IV. Of Provincial and Communal Institutions (part 2 of 3)
496. Defeat of the Alemanni at Tolbiac by Clovis, king of the Franks; baptism of Clovis. Election of Pope Anastasius II.
Sixth Century.
504. Expulsion of the Alemanni from the Middle Rhine by the Franks.
505. Peace between Persia and the Eastern Empire.
501. Overthrow of the Gothic kingdom of Toulouse by Clovis.
511. Death of Clovis; partition of the Frank kingdom among his sons. Monophysite riot at Constantinople.
512. Second Monophysite riot at Constantinople.
515. Publication of the monastic rule of Saint Benedict.
518. Death of the Eastern Emperor, Anastasius, accession of Justin I.
519. Cerdic and Cynric become kings of the West Saxons.
525. Execution of Boethius and Symmachus by Theodoric, king of Italy.
526. Death of Theodoric and accession of Athalaric. Great earthquake at Antioch. War between Persia and the Eastern Empire.
527. Accession of Justinian in the Eastern Empire.
528. Conquest of Thuringia by the Franks.
529. Defeat of the Persians, at Dara, by the Roman general Belisarius. Closing of the schools at Athens. Publication of the Code of Justinian.
531. Accession of Chosroes, or Nushirvan, to the throne of Persia.
532. End of war between Persia and the Eastern Empire. Nika sedition at Constantinople.
533. Overthrow of the Vandal kingdom in Africa by Belisarius. Publication of the Pandects of Justinian.
534. Conquest of the Burgundians by the Franks.
535. Recovery of Sicily from the Goths by Belisarius.
536. Rome taken from the Goths by Belisarius for Justinian.
537. Unsuccessful siege of Rome by the Goths.
539. Destruction of Milan by the Goths. Invasion of Italy by the Franks.
540. Surrender of Ravenna to Belisarius; his removal from command. Invasion of Syria by Chosroes, king of Persia; storming and sacking of Antioch. Formal relinquishment of Gaul to the Franks by Justinian. Vigilius made Pope.
541. Gothic successes under Totila, in Italy. End of the succession of Roman Consuls. Defense of the East by Belisarius.
542. Great Plague in the Roman Empire.
543. Surrender of Naples to Totila. Death of Saint Benedict. Invasion of Spain by the Franks.
544. Belisarius again in command In Italy.
546. Totila's siege, capture and pillage of Rome.
547. The city of Rome totally deserted for six weeks. Founding of the kingdom of Bernicia (afterward included in Northumberland) in England. Subjection of the Bavarians to the Franks.
548. Death of the Eastern Empress, Theodora.
549. Second siege and capture of Rome by Totila. Beginning of the Lazic War.
552. Totila defeated and killed by the imperial army under Narses.
553. End of the Ostrogothic kingdom in Italy; restoration of the imperial sovereignty. Fifth General Council of the Church, at Constantinople. Establishment of the Exarch at Ravenna, representing the Emperor at Constantinople.
555. Pelagius I. made Pope.
558. Reunion of the Frank empire under Clothaire I.
560. John III. made Pope.
563. Founding of the monastery of Iona, in Scotland, by Saint Columba.
565. Death of Belisarius and of the Eastern Emperor Justinian; accession of Justin II.
566. Conquest of the Gepidæ in Dacia by the Lombards and Avars.
567. Division of the Frank dominion into the three kingdoms of Austrasia, Neustria and Burgundy.
568. Invasion of Italy by the Lombards; siege of Pavia.
570. Birth of Mahomet. [Uncertain date]
572. Renewed war of the Eastern Empire with Persia.
573. Murder of Alboin, king of the Lombards. Subjugation of the Suevi by the Visigoths in Spain.
574. Benedict I. made Pope.
578. Accession of the Eastern Emperor Tiberius Constantinus. Pelagius II. made Pope.
582. Accession of Maurice, Emperor in the East.
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588. Kingdom of Northumberland, in England, founded by the union of Bernicia and Deira under Æthelric.
589. Abandonment of Arianism by the Goths in Spain.
590. Gregory the Great elected Pope.
591. Peace between Persia and the Eastern Empire.
597. Mission of Saint Augustine to England. Death of Saint Columba.
Seventh Century.
602. Revolt in Constantinople; fall and death of Maurice; accession of Phocas.
604. Death of Pope Gregory the Great. Death of St. Augustine of Canterbury. [Uncertain date]
608. Invasion of Asia Minor by Chosroes II., king of Persia.
610. Death of the Eastern Emperor Phocas; accession of Heraclius. Venetia ravaged by the A vars.
614. Invasion of Syria by Chosroes II.; capture of Damascus.
615. Capture of Jerusalem by Chosroes; removal of the supposed True Cross.
616. First expulsion of the Jews from Spain. Advance of the Persians to the Bosphorus.
622. The flight of Mahomet from Mecca (the Hegira). Romans under Heraclius victorious over the Persians.
626. Siege of Constantinople by Persians and Avars.
627. Victory of Heraclius over Chosroes of Persia, at Nineveh. Conversion of Northumbria to Christianity.
628. Recovery of Jerusalem and of the supposed True Cross, from the Persians, by Heraclius.
630. Submission of Mecca to the Prophet.
632. Death of Mahomet; Abu Bekr chosen caliph.
634. Death of Abu Bekr; Omar chosen caliph. Battle of Hieromax or Yermuk; Battle of the Bridge. [Uncertain date] Defeat of Heraclius. Compilation and arrangement of the Koran. [Uncertain date]
635. Siege and capture of Damascus by the Mahometans; invasion of Persia; victory at Kadisiyeh. [Uncertain date] Defeat of the Welsh by the English in the battle of the Heavenfield.
636. Mahometan subjugation of Syria; retreat of the Romans.
637. Siege and conquest of Jerusalem by the Moslems; their victories In Persia.
639. Publication of the Ecthesis of Heraclius.
640. Capture of Cæsarea by the Moslems: invasion of Egypt by Amru.
641. Death of the Eastern Emperor Heraclius; three rival emperors; accession of Constans II. Victory at Nehavend and final conquest of Persia by the Mahometans; end of the Sassanian kingdom; capture of Alexandria [Uncertain date]; founding of Cairo.
643. Publication of the Lombard Code of Laws.
644. Assassination of Omar: Othman chosen caliph.
646. Alexandria recovered by the Greeks and lost again.
648. Publication by Constans II. of the edict called "The Type."
649. Mahometan invasion of Cyprus.
650. Conquest of Merv, Balkh, and Herat by the Moslems. [Uncertain date]
652. Conversion of the East Saxons in England.
653. Seizure and banishment of Pope Martin I. by the Emperor Constans II.
656. Murder of Caliph Othman; Ali chosen caliph; rebellion of Moawiyah; civil war; Battle of the Camel.
657. Ali's transfer of the seat of government to Kufa.
658. Syria abandoned to Moawiyah; Egypt in revolt.
661. Assassination of Ali; Moawiyah, first of the Omeyyads, made caliph; Damascus his capital.
663. Visit of the Emperor Constans to Rome.
668. Assassination of Constans at Syracuse [Uncertain date]; accession of Constantine IV. to the throne of the Eastern Empire. Beginning of the siege of Constantinople by the Saracens.
670. The founding of Kairwan, or Kayrawan. [Uncertain date]
673. First Council of the Anglo-Saxon Church, at Hereford. Birth of the Venerable Bede (d. 735).
677. The raising of the siege of Constantinople; treaty of peace. [Uncertain date]
680. Sixth General Council of the Church, at Constantinople; condemnation of the Monothelite heresy. Massacre at Kerbela of Hoseyn, son of Ali, and his followers.
685. Death of the Eastern Emperor, Constantine IV., and accession of Justinian II. The Angles of Northumbria, under King Ecgfrith, defeated by the Picts at Nectansmere.
687. Battle of Testri; victory of Pippin of Heristal over the Neustrians.
695. Fall and banishment of Justinian II.
696. Founding of the bishopric of Salzburg.
697. Election of the first Doge of Venice.
698. Conquest and destruction of Carthage by the Moslems. [Uncertain date]
Eighth Century.
704. Recovery of the throne by the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.
705. Accession of the Caliph Welid.
709. Accession of Roderick to the Gothic throne in Spain.
711. Invasion of Spain by the Arab-Moors. Moslem conquest of Transoxiana and Sardinia. Final fall and death of the Eastern Emperor Justinian II.
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712. Surrender of Toledo to the Moslem invaders of Spain.
717. Elevation of Leo the Isaurian to the throne of the Eastern Empire. Second siege of Constantinople by the Moslems. Great defeat of the Moslems at the Cave of Covadonga in Spain.
718. Victory of Charles Martel at Soissons; his authority acknowledged in both Frankish kingdoms.
719. Mahometan conquest and occupation of Narbonne.
721. Siege of Toulouse; defeat of the Moslems.
725. Mahometan conquests in Septimania.
726. Iconoclastic edicts of Leo the Isaurian; tumult and insurrection in Constantinople.
731. Death of Pope Gregory II.; election of Gregory III.; last confirmation of a Papal election by the Eastern Emperor.
732. Great defeat of the Moslems by the Franks under Charles Martel at Poitiers, or Tours. Council held at Rome by Pope Gregory III.; edict against the Iconoclasts.
733. Practical termination of Byzantine imperial authority.
735. Birth of Alcuin (d. 804).
740. Death of Leo the Isaurian, Emperor in the East; accession of Constantine V.
741. Death of Charles Martel. Death of Pope Gregory III.; election of Zacharias.
742. Birth of Charlemagne (d. 814).
744. Defeat of the Saxons by Carloman; their forced baptism. Death of Liutprand, king of the Lombards.
747. The Plague in Constantinople. Pippin the Short made Mayor in both kingdoms of the Franks.
750. Fall of the Omeyyad dynasty of caliphs and rise of the Abbassides.
751. Extinction of the Exarchate of Ravenna by the Lombards.
752. End of the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings; assumption of the crown by Pippin the Short. Death of Pope Zacharias; election of Stephen II.
754. First invasion of Italy by Pippin the Short. Rome assailed by the Lombards.
755. Subjugation of the Lombards by Pippin; his donation of temporalities to the Pope. Martyrdom of Saint Boniface in Germany.
756. Founding of the caliphate of Cordova by Abderrahman.
757. Death of Pope Stephen II.; election of Paul I.
758. Accession of Offa, king of Mercia.
759. Loss of Narbonne, the last foothold of the Mahometans north of the Pyrenees.
763. Founding of the capital of the Eastern Caliphs at Bagdad. [Uncertain date]
767. Death of Pope Paul I.; usurpation of the anti-pope, Constantine.
768. Conquest of Aquitaine by Pippin the Short. Death of Pippin; accession of Charlemagne and Carloman. Deposition of the anti-pope Constantine; election of Pope Stephen III.
771. Death of Carloman, leaving Charlemagne sole king of the Franks.
772. Charlemagne's first wars with the Saxons. Death of Pope Stephen III.; election of Hadrian I.
774. Charlemagne's acquisition of the Lombard kingdom; his enlargement of the donation of temporalities to the Pope. Forgery of the "Donation of Constantine." [Uncertain date]
775. Death of the Eastern Emperor Constantine V.; accession of Leo IV.
778. Charlemagne's invasion of Spain; the "dolorous rout" of Roncesvalles.
780. Death of the Eastern Emperor Leo IV.; accession of Constantine VI.; regency of Irene.
781. Italy and Aquitaine formed into separate kingdoms by Charlemagne.
785. Great struggle of the Saxons against Charlemagne; submission of Wittikind.
786. Accession of Haroun al Raschid in the eastern caliphate.
787. Seventh General Council of the Church (Second Council of Nicæa). First incursions of the Danes in England.
788. Subjugation of the Bavarians by Charlemagne. Death of Abderrahman.
790. Composition of the Caroline books. [Uncertain date]
791. Charlemagne's first campaign against the Avars.
794. Accession of Cenwulf, king of Mercia.
795. Death of Pope Hadrian I.; election of Leo III.
797. Deposition and blinding of the Eastern Emperor Constantine VI., by his mother Irene.
800. Imperial coronation of Charlemagne; revival of the Empire. Accession of Ecgberht, king of Wessex, the first king of all the English.
Ninth Century.
801. Conquest of Barcelona from the Moors by the Franks.
805. Charlemagne's subjugation of the Avars. Creation of the Austrian march.
806. Division of the Empire by Charlemagne between his sons formally planned.
809. Death of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid.
812. Civil war between the sons of the Caliph Haroun al Raschid; siege of Bagdad.
814. Death of Charlemagne, and accession of Louis the Pious, his only surviving son.
816. Death of Pope Leo III.; election of Stephen IV.
817. Partition of the Empire of the Franks by Louis the Pious.
826. Grant of a county between the Rhine and Moselle to Harold, king of Jutland, by the Emperor.
827. Beginning of Moslem conquest of Sicily.
830. First rebellion of the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious.
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833. Second rebellion of the Emperor's sons; the "Field of Lies"; deposition of the Emperor Louis the Pious. Death of the Caliph Mamun, son of Haroun al Raschid.
834. Restoration of Louis the Pious.
835. Invasion of the Netherlands and sacking of Utrecht by the Northmen.
836. Burning of Antwerp and ravaging of Flanders by the Northmen. Death of Egbert, the first king of all the English.
837. First expedition of the Northmen up the Rhine.
838. Asia Minor invaded by the Caliph Motassem; the Amorian War.
840. Third rebellion of the sons of the Frankish Emperor Louis the Pious; his death; civil war.
841. Expedition of the Northmen up the Seine; their capture of Rouen.
842. The Oath of Strasburg.
843. Conquest by the Mahometans of Messina in Sicily. Partition Treaty of Verdun between the sons of the Emperor Louis the Pious; formation of the realms of Louis the German and Charles the Bald, which grew into the kingdoms of Germany and France.
