amount would cost about 10 cents.

[PATENT MEDICINES 487]

WATT'S ANTI-RHEUMATIC PILLS.

Powdered Aloes 4 drams Powdered Gamboge 4 drams Powdered Hellebore 2 drams Powdered Guaiac 1/2 dram Hydrargyrum Chlorid Mite 1/2 dram Precip. Sulphide of Antimony 15 grains Oil of Cloves 1/2 fluid dram Soap 1 dram Spirits of Camphor. sufficient

Mix. Make into five-grain pills. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

WHITE'S COUGH SYRUP. Syrup Tolutani 4 drams Glycerini 8 drams Hive Syrup 12 drams Syrup Ipecacuanhae 12 drams Tincture Lobelia 12 drams Tincture Opii Camphor 12 drams Extract Pilocarpi Fluid 4 drams Ammonia Chloridi 2 drams

Mix. Dose: Take a teaspoonful three times during the day, and every hour or two before going to bed. The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

EDWARD'S ALTERATIVE AND TONIC BITTERS.

Fluid Extract of Hops 2 ounces Fluid Extract of Red Cinchona 2 ounces Fluid Extract Sarsaparilla 6 drams Fluid Extract Golden Seal 6 drams Fluid Extract of Podophyllum 4 drams Oil of Wintergreen 6 drams Oil Sassafras 3 drams Oil of Peppermint 2 drams Oil of Lemon 2 drams Sugar 12 ounces Alcohol 1 quart Water enough to make 6 quarts

The above amount would cost about $1.75.

HARTER'S WILD CHERRY BITTERS.

Wild Cherry Bark 1 ounce Yellow Cinchona Bark 1 dram Orange Peel 2 drams Cardamon Seed 1 dram Wild Ginger 1/2 dram Alcohol Dilute 12 ounces Honey 2 ounces Syrup 2 ounces

Percolate the drugs in moderately fine powder, with the dilute alcohol and when six pints are obtained add the honey and syrup.

The above amount would cost about 40 cents.

[488 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

HAMBURG BREAST TEA.

Marshmallow Flowers 2 ounces Glycrrhiza Root 6 drams Iris Florentina 2 drams Coltsfoot 1 ounce Mullein Flowers 1/2 ounce Anise Seed 1/2 ounce

Mix. The above amount would cost about 25 cents.

PAINE'S CELERY COMPOUND.

Celery Seed 2 ounces Red Cinchona Officinalis 1 ounce Orange Peel 1/4 ounce Coriander Seed 1/4 ounce Lemon Peel 1/4 ounce Hydrochloric Acid 15 min. Alcohol 5 fluid ounces Glycerin 3 fluid ounces Water 4 fluid ounces Syrup 4 fluid ounces

Grind the solids to No 40 power, mix the acid and the water, add the glycerin and alcohol, and in the menstruum so prepared macerate the powder for twenty-four hours; then percolate, adding enough alcohol and water in the proportion given to make twelve fluid ounces. Finally add the syrup, and, if necessary, filter. The above amount would cost about 60 cents.

RADWAY'S PILLS.

Aloes 4 parts Jalap 2 parts Zingiber 2 parts Myrrh 2 parts

Make into a mass with mucilage and divide into two grain pills, of which about four dozen are put into each box. The above amount would cost about 35 cents.

BRITISH OIL.

Petroleum 1 ounce Oil Juniper 1 dram Oil of Terebinth 1 ounce Oil Amber 4 ounces Linseed Oil 12 ounces

Mix. The above amount would cost about 50 cents.

PIERCE'S COMPOUND EXTRACT OF SMARTWEED.

Smartweed 10 drams Alcohol 6 ounces Water 2 ounces Camphor 22-1/2 grains Oil of Hemlock 30 drops Oil of Sassafras 30 drops

Extract the smartweed with the alcohol and water and to the liquid obtained add the camphor and oils. The above amount would cost about 30 cents.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 491]

WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT.

I CAUSES, SYMPTOMS AND TREATMENT OF DISEASES OF WOMEN, With Advice regarding the Health of YOUNG WOMEN AND GIRLS

II OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY INCLUDING NURSING THROUGH PREGNANCY AND CONFINEMENT; PREPARATION, DIET, CARE OF CHILD, ETC., ETC.

"Sickness is the vengeance of nature for the violation of her laws,"--C. Simmons.

Our busy life, our manner of dress, with all its attending demands are causing havoc with the health of women who are under its terrible strain. The number of women undergoing operations in our public and private hospitals from day to day bears witness to the ravages of the strenuous social life and mute testimony of the neglect of the laws of nature. Good health is the fruition of eternal vigilance and a blessing that money cannot buy. The conduct and health of our women represents the life of our nation; individually, in a measure at least, health governs the happiness of the home. Steele says: "All a woman has to do in this world is contained within the duties of a daughter, a sister, a wife, and a mother." But how many girls grow to womanhood untaught; enter wifehood in ignorance, and assume motherhood wholly unprepared for the duties that are thrust upon her. It would be out of place in a work of this nature, a family table book, to take up all the questions involved in such a subject; we can only leave with you a word of warning. Before puberty the girl should be taught to lead a life that will make her strong and healthy to prepare her for the coming strain upon her system. Once she has reached puberty parents should remember, above all things, that HEALTH is far more important than high grades in school. Do not offer prizes for high marks and otherwise add to the pressure of the present school system. Relieve her of worry, do not add to it. A cheerful mind, plenty of fresh air and sunshine is more important at this period than school work. We have paid special attention to "Causes" in this department; may we ask you, Mother and Daughter, to read "CAUSES" of disease and thus render unnecessary in later life, drugs, medicines, headache tablets and, perhaps, operations.

[490 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

The Pelvis. It is so called from its resemblance to a basin, is stronger and, more massively constructed than either the skull or chest cavity; it is a bony ring, interposed between the lower end of the spine, which it supports, and the lower extremities, upon which it rests. It is composed of four bones, the two innominated, (nameless), which bound it on either side and in front, and the Sacrum and Coccyx, which complete it behind. Further description will be given in the department of Obstetrics. The cavity of the pelvis contains the bladder, the rectum, and some of the generative organs peculiar to each sex and some windings of the small intestine; they are partially covered by the peritoneum (lining membrane of the abdominal cavity).

Anatomy of the Female Genital Organs.--The external genital organs, to which the term vulva is usually given, consist of the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, meatus urinarius, hymen, fossa navicularis, fourchette and perineum.

Mons Veneris.--This is a rounded eminence surmounting the pubic bones, and is composed of fatty tissue, covered by skin and hair.

The Labia Majora.--There are two more or less prominent longitudinal folds of cutaneous (pertaining to the skin) tissue, covered by hair and mucous membrane, which is continuous with the mucous membrane of the genital organs and urinary tract. They join at each extremity, forming the anterior and posterior commissures (uniting together). Between the posterior commissure (union) and the margin of the bowel is a space of about an inch in extent, the Perineum. It is important to remember this part, for it is often torn in labor, to a greater or less extent.

The labia are the analogue of the scrotum in the male.

The Labia Minora.--These are two smaller folds situated within the labia majora, extending from the clitoris, downward and outward for about one and one-half inches on each side of the vaginal opening. At their convergence at the clitoris each lip (labium) divides into two folds and these surround the glans (clitoris) forming its covering (prepuce) above and the bridle (frenum) below. These lips (labia) are composed of mucous membrane covered by a thin epithelial layer. They contain a network of vessels and numerous large mucous crypts (small sacs or follicles) which secrete a quantity of (fatty) matter.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 491]

The Clitoris.--This is an erectile structure, the analogue anatomically of the cavernous body of the penis, and is an elongated organ partially covered by the anterior extremities of the labia minora and connected on each side with the rami (slender process of the bone) of the pubic bones and the ischia (two bones) by a band. The clitoris is surmounted by a small tubercle (a small nodule) of spongy erectile tissue, the "glans clitoris," Two cavernous bodies of erectile tissue enclosed in dense fibrous tissue compose the body of the organ.

The Vestibule.--This is the smooth surface of triangular form situated between the clitoris and the entrance to the vagina. The labia minora bound it on either side. It contains the opening of the urethra.

The Hymen is a thin fold of mucous membrane of half moon in shape (semi-lunar) and is spread across the lower opening of the vagina.

The Glands of Bartholin are small oblong bodies, two in number, situated on each side of the commencement of the vagina above the deep fascia band like tissue. Each gland has a single duct and by this duct opens the inner surface of the adjacent labia minoris just external to the hymen. They are made up of mucous glands and a colorless tenacious fluid is secreted by them, which lubricates the vagina. These glands sometimes become diseased. Hence the description.

The Vagina.--This is a membranous canal and extends from the vulva to the uterus (womb) and connects the external and internal organs of generation. It is four to six inches in length, the anterior wall being from one to two inches shorter than the posterior. It lies in the cavity of the pelvis in front of the rectum, behind the bladder and follows first the line of axis of the cavity of the pelvis, and afterwards the axis of the outlet.

The vagina consists of an internal mucous lining (membrane) continuous above with the mucous membrane lining the womb and below with the covering of the labia majora. The next covering (inward) is a muscular coat consisting of two layers--an external longitudinal and an internal circular. There is a layer of erectile tissue between the muscular coat and mucous lining. The lower end of the vagina is surrounded by a band of striped muscular fibers comprising the sphincter muscle of the vagina (sphincter vagina).

The internal organs of generation, more commonly called the pelvic organs. These comprise the womb, fallopian tubes and ovaries.

[492 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

The womb is the organ of pregnancy, and receives the fruitful egg (ovum), supports it during its development and expels it at the time of labor (parturition). In form it is pear-shaped, weighs from 12 drams to 3 ounces and is situated in the pelvic cavity, between the bladder and the rectum, with its base upwards and its apex, smaller end downward. Its upper broad extremity is called the fundus--base of the organ, and the lower, constricted, narrowed portion is called the Cervix (neck or constricted portion). The body of the womb gradually becomes narrower from the fundus to the Cervix.

Its anterior surface is covered on its upper three-quarters by the peritoneum, while the lower fourth is connected with the bladder. The peritoneum covers the whole of the posterior surface. The womb is held up (suspended) in the pelvis by ligaments; two anterior, womb and bladder (utero-vesical), two posterior, womb-sacral (utero-sacral), two lateral broad ligaments, and two round ligaments. The womb sacral (utero-sacral) which holds the womb well up in the hollow of the sacrum and the round ligaments which keep the womb well forward enter most actively into the support of the womb. The round ligaments are strong muscular fibrous cords and serve to hold the womb forward. When pregnancy exists they increase in size with the womb, and keep the fundus forward in its excursion upwards into the abdominal cavity, and after confinement, become smaller with the womb, guiding the womb back again to its regular position. The broad ligaments are little more than reflection of the peritoneum serving to support the vessels that nourish, as they go to and from the womb.

The womb has three coats, enclosing a central cavity. This cavity of the womb is small by comparison with the size of the organ and it communicates with the Fallopian tubes by two minute openings at each side of the body, and with the vagina below, through the mouth or opening of the womb.

The external coat of the womb is called servos, derived from the peritoneum; the middle or muscular coat, which forms the chief substance of the womb, consists of bundles of unstripped muscular fibers intermixed, with loose connective tissue, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves; the internal or mucous coat is continuous through the fringed extremity of the fallopian tubes, with the peritoneum, and through the mouth of the womb (os uteri) with the mucous membrane of the vagina. This mucous membrane is lined in the body of the womb by epithelium arrayed in columns (Columnar Epithelium) which loses its ciliated (eye-lash) movement character during pregnancy. In the lower half of the Cervix, the epithelium (this kind of cell lines all canals having communication with the external air) is of the stratified (arranged in layers) variety. The appendages of the womb are the fallopian tubes, the ovaries and their ligaments and the round ligaments. The fallopian tubes convey the ova (eggs) from the ovaries to the cavity of the womb. They are two in number, one on each side, situated in the free border of the broad ligaments and extend from each horn, an excrescence of the womb that looks like a horn, of the womb outward to the sides of the pelvis; each is about five inches in length, and has a small canal beginning at the womb in a very small opening called the internal mouth (ostium internum). This canal gradually widens to its ending, the abdominal mouth (ostium abdominal) by which it communicates with the peritoneal cavity, the timbrae. A series of fringe-like processes surround this mouth or opening and this farther end is known as the fimbriated extremity. The tube has three coats, serous or external or peritoneal; the middle or muscular, continuous with that of the womb, and an internal or mucous coat continuous also with the lining of the womb and peritoneum (covered with ciliated Columnar Epithelium).

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 493]

The Ovaries.--They are analogues, anatomically, of the testes in the male. They are two egg-shaped bodies situated one on each side of the womb on the posterior aspect of the broad ligament, below and behind the fallopian tubes; each is connected by its anterior margin to the broad ligament; internally to the womb by the ovarian ligament, externally to the fringe-like extremity of the fallopian tubes by a short cord-like ligament. They are white in color; about one and one-half inches long, three-quarters of an inch wide and one-third of an inch thick and weigh about two drams each.

The ovarian ligament extends from the inner side of the ovary to the superior angle of the (Uterus) womb. The round ligaments, two in number, are about five inches long and are situated between the layers of the broad ligament, one on each side of the womb in front and below the fallopian tube. They pass forward and outward from the womb through the internal abdominal ring, along the groin canal and out at the external abdominal ring.

I have given a lengthy description of these organs; I think it will repay a careful reading. To understand a disease one should understand the organs that are subject to the disease.

CAUSES OF DISEASES OF WOMEN.

Dr. Child says among primitive people, woman is notoriously free from many of the diseases to which her sister in our present-day civilization is especially prone. As we ascend the scale of civilization, departing from a natural and adopting an artificial mode of life we find nature enacts due penalties for the transgression of her laws. The female among savage tribes has every advantage and opportunity to develop physical perfection, and her endurance suffers little, if any, by comparison with the male. How different is our modern system when the young girls are sent early to school and subjected daily to long hours of study, often in badly ventilated class-rooms, for nine months in the year, and this at the time of puberty, one of the most important periods of their life when they need plenty of out-door exercise. Surely, as Goodell says, "If woman is to be thus stunted and deformed to meet the ambitious intellectual demands of the day, if her health must be sacrificed upon the altar of her education, the time may come when to renew the worn out stock of the Republic it will be necessary for our young men to make matrimonial excursions into lands where educational theories are unknown."

[494 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Menstruation.--Many of the disorders of menstruation are due to carelessness and neglect of this function. There should be rest of both body and mind at this time, and especially at puberty. Rest is seldom allowed, but the daily routine is gone through, regardless of what may happen.

Dress.--The way the abdomen is now constricted, and this is now a prominent feature of women's mode of dress, is without doubt an important predisposing cause in female diseases. This contraction of the normal size of the cavity of the abdomen, with the subsequent compression and displacement of its organs, must of necessity produce dynamic (powerful) changes in the pelvis that cannot be otherwise than injurious to the pelvic organs. Tight lacing or any lacing, aside from the remote effects so unnatural a practice must produce, causes marked atrophy (dwindling) of the abdominal muscles. These are often so weakened that during labor they cannot properly assist the uterus (womb) in effecting delivery, and as a result instrumental interference, with its attendant dangers becomes necessary.

Prevention of Conception.--This is a very common practice among civilized women, and it has a most destructive effect upon the pelvic organs, as well as upon the general system.

Criminal abortion.--The chief danger from the criminal interruption of pregnancy is sepsis (absorption of poisons) into the system. This may be acute in character and have a fatal termination, or chronic in nature, leading to permanent injury of the womb and fallopian tubes, sterility and chronic invalidism.

Child birth.--Pelvic diseases frequently come from injuries received during labor.

Venereal diseases.--Dr. Child says, "Syphilis exerts its usual baneful influence, but gonorrhoea is responsible for more pathological (diseased) lesions (conditions) in the female pelvis than any other one factor. Its attack, if not resulting in ultimate loss of life, always leaves the tissue in an impaired condition, from which resolution (returning to natural condition) is rare. It is doubtful if a woman once infected with gonorrhoea ever recovers from its ravages. As a cause of sterility its power is beyond estimation."

INFLAMMATION OF THE VULVA.--(Vulvitis).--An acute or chronic inflammation of the vulva (external genitals) either from a specific, like gonorrhoea, or non-specific cause.

Causes.--Veit says, "Seventy-five per cent of the cases are caused by gonorrhoea."

Other Causes.--Accumulation and decomposition of discharges from the womb and vagina, inflammation of the inner lining of the womb and of the vagina. Foul, putrid discharges from neglected supports (pessaries) and tampons in the vagina; sloughings from cancer may act as exciting causes. Contact with ammoniacal and sugar urines has a similar effect.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 495]

In Infants.--It is usually due to want of cleanliness in failing to remove decomposing urine and feces. Mothers often allow soiled, foul smelling diapers to remain for a long time on the baby.

Symptoms and Condition of the Parts.--In the acute stage the mucous membrane around the opening of the vagina is red, swollen, painful and bathed in pus. The glands in the groin and glands of Bartholin are usually enlarged and tender. The glands of Bartholin and those around the urethra may become infected and fill with pus. The fatty glands of the labia majora are also sometimes affected and then appears the disease called Follicular Vulvitis (in the chronic stage secretion is abundant). The parts feel hot and there is more or less burning and itching. Walking makes the trouble worse, due to rubbing of the parts. Passing of urine increases the distress.

When the disease is caused by gonorrhoea it is more extensive and involves the vagina, urethra, the glands around the urethra and glands of Bartholin. This gland infection frequently results in an abscess.

Treatment.--In the acute form the patient should go to bed and remain there for some time. The parts should be kept constantly moist with a wet antiseptic dressing, listerine, hot water, etc., applied to the vulva and kept there.

1. If there is much pain the following solution may be used:

Acetate of lead 1 dram Laudanum 1/2 ounce

Water enough for six ounces.

Mix and apply constantly with sterile cloths.

2. For chronic form Dr. Child says, "The vulva should be shaved, thoroughly cleansed and a mild ointment applied daily thereafter," such as:

Salicylic acid 20 grains Oxide of zinc 2 drams Petrolatum enough for 1 ounce

Mix and make an ointment and apply daily.

If it is due to irritating discharges that cannot be checked, cleanse the parts thoroughly and use the Zinc ointment to protect.

ITCHING OF THE VULVA.--Vulvae or Pruritus.--This intense itching is the characteristic symptom. With the itching there is more or less swelling of the parts and extreme nervous irritability.

Causes.--This is doubtful; some think it is a purely nervous condition.

Parts irritable.--The upper angle of the labia majora and the mons veneris are the usual locations. The skin is inflamed thickened, raw, from the continual scratching."

Symptoms.--The itching and burning are almost unbearable at times, beginning most often around the clitoris, coming in paroxysms and made worse by warmth and motion.

In chronic cases the skin is a little thickened and looks dull and dry and is covered with small cracks and scratches, the result of the patient's efforts to stop the itching.

[496 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Treatment.--Systematic, general tonic treatment. Diabetes, gout, irritating discharges from the vagina and rectum should be removed. Pin worms and highly acid urine sometimes cause it in children. Internally the bromides to quiet the nerves and arsenic to build up the system should be given.

Local.--Strong solutions of corrosive sublimate (1 to 1000), nitrate of silver, tincture of iodine, and cocaine ointment give temporary relief.

Sometimes an operation is necessary.

CYSTS OF THE VULVA.--A cyst is a cavity containing fluid and surrounded by a covering (capsule). The duct (canal) of the gland of Bartholin, situated in the labia majora, sometimes closes and the secretions of the gland are not cast out, thus forming the cyst.

Cause.--The closing is nearly always the result of gonorrhea.

Condition.--The cyst is formed in the duct, the gland itself being affected rarely. It contains a thin sticky mucus. If the cyst arises in the gland, the swelling is more deeply situated. These cysts may be attacked with an acute inflammation and finally pus is formed in them, and a very painful abscess is the result,

Symptoms.--There are no symptoms except from the size of the swelling unless an abscess occurs. Then there is an acute local pain, quite tender on pressure, and often high fever.

Treatment.--If the cyst is large it should be removed, especially if it causes annoyance. If it becomes inflamed, rest in bed and cold applications are indicated. If it goes on to an abscess, a free cut should be made, the abscess scraped and good drainage given. Sometimes it is best to use pure carbolic acid in the walls of the cyst.

INFLAMMATION OF THE VAGINA, (Vaginitis).--Vaginitis is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina.

Varieties.--l. Catarrhal or simple 2. granular; 3. gonorrheal; 4. diphtheritic, and 5. senile.

1. Catarrhal or simple form.--This is the most usual form. There is a general redness of the membrane with swelling and increased secretion.

2. Granular.--This is an advanced stage of the simple type, and is due to long continued or repeated attacks.

3. Gonorrheal form.--Is due to infection by the gonococcus of Neisser (due to gonorrhea). This form is hardest to cure and may continue for years or life, The infection may extend to the womb, fallopian tubes and peritoneal cavity and produce inflammation of the womb (endometritis) pus in the tubes, (pyosalpinx) and peritoneal cavity. This is more common than even some physicians realize.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 497]

4. Diphtheritic--Due to diphtheria, not frequent.

5. Senile type.--This comes only after the change of life.

Symptoms.--There is pain in the lower abdomen. Passing of urine is frequent and is attended with smarting and burning pain. There is a feeling of heat and burning in the vagina, and a copious discharge of mucus and pus. In the gonorrheal variety the urinary disturbances are most marked.

In gonorrheal variety the symptoms date from a distinct onset, last longer, do not yield so rapidly to treatment, and complications, such as enlarged glands in the groin and in the vulva and vagina, inflammation of the lining of the womb and fallopian tubes, inflammation of the bladder, often make their appearance early.

Treatment (in acute cases).--Rest in bed and prolonged vaginal injections of a solution of corrosive sublimate (1 to 4000 strength) three times a day. If the gonorrheal poison is present in the pus, the walls of the vagina, cervix and cervical canal should be dried and thoroughly painted with a twenty per cent solution of nitrate of silver. The patient should be in the knee-chest position for this treatment.

In chronic cases the gonorrhea poison (gonococcus) is found most frequently just behind the posterior lip of the cervix and here the silver solution should be applied very thoroughly.

VAGINISMUS.--This is a painful reflex muscular contraction of the vaginal orifice, and is most often observed in patients of a nervous and sensitive temperament. Treatment.--Any local cause of irritation should be removed. If there is no local irritation, the opening should be dilated under an anesthetic. Tonics, exercise, and a complete change of scene are beneficial.

DISEASES OF THE CERVIX.

TEAR OF THE CERVIX (Laceration).--This is a tear in the lower part of the cervix. There may be one or more. The left one-sided tear is the usual form. Next comes the tear on both sides (bilateral). Tears on front and behind are not frequent. Tears are found in about thirty per cent of women who have had children.

Causes.--The majority of cases are caused by labor, and is due to a cervix that is not perfectly dilated. Very hurried, quick labors cause it sometimes, but the greatest injuries are due to the various operations for delivering the child through a cervix that is not fully dilated.

Symptoms. Immediate and remote.--On the immediate, when the tear is severe, there is bleeding; later, sub-involution, that is, the womb does not return to its normal size and weight.

Remote symptoms.--Leucorrhea, thick and mucus in character; profuse menstruation and inability to become pregnant. When the tear has extended through the internal opening the woman win not be able to carry the child to full term, even if she becomes pregnant.

[498 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Treatment.--Tampons of ichthyol (ten per cent), mixed with glycerin, introduced twice a week against the cervix and permitted to remain forty-eight hours will often afford relief.

The tear should be repaired after child-birth, if possible. If not then, and if it does not heal, it should be repaired later when the tear extends through the internal (opening) or in case of extensive raw surface on the cervix.

INFLAMMATION OF THE CERVIX.--This is an inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the canal of the cervix (cervical canal), known as Endocervicitis; it may be acute or chronic. The acute form is seen most often as a part of a general infection involving both womb and cervix, and will be described later. The chronic form is a very common condition and it is difficult to treat.

Cause.--Injury and tear of the cervix.

Symptoms.--Leucorrhea, profuse and frequent menstruation, pain in the back and loins. On examination a string of thick mucus is seen at the external opening (os) of the cervix; and of women who have borne children there are usually signs of tear and rawness of the cervix present; (Endometritis usually produces a thin watery discharge, while gonorrhea produces a thick, pus-like discharge).

Treatment.--Hot vaginal douches, containing one dram of sulphate of zinc to one pint of water, used every night for ten minutes. Hot water with witch-hazel, about four drams to the pint, is also good. Tincture of iodine applied locally twice each month. White oakbark tea used as an injection once a day for this trouble; also good for vaginitis.

INFLAMMATION OF THE LINING OF THE WOMB. Endometritis.--Endometritis is an inflammation of the lining membrane of the womb, with a tendency to extend to the lining membrane of the fallopian tubes and to the peritoneum. These are the acute and chronic varieties.

Causes.--It may occur during an acute skin disease eruption, like that of scarlet fever, and occasionally upon exposure to cold during menstruation. The most frequent exciting causes are the microorganisms, like the gonorrhea poison, etc.

Acute Variety.--The whole mucous lining is inflamed. In severe cases the whole mucous lining is destroyed and the deeper muscular tissues of the womb are invaded.

Gonorrheal Variety. Symptoms.--There is general pain in the lower bowel region, in spells at first, later constant, with rapid rise of temperature and pulse. A purulent (pus) discharge appears early from the cervix, usually about the second day, and difficult and burning passing of urine are early symptoms. There is inflammation of the vagina accompanying it in about fifteen per cent of the cases, while inflammation of the fallopian tubes, pus in the tubes, and local peritonitis are common results.

[ WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 499]

MOTHER'S REMEDY. Inflammation of the Womb. 1. A Good Tonic for.--"For inflammation of the uterus or ovaries try a hot sitz bath every day for a week, and then every other day. In case of hemorrhage this bath is invaluable, and will relieve when all other means have failed. It can be taken during the hemorrhage, or at frequent intervals between times. Remember, one should always lie down after a sitz bath. If desired you may give aconitum tincture. Dose:--Two drops in a half glass of water, tablespoonful doses every ten to thirty minutes according to the severity of the case." If a woman has taken a severe cold, then the aconite should be given, but under no other condition.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Dr. Child advises that the cervix be dilated, and the interior of the womb, cervical canal and vagina swabbed out with a ten per cent silver nitrate solution. Subsequently vaginal douches (1 to 5000) corrosive sublimate solution followed by a salt solution, one dram of salt to a pint of water, should be given for at least one week. Keep the bowels open.

SEPTIC PUERPERAL ENDOMETRITIS.--This is an inflammation of the inner lining of the womb that occurs after child-birth during the first few weeks, and is due to a poison.

Symptoms.--The attack usually begins with a chill, preceded by a regular increase of the temperature and pulse. The face looks flushed at first, but it soon becomes pale and the patient has an anxious look, as the disease goes on. There is very little pain, if any. The discharge that always follows labor is diminished or stops and has no odor, if there is any discharge.

The death rate is from five to twenty-five per cent.

Treatment.--Never scrape out (curette) the womb for this disease. The womb should be washed out with a hot salt solution, one teaspoonful of salt to one pint of water, and then packed with ten per cent iodoform gauze. This solution should also be injected hot into the rectum and frequently. The bowels should move freely, and if necessary injections may be given for that purpose.

The strength must be kept up by a liquid diet. Milk, brandy and strychnine, if necessary; 1/100 of a grain of strychnine can be given every four hours. Milk should be given every half hour, about two ounces at one time: or more if it agrees well.

The gauze should be removed gradually, beginning on the third day and ending on the ninth day.

In this disease the interior of the womb is smooth and contains no broken down or foreign tissue. In the next disease, Putrid Endometritis, it is far different, for this is caused by the presence of dead material, such as parts of the after-birth, left in after labor, or sloughing tumors. This material becomes putrid (rotten), and thus causes the disease called "Putrid Endometritis."

[500 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PUTRID ENDOMETRITIS.--An inflammation of the inner lining of the womb caused by putrid (rotten), decaying material.

Symptoms.--A chill is sometimes present at the beginning. The fever is high, pulse bounds and feels hard and strong, the face is flushed but there is little or no pain. The discharge from the womb, unless it is blocked by a clot, is foul smelling. The flow after childbirth is scanty, sometimes suppressed. The womb and ovaries are not very tender.

Treatment.--The first thing to do, of course, is to get the dead material, such as parts of an after-birth, clots, shreds, etc., out of the womb, and then scrape the rough surfaces. This must be done carefully and with perfectly clean tools and liquids of every kind. Then wash the womb thoroughly with the hot salt solution. One teaspoonful of salt to one pint of boiled water. After this pack the womb with ten per cent iodoform gauze, which may be bought in this strength. Remove this from the womb about the third to the ninth day. The bowels should be kept open.

Diet.--Should be of milk or at least of liquids only. The patient can be given whisky or brandy and 1/60 grain of strychnine every four hours if needed.

MALIGNANT DISEASES OF THE WOMB.--Cancer or carcinoma is a malignant disease of the neck (cervix) of the womb.

Causes.--The immediate cause is not yet known. Tears and erosions (scraping off and making raw) are supposed to act as direct causes.

Symptoms.--Bleeding is the early and very important symptom. After the change of life (menopause) is over if bleeding occurs and continues it is a very bad sign and the womb should be examined immediately. Later, a watery bloody discharge appears, with pain, loss of weight and general weakness. Pain is not an early symptom. It appears when the disease has spread to the nearby tissue.

Treatment.--The only thing to do is to operate and the earlier the better. The womb and all its belongings should be removed. If this is done early it is very successful. If the case is too far advanced, the only thing to do is to make the patient as comfortable as possible.

For the pain, morphine or opium should be given.

For the discharge, hot water and corrosive sublimate (1 to 2000) is the strength to be used. This should be used daily as an injection into the vagina.

Cancer of the Body of the Womb is found in only about two per cent of womb cancers.

Treatment.--An early operation is then necessary. The chances of obtaining a cure if operation is done is better even than in cancer of the neck of the womb. There is less chance for the adjoining structures to be affected so early and readily.

[ WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 501]

FIBROID TUMORS OF THE WOMB or Fibromata, Frequency.--Some observers state that twenty to forty per cent of all women over thirty-five years have one or more of these tumors. They are not malignant. They are more common in women who are sterile, unable to become pregnant. They appear early in life and attack all classes. They appear oftener in the body of the womb than in the neck. When in the body of the womb the back wall is the common site. A covering of loose fibrous tissue surrounds the growth. Few blood vessels appear in the tumor, nourishment being received from the surrounding tissues. Their growth is slow, except during pregnancy, when they grow rapidly. There are three varieties named according to their location and the structure covering: or surrounding them. 1. Interstitial; 2. sub-mucus; 3. sub-peritoneal or sub-serous.

1. Interstitial.--They are in the substance of the womb wall. They are usually many and vary in size.

2. Sub-mucus (under the mucous membrane).--They project into the cavity of the womb, are covered by mucous membrane and are attached to the womb by a broad base or pedicle. This is sometimes cut off spontaneously, and then the tumor is expelled from the womb.

3. Sub-peritoneal.--They are under the peritoneum, which forms its outer cover.

Causes.--Are not known. They are more frequent between thirty and forty.

Symptoms.--Difficult monthly sickness, too much blood flowing from the womb, unable to become pregnant, sometimes, and abortion. Bleeding comes more from the sub-mucus variety generally. Pain is caused by the size and weight and by pressure upon the bladder, rectum and the nerves. Death rarely results except from the complications.

MOTHER'S REMEDY. 1. Ulcers of the Womb, Common Wood Cactus for.--"Common wood cactus tea. Take wineglassful three times a. day." Should remove all thorns, chop fine and boil in sufficient water; add gin to make dose more pleasant.

Treatment.--Operation is needed when the symptoms are pressing. The sub-mucus variety may make an early operation necessary on account of their location.

Symptoms Calling for an Operation.--Size of the tumor; from the pressure symptoms; persistent bleeding from the womb. Sometimes it is necessary to remove the entire womb, especially in the interstitial variety, for the walls of the womb may be filled with the tumors.

[502 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

SUBINVOLUTION OF THE WOMB.--This simply means that the womb, after miscarriage or child-birth, fails to return to its normal size and weight.

Causes.--This is frequently due to getting up too soon after labor.

Symptoms.--Menstruation or too much flow of blood (menorrhagia), dull, heavy feeling in the pelvis, backache or leucorrhea.

Results.--The womb frequently becomes misplaced.

Treatment.--Proper supports should be put in after the womb has been placed in its proper position.

If seen early enough some cases can be cured by tampons of ichthyol used three times a week and prolonged hot water injections at bed time. Cotton soaked in ichthyol and glycerin are frequently of benefit three times a week used as a tampon. The patient should not be on her feet much, or be active. Witch-hazel water can be added to the hot water injection if so desired.

DISEASES OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES.--These are named after their discoverer, Fallopian, an Italian anatomist. These tubes begin at the part of the body of the womb that extends out like a horn. This is on the sides near the top of the body of the womb. They are two in number and extend outward on each side for about four inches; each end forms a fringe or finger shape to catch the egg, as it emerges from the ovary. Through the center there is a tube or canal, and the inner lining of the womb continues on and lines this canal, the mucous membrane of the Fallopian tubes. When this lining or membrane becomes inflamed it is called Salpingitis or Inflammation of the Fallopian tubes. Salpingitis is derived from two words: Salping, meaning tube; ltis, meaning inflammation; Fallopian was the discoverer. Thus we have Salping(x)itis, or Inflammation of the Fallopian tubes. Unfortunately in medical description it is generally called Salpingitis.

SALPINGITIS. Inflammation of the Fallopian Tubes.--It may be either acute or chronic in character.

Condition.--The tissues of the tubes become swollen when the inflammation runs into the pus stage; the finger-shaped end (outer end) is usually closed by adhesions, the pus accumulates in the tube and we have pus in the tube, or what is technically called [pyo. (pus) Salpinx (tube)] Pyosalpinx. In long standing cases the pus is absorbed or degenerates into a thin watery fluid, forming watery fluid in the tube or [hydro (water) Salpinx (tube)]--hydrosalpinx.

The tube may become attached to neighboring organs. The pus or fluid may drain occasionally into the womb and vagina. It may go into the bladder or bowels.

Causes.--It is usually caused by invading germs from the womb. Gonorrhea is the cause of the most cases.

Symptom.--This disease follows the same kind of an infection in the womb and vagina; the patient complains of pain in the region of the tube, a little to the side or sides of the womb, and the pain is made worse by motion, exercise or long standing. If it is the acute variety, the temperature rises, the pulse grows faster, and sometimes there is nausea and vomiting.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 503]

The Symptoms of the Chronic Variety are due to congestion and adhesions. There is a constant pain in the region of the tube and the patient protects herself when she walks, rides or sits down. There are difficult, painful monthly periods and too much flow. The history shows gonorrhea or septic infection, that is, disease caused by the absorption of products of putrefaction.

Treatment of the Acute Kind.--First thing is absolute rest and quiet in bed. Then prolonged hot injections in the vagina of hot water, and if you wish, one teaspoonful of listerine, etc., in each injection. Put a hot-water bag to the sore side, or fomentations of different remedies, like hops, catnip, pennyroyal, smart-weed. The applications should not be of great weight. The bowels should be kept open.

For Chronic Variety.--This frequently calls for an operation. When the symptoms are due to inflammation in the tube alone, ten per cent strength of ichthyol and glycerin tampons placed behind the lower part of the womb three times a week do much to improve the condition.

This is an unfortunate disease, and it must be closely watched for symptoms that may arise from a pus condition. There are many cases of this kind in our public hospitals, and when they are due to gonorrhea they may have been caused by the husband who had an acute or latent gonorrhea--an attack he thought cured.

DISEASES OF THE OVARY.

Inflammation of the Ovary or Ovaritis.--This is an inflammation of the ovary and it may be either acute or chronic.

In the acute form the ovary is slightly enlarged and the follicles on the circumference are distended and filled with thick fluid or pus.

In the chronic variety the ovary may be small and contain cysts; there is a destruction of the follicles and a hardened condition develops. The function of the ovary is then impaired.

Causes.--Gonorrhea, septic infection from adjacent tissues, acute fever diseases, mumps, and peritonitis. Falling (prolapse) often gives rise to chronic inflammation.

Symptoms.--Pain in the lower abdomen (pelvis), difficult and painful menstruation, too much monthly flow (menorrhagia), and painful intercourse.

Treatment.--Ichthyol (ten percent) and glycerin tampons placed behind the lower back part of the womb three times a week. The bowels should be kept open with salts. The diet should be milk or liquid. Sometimes an operation is necessary. In the department on operations this subject will be touched upon in regard to operations.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Change of the mode of life, and proper hygienic measures will generally be all that is needed.

[504 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

TUMORS OF THE OVARY.--Cystoma is the most common tumor of the ovary. The word "cystoma" means a cyst tumor, or cystic tumor. A cyst means a cavity containing fluid and surrounded by a covering (capsule). Ovarian cyst or tumors is often seen in print these days. Ovarian tumor takes in the cystic variety, cancer and sarcoma, two malignant tumors.

Symptoms.--These depend upon the size of the tumors. The large tumors are generally cystic. Examination of the vagina shows the pelvis filled by a tense, watery, fluctuating mass. Examining the abdomen, the abdomen is seen more or less distended by a regular swelling, and sometimes this is enormous. The abdomen is rounded and there is no bulging at the sides like there is in ascites (dropsy). The navel is not prominent. The tumor can be outlined. It cannot be in ascites.

Treatment.--In bygone years tapping was done for these tumors. If it gets large or the health fails, an operation should be performed. This is very successful in uncomplicated cases. Inside of two months the patient is about well. I know I have saved many lives of women by recommending an operation for such tumors.

For the congested ovary, treatment by tampons and medicine often helps. I have frequently given a medicine called Apis-Mel for this condition and with success. I give it in tablets of 1/100 of a grain regularly four times a day.

MENSTRUATION AND ITS DISORDERS.--Normal menstruation occurs monthly in the female. There is a flow of blood from the cavity of the womb. The time for its beginning is different in different countries, it being earlier in warm climates, ten to twelve years, and later in cold ones (fifteen to seventeen years); the average is fourteen years.

Pregnancy suspends menstruation and often nursing the child does, also. Menstruation continues longer in robust, healthy women. Change of life (Menopause) occurs usually between forty and fifty years. The healthy girl and woman comes around every twenty-eight to thirty days. This is the usual time. The flow lasts from two to eight days and the quantity is about one ounce each day. A slight feeling of weight and fullness in the lower abdomen (pelvis) should be the only symptom present in a healthy female. The blood lost should not cause any special degree of weakness.

PREMATURE MENSTRUATION. Too early menstruation.--Premature or precocious menstruation is when it occurs before puberty. This is in part hereditary, but bad associations may be a cause of this early menstruation.

Treatment.--The cause, if possible, should be removed. The nerves should be kept quiet by rest and, if needed, general tonics like iron, arsenic, and nux vomica prescribed and given.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 505]

DELAYED MENSTRUATION.--This is often caused by slow development of the generative organs. The girl may not come around until seventeenth to nineteenth year.

Causes.--It may be due to heredity. Lack of proper nourishment and proper exercise are the most important causative factors.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Obstruction of Monthly Flow.--An herb combination for.

Poplar Bark 2 ounces Ginger 1/2 ounces Bayberry 1 ounce Cinnamon 1/2 ounce Anise Seed 1/2 ounce Golden Seal 1/4 ounce

Mix well and give a teaspoonful in a cup of boiling water sweetened with sugar two or three times a day. Excellent in obstructions of the monthly periods, debility, loss of appetite, etc. This combination is fine when used as a tonic. It is stimulating and has been known to cure many severe cases.

2. To Promote the Menses, Smartweed for.--"Smartweed is good to promote the menses. Always steep in cold water; never boil. Dose.--Two teaspoonsful every hour. Be sure to take warm."

VICARIOUS MENSTRUATION (In place of).--When menstruation is absent or suppressed, bleeding sometimes occurs periodically, from the ear, nose, any existing raw surface, leg, ulcer, and from the respiratory (breathing) tract, and also from the bowels.

AMENORRHEA.--This is absence of menstruation.

Causes.--Delayed puberty, anemia (want of proper blood) chlorosis (green sickness). diabetes, malaria, tuberculosis and acute illness may cause it. Sometimes change of climate causes it and nursing baby too long.

Symptoms.--If it is associated with atresia, that is, want of the normal outlet, of course no signs of flowing can show, but colicky, cramp-like, monthly pains appear in the lower abdomen. These increase in severity as the retained blood distends the womb.

Treatment.--If there is no opening for the vagina or cervix one must be made, by operation. If it is due to anemia or chlorosis, Blaud's pills will benefit. The following is the formula:

Dried Sulphate of Iron 2 drams Carbonate of Potash 2 drams Syrup--Sufficient quantity to make forty-eight pills.

Take one to three pills three times a day, after meals.

MENORRHAGIA.--Too much bleeding at the monthly periods. If it occurs between the monthly periods it is called Metrorrhagia, womb-bleeding at any time, especially between the periods.

Causes.--These may be constitutional or local, the latter being the most important.

Local Causes.--These are inflammation of the womb, displacements of the womb, malignant disease of the womb, fibroid tumors and disease of the ovaries.

[506 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Symptoms.--Sudden or gradual increase in the amount of blood lost at the monthly periods. Then secondary anemia, weakness and run-down feeling.

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT. 1. Profuse Menstruation, an Easily Prepared Herb Remedy for.--

"Cranesbill Root 1 ounce White Poplar Bark 2 ounces Bistort Root 1 ounce Golden Seal 1 ounce Geranium 1/2 ounce Cloves 1/2 ounce Ginger 1/2 ounce Ground Sugar 1/2 pound

Mix. This compound is excellent for complaints of weak females, such as leucorrhea, bearing-down, or profuse menstruation, etc. Dose: One teaspoonful of the powder, in a half cup of boiling water three times a day. Drink the clear liquid only." Any woman suffering with, female trouble will find the above combination very beneficial.

2. In young girls and women who are not married, thirty drops of the fluid extract of Ergot three times a day. This medicine will cause the womb to contract. Hot douches can be given to married women. If the bleeding is severe it may be necessary to pack the vagina with sterile gauze. Ergotin ten to twenty drops, may be needed, given hypodermically. If it is due to constitutional causes, like anemia, a played-out feeling, paleness. weakness, etc., a tonic treatment is needed.

3. Blaud's pills will do well. This is the formula:

Dried sulphate of iron 2 drams Carbonate of potash 2 drams Syrup enough to make a mass

Mix and make forty-eight pills. Take one to three, three times a day after meals.

4. If the appetite is poor, bitter tonics such as gentian, quassia, cinchona, or nux vomica are needed.

Compound Tincture Cinchona 2 ounces Compound Tincture Gentian 2 ounces

Mix. Take one teaspoonful before meals, in a little water.

5. Tincture of nux vomica in doses of two to three drops after meals is a good stomach and bowel tonic.

6. Golden seal root made into a tea is good in some cases, especially if the tongue is much coated.

7. Oil of Erigeron or flea-bane is good for oozing bleeding. Dose: Three to five drops in a capsule every four hours.

8. Oil of cinnamon in one dose of one-half dram is good where flea-bane oil cannot be used or obtained; usual dose, one to five drops. An infusion can be made of the cinnamon bark and drank freely.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 507]

9. Cranesbill (Geranium maculata). The fluid extract is splendid when diluted three or four times with boiled water, used locally for bleeding from the womb, or as an injection for the same; or an infusion can be made of the plant and injected into the vagina. The local cause mentioned should be treated. The displacement should be corrected.

DYSMENORRHEA or Difficult Menstruation.--This term means difficult and painful monthly periods. The pain may occur before, during or after the periods.

Causes.--It may be caused by a narrow cervical canal, the canal from the inner womb to the vagina. This is often very narrow and almost closed. Again it is produced by the womb being turned back and bent on the canal, thus partially closing it. This causes the blood to be retained in the womb and then the womb contracts to expel the blood, pains being the natural result. Diseases of the womb and ovaries also cause it. Sometimes the membrane of the womb is cast off in the form of shreds or even a cast of the inner womb.

Symptoms.--The flow may be scanty, moderate or profuse, often clotted. The pain varies. It may be slight before the flow, or the first day or two, or it may be severe, agonizing and continuous for one or two days, or during the whole period and sometimes for some days after there may be pains.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Painful Menstruation, a Good Tonic for.--"This may be relieved by sitting over the steam of a strong decoction of tansy, wormwood, and yarrow, and fomenting the abdomen with the same. Then take the following in wineglassful doses:--One ounce each of ground pine, southern wood, tansy, catnip and germander, simmering in two quarts of water down to three pints and pour boiling hot on one ounce of pennyroyal herb, strain when cold and take as per dose above."

2. Painful Menstruation, a Home Remedy for.--"Let the patient take an active cathartic; then when put to bed let a half cup of hop tea be given; and a douche of one quart of hot water into which ten drops of laudanum have been dropped, be injected." A cathartic is not necessary in all cases. If the bowels have been moving freely do not take one. The douche will give great relief providing the woman can take one while menstruating. Some women can and some cannot.

[508 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--If the womb is displaced it should be corrected. Any disease of the womb or ovaries should be treated. If the canal is too much closed, gradual and careful dilation between the periods, will often remove this cause in time. The bowels should be kept regular at all times.

1. For the attack.--Never take opium or alcohol for it in any form; it is so easy to form the habit and a doctor who gives it is simply dodging effective general and local treatment between the periods. If it is due to taking cold, or from any local cause, the following treatment is good: The patient should take a hot sitz bath, being well covered by a blanket, while in the tub and afterwards, and should immediately get into bed as soon as the buttocks are dried and remain there well covered. A turpentine stupe is now to be used, prepared as follows: Place a tin cup containing the turpentine in a vessel containing hot water. This will keep the turpentine warm. Dip a piece of flannel into very hot water and wring it out in a twisted towel, and after it is perfectly dry and no dripping, dip it into the hot turpentine and wring it out again to free it from too much of the drug. Apply the cloth while hot and allow it to remain until it causes discomfort. Then withdraw it or it will blister the skin if left on too long. Fomentations wrung out of teas like hop, pennyroyal, smart-weed, etc., applied and kept warm often do much good. At the same time pennyroyal tea can be drank freely. A five-cent package can be bought at any drug store. Hot lemonade will help also. The object is to produce relaxation of the tissues through the local applications and tea drinking. If there is constipation, the bowels should be moved freely with epsom salts, half ounce dose, in the morning before breakfast. If there is much pain a belladonna suppository, one-half grain of the extract, can be inserted into the rectum.

2. If the patient's nervous system is run down the "Rest Cure" will be of benefit, and medicines to strengthen the nerves. Exercise, outdoor life, horseback riding are of great benefit in toning the system.

3. Fluid extract of blue cohosh is a good medicine in this disease, especially if there is some rheumatism during the interval. One or two drops every hour will be enough.

4. Tincture of Pulsatilla in doses of three drops every hour is good for the pain, especially in blonde girls and women.

5. Tincture of Cocculus I have found to be of great benefit. Put five drops of a good pure tincture into a glass half full of water and give two teaspoonfuls every ten to fifteen minutes until relieved. This I give in cases I am called to and have not the time then to find out what the real cause may be.

DISPLACEMENTS.--Turning back or retro-displacements. This includes retro- version and retro-flexion. Retro-version means turning back, in plain terms. Retro-flexion means bending back, bending of the body of the womb, or the neck, backward. Retro-flexion is more common than retro-version.

Causes.--Some are congenital, that is, from birth, and a few are the result of some injury, falls or blows. It is more often found in child-bearing women, and this may be due to the fact that the womb has not returned to its normal size and weight, and therefore there is more weight for the ligaments to hold up. The ligaments often relax and do not support the womb as thoroughly as before.

Symptoms.--Backache, a sense of weight in the lower abdomen, difficult menstruation, leucorrhea, sterility, or repeated abortion and constipation. The constipation is often due to the womb lying on the rectum.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 509]

Treatment.--This is to replace the womb and keep it in position. Supports of various kinds are used to keep the womb in position after it has been replaced, They must fit thoroughly and give no pain or any discomfort whatever. They are called supports or pessaries. If they are fitted properly they do much good. They should be removed often (every month) and not allowed to grow fast or cause sores in the vagina. There are the ring support and the stem variety and others. The stem variety can be taken out and replaced by wearer at any time. They are made to buckle around the abdomen. They are bungling but effective. The ring kind should be introduced by a competent person who should see that it is of correct size and shape, and worn with comfort. Sometimes these supports fail to cure when adhesions and other diseases exist; it may be impossible to wear them.

Operations.--One operation is to break up the adhesions, the body of the womb brought forward and sewn (sutured) to the abdominal wall. Another operation is to shorten the round ligaments in the inguinal (groin) canal. These are the usual operations, and they are quite successful.

FALLING OR PROLAPSE OF THE WOMB.--The womb may come down and remain in the vagina (incomplete falling). When the womb escapes at the vulva it is called a complete falling (prolapse or procidentia).

For the Incomplete Kind.--Replace the womb and wear a support for months.

For the Complete Falling.--Replace the womb. The patient should remain in bed with daily, hot, prolonged vaginal injections of water for a few weeks. The injection daily of white oak bark tea, of the strength of one ounce of the bark to a pint of hot water, is often of great benefit.

If these measures fail to cure, an operation may be necessary.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Falling of the Womb. Unicorn Root for.--"Make a strong tea of unicorn root, and take a half teaspoonful three times a day, This is an excellent remedy for falling of the womb," This is very easily prepared and not bad to take, and in addition to this use an injection of witch-hazel or golden seal.

2. Falling of the Womb, a Fine Herb Combination for.--"Peach leaves, mullein leaves and hops made into a tea, and a pint used twice a day as an injection often cures when other remedies fail." We all know that this combination of herbs is healing and especially in female trouble. The hops, especially, are very soothing to the affected parts.

3. Falling of the Womb, a Physician's. Treatment.--"Knee-chest position. Get down on the knees and put chest and chin to the floor. Retain this position about three minutes several times a day." This is a splendid thing to do, and is recommended by all physicians.

[510 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

4. Falling of the Womb, a Never Failing Remedy for.--"Ague root (Aletris Farinosa) is a valuable agent to prevent tendency to miscarriage and falling of the womb. It is especially useful for the purpose of restoring the activity of the generative organs giving them vigor and healthy action. Dose of the tincture is from six to ten drops three times a day and of the powdered root five to eight grains." This is an old tried remedy, and is frequently used by physicians alone or in combination with other remedies.

5. Falling of the Womb, White Oak Bark for.--"A mild infusion of white oak bark, or of alum or tannin, used in quantities of a pint, as a douche, will often give immediate relief."

LEUCORRHEA. (The Whites).--This is an over-secretion from the glands that pour out their contents into the vagina or the cervical canal of the womb.

Causes.--It is dependent upon many causes. Tear of the neck of the womb (cervix), displacements, inflammation of the womb and vagina, a run-down condition of the system from any cause. The character of the discharge varies.

From a Torn Cervix, the discharge is thick and mucus-like in character.

In Inflammation of the Canal of the Cervix.--A thick mucus discharge also comes from this trouble.

Inflammation of the Body of the Womb.--The discharge is thin and watery. If the Inflammation is Caused by Gonorrhea the discharge would partake of the pus-like variety.

Symptoms.--Local: is of course mainly the discharge or the irritation often produced by it, especially if it is thin. It then irritates the parts. The patient will be run down. It will be hard to do anything, frequently the patient is very nervous and irritable.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Leucorrhea, Slippery Elm for.--"The immediate cause of leucorrhea is either congestion or inflammation of the mucous membrane of the vagina or womb, or both. It is not a disease, but a symptom of some vaginal or uterine disorder; hence, general or specific tonics may be needed but appropriate injection as auxiliary treatment will very much assist in cure. The patient should bathe frequently and freely expose herself to the sunshine, and have good ventilation in the house. If the vaginal passage is very tender and irritable, an infusion, or tea, of slippery elm bark is very soothing and may be used freely with a vaginal syringe. Whatever injection is employed, should be preceded by the free use of castile soap and warm water to thoroughly cleanse the parts." Always lie down after an injection.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 511]

2. Leucorrhea, Glycerin for.--"One part glycerin to six parts water is a very soothing lotion when there is much tenderness, pain or heat in the vagina. A teaspoonful of tartaric acid in a pint of warm water is a specific, in some cases, acting like magic. Whatever lotion is employed, always use it warm. After cleansing with soap suds, the medicated lotion of not less than two ounces should be injected."

3. Leucorrhea, Common Tea for.--"A very simple remedy that every woman has in the home is a decoction of common tea; used as an injection twice daily is very beneficial." The tea has an astringent action and the tannin contained in the tea leaves is very effective. This remedy is a harmless one, and every woman suffering with this disagreeable disease should give this remedy a trial.