845. First attack of the Northmen on Paris; their destruction of Hamburg.
846. Rome attacked by the Moslems.
847. Siege and capture of Bordeaux by the Northmen.
849. Birth of Alfred the Great.
852. Revolt against the Moslems in Armenia.
854. Ravages of the Northmen on the Loire checked at Orleans.
855. Death of Lothaire, Emperor of the Franks, and civil war between his sons. First footing of the Danes established in England.
857. Deposition of Ignatius, Patriarch of Constantinople, and elevation of Photius.
860. Discovery of Iceland by the Northmen. [Uncertain date]
861. Formation of the Duchy of France; origin of the House of Capet. Paris surprised by the Northmen.
863. Papal decree against the Eastern Patriarch, Photius. Creation of the County of Flanders by Charles the Bald.
864. Mission of Cyril and Methodius to the Slavonians.
865. First Varangian or Russian attack on Constantinople.
866. Beginning of the permanent conquests of the Danes in England.
871. Moslem fortress of Bari, in southern Italy, surrendered to the Franks and Greeks. Accession of Alfred the Great to the throne of Wessex.
875. Death of Louis II., Emperor of the Franks and king of Italy; imperial coronation of Charles the Bald.
876. The Seine entered by the Northmen under Rollo.
877. Death of the Emperor, Charles the Bald, and accession of Louis the Stammerer. Founding of the kingdom of Provence by Count Boso.
878. Capture by the Moslems of Syracuse in Sicily.
880. Ravages of the Northmen in Germany; battles of the Ardennes and Ebbsdorf. Defeat of the Danes by the English King Alfred at Ethandun; Peace of Wedmore. [Uncertain date]
881. Accession of Charles the Fat, king of Germany and Italy.
884. Temporary reunion of the Empire of the Franks under Charles the Fat.
885. Siege of Paris by the Northmen under Rollo.
887. Deposition of the Emperor, Charles the Fat.
888. Death of Charles the Fat and final disruption of the Empire of the Franks; founding of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. The crown of France in dispute between Eudes, Count of Paris, and the Caroling heir, Charles the Simple.
889. Second siege of Paris by Rollo.
890. Third siege of Paris and siege of Bayeux by Rollo.
891. Defeat of the Danes at Louvain by King Arnulf.
894. Arnulf of Germany made Emperor.
895. Rome taken by the Emperor Arnulf.
898. Death of Eudes, leaving Charles the Simple sole king of France.
899. Death of the Emperor Arnulf; accession of Louis the Child to the German throne.
900. Italy ravaged in the north by the Hungarians.
Tenth Century.
901. Death of the English king, Alfred the Great, and accession of his son, Edward the Elder. Founding of the Samanide dynasty in Khorassan.
904. Sergius III. made Pope; beginning of the rule of the courtesans at Rome.
909. Founding of the Fatimite caliphate in Africa.
910. Founding of the monastery of Clugny in France.
911. Death of the Emperor Louis the Child, extinguishing the Carolingian dynasty in Germany, and election of Conrad the Franconian. Defeat of the Northmen at Chartres in France; cession of Normandy to Rollo.
912. Baptism of the Norman Duke Rollo.
914. Elevation of John X. to the papal throne by the courtesan, Theodora. [Uncertain date]
916. Imperial coronation in Italy of Berengar.
919. Election of the Saxon Duke, Henry the Fowler, to the kingship of Germany. Establishment of the Danish kingdom of Dublin.
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923. The crown of France disputed with Charles the Simple by Rudolph, of Burgundy.
924. Devastation of Germany by the Hungarians; truce agreed upon for nine years. Lapse of the imperial title on the death of Berengar. Commendation of Scotland to the West Saxon king.
925. Death of the English king, Edward the Elder, and accession of his son Ethelstan.
928. Overthrow and imprisonment of Pope John X. by the courtesan Marozia. [Uncertain date]
929. Death of Charles the Simple in France.
931. John XI., son of the courtesan Marozia, made Pope. [Uncertain date]
932. Domination of Rome by the Pope's brother, Alberic.
936. Election of Otho, called the Great, to the throne of Germany. Death of Rudolph of Burgundy and restoration of the Carolingians to the French throne.
937. Ethelstan's defeat of Danes, Britons and Scots at the battle of Brunnaburgh. Invasion of France by the Hungarians.
940. Death of the English king, Ethelstan, and accession of his brother Edmund.
946. Death of the English king, Edmund, and accession of his brother Edred.
951. First expedition of Otho the Great into Italy; founding of the Holy Roman Empire (afterwards so called).
954. Death of Alberic, tyrant of Rome, his son, Octavian, succeeding him. Death of the Carolingian king of France, Louis IV., called" d'Outremer"; accession of Lothaire.
955. Germany invaded by the Hungarians; their decisive defeat on the Lech. Death of the English king, Edred, and accession of his nephew, Edwig.
956. Assumption of the Papal throne by Octavian, as John XII.
957. Revolt against the English king Edwig; division of the kingdom with his brother Edgar. [Uncertain date]
959. Death of Edwig and accession of Edgar; Abbot Dunstan made Archbishop of Canterbury.
961. The crown of Italy taken by Otho the Great, of Germany.
962. Imperial coronation of Otho the Great at Rome; revival of the Western Empire.
963. Expulsion and deposition of Pope John XII.; election of Leo VIII.
964. Expulsion of Pope Leo VIII.; return and death of John XII.; siege and capture of Rome by the Emperor.
965. Death of Pope Leo VIII.; election, expulsion, and forcible restoration of John XIII.
967. Conquest of Egypt by the Fatimite caliph. [Uncertain date]
969. Murder of the Eastern Emperor Nicephorus Phocas by John Zimisces, his successor.
972. Marriage of Otho, the Western Emperor's son, to the Byzantine princess, Theophano. Death of Pope John XIII., and election of Pope Benedict VI.
973. Death of the Emperor Otho the Great; accession of Otho II.
974. Murder of Pope Benedict VI.
975. Election of Pope Benedict VII. Death of the English king Edgar; accession of his son Edward the Martyr.
979. Death of Edward the Martyr; accession of Ethelred the Unready. [Uncertain date]
983. Death of the Emperor Otho II.; accession of Otho III. to the German throne, under the regency of his mother, Theophano. Death of Pope Benedict VII. First visit of Erik the Red to Greenland.
984. Election of Pope John XIV.
985. Murder of Pope John XIV.; election of Pope John XV.
986. Death of Lothaire, king of France; accession of his son Louis V.
987. Death of Louis V., the last of the Carolingian kings; election of Hugh Capet.
988. Death of Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury. Cherson acquired by the Romans.
991. Invasion of England by Vikings from Norway; battle of Maldon.
996. Death of Hugh Capet, king of France; accession of his son, Robert II. Death of Pope John XV.; election of Gregory V. Imperial coronation of Otho III.
997. Insurrection of peasants in Normandy. Rebellion of Crescentius in Rome; expulsion of the Pope.
998. Overthrow of Crescentius at Rome. Excommunication of King Robert of France.
999. Gerbert raised by the Emperor to the Papal chair, as Sylvester II.
1000. Expectations of the end of the world. Pilgrimages of the Emperor Otho. Royal title conferred on Duke Stephen of Hungary, by the Pope. Christianity formally adopted in Iceland.
Eleventh Century.
1002. Massacre of Danes in England on St. Brice's Day. Death of the Emperor Otto III., and election of Henry II.
1003. Invasion of England by Sweyn of Denmark.
1005. Birth of Lanfranc [Uncertain date] (d. 1089).
1013. Flight to Normandy of the English king, Ethelred. The West and North of England submissive to Sweyn. Imperial coronation of Henry II.
1014. Death of Sweyn. Return of Ethelred to England; his war with Sweyn's son Canute. Defeat of the Danes at the battle of Clontarf in Ireland; death of King Brian.
1016. Death of the English kings, Ethelred and his son, Edmund Ironside. Submission of the kingdom to Canute, king of Denmark.
1017. The Saracens driven from Sardinia by the Pisans and Genoese.
1024. Death of the Emperor Henry II., and election of Conrad II.
1027. Imperial coronation of Conrad II.
1031. End of the Ommeyyad caliphate of Cordova, in Spain. Death of Robert II., king of France; accession of Henry I.
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1033. Birth of Saint Anselm. [Uncertain date] (d. 1109).
1035. Death of Canute, king of England and Denmark, and accession of his son Harold. Creation of the kingdom of Aragon in Spain.
1039. Death of Conrad II., and election of Henry III., king of Germany. Murder of Duncan, king of Scotland, by his successor, Macbeth.
1040. Death of Harold, king of England, and accession of Hardicanute.
1042. Death of Hardicanute, and end of Danish rule in England. Accession of Edward the Confessor.
1044. Sale of the papal see by Benedict IX. to Gregory VI.
1046. Three rival popes suppressed by the Emperor Henry III. Election of Pope Clement II. Imperial coronation of Henry III.
1049. Election of Pope Leo IX. The monk Hildebrand made Administrator of the Patrimony of St. Peter.
1051. Exile of Earl Godwine of Wessex. Visit of William of Normandy to England.
1052. Return of Earl Godwine to England.
1053. Defeat of Pope Leo IX. by the Guiscards. The Norman conquests in southern Italy conferred on them as a fief of the Church. Death of Earl Godwine.
1054. Death of Pope Leo IX. Final separation of the Eastern and Western Churches.
1055. Election of Pope Victor II.
1056. Death of the Emperor Henry III. Election of Henry IV., king of Germany, under the regency of his mother.
1060. Death of Henry I., king of France; accession of Philip I.
1066. Invasion of England by the Norwegian king, Harold Hardrada, and Tostig, the English king Harold's brother; their defeat at Stamford Bridge. Invasion of England by William, duke of Normandy; defeat of the English at Senlac or Hastings; death of Harold, last of the Saxon kings.
1071. Final overthrow of the English at Ely. The Norman conquest of England completed.
1073. Election of Hildebrand (Gregory VII.) to the papal throne.
1075. Synod of Pope Gregory and its decrees against clerical incontinence, and decrees against simony. Beginning of strife between the Pope and Henry IV. Great defeat of the Saxons, by Henry IV., at Langensalza.
1076. Council at Worms, called by Henry IV. of Germany, which pronounces the deposition of the Pope. Excommunication of Henry by Pope Gregory VII. Jerusalem captured by the Seljuk Turks.
1077. Humiliation of Henry IV. before Pope Gregory at Canossa; election of the anti-king Rudolph. Donation of the Countess Matilda to the Holy See. Accession of Ladislaus (called Saint), king of Hungary.
1078. Building of the Great or White Tower at London. [Uncertain date]
1079. Birth of Abelard (d. 1142).
1080. Renewal of the Pope's ban against Henry IV. Defeat and death of his rival Rudolph. Election of the anti-pope, Clement III.
1081. Unsuccessful attacks on the city of Rome by Henry IV. Invasion of Greece by the Norman duke, Robert Guiscard. Constantinople sacked by the army of Alexius Comnenus; coronation of Alexius.
1084. Henry IV. in Rome. Seating of the anti-pope, Clement III. Imperial coronation of Henry IV. Sack and burning of Rome by the Normans under Robert Guiscard. Founding of the Carthusian Order by Saint Bruno.
1085. Death of Pope Gregory VII. in exile at Salerno. Death of Robert Guiscard.
1086. Completion in England of King William's Domesday Survey and Domesday Book.
1087. Death of William the Conqueror; accession of William Rufus to the English throne.
1091. Rebellion of Conrad, eldest son of the German emperor, Henry IV. Birth of Saint Bernard (d. 1153).
1094. The Council of Clermont. Address of Pope Urban II.
1095. Death of (Saint) Ladislaus of Hungary.
1096. Movement of the first armies of the Crusades; massacre of Jews in Europe.
1099. Coronation of Henry v., second son of the emperor, as King of the Romans. Recovery of the Holy City by the Crusaders; founding of the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.
1100. Death of William Rufus, king of England, and accession of Henry I.
Twelfth Century.
1101. Disastrous crusading expeditions from Italy, France and Germany. Agreement between King Henry I. of England and his brother Robert.
1104. Rebellion against the Emperor, Henry IV., headed by his son.
1135. Imprisonment and abdication of the Emperor, Henry IV.
1106. English conquest of Normandy; defeat and capture of Duke Robert. Death of the Emperor, Henry IV.
1108. Death of Philip I., king of France, and accession of Louis VI. (the Fat).
1109. Death of Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury.
1110. Expedition of Henry V. to Italy.
1111. Insurrection at Rome; attack on the Germans; imperial coronation of Henry V. Concession of the right of investiture by the Pope.
1112. Repudiation of the Pope's concession and renewal of the War of Investitures.
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1115. Death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany: her vast possessions bequeathed to the Church.
1118. Death of Pope Pascal II. Election of Pope Gelasius II. and the anti-pope Gregory VIII. Founding of the Order of the Templars.