4. Leucorrhea, Witch-hazel for.--"Cleanse the parts well with clear warm water, then inject two quarts of warm water in which has been dropped a tablespoonful of witch-hazel." This is a very good remedy and sure to give relief.

5. Leucorrhea, White Oak Bark for.--"White oak bark one ounce, water one pint. This makes a very good injection and will be found very effective,"

6. Leucorrhea, a Good Herb Remedy for.--"Inject into the vagina with a female syringe, a tea of bistort or beth root, and cranesbill, night and morning and take the following night and morning in wineglassful doses.

White Pond Lily Root. 2 ounces Unicorn Root 2 ounces Wahoo Root 1 ounce Golden Seal 1 ounce Cinnamon 1 ounce

Add three pints of water, simmer to one quart, pour boiling hot upon one ounce of grated nutmeg, one-half ounce ginger, powdered, one half pound of granulated sugar. Exercise in the open air and nourishing food are indispensable."

7. Leucorrhea, Common Vinegar for.--"Two tablespoonfuls vinegar in two quarts of water (warm or hot), used as a douche at bedtime, until cured," This will cure some mild cases and has an astringent action.

8. Leucorrhea, an Easily Prepared Remedy for.--"Red oak bark tea used with syringe; follow with hot water." Steep the red oak bark and make a tea of it, using about two or three teaspoonfuls of the bark to a pint of hot water. This acts as an astringent and the red oak bark contains a good deal of tannin which is very beneficial in cases of this kind.

9. Leucorrhea, Home-Made Suppositories for.--"Take a small piece of medicated cotton, and saturate in pure glycerin and insert in the vagina at night, after a warm salt injection has been taken to thoroughly cleanse the parts." So many women of today are careless about taking injections, at least once or twice a week. Many of these diseases could be avoided in the beginning by women being more cleanly. This saturated cotton acts as a suppository absorbing the mattery secretion and in that way relieves the congestion.

[512 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

10. Leucorrhea, a Good Home Remedy for.--"Cleanse the parts affected with warm water with a little castile or ivory soap in it, by means of an injection. Then inject a full syringe of the mixture, made by dropping a tablespoonful of extract of witch-hazel (Pond's is best) into warm water; repeat each night until cured." The injection of soap and water is one of the essential things to do for leucorrhea, as it cleanses the parts thoroughly and the witch-hazel is very soothing and healing.

11. Leucorrhea, a New York Doctor's Remedy for.--"Fluid extract of Oregon grape root (sometimes called mild grape) mixed with a simple syrup and given in teaspoonful doses, three times a day, is recommended by Dr. W. W. Myers, as a curative for leucorrhea."

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--First is to do away, if possible, with local disease, like inflammations, tear of the cervix, etc. The general system should be built up with tonics. The same treatment as for anemia and chlorosis will be usual for this trouble. Refer to those diseases.

Local.--The vagina should be kept as clean as possible with the hot water injections. To the hot water many simple remedies can be added with much benefit.

1. One ounce of white oak bark in a pint of boiling water makes a good injection for this trouble. Before any medicine is used the vagina should always be washed out by an injection of warm water. Then follow with the indicated injection and retain it as long as possible.

2. Tannic acid and glycerin, equal parts, one ounce to two quarts of warm water, is a good injection.

3. Lloyd's Golden Seal is splendid, used in the proportion of four teaspoonsful to a pint of warm water.

4. This combination gives good service:--

Sulphate of Zinc 1 dram Sulphate of Alum 1 dram Glycerin 6 ounces

Put a tablespoonful to each quart of warm water and use as injection.

It is well to remember the injections must be given in large quantities, and used in a fountain syringe. A gallon can be used at one time.

5. Witch-hazel in warm water makes an excellent injection in many cases. It can be used in the proportion of one-fifth water of witch-hazel to four-fifths of warm water.

6. Many other simple remedies may be named, Cranesbill is one. Vaginal cones are now made for leucorrhea. These are used about every third night and a thorough injection taken the next day. There are many varieties, most of them are good and can be bought at any drug store.

[WOMAN'S DEPARTMENT 513]

MENOPAUSE. (Change of Life). The active menstrual life lasts on an average for thirty years and ends between forty and fifty years of age. The courts have recognized the age of fifty-three years as the limit that a woman can become pregnant.

The onset of the change of life, may be sudden or gradual. The organs shrink and waste. The womb shrinks and part of its muscular tissue disappears and its walls become thin, soft and relaxed. The ovaries become small and harder. The vagina shortens and also becomes narrower. Sudden mental shock, wasting disease or change of climate, may cause a sudden appearance of the change of life.

Symptoms.--Many women hardly notice any change, as it comes on gradually. Other women have all kinds of bodily and mental symptoms, and some are afraid of becoming insane. The heart palpitates readily, feelings of heat and cold, flushes of heat of the face, followed by sudden sweating. Rush of blood to the head so quickly sometimes as to make the patient lose temporary consciousness. The spirits are very much depressed, sleeplessness is common in some women.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Change of Life, a Useful Herb Remedy for.-- "Motherwort is one of the most useful herbs to relieve obstructed menstrual flow. There is no better herb for cleansing the womb and removing obstructions in the female at change of life. Dose: A wineglassful of the decoction three times a day."

2. Change of Life, excessive Flowing. An Old Tried Remedy for.--"One ounce of nutmeg, grated, one pint Jamaica rum. Mix well and shake before taking. Dose :--One teaspoonful three times a day as long as necessary." I tried this remedy upon the advice of a physician at the time of "change of life" and was very soon relieved, so I heartily recommend it.

3. Change of Life. Good Advice From an Experienced Mother.--"The first and most important point to consider is the general health of the patient. If the general health can be sustained there will be no danger attending this critical period of life. Therefore whatever form of disease may manifest itself the one object should be to seek a remedy in time. Take special pains to preserve general good health and take care not to overwork, take plenty of outdoor exercise and keep up a regular action of the bowels. Purify the blood with tonics if necessary."

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT.--Exercise, fresh air, with freedom from worry, anxiety and care. Many women at this time of life need much encouragement, and cheerful company is a good tonic. Prominent annoying symptoms should be met with the proper medicine. Irregular bleeding of the womb at this time or after should lead to an examination as to its origin.

[514 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

CYSTOCELE--Cystocele is simply a tumor formed by the bladder pressing into the walls of the vagina. The bladder descends into the pelvis on account of relaxation or destruction of its normal support. The anterior wall of the vagina yields.

Causes.--Tear of the perineum allows the bottom of the pelvis to relax. Undue relaxation of the ligaments of the bladder and of the floor of the pelvis, with over distention of the bladder, are responsible for the majority of the cases.

Symptoms.--Weight and dragging feeling. A tumor can be felt in the vagina. It decreases when the bladder is emptied.

Treatment.--Supports are suitable in some cases (Skene's pessary). An operation is necessary in many cases.

RECTOCELE.--The muscle that holds up the lower end of the rectum is relaxed or torn and this deprives the lower end of the rectum of its support so that during expulsion of the feces forward distention of the anterior wall of the rectum into the vagina results. The posterior wall of the vagina is carried before the advancing anterior rectal wall, and appears at the entrance of the vagina as a bulging tumor which is increased in size with every effort of the rectum to cast out the feces.

Causes.--Hard child-birth (labor) and the long time the head of the child was resting on the perineum. This resulted in an overstretching or tear of the muscle that holds up the lower end of the bowel and the parts were necessarily weakened.

Symptoms.--It is hard to entirely empty the rectum because of the presence of the tumor. This is soft, rounded, increasing and decreasing in size and disappears upon pressure.

Treatment.--Keep, if possible, the tumor from getting larger, regulate the bowels.

An operation may be necessary to restore the parts to their normal condition. A physician must be consulted.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 515]

OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY

Small bodies are contained in the ovaries. These are called eggs or ova. The human egg is about 1/125 of an inch in diameter. This egg enlarges and one or more escape from the ovaries, usually about the time of the monthly sickness, and are caught by the ends of the Fallopian tube, enter its canal and are carried into the womb. After they have arrived in the womb they are, as a rule, cast off with the secretion and leave the body. If in the course of its travel from the ovaries, through the tube to the womb, the female ovum or egg meets with the male elements, fertilization or impregnation may take place. If then it is not cast off it generally lodges in the womb and pregnancy has begun. The male and female elements are usually supposed to meet in the outer portion of the Fallopian tubes, fertilization then taking place; but this can occur any place from the ovary to the womb. When the fertilized egg enters the womb it is usually arrested in the folds of the womb membrane nearest the opening of the tube and at once attaches itself to the womb wall. The folds by which it is surrounded then grow forward and their edges unite over the egg or ovum forming a sac--the decidua reflexa. Then follows the development of this ovum and with it the development of the womb, and this growth or development constitutes the process which is called pregnancy.

The Embryo or impregnated egg is nourished in the womb by measures preparing for it. The placenta or after-birth forms during the third month of pregnancy. Its function is to furnish nourishment breathing (respiration) and excreting power to the embryo or impregnated egg. The fully developed after-birth is a roundish spongy mass with a diameter of about eight inches and weighs about one pound. It is usually thickest at the center, the edges thinning out to the membranes. The inner surface is smooth and glistening and is covered by a membrane (amnion) and beneath this two arteries and a vein branch in all directions.

The cord is attached to the inner surface of the after-birth and is of a glistening white color, varying in thickness, and is about twenty-two inches long, but it may be longer or shorter. It contains two arteries and a vein, which run in a somewhat spinal course.

DEVELOPMENT AT DIFFERENT MONTHS.--

First month.--There are indications of the eyes, mouth and anus. The extremities are rudimentary. The heart is 4/10 of an inch long.

Second month.--It is now about one inch long. The eyes, nose and ears can be distinguished. External genitals. There are suggestions of the hands and feet.

[516 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Third month.--The ovum is now the size of a goose-egg. Fingers and toes separate, nails look like fine membranes. The neck separates the head from the body. The sex can now be told. Length is five inches. Weight about 460 grains.

Fourth month.--Six inches long and now weighs 850 grains. Short hairs are present. Head equal to about one-fourth entire body. May perceive quickening.

Fifth month.--Ten inches long; weighs eight ounces. Eyelids begin to separate. Heart sounds can be heard. Quickening takes place.

Sixth month.--Twelve inches long; weighs 23-1/2 ounces. There is hair on the head, eyebrows and eyelashes are present. Testicles show near the abdominal rings (openings).

Seventh month.--Fifteen inches long; weight 41-1/2 ounces. Pupillary membrane disappears.

Eighth month.--Sixteen inches long; weight 3-1/2 pounds. Left testicle has descended into the scrotum. Nails protrude to end of finger tips.

Ninth month.--Eighteen inches long; weighs 4-1/2 to 7 pounds. Features are complete.

While this growth goes on in the embryo the womb itself shows changes. The virgin womb averages 2-3/4 inches in length, 1-3/4 inches in width and 1 inch in thickness and weighs about 12 drams. At term (confinement) the womb is about 14 inches long, 10 inches wide, and 9-1/2 inches thick. This increase in size is necessary for its growing contents and is due to both an enlargement of its tissues (hypertrophy) and to an increase in the number of its cells (hyperplasia). The muscular fibres are elongated to about 11 inches, and they are five times thicker than they are in a womb that is not pregnant. The cervix or neck of the womb participates but little in these changes, and remains practically the same until a few weeks before confinement. It becomes softened as the result of congestion, and the glands are more active, secreting a thick glairy mucus. The canal also is more or less dilated.

While this process is going on in the womb, various other conditions show themselves, sometimes in the parts of the body so distant that it may not be easy to discover the connection with the womb. Almost any part of the body is liable to show changes from its normal condition; and yet some of these changes are so constant and regular as to be regarded as signs of pregnancy. It must not be forgotten, however, that sure signs of pregnancy, such as cannot be induced by other causes, are very limited, especially in the early months.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 517]

Changes occur in the genital organs that may lead a physician to suspect that pregnancy may exist; but the first symptom that attracts the attention of the woman, is the passing of the monthly period. This is not an absolute sign of pregnancy, since other things or conditions may cause it. The effect of the mind upon the body may cause it, and it also occurs sometimes in early married life without any appreciable cause, unless it may be then due to the effect upon the nervous system of the marital relation. Again, the monthly sickness sometimes continues in a greater or less degree, during a part or even the whole of pregnancy. Usually this discharge is due to some diseased condition of the cervix. The fear of impregnation in unmarried women after illicit intercourse will occasionally suspend menstruation for one or two months.

Nausea and Vomiting.--Another symptom upon which considerable dependence is placed is the morning sickness (nausea and vomiting). While this symptom is common, yet its absence does not prove that the woman is not pregnant. Some women go through the whole pregnancy without any sign of this symptom.

Nausea accompanied or not by vomiting may appear at the very time of conception, but it usually appears about the fourth or fifth week of pregnancy and continues until the sixteenth week or longer. In some cases it may last but a short time, in others it may continue until confinement. It may be light or severe; It generally manifests itself upon arising in the morning and subsides in a short time, but it may occur at any time of the day and continue during the entire waking hours. It may be absent entirely and, in rare instances, manifest itself in the husband alone. I have known of one such case. This nausea may be excited only by various odors or sights or may be caused by constipation. An increased secretion from the salivary glands usually accompanies the stomach disturbances and in some cases it may amount to salivation. An irresistible desire for certain articles of food or drink, generally of a sour or acid nature, is often developed. Indigestion, gas in the bowels and belching of gas are frequently present. The appetite is often capricious or it may be entirely lost (anorexia).

Breasts.--Changes in the breasts also constitute a sign of pregnancy. As an early symptom, there may be a feeling of fullness, sometimes pain. They become larger and firmer from the development of the individual lobules, which have an irregular knotty feel. A fat deposit takes place between the lobules and in the other parts of the breast. The nipples increase in size, are harder to the touch, become more prominent. A few drops of a turbid fluid, colostrum, may be pressed from the nipple as early as the third month. The veins under the skin become larger and more conspicuous. The rose-colored circles (rings) around the nipples are broadened and are slightly elevated above the surrounding skin and there is a marked increase in their pigmentation, the color varying with the complexion of the individual from reddish pink to brown and black. These changes usually occur at the beginning of the third month, and if the woman has already had a child the question of pregnancy has been decided by inspection of these breast changes.

Bladder.--This is sometimes irritable in the later months, causing a frequent desire to pass urine. It sometimes occurs in the second or third week and is sometimes followed, later, by an inability to retain the urine which escapes at any time. This, however, is not frequent.

[518 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Abdominal changes.--There is a slight flattening of the lower abdomen at the second month, due to the sinking of the womb. There is also a slight retraction (drawing back) of the navel. After the third month, when the womb begins to ascend out of the pelvis, a progressive enlargement of the abdomen begins and continues until near the end of pregnancy, when the womb again sinks and the so-called lightening occurs. The protrusion of the abdomen is more marked usually on the right side. There is often an increased deposit of fat in the lower portion of the abdomen, as well as on the hips and thighs. The navel may protrude after the sixth month,

Pigmentation.--Pigmentation or darkening of the middle line of the abdomen begins by the eighth or twelfth week, and a dark band about 1/8 of an inch wide extends from the pubis (bone) to and around the navel or even higher. This shows plainer in brunettes, where it is quite conspicuous. Discolorations also appear on other parts of the body, especially on the face, "moth patches."

Quickening.--This is caused by the movement of the child (foetus) in the womb. The impact of the enlarging womb, through the child (foetal) movements, against the abdominal wall about the sixteenth week of pregnancy gives rise to this sensation called quickening. Some women claim to have experienced this sensation at a much earlier date, and by some it is not felt at all. Gas in the bowels and contraction of the muscles of the abdomen may give a chance for mistakes. In the later months of pregnancy, the movements sometimes become so violent as to produce perceptible movements of the womb and the abdominal muscles, and sometimes they are the cause of the pain.

The Blood.--The blood is increased in quantity and slightly altered in its composition. The water, fibrin and white corpuscles are increased; the red cells are at first relatively diminished, but later return to normal.

Nervous System.--The nervous system is over sensitive and the disposition of the woman may undergo a radical change, mental exaltation and depression are often exhibited.

Constipation is the Rule.--Neuralgias in different parts of the body, especially in the face and teeth, are common. Palpitation of the heart and difficulty in breathing may be experienced. A discharge from the vagina is almost always present, due to the increased circulation in the cervix and vagina.

The Foetal Heart-beat.--This is the one positive sign of pregnancy and it may be heard as early as the sixteenth to the twentieth week. It has been compared to the ticking of a watch under a pillow. It ranges in frequency from one hundred and ten to one hundred and fifty to a minute.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 519]

Pelvic Signs.--As early as the first month of pregnancy a faint violet color of the anterior wall of the vagina just below the opening of the urethra may be distinguished. In the third month this color has become purplish and pronounced. This sign is present in eighty per cent of cases. There is also a more or less marked lividity of the vaginal portion of the cervix from the first month of pregnancy. Also there is softening of the cervix as early as the sixth week, and as pregnancy advances the whole of the cervix is softened.

Duration of Pregnancy.--This is for all practical purposes two hundred and eighty days.

How to Determine Date of Confinement.--The best rule is to count backward three months from the first day of the last menstrual period and add seven days to it. To be more accurate, in April and September only six days should be added; in December and January, five days; and in February, four days.

Position of the Womb.--At four months the top of the womb has risen above the pelvic brim bone in front; at five months, it is midway between the bone (pubic) and the navel; at six months, it is at the navel; at seven months, it is four fingers breadths above the navel; at eight months, it is midway between the navel and the bottom of the breast bone; at nine months, it is to the breast bone; from the middle to the end of the ninth month, the top of the womb sinks to about the position occupied at the eighth month.

Twins occur about once in ninety to one hundred and twenty, triplets once in one thousand eight hundred and seventy-five, and quadruplets once in three hundred and seventy-one thousand one hundred and twenty-six pregnancies. The causes are unknown. Twin conception is more common in women who have borne children, and more so in the elderly than in the young, first bearing women (primiparae).

Sex.--Children from the same ovum (egg) are always of the same sex. Of twins in general, more than one-third are males, less than one-third are females, and in the remaining one-third both sexes occur. The after-birth is always, at least at first, double.

Diagnosis.--In twin pregnancy the symptoms and disorders of pregnancy are apt to be exaggerated, and watery swelling above the pubic bone is almost always present in the latter months. The abdomen is larger and broader and there may be a depression dividing the abdominal wall in two spaces. The womb is much distended and the walls are thin.

Hygiene of pregnancy.--In pregnancy the dividing line between health and disease is often so shadowy that every care should be given the pregnant woman, not only that she shall escape dangers that may come, but that the future health of the coming baby may be safeguarded.

The care taken in pregnancy therefore should include attention to clothing, food, exercise, rest, sleep, functions of all excreting organs, the breasts, nervous system and the mind.

[520 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Clothing.--This should be worn loose. The heavier garments should not be held by the waist but suspended from the shoulders. Flannels, if possible, should be worn next the skin excepting, possibly, during the warmest weather. Every precaution should be taken not to take cold or to chill the surface of the body, as this might bring on an acute trouble of the kidneys. As soon as the womb has risen out of the pelvis during the fourth month, the corset should be absolutely abandoned, since pressure upon the enlarging womb tends to cause acute Bright's disease and uraemia, and these troubles are always to be guarded against. During the later months of pregnancy, when the abdominal enlargement is great, a linen or elastic bandage may be worn with great comfort, but it must be so put on as to support and not press upon the womb.

Food.--The food of the pregnant woman should be simple, wholesome, nutritious, of the kind that is easily digested and enough to satisfy the demands of her system; excessive eating should be avoided. A mixed diet is to be preferred, but the diet should be of such kind as to help to overcome the constipation, usual in pregnancy. Meat should not be eaten in as great quantities. It not only tends to produce more constipation but also has injurious effect upon the kidneys, and anything that in any way puts a greater burden upon the kidneys in pregnancy should be avoided. All foods that are likely to produce indigestion, heart burn, or irritation of the stomach and liver, such as sweets, fried, greasy, highly spiced foods; greasy rich gravies, or pastry should not be eaten.

The heartiest meal should be taken near midday and the stomach, especially at night, should never be overloaded. Water should, be drank freely, as it tends to overcome the constipation and wash out the kidneys. Some women do better with lighter meals and taken more frequently. Some do better by taking their breakfast before rising.

Bathing.--Extremes in hot and cold bathing should be avoided. The skin should be kept active by daily comfortable baths, followed by a brisk rubbing with a rough towel. The Bowels and Bladder.--The bowels, as before stated, are usually constipated and should be kept open by coarse foods, fruit and, when necessary, mild laxatives; mineral waters and enemas especially should not be given. It should not be forgotten that in some women injections into the bowel are liable to bring on contractions of the womb.

No woman, and especially no pregnant woman, should ever neglect the bowels, as much discomfort and ill health are caused by improper eliminations of the bowel contents. The bladder should also have proper care. This is apt to be irritable during the early and later months of pregnancy, owing to being pressed upon by the womb. A mild inflammation arises in some cases. The woman should take plenty of water, either pure or effervescing, to induce sufficient secretion in the kidneys, and also to flush them. This is also very good for an irritable bladder. In order that the physician may keep himself informed regarding the condition of the kidneys, the urine of every pregnant woman should be examined, both chemically and microscopically, every two weeks from the beginning of pregnancy; during the late months of pregnancy the urine analysis should be made weekly. Catherized specimens should be used because leucorrheal discharges, so common in pregnancy, may give the albumin reaction. If the above advice of Dr. Manton, of Detroit, was followed in every case there would be fewer cases of trouble during the confinement. I remember one case; the lady was seven months along when I was called. She was feeling badly and complained much of her eyes; an analysis of the urine showed thick with albumin. The failure of her sight was due to thc condition of her kidneys. If the urine had been examined early and often, her condition might have been prevented. Watch the kidneys, have the urine examined frequently and carefully.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 521]

Exercise, Rest and Sleep.--Plenty of exercise in the open air should be taken daily, without this health cannot be maintained. It should not be violent or so great as to fatigue and overtire. Slow riding in a carriage and walking will give the best results. Horseback riding and riding in an automobile should be avoided. The woman should sit out of doors as much as possible. Plenty of sleep is also necessary. Eight hours are not too much at night, and lying down an hour or two during the forenoon and afternoon is very restful and desirable.

The Vagina.--When there is a profuse discharge of leucorrhea, a daily vaginal douche is necessary. This should consist of a quart of warm solution (as much as the water will dissolve) of boric acid, or an equal amount of mild carbolic acid (one to eighty). The temperature of the solution should be about 100 degrees F., and it should be injected slowly, and without any force to the stream.

It is also best to remain in the recumbent position for some time after the injection, to rest.

The Breast and Nipples.--These should be bathed once or twice daily in cool or tepid water until the last month or two of pregnancy. Astringent application should not be applied to the nipples to harden them. If the nipples are small, undeveloped or retracted they should be pulled out several times daily by the fingers and gently rubbed, and this will usually stimulate their growth. Cocoa butter or castor oil may be applied during the last month.

Nervous System and the Mind.--The pregnant woman is very susceptible to annoying conditions of the social and domestic surroundings; such should be removed, if possible, and excitement of every kind should be avoided. Everything should be made bright and comfortable around her, cheerfulness should be the rule in the home and she should be treated with every care and consideration. Surroundings will influence the coming baby's future.

[522 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Disorders of Pregnancy.--Nausea and vomiting.--The simple nausea and vomiting of pregnancy needs no treatment. This kind generally disappears by the third or fourth month, but it may persist in a mild form during the greater part of pregnancy. Generally the regulation of the diet and attention to the bowels are all that is necessary to be done for this trouble. Foods should be chosen carefully and only such foods taken that agree with the stomach and lessen the constipation. Sometimes taking a light breakfast in bed saves the usual morning sickness. It is best then to remain lying for some time after eating. When the condition is annoying the following powder will give much relief: powder Ingluvin, oxalate of cerium, of each five grains. Mix thoroughly and take one, every one or two hours as needed. A physician should be consulted if this trouble is very severe.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Pregnancy, A Great Aid for.--"Soothing syrup or Mother's friend, while pregnant. Two ounces each of cramp bark, blue cohosh, slippery elm, raspberry leaves, squaw vine, orange peel and bitter root. Simmer gently in sufficient water to keep herbs covered for two hours, strain and steep gently down to one quart. Let it stand to cool, then add one cup granulated sugar, and four ounces alcohol. Dose.--One tablespoonful two or three times a day for several weeks before the birth of the child. This has been thoroughly tried and causes an easy birth where difficulty has been expected."

2. Nausea of Pregnancy, Menthol and Sweet Oil for.--"Vomiting and nausea of pregnancy; a twenty per cent solution of menthol in sweet oil; use ten drops on sugar when nausea appears." The menthol acts on the stomach and quiets it. This will be found very beneficial.

3. Pregnancy, Bouillon or Broth for.--"Was weak and generally run down. Family physician warned me I would never survive the birth of another child. I bought each day several beef bones and boiled them for three hours. I also bought chicken feet, scalded them and scraped them until the outside skin peeled off, then boiled the chicken feet with the bones. Skim surface from time to time. I would then heat up a raw egg in a glass and fill glass with this broth and drink it warm." This lady would take a glass whenever thirsty or six or seven times a day. She increased in strength immediately, within a year was the mother of a healthy baby girl now nineteen years old and believes her life was saved by the above. Anyone will find this worth trying.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 523]

Indigestion and Heart-burn.--This should be treated the same as under other conditions. Diet, habits, should be regulated. The bowels and kidneys should be regulated and do their eliminating work. For heart-burn the popular remedy, magnesia may be taken or dilute hydrochloric acid with nux vomica. One teaspoonful or effervescing citrate of magnesia dissolved in water and drank, is a convenient remedy. Also, five drops of diluted hydrochloric acid in water, taken after meals, through a tube, and one or two drops of nux vomica before meals is beneficial. The following is an excellent combination from Dr. Hare, of Philadelphia:

Dilute Hydrochloric Acid 2 drams Essence of Pepsin 1 ounce Compound Tincture of Gentian enough to make 4 ounces

Mix. Take one or two teaspoonfuls in a little water with meals.

In cases where it is impossible to eat anything the patient must be fed by the rectum. In such cases a doctor must be called. Fortunately such severe cases are very rare. The following for rectal feeding is given by Dr. Manton, of Detroit, and is a good combination. Give every four hours:

Liquid Beef Peptonoids 3 drams White of an Egg Whisky 3 drams Beef Tea or Warm Water enough to make 3 ounces

The rectum should be washed out once or twice daily in the interval between the feeding.

Teeth.--The teeth are often affected during pregnancy, softening and decaying rapidly, causing severe neuralgia. The teeth should be cleaned frequently during the day to get rid of the secretions of the mouth, and at night before retiring. Milk of magnesia should be held in the mouth for a few minutes; cavities in the teeth should be stopped with a temporary filling. Teaspoonful of lacto phosphate of lime can be taken three times a day with benefit.

Constipation.--The enlarging womb pressing upon the rectum and also irregularity in diet causes constipation at this time. Daily free bowel movements are necessary to prevent the kidneys from overworking. As stated before, the diet should be strictly regulated. Cascara sagrada cordial is a good mild laxative to take, if necessary.

Difficult Breathing.--This usually comes late in pregnancy and is due to the pressure of the womb upon the diaphragm; the patient should avoid excitement and sleep with the shoulders well elevated. In the ninth month the womb drops lower and the breathing is better.

Varicose Veins and Piles.--Varicose veins: These are due to the pressure on the veins so that the return flow of blood is impeded and occur as a rule late in pregnancy. They are seen oftenest on the inner side of the thighs, the lower extremities, the vulva, and in the region of the anus. As a rule, they do not give much trouble. When they become painful or inflamed the patient should lie down, with the legs elevated and use water of witch-hazel applied with cloths. Elastic stockings, properly fitted, give much relief when the trouble is on the thigh and leg.

[524 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Piles.--When these are troublesome the rectum should be emptied by a small dose of salts, and the parts thoroughly washed with warm water, the piles pushed back and local lotions applied (see treatment of piles). Hot fomentations of witch-hazel frequently give great relief to the piles as well as to the varicose veins. Regular movements of the bowels usually will prevent piles. Piles will not usually give rise to much trouble unless constipation exists.

Albumin in the urine. (Albuminuria).--While the urine of about six to ten per cent of all pregnant women contains albumin, the appearance of this symptom should always be regarded with apprehension. Women who are in their first pregnancy are most frequently affected. If the woman has had disease of the kidneys before her pregnancy began this symptom will likely appear in the early months; if it is caused by pressure, etc., it may not appear until after the sixth month, but both acute and chronic. inflammation of the kidneys may develop at any period of pregnancy. Dr. Manton, of Detroit, states, "In the majority of cases, the albuminuria is due to the so-called kidney of pregnancy, in which there is no inflammation, but a fatty infiltration of the epithelial cells associated with anemia of the organ." The urine may also contain casts. Whatever the cause it indicates a condition of insufficiency of the kidney which may lead to serious consequences to the mother and it is also injurious to the (foetus) child. If this symptom develops suddenly the danger to both is greatly increased. For this reason physicians should urge pregnant women to have their urine examined frequently, especially during the later months of pregnancy.

Treatment.--Regulation of the diet; in pronounced cases the diet should consist entirely of milk and the patient should take three or four quarts in twenty-four hours. Meats, pastry and sweets must be prohibited, but vegetables such as squash, spinach, salads may be added to the dietary in ordinary cases. Vichy water may be taken alone or with the milk, and may be taken freely. The bowels should be kept open with citrate of magnesia (one to two teaspoonfuls in water) or epsom salts in peppermint water. Exercise in the open air can be taken in moderation. Warm clothing should be worn and flannel next the skin; exposure to cold and draughts should be carefully avoided. If the more special symptoms appear, such as persistent headache, vertigo, ringing in the ears, black or bright spots floating before the eyes, dimness of vision, an abortion of miscarriage should be induced without delay. Fortunately such cases are rare and with care from the beginning seldom occur. Pregnant women should inform their family physician at the beginning of pregnancy of their condition, and in the great majority of cases serious troubles can be prevented. Physicians expect this information and receive it as a matter of course, and no woman should hesitate to inform her physician either personally or through her husband.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 525]

Abortion, Miscarriage, Premature Labor. (Accidents of pregnancy).--These three terms indicate a premature expulsion of the products of conception. Let us medically define these terms as follows; Abortion implies expulsion of the foetus before the sixteenth week. Miscarriage, the expulsion between the sixteenth and twenty-eighth weeks. Premature labor designates the time of expulsion as between the twenty-eighth week to within a few weeks before the normal termination of pregnancy. Miscarriage is the term popularly used for the accidental loss of the products of conception. Abortion, in the popular mind, expresses the intentional loss of the products of conception. Abortion in the medical sense, takes place about once in every four or five pregnancies. It occurs more frequently in those who have borne children, occurring generally in the third or fourth pregnancy, or toward the end of the child-bearing period, and it takes place more frequently between the ninth and sixteenth week, when the after- birth is in process of formation; and it is more liable to occur at the time of the month when the normal menstruation would be due. It should be borne in mind also that abortion occurring at this period is quite dangerous to the mother's future health, and also dangerous to life; so that at the first indication of abortion a physician should be called for this trouble, because it needs care, both to prevent it and to assist the woman to a successful ending when it is impossible to prevent it. This is more dangerous to life than confinement at full term, and is apt to leave behind a tendency to recurrence at the same time in the future pregnancies, and also makes the woman liable to inflammatory conditions of the womb.

Causes.--Abortion may be induced by many causes due to the mother, father, and child. Among maternal causes may be mentioned any serious disease, especially fevers, when accompanied by a rash on the skin, such as smallpox, measles, scarlet fever. It is hard for a pregnant woman to go through one of these diseases, without having an abortion. Syphilis, tuberculosis, malaria, organic heart and kidney disease, diabetes, anemia, and systemic poisoning also are causes; nervous disturbances as shock, fright, sorrow, convulsions, chorea; mechanical causes, violent exercise, lifting, blows, falls, coughing, vomiting; local causes, as wrong position of the womb, inflammation of the womb, etc.; all are causes.

Causes. Due to the Father. Paternal.--Syphilis, alcoholism, lead poisoning, excessive venery, extremes of youth or old age.

Foetal Causes.--Disease of the after-birth, other parts, of cord, death of the foetus, placenta pravia, and yet many women are subjected to falls, blows, etc., who carry their child to full term.

[526 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Symptoms.--These vary with the period of pregnancy where they occur. In the earlier months the symptoms are those of profuse menstruation, sometimes accompanied by more pain perhaps than usual. The ovum is then so small that it escapes notice. In the profuse flow there may be unaccustomed clots of blood; when this trouble occurs later in pregnancy there are two constant symptoms which, together with the history of the case, render the diagnosis easy. These prominent and constant symptoms are pain and bleeding. The symptoms may be preceded by a bearing down feeling in the lower abdomen, with backache, frequent calls to pass urine, and a discharge from the vagina, that is a mixture of mucus and water. After these symptoms last for a shorter or longer time, labor pains set in, the bleeding increases and the contents of the womb are discharged. The ovum may be expelled whole when it looks like a huge blood clot, or it may be expelled partly and the membranes left behind; or the embryo (child) alone, surrounded by the transparent membrane, escapes.

If the after-birth has formed it may be cast off entire or piecemeal. The embryo (child) alone may escape, the neck of the womb contracts and shuts; bleeding persists for an indefinite period, for weeks and weeks, until the health of the poor woman is seriously affected. Persistent bleeding of this kind is almost always due to the retention of portions of the after-birth or membranes, and should prove to the woman that there is a serious condition existing which should be speedily corrected. A physician should be called who should make a thorough examination; and if such a condition as above described is found, should free the womb from its retained products, which are not only sapping the woman's life, but also rendering the future health of the womb very uncertain.

Threatened Abortion.--If a bleeding takes place in the woman who is pregnant, abortion may be assumed to threaten; a careful examination will usually settle this matter.

Inevitable Abortion.--The abortion is probably inevitable if the bleeding becomes persistent and free, the cervix softens, the womb dilates and the labor pains set in. Still in spite of all these conditions, the bleeding and pain may cease, and the pregnancy go on to full term, The result of these cases, if carefully and properly treated, is favorable as far as the mother is concerned.

Treatment. Preventive. In women where repeated abortions have occurred, the cause should be diligently sought for. If syphilis exists the treatment should be begun at the beginning of pregnancy. But when no special cause can be found, and an irritable condition of the womb is suspected to be present, the patient must be kept quiet in bed, especially at the time when menstruation would normally occur. She should also be guarded against lifting, fright, worry, over-exertion; and medicines like bromide of potash, five to fifteen grains at a dose, given to quiet and allay the nervous irritability.

Treatment of Threatened Abortion.--The patient should go to bed, lie down and remain there, and if possible be not only quiet physically, but also quiet mentally. The main remedy is opium, and if necessary to obtain a quick action it can be given hypodermically in the form of morphine. Otherwise, laudanum may be given by the mouth, twenty drops, repeated cautiously, every three or four hours as required, or it can be given in thirty-drop doses combined with a couple of ounces of starch water by the rectum. Extract of opium in pill form, one grain three times a day by the month; or a suppository of opium, one grain, may be inserted into the rectum every four to six hours. After the bleeding and pain have ceased, the emergency is probably passed; but rest in bed and quiet should be the routine for one or more weeks, and the patient should always rest in bed at the usual time of the menstrual period, during the remainder of the pregnancy.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 527]

Treatment of the Inevitable Abortion.--If the cervix is hard and the canal is not dilated, especially if the bleeding is free, the vagina should be packed full at once, if possible, with iodoform gauze. Rolls five yards long and two inches wide can be bought perfectly adapted to this purpose. A speculum should be used (Sims' or Graves') and the gauze should first be packed tightly into corners (fornices) around the cervix, then over the cervix and well down to the outlet. This should be held in place by a proper (T) bandage. The gauze can be removed in from twelve to twenty-four hours, and the ovum will generally be found lying upon the upper part of the packing, or in the canal that is now dilated, from which it can easily be removed. Sometimes it is necessary to repack and allow it to remain for another twelve hours as the canal has not been sufficiently dilated by the first packing. This packing not only causes the canal to dilate but usually stops the bleeding. After the ovum has been expelled an antiseptic vaginal douche should be given twice a day for a week or longer.

If at the first examination the cervix is found softened and the mouth of the womb is open, but the womb has not yet expelled its contents, the sterile (clean) finger may be introduced into the womb and the ovum and membranes loosened and taken away, while this is being done counter pressure should be made over the abdomen. After the womb has been cleared of all its contents an antiseptic solution should be used, carefully, in the womb to wash it out, and this followed by washing out of the vagina. The after treatment is the same as that for labor at full term. The woman should remain in bed at least ten days.

Placenta Praevia.--The after-birth is placed in the lower part of the womb; (after-birth before the child). This is a dangerous condition and terrible bleeding may occur. It occurs about one time out of every one thousand. The main symptom is bleeding and this may occur at any period of pregnancy. It usually appears from the seventh to the ninth month. The outset is without any appreciable reason and without pain. The amount of blood lost at the first attack may be so slight as to escape notice or copious enough to endanger the life of the mother. This flow may occur at any time during these months, and it may be small or great. If during the course of pregnancy the bleeding occurs at intervals in the increasing amount, the greater will be the loss of blood during the labor.

Treatment.--There is little danger of dangerous bleeding before the seventh month, and a waiting treatment may be adopted, but the woman should be closely watched and told what the trouble is, so she will be willing to remain quiet. Rest in bed, the avoidance of all muscular exercise and quieting medicines may enable the mother to carry the child until it can live, when pregnancy must be quickly terminated. If the child is dead the womb must be emptied at once. After the seventh month an expectant treatment is no longer allowable, and authorities declare the pregnancy should be terminated without delay. The mother is in great danger from sudden free flow. This treatment must be given by an experienced hand and only a physician can do it. If the pregnancy is allowed to continue to full term the danger to the woman is very great, as the mortality runs from thirty to sixty-five per cent; but under modern treatment it has been brought down to five to ten per cent. The death rate of the child is between fifty and seventy-five per cent.

[528 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Labor.--Labor may be defined as the physiological termination of pregnancy whereby the mature foetus (child) and its appendages (after-birth, etc.), are separated from the maternal organism.

Premonitory Signs of Labor.--Premonitory signs of labor, usually observed from one to two weeks before the onset of the labor pains, is a sinking down of the womb in the abdomen, whereby some of the unpleasant features of pregnancy are relieved, and the so-called "lightening" takes place. The waist line becomes small, the breathing is easier and the general well-being of the woman is better, so that her friends are attracted by her feeling of relief. But as a result of the womb descent and the consequent pressure, irritation of the bladder and rectum may occur, and she may have frequent calls to empty these organs. The vagina secretes more actively, the veins enlarge, some dropsy may appear in the extremities, and the womb contractions of pregnancy, which have been painless, begin to cause more and more discomfort.

These false pains recur at regular intervals of hours or even days, and generally at night, last for a varying period and usually disappear in the morning. They often deceive the woman and lead her to the belief that the labor has already begun; but examination of the cervix will reveal that this is not so. It is well to bear in mind that the true labor pains usually begin in the back, extend down to the thighs and often around to the front and they recur at regular intervals, and with increasing intensity.

The beginning of labor is characterized by recurring pains at regular intervals and of increasing severity. There is also a discharge from the vagina of mucus, and this is sometimes tinged with blood, "the show." If an examination is now made, it will be found that the cervix (neck of the womb) is shortened, and that the mouth of the womb is beginning to dilate. At the beginning, the pains are usually in the back and spread to the abdomen and down the thighs; but they may be felt first in the abdomen. They return every half hour or twenty minutes, but as labor goes on the interval is shortened, so that toward the end of the second stage when the child is being born, they appear to be continuous, and the patient feels as if she is encircled by a belt of pain; however, with all this, she will bear the suffering easier and better for she knows that progress is being made, and that she will soon be over the pains and the child born. A pain rarely lasts more than one minute.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 529]

STAGES OF LABOR.--First stage extends from the beginning of labor until the mouth of the womb is dilated. Second stage, from the complete dilation until the complete birth of the child. Third stage, from the birth of the child until the expulsions of the after-birth--Placenta.

The First Stage.--The first stage varies greatly in different women. The average duration of this stage is from ten to fourteen hours in the woman with the first child, and six to eight hours in the woman who has borne children. During this stage the woman prefers to remain on her feet, sit, stand or walk about. The amount of pain experienced varies greatly, according to the temperament of the patient; in nervous women it may be excessive. The pains now have nothing of that bearing down character which they afterward acquire; they are described as "grinding," are usually felt in the front. The genitals become bathed with secretions, which are sometimes tinged with blood. This is an especially trying period to a young wife, for she cannot see that the pains are doing any good, only making her restless, tired and nervous. Little can be done by the physician in this stage except to encourage and explain what is really being accomplished by these seemingly futile pains and by tact and proper encouragement, a physician tides this stage over and gives great comfort to the needy patient. This stage ends with the opening and dilation of the mouth of the womb and the second or expulsive stage sets in, with pains altered in character.

Second Stage.--The pains now become more frequent and severe and last longer, and the patient now manifests a strong desire to expel the contents of the womb. The woman now feels better in bed and when the pains come she involuntarily bears down, with each contraction she sets her teeth, takes a deep breath, fixes the diaphragm, contracts the muscles of the abdomen and bears down hard if you allow her to do so. The knowledge that she is working to overcome an obstacle gives her some satisfaction and she feels that she is accomplishing something by the efforts she is making. The physician can aid greatly by suggesting to the patient how to use the pains and how much bearing down to do. He can tell her when not to bear down, and so save her strength for the next real pain when bearing down will do good. Although the pains are really harder in this stage, nervous women suffer no more, for their mind is now concentrated upon the work at hand. Sometimes at the beginning of this stage the patient feels chilly or has a severe chill; a hot drink and more covering counteract this. Another phenomena is the escape of the waters and a lull in the pains for a little time, when they come on more effectively than before as the womb contracts down upon the child and is not hindered by the "bag of water." The pains keep on at intervals until the child is born and the physician can now be of help by guiding, directing and assisting the birth of the head. This stage averages about two hours.

[530 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Third Stage.--The birth of the head is very soon followed by the shoulders and the rest of the body, and the woman is now at comparative rest. The cord is now tied and cut and the child laid away, if all right, in a warm place until it can be washed and dressed. Following the birth of the child there is a short resting period, the contractions of the womb cease and it becomes smaller through retraction. After a few minutes the pains begin again, the after-birth separates from its attachment in the womb, and together with the membranes is extruded into the vaginal canal and vulvar opening; whence it can be easily delivered by pressing upon the abdomen over the lump (womb) and by guiding the after-birth with the cord. This should be done slowly so that the membranes will all come away with the after-birth.

This should always be examined to be certain that everything has come away. A greater or less amount of clots of blood come with the after-birth. The contraction of the womb stops the bleeding, one hand should be kept on the abdomen over the womb, to see that it remains hard and retracted. The womb moves under the hand. If it softens, gentle rubbing should be kept up and the womb will soon remain contracted. This stage averages about fifteen minutes.

MANAGEMENT OF LABOR.--Preparation of the Bed.--The bed should be high, springs not soft, with a firm and smooth mattress. It should be placed so that both sides are accessible. The bed should be made up on the right side as a rule, as the woman usually lies on her left side when delivered. Place a rubber, or an oil cloth sheet, over the mattress, and over this an ordinary muslin sheet and secure this with safety pins to the corners of the mattress. This is the permanent bed; on top of this is the second rubber sheet and this is covered with another muslin sheet and both held by safety pins. This is the temporary bed. Plenty of hot and cold boiled water should also be at hand. Frequently only a temporary bed is made with rubber or oil cloth underneath, blanket and sheet above this. They should be fastened so that the movements of the woman will not disorder them. These can be removed after the confinement and new, clean warm clothes put in their place. The objection to this is the woman may be too tired to be moved, while, with the permanent and temporary bed arrangement she need not be moved at all, only lifted, while the temporary bed is being removed and she is then let down easily upon clean bedding.

Preparation of the Patient.--The patient, if she desires, can take a full bath. The bowels should be moved thoroughly with a soap and water injection so that the rectum will be fully emptied. This makes labor not only easier, but pleasanter, as no feces will be discharged during labor. The bladder should also be emptied. The external organs should be scrupulously cleansed and bathed with some antiseptic solution, like glycothymoline, listerine, borolyptol, etc. A fresh suit of underwear may then be put on and over this a loose wrapper.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 531]

Examination of the Patient.--The physician needs to satisfy himself as to the position of the child, etc. This can be done by an examination of the abdomen and also of the vagina. He must determine whether the child is alive, its position, the condition of the cervix and mouth of the womb. In making such examination a routine plan should be adopted. The coat must be removed, the shirt sleeves turned up and the hands and arms washed with soap and water. The abdomen should be thoroughly palpated (felt) and listened to with the ear or stethoscope to determine the character of the child's heart beat, whether it be very slow, one hundred and twenty or less, or a very rapid one, one hundred and fifty or more. It may indicate danger to the child and necessitate a hurried delivery. After these things have been done, the hands and arms must again be thoroughly washed and sterilized, the fingers anointed with carbolated vaselin and the examination of the vagina made.

This cleanliness is necessary, and if this plan were carried out by everyone connected with the patient during the whole confinement, there would be fewer cases of "child-bed" fever, with its resultant diseases. The patient should lie on her back with the knees drawn up. There is no need for any exposure now, for the covering can be held up by an attendant so that it will not touch the physician's hands. The soft parts are now separated by the fingers of one hand while the examining fingers are introduced into the vagina. These fingers should never touch any external part and especially the parts near the anus. If the cervix is found to be long and the canal still undilated, or only slightly so, and especially if it is the first child (primipara), the physician's presence is not needed and he may safely leave for an hour or two. But if the mouth (os) of the womb is dilated to the size of a silver dollar he should on no account leave the house.

Frequent examination of the vagina should not be made. In ordinary cases during the first stage, the woman should be up and encouraged to walk about the room, to sit or assume any comfortable position. During a pain she may stand beside the bed resting her hands upon something or kneel in front of the bed or chair. The standing position assists in the birth. The bladder should be emptied frequently, as a distended bladder retards labor and may even stop the womb contractions. The pains become more frequent and severe as the end of this stage approaches and each contraction is now accompanied by straining or a bearing down effort on the part of the woman, and as a rule the membranes rupture spontaneously about this time. An examination of the vagina should now be made with the woman in bed, and if the membranes have not broken and the womb is completely dilated as shown during the pain, they may be ruptured by pressing against them with a finger-nail during a pain. Sometimes we use every means to retain the membranes intact, but that is when protection for the child is needed for sometime longer. If the suffering is very severe, during this stage, fifteen grains of chloral hydrate, well diluted with water, may be given every fifteen or thirty minutes until sixty grains have been given. (This medicine should never be given to a person with heart trouble). I find one drop doses of the tincture of Gelsemium every fifteen to thirty minutes of benefit, especially if the womb does not dilate well, or the patient is very nervous. The patient may receive and can receive light nourishment during this stage.

[532 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Management of the Second Stage.--After the rupture of the membranes the labor proceeds faster and a termination may be expected within a reasonable time. There is a short lull in the pains, usually, after the waters have escaped and during this time the patient should remove her clothing and put on a night dress, and to prevent its being soiled roll it well up under the arms and retain it there. After labor it can be very easily pulled down and made comfortable for the patient. A folded, clean, sterile sheet is now placed about the body and extremities and held in place by a cord around the waist. The opening in the sheet should be in the right side, as this will allow the assistance being given as needed. The powerful force of the abdominal muscles is now brought into action; the force is best utilized with the woman lying on her back.

She should now be encouraged to bear down during the pains and she will be greatly assisted by pulling on a sheet or long towel tied to the foot of the bed, or by holding the hand of the nurse. A support for her feet frequently aids the woman. Pressing low on her back relieves her to some extent. In the intervals between the pains she should rest, do nothing, and be perfectly passive. It is now that an anesthetic may be used to relieve the suffering. She should not be put completely under its influence for that is not only unnecessary, but injurious. Chloroform when used should be given on a handkerchief opened and loosely held over the woman's face, and administered drop by drop on the handkerchief. The handkerchief should be placed over the face at the beginning of the pain and be taken away as soon as the pain is stopped. The woman inhales the chloroform during the pains and their sharpness is blunted. Given in that way it is not considered dangerous. It should only be pushed to unconsciousness during a forceps delivery, and even then it is not always necessary to render the woman unconscious. I have used the forceps without giving an anesthetic. They should be placed without causing any special pain, and assist in delivery without causing any more pain when the head is down low. Of course if the forceps must be used when the head is high up a greater amount of anesthetic is needed.

Dr. Manton, of Detroit, says:--"The dangers of anesthetics are the same when employed for obstetric purposes as in surgery, and then use should be governed by the same rules in each instance." As soon as the head begins to dilate the vulvar opening, the patient should be turned on her left side with her knees drawn up and her body lying diagonally across the bed, with the buttocks close to and parallel with the edge. This position allows the physician to give better assistance and is no harder for the patient.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 533]

The physician with his hands thoroughly sterilized and with a clean sterilized gown, seats himself on the edge of the bed and watches the progress of the labor, ready to assist the woman at any moment. And at this time he can do much by words of encouragement and proper directions to the laboring woman how to use her pains so as to get the most from them; and also by manipulation of the soft parts and the head. The head advances more and more with each succeeding pain, and the perineum is put on the stretch, each contraction is followed by a resting pause during which the head slips back a little and relieves the perineum. Tear of the perineum is liable to take place when the head is about to escape through the vulvar opening, especially if the contractions are strong, the woman bears down forcibly and the interval between the pains is short, so that the head is forced out before the parts have time to completely dilate and soften. Here is where the physician's work comes in, by holding the head back and fully flexed (bent), chin upon the breast, and keeping the back of the head (occiput) well up towards the bone in front (pubic arch) until thc perineum is completely dilated.

The effect of the pains can be lessened, if necessary, also, by telling the woman to open her mouth and not to bear down during the pain for a few times. In this way the perineum will dilate properly and be torn little, if at all, and perhaps much future trouble for the woman saved. I always tell my patient why I ask her to do certain things in labor and I have never found any woman who, when able, was not willing to do as I asked. A torn perineum is not desirable, because even when sewn up immediately after labor, it may not unite thoroughly, and thus cause displacements of the womb in the future. A little time and care at the time of labor will save the perineum and every woman is willing to do her share when the conditions are plainly explained to her. It takes only a few minutes longer, and only a few more pains to bear. When the head begins to stretch the opening, the left hand of the physician should be carried over the woman's abdomen and between the thighs, her right leg being supported by a pillow placed between her knees, and this left hand presses the back of the head (occiput) forward and against the "pubic arch." The right hand may also press the head upward by being placed against the posterior portion of the dilated perineum. The edge of the perineum should now be closely watched. A small towel wrung out of a bowl of hot water placed handy on a chair, should be held constantly against the perineum to hasten the softening and dilatation of these tissues. Plenty of hot water and small towels should be at hand. The head advances with each pain and again recedes until the parts are properly dilated, and the perineum slips backward over the child's face.

[534 MOTHERS' REMEDIES ]

If torn, it should be sewed before the physician leaves, as it can be done easily and without pain to the mother. As the head of the child emerges, the anesthetic should be pushed, or the woman told to open her mouth and cry out. This lessens the pain and the child's head emerges slower, and the perineum is saved. The child's head should be received in the hand. After the head is born, there is a lull for a few moments. Then the shoulders rotate into the proper position and are easily born. There may then be a flow of watery fluid for a few seconds. Before this time the physician has examined to see whether the cord is around the child's neck, released it if it has been, and also cleaned out the child's mouth. The child usually cries a little about this time and it is soon seen whether it needs quick attention. The perineum should be guarded also while the shoulders are being born as it can be torn by them. The shoulders are generally born without any help. The child's head is held in the physician's hand. As soon as the body is born, the child should be laid upon the bed behind the mother's thighs, and the cord pulled down to prevent it pulling upon the after-birth. After the beating in the cord has ceased, generally from five to ten minutes have elapsed, the cord is then tied, tight enough so it will not bleed afterward, about one or one and one half inches (some say more) from the body and tied a second time an inch or so from the first ligature, and the cord cut between the two ligatures. Care should be taken so as not to cut a finger or toe of the baby. If the cord is very thick it is best to pinch it at the point of tying and the contents stripped away before the first ligature is applied. After the cord is cut it should be wiped off to determine that bleeding from the vessels has been permanently cut off, and if not it should be tied again. The child is now taken up by placing the back of its neck in the hollow between the thumb and forefinger, and the other hand over the backbone. It should then be placed in a warm receiving blanket, and put in a safe place.