1119. Battle of Noyon, in Normandy. Death of Pope Gelasius II. and election of Callistus II.
1120. The sinking of "the White Ship"; drowning of the English King Henry's son.
1121. Condemnation of Abelard in France.
1122. Settlement of the question of investitures; Concordat of Worms.
1123. First Lateran Council of the Church.
1124. Death of Pope Callistus II. and election of Honorius II.
1125. Death of the Emperor Henry V. and election of Lothaire, of Saxony, to the German throne. Opening of the strife between Guelfs and Hohenstaufens or Ghibellines.
1130. Death of Pope Honorius II.; election of Innocent II., and the anti-pope, Anacletus II.
1131. Birth of Maimonides [Uncertain date] (d. 1201 [Uncertain date]).
1133. Coronation of the Emperor Lothaire at Rome.
1135. Death of Henry I., king of England; civil war between Stephen and Matilda.
1136. Progress of the Emperor Lothaire through the peninsula of Italy; submission of the cities.
1137. Death of the Emperor Lothaire. Death of Louis VI. of France and accession of Louis VII.; his marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Birth of Saladin (d. 1193).
1138. Election in Germany of Conrad of Hohenstaufen. Second invasion of England by David of Scotland. Battle of the Standard.
1139. Banishment from Italy of Arnold of Brescia. Defeat of the Moors in Portugal by Affonso Henriques, at the battle of Orik or Ourique. Second Lateran Council of the Church.
1140. Siege of Weimsberg. First use of the party names, Welf or Guelf and Waiblingen or Ghibelline. Portugal separated from Castile, and made a separate kingdom.
1142. Death of Abelard at Clugny.
1143. Death of Pope Innocent III. Election of Celestine II.
1144. Turkish capture of Edessa. Jerusalem threatened. Appeal to Europe. Death of Pope Celestine II. Election of Lucius II.
1145. Death in battle of Pope Lucius II. and election of Eugenius II. Establishment of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome.
1146. Massacre of Jews by Crusaders and mobs in Germany. Sack of Thebes and Corinth by the Norman King Roger of Sicily.
1147. The Second Crusade, from France and Germany. Lisbon taken from the Moors and made the capital of Portugal. Founding of Moscow.
1148. Unsuccessful siege of Damascus by the Crusaders.
1152. Death of the Emperor Conrad of Hohenstaufen and election of Frederick I. (Barbarossa). Marriage of Prince Henry, afterward Henry II. of England, to Eleanor of Aquitaine.
1153. Death of Pope Eugenius III. and election of Anastasius IV.
1154. Death of Stephen, king of England, and accession of Henry II. First expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy. Death of Pope Anastasius IV. and election of Hadrian IV. Ireland granted to the English crown by Pope Hadrian IV.
1155. Overthrow of the republic of Arnold of Brescia at Rome; his death. Tumult at the imperial coronation of Frederick Barbarossa.
1158. Second expedition of Frederick Barbarossa into Italy. Siege of Milan.
1159. Death of Pope Hadrian IV.; election of Alexander III. and the anti-pope Victor IV.
1162. Thomas Becket made Archbishop of Canterbury. Destruction of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa. Birth of Genghis Khan [Uncertain date] (d. 1227).
1163. Third visitation of Frederick Barbarossa to Italy.
1164. Enactment of the Constitutions of Clarendon in England. Death of the anti-pope Victor IV. and election of the anti-pope Pascal III.
1166. The Assize of Clarendon in England. Fourth Italian expedition of Frederick Barbarossa.
1167. Formation of the League of Lombardy; rebuilding of Milan. Storming of Rome by Frederick Barbarossa; seating of the anti-pope Pascal.
1168. Death of the anti-pope Pascal III. and election of the anti-pope Callistus III.
1169. Beginning of Strongbow's conquest of Ireland.
1170. Murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket in England. Birth of Saint Dominic (d. 1221).
1174. Invasion of England by King William of Scotland. His defeat and capture. Last visitation of Italy by Frederick Barbarossa. The leaning tower of Pisa commenced.
1175. Anglo-Norman conquest of Ireland completed; limits of the English pale defined.
1176. Defeat of Frederick Barbarossa by the Lombard League at Legnano.
1177. The peace of Venice; submission of the Emperor to the Pope, Alexander III.
1179. Submission of the anti-pope, Callistus III., to Pope Alexander III. Third Lateran Council of the Church.
1180. Death of Louis VII., king of France, and accession of Philip Augustus. Sentence against Henry the Lion in Germany.
1181. Death of Pope Alexander III. and election of Lucius III.
1182. Birth of Saint Francis of Assisi (d. 1226).
1183. Peace of Constance between Germany and Italy. Independence of the Lombard Republics.
{3826}
1184. Birth of Saadi [Uncertain date] (d. 1291).
1185. Death of Pope Lucius III. and election of Urban III.
1187. Saladin's victory at Tiberias; recovery of Jerusalem by the Moslems. Death of Pope Urban III.; election and death of Gregory VIII.; election of Clement III. End of the Ghaznavide dynasty in Afghanistan.
1188. Imposition of the Tithe of Saladin in England.
1189. Death of King Henry II. of England and accession of Richard I. (Cœur de Lion). Crusade of King Richard of England, Philip Augustus of France, and Frederick Barbarossa of Germany. Massacre of Jews in England.
1190. Death, by drowning, of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa, in Asia Minor; accession of Henry VI., king of Germany.
1191. Death of Pope Clement III. and election of Celestine III. Imperial coronation of the Emperor Henry VI.
1192. Captivity of King Richard of England.
1195. Birth of Matthew Paris [Uncertain date] (d. 1259).
1196. Crusade of German barons to the Holy Land.
1199. Death of King Richard I. of England; accession of John.
Thirteenth Century.
1201. Crusade to the Holy Land urged by Pope Innocent III. Institution of the Order of the Sword for crusading against the heathen of the Baltic region. Cession to the Papacy by the Emperor, Otho IV., of all the territory claimed by Innocent III. as constituting the States of the Church. Chartering of the University of Paris by Philip Augustus.
1202. The Crusaders at Venice; their bargain with the Venetians and attack on Zara.
1203. Attack on Constantinople by the Crusaders and Venetians.
1204. Capture and pillage of Constantinople by the Crusaders and Venetians; creation of the Latin Empire of Romania and election of Baldwin of Flanders to the throne. Loss of Normandy by King John of England. Founding of the Monastery of Port Royal.
1205. Genghis Khan proclaimed by a great assembly Khakan or Emperor of Tartary.
1206. Founding of the Greek empire of Nicæa by Theodore Lascaris.
1209. First crusade against the Albigenses, instigated by Pope Innocent III. Imperial coronation of Otho IV. at Rome.
1210. Second crusade against the Albigenses. Founding of the Franciscan Order of Friars.
1212. Children's Crusade from France and Germany. Great defeat of the Moors by the Christians on Las Navas de Tolosa, in Spain.
1213. Subjugation of the Albigenses by Simon de Montfort, who receives the principality of Toulouse. Submission of John of England to the Pope as a vassal.
1214. Battle of Bouvines, in Flanders; defeat of the English king, John, and the German king and emperor Otho IV., by Philip Augustus of France. Birth of Roger Bacon (d. 1292).
1215. The Great Charter extorted from King John by the barons of England. Founding of the Dominican Order of Friars. Beginning, in Florence, of the fierce quarrel of Guelfs and Ghibellines.
1216. Election of Pope Honorius III. Crusade to the Holy Land led by King Andrew of Hungary. Death of King John of England and accession of Henry III.
1217. Revolt of the Toulousans; death of Simon de Montfort.
1218. Death of the Emperor Otho IV. Attack of the Crusaders on Egypt; siege of Damietta.
1220. Imperial coronation of Frederick II., the Hohenstaufen. Evacuation of Egypt by the Crusaders. Destruction of Bokhara by Genghis Khan.
1222. The charter called the Golden Bull conferred on Hungary by King Andrew.
1223. Death of Philip Augustus, king of France, and accession of Louis VIII.
1224. Birth of Sire de Joinville (d. 1317).
1226. Renewed crusade against the Albigenses; invasion of Languedoc by the French king, Louis VIII., after buying the rights of Simon de Montfort's son. Death of Louis VIII. and accession in France of Louis IX. (Saint Louis) under the regency of Blanche of Castile.
1227. Election of Pope Gregory IX. Death of Genghis Khan. Birth of Thomas Aquinas [Uncertain date] (d. 1274).
1228. Crusade led by the Emperor Frederick II. His treaty with the Sultan recovering Jerusalem.
1229.
Cession, by treaty, of two thirds of the dominions of the expelled Count of Toulouse to the king of France. Frederick II. in Jerusalem.
1230. Castile and Leon united under Ferdinand III.
1235. Recovery of Cordova from the Moors by Ferdinand III. of Leon and Castile.
1236. Defeat of the Lombard League by Frederick II. at Cortenuova.
1238. Founding of the Moorish kingdom of Granada, in Spain.
1240. Birth of Cimabue (d. 1302 [Uncertain date]).
1241. Election and death of Celestine IV. Invasion and desolation of Russia, Hungary and Poland by the Mongols, or Tatars.
1242. Sack of Jerusalem by the Carismians.
1243. Election of Pope Innocent IV.
1244. Earliest use of the name Parliament in England.
1245. Decree of the Council at Lyons, held by Pope Innocent IV., deposing Frederick II.
{3827}
1248. Expulsion of the Guelfs from Florence. Crusade of Saint Louis. Recovery of Seville from the Moors by King Ferdinand III. of Leon and Castile.
1249. Commencement of the building of Cologne cathedral.
1250. Death of the Emperor Frederick II. Rising of the people and establishing of a popular constitution in Florence. Defeat and captivity of Saint Louis and his crusaders in Egypt.
1252. Crusading movement of "the Pastors" in France.
1254. Election In Germany of William of Holland to be King of the Romans. Election of Pope Alexander IV. Return of the Guelfs to Florence, driving out the Ghibellines.
1257. Double election in Germany of Richard, Earl of Cornwall, and King Alfonso X. of Castile, rival Kings of the Romans.
1258. Formulation in England of the Provisions of Oxford. Founding of the Mongol empire of the Ilkhans, embracing Persia and Mesopotamia.
1259. Beginning of the reign of the great Mongol sovereign, Kublai Khan, whose empire covered most of Asia.
1260. Defeat of the Florentine Guelfs at Montaperte by the exiled Ghibellines; expulsion of Guelfs from Florence and Lucca.
1261. Fall of the Latin Empire of Romania; recovery of Constantinople by the Greeks of Nicæa. Election of Pope Urban IV.
1263. Norwegian invasion of Scotland and defeat at Largs.
1264. Battle of Lewes, in England; victory of the Barons. Summoning of Simon de Montfort's Parliament.
1263. Election of Pope Clement IV. Battle of Evesham in England; defeat and death of Simon de Montfort. Birth of Dante (d. 1321). Birth of Duns Scotus (d. 1308).
1266. Conquest of Sicily by Charles of Anjou. Exclusion of the Florentine Grandi, or nobles, from all part in the government of the commonwealth.
1268. Execution of Conradin, the last Hohenstaufen, in Sicily.
1269. Restoration of the Guelfs in Florence, with help from Charles of Anjou.
1270. Second Crusade of Saint Louis; his attack on Tunis; his death; accession in France of Philip III.
1271. Election of Pope Gregory X. Crusade of Prince Edward, of England.
1272. End of the Great Interregnum in the Empire; election of Rudolf of Hapsburg, King of the Romans. Death of Henry III. king of England, during the absence in the Holy Land of his son and successor, Edward I.
1276. Election and death of Popes Innocent V. and Hadrian V.; election of Pope John XXI. Birth of Giotto (d. 1337 [Uncertain date]).
1277. Election of Pope Nicholas III.
1278. Defeat, at Marschfeld, of Ottocar, king of Bohemia, by Rudolf of Hapsburg. Ghibellines permitted to return to Florence.
1281. Election of Pope Martin IV.
1282. Settlement of Austria, Styria and Carniola on the Hapsburg family, thus founding the House of Austria. Massacre of French in Sicily, called "the Sicilian Vespers"; acquisition of the crown of Sicily by Pedro of Aragon.
1284. Completed conquest of Wales by Edward I. of England.
1285. Election of Pope Honorius IV. Death of Philip III., in France, and accession cf Philip IV.
1288. Election of Pope Nicholas IV.
1289. Victory of the Florentines at Campaldino over the Ghibellines of Arezzo and their allies.
1290. Expulsion of Jews from England by Edward I. Death of Margaret, queen of Scotland, called "The Maid of Norway"; disputed succession to the Scottish throne. Birth of John Tauler (d. 1361).
1291. Death of Rudolf of Hapsburg; election of Adolf of Nassau, King of the Romans. Siege and conquest of Acre by the Sultan of Egypt and Syria; end of the Christian kingdom of Jerusalem; rally of the Knights Hospitallers in Cyprus. Confederation of the three Forest Cantons of Switzerland.
1294. Election and abdication of Pope Celestine V.; election of Boniface VIII.
1295. The "first perfect and model Parliament" of England summoned by King Edward I.
1296. Fulmination of the bull "Clericis laicos" by Pope Boniface VIII. against the taxation of the clergy by Philip the Fair of France. Invasion and conquest of Scotland by Edward I. of England.
1297. Defeat of the English at Stirling by the Scottish hero Wallace.
1298. Deposition of Adolf of Nassau by the German Electors, and election of Albert of Austria.
1299. Alliance of the Templars with the Mongols, and defeat of the Turks at Hems; momentary recovery of Jerusalem. Invasion of the Greek Empire by the Ottoman Turks.