Management of the Third Stage,--The contractions of the womb are renewed and with the second or third the after-birth may be expressed. The top (fundus) of the womb is grasped by the hand through the relaxed abdominal walls, and squeezed, and at the same time make a downward pressure. The after-birth is loosened from the womb and slides through the vagina and outlet, and it may be caught in a tray which has been placed between the patient's legs, or by the hand and given a few twists in order to roll the membranes together; while this is being done, gentle rubbing should be applied to the womb, when the membranes will slip out without tearing; no drawing on the cord should be done in delivering the after-birth.

From the time of the birth of the head to the delivery of the after-birth the womb must be controlled by the firm pressure of the hand on the abdomen. It is well for the nurse, when the after-birth is separating from the womb to follow the womb, throughout this whole stage, by keeping her hand upon it and if, while the physician is attending to the child, the womb softens and enlarges she should at once notify him. There may be bleeding within the womb. After the womb is empty, friction should be made over the womb whenever it softens at all in order to stimulate the womb to perfect contraction, and it should be kept up at intervals for one hour after the after-birth and membranes have been delivered.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 535]

THE CHILD.

The eyes should be washed soon and normal respiration established. If the child does not breathe well, cold water may be sprinkled in the face and chest and if this fails, immersions in hot water at 106 degrees F., and sprinkling with cold water must be resorted to. If necessary, artificial respiration must be given. Slap the child on the back and move the arms up and down by the side a few times, or breathing into the child's mouth.

Another method.--Face the child's back, put an index finger in each arm-pit and the thumbs over the shoulders, so that their ends over-lap the collar-bone and rest on the front of the chest, the rest of the fingers going obliquely over the back of the chest. The child is suspended perpendicularly between the operator's knees. Its whole weight now hangs on the first fingers in the arm-pit; by these means the ribs are lifted, the chest is expanded and inspiration is mechanically produced. The infant is now swung upward till the operative's hands are just above the horizontal line, when the motion is abruptly, but carefully, arrested. The momentum causes the lower limbs and pelvis of the infant to topple over toward the operator. The greater part of the weight now rests on the thumbs, which press on the front of the chest, while the abdominal organs press upon the diaphragm. By these two factors, the chest is compressed and we get expiration, mechanically. After five seconds the first position is resumed again, and the lungs expand and fill with air. This process may be repeated several times until the breathing seems to be going naturally, and with delicate infants it should be the last resort.

After the breathing has been established the child should be wrapped in a warm flannel with hot water bags or cans near it, and left until the mother has been cared for. Infants at birth are covered with a white greasy substance, vernix caseosa, or cheesy varnish; it is removed by applying olive oil, vaselin or fresh lard, and afterward rubbing the skin gently with a soft cloth. The eyes and mouth should be washed out with pure warm water--or a saturated solution of boric acid, used. Separate squares of soft linen being used for this purpose. If the baby is born too soon or is very small, weak and undeveloped, it should be given an oil bath, only, and then wrapped in cotton wool and kept at a temperature of not less than 80 degrees F., for ten days or two weeks.

[536 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

To a fully developed child the first bath may be given at once. Have everything ready before beginning, a foot tub, warm soft towels, warm water, castile soap, olive oil or vaselin, small squares of muslin or linen, dusting powder, a dressing for the navel and clothing, the latter consisting of a diaper, a flannel band, a shirt, long woolen stockings, a loose long sleeved flannel petticoat and a simple soft white outside garment, the two last, long enough to more than cover the feet. The infant should be wrapped in flannel and only the part which is being bathed at the moment should be exposed. The eyes are first bathed separately and with different cloths, and afterward the face, no soap being used; the head is then washed with warm water; very little soap should be used with infants as it is more or less irritating, and it is likely to injure the fine texture of the skin. Next, one should carefully clean the parts behind the ears and the crevices of the neck, arm-pits and joints and those between the buttocks and the thighs, and it is well to notice if all the natural openings are perfect; finally the baby is put down into the tub of warm water at about 96 degrees F., and washed off, with the head and back firmly supported with the left arm and hand during the bath. The baby is lifted out in a minute of two, held face downward for a moment and rinsed off with clean warm water. It is then wrapped in a warm towel and flannel and dried by patting, not rubbing. It is best to do all this on a table, instead of on the lap, and it should be large enough to hold a bath tub, every thing necessary for the bath and a pillow upon which to place the baby. Everything then can be done without stooping and with greater comfort to the child. Powder should not be used except where there are signs of chafing, when stearate of zinc is the best to use.

The navel is then dressed. A hole is cut in the center of a square of sterilized lint or linen which is slipped over the cord and folded about it; the cord is then laid toward the left side, and over it is put a small sterilized cotton pad which is held in place by the flannel bandage and just tight enough to hold. The binder may be kept on by sewing it smoothly with half a dozen large stitches, thus doing away with any danger of being injured from the pins. A binder should only be tight enough to hold the dressing for the navel. After the cord drops off the looser knitted band should be used. The infant is not bathed in the tub again until after the cord has been dried up and ready to drop off, which usually occurs on the fifth or sixth day, although it may not drop off for nine days. The cord should not be redressed in the meantime. (See Baby Department for further directions).

THE MOTHER.

The first duty of the physician, following the third stage of labor, is to see that the womb is well contracted and control of this organ should be continued for at least one hour after delivery. This generally prevents excessive loss of blood. If necessary to promote womb contraction one teaspoonful of ergot can be given. After the womb has been kept in a state of contraction, the room should be rid of all evidences of labor and the woman made comfortable. The buttocks and thighs which have been soiled during the labor should be bathed with warm water and soap and the external genitals sprayed with an antiseptic solution, then dried with sterile gauze or cotton, the dressing applied to the vulva and the temporary bed removed, her night dress pulled down and the patient thus lying in a clean, comfortable bedding. The woman may then have a cup of weak tea, hot milk or broth and be left to rest; but during the first sleep the womb should be carefully watched lest it relax and serious, if not fatal, bleeding occur. In a normal confinement the dressings need not be changed, as a rule, oftener than six times in twenty-four hours, for the first few days. As soon as convenient after the first toilet is finished the physician sterilizes his hands and with the patient on her left side introduces one finger into the rectum and the thumb into the vagina to discover the condition of the perineum. Washing out of the vagina is not necessary as a rule.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 537]

The binder is considered indispensable, and should be made of unbleached muslin and wide enough to extend from the pubic (bone) to the breast-bone, and long enough to go around the patient's body and slightly lap. The binder should be pinned or sewed tightest in the middle, but it should not be so tight as to press upon the womb and crowd it backward or to either side. It acts as a splint to the muscles and assists in resting them to their natural condition.

Rest.--Complete rest of the body and mind is essential to the well being of the lying-in woman. She is better off without any company, and should see no one except her family for the first week or two. Outside visitors should be prohibited. The lying-in room should be kept free from noise and confusion, and the patient should be protected from annoyances of every kind. She should remain lying on her back for a few days and immediately following delivery she should not have a pillow for her head. Sleep is very necessary and desirable, and mild medicines should be given to produce it, if necessary. It is best not to sit up in the bed until the womb shall have had time to become smaller, and has resumed its natural position behind the pubis. Among the upper classes, when it takes the womb longer to regain its normal size, three weeks is a good rule to go by before sitting up in the room, and she should remain in her room until the end of the fourth week. Among healthy women of the laboring class, whose muscular system has not been injured by "culture" and social excesses, the womb and appendages regain their normal proportions more rapidly; but even they should remain in bed two weeks.

AFTER-PAINS.--Women who have borne children frequently suffer from the after-pains, occurring at irregular intervals, for two or three days and they may give rise to much distress. A few drops of spirits of camphor on a lump of sugar will often give relief when they are not severe. Also a drop of tincture of blue cohosh taken every two or three hours is valuable.

THE BLADDER.--If the patient is not able to pass urine it should be drawn once in eight or twelve hours or oftener if required. A No.7 rubber catheter is best. After it has been used, it should be sterilized by boiling and then kept in a bichloride solution (1-2000). It should be washed off with boiled water again before being used to remove the bichloride solution and greased with sterile oil. The parts should be exposed to pass the catheter, the labia separated by the finger and thumb, and the opening of the urethra and surrounding parts bathed clean with an antiseptic solution; unless you are clean decomposing discharges from the vagina may be introduced into the bladder and a cystitis set up. The care of the bladder is very important. It is not so sensitive after the labor and the woman may have urine when she does not think so. Sometimes she passes a little after trying and then thinks there is no more in the bladder. Even the attendants are deceived sometimes. I once had a case where the mother was the nurse. At each visit I inquired as to the amount of urine passed. I was told each time it was sufficient. She suffered severely the second day in the evening. I went to see her and against the protests of the mother I used the catheter and took away an enormous quantity of urine. In such cases the bladder should be emptied slowly to save the woman from shock.

A physician cannot always depend upon the patient's knowledge of her condition even in such matters and sometimes even the nurse is at fault.

[538 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

THE BOWELS.--There should be a movement of the bowels the second or third day, and a soap and water enema containing a small teaspoonful of spirits of turpentine and one-half ounce of glycerin, will usually be sufficient. Later cascara cordial, castor oil, etc., may be used. Should the breasts be much swollen and painful and fever arise, saline laxatives are needed for two or three days, such as citrate of magnesia, rochelle salts, hunyadi water or seidlitz powder may be given.

Care of the Breasts.--Careful attention should be given them from the first. The nipples should be bathed after labor, with an antiseptic lotion (bichloride, 1-2000), dried and then covered with castor oil, a small square of clean sterile gauze being laid over each to protect the clothing. Bathe the nipples before and after each nursing with a warm saturated solution of boric acid and dry them carefully. The breasts may be supported by a binder, made of a strip of muslin sufficiently wide to extend from above to well below the breasts. If they are heavy and sagging place a layer of cotton at the outer border of each breast and they should be raised toward the middle line, the binder being pinned only tight enough to hold without pressing upon them. The breasts should not be pressed upon by anything. Shoulder straps can be pinned or sewed on the binder if it has a tendency to slip down. Should the breasts be much swollen relief can be obtained by massage with warm olive oil and by the use of a breast pump. The tips of the fingers only should be used in giving massage and the stroke should be light, from the circumference to the center. Roughness and pressure must be avoided.

INFLAMMATION OF THE BREAST, Abscess; Broken Breast.--This usually results from germs. The breast inflames, the milk tubes are choked and distended, there may be fever. There is sometimes severe local pain, hard swelling and an abscess forms and if this breaks it is called broken breast.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 539]

Treatment, Preventive.--Support breast with a binder. The milk should not be allowed to accumulate and cake. The breasts and nipples should be kept clean and dry. Breast pump should be used if necessary to get out the surplus milk. If the lumps continue and are painful, put cold applications to the breast. Have child nurse at the other breast. If it continues and will suppurate, apply moist heat, such as fomentations or poultices, and then open thoroughly. Poke root makes a splendid poultice for caked breasts. I have great faith in it. At the same time I give of the tincture one drop doses every hour. It is a splendid remedy and the poultice and remedy frequently stop the trouble. Inflammation of the breasts sometimes occurs in babies, generally in the first weeks. The swelling can be reduced by mild rubbing with warm carbolized oil used every day. Do not rub hard enough to hurt the baby. After the rubbing, absorbent cotton with carbolized oil should be applied and cover all with a thick layer of cotton held on with adhesives. If the breasts form pus they must be opened.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES. 1. Sore Breasts, a Never-Failing Remedy for.--"Take a pint of raw linseed oil and four ounces tincture of camphor, mix and apply a cloth saturated in the liniment to the affected parts, taking care that the whole surface of the inflamed parts is covered with the liniment. When the breasts become swollen or painfully inflamed, apply the liniment often to prevent gathering." Even if they have gathered it is an excellent outward application. It allays pain, is extremely soothing and seldom fails to effect a cure.

2. Swollen Breasts, an Herb Treatment for.--"Chamomile flowers one ounce, marshmallow roots one ounce, bruise and boil in one quart of water down to a pint. Foment the breast with this liquor as hot as can be borne; and then place the flowers and roots in a cloth and apply as a poultice."

3. Sore Breasts, a Hot Poultice for.--"Apply hot pancakes made of sour milk, saleratus and wheat flour, large enough to cover affected parts. Keep them changed often enough, so they will not be cold. This is an excellent remedy to steam out the inflammation." This is an old tried remedy and one to be relied upon. The steaming relieves the swelling and inflammation and gives relief quickly.

4. Caked Breasts, Fresh Hops for.--"Fry one pint of fresh hops in a half cup of lard until the lard is a rich brown, then strain, set away to cool and use as a salve."

5. Sore Breasts, a Poultice of Peach Leaves for.--"Take enough peach tree leaves to mix well with meal and water to the consistency of a poultice." This poultice should be applied hot, but should only be used in cases where the breast has matter or pus in it.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--l. Sore Nipples, a Good Wash for.--"Brandy and water mixed together and put on the nipples will harden them but should be washed off before the child nurses. If they are cracked, apply glycerin with starch, or arnica ointment."

2. Sore Nipples, Good Family Ointment for.--"Four ounces of white wax, one ounce bayberry wax, three ounces of spermaceti, one pint olive oil. Mix briskly over a slow fire, taking care to stir it briskly until cool." This is an excellent ointment for mothers when troubled with sore nipples; it moistens the skin and forms a coating. It is good for dry, scurvy, chapped hands, blotches on the face and all sores which require a mild ointment, but should be assisted with internal remedies when the case requires it.

[540 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

The Lochia.--By this term is meant the discharges from the womb and soft parts after labor. They are mixed with blood at first and contain dark clots, mucus, shreds of the after-birth and pieces of the membrane. They become paler in color from the end of the third to the sixth day. After this the color is yellow, greenish and contains pus and fatty cells, with a little blood. This discharge varies in different women. In those who menstruate freely and do not nurse they are usually copious; when decomposed, they smell badly and the odor is penetrating. The flow may cease entirely between the second and sixth week. It is increased by exertions at about the time the patient begins to move about.

Diet.--This should consist at first of liquid, unstimulating food, given in small quantities and frequently. If the baby does not nurse, the liquids should be restricted. Some women on the first day can take milk, milk toast, or if desired, dry or buttered toast with coffee, tea, weak cocoa, according to the patient's taste. Water may be given if desired. On the second and third days, simple soups or any of the following may be added to the dietary: Meat broths, beef tea, soft boiled or poached eggs, raw or stewed oysters (no vinegar or spices) and some simple dessert, such as boiled custard or junket. During the next few days, chicken (white meat), scraped beef or mutton in small quantities, baked potato, rice and cereals may be given and by the end of the week a gradual return to the ordinary diet may be made. Should there be any tendency to constipation, the bowels should be opened by a simple enema (as before stated) or glycerin enema, etc.; or by one or more doses, 2 drams, of the compound licorice powder repeated in three or four hours, if necessary; or a half ounce of castor oil, or a half glass of hunyadi water. Cooked fruits for the constipation may also be given.

Bleeding After Delivery, Post-Partum Hemorrhage.--Bleeding from the womb occurring six hours after delivery is called post partum and after that time, is known as puerperal child-birth bleeding or hemorrhage.

Causes.--A relaxed condition of the womb, the retention of clots or parts of the membranes, etc., in the womb, a full rectum or bladder, fibroid tumors, deep tears of the cervix.

Symptoms.--If the bleeding is profuse, the pulse is fast, the woman looks pale, anxious and feels cold, restless, gaping, usually it comes from a relaxed, softened and enlarged womb.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 541]

Treatment.--In severe forms no time must be lost in securing contraction of the womb and the method employed for expelling the after-birth should be employed to expel clots. Grasp the womb over the abdomen, employ firm but gentle kneading, pressing downward. The pillows should be removed, the foot of the bed elevated twelve to eighteen inches, a preparation of ergot given by the mouth or hypodermically in the thigh. If these measures fail the hand and arm should be sterilized and inserted in the womb, all clots, etc., removed and pressure made over the abdomen on the womb while the hand is still there. This pressure and presence of the hand close the bleeding vessels in the womb. The hand should remain, while the kneading goes on externally, on the womb.

This kneading should be kept up until the womb contracts. The hand can then be removed from the vagina, while gentle kneading is slowly kept up over the womb. The womb should be closely watched for hours after. Bleeding very seldom occurs again, but it might. If the bleeding is more of an oozing, an injection of very hot water, 120 degrees F., through a long douche nozzle, directly into the womb cavity may be given. This is very effective for any kind of bleeding. Lemon juice or boiled vinegar can be added to the injection. Everything used must be perfectly clean or child-bed fever may be caused by these measures. After the womb has thoroughly contracted, it is sometimes of benefit to place a rubber bag filled with cold water over the pubic bone to prevent subsequent relaxations of the womb. Weakness can be met by hypodermics of whisky or brandy and strychnine, one-thirtieth of grain, injected hypodermically to stimulate the heart.

Pulse and Temperature.--The temperature may rise one to one and one-half degrees without the case being abnormal. The pulse falls after labor, ranging between sixty and seventy. A rise of temperature, a rapid pulse, a flushed face, a chill, pain or tenderness of the abdomen, and abnormal increase or decrease of the discharge, bleeding, or offensive odor of the discharge should cause suspicion of child-bed (puerperal) fever. This is a grave condition and results from infection which has taken place during labor or afterward. The septic matter may be carried in on the fingers or instruments by the physician or attendants, etc. The most usual sources are unclean hands, instruments and clothing which come in contact with the woman's genitals. The attack is usually ushered in during the second to the fourth day by a chill, or chilly sensations, etc., rise of temperature, rapid pulse, accompanied by headache and a feeling of weariness. The discharge may be increased at first, but later diminished and may cease; or it may be abundant, frothy and of a very fetid odor. Secretion of milk may fail, the bowels are usually constipated, pain in the abdomen develops.

Treatment.--If the interior of the womb is smooth, a single antiseptic womb injection should be given; if it contains foreign material or is rough, it should be scraped and then a douche given. This must be done carefully and with absolute cleanness. Turpentine stupes should be placed hot on the abdomen for the pain, or where cold feels more grateful the ice bag or cloths wrung out of cold or ice water should be applied over the abdomen, and covered with several thicknesses of flannel and changed as soon as they become heated. Medicines to relieve the pain may be given. Hot and cold sponging may be given to reduce the temperature, a little alcohol can be added to the water or the cold or hot pack may be used.

[542 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

Diet.--This should be nourishing and supporting, and at first, liquid and consist largely of milk; but concentrated broths, jellies, and liquid beef, peptonoids, are useful. Stimulants should be given in these septic conditions. From one to two ounces of whisky may be given every three to four hours in the form of milk punch and, if possible, as much red or port wine also. Women in this condition can stand this treatment. Salines (salts) should be given to keep open the bowels.

CONVULSIONS. (Eclampsia).--All forms of convulsions may occur during pregnancy. They may occur during pregnancy and during labor. These are usually the result of kidney trouble. The attacks occur most often during the last three months of pregnancy. Their frequency is one to three hundred to one to five hundred cases. It occurs oftener in the first pregnancy, three to one.

Treatment.--Inhalation of chloroform to control the convulsion. Morphine in one-half grain dose can be given if no chloroform is handy. Place the patient in a hot water or vapor bath, or wrap blankets wrung out of hot water around her, and pile the bedding on until a profuse sweat is started. The sweating aids in eliminating the poison. Change the hot wet blankets as often as necessary. If the convulsions do not cease the womb must be emptied of its contents. If the convulsions occur during labor they should be treated in the same manner. The mortality then is about seven per cent. Chloral hydrate in thirty to sixty grain doses in three ounces of water may be injected into the rectum if the other remedies fail.

MILK LEG.--This is due to infection. It usually arises from an extension of a blood clot (thrombosis) of the womb or pelvic veins, to the thigh (femoral) vein, resulting in a partial or complete obstruction of the vein. It may come in less frequent cases, from a lymphatic infection.

Symptoms.--They may develop at any time between the tenth and thirtieth days or even later. These are general feelings of weariness, stiffness and soreness of the leg, especially when it is moved. There may first be pain in the region of the groin; or pain from the ankle to the groin and followed by swelling. The skin of the leg becomes markedly swollen, white and shiny. Later there is pitting on pressure, but not at first, because the skin is extremely stretched. Fever may accompany the attack, but it will subside long before the swelling of the leg has disappeared.

The vein may be felt as a hard lash-like cord, a red line of inflammation marking its course along the inner and under side of the thigh. The disease may last weeks, depending upon the severity of the trouble. The affected leg is disabled for a number of months after recovery. Recovery takes place as a rule. Absorption of the clot takes place, or the vessel remains closed, and another (compensatory) circulation is established.

[OBSTETRICS OR MIDWIFERY 543]

Treatment.--The patient should lie in bed with the leg elevated and swathed in flannel or cotton wet with some quieting lotion. The following is a good lotion:--

Compound Soap Liniment 6 ounces Laudanum 1-1/2 ounces Tincture Aconite Root 1/2 ounce Tincture Belladonna 1/2 ounce

Wet the flannel or cotton with this. After the acute symptoms have passed the following ointment may be put on the leg:--

Ichthyol 45 grains Iodide of Lead 45 grains Chloride of Ammonium 10 grains Alboline 1 ounce

The parts should not be rubbed lest a clot be loosened and travel in the general circulation and thus endanger life.

Diet.--Should be supporting. Salts for the bowels.

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ALL ABOUT BABY

QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Preparation, Outfit, Nursing, Formulas for Preparation of Milk for Bottle-Fed Infants; Weaning, Teething, Diet Through Childhood, All the Baby Diseases, etc., from the Best Medical Authority, Infant Hospitals and Nurses.

How long does pregnancy usually last? Two hundred and eighty days.

How can the time be reckoned? Count back three months from the first day of the last menstruation and add seven days to the date thus obtained. To be more accurate, you should add only six days in the months of April and September, five days in December and January, and in February four days.

What time of pregnancy does the form begin to change? It changes a little the first two months. It is flatter and lower down. After the third month there is a progressive enlargement.

What is quickening, and when first felt? It is a motion, of the foetus (child) in the womb, imparted to the abdominal walls, and is felt from the sixteenth to the twentieth week. It has been said to have occurred earlier in some cases.

Can you foretell twin pregnancy? Not to a certainty.

Can a mother influence her child as to character and temperament before birth? Authorities differ very much upon this point. The child inherits the physical characteristics of its parents. The frame of the mother's mind, some think, can be given in some degree to her offspring.

Will nervousness be inherited by the child? Not invariably; if the mother is fretful, irritable, cross, repining, etc., her child may be puny, cross and irritable, etc.

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Do you believe in influences transmitted before birth (parental influences?) All must admit that there is a great deal in heredity, and the characteristics of parents are shown in their children.

Can a mother mark her baby? This is another disputed question.

When should the family physician be informed of the woman's condition? The first month.

Why? So that the woman will know how to live properly, and also that he will be given the urine twice each month to examine. This is for her protection and is necessary, because anything that may be wrong with the kidneys can be corrected much easier, and diet, etc. can be arranged to prevent future trouble.

What kind of diet should a pregnant woman have? She should eat only healthy articles of food. Stimulating, highly seasoned, rich, greasy foods should be avoided. Constipation is frequently present and the diet must be chosen with reference to that also. She should not restrict herself to one line of diet unless it is necessary.

Should she take a daily bath, if so, what kind and when? Yes, if it does her good. The pores of the skin should be kept open so that the kidneys will have less work to do. Spray and baths should be taken cold or lukewarm. Hot baths or Turkish baths are to be avoided. The time should be at the woman's convenience. Morning is preferable, if she does not feel the need of sleep.

Should she take a daily nap and when? Yes, one or two hours in the forenoon, and also in the afternoon.

Should she take exercise? Yes, exercise is necessary. This promotes the proper circulation of the blood, favors rest and sleep, relieves the "blues," tones the whole system, gives her good wholesome air and makes everything look better. It should not be violent. Slow walking and riding in an easy carriage. She should not ride a horse, run, jump, dance, or do any jerky or violent exercise; no heavy lifting or reaching up.

What about clothing? The clothing should be perfectly loose and comfortable. Garters and corsets are injurious, especially when the pregnancy has reached four or five months. The weight of the clothing should be borne by the shoulders instead of the hips. Special waists can be made for pregnant women. There should be no pressure on any part, especially on the womb and breasts.

What is the meaning of the word enciente? The Roman women were accustomed to wear a tight girdle about their waists which was called a cincture. This they removed when they were pregnant. They were then said to be incincta, or unbound. The term enciente is derived from this, and is frequently used to indicate pregnancy.

What are the main symptoms of miscarriage? Pain and bleeding.

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Does it usually come on suddenly? Not as a rule. There are premonitory symptoms such as bearing down feeling in the pelvis, backache, frequent desire to pass water, a discharge from the vagina, and sometimes a little bloody flow.

At what period is it most common? Between the ninth and sixteenth weeks when the after-birth is forming.

What are the causes of miscarriage? Diseases of the womb, disease in the father, constipation, falls, over-exertion, violent emotions, such as shock, fright, anger, blows on the abdomen, over-lifting, reaching up, sewing on machine.

What is the first thing to do? Lie down, rest and send for a doctor.

Is it ever possible to stop it? Yes, and often.

Do the breasts need any special care? The nipple, if much drawn in and small, should be "pulled out" once or twice daily. It will do to rub sweet oil on the breasts every evening in order to relieve the tightness and discomfort, especially after the pregnancy has advanced some months.

Are there any diseases to which a pregnant woman is more subject? None. The kidneys need more watching.

Can any dentistry be done during pregnancy? Not if it makes her very nervous; but toothache can cause more harm from a diseased tooth than if it were treated carefully.

Why do pregnant women suffer from "varicose" veins? The enlarged womb presses upon the veins and thus obstructs the return flow of the blood. It is not so common during the first pregnancy.

Can anything be done for this trouble? The woman should lie down a good part of the time if possible, and also wear a perfectly fitting elastic stocking. They can be had of any size and length. The limb should be measured for them.

Does oiling and massaging the body do good? Some women claim it does; it certainly puts the muscles in better condition and strengthens the muscles of the abdomen which have so much part in the labor.

What is the morning sickness and are all women subject to it? Nausea and vomiting without any cause. No; many escape it entirely.

At what period of pregnancy does it usually occur? During the early months it is more frequent and troublesome.

How long does it usually last? Usually three or four months, but it may last during the whole pregnancy.

What can be done for it? In some cases arranging the diet to prevent and cure constipation relieves it. For fuller treatment see this heading under Obstetrics.

Does it ever endanger life? Not often, but a physician should be called if it is bad.

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Can any strict rules be laid down for this trouble? No, but the food should be as concentrated as possible; egg-nog, ice cream, a bit of rare steak, etc., raw oysters, gruels, meat broths, etc., if liquids are well borne. It is surprising how little will keep up some women during pregnancy.

When and how often should the urine be examined? From the beginning and twice each month, and every week after the fifth month.

When should the nurse be called? Long enough before the expected time to get everything ready.

What is lightening? It is caused by the womb sinking down lower in the pelvis the last month, and this lightens the pressure upon the diaphragm and lungs.

What are false pains? They occur during the last few weeks of pregnancy at irregular intervals and are usually in the abdomen.

What is the bag of waters? It is a sac containing the fluid in which the child floats while in the womb. The amount of fluid varies from a pint to a gallon or more. When it ruptures there is a sudden flow of liquid, more or less continuous flow. It may occur at the very beginning of labor and is one of the signs of labor.

What are the other signs of approaching labor? A profuse discharge of mucus from the vagina, and this may be tinged with blood. The "show" pains begin generally in the back and are quite regular, one every twenty minutes or half hour. (Dilatation of the womb).

How should the baby be first washed? See Obstetrics.

What clothing should be put on? See Obstetrics chapter.

Care of the eyes.--Wipe the eyelids with clean gauze and water. If there has been much discharge from the vagina during pregnancy, the child's eyes should be washed cleanly and also one or two drops of the one per cent solution of silver nitrate should be put into each eye as a preventive. (See Obstetrics).

How often should the baby's bowels move? Two or three times daily for the first week, and then once or twice a day.

What is the appearance of the stool? It is soft, yellow and smooth and should not contain any lumps.

How about the urine? It should pass from six to ten times a day, and it should be colorless.

What is the average weight of a healthy baby? Seven to seven and one-half pounds.

Does it lose any weight during the first week? Yes, generally a few ounces, then it begins to gain at the rate of four to six ounces each week.

Should the newly-born babe have its eyes exposed to the light? The eyes are very sensitive, and the sun or artificial light should not be allowed to shine on them. The first day the baby is deaf, but his hearing develops and becomes very acute so that he is very much disturbed by sudden, sharp noises.

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What is the "soft" spot on a baby's head? This is called the "fontanelle." Do not touch this spot. This closes in time. At six months of age the fontanelle is somewhat larger than it was at birth because the brain expands faster than the boney matter deposited around the edges in the skull bones. After this another deposit of bone goes on more rapidly than the growth of the brain substance, and by sixteen or eighteen months the opening should be entirely closed.

When should the baby be given the second tub bath? Not until the cord has dropped off.

How and when should this be given? The room should be warm. The head and face should be washed first and dried; then the body soaped and the infant placed in the tub with its head and body well supported by the hands. The bath should be given quickly with no special rubbing, drying with a soft towel. (An hour after feeding).

What should be the temperature of the bath? One hundred degrees F. for the first few weeks, later ninety-eight F. After six months ninety-five F.; during the second year from eighty-five to ninety degrees F.

What should you use in giving the bath? Soft, clean sponges or smooth cloths. There should be separate pieces for each eye, for the head, face and buttocks.

What are the objections to sponges? They are very apt to become dirty and are hard to keep clean.

When should the daily bath be omitted? In the case of infants who are delicate and feeble, when the bath seems to harm them; in all forms of acute sickness, unless the bath is directed. In eczema and many other forms of skin diseases a great deal of harm is often done by soap and water or water baths.

How should a genuine bath be given? If possible the bath should be given in front of an open fire, in a room where the temperature is from seventy to seventy-two F. and the draughts kept off by a large screen. Have everything at hand with which to give the bath. A folding rubber bath-tub is the best, next a papier-mache one; or if tin must be used, put a piece of flannel in the tub to protect the baby from the tin. If necessary place the tub on a low table, place another low table to the right of the one on which the tub sets, and on this table should be the baby's basket containing a soft brush, different sizes of pins in a pin-cushion, several threaded needles, a thimble, squares of soft linen, absorbent cotton, wooden tooth-picks, a powder-box and puff, or a powder-shaker containing pure talcum powder, a box of bismuth subnitrate, one of cold cream, a tube of white vaselin, a dish containing castile, ivory, or pure French soap should be placed by the basket on the table; also a cup containing a saturated solution of boric acid; two cheese-cloth washcloths, a soft towel, a thermometer to test the water, several toothpicks on which a little absorbent cotton is twisted, and the rolled flannel band. Then a basin containing warm water, 98 to 100 degrees F., also one with cold water. The baby-clothes should be hung on a rack close at hand.

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How to take care of a sore navel.--If it looks red or has a thin discharge coming from it, wash it carefully twice a day with saturated solution of boric acid; or if pus is there use a 1-5000 solution of bichloride of mercury. Use for a dusting powder one part of salicylic acid and nineteen parts of starch on it. It needs a physician's attention if it does not soon heal.

Do any physicians advocate a daily bath before the cord drops off? Yes; but not a full tub bath.

When does the cord drop off? In from five to ten days.

Does soap hurt a baby's skin? Some doctors claim it does.

Is it necessary to use a powder after the bath? No, if all moisture is removed, there is no need of powder. The skin can be kept cleaner and healthier without it.

GENITAL ORGANS.

When is circumcision needed? Usually when the foreskin is very long and very tight, so that one must use force to push it back, and always if it produces local irritation.

How should you clean the genitals of a female child? Use good absorbent cotton and warm water, with a solution of boric acid if necessary, about two teaspoonfuls to a pint of warm water. This should be done once a day.

Is the hood of the clitoris ever too tight? Yes, and it needs to be loosened and kept so, or it will produce irritation and sometimes convulsions.

How should you wash the genitals of a male child? In infants and children, this should be attended to daily. The foreskin should be pushed back and the parts washed with absorbent cotton and water. Tight foreskin and unclean parts induce trouble and bad habits.

TREATMENT FOR SORE EYES.

How should a newly-born baby's eyes be treated? They should be kept clean with a soft cloth and warm water. Do not use the same piece of cloth for both eyes.

Should redness and pus appear in the eye or eyes a few days after birth, what should be done? Use a piece of soft linen or absorbent cotton and wet it in a solution of boric acid or salt (one-half teaspoonful to one pint of water, warm) and wash out the eye or eyes, and if pus appears, use a stronger solution of boric acid (ten grains to eight teaspoonfuls of water.) If the lids stick together grease them with vaselin from a tube and rub in at night. If the sore eyes are severe send for a physician as it may be the beginning of ophthalmia neonatorum.

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MOTHERS' REMEDIES.--1. Sore Eyes, Mothers' Milk for.--"There is nothing as good as mother's milk." This is very soothing and healing and seems to work better than medicines in small babies.

2. Sore Eyes. A Nurse from New York sends the following remedy for.--"Take a cup of water that has been boiled and cooled and dissolve in it one teaspoonful boracic acid powder. Bathe the eyes thoroughly and often." A nurse in New York state, gives this recipe, and says she has been a nurse for several years and has never had a case of sore eyes which did not heal with this treatment.

How is washing out the baby's mouth done? Use a swab made by twisting some absorbent cotton upon a toothpick. The folds between the gums and lips and cheeks may be gently and carefully cleaned twice a day unless the mouth is sore.

If a baby cries while nursing, what is the cause? It may have a sore mouth. What is thrush or sprue? Patches looking like little white threads or flakes appear inside the cheeks.

What is the cause of sore mouth? It is usually due to uncleanness and carelessness. It may come in delicate babies without any special reason. Babies who suck a "pacifier" or a rag with sugar in it are very apt to have the disease. Bottle-fed babies get it because of uncleanness of the nipple and bottle.

Should the baby continue to nurse? Yes, but the mother should thoroughly cleanse her nipple with a solution of boric acid after each nursing.

What should be done for it? It should be washed before and after every feeding with a solution of baking soda or boric acid of the strength of one even teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of water, or listerine, one teaspoonful to twenty-four teaspoonfuls of warm water, can be used. (This will be treated more fully later under diseases). A solution of borax (twenty grains to eight teaspoonfuls of water) can be applied every two hours with a camel's hair brush. Borax, sage and honey are good old remedies.

Should the scalp have special care at birth? It should then and afterward be kept clean to keep scurf from accumulating. It should be wet before the body is immersed in the bath. The hair should always be dried carefully; brush first with a soft towel and then with a fine, smooth hair-brush. Never use a comb on an infant's head.

Should any dressing be put on the scalp? No, for if the hair is washed and brushed, the oil from the scalp will keep it soft, glossy and healthful.

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QUESTIONS AND REMEDIES FOR SORE MOUTH. CANKER. THRUSH.

Explain more about thrush or sprue? It is an inflammation of the mouth where small particles looking like milk curds appear on the tongue, gums and cheek. This is really a more severe type of sore mouth, and is of a fungus origin.

Causes of sore mouth. Uncleanness, failing to keep the mouth--especially of bottle-fed infants--and the nipples and bottles, clean. Babies who are allowed to suck a "pacifier" or rag with sugar on it. Thrush is parasitic in origin and is always due to uncleanness in bottles, nipples and the mouth, and is commonly associated with the stomach trouble. Diarrhea frequently goes with it.

(See Mothers' Remedies for Sore Mouth, Canker, etc., in general department).

PHYSICIANS' TREATMENT for Thrush. Severe Sore Mouth. 1. Boric acid in a saturated solution (five teaspoonfuls to a pint of distilled water) is a specific for it.

Dr. Tuley, of Louisville, Ky., says:

2. Powdered Borax 8 teaspoonfuls Strained Honey 3 teaspoonfuls Mix thoroughly.

3. Glycerin 1 ounce Distilled water 1 ounce Boric Acid 2 drams

4. Golden seal diluted one-half with boiled water makes an excellent mouth wash. Also a weak solution of alum. Use a piece of absorbent cotton or soft linen on your little finger or small round piece of wood and dip in solution and apply. Dr. Douglas, of Detroit, advises the use of a soft brush. This should be boiled after using.

5. In Mild Cases of Sore Mouth.--The medicines need not be as strong as for thrush. One teaspoonful of boric acid or baking soda to a pint of boiled water is usually sufficient; wash after each nursing or four or five times a day.

6. Powdered Borax 1 teaspoonful Powdered Sugar 4 teaspoonfuls

Put a pinch on the tongue every two or three hours. The child's tongue will work it around. This avoids the pain from washing, etc.

7. Another Mouth' Wash.--

Borax 1/2 teaspoonful Tincture of Myrrh 1/2 teaspoonful Glycerin 1 teaspoonful Boiled water enough for one ounce.

Apply gently to the inside of the mouth several times a day in thrush or any form of sore mouth or gums. Use a camel's hair brush.

[552 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

WHAT CARE SHOULD BE GIVEN THE DIAPERS?

A diaper should never be used more than once without washing. It should be removed as soon as it is wet and placed in a covered pail in the bathroom, etc., and washed at the first opportunity. Pure white soap only should be used, and the diapers should be thoroughly rinsed and boiled. Dry them in the sun and air and never before the nursery fire. They should be warmed before they are again used. Unclean, soiled diapers frequently cause chafing.

Should a baby cry while passing urine? No; it may be too acid, alkaline, too little of it or too concentrated, or have sand in it. Examine the diapers.

How about bands for the baby? Straight pieces of flannel, twenty-two by five inches or wider. They may be knitted.

How long should they be worn? The snug bands, flannel or knitted should be worn, not tight, three months; then if one is worn it should be loose. It may prevent rupture and bowel trouble.

Do you approve of rubber diapers as an outside covering? No, because they confine the dampness cause more sweating of the parts and may thus cause chafing, etc.

How large should a diaper be? A diaper should be twice as long as wide. They may be different sizes, eighteen by thirty-six inches, twenty-two by forty-four, or twenty-seven by fifty-four.

CHAFING.

Chafing is a very common trouble in infants. What causes chafing? A wet diaper left on too long; not drying the folds of the flesh properly; too much and too strong soap in the bath, or in the diapers when they are washed, or failure to wash the child clean.

Where are the places where baby is most likely to chafe? The buttocks, in the folds of the neck and in the groins.

How can you prevent chafing? Use very little soap; no strong soap; rinse the body carefully; dry thoroughly after rinsing; use clean diapers; use dusting powder in the folds of the flesh, especially in fat babies.

If the skin is very sensitive, what then? Do not use any soap, but use bran or salt baths.

How can you prepare a bran bath? Place one pint of wheat bran in coarse muslin or cheese-cloth bag and put this in the bath water. It should then be squeezed for five minutes until the water looks like porridge.

How is a salt bath prepared? One teaspoonful of common salt to each two gallons of water.

If the parts are chafed what should we do? Do not use any soap, and give only bran or salt baths or use pure olive oil and no water at all on the chafed parts. Dry the parts carefully with old, soft linen and dust them with a powder made of starch and talcum--equal part--with one-fourth as much boric acid, all carefully mixed together. Or use starch two parts and boric acid one part. Pure stearate of zinc powder is also good. Keep a little piece of soft linen between the folds of the flesh, so they will not be irritated by rubbing together.

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MOTHERS' REMEDY.--1. Chafing in Infants, Mutton Tallow for.--"Five cents' worth of mutton tallow, melted. Apply at night." If there is a tendency to chafe during the day, use talcum powder, putting the mutton tallow on at night when the child will be quiet, giving it an opportunity to heal.

How shall I take care of the buttocks to prevent chafing? This is the most common place for chafing, as it is so frequently wet and soiled; hence all napkins should be renewed as soon as wet and soiled and the parts always kept perfectly clean.

What is prickly heat, and how caused? Fine, red pimples appear, caused by excessive sweating and from irritation of flannel underwear.

How should I treat it? Muslin or linen should be worn next to the skin. The entire body sponged frequently with vinegar and water (equal parts) and plenty of starch and boric acid powder used; starch, two parts; boric acid (one part) should be put on.

(See Mother's Remedies under "Prickly Heat," General Department.)

CLOTHING FOR THE BABY.

The chest should be well covered with soft flannel, the limbs protected, but not cramped, the abdomen supported by a band, not too tight. The clothing should be neither too tight nor too loose. No pins should be used, but all bands should be fastened to the body. The petticoats should be supported by shoulder straps.

How should a baby be held during dressing? It should lie on the lap until quite old enough to sit alone. Draw the clothes over the child's feet and do not slip them over the head.

Why use the band, and how long should it be worn? It protects the abdomen, but its main use is to support the abdominal walls in very young infants and thus prevents rupture. The snug flannel band should not be worn more than four months. Then in healthy infants a knitted band may be used and worn up to eighteen months. If the baby is thin and the abdominal organs are not protected by fat, they may be troubled with diarrhea and need protection. In such condition, the band may be worn until the third year.

BABY'S FIRST WARDROBE.

Four to six dozen diapers (bird's-eye cotton), two to three shirts (wool), four flannel skirts, two white skirts (nainsook), two to four night dresses (outing flannel), six day dresses, two wrappers, six pairs of socks, four to six flannel bands, two flannel sacks, two shawls or afghans. The dresses to be worn after the first four or six weeks. Of course this can be less or more elaborate, according to the conditions and circumstances of the parents, etc.

[554 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

What changes should be made in the clothing in summer? The thinnest gauze flannel undershirts should be worn, the outside garments to be changed for the changing weather. They should not be kept too hot in the middle of the day, while in the morning and evening extra wraps should be used.

Should older children go with bare legs? There is no objection, if they are strong and well, to doing this in warm weather.

What kind of underwear should be worn in cold weather? Next to the heaviest is thick enough.

Do children require heavy flannels? Not as a rule, as they usually live in the nursery and they sweat readily while playing. When they go out-of-doors, coats and leggings render thick flannels unnecessary.

Are many children too thinly clad in the house? Very few. The usual mistake is excessive clothing and too warm rooms. These cause them to take cold so easily.

GENERAL DRESSING FOR DIFFERENT SEASONS.

At night baby may have a warm sponge bath, a fresh band, shirt and skirt put on. In the winter he should sleep in a flannel nightdress and this can be made with a drawing string or button on the bottom so that he cannot expose his feet. In the summer he can wear a cotton night-dress and after the third month the skirt may be left off in very warm weather. By the time baby has entered his second month he may wear simple little "Bishop" dresses instead of his plain slips. At the end of the third month, the flannel band may be discarded, usually, and a ribbed knitted one used. The band should be of wool in the winter, and of silk and wool in the summer. It should be put over the child's feet when he is being dressed each morning, and be changed for a fresh one at night, if possible. If the baby is healthy he may begin going out in March, if the days are mild and there are no stormy cold winds. Begin by letting him stay out one-half hour during the warmest part of the day, then one hour, etc. When there is much melting snow he should not be taken out. In cold weather the baby's cap and cloak should be lined with flannel or lamb's wool. Woolen mittens should cover his hands. A veil is not necessary.

Cap for Baby's Ears.--If baby's ears stand out from his head a considerable distance, it can be corrected best when he is young. A skeleton cap is made for this purpose. This can be bought or the mother can make one out of thin lawn or pieces of broad tape. It should fit snugly in order to do any good and be worn for some time.

Drooling.--If the baby drools much he is apt to wet any little bib he may wear and take cold by having damp clothing next to his throat and chest. Cut a piece of material now made (Linite, by Johnson & Johnson) in the shape of a bib, and bind with tape. This can be worn underneath the bib.

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Short Clothes About the Fifth Month.--Short clothes should be prepared for the baby's wear at the beginning of the fifth month, and may consist of a shirt, knitted band with shoulder straps, flannel skirt made on a cotton waist, in summer or a flannel one for cold weather, and having a row of small flat buttons, on to which the white petticoat may be buttoned; a diaper, and a simple white dress. For summer, white cotton stockings should always be worn, woolen ones in the winter; and they should be long enough so that they may be pinned to the diaper. Moccasins or soft kid shoes should be the first kind worn. At night a baby (in short clothes) should sleep in a shirt, band, diaper and a night-dress of cotton in summer, and flannel in winter. The change to short dresses should not be made in very cold weather; and if the baby is born at such a time as to make it necessary, he may be put into short clothes as early as the end of his third or fourth month, rather than to wait until later and make the change in mid-winter.

Clothing in Summer.--Even in summer, the baby should have clothing which contains some wool. A mixture of silk and wool or cotton and wool may be used for the shirt, band and skirt. The band should never be left off; the shirt may be left off in the hottest weather and the long ribbed band with shoulder-straps may take its place, but the abdomen must be covered by means of the band. The nightdress should now be of cotton and the skirt left off at night, but the band and the thin skirt should be worn. Long, white cotton stockings reaching to the napkin should be worn all summer, and not short socks.

The head should be kept cool, therefore do not use a sunbonnet which shuts out all of the air. Muslin caps and light pique hats provide enough shade, if the baby-carriage has a parasol.

Creeping aprons can be used for babies. They are made of fine gingham and may be put over the dress or worn without one in very warm weather. Make them so as to button all the way down the back, and they sometimes have an elastic or draw-string run into the hem at the bottom of the apron so that the white skirts may be kept clean.

For early fall, two or three little jackets of light flannel or cashmere can be made; and the baby can wear one of these either over or under his white dress in the morning or evening when it is cool. The baby should be in the house by six o'clock unless the weather is exceptionally warm. In the fall, if he has been accustomed to having his nap on the piazza, in his carriage, a screen should-be placed around the carriage to protect him from any possible draught. After the first of October, in chilly days, he should have his nap in the house.

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Winter.--A year-old baby in winter should wear a medium weight wool shirt, knit band with shoulder-straps, a flannel skirt on a flannel waist, white skirt buttoned on to the waist of the flannel skirt, woolen stockings pinned to the diaper, laced shoes, a white dress of some cotton material and for very cold days, a little flannel, or cashmere sack. At night should be worn a band, shirt, diaper and flannel night-dress long enough to keep his feet warm. For an outing in the winter he should have on a light, but warmly lined coat; a wadded lamb's wool lining is best, but it is expensive, and flannel may be used. His bonnet should be lined with flannel; and leggings and mittens should be of wool.

First Half of Second Year.--A baby of this age may wear a thin gauze shirt with short sleeves, but he should wear under it the ribbed silk and wool band and also his flannel petticoat during the summer. Summer complaint is often kept off by such clothing.

Second Half of Second Year.--A baby of this age is too young to walk in the streets in the winter, and his feet cannot be protected from the damp and cold sidewalks by the usual roomy shoes. When in the go-cart instead of his carriage, his legs should be well covered, so that dampness and wind will not chill and give him a cold. A large bag having a draw-string at the top is an excellent thing to use for the lower part of baby's body while in the go-cart, and the strings should be drawn up and tied under his arms. This bag may be made of any material (warm) from eiderdown, cloth, flannel to felting; or it may simply be made of an old crib blanket and a small carriage robe placed over it. Baby's ears should be covered at this age on very cold days, when out. The baby girl should wear a lined bonnet, well covering her eyes. Tam O'Shanter caps of angora wool can be made and pulled down over the eyes for both girls and boys alike; or a soft felt hat with rosettes of ribbon lined with flannel sewed onto the elastic can be made for the boy to protect the head and ears.

By the time baby is two years old, diapers should be given up and little drawers used instead. It may be frequently necessary to use diapers at night for several months longer, although if the baby be taken up at ten or eleven o'clock p. m. he will frequently go all night without urinating.

First Half of Third Year.--Children of this age should be put into night-drawers, cotton ones in summer and flannel ones either with or without feet, in winter. Tiny overalls or "rompers" are now used a good deal for both boys and girls while at play.

Second Half of Third Year.--Now he can walk in the street for a little while each day, even in winter, having his legs protected by warm leggings and with small rubbers for his shoes when the walks are at all damp. Woolen leggings should be used.

Children should not be allowed to race about in their night-drawers and bare feet. They should also have little wrappers and bedroom slippers.

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What About the Nursery? The furnishings should be very simple. No unnecessary hangings or upholstered furniture. A large room, well ventilated and one in which the sun shines at some part of the day. The shades should be dark, but no extra hangings or curtains. Nothing should be allowed about the baby's crib but what can be washed. The air should be kept pure. There should be no plumbing, no drying of napkins or clothes, no cooking of food, and no gas burning at night. A small wax candle will do for all usual purposes.

What kind of heat is best? An open grate fire is best; next, heat from a Franklin stove. Steam heat is bad in a nursery. Never use a gas stove unless for a few minutes during the morning bath.

What should the temperature be during the day? From 66 to 68 degrees with the thermometer hung three feet above the floor. It should never be allowed above 70 F. At night, not below 65 F. during the first three months. After that it may go to 55 F., and after the first year it may go to 50 and even to 45 F.

Does the fireplace furnish enough ventilation? No, the principal ventilation must be from the windows.

How soon can you leave the windows open at night? Usually after the third month, except when the outside temperature is below the freezing point. How often should the nursery be aired? At least twice a day, after the baby has had his bath in the morning and also before putting him to bed for the night. This ventilation should be done thoroughly and the baby should be moved to another room. In the meantime, any time the child is out of the room it should be aired.

How can you ventilate the room at night? During the winter, while the baby is young, the sleeping room may be ventilated at night by opening a window in an adjoining room; or if the weather is not very severe, a window board may be used, or a frame on which has been tacked heavy muslin; this may be from one to two feet high and put into the window like an ordinary mosquito screen. In summer, a screen around baby's crib will furnish all needed protection from the open windows.

How does a room that is kept too warm affect the baby? He becomes pale, loses his appetite, has some indigestion, gains no weight, perspires very much and takes cold easily.

How early in baby's life may airing indoors be commenced, and how long continued? When the baby is one month old. For fifteen minutes at a time at first and may be lengthened ten to fifteen minutes daily. This airing may be continued in all kinds of weather.

Will the baby take cold? Not if the period is at first short and the baby becomes accustomed to it gradually. It is a cold preventive.

How should such an airing be given? The baby should be dressed with bonnet and tight coat and placed in a crib or carriage which should stand a few feet from the window; all the windows should be thrown open for baby's airing. Doors should be closed to prevent draughts.

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How soon can baby be taken out of doors? In summer when one week old, with eyes thoroughly shaded. In spring and fall usually in about one month; in winter, when about three months old, on pleasant days, and kept in the sun and out of the wind.

What time of day is best? A baby may go out almost any time in the early summer and early autumn between 6 A. M. and 7 P. M. In winter and early spring a young child only between ten or eleven and three.

Can this be done in all kinds of weather? When the winds are sharp and the ground covered with melting snow, and when it is very cold, the baby should not go out. If the thermometer is below 32 degrees F., a child under four month's should not go out. If below 20 degrees F., a baby under eight month's should not go out.

What care should be taken? The wind should never blow in the baby's face, its feet and legs should be properly covered and warm and the sun should never be allowed to shine directly upon its eyes either sleeping or waking.

Does this outing do the baby any good? The fresh air renews and purifies the blood, and this is just as necessary for its health and growth as proper food.

How does it show in the baby? The appetite is good, also the digestion. The child sleeps better and all signs of health are seen.

Is it better for the baby to be carried by the nurse in this airing? No, for it can be made more comfortable in its carriage and as well protected from exposure.

Is there any objection to a baby sleeping out of doors in the daytime? No, it needs only to be kept warm and out of draughts. A covered inclosed porch is a good place.

What can be done for a child that takes cold easily? The room should be kept cool when it sleeps, the clothing should be light so that he will not perspire so freely. Every morning the chest and back should be sponged with cold water, 50 to 60 degrees F.

How should such a sponge bath be given? The child should stand in a tub containing a little warm water, and a large bath sponge filled with cold water should be squeezed over the body two or three times. Follow this with vigorous rubbing with a towel until the skin shows quite red. This may be given at least at three years old. For infants the temperature should be 65 to 70 degrees F.

WEIGHING BABY FREQUENTLY.

Why is it necessary to weigh the baby regularly? To be able to tell how it is doing. This is especially necessary during the first year.

How frequently should this be done? During the first six months every week, and during the last six months at least once in two weeks; once a month during the second year.

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How rapidly should the baby' gain weight during the first year? During the first week it loses a few ounces, after this it shows a gain of four to eight ounces a week up to the sixth month, then two to four ounces a week, up to the twelfth month.

Do bottle-fed infants gain so rapidly? Very seldom during the first month, but after that with favorable air and circumstances, the gain is quite regular, and they may gain faster during the latter part of the first year, because the nursing baby loses weight at weaning time.

Why do they not gain so rapidly at first? Because it takes a few weeks for the stomach to become accustomed to cow's milk and until this is accomplished it is necessary that the milk be made very weak or indigestion will result.

What is a baby's average weight at birth? Seven to seven and one-half pounds.