1300. Institution of the Jubilee by Pope Boniface VIII. Rise of the factions of the Neri and Bianchi at Florence. Birth of William Occam (d. 1347).
Fourteenth Century.
1301. The papal bulls, "Salvator mundi" and "Ausculta fill," launched by Pope Boniface VIII. against Philip IV., king of France. First meeting of the States-General of France, convened by the king. Death of Andrew III., king of Hungary, ending the Arpad line of sovereigns, and leaving the crown contested for several years.
{3828}
1302. Banishment of Dante and his party from Florence.
1303. Seizure of Pope Boniface VIII. at Agnani; his death; election of Benedict XI. Submission of Scotland to Edward I. of England.
1304. Birth of Petrarch (d. 1374).
1305. Election of Pope Clement V. Establishment of the papal court at Lyons, France; beginning of the so-called "Babylonish Captivity."
1306. Rising in Scotland under Robert Bruce against the rule of the English king.
1307. Arrest of the Knights Templars in France by King Philip V. Death of Edward 1., king of England, and accession of Edward II. Ravages of the Catalan Grand Company in Greece.
1308. Election in Germany of Henry of Luxemburg (Henry VII.).
1309. Removal of the papal court to Avignon.
1310. The burning of 59 Templars at Paris. Expedition of Henry VII. into Italy. Acquisition of the crown of Hungary by the Neapolitan House of Anjou, in the person of Charles Robert, or Charobert. Conquest of Rhodes from the Turks by the Knights Hospitallers of St. John.
1311. Sovereignty of Milan secured by Matteo Visconti.
1312. Abolition of the Order of the Templars. Imperial coronation of Henry VII. at Rome.
1313. Death of the Emperor Henry VII. at Pisa. Birth of Boccaccio (d. 1375).
1314. Death in France of Philip IV., called "the Fair," and accession of Louis X., called "Hutin." Election in Germany of rival Kings of the Romans, Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria (Louis V.). Great defeat of the English by the Scots at Bannockburn. Invasion of Ireland by Edward Bruce.
1315. Edict of the French king, Louis Hutin, emancipating all serfs within the royal domains, on payment of a just composition. Defeat of Frederick of Austria by the Swiss at Morgarten.
1316. Election of Pope John XXII. Death, in France, of Louis Hutin, and accession of his brother Philip V.
1318. Defeat and death of Edward Bruce, in the battle of Dundalk, Ireland.
1320. Establishment of the tyranny of Castruccio at Lucca. Composition of the Old English poem, "Cursor Mundi." [Uncertain date]
1322. Death of the French king, Philip V., and accession of his brother, Charles IV. Triumph of Louis V. over Frederick at the battle of Muhldorf in Germany; excommunication of Louis. Departure of Sir John Maundeville on his travels in the East.
1324. Birth of Wyclif [Uncertain date] (d. 1384). Birth of William of Wykeham (d. 1404).
1325. Birth of John Gower [Uncertain date] (d. 1408).
1326. First admission of burgesses into the Scottish parliament.
1327. Death of Edward II., king of England, and accession of Edward III. Expedition of Louis V., of Germany, into Italy; his Imperial coronation at Rome.
1328. Death of Charles IV., king of France, and accession of Philip VI., the first of the House of Valois. Peace of Northampton between the English and the Scotch. Death of Castruccio, of Lucca. Birth of Chaucer [Uncertain date] (d. 1400).
1329. Death of Robert Bruce, king of Scotland and accession of his infant son, David.
1330. Surrender of Nicæa to the Ottoman Turks.
1332. Acquisition of the throne of Scotland by Edward Balliol, with English aid.
1333. Defeat of the Scots by Edward III. of England, at Halidon Hill. Accession in Poland of Casimir the Great, last king of the Piast line.
1334. Election of Pope Benedict XII.
1336. Birth of Timour, or Tamerlane (d. 1405).
1337. Revolt of the Flemings under Jacques Van Arteveld. Birth of Froissart, the chronicler (d. 1410 [Uncertain date]).
1338. Declaration by the German Diet of the independence of the Empire in temporal matters.
1339. Beginning of the Hundred Years War between the English and French kings.
1340. Successful war of the Hanseatic League with Denmark.
1341. Return of King David II. to Scotland, Edward Balliol retiring.
1342. Walter de Brienne, Duke of Athens, proclaimed sovereign lord of Florence. Death of Charles Robert, king of Hungary, and accession of Louis, called the Great. Election of Pope Clement VI.
1343. Expulsion of the duke of Athens from Florence. Death of Robert, king of Naples. Accession of Queen Joanna I.
1345. Downfall and death of Jacques Van Arteveld at Ghent.
1346. Great English victory over the French at Crecy. Defeat of the Scots by the English at Neville's Cross, and captivity of King David II.
1347. Outbreak in Europe of the plague called "the Black Death." Death, in Germany, of Louis V. and election of Charles IV. Revolution of Rienzi, in Rome.
1348. Purchase of the sovereignty of Avignon by Pope Clement VI. from Joanna, queen of Naples and countess of Provence. Founding of the University of Prague.
1350. Death of Philip VI. of France and accession of King John.
1352. Election of Pope Innocent VI.
1353. Downfall and death of Rienzi, at Rome.
1356. Defeat of the French by the English Black Prince at Poitiers. Promulgation in Germany of the Golden Bull of Charles IV.
1357. Meeting of the States-General of France and popular movement in Paris under Stephen Marcel.
{3829}
1358. Insurrection of the Jacquerie in France.
1360. The Peace of Bretigny between England and France, suspending for a time the Hundred Years War. Outbreak of the Children's Plague in England. First distinct appearance of Wycliffe in English history, as an Oxford lecturer.
1361. Adrianople taken by the Turks and made the capital of Solyman.
1362. Election of Pope Urban V. Conjectured composition or beginning of Langland's "Piers Plowman," in its first form. [Uncertain date]
1364. Death of King John of France; accession of Charles V.
1366. Birth of the painter Hubert van Eyck (d. 1426).
1367. Victory of the Black Prince at Navarette, in Spain, restoring Peter the Cruel to the throne of Castile. Passage of the Kilkenny Act, in Ireland.
1369. Reopening of the Hundred Years War in France. Death, in Poland, of Casimir the Great, passing the crown to Louis of Anjou, king of Hungary.
1370. Beginning of the Stuart dynasty on the Scottish throne.
1371. Election of Pope Gregory XI.
1373. Birth of John Huss [Uncertain date] (d. 1415).
1374. Appearance in Europe of the Dancing Mania.
1375. Appointment at Florence of the Eight Saints of War.
1376. Death, in England, of the Black Prince.
1377. Return of the papal court to Rome from Avignon. Death, in England, of Edward III., and accession of Richard II. Birth of Brunelleschi (d. 1444).
1378. Election of rival popes, Urban VI. and Clement VII.; beginning of the Great Schism. Death of the Emperor Charles IV., in Germany, and succession of Wenceslaus (elected King of the Romans in 1376). Tumult of the Ciompi in Florence.
1379. War of the factions of the rival popes In Rome. Revolt of the White Hoods in Flanders.
1380. Death, in France, of Charles V., and accession of Charles VI. Post messengers established in Germany by the Teutonic Knights. Birth of Thomas a Kempis [Uncertain date] (d. 1471).
1381. Capture of Naples by Charles of Durazzo, who became king as Charles III. Insurrection of the Maillotins in Paris. Rise to power in Flanders of Philip Van Arteveld. Wat Tyler's rebellion in England.
1382. Death of Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland; accession of his daughter Mary in Hungary, and of Hedvige, daughter of Casimir the Great, in Poland. Death, in prison, of Queen Joanna, of Naples. Defeat and death of Philip Van Arteveld at Rosebecque.
1383. Incorporation of Flanders in the dominions of the Duke of Burgundy. Birth of Donatello (d. 1466).
1385. Acquisition of the crown of Portugal by John I., founder of the House of Avis.
1386. Marriage of the Emperor Sigismund to Mary, Queen of Hungary. Assassination, in Hungary, of Charles III. of Naples; accession in Naples of Ladislas, contested by Louis of Anjou. Marriage of Hedvige, queen of Poland, to Jagellon, duke of Lithuania, uniting the states and founding the Jagellon dynasty. Victory of the Swiss over the Austrians at Sempach.
1387. Birth of Fra Angelico (d. 1455 [Uncertain date]).
1388. Battle of Otterburn between the Scots and the English. Defeat of the Austrians by the Swiss at Naefels. Death of the Persian poet Hafiz. [Uncertain date]
1389. Turkish conquest of Bulgaria and Servia by Amurath I.; decisive battle of Kossova. Election, at Rome, of Pope Boniface IX.
1390. War of Florence with the duke of Milan. Birth of Jan van Eyck [Uncertain date] (d. 1440 [Uncertain date]).
1392. Appearance of insanity in the young French king, Charles VI.
1394. Birth of the Portuguese Prince Henry, "the Navigator" (d. 1460).
1395. The Milanese dominion of the Visconti created a duchy of the Empire by the Emperor Wenceslaus.
1396. Great defeat at Nicopolis of the Christian defenders of Hungary by the Turkish Sultan Bajazet.
1397. Union of the three crowns of Sweden, Denmark and Norway, called the Union of Calmar.
1398. Invasion of India by Timour, or Tamerlane.
1399. Deposition of Richard II. from the English throne by Henry of Bolingbroke, duke of Lancaster, who became king as Henry IV.
1400. Deposition of Wenceslaus by the electoral college of Germany. Invasion of Scotland by Henry IV. of England.
Fifteenth Century.
1402. Birth of Masaccio (d. 1428).
1403. Hotspur's rebellion in England.
1405. Sale of Pisa to Florence by the Visconti. Capture by the English of the heir to the Scottish crown, afterwards James I.
1406. Surrender of the Pisans to Florence after a year of war.
1407. Founding of the Bank of St. George at Genoa.
1409. Chartering of the University of Leipsic. Meeting of the Council of Pisa.
1411. Defeat of the Scottish Lord of the Isles and the Highland clans at the battle of Harlaw. Founding of the University of St. Andrew's.
1412. Meeting of the Council called at Rome by Pope John XXIII. Birth of Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans (d. 1431). Birth of Filippo Lippi (d. 1469).
{3830}
1414. Meeting of the Council of Constance; summons to John Huss to appear before the Council.
1415. Condemnation and martyrdom of Huss. Renewal of the Hundred Years War with France by Henry V. of England; his great victory at Agincourt. Capture of Ceuta from the Moors by the Portuguese.
1417. Massacre of Armagnacs at Paris. Creation of the Electorate of Brandenburg by the Emperor Sigismund and its bestowal on Frederick, Count of Zollern, or Hohenzollern. Deposition of the rival popes by the Council of Constance, and ending of the Great Schism; election of Pope Martin V.
1419. Rising of the Hussites in Bohemia. Assassination of the duke of Burgundy, at the Bridge of Montereau, and alliance of the Burgundians with the English invaders of France.
1420. First crusade against the Bohemian Hussites summoned by the Pope. Treaty of Troyes between the English king, Henry V., in France, and the Burgundians; marriage of Henry V. to Princess Catherine, of France.
1421. Second crusade against the Bohemians.
1422. Date of the first in the collection of Paston Letters. Death of Henry V., king of England, and claiming to be king of France; accession of his infant son Henry VI. Death of Charles VI., king of France; the succession of his son, Charles VII., disputed in favor of the Infant Henry VI. of England.
1424. Release of James I. of Scotland from his long captivity in England.
1429. Siege of Orleans by the English, repelled, under the influence of Jeanne d'Arc; coronation of Charles VII., king of France.
1430. Capture of Jeanne d'Arc by the English. Acquisition of the greater part of the Netherlands by Philip of Burgundy.
1431. Condemnation and burning of Jeanne d'Arc for witchcraft by the English. Election of Pope Eugenius IV. Meeting of the Council of Basle. Birth of Mantegna (d. 1506).
1433. Treaty of the Council of Basle with the insurgent Bohemians.
1434. Organization of the Utraquist national church in Bohemia. Attainment of power in Florence by Cosmo de' Medici. First expedition sent out by the Portuguese Prince Henry to explore the western coast of Africa. Birth of Boiardo [Uncertain date] (d. 1494).
1437. Recovery of Paris from the English by the French king, Charles VII. Death of Sigismund, emperor, and king of Hungary; election of Albert of Austria to the Hungarian throne.
1438. Election of Albert II. of Austria by the German electoral princes.
1439. Death of Albert II., of Germany and Hungary; election of Ladislaus III., king of Poland, to the Hungarian throne.
1440. Election of Frederick III., of Austria, by the electoral princes of Germany.
1442. Ladislaus, posthumous son of Albert of Austria, acknowledged king of Bohemia, and prospective king of Hungary, on the attainment of his majority. First modern Importation of negro slaves into Europe, by the Portuguese.
1444. Defeat of the Hungarians by the Turks at Varna and death of Ladislaus III., king of Poland and Hungary; government in Hungary entrusted to John Huniades, during the minority of Ladislaus Posthumus.
1445. Destruction of Corinth by the Turks. Birth of Comines, the chronicler (d. 1509).
1446. Birth of Perugino (d. 1524).
1447. Election of Pope Nicholas V., founder of the Vatican Library. Death of the last of the ducal family of Visconti, leaving the duchy in dispute.
1450. Rebellion of Jack Cade in England. Possession of Milan and the duchy won by Francesco Sforza.
1451. Rebellion of Ghent against Philip of Burgundy. Founding of the University of Glasgow.
1452. Birth of Savonarola (d. 1498). Birth of Leonardo da Vinci (d. 1519).
1453. Conquest of Constantinople by the Turks. Defeat of the men of Ghent at Gaveren and their submission to the duke of Burgundy. Austria raised to the rank of an archduchy by the Emperor Frederick III. Unsuccessful rising in Rome, against the Papacy, under Stefano-Porcaro.
1454. Production of the first known Printing with movable type by Gutenberg and Fust, at Mentz. Treaty of Venice with the Turks, securing trade privileges and certain possessions in Greece.
1455. Beginning of the Wars of the Roses in England.
1456. The Turks in possession of Athens. Siege of Belgrade by the Turks and their defeat by Huniades; death of Huniades. Publication at Mentz of the first printed Bible, now called the Mazarin Bible. [Uncertain date]
1457. Organization of the church of the Unitas Fratrum in Bohemia. Death of Ladislaus Posthumus, king of Bohemia and of Hungary and archduke of Austria.
1458. Submission of Genoa to the king of France. Election of Matthias, son of Huniades, king of Hungary, and George Podiebrad, leader of the church-reform party, king of Bohemia. Division of the crowns of Naples and Sicily (the Two Sicilies) on the death of Alfonso of Aragon.
1460. Death of Prince Henry the Navigator.
1461. Death of Charles VII., king of France, and accession of Louis XI. Emancipation of Genoa from the yoke of France. Surrender of Trebizond, the last Greek capital, to the Ottoman Turks. Deposition of Henry VI. declared by a council of lords in England and Edward Duke of York crowned king (Ed ward IV.); defeat of Lancastrians at Towton.
{3831}
1463. War between Turks and Venetians in Greece. Birth of Pico della Mirandola (d. 1494).
1464. Submission of Genoa to the duke of Milan.
1465. League of the Public Weal, in France, against Louis XI.; battle of Montlehery. Siege, capture and pillage of Athens by the Venetians.
1467. Accession of Charles the Bold to the dukedom of Burgundy; beginning of his war with the Liégois. Crusade against George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, proclaimed by the Pope. Birth of Erasmus [Uncertain date] (d. 1536).
1468. Visit of Louis XI. to Charles the Bold, at Peronne; capture and destruction of Liege by Charles. War of the king of Bohemia with Austria and Hungary.
1469. Beginning of the rule of Lorenzo de' Medici (the Magnificent) in Florence. Marriage of Isabella of Castile to Ferdinand of Aragon. Birth of Machiavelli (d. 1527).
1470. Restoration of Henry VI. to the English throne by Earl Warwick; flight of Edward IV. Siege and capture of Negropont by the Turks, and massacre of the inhabitants.
1471. Acquisition of Cyprus by the Venetians. Return of Edward IV. to England; his victories at Barnet and Tewksbury and recovery of the throne; death of Henry VI. in the Tower. Death of George Podiebrad, king of Bohemia, and election of Ladislaus, son of the king of Poland, to succeed him. Translation by Caxton of "Recueil des Histoires de Troyes," by Raoul le Fèvre. Birth of Albert Durer (d. 1528). Birth of Cardinal Wolsey (d. 1530).
1473. Birth of Copernicus (d. 1543).
1474. Birth of Las Casas (d. 1566). Birth of Ariosto (d. 1533).
1475. Birth of the Michael Angelo (d. 1564). Birth of the Chevalier Bayard (d. 1524).
1477. Marriage of Maximilian, son of the Emperor Frederick III., to Mary of Burgundy. Invasion of Italy by the Turks, approaching to within sight of Venice. Production from Caxton's press of the "Dictes or Sayengis of the Philosophers," the first book printed in England. War with the Swiss, defeat and death of Charles the Bold. Grant of the Great Privilege of Holland and Zealand by Duchess Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold. Birth of Giorgione (d. 1511). Birth of Titian (d. 1576).
1478. Conspiracy of the Pazzi in Florence. Overthrow of the city-republic of Novgorod by Ivan III. of Russia.
1480. Birth of Sir Thomas More (d. 1535).
1481. Founding of the Holy Office of the Inquisition at Seville. Printing in England of Caxton's translation of "Reynard the Fox." [Uncertain date]
1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy and succession of her infant son, Duke Philip, to the sovereignty of the Netherlands.
1483. Death of Edward IV. king of England; murder of the princes, his sons, and usurpation of the throne by his brother Richard. Death of Louis XI., of France, and accession of Charles VIII. Appointment of Torquemada Inquisitor General for Castile and Aragon. Birth of Luther (d. 1546). Birth of Raphael (d. 1520).
1484. Birth of the Swiss reformer, Zwingli (d. 1531).
1485. Arrival of Columbus in Spain, seeking help for a westward voyage to find the Indies. Overthrow and death of Richard III. in England, on Bosworth Field; accession of Henry VII., the first of the Tudor line. Appearance in England of the Sweating Sickness. Capture of Vienna by Matthias of Hungary and expulsion of the Emperor Frederick III. from his hereditary dominions. Printing of Malory's "Morte d' Arthur." [Uncertain date]
1486. Election of Maximilian, son of the Emperor, Frederick III., King of the Romans. Unconscious doubling of the Cape of Good Hope by Bartholomew Diaz.
1487. Rebellion of Lambert Simnel in England. Birth of Andrea del Sarto (d. 1531).
1488. Capture and confinement for four months of Maximilian, then King of the Romans, by the citizens of Bruges. Rebellion in Scotland and defeat and death of James III. at Sauchie Burn.
1490. Beginning of the preaching of Savonarola at Florence. Death of Matthias, king of Hungary, and election to the Hungarian throne of the Bohemian king, Ladislaus II. Birth of Thomas Cromwell [Uncertain date] (d. 1540). Birth of Vittoria Colonna (d. 1547).
1491. Union of Brittany with France, by marriage of the Duchess Anne to Charles VIII. Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella; end of Moorish dominion in Spain. Birth of Loyola (d. 1556).
1492. First voyage of Columbus westward, resulting in the discovery of the Bahamas, Cuba and Hayti. Death of Lorenzo de' Medici at Florence. Outbreak of the Bundschuh insurrection in Germany. Expulsion of Jews from Spain. Election of Pope Alexander VI. (Roderigo Borgia).
1493. Papal bull granting to Spain the New World found by Columbus and defining the rights of Spain and Portugal. Second voyage of Columbus. Death of the Emperor Frederick III.; assumption of the title (without coronation at Rome), of "emperor elect" by his son Maximilian, already elected King of the Romans. Birth of Paracelsus (d. 1541).
1494. Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, partitioning the ocean. Expedition of Charles VIII. into Italy. Expulsion of Pietro de' Medici, son of Lorenzo, from Florence; formation of the Christian Commonwealth at Florence under Savonarola. Passage of the Poynings Laws in Ireland. Birth of Hans Sachs (d. 1578 [Uncertain date]). Birth of Correggio Granada (d. 1534).
1495. Abolition of the right of private warfare (diffidation) in Germany. Easy conquest of Naples by Charles VIII. of France, and his quick retreat. Birth of Rabelais [Uncertain date] (d. 1553). Birth of Clement Marot [Uncertain date] (d. 1544).
1496. Marriage of Philip, son of Maximilian of Austria and Mary of Burgundy, to Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain. Rebellion of Perkin Warbeck in England. Establishing of the Estienne or Stephanus press in Paris.
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1497. Discovery of the continent of North America by John Cabot. Disputed first voyage of Americus Vespucius to the New World. Discovery of the passage to India round the Cape of Good Hope by Vasco da Gama. Excommunication of Savonarola by the Pope. Birth of Melancthon (d. 1560).
1498. Third voyage of Columbus, to the northern coast of South America; his arrest and return to Spain in irons. Arrest and execution of Savonarola at Florence. Death of Charles VIII., king of France, and accession of Louis XIII. Birth of Hans Holbein (d. 1559).
1499. Voyage of Americus Vespucius, with Ojeda, to the Venezuela coast. Conquest of Milan and the duchy by Louis XII. of France. Founding of the Sefavean dynasty in Persia and establishment of the Shiah sect in ascendancy.
1500. Voyage of the Cortereals to Newfoundland. Discovery of Brazil by the Portuguese navigator, Cabral. Birth of Charles, eldest son of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Spain, who became, the Emperor Charles V. and who united the sovereignties of Austria, Burgundy and Spain. Birth of Benvenuto Cellini (d. 1570).
Sixteenth Century.
1501. Voyage of Americus Vespucius, in the Portuguese service, to the Brazilian coast. Creation of the Aulic Council by the Emperor Maximilian. Joint conquest and partition of the kingdom of Naples by Louis XII. of France and Ferdinand of Aragon.
1502. Fourth and last voyage of Columbus coasting Central America. Election of Montezuma to the military chieftainship of the Aztecs. Marriage of King James IV. of Scotland to Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of England, which brought the Stuarts to the English throne. Quarrel and war between the French and Spaniards in Naples.
1503. Election of Pope Julius II. Birth of Garcilaso de la Vega (d. 1536).
1504. Expulsion of the French from Naples by the Spaniards, under the Great Captain. Suppression of the independence of the Scottish Lord of the Isles.
1505. Birth of John Knox (d. 1572).
1506. Death of Columbus. Death of Philip, consort of Queen Joanna of Castile, and acting sovereign. Beginning of the building of St. Peter's at Rome by Pope Julius II. Birth of Saint Francis Xavier (d. 1552).
1507. Unsuccessful revolt of Genoa against the French.
1508. Formation of the League of Cambrai against Venice by the kings of France and Aragon, the Emperor, the Pope and the republic of Florence. Birth of the duke of Alva, or Alba (d. 1582).
1509. First Spanish settlement on the American mainland. Death of Henry VII., king of England, and accession of Henry VIII. Publication of Barclay's "Ship of Fools." Birth of Calvin (d. 1564).
1510. Portuguese occupation of Goa on the coast of India. Dissolution of the League of Cambrai, and alliance of Pope Julius II. with Venice and the Swiss against France. Birth of Palissy the potter (d. 1590).
1511. Spanish conquest of Cuba. Formation of the Holy League of Pope Julius II. with Venice, Aragon and England against France.
1512. Discovery of Florida by Ponce de Leon. Restoration of the Medici to power in Florence. Birth of Tintoretto (d. 1594).
1513. Discovery of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco Nunez de Balboa. Beginning of the ministry of Wolsey in England. Invasion of France by Henry VIII. of England, and his victory in the Battle of the Spurs. War of the Scots and English and defeat of the Scots at Flodden. Peasant insurrection of the Kurucs in Hungary. Complete expulsion of the French from Italy. Death of Pope Julius II. and election of the Medicean, Leo X.
1515. Death of Louis XII., king of France, and accession of Francis I.; his invasion of Italy, victory over the Swiss at Marignano, and occupation of Milan. Death of Ladislaus II., king of Hungary and of Bohemia, and succession of his son. Louis II., on both thrones. Birth of Saint Philip Neri (d. 1595).
1516. Founding of the piratical power of the Barbarossas at Algiers. Treaty and Concordat of Francis I. of France with the Pope, guaranteeing to the former the duchy of Milan and securing to him the duchies of Parma and Piacenza, and taking away the liberties of the Gallican Church. Appointment of Las Casas Protector of the Indians by Cardinal Ximenes. Publication of the "Utopia" of Sir Thomas More.
1517. Appearance of Tetzel in Germany, selling papal indulgences; Luther's denunciation of the traffic; posting of the Ninety-five Theses on the church-door at Wittenberg. Preaching of reformed doctrines at Zurich by Zwingli. Execution of Balboa by Pedrarias Davila, in the colony of Darien. Discovery of Yucatan by Cordova. Birth of Camoëns [Uncertain date] (d. 1579).
1519. Landing of Cortes in Mexico and advance to the capital. Sailing of Magellan on his voyage of circumnavigation. Luther's disputation with Eck. Death of the Emperor Maximilian and election of his grandson, Charles V., already sovereign of Spain, the Two Sicilies, the Netherlands, and the Austrian possessions. Cession of the Austrian sovereignty by Charles V. to his brother Ferdinand. Discovery of the mouth of the Mississippi by Garay.
1520. Long battle of Cortés with the Aztecs in the city of Mexico; death of Montezuma; retreat of the Spaniards. Rebellion of the Holy Junta in Spain. Birth of William Cecil, Lord Burleigh (d. 1598).
1521. Siege and conquest of the Mexican capital by Cortés and the Spaniards. Conquest of Belgrade by the Turks. Promulgation of the first of the edicts of Charles V. against heresy in the
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Netherlands, called Placards. Excommunication of Luther by the Pope; his appearance before the Diet at Worms; his abduction by friends and concealment at Wartburg.
1522. Appointment of Cortés to be Governor, Captain-General, and Chief Justice of New Spain (Mexico). Conquest of Rhodes by the Turks from the Knights of St. John. Election of Pope Adrian VI.
1523. Treason of the Constable of Bourbon, escaping from France to take command of the Imperial army. Abrogation of the mass and image worship at Zurich. Organization of the reformed Church in northern Germany. Election of Pope Clement VII. Publication of Lord Berner's translation of Froissart. Publication of Luther's translation of the New Testament.
1524. Voyage of Verrazano, in the service of France, to the North American coast. Death of the Chevalier Bayard in battle with the imperialists under Bourbon. Invasion of Italy by Francis I. of France; Outbreak of the Peasants' War, in Thuringia.
1525. Bloody suppression of the Peasants' revolt, in Germany, and execution of Münzer. Battle of Pavia; defeat and captivity of Francis I. of France. Marriage of Luther to Catherine Bora. Protestant League of Torgau.