How much should it be at different months at this average birth? At three months it should be twelve to thirteen pounds; at six months fifteen to sixteen pounds; at nine months seventeen to eighteen pounds; at one year twenty to twenty-two pounds. A healthy baby will usually double its weight at five months and at twelve months it will nearly triple its weight.

Should a healthy baby gain steadily in weight during the first year? He usually does, but not regularly in every week during the year. There are periods when most infants do not gain any weight. This is most often seen from the seventh to the tenth month and frequently occurs when the child is teething and sometimes in the very hot weather.

Is gaining regularly in weight a sure sign that the child is thriving normally? Not always, some infants' foods produce weight, but not strength nor development in other respects.

Can the regular gaining in weight guide us as much in the second year? The gain after the first year is not so continuous; interruptions occur during change of seasons, sometimes without any apparent cause.

How soon should a child hold its head up? During the fourth, and sometimes in the third month, as a rule. If the body is supported the head can be held erect.

How early does a baby notice things? During the second month he shows pleasure by smiling and will turn his head in the direction of a sound. They should be kept quiet, or their sleep will be broken.

What will it do at three months? It will recognize its nurse or mother, and will smile and "coo" when she approaches, and now for the first time the tear glands become active and the baby cries with tears. At this age when taken out he should lie out straight in a heavy folded blanket, or hair pillow, having a small thin pillow under his head; a hot water bag should be near his feet; a light woolen blanket or afghan should be put into the carriage and the baby placed upon it, then it should be carefully wrapped around him and the outer carriage robe tucked in. These wraps should be modified according to the weather. Babies should not perspire much for they will take cold readily; so the covering should not be too heavy.

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When does the baby laugh aloud? From the third to the fifth month.

When does it first notice toys, etc.? From the fifth to the seventh month. At four months he is able to hold his head without support. He begins to use his hands better. He will often grasp an attractive object; he will throw it on the floor and expect it to be picked up for him. And also frequently shows signs of fear at the end of the fourth month, and strangers will scare him. He can now be played with for a little time every day, but never before bedtime. The best time is after the morning nap. Do not toss him about, but be gentle with him or you will make him nervous and sleepless at night.

What is baby's condition at the fifth month? He is now a bright lively fellow, and may sit in a half upright position in his carriage or in his chair for a short time each day. When in his chair he should be tied in, a soft pad or pillow should be at his back to support him. He now enjoys exercise on a bed or in a large clothes basket, and may even have one toy at a time to play with. Do not shake rattles at him. It tires him. His naps now grow shorter gradually, but he should take two daily; a long one of two or three hours in the morning and about one hour in the afternoon. He should not sleep late in the afternoon, or he will not sleep as well at night. He now "drools." This is a sign of teeth coming, and baby will bite his fingers and put everything he can hold in his mouth. He may form the sucking habit now, and if he does, put a small toy in his hand, or dip his thumb in a solution of quinine or aloes. The habit of thumb sucking is an ugly one. Another way to stop it is to bind a piece of cardboard on the arm and long enough to reach a little above or below the elbow. Then the arm cannot be bent.

Should the baby use an ivory or rubber ring to bite on when teething? A special cracker is now made in the form of a ring; it is quite hard and composed mostly of malt sugar and is intended for teething babies to bite on.

MOTHERS' REMEDIES.-1. Teething, What One Quebec Mother did for.--"Rub paregoric on the gums. This always eased my children."

2. Teething, Novel Canadian Method to Aid in.--"Put a thimble on your finger and when holding the baby rub his gums gently with it, and let him chew on it. This cuts the gums and starts bleeding when the baby doesn't think of it."

How early should a baby be able to sit and stand alone? At seven to eight months he is usually able to sit erect and support his body. He first attempts to bear the weight upon his feet at nine to ten months, and at eleven to twelve months babies can stand without assistance.

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When should a child walk without help? At twelve to thirteen months he attempts to walk. At fifteen to sixteen months the average child is able to run alone.

What conditions postpone this? Premature birth, a delicate constitution, or prolonged illness and especially chronic or digestive disturbances. Rickets is a common sign of late sitting, standing or walking.

Should you urge a child to walk? No; his muscles and bones may not be ready. He will walk soon enough if able.

How early does a child begin to talk? Generally a child can say papa and mamma at one year. The end of the second year the average child is able to put words together in short sentences.

If a child does not attempt to talk in two years, what should be suspected? Child may be a deaf-mute or mentally deficient. It is sometimes seen in children who are very backward.

SPECIAL CARE OF THE BABY.

Baby will be sensitive to light, even the first day. Do not allow the sun to shine in his eyes, or gas or electric light if that must be used. The baby's skin may change to yellow for a few days, but this soon passes away and frequently there is scaling. The fine soft hair usually comes out and is replaced later by a second growth. The open spot on the head should not be touched. When the head is out of shape or is swollen, this need not cause worry for it will soon disappear. Mold it a little. Do not allow the baby to lie in one position, as the soft skull may become flattened or all the hair rubbed off in one place. The baby sleeps about nine-tenths of the time, but he should be wakened regularly for his food and kept awake while taking it. This will soon become a regular habit to him, and he will wake of his own accord in a short time. Do not allow the baby to fall asleep nursing at the breast or while taking food in his bottle. He will not get enough nourishment and will want to nurse too often. Also if he is bottle-fed the milk is apt to grow cold and cause colic. He should be taught to nurse slowly and if he tries to nurse too fast the breast or nipple should be taken away for a minute, and then given again. The baby should nurse from fifteen to twenty minutes. A certain amount of crying is necessary for a baby if he is to be strong and healthy. It exercises his lungs. "Soothing syrup" should never be given to quiet him.

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THE CRY-HOW TO DISTINGUISH IT.

The cry of pain is strong, sharp, but not continuous, often accompanied by contractions of the features and drawing up of the legs. The cry of hunger is a continuous, fretful sound, after feeding or sometime before the next feeding. The cry of temper is loud and strong, accompanied by kicking or stiffening of the body, and, this should never be given away to from the first. The cry of a sick child is feeble and whining. Baby should not be rocked to sleep, nor carried about the room.

Baby's First Meal.--He should be placed to the breast as soon as the mother can have him. He will not get much milk for the first few days, but he should be given the breast four or five times daily. He needs what is then secreted and it is also good for the mother to try to nurse as soon as possible. The baby may be given a few teaspoonfuls of boiled water between nursing, but no teas. At the third day the milk is usually established, and the baby should nurse regularly every two hours up to 10 p. m., and twice at night. He should not sleep in his mother's bed, but have his own crib and be taken to her at nursing time. There is danger of baby being smothered sleeping with its mother, and it will not sleep so well. As a rule it is best to wash baby's mouth out before nursing, and the mother's nipple should also be wiped off with a little boric acid solution.

Baby's Bed.--As before stated, baby should sleep in his own crib, an iron or brass crib without rockers is best. A screen or plain white curtain of some wash material may be used to protect him against draughts. If this cannot be had, he may sleep while very young in a large clothes basket placed on two chairs. The crib should have a good woven wire mattress and a pair of heavy airing blankets should be placed on top of the crib, folded so as to fit the mattress; a square of rubber or any waterproof material should come next, then a cotton sheet, a quilted pad, a second sheet, a pair of wool crib blankets and a light counterpane. This should be removed at night and a comfortable afghan be used in its place. The pillow should be of hair, never of feathers or down, about one inch thick. The bed clothes should be aired thoroughly and the heavy airing blanket be washed occasionally and thoroughly dried and aired before it is again used. The blanket can hang on a line out of doors on a bright sunny day for an hour or two; in this way the blanket will be kept cleaner and will last comfortably until baby is three years old. The baby should never be put in a cold bed; warm the sheets before the fire just before putting baby in his bed (or crib) or place a hot water bag between them until they are warm. Now (second month) the baby is old enough to use his chair, not to soil his napkin. Place a small chamber on the mother's lap and hold the child on it, supporting his head and back. Do this exactly the same hours every day, morning and afternoon, directly after a meal. This training should be continued, as the position alone often goes a great way in helping to over-come constipation or any tendency to irregularity of the bowels that may exist. They cannot be taught not to wet the napkin until they are some months older.

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The baby needs water as much as any adult person. Boil a fresh supply daily and cool and keep it in a covered dish or bottle. A little,--four to eight teaspoonfuls,--should be offered to the baby between each meal. It can be given from a spoon, a medicine dropper, or taken from a nursing bottle, and either hot or cold. This aids in overcoming constipation and teaches a breast-fed baby to use a nursing bottle, which will be of much benefit should sudden weaning be necessary.

During the second month his meals should be given every two and one-half hours during the day, having eight meals in twenty-four hours of three to four ounces at each meal. At night he should be fed at ten and two.

Meals for the Third Month.--Baby should be regularly nursed or fed every three hours up to ten p. m. Then have one meal at two or three a. m., and nothing more until seven a. m. If bottle fed he should be given three and one-half to four ounces at each feeding.

Fourth Month.--If the mother is nursing her baby, it is a good plan now to teach him how to use the bottle. Some doctors advise one bottle feeding each day from the start, for, should the mother's milk suddenly fail, or should she be obliged to stop nursing for any reason, there will be no struggle, which would be very hard for the baby if it happened in hot weather. Also the gradual accustoming of the digestive organs to the cow's milk before weaning must be commenced and does away in some degree, at least, with the danger from indigestion from the cow's milk given regularly.

Fifth Month.--Night feeding should now be discontinued; he should be taught to sleep from ten p. m. to seven a. m. There may be a few nights of crying and a struggle when the night feeding is first stopped, but he will soon learn to sleep without waking for his meal. He should be fed every three hours until ten p. m., and if bottle fed he should be given five to six and one-half ounces at each meal, making six meals in twenty-four hours.

Sixth Month.--The baby sleeps about two-thirds of the time. He shows signs of increasing intelligence. The baby should now accustom itself to taking either condensed milk or only the best prepared foods once or twice daily. The mother may become ill or unable to nurse for some reason, or wish to take a journey, etc., and baby is then prepared for emergencies.

When the baby is seven months old he will need more exercise than a clothes basket will afford. An exercise pen should be made.

Teeth.--As soon as the teeth come they should be kept clean, otherwise they will decay, milk is likely to remain in the mouth, turn sour and gradually destroy the enamel of the teeth.

With a soft linen cloth or a piece of absorbent cotton dipped in a solution of boric acid wash out the mouth and teeth, twice a day at least, carefully. A soft brush may be used later when baby has eight or ten teeth, and a little finely prepared chalk may be put on the brush, if there are any specks on the teeth. The baby should have three meals in twenty-four hours of six or seven ounces at each meal, if bottle-fed.

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Eighth Month.--Baby should be allowed to creep on the floor a little or in his pen. It is good exercise and it will benefit him, but he should not be urged to do it. Many mothers give baby potato, etc., at this period; this is bad, as potato is hard to digest on account of having so much starch. Bread and cakes are also prohibited; convulsions are often caused by such food. Milk gruel and broths are enough for the baby and he will thrive using them. Baby should feed every three hours up to ten p. m., six and one-half to seven and one-half ounces at each meal.

Mosquito Bites.--If baby is bitten by mosquitoes wash the spot off with a little camphor water, soda water, or a wet compress of witch-hazel should be kept on the bite or boracic acid or soda solution. Keep the baby from scratching the part by fixing his hands; scratching will further poison the part.

Flies.--They often carry germs of disease on their legs and wings, and they frequently light on baby's mouth or on the nipple of the nursing bottle. Diseases can be contracted in this way. The windows should be screened. Everything that the fly has touched should be washed with some light antiseptic solution.

Ninth Month.--His long morning nap should be encouraged and he should sleep in the early afternoon. If the baby is heavy his little moccasin or kid shoes will not now support his ankles and he should have a shoe with a piece of stiffening at the side. The shoe should have no heels; laced shoes fit better and should be preferred. The baby (bottle-fed) can take seven to eight ounces of the proper food every three hours until ten p. m.

Tenth Month.--He can now take a little beef juice, beginning with one teaspoonful once a day and soon twice a day; then increase to two teaspoonfuls at a time and keep on until he is taking eight teaspoonfuls daily.

This should be given between his regular meals. Some babies cannot take beef juice; orange juice may then be tried, strained through cheesecloth or fine muslin and be given at first in doses of one teaspoonful and increased until baby gets the juice of one-half an orange.

If the mother is nursing baby and he has been given one bottle of milk daily, as advised for a four-months-old babe, he can now have two bottle feedings daily. Every healthy baby should be weaned when one year old, and it is better to do it gradually in this way. The baby's food should now be given him every three and one-half hours up to ten p. m., thus making five meals in twenty-four hours of seven to eight ounces at each meal.

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Eleventh Month.--Baby can now have added to his diet another cereal like farina well cooked,--twice as long as the directions advise and it should be half solid when finished. Begin with one teaspoonful and then try two. This should be given in addition to his beef juice or orange juice. It should come between his regular meals, which should now be given at four-hour intervals. He should take eight or nine ounces to a meal.

Twelfth Month.--Baby should go to bed at six p. m., and take long morning nap. He should have five meals a day of such food as directed later.

INFANTS' FEEDING.

What is the best food for an infant? Mothers' milk.

What is the composition of mothers' milk? About thirteen parts solids and eighty-seven parts water.

Name the solids? Fat, sugar, proteids and salts.

What is sugar? Milk sugar or "lactose."

What are the proteids? The curd of the milk, which is very similar to the white of an egg, and is the muscle making element in the milk.

Is it necessary to have all these elements? Yes.

What benefit is the fat? It is needed for the growth of the bones, nerves, fat of the body and also for producing heat.

Give the use of sugar? It is needed to produce heat and make fat in the body.

Use of the proteids? They are needed for the growth of the cells of the body, such as those of the blood, the various organs of the muscles.

What do the salts do? Help in the growth of bone.

What is the use of water? Water keeps the food minutely subdivided or in solution, so that the infant's delicate organs can digest it. It also enables the body to get rid of the waste material.

NURSING.

Should all mothers make an attempt at nursing their babies? Yes, as a rule.

What are the most important conditions that may prevent nursing? Tuberculosis now or in the past or, in fact, any other serious chronic diseases; very delicate health herself. Some acute disease like typhoid fever or cancer.

How soon after labor should the baby be put to the breast? As soon as the mother is able to have it.

What is the food called that it then obtains? Colostrum.

What does this do? It aids in cleaning the baby's system.

Should the mother nurse the baby inclining or lying? Yes.

Does nursing drain the mother? Not if she is reasonably well. It is a natural process.

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If the mother cannot nurse immediately after labor, what should you feed baby? The baby will not starve in a few days. Give it warm water regularly every few hours, or a little cream and warm water.

Are there any impediments to nursing? Sometimes the baby is tongue-tied.

Is the baby ever too weak to nurse? Yes.

What should be done in that case? Draw the milk from the breast and feed it through a free flowing nursing bottle. Such babies are generally born prematurely.

Are the mother's nipples ever at fault? Yes, they are; poorly developed, retracted, that the baby's tongue cannot surround it to draw upon it.

What can be done for them? They should be drawn out, and sometimes a breast pump is needed for this.

Should the nipples be treated after nursing? They should be dried and clean clothing put against them. Some recommend washing them with a mild solution of boric acid.

Are they ever so tender that nursing is painful? Yes.

What can be done for this? The nipples should be drawn out before confinement; if neglected use the following: Compound tincture of benzoin one-half ounce. After each nursing wash them clean with warm water or water and a little alcohol and after drying them, put on the tincture of benzoin with a camel's hair brush. It will not hurt the baby.

What can be done with cracked nipples? Apply benzoin as before directed, and use a glass or rubber nipple shield until it gets well.

How can caked breasts be prevented? The breasts should be kept emptied and well protected, both while nursing and during the intervals. Empty with a breast pump if necessary.

If mother's clothes are wet by the excess milk, what can she do? Use a breast-pump and drink and eat less fluid; eat more solid.

Should a baby nurse at both breasts? It is better.

If the breast contains pus, what can be done? Nurse at the other breast, but if both breasts are affected it must stop breast nursing.

Should an infant nurse from a mother who is taking medicine? Not as a rule.

When will the mother be able to nurse again? It is hard to tell. If the child is six months old the child should be weaned if the mother is seriously ill, and children with delicate stomachs should always be weaned, when the mother is sick.

If the mother has not enough nurse, what can be done?--Nurse partly and feed it the rest.

Can the milk secretion be increased? Yes, by regulating the mother's diet. She should drink freely of good cow's milk and have an occasional bowl of gruel, soup, etc.

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How long can you wait to see if the mother can have milk? It is well to wait several days, nurse all there is and supply the deficiency by bottle feeding.

How often should the baby nurse at first, and how long? Every four or five hours for the first few days--usually nurses fifteen to twenty minutes; one night nursing.

When is there a full secretion of milk? Usually on the third day.

How often should the baby be nursed afterward? After the third day every two hours and twice at night.

How often during the rest of the year? For two to three months every two to two and one-half hours during the day, two times at night; three to five months about every three hours up to ten p. m.; and one time at night; five to twelve months every three to three and one-half or four hours and not at night.

Is it necessary as a rule to give additional food the first few days? No; give plenty of water.

What important things should be attended to in nursing? First, a regular time night and day. Second, nipples should be kept clean.

What should a nursing mother eat? Her diet should be simple and plentiful, and lots of fluids; she should have three regular meals a day, and gruel, cocoa, or milk at bedtime and sometimes between meals. She can use cereals, most soups, most vegetables; avoid sour tart fruits, salads, pastry, and desserts. She may eat egg, meats once or twice daily, but in most cases but once. Tea and coffee if taken should be very weak, and ordinarily no wine or beer.

Are fruits eaten by the mother likely to injure baby? Sour fruits do in some cases, but sweet fruits and most fruits that are cooked do not, and are useful for the bowels.

Should the mother take special care of herself? Yes, she should lead a simple, natural, happy life, with outdoor exercise, as soon as possible after the confinement. She should make her bowels move daily by food and habit; she should not worry, should sleep plenty and should nap for an hour during the middle of the day.

Will the milk of the mother be affected by nervousness? Yes, more so than by her diet; worry, anxiety, fatigue, loss of sleep, household duties, society functions, have an injurious effect upon the child. Mother's grief, excitement, anger, passion, act upon the child through the milk.

How does the return of the menstruation affect the milk? The quantity is lessened, the infant is not satisfied. Sometimes the quality is affected and the child may suffer from restlessness, colic, and acute indigestion.

Should regular menstruation prohibit nursing? Not always; as a rule both functions do not go together. If the child thrives, it can keep on nursing, although it might be well to feed the infant, at least partly, during the period.

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How can you determine that the baby is well nourished? Good color, sleep for two hours after nursing, is quiet, good-natured and comfortable when awake; has normal bowel movements, three stools daily and gains gradually in weight.

How can you tell when a baby is poorly nourished? It neither gains nor loses weight; it is listless, tired, indifferent, cross, fretful, irritable and sleeps poorly. It looks pale, anemic, and it becomes soft and flabby. If the milk is scanty, it nurses long; at other times it tries the breast and turns away seemingly disgusted.

What should be done? This depends upon the conditions; should the child gain nothing for three or four weeks or lose weight, immediate weaning may be necessary; at least other food must be given in addition to the breast food. Feeding may be alternated with the breast nursing.

How do the symptoms show when the mother's milk disagrees? The child, is in constant discomfort; it sleeps little, is restless, cries much, gulps up gas, passes it by the bowels, or it accumulates in the bowels causing colic. There may be vomiting, but more often bowel trouble. The bowels may be constipated but usually there is diarrhea--frequent, loose, green, with mucus and gas.

What should you do in such a case? If the child does not gain or loses weight and there is little chance of improvement in the mother's milk, the child should be weaned immediately. If the child gains in weight, try a little longer to improve the mother's milk.

Why do some babies nurse so often? The milk does not satisfy.

When the baby has thrush, should the mother take special care of the breasts? Yes, they should be cleaned after every nursing.

How much does the baby's stomach hold at birth? Six to seven teaspoonfuls.

Is vomiting a healthy sign in infants? Frequent vomiting is not natural; see if his bands are too tight; find out if he has been danced or handled after nursing.

When is it harmful? When it is frequent. If it comes up directly after a meal looking just as it was when taken, the child may be over-fed.

What can be done? Reduce the quantity, or do not let it nurse so long or so often. If vomiting takes place a half hour after feeding, in sour swelling masses, it may be getting food too rich in cream, and then the time between nursings should be lengthened; or dilute the breast milk by giving one to two teaspoonfuls of plain boiled water, barley water, five or ten minutes before nursing; the mother should eat less hearty food, especially of meat.

If baby has frequent colic, what is the cause? The milk has too much proteids.

What should be done? Eat less meat, keep quiet, and happy, do not worry, etc.

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How many stools does a healthy baby have daily? About two.

What color? Yellow color and pasty consistence.

If a nursing baby has too many stools, what change should be made in the mother's diet? She should eat food that would cause costive bowels in her.

LOOSE STOOLS IN NURSING BABIES.

They are caused by the mother eating improper food. If the stools are very yellow, foul, greasy or ropy the mother is eating food that produces too much fat (cream) in her milk. If curds appear there is not enough fat, and too much of the proteids (skim milk). When the stools are very green with much mucus in them, the food should be reduced.

If a nursing baby is constipated, what can be done? More boiled water should be given between nursing. The mother should take exercise at least two hours each day out of doors; her bowels should move every day, even if she must take a laxative. She should take plenty of pure, rich milk, cocoa, oatmeal and cornmeal gruels, and some kind of tonic if she is weak. Tea and coffee should not be used. Ripe fruit (not tart), some green vegetables and a little meat can be eaten. Starchy foods should be avoided. Sometimes baby does not get enough nurse. Then she should be fed and given plenty of pure water between meals.

If a nursing baby has frequent colic attacks, what should be done? The food is probably too strong. The mother should eat food that will produce less fat (cream) in her milk. The baby can be nursed at longer periods for a time; or give an ounce of hot water just before nursing. The mother should take plenty of exercise, enough sleep and have a free movement of her bowels, so as to keep well and free from nervousness.

WEANING.

When and how should this be done? This may usually be begun at nine or ten months by substituting one feeding a day for one nursing. Later two feedings, etc., until weaning is gradually accomplished. Some advise one bottle feeding regularly each day much earlier, as before stated.

Give reasons for weaning earlier? Some serious illness of the mother, pregnancy, but the main reasons usually are that the child is not thriving.

When should the weaning be completed? Generally at one year, It may be advisable to wait longer in warm, damp weather.

Is there any danger in nursing longer? Yes, as the milk is scanty; the child may get rickets or anemia.

Is gradual weaning the best method? Yes.

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Should a wet nurse be preferred to bottle feeding? Yes, if you are sure you can get a good and perfectly healthy wet nurse. Her habits, etc., must be unobjectionable--she should be chosen by a physician.

When should a "weaned" child use the bottle, and when the cup? If the weaning is done at the eighth or ninth month the bottle should be used; if weaning is done from the tenth to the eleventh month, the baby should be taught to drink or be fed with a spoon.

How can you overcome some of the difficulties of weaning? As before recommended, by feeding every nursing infant once a day or by giving water regularly from out a feeding bottle, as this accustoms the baby to the bottle. This is very good, for the mother is sometimes away at nursing time, for a few hours and the baby can be fed, and when weaning comes, it is much easier.

How soon should a child stop nursing from a bottle? If the child is well this should be begun at the end of the first year, and after it is fourteen months old, it should not have the bottle except at the night feeding.

What is the objection to longer bottle nursing? They become attached to the bottle and refuse solid food when it is proper to give it. They get the bottle habit; also, it is troublesome and unnecessary. Then they will not take milk in the future, when the bottle is finally taken from them; an exclusive milk diet for children of two to three years old often results in poor nutrition and anemia.

Give the process of training a child to give up the bottle? There is little trouble if it is begun at the right time; pour the milk in a small cup or glass and the child will drink little by little. Give only a small portion of the food in this way, at first, and the balance from the bottle. The child will in a few weeks time learn to drink out of the cup without difficulty. If the child is two or three years old, take the bottle away entirely and let the child get hungry, and give it only milk in the cup and nothing else. Some children may go for a day without food, but hunger will master them finally. As soon as he has learned to drink milk from his cup, cereals and other solid foods are gradually added to his dietary and the child has not only been taught to give up his bottle, but he has also a training which is often necessary.

Can you give a baby just weaned as strong cows' milk as one of the same age who has been fed upon cows' milk from birth? Not generally; it would be almost certain to cause indigestion. You must remember that the change in food is a great one, and the feeding should be begun with a weak milk and increased gradually in strength as the baby becomes accustomed to the cows' milk.

What are the proper proportions for an infant weaned at four or five months? About the same as that given to a healthy bottle-fed baby of two months, except the quantity should be larger. The food can be gradually increased, in most cases, so that by the end of two or three weeks the usual strength can be given.

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What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From the top of a quart bottle of pure milk, that has stood from three to six hours, skim carefully off the top six ounces and then pour off three ounces of milk and mix them with the top milk (first skimmed off) making nine ounces in all; add to this nine ounces twenty-four ounces of boiled water in which you should have dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated sugar, or six or seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar; add a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, or else two ounces of lime water.

Give the proper proportion for a baby who is weaned at nine or ten months? About the same as for a bottle-fed baby of four or five months. The increase to be as above given.

What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a healthy baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart bottle of milk, six ounces of milk, then poured off, twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of granulated sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda or if lime-water is used instead take one ounce of lime-water to each twenty of the milk or gruel. He should have four ounces of this mixture every three hours up to ten p. m., and then one meal at about two a. m.; none until six or seven a. m.

Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will often do so for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and regularly.

SPECIAL MONTHLY RULES FOR A BOTTLE-FED BABY.

Formula of food.--For the first month: skim off carefully the top six ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, add to this twenty-four ounces of boiled water, in which water three teaspoonfuls of granulated or six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar have been dissolved, and then add a pinch of soda, or else one and one-half ounces of lime-water. Mix all these ingredients thoroughly, and then pour the correct quantity into each of ten clean nursing bottles. Tightly cork these bottles with clean cotton, and they can all be pasteurized or heated to a temperature of 155 degrees F. (Some say higher).

What strength is given to a bottle-fed baby of two months? From the top of a quart bottle of pure milk that has stood from three to six to eight hours, skim carefully off the top six ounces and then pour off three ounces of milk and mix them with the top milk (first skimmed off) making nine ounces in all; add to the nine ounces, twenty-four ounces of boiled water in which you should have dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated sugar, or six or seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar; add a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, or two ounces of lime-water.