1526. Great defeat of the Hungarians by the Turks at Mohacs and death of King Louis II. Election of John Zapolya to the vacant throne of Hungary, and rival election of Ferdinand of Austria. Treaty of Madrid, for the release of Francis I. from his captivity, and its perfidious repudiation by the king of France when free. Victory of Babar the Mongol at Panipat in India. Printing (at Worms) of Tyndale's English version of the New Testament.
1527. Expulsion of Zapolya from Hungary by Ferdinand, archduke of Austria, who wins the Hungarian crown. Capture and sack of Rome by the Spanish and German imperialists, commanded by the Constable Bourbon. The republic restored in Florence by a popular rising.
1528. Alliance of John Zapolya, king of Hungary, with the Turkish sultan Solyman, against his rival, Ferdinand of Austria. Deliverance of Genoa from the French by Andrea Doria. Marriage of Marguerite d'Angoulême, sister of Francis I. of France, to the king of Navarre. Birth of Paul Veronese (d. 1588).
1529. Fall of Wolsey from power in England. Unsuccessful siege of Vienna by the Turkish sultan, Solyman. Siege of Florence by the imperialists; surrender of the city and restoration of the Medici. Peace of Cambrai, or the Ladies' Peace, between Francis I. of France and the Emperor Charles V. Protest of the German reformers (against action of the Diet of Spires) which caused them to be called Protestants.
1530. German Diet at Augsburg; formulation of the Protestant Confession of Faith; the condemnatory Augsburg Decree; formation of the Protestant League of Smalkalde. Cession of Malta by the Emperor to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John. Siege of Buda by the Austrians.
1531. Breach of Henry VIII. with the Pope on the question of the annulling of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
1532. Religious peace, with freedom of worship, restored in Germany by the Pacification of Nuremberg. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro.
1533. Annulment of the marriage of Henry VIII. to Catherine of Aragon by Cranmer; marriage of the English king to Anne Boleyn. Murder of the Ynca, Atahualpa, by Pizarro. Birth of Montaigne (d. 1592).
1534. First voyage of Jacques Cartier, to the St. Lawrence. The Anabaptist seizure of the city of Munster. Passage by the English Parliament of the Act of Supremacy, establishing independence of Rome in the English Church. Beginning of fierce persecution of the reformers in France. Election of Pope Paul III.
1535. Expedition of Charles V. against Tunis. Execution of Sir Thomas More in England. Suppression of the English monasteries. Establishing of Protestantism in Geneva. Printing of Coverdale's English version of the Bible. Second voyage of Jacques Cartier and exploration of the St. Lawrence to Montreal.
1536. Trial and execution of Anne Boleyn, and marriage of Henry VIII. to Jane Seymour. Martyrdom of Tyndale. Renewed war between Charles V. and Francis I. Publication of the "Institutions" of Calvin.
1537. Death in childbed of Jane Seymour, the English queen. Brief of Pope Paul III. forbidding further enslavement of Indians in America.
1538. Treaty of Peace between Charles V. and Francis I. Formation of the Holy League of the Catholic Princes of Germany. Birth of Cardinal Borromeo (d. 1584).
1539. Enactment of the Bill of the Six Articles in England. Landing of Hernando de Soto in Florida and beginning of his explorations. Revolt of Ghent against the exactions of the Emperor Charles V.
1540. Marriage and divorce of Anne of Cleves by Henry VIII. and his marriage to Catherine Howard. Submission of Ghent to the Emperor, annulling of its charter and removal of the great bell Roland. Death of John Zapolya, king of Hungary, and support given by the Turkish sultan to the claims of his son, against Ferdinand (now emperor). Expedition of Coronado from Mexico into New Mexico, seeking the "Seven Cities of Cibola." Papal sanction of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola. First known Printing done in America (in Mexico).
1541. Disastrous expedition of Charles V. against Algiers. Buda occupied by the Turks, becoming the seat of a pasha who ruled the greater part of Hungary. Assassination of Pizarro. Third and last voyage of Cartier to the St. Lawrence.
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1542. Execution of Catherine Howard, fifth queen of Henry VIII. Death of Hernando de Soto on the shores of the Mississippi. Renewed war between Charles V. and Francis I. Alliance of the latter with the Turks, who ravaged the coasts of Italy. Organization of Calvin's religious state in Geneva. Mission of Saint Francis Xavier to Goa. War of the Scots and English; Scottish panic at Solway Firth; death of James V.; birth of Mary Stuart. Promulgation of the "New Laws" of Charles V., prohibiting the enslavement of Indians in America.
1543. Marriage of Henry VIII. to Catherine Parr.
1544. Victory of the French at Cerisoles over the Imperialists; treaty of Crespy, terminating the war. Birth of Torquato Tasso (d. 1595).
1545. Assembling of the Council of Trent (called in 1542).
1546. Massacre of Waldenses in southeastern France. Death of Luther. Treaty of the Emperor Charles V. with the Pope, binding the former to make war on the Protestants of Germany. Murder of Cardinal Beatoun in Scotland. Birth of Tycho Brahe (d. 1601).
1547. Death of Henry VIII. and accession of Edward VI., in England; repeal of the Six Articles and completion of the English Reformation. Death of Francis I. king of France, and accession of Henry II. Defeat of the Elector of Saxony by the Emperor, at the battle of Muhlberg; his imprisonment and deposition; bestowal of the Electorate of Saxony on Duke Maurice of Saxony. The Interim of Augsburg. Marriage of Jeanne d'Albret, heiress to the crown of Navarre, to Antoine de Bourbon. Assumption of the title of Czar, or Tzar, by the Grand Prince of Moscow, Ivan IV., called the Terrible. Siege of the Castle of St. Andrew's in Scotland; captivity and condemnation of John Knox to the French galleys. Birth of Cervantes (d. 1616).
1549. Mission of Xavier to Japan. Election of Pope Julius III. Publication of the English Book of Common Prayer (First Book of Edward VI).
1550. Promulgation of the most infamous of the edicts of Charles V. against heresy in the Netherlands. Election of Pope Julius III. Birth of Coke (d. 1634).
1551. Alliance of the French king, Henry II., with the Protestants of Germany. Narrow escape of the Emperor Charles V. from capture by Maurice of Saxony.
1552. French seizure of Les Trois Évéchés, Metz, Toul and Verdun. Treaty of Passau between the Emperor and the German Protestants. Unsuccessful efforts of the Emperor to recover Metz from the French. Ravages of the Turks on the coast of Italy and blockade of Naples by their galleys. Birth of Sir Walter Raleigh (d. 1618). Birth of Paolo Sarpi (d. 1623). Birth of Spenser [Uncertain date] (d. 1599 [Uncertain date]).
1553. Death of Edward VI. and accession of Queen Mary, in England; unsuccessful attempt to place Lady Jane Grey on the throne. Battle of Sievershausen in Germany and death of Maurice of Saxony; religious Peace of Augsburg, giving religious supremacy to each German prince in his own dominions.
1554. Wyat's insurrection in England; execution of Lady Jane Grey; marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain. Birth of Sir Philip Sidney (d. 1586).
1555. Beginning of Queen Mary's persecution of Protestants in England; burning of Rogers, Latimer and Ridley. Return of John Knox to Scotland. First act of the abdication of the Emperor, Charles V., performed in Brussels; accession of his son Philip in the Netherlands. Election of Pope Paul IV. (Cardinal Caraffa).
1556. Burning of Cranmer in England. Unsuccessful expedition of the duke of Guise against Naples. Completed abdication of all his crowns by Charles V.; succession of his son Philip II. in Spain, Naples and Milan; succession of his brother, Ferdinand I., to the imperial throne. Second Mongol victory at Panipat, by Akbar, founder of the Mongol or Mogul empire in India.
1557. Battle and siege of St. Quentin, with success for the Spaniards, invading France. Signing of the first Scottish Covenant by the Lords of the Congregation.
1558. Recovery of Calais by the French from the English. Death of Queen Mary and accession of Queen Elizabeth, in England. Marriage of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, to the French dauphin, afterwards Francis II.
1559. Passage of the Acts of Supremacy and Uniformity in England. Treaties of Cateau Cambresis, restoring peace between France, Spain and England. Death of Henry II., king of France, and accession of Francis II.; dominating influence of the Guises in France. Institution of the Papal Index of prohibited books. Election of Pope Pius IV.
1560. Huguenot Conspiracy of Amboise, in France; death of Francis II. and accession of Charles IX., under the controlling influence of Catherine de' Medici. Death of Melancthon. Election of Pope Pius V. Successful rebellion of the Scottish Lords of the Congregation; adoption in Scotland of the Geneva Confession of Faith. Printing of the Geneva Bible. Birth of the Duke of Sully (d. 1641).
1561. Return of Queen Mary Stuart from France to Scotland. Birth of Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam (d. 1626).
1562. First slave-trading voyage of John Hawkins. First attempt of Coligny to found a Huguenot colony in Florida. Massacre of Huguenots at Vassy, beginning the War of Religion in France; capture of Orleans by Condé for the Huguenots; battle of Dreux. Birth of Lope de Vega (d. 1635).
1563. Assassination of the Duke of Guise while besieging Orleans; treaty and Edict of Amboise, restoring peace between Catholics and Huguenots in France. Closing of the Council of Trent. Publication of Foxe's "Book of Martyrs."
1564. Huguenot colony settled on the St. John's river in Florida. Death of the Emperor, Ferdinand I., and accession of his son Maximilian II., the tolerant emperor. Birth of Shakespeare (d. 1616). Birth of Marlowe (d. 1593). Birth of Galileo (d. 1642).
1565. Destruction of the Huguenot colony in Florida by the Spaniards; Spanish settlement of St. Augustine. Great defense of Malta against the Turks by the Knights of St. John. Marriage of Mary Queen of Scots to Lord Darnley.
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1566. Beginning of organized resistance to Philip II. in the Netherlands by the signing of "The Compromise" and formation of the league of the Gueux, or Beggars; rioting of image-breakers in Flemish cities. Sack of Moscow by the Crim Tatars. Murder of Rizzio, secretary to the queen of Scots. Publication of Udall's "Ralph Royster Doyster," the first printed English comedy.
1567. Renewal of the religious civil war in France; battle of St. Denis, before Paris, in which the Constable Montmorency was slain. Peace in Hungary with the Turks, and between the Emperor and Zapolya, rival claimants of the crown. Arrival of the duke of Alva, with his army, in the Netherlands; arrest of Egmont and Horn, and retirement of the Prince of Orange into Germany. Creation of Alva's Council of Blood. Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of the queen of Scots; marriage of the queen to Earl Bothwell; rising of the Scottish barons, imprisonment and deposition of the queen, and accession of her son, James VI. Birth of Saint Francis de Sales (d. 1622).
1568. Treacherous Peace of Longjumeau and gathering of Huguenots at Rochelle, joined there by Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre. Decree of the Inquisition condemning the whole population of the Netherlands to death; opening of war against the Spaniards by the Prince of Orange. Escape of Mary, queen of Scots, to England. Printing of the Bishop's Bible in England.
1569. Creation of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, under the sovereignty of the Medici. Defeat of the French Huguenots at Jarnac and murder of Condé; choice of young Henry of Navarre for the Huguenot command; second Huguenot defeat at Moncontour.
1570. Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between the warring religions in France. Assassination of the regent, Murray, in Scotland, and outbreak of civil war. Publication of Ascham's "Scholemaster."
1571. Holy League of Venice, Spain and the Pope against the Turks; Turkish conquest of Cyprus; sea-fight of Lepanto and defeat of the Turks by Don John of Austria. Death of Zapolya in Hungary. The Thirty-nine Articles of the English Church made binding on the clergy. Birth of Kepler (d. 1630).
1572. Marriage of Henry of Navarre to Margaret of Valois; massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day in France; death of Jeanne d'Albret; submission of Henry of Navarre and the young Prince of Condé to the Catholic Church. Election to the Hungarian throne of Rudolph, eldest son of the Emperor Maximilian. Capture of Brill by the "Beggars of the Sea," and rapid expulsion of the Spaniards from Holland and Zealand. Election of Pope Gregory XIII. Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland.
1573. Siege of the Huguenots gathered in Rochelle, followed by the Peace of Rochelle. Election of Henry of Valois, duke of Anjou, to the throne of Poland. Spanish siege and capture of Haarlem. Retirement of Alva from the Spanish command in the Netherlands and appointment of Requesens. Publication of Tusser's "Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry."
1574. Death of Charles IX. of France and accession of his brother, Henry III. (the lately crowned king of Poland). Siege and relief of Leyden, commemorated by the founding of the University. Birth of Ben Jonson (d. 1637).
1575. Election of Rudolph, the Emperor's son, to the throne of Bohemia, and, as King of the Romans, to the imperial succession. Election of Stephen Batory to the throne of Poland. Offer of the sovereignty of the Netherlands to Queen Elizabeth of England.
1576. Escape of Henry of Navarre from the French court and return to the Huguenots and their faith; negotiation of the Peace of Monsieur; rise of the Catholic League in France. Death of the Emperor, Maximilian II., and accession of his son Rudolph. Death of Requesens; the "Spanish Fury" at Antwerp and elsewhere; union of the Protestant and Catholic provinces of the Netherlands by the treaties called the Pacification of Ghent and the Union of Brussels; appointment of Don John of Austria to the Spanish government of the Netherlands. Birth of St. Vincent de Paul (d. 1660).
1577. The sailing of Sir Francis Drake on his voyage which encompassed the world. Renewed war and renewed peace between the religious factions in France. Publication, in England, of Holinshed's "Chronicle." Birth of Rubens (d. 1640).
1578. Death of Don John of Austria and appointment of Alexander Farnese, of Parma, Spanish governor of the Netherlands.
1579. Treaty of Nerac arranged by Catherine de' Medici with Henry of Navarre. Constitution of the United Provinces or Dutch Republic by the Union of Utrecht; submission of the Walloon provinces of the Netherlands to the Spanish king.
1580. Final founding of the city of Buenos Ayres. Jesuit mission dispatched to England from the continent. Protestant persecution of Jesuits and Seminary priests in England. War of the Lovers, reopening the civil conflict in France; suspended by the Treaty of Fleix. Outlawry of the Prince of Orange by Philip II. of Spain, inviting his assassination. Seizure of the crown of Portugal by Philip II. of Spain. Publication of the first two books of Montaigne's Essays.
1581. Formal declaration of independence by the Dutch provinces of the Netherlands. The Second Covenant, or first National Covenant, in Scotland. Publication of Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata."
1582. Sovereignty of Brabant and other Netherland provinces conferred on the French duke of Anjou. Raid of Ruthven and confinement of King James, in Scotland. Founding of the University of Edinburgh.
1583. Colonizing expedition of Sir Humphrey Gilbert to Newfoundland, returning from which he perished. Treacherous attempt of Anjou to seize Antwerp. Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar in most Catholic countries of Europe. Birth of Grotius (d. 1645). Birth of Oxenstiern (d. 1654). Birth of Wallenstein (d. 1634).
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1584. Assassination of the Prince of Orange by instigation of Philip II. of Spain.
1585. First colonizing attempt of Sir Walter Raleigh in America, at Roanoke. Alliance of the Catholic League of France with Philip II. of Spain, and renewal of war with the Huguenots; the War of the Three Henrys. Siege and capture of Antwerp by Parma. Practical recovery of Flanders and Brabant by the Spaniards. Arrival of the Earl of Leicester in the Netherlands with delusive aid from England. Election of Pope Sixtus V. Birth of Cardinal Richelieu (d. 1642).
1586. Battle of Zutphen in the Netherlands and death of Sir Philip Sidney. Beginning of the reign in Persia of Shah Abbass, called the Great. Election of Sigismund of Sweden to the Polish throne. Publication of Camden's "Britannia."
1587. Second colony planted by Raleigh on Roanoke island. Execution of Mary Stuart, queen of Scots, in England. Defeat of the Catholic League by Henry of Navarre at Coutras.
1588. Destruction of the Spanish Armada. Insurrection in Paris in favor of the duke of Guise; escape of the king (Henry III.) from Paris; assassination of the duke of Guise at Blois by order of the king; alliance of Henry III. with Henry of Navarre against the League. Birth of Hobbes (d. 1679).
1589. Death of Catherine de' Medici; siege of Paris by Henry III. and Henry of Navarre; assassination of Henry III., the last of the Valois, leaving Henry of Navarre (first of the Bourbons) the nearest heir to the French crown. Publication of the first volume of Hakluyt's "Voyages and Discoveries. "
1590. Continued war of the League, in France, against Henry of Navarre; his victory at Ivry and siege of Paris; summons of the duke of Parma from the Netherlands to save Paris from Henry. Publication of the first three books of Spenser's "Faerie Queene," Sidney's "Arcadia," and part of Marlowe's "Tamburlane."
1591. Siege of Rouen by Henry of Navarre and second interference by the Spaniards in aid of the League. Death of the duke of Parma.
1592. Election of Pope Clement VIII. Birth of Sir John Eliot [Uncertain date] (d. 1632).
1593. Abjuration of the Protestant religion by Henry of Navarre. Publication of Shakespeare's "Venus and Adonis."
1594. Coronation of Henry of Navarre as Henry IV., king of France, and his reception in Paris. Publication of four books of Hooker's" Ecclesiastical Polity" and Shakespeare's "Lucrece."
1595. Expulsion of Jesuits from Paris. War of the French king with Spain. First expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in search of El Dorado.
1596. Frightful defeat of the Austrians and Transylvanians by the Turks, on the plain of Cerestes, in Hungary. Capture of Cadiz by the Dutch and English. Birth of Descartes (d. 1650).
1597. Abolition of the privileges of the Hansa merchants in England. Irish rebellion under Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone. Annexation of Ferrara to the States of the Church. Publication of Bacon's Essays, also of a pirated copy of Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet," and of the first editions of "King Richard II." and "King Richard III."
1598. The Edict of Nantes, issued by Henry IV., of France, securing religious freedom to the Huguenots; peace with Spain by the Treaty of Vervins. Publication of Shakespeare's" Love's Labor Lost," of Stowe's" Survey of London," and of Drayton's "England's Heroical Epistles."
1599. Birth of Oliver Cromwell (d. 1658). Birth of Van Dyck (d. 1641). Birth of Velasquez (d. 1660).
1600. First charter granted to the English East India companies. Gowrie Plot in Scotland. Publication of Shakespeare's "King Henry V." (pirated and imperfect), "King Henry IV.," part 2, "Much Ado about Nothing," "Midsummer Night's Dream," and "Merchant of Venice." Death of Giordano Bruno at the stake. Birth of Calderon de la Barca (d. 1683 [Uncertain date]). Birth of Claude Lorraine (d. 1682).
Seventeenth Century.
1601. Suppression of the rebellion in Ireland. Enactment of the first English Poor Law.
1602. Chartering of the Dutch East India Company. Beginning of the long imprisonment of Sir Walter Raleigh in the Tower on charge of treason. First acting of Shakespeare's "Hamlet." Founding of the Bodleian Library. Birth of Cardinal Mazarin (d. 1661).
1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth of England and accession of the Scottish king, James I. of England and VI. of Scotland. First publication of "Hamlet."
1604. Founding of a French colony at Port Royal in Acadia (Nova Scotia). The Hampton Court Conference of King James with the English Puritans.
1605. Gunpowder plot of English Catholics against King and Parliament. Election of Pope Paul V. Death of Akbar, founder of the Mogul empire in India, and accession of Jahangir. Publication of Bacon's "Advancement of Learning," and part 1 of Cervantes' "Don Quixote."
1606. Charter granted by King James I. of England to the London and Plymouth companies, for American colonization. Venice placed under interdict by the Pope; beginning of the public service of Fra Paolo Sarpi. Peace of Sitvatorok, ending the war with the Turks in Hungary. Deposition of the Emperor Rudolph from the headship of the House of Austria, by a family conclave, in favor of his brother Matthias. Surrender of Austria and Hungary to Matthias by Rudolph. Organization of the Independent church of Brownists at Scrooby, England. Birth of Corneille (d. 1684). Birth of Rembrandt (d. 1669).
1607. Settlement of Jamestown, Virginia. Migration of the Independents of Scrooby to Holland. Birth of Roger Williams [Uncertain date] (d. 1683).
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1608. Formation of the Evangelical Union among the Protestant princes of Germany. First French settlement, by Champlain, at Quebec. Publication of Shakespeare's "King Lear." Birth of Milton (d. 1674). Birth of Thomas Fuller (d. 1661). Birth of Edward Hyde, earl of Clarendon (d. 1674).
1609. Discovery of the Hudson River by Henry Hudson. Arrangement of a twelve years truce between Spain and the United Provinces. Final expulsion of the Moriscoes from Spain. Opening of the Julich-Cleve contest in Germany. Settlement of the exiled Pilgrims of Scrooby at Leyden. Publication of the Douay translation of the Bible. The royal charter called the Letter of Majesty granted to Bohemia by Rudolph. Founding of the Bank of Amsterdam. Discovery by Champlain of the lake which bears his name. Construction of the telescope by Galileo and discovery of Jupiter's moons. [Uncertain date]
1610. Assassination of Henry IV. of France and accession of Louis XIII., under the regency of Marie de Medici. Formation of the Catholic League in Germany. Beginning of trade with the Indians on the Hudson by the Dutch. First acting of Shakespeare's "Macbeth"; publication of twelve books of Chapman's translation of the Iliad.
1611. Founding of Montreal by Champlain. Death of Charles IX., king of Sweden, and accession of Gustavus Adolphus. Publication in England of the King James or Authorized version of the Bible. Plantation of Ulster by English courtiers and London livery companies. Birth of Turenne (d. 1675).
1612. Death of the Emperor Rudolph and coronation of Matthias. Birth of Samuel Butler (d. 1680).
1613. Destruction of the French colony at Port Royal, Acadia, by Argall of Virginia. Election to the throne of Russia of Michael Romanoff, founder of the reigning dynasty. Birth of Jeremy Taylor (d. 1667). Birth of Gerard Dow (d. 1680 [Uncertain date]).
1614. Last meeting of the States General of France before the Revolution. Beginning of the extermination of Christianity in Japan. Publication of Raleigh's "History of the World." Birth of Cardinal de Retz (d. 1679).
1615. Visit of the first English ambassador to the court of the Great Mogul. Appearance at Frankfort-on-the-Main of the first known weekly newspaper, regularly printed and published. Birth of Salvator Rosa (d. 1673).
1616. Opening of war between Sweden and Poland. Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes.
1617. Election of Ferdinand, duke of Styria, to the thrones of Bohemia and Hungary. Cession of territory on the Baltic to Sweden by Russia. Second expedition of Sir Walter Raleigh in search of El Dorado. Opening of the famous reunions at the Hotel de Rambouillet.
1618. Rising of Protestants in Bohemia, beginning the Thirty Years War. Union of Prussia with the electorate of Brandenburg. Execution of Sir Walter Raleigh. Adoption of the Five Articles of Perth by the Assembly of the Scottish Church. Birth of Murillo (d. 1682).
1619. Death of the Emperor Matthias, and succession in the Empire of his cousin, Ferdinand II., already for several years his imperial colleague, and also king of Bohemia and Hungary. Deposition of Ferdinand in Bohemia and election of Frederick, elector palatine, to the Bohemian throne. Meeting of the Synod of Dort and condemnation of Arminianism in the United Provinces. Trial and execution of John of Barneveldt. Introduction of slavery in Virginia. Birth of Colbert (d. 1683).
1620. Decisive defeat of the Protestants of Bohemia in the battle of the White Mountain, and flight of Frederick, the newly elected king. Annexation of Navarre and Bearn to France. Rising of the French Huguenots at Rochelle. Final migration of the Pilgrims from Leyden to America, landing at Plymouth in New England. Incorporation by King James I. of England of the Council for New England, successor to the Plymouth Company of 1606. Publication of Bacon's "Novum Organum."
1621. The Elector Palatine under the ban of the Empire. Invasion and subjugation of the Palatinate. Dissolution of the Evangelical Union. Peace of Montauban between the French king and the Huguenots. Renewed war of the United Provinces with Spain. Grant of Nova Scotia to Sir William Alexander. Formation of the Dutch West India Company. The first Thanksgiving Day in New England.
1622. Founding of the College of the Propaganda at Rome. Grant to Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason of a province embracing parts of New Hampshire and Maine. Appearance of the first known printed newspaper in England—"The Weekly Newes." Birth of Molière (d. 1673).
1623. Conquest and transfer of the Palatine electorate to Maximilian, duke of Bavaria. Erection of a fort on Manhattan Island by the Dutch West India Company. Publication of "The First Folio" edition of Shakespeare's plays. Birth of Pascal (d. 1662).
1624. Alliance of England, Holland and Denmark, to support the Protestants of Germany. Beginning of Richelieu's ministry, in France. Birth of George Fox (d. 1690).
1625. First Jesuit mission to Canada. Death of James I. of England, and accession of Charles I. Beginning of the English struggle between King and Parliament. Opening of the Valtelline War by Richelieu, to expel the Austrians and Spaniards from the Valtelline passes. Fresh insurrection of the French Huguenots. Engagement of Wallenstein and his army in the service of the Emperor against the Protestants.
1626. Peace of Monzon between France and Spain. End of the Valtelline War. Purchase of Manhattan Island from the Indians by the Dutch West India Company.
1627. Seizure of a part of Brazil by the Dutch. Death of the Mogul Emperor Jahangir and accession of Shah Jahan, builder of the Taj Mahal, at Agra. Alliance of England with the French Huguenots. Siege of Rochelle by Richelieu. Birth of Bossuet (d. 1704).
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1628. Unsuccessful siege of Stralsund by Wallenstein. Passage by the English Parliament of the act called the Petition of Right. Assassination of the duke of Buckingham. Surrender of Rochelle to Richelieu. Outbreak of the war of the Mantuan succession between France, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor. Publication of Harvey's discovery of the circulation of the blood. Birth of Bunyan (d. 1688).
1629. The Emperor's Edict of Restitution, requiring the Protestant princes of Germany to surrender sequestrated church property. Tumult in the English Parliament and forcible detention of the Speaker; dissolution by the king and arrest of Eliot and others. Division of the grant made in New England to Gorges and Mason, giving New Hampshire to the latter. Introduction of the Patroon system in New Netherland by the Dutch West India Company. First conquest of Canada by the English.
1630. Dismissal of Wallenstein by the Emperor. Appearance in Germany of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, as the champion of Protestantism. Settlement of the colony of Massachusetts Bay, in New England, and founding of Boston. The Day of the Dupes in France and triumph of Richelieu.