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Formula for the third month.--(This is often used), Carefully skim off the top six ounces from a quart bottle of pure milk, then pour off six ounces of milk, twelve ounces in all, and now add twelve ounces of boiled water in which three teaspoonfuls of granulated or six of milk sugar have been dissolved, with a pinch of soda or else two ounces of lime-water; add then twelve ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, divide into eight bottles, pasteurize, etc.; cool quickly and place where the temperature is 50 degrees F., until meal time, when one of the bottles should be warmed by placing it in warm water. Pour a little out in a spoon to test the warmth, etc.; when the milk is lukewarm remove the cotton cork and attach the rubber nipple. He should be fed regularly and equally every three hours up to ten p. m., then have one at two or three a. m., and nothing until seven a. m. He should get three and one-half to four ounces at each meal, so that much should be put in each bottle.

What is the formula for a bottle-fed baby of four months? For a healthy baby, six ounces of top milk skimmed from the top of a quart bottle of milk, six ounces of milk then poured off, twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, six teaspoonfuls of milk sugar or three of granulated sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda; or if lime-water is used instead, take one ounce of lime-water to each twenty of the milk and gruel. He should have four or five ounces of this mixture every three hours up to 10 p. m., then one meal at about 2 a. m. None until 6 or 7 a. m.

Will a child lose weight when placed upon this diet? It will often do so for a week or more, but he will soon gain gradually and regularly.

Formula for the fifth month.--Skim off the top six ounces as before, then pour off nine ounces of milk and mix it with the top-milk, add twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of salt, four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda and proceed as before. He should be fed every three hours during the day until 10 p. m. Give five to six and one-half ounces at each meal, making six meals in the whole twenty-four hours.

Formula for sixth month.--Six ounces of the top-milk skimmed off from a quart of pure milk, ten ounces of milk then poured off. Twenty-four ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, in which has been thoroughly dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda, and a pinch of salt. Pasteurized as before, etc. Give baby from four to six ounces at each meal every three hours up to 9 or 10 p. m. If the day is exceedingly warm, pour out one or even two ounces from each bottle of the regular mixture and substitute boiled water for it. If the baby is inclined to vomit, it will be better during the hot weather to use less of the top milk, four, or five ounces instead of six or eight, and add so much more gruel. Barley gruel is better than oatmeal gruel unless baby is constipated. Again if the baby has delicate digestive organs, one meal each day during the very hot weather, can be made of mutton broth prepared as follows: Cut up one pound of neck of mutton, one pint of cold water and a pinch of salt; this is cooked very slowly for three hours until half a pint is left, adding a little water from time to time as it boils away; strain through muslin and allow to cool, and when cool take off all of the fat. Add this to an equal quantity of barley water and feed lukewarm to the baby from the nursing bottle. These measures may ward off summer complaint and assist in teething.

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Formula for the seventh month.--From a quart of pure milk carefully skim off the top six ounces, pour off fifteen ounces of the milk and add twenty-one ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel to which has been added dissolved four teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. Give six or seven ounces at each meal and six meals in twenty-four hours.

Formula for the eighth month.--Skim six ounces of top-milk as before directed, pour off seventeen ounces of milk, add twenty-one ounces of barley or oatmeal gruel, four of granulated or seven teaspoonfuls of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. Give six and one-half to seven ounces every three hours up to 10 p. m.

Formula for the ninth month.--Use six ounces of top-milk skimmed off as before, twenty ounces of milk poured off, twenty-two ounces of either barley or oatmeal gruel, a pinch of bicarbonate of soda and salt added to the gruel, and five teaspoonfuls of granulated or eight of milk sugar dissolved in boiled water and put in the gruel. Give seven or eight ounces of this every three hours up to 10 p. m.

Formula for tenth month.--The milk in a quart bottle is stirred and thirty ounces of this is taken and twenty ounces of either barley or oatmeal gruel is added to it, to which three teaspoonfuls of granulated or seven of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda have been added. Feed the child every three and a half hours up to 10 p. m., making five meals in twenty-four hours, and seven to eight ounces at each meal.

Formula for eleventh month.--Stir up the entire quart of milk, add thirteen ounces barley or oatmeal gruel and to this add one tablespoonful of granulated or two of milk sugar dissolved in boiled water, a pinch of salt and a pinch of bicarbonate of soda. Treat as used; eight or nine ounces are given at each feeding, and five feedings given during the twenty-four hours.

Formula for twelfth month.--Stir up the entire quart of milk; add eleven ounces of gruel, one tablespoonful of granulated or two of milk sugar, a pinch of salt and bicarbonate of soda. The child should now have five regular meals daily, arranged about as follows: Six a. m., nine ounces of this modified milk; 8 a. m., teaspoonful of prune jelly or strained juice of an orange; 10 a. m., seven ounces of the modified milk and two tablespoonfuls of a well cooked cereal; 2 p. m., five ounces of beef juice or six ounces of mutton or chicken broth, or else a coddled egg (alternate on different days), five or six ounces of modified milk and a small piece of zwieback; 6 p. m., nine ounces of modified milk; 10 p. m., ten ounces of modified milk.

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BARLEY AND OATMEAL GRUELS.

How is barley gruel made? Rub up one teaspoonful of the flour with a little cold water, and then stir this into a pint of boiling water, add a pinch of salt and boil it fifteen minutes, strain if it is at all lumpy.

How is oatmeal gruel made? In the same way, but use two teaspoonfuls of the flour.

SPECIAL RULES OF FEEDING AND NURSING FOR EACH MONTH IN CONNECTION WITH THE FORMULA GIVEN.

How can milk be pasteurized? A regular pasteurizer can be bought for three dollars; or the bottles, ten or less, can be placed in a pot partly filled with water which is rapidly brought to the boiling point about 155 degrees F. These bottles are filled with each regular feeding before being put in the water. The milk should not boil. Then remove the pot from the fire and allow the bottles to stand in it for one-half hour, then take them out and cool them as quickly as possible by allowing first warm and then cold water to run over the outside of the bottles; when they are cold, place them on ice or where the temperature is about 50 degrees F., and keep them until meal-time. Then one of the bottles is placed in warm water until the milk is lukewarm, the cork can then be removed and the nipple applied. These ten bottles were equally filled with the modified milk as prepared under the formula for the first month.

How much modified milk should be placed in each bottle? For the first week of life one to two and one-half ounces are placed in each of the ten bottles, and two or three and one-half ounces for the last two weeks of the first month.

What should be done if the baby vomits or has curds in his stools? Use a little less cream and a little more water. Remember, two tablespoonfuls equal one ounce.

What kind of bottles should be used? Round cylindrical bottles with the ounces marked on them.

What color of nipples? Black rubber nipples.

How should the bottle be treated when emptied? Rinse it out with cold water and then allow it to stand full of cold water with a pinch of soda or borax in it.

How should the bottles be prepared before the food for the whole day is put in them and pasteurized, etc.? They should be thoroughly rinsed in hot soap suds, and then rinsed and boiled in clear water for ten minutes.

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What about the nipples? Rinse them first in cold then in hot water and allow them to stand in a covered cup of boric acid solution or borax water solution one teaspoonful to a pint of water. Once or twice each day they should be turned inside out and scrubbed with a brush and water. The hole in the nipple should be only large enough for a rather coarse needle to go through. The hole in the nipple can be made by such a needle heated red hot and then run through the nipple.

When can you begin to add barley and oatmeal gruel to the baby's milk? In the third month. The gruel should be made daily. If the child is not constipated use barley gruel; if constipated use the oatmeal gruel.

If you cannot get the flour, how can you prepare the gruel from the grain? Take two teaspoonfuls of barley or three of oatmeal and allow it to soak over night in cold water; add one quart of cold water the next morning and boil steadily down to a pint, (for about four hours), then strain through muslin.

Do some physicians advise feeding nursing babies one or two meals daily, beginning the fourth month? Yes.

What strength should it be? Use the formula for bottle-fed babies of the first month and the same amounts.

How can you calculate the amount necessary? Take one-eighth or one-fourth either for one or two meals daily of the separate ingredients mentioned in the formula for the first month.

Following order may be as follows: First give baby three ounces of the formula, and if all goes well in a day or two give him three and one-half ounces and miss one meal at the breast. After one week if the baby is well suited, give him three ounces of the formula for the two-months-old baby; wait a few days, then give him four ounces of this formula at the one meal. Then in a week's time if all goes well, give him four ounces of the formula for the three month's baby. Use this for one week, and then give him four and one-half ounces of the same formula. If after another week is past, there are no signs of indigestion, give him four ounces of the four-month formula, and if he enjoys this very much wait for a day or two and then increase the amount to four and one-half ounces of the same formula, and then to five ounces; as he grows older give him of the same formula as the bottle-fed infant of the same age, and the same amount at the one feeding; if he vomits or has curds in his stools or colic keep him on a weak formula longer than formerly advised.

If you have fed a breast-fed baby one meal a day from the bottle when can he be given two feedings from the bottle? During the tenth month.

COWS' MILK.--Does cows' milk contain all the elements present in the mother's milk? Yes, but in different proportions.

Why not use prepared foods? They are not thought so good, and are more likely to produce poor nutrition.

What is, the difference between cows' milk and mothers' milk? Cows' milk contains nearly three times as much casein (curd) or cheesy matter, and only about one-half as much sugar.

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What kind of cows should be selected? They should be healthy and the milk should be clear and fresh.

Is it best to select Jersey cows? The milk from Jersey and Alderney cows is generally too rich; common grade cows are best.

Should the milk be from one cow? It should be from the mixed or herd milk since that varies little from day to day.

How fresh should the milk be? In winter it should not be used after it is forty-eight hours old; in summer not after it is twenty-four hours old, and sometimes it is unsafe in a shorter time.

How should the milk be cared for at the dairies? It must be kept clean and free from being contaminated. Cows, milkers and stables must all be kept clean, and the milk must be carried in sealed bottles; those that handle the milk must not be near a contagious disease; all milk pails, bottles, cans, etc., used for the milk must be steamed and boiled before being used.

Should it be immediately cooled after leaving the cows? Yes, and kept at a temperature of about 50 degrees F.

How should the family care for it after it is delivered fresh from the cows? Strain it for infants through a thick layer of absorbent cotton or through several thicknesses of cheese-cloth into quart jars or milk bottles, covered and cooled immediately. This is best done by placing the bottles in ice water or cool spring water that comes up to their necks and allow them to remain there at least one-half hour. What you wish to use for the children who drink plain milk you may pour into one-half pint bottles, and these should be placed in an ice chest or in the coolest possible place. The first rapid cooling is very important and adds greatly to the keeping qualities of the milk, for the milk loses its heat quickly when cooled in water, but very slowly when it is simply placed in a cold room. After standing for four or five hours or longer, the top milk can be strained off; the cream may be removed after waiting twelve to sixteen hours.

How should it be cared for when received in bottles? The temperature of the milk is always raised during the delivery, so it should be cooled as before described. If it was bottled at a dairy the cream or top milk can be removed in an hour or two.

How should milk and cream be cared for by the family when purchased in bulk? This milk should never be used for infants, as it is liable to be contaminated. Both cream and milk should at once be poured into vessels, covered and kept in a cool place. There will not be much cream or top milk upon such milk.

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How should refrigerators be treated? The inner portion should be of metal. An ordinary metal refrigerator, as sold, if encased in a wooden box makes the best kind. A covering of felt and heavy quilting can be made for the refrigerator which can be removed easily when wet or soiled--it must be kept absolutely clean. The compartments for the milk should be so arranged that the milk bottles be either in contact with the ice or near it. The supply of ice should always be abundant, or the temperature of the milk will not be low enough. The temperature should not be higher than 50 degrees F.; it is oftener 60 to 65 degrees F. To tell the temperature, use a nursery thermometer and this should be used from time to time to know what temperature the milk is in. Milk is often spoiled in too warm temperatures in refrigerators, and also in unclean refrigerators. Many cases of sickness are caused by it. The refrigerator should carry a temperature of near 50 degrees F., and be absolutely clean, and the compartment for the milk should be absolutely separated from other food compartments.

MODIFIED COWS' MILK.

Can cows' milk be fed to infants without being modified? No; because, although the elements are similar to those in mothers' milk, they are not identical, and are present in different proportions.

Is this a matter of great moment? Yes, for very few infants can digest cows' milk unmodified.

What does modifying cows' milk mean? It is changing cows' milk so as to make it more nearly like mothers' milk.

What is this changed milk called? Modified milk; and the original milk is known as "plain milk," "whole milk," "straight milk" or "milk."

State the principal differences between cows' milk and mothers' milk? Cows' milk contains a little more than half as much sugar. It contains nearly three times as much proteids (curds) and salts, and the proteids are different and much harder to digest. The reaction is decidedly acid, while the mother's milk is faintly acid or neutral.

Any other things of importance to consider? Yes; mothers' milk is always fed fresh and sterile, while cows' milk is always more or less contaminated by dust or germs which increase rapidly with the age of the milk in proportion to the amount of dirt in it and with any increase of temperature at which the milk is kept. So pasteurization and sterilization are done to destroy the effect of germs.

How can the acidity of cows' milk be overcome? By adding lime-water or bicarbonate of soda.

How much lime-water should be used? About one ounce to twenty ounces of food.

How much bicarbonate of soda? About twenty grains to twenty ounces of food.

Suppose there is a tendency to constipation in the infant? You can then use Phillip's milk of magnesia, or some other good preparation, adding one-half to one teaspoonful to each twenty ounces of food.

How can the sugar be increased? By adding milk or granulated sugar to the cows' milk.

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How much milk sugar is added to twenty ounces of food? About one ounce will do for the first three or four months. This makes it between six and seven per cent sugar.

How should you prepare the sugar? Dissolve it in boiled water and strain if there is a deposit after standing, by pouring it through a layer of absorbent cotton one-half inch thick placed in an ordinary funnel.

Is not granulated (cane) sugar recommended also? Yes; but all infants cannot use it. It is cheaper, but a good article of milk sugar should be bought. It costs from twenty to sixty cents per pound. The cheap variety contains many impurities.

But if cane sugar is used, how much is needed? Usually about one-half or a little over one-half as much as milk sugar, or about one half ounce to twenty ounces of food.

What occurs if too much is used? The sugar is likely to ferment in baby's stomach and cause colic. The milk is made too sweet.

If you continue to overfeed granulated sugar, what happens? Gas, colic, restlessness, uneasiness, lining of the bowels becomes reddened and irritated; the redness shows externally around the rectum, and in severe cases around the hips.

Unless the amount of sugar is now reduced, what occurs? There follow frequently watery, splashy stools with much gas and foul odors.

Is cane or granulated sugar safe to use after six months? It does not usually produce so much trouble later on.

Suppose milk sugar produces irritation? The quantity used should be reduced to one ounce to twenty-five ounces of food or even less for a short time.

As a rule should milk sugar be preferred the first six months? Yes.

What are the best grades of milk sugar? Merck's, Mallinkrotz's, or Squibb's.

Is sugar added to sweeten and make the milk palatable? No; although it does that, its use is to furnish one of the needed elements for the growth of the baby, and it is required by young infants in the largest quantity.

How do we know that this is true? Because in good mothers' milk the amount of sugar is greater than that of the fat, proteids, and salts combined.

As cows' milk has nearly three times as much proteids (curds) and salts as mothers' milk, how can these be diminished? By diluting the cows' milk.

How much should cow's milk be diluted for a very young infant? Diluted twice will give almost the same proportion of proteids present as in mothers' milk, but as the proteids of cows' milk are so much harder for the infant to digest, the milk should, in the beginning, be diluted five or six times for most infants.

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Does the diluted cows' milk with lime-water and sugar added resemble mothers' milk? No; for this mixture does not contain enough fat.

How can this be remedied? By increasing the fat in the milk before it is diluted.

How is this done? By adding top milk or milk and cream.

What is the top-milk? It is the upper layer of milk, one-third or one-half of milk removed after it has stood a certain number of hours,--six to eight hours.

How is the strength of the top-milk measured? By the fat it contains. A ten per cent milk contains a ten per cent of fat; a seven per cent milk contains a seven per cent of fat.

Are these strengths used for infant feeding? Yes, they are most used.

What increases the percentage of fat in the top-milk? 1. The longer time it stands. 2. Manner of its removal. 3. Number of ounces removed. 4. Thickness of the milk used.

When is top-milk removed? If milk is fresh from the cow or before the cream has risen, is bottled and rapidly cooled, it may be removed in four hours. It does not make much difference in bottled milk, and it may stand much longer.

How should top-milk be removed? Skim carefully off with a spoon, or cream- dipper (specially prepared) holding one ounce. It may be taken off with a glass or rubber syphon, never pour it off.

How can ten per cent top-milk be obtained from the different kinds of cow's milk? From rather poor milk (three to three and one half per cent fat) remove the upper eight ounces from a quart.

How can it be obtained from good average milk (four per cent fat?) Remove the upper eleven ounces or one-third.

From rich Jersey milk (five and five one-half per cent fat)? By removing sixteen ounces or upper one-half from the quart.

How is seven per cent top-milk obtained? 1. By removing the upper eleven ounces or one-third of a quart from poor milk. 2. By removing the upper half from average milk. 3. By removing two-thirds or about twenty-two ounces from rich Jersey milk. As stated before the seven per cent and ten per cent are the two kinds generally used.

If top-milk is treated in this way, is it like the human milk? The proportion of the fluids and solids are about the same, but the elements are different. The curd (albuminous element) is still different in structure and action from the same element in human milk. The curd of human milk when it is met by the gastric juice in the stomach coagulates in minute particles, and the pepsin acts upon this very readily, but the curd of cows' milk being much coarser and firmer coagulates under these conditions, into large hard clots or masses, and these are quite indigestible if the child's stomach is sour from an under amount of acid being present.

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How can we prevent this? By adding some bland and nonirritating substance to the milk which will mingle with the particles of curd and separate them until the gastric juice can act upon each separate particle and digest it.

What can we use for this purpose? Barley or oatmeal water or gruel is best.

What is cream? It is the part of the milk containing the most fat.

How is cream now obtained? By skimming after it has stood for twenty-four hours, "gravity cream"; by a separator, and it is then known as "centrifugal cream"; (most of the cream now sold in cities is "centrifugal cream").

How much fat has the usual "gravity cream?" Sixteen to twenty per cent.

How much fat is contained in cream removed from the upper one fifth of a bottle of milk? About sixteen per cent.

How much does the usual centrifugal cream contain? Eighteen to twenty per cent fat.

How much does the heavy centrifugal cream contain? Thirty-five to forty per cent fat.

Should the milk be boiled for babies in the summer time? No, not usually.

FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS.--FOR EARLY MONTHS.

These directions, etc., are for healthy infants. Directions for such as are suffering from digestive disturbances will be given later. I have in preceding pages given formulas for feeding children. I give these additional, because not all children can be fed the same way and it may be well to have the two sets of formulas.

What important parts are to be remembered when we are modifying cow's milk for the early month's feeding? That sugar is the most easily digested, fat comes next, while the proteids (curd) are the most difficult.

What relation should the fat and proteids bear to each other during the earlier periods? Usually in healthy infants the fat (cream) should be three times the proteids (curds). Some healthy infants do not digest fat so well and they should have only twice as much fat as proteids (curds--skim-milk).

What per cent milk must be used to obtain three times as much fat as proteids? Ten per cent milk.

How can we obtain ten per cent milk? As top milk, described on another page, or by using plain milk and ordinary cream (sixteen per cent), in equal parts mixed; or it may be obtained directly from the milk laboratories.

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Which is better to do, use the top-milk or mix plain milk and ordinary cream? If the milk is fresh from the cows, it is best then to use the top-milk, because the food can then be made up after it is only a few hours old.

If one uses bottled milk, in cities, the upper third may be used, but if milk and cream are bought separately it is usually more convenient to mix these, as cream will not rise uniformly upon the milk a second time.

What per cent milk must be used to obtain twice as much fat as proteids? Use for dilution a seven per cent milk, that is, milk containing seven per cent fat, as in this milk the fat is just twice the proteids.

How is this obtained? Same as top-milk, described on another page; or by mixing three parts of plain milk and one part of ordinary cream (sixteen per cent), or by obtaining it directly from the milk laboratories.

How should we prepare the food for the early months? Granted you make up twenty ounces at a time, first obtain the ten per cent, or seven per cent, milk to be used, then take the number of ounces of this called for in the formula desired. One must remember that to make twenty ounces of food one ounce of milk sugar (or three even tablespoonfuls) and one ounce of lime-water must be used. The rest of the food is boiled water and the per cent milk.

FIRST SERIES--Five formulas for early months for ten per cent milk: Formulas. 1 2 3 4 5 10 per cent milk 2 oz. 3 oz. 4 oz. 5 oz. 6 oz. *Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. Boiled water 17 oz. 16 oz. 15 oz. 14 oz. 13 oz. ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz.

*The milk sugar takes no space as it is always dissolved in the boiled water.

How can we strengthen this food? By gradually increasing the milk (top milk) and decreasing the amount of water.

SECOND SERIES--Of five formulas for the early months from the seven per cent milk. This is weaker in fat (cream), etc., about one-third:

Formulas. 1 2 3 4 5 7 per cent, milk 2 oz. 3 oz. 4 oz. 5 oz. 6 oz. Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. Boiled water 17 oz. 16 oz. 15 oz. 14 oz. 13 oz. ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- Food 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz.

How can I decide which series of formulas to use? A strong child with good digestion can be given from the first series, ten per cent milk.

A smaller, weaker child, and whose digestion is not so good, or with one who has tried the first series and did not do well, should use the second series of formulas.

[582 MOTHERS' REMEDIES]

What is the reason the food is made so weak at first? The infant's stomach is made to digest mother's milk, not cows' milk, so we must begin with weak cows' milk, and the infant's stomach can thus be trained to digest it. Strong milk would be very liable to seriously upset the child's digestion.

How rapidly can I increase the food in strength, that is, go from formula 1 to 2, 3, 4, and 5, of either series? This can not be told, absolutely. It depends upon the infant, how it bears the food. Usually you can begin on formula one on the second day, formula two on the fourth day; three, after seven or ten days, but after that make the increase slower. If the infant is large, strong and of good digestion, he may be able to take of formula five by the time he is three or four weeks old. A weak child, or one with feeble digestion must go much slower, and such an one may not reach formula five until it is three or four months old. Mothers should remember it is safer to increase the strength of the food very gradually; some infants should have an increase of only one-half ounce instead of one ounce; thus: three to three and one-half ounces, etc. Two or three days should be allowed at least between each increase of food.

May I not go by a general rule in increasing the food? Yes, increase the food when the infant is not satisfied, but is digesting well.

How does an infant show this? He drains the bottle hungrily and cries when it is taken away. He may begin to fret a half hour or so before the time for the next feeding. He often sucks his fingers immediately after feeding.

If I wish to prepare more than 20 ounces of food, what proportions shall I use? To make 25 ounces, add one-fourth more of each ingredient. To make 30 ounces, add one-half more of each ingredient. To make 35 ounces, add three-fourths more of each ingredient. To make 40 ounces, double each ingredient.

For example, 25 ounces of food would call for--2-1/2 ounces of milk; 1-1/4 ounces of milk sugar; 1-1/4 ounces of lime-water; 21-1/4 ounces of boiled water.

For 30 ounces of food, proportions would be--Milk, 3 ounces; milk sugar, 1-1/2 ounces; lime-water, 1-1/2 ounces; boiled water, 25-1/2 ounces.

How much more should be made at one time? Five ounces may be made, but the first few days only two or three ounces of the additional should be given; four ounces the next two days, and after two days more may give the five ounces additional that has been made; that is, twenty-five ounces in all.

How much increase can be given at each feeding? Not more than one-quarter of an ounce.

[ALL ABOUT BABY 583]

FOOD FOR HEALTHY INFANTS DURING THE LATER MONTHS.

How long shall I continue this proportion, that is, the fat three times the proteids (curd)--skim-milk? Usually for three or four months.

What changes shall I then make in the food? After you are using formula five of the first series; that is, six ounces of the ten per cent milk in twenty ounces of milk, increase the fat slowly, for the proportion of fat (three per cent), is near the limit for healthy children.

How then shall I strengthen the milk? By raising the percentage of proteids (curds, skim-milk).

How can I do this? Use the formulas derived from the seven per cent milk and discontinue the ten per cent milk.

THIRD SERIES.--Five formulas for seven per cent milk for the later months-- Formulas. 1 2 3 4 5 7 per cent milk 7 oz. 8 oz. 9 oz. 10 oz. 11 oz. *Milk Sugar 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 3/4 oz. 1/2 oz. Lime-water 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. 1 oz. Boiled water 12 oz. 11 oz. 10 oz. 4 oz. 3 oz. Barley Gruel 0 oz. 0 oz. 0 oz. 5 oz. 5 oz. ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz. 20 oz.

*(As the milk sugar is dissolved in the boiled water the quantity is twenty ounces instead of twenty-one.) Oatmeal gruel can be substituted for barley gruel if there is constipation. To increase the food to twenty-five, thirty, or thirty-five ounces increase the milk ingredients by 1/4, 1/2, 3/4 and for forty ounces using two times as much.

How shall I increase the food during this period? Beginning with formula one of this series, which should usually follow five of the first or second series, you can usually make the increase in ten days to No. 2; in two weeks you can use No. 3; but proceed more slowly to four or five when you have reached them. The same formula may be continued sometimes for three or four months with no other change, except an increase in the quantity of the food, that is from twenty ounces to twenty-five, etc.

Is it necessary or important to reduce the proportion of fat as it is at first, reduced in passing from formula five of the first series to formula one of the third series? It is not necessary.

How much is this reduction? From 3 to 2.50 per cent.

How much increase of fat is there from the fifth formula of the second series to the first formula of the third series? From 2.00 to 2.50 per cent.

Can the first decrease be avoided? Yes, by taking off at first the upper thirteen ounces as top-milk, and using in a twenty-ounce mixture seven ounces of this in place of formula No. 1, and also by using for the next increase the upper fifteen ounces as top-milk--taking of this eight ounces in a twenty-ounce mixture in place of formula No. 2. Then follow three of this third series. This is only done when you think the formulas two and three of the third series do not give enough fat.

[584 MOTHERS' REMEDIES.]

Can I add any other food about the sixth or seventh months? Yes, foods in the form of gruel, and have this take the place of part of the boiled water and part of the sugar. Oatmeal and barley gruels can be added.

Can I make further changes at ten or eleven months? The proteids (skim-milk) may be further increased, sugar and lime-water reduced until plain milk is given.

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