1631. Siege, capture and sack of Magdeburg by the imperial general, Tilly. Treaty of Bärwalde between Gustavus Adolphus and the king of France. Defeat of Tilly on the Breitenfeld, at Leipzig, by Gustavus Adolphus. End of the war concerning Mantua. Appearance of the first printed newspaper in France. Birth of Dryden (d. 1700).
1632. Defeat and death of Tilly, in battle with the Swedish king on the Lech. Victory and death of Gustavus Adolphus in battle with Wallenstein at Lützen; accession in Sweden of Queen Christina; Chancellor Oxenstiern invested with the supreme direction of Swedish affairs in Germany. Patent to Lord Baltimore by James I., king of England, granting him as a palatine principality the territory in America called Maryland. Restoration of Canada and Nova Scotia by England to France. First Jesuit mission to Canada. Birth of John Locke (d. 1704). Birth of Spinoza (d. 1677). Birth of Bourdaloue (d. 1704). Birth of Christopher Wren (d. 1723).
1633. Union of Heilbronn formed by Oxenstiern, consolidating Protestant interests. Appointment of Wentworth to be Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland.
1634. Conspiracy against Wallenstein, resulting in his assassination. Defeat of the Swedish army in Germany, by imperialists and Spaniards, at Nördlingen. Terms of peace with the Emperor made by Saxony and Brandenburg. Levy of Ship-money in England. Naming the town on Manhattan island New Amsterdam. Acting of Milton's "Comus."
1635. Active interference of Richelieu in the Thirty Years War. Unsuccessful French expedition into Italy for the expulsion of the Spaniards from Milan. First settlements in the Connecticut valley. Dissolution of the Council for New England and partitioning of its territory.
1636. Banishment of Roger Williams from Massachusetts, and his founding of Providence. Migration of the Newtown congregation from Massachusetts to the Connecticut valley, founding Hartford. Founding of Harvard College in Massachusetts. Campaign of Duke Bernhard of Weimar in Alsace and Lorraine, in the pay of France. Success of the Swedish general, Baner, at Wittstock, over Saxons and imperialists. Birth of Boileau (d. 1711).
1687. Death of the Emperor Ferdinand II. and accession of his son Ferdinand III. The Pequot War in New England. Introduction of Land's Service-book in Scotland; tumult in St. Giles' church. Publication of Descartes' "Discours de la Méthode."
1638. Planting of the Swedish colony on the Delaware river in America. Banishment of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts. Settlement and naming of Rhode Island. Opening of New Netherland to free colonization and trade. Rising in Scotland against the Service-book; organization of the Tables; signing of the National Covenant. Planting of New Haven colony in New England. Turkish siege and capture of Bagdad and horrible massacre of its people.
1639. Adoption of the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut and the Fundamental Agreement of New Haven. Grant of Maine as a palatine principality to Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The First Bishops' War of the Scotch with King Charles I. Birth of Racine (d. 1699).
1640. Meeting of the Long Parliament in England. English settlement of Madras in India. Recovery of national independence by Portugal, with the House of Braganza on the throne. Extraordinary double siege of Turin. Introduction in Europe of Peruvian bark (cinchona).
1641. Impeachment and execution of Strafford and adoption of the Grand Remonstrance by the English Parliament. Catholic rising in Ireland and alleged massacres of Protestants.
1642. King Charles' attempt, in England, to arrest the Five Members, and opening of the Civil War at Edgehill. Conspiracy of Cinq Mars in France. Death of Cardinal Richelieu. Second battle of Breitenfeld in Germany, won by the Swedes under Torstenson. Birth of Sir Isaac Newton (d. 1727).
1643. Confederation of the United Colonies of New England. Meeting of the Westminster Assembly of Divines. Subscription of the Solemn League and Covenant between the Scotch and English nations. Siege of Gloucester and first battle of Newbury. Death of Louis XIII. of France and accession of Louis XIV. under the regency of his mother, Anne of Austria, and the ministry of Cardinal Mazarin. Victory of the Duke d' Enghien (afterwards called the Great Condé) over the Spaniards at Rocroi. Alliance of Denmark with the Emperor and disastrous war with Sweden.
1644. Battles of Marston Moor and the second Newbury, and siege of Lathom House, in the English civil war. Charter granted to the colony of Providence Plantations. Invention of the barometer by Torricelli. Birth of William Penn (d. 1718).
1645. Oliver Cromwell placed second in command of the English Parliamentary army. His victory at Naseby. The storming of Bridgewater and Bristol. Exploits of Montrose in Scotland. Victory of Torstenson and the Swedes over the imperialists at Jankowitz in Bohemia. Defeat of the imperialists by the French near Allerheim. Peace of Bromsebro between Sweden and Denmark. Beginning of the War of Candia (Crete).
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1646. Adoption of Presbyterianism by the English Parliament. Surrender of King Charles to the Scottish army. Capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards by the French and Dutch. Birth of Leibnitz (d. 1716).
1647. Surrender of King Charles by the Scots to the English, his imprisonment at Holdenby House and his seizure by the Army. Insurrection of Masaniello at Naples. Truce of the Elector of Bavaria with the Swedes and French. Election of Ferdinand, son of the Emperor, to the throne of Hungary. Beginning of the administration of Peter Stuyvesant in New Netherland.
1648. The second Civil War in England. Cromwell's victory at Preston. Treaty of Newport with the king, Grand Army Remonstrance, and Pride's Purge of Parliament, reducing it to "the Rump." Conflict of the French crown with the Parliament of Paris, and defeat of the crown. Last campaigns of the Thirty Years War. Peace of Westphalia; cession of Alsace to France; separation of Switzerland from the Empire; division of the Palatinate; acknowledgment of the independence of the United Provinces by Spain. Election of John Casimir king of Poland.
1649. Trial and execution of King Charles I., of England, and establishment of the Commonwealth. Mutiny of the Levellers in the Parliamentary Army. Campaign of Cromwell in Ireland. First civil war of the Fronde in France, ended by the treaty of Reuil. Passage of the Act of Toleration in Maryland.
1650. Charles II. in Scotland. War between the English and the Scotch. Victory of Cromwell at Dunbar. The new Fronde in France, in alliance with Spain. Its defeat by Mazarin at Rethel. Suspension of the Stadtholdership in the United Provinces. Publication of Baxter's "Saint's' Everlasting Rest," and Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Living." Birth of Marlborough (d. 1722).
1651. Invasion of England by Charles II. and the Scots; Cromwell's victory at Worcester; complete conquest of Scotland. Passage of the Navigation Act by the English Parliament. Banishment of Mazarin from France and restoration of peace. Renewal of civil war by Condé. Adoption of the Cambridge Platform in Massachusetts. Beginning of the rule, in the United Provinces, of John De Witt, Grand Pensionary of Holland. Publication of Hobbes' "Leviathan," and Jeremy Taylor's "Holy Dying." Birth of Fenelon (d. 1715).
1652. Victorious naval war of the English with the Dutch. Battle of Porte St. Antoine, Paris, between the armies of Condé and Turenne. End of the Fronde, and departure of Conde to enter the service of Spain. Recovery of Dunkirk by the Spaniards. Institution of the Liberum Veto in Poland. Transfer of the allegiance of the Cossacks of the Ukraine from Poland to Russia. Legislation to restrict and diminish slavery in Rhode Island. Settlement of a Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope.
1653. Expulsion of "the Rump" by Cromwell, and establishment of the Protectorate in England. Adoption of the Instrument of Government. Return of Mazarin to power in France. The Cromwellian settlement of Ireland. Concession of municipal government to New Amsterdam (New York). Establishment of a penny post in Paris by M. de Velayer. Publication of Walton's "Complete Angler."
1654. Incorporation of Scotland with the English Commonwealth, under Cromwell. Peace between the English and Dutch. Conquest of Nova Scotia by the New England colonists. Death of Ferdinand, king of Hungary, and election of his brother Leopold. Abdication of Queen Christina of Sweden; accession of Charles X.
1655. Conquest of the Swedish colony on the Delaware by the Dutch of New Netherland. Alliance of England and France against Spain. English conquest of Jamaica from Spain. Occurrence in the Russian Church of the great schism called the Raskol. Publication of the first of Pascal's" Provincial Letters."
1656. Beginning of the Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.
1657. Death of the Emperor Ferdinand III. Intrigues of Louis XIV. of France to secure the imperial crown.
1658. Siege and capture of Dunkirk from the Spaniards and possession given by the French to the English. Death of Cromwell and succession of his son Richard as Protector. Election of Leopold I., son of the late emperor, to the imperial throne. Seizure of the Mogul throne in India by Aurungzebe.
1659. Meeting of a new Parliament in England; its dissolution; resuscitation and re-expulsion of the Rump, and formation of a provisional government by the Army. Treaty of the Pyrenees between France and Spain, and marriage of Louis XIV. to the Spanish infanta. Production of Molière's "Les Précieuses Ridicules."
1660. March of the English army under Monk from Scotland to London. Call of a new Parliament by Monk, and restoration of the monarchy, in the person of Charles II. Abrogation of the incorporated union with Scotland. Renewed war of Austria with the Turks. Closing of the schools of Port Royal through Jesuit influence. Death of Charles X. of Sweden and accession of Charles XI. Publication of Dryden's "Astræa Redux."
1661. Restoration of the Church of England and passage of a new Act of Uniformity, ejecting 2,000 nonconformist ministers. Personal assumption of government by Louis XIV. in France. Beginning of the ministry of Colbert. Cession of Bombay by the Portuguese to the English. Birth of Defoe (d. 1731).
1662. Royal charter to Connecticut colony, annexing New Haven. Sale of Dunkirk to France by Charles II. Beginning of the attacks of the Mahrattas on the Mogul empire. Restoration of episcopacy in Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters. Publication of Fuller's "Worthies of England."
1663. Grant of the Carolinas by Charles II. of England to Clarendon and others. Erection of New France (Canada) into a royal province. Publication of the first part of Butler's "Hudibras." Birth of Prince Eugene of Savoy (d. 1736).
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1664. Passage of the Conventicle Act in England, for suppression of the nonconformists. Seizure of New Netherland (henceforth New York) by the English from the Dutch and grant of the province to the duke of York. Grant of New Jersey to Berkeley and Carteret, by the duke of York. War by France upon the piratical Barbary states. Great defeat of the Turks by the Austrians and French, in the battle of St. Gothard. Publication of the first Tariff of Colbert, in France.
1665. Passage of the Five Mile Act, in continued persecution of the English nonconformists. Outbreak of the great Plague in London. Formal declarations of war between the English and the Dutch.
1666. The great fire in London. Tremendous naval battles between Dutch and English and defeat of the former. Production of Molière's "Le Misanthrope."
1667. Ravages by a Dutch fleet in the Thames. Peace treaties of Breda, between England, Holland, France and Denmark. War of Louis XIV., called the War of the Queen's Rights, in the Spanish Netherlands. Restoration of Nova Scotia to France. Augmentation of Colbert's Protective Tariff in France. Publication of Milton's "Paradise Lost," and Dryden's "Annus Mirabilis." Production of Racine's "Andromaque." Birth of Swift. (d. 1745).
1668. Triple alliance of England, Holland and Sweden against France. Abdication of John Casimir, king of Poland. Birth of Vico (d. 1744). Birth of Boerhaave (d. 1738).
1669. First exploring journey of La Salle from the St. Lawrence to the West. Adoption of the fundamental constitutions framed by John Locke for the Carolinas. Surrender of Candia to the Turks.
1670. Treaty of the king of England with Louis XIV. of France, betraying his allies, the Dutch, and engaging to profess himself a Catholic. Publication of Spinoza's "Tractatus Theologico-politicus."
1671. Publication of Milton's "Paradise Regained." Birth of Steele (d. 1729).
1672. Declaration of Indulgence by Charles II. of England. Alliance of England and France against the Dutch. Restoration of the Stadtholdership in Holland to the Prince of Orange, and murder of the DeWitts. Birth of Joseph Addison (d. 1719}. Birth of Peter the Great (d. 1725).
1673. Discovery of the Upper Mississippi by Joliet and Marquette. Recovery of New Netherland by the Dutch from the English. Sale of West Jersey by Lord Berkeley to Quakers.
1674. Treaty of Westminster, restoring peace between the Dutch and English and ceding New Netherland to the latter. Purchase of Pondicherry, on the Carnatic coast of India, by the French. Election of John Sobieski to the throne of Poland. Birth of Isaac Watts (d. 1748).
1675. War with the Indians in New England, known as King Philip's War. Defeat of the Swedes by the Elector of Brandenburg at the battle of Fehrbellin.
1676. Bacon's rebellion in Virginia. Birth of Sir Robert Walpole (d. 1745).
1677. Tekeli's rising in Hungary against oppression and religions persecution. Production of Racine's" Phèdre."
1678. The pretended Popish Plot in England. Treaties of Nimeguen between France, Rolland and Spain. Publication of the first part of Bunyan's "Pilgrim's Progress." Birth of Bolingbroke (d. 1751).
1679. Passage of the Habeas Corpus Act in England. Oppression of Scotland and persecution of the Covenanters. Murder of Archbishop Sharp. Defeat of Claverhouse by the Covenanters at Drumclog. Defeat of Covenanters by Monmouth at Bothwell Bridge. Treaty of Nimeguen between France and the Emperor. Building of the Griffon on Niagara river by La Salle.
1680. First naming of the Whig and Tory parties in England. Complete incorporation of Alsace and Les Trois Évéchés, and seizure of Strasburg, by France. Imprisonment of the Man with the Iron Mask. Founding of Charleston, S. C.
1681. Merciless despotism of the duke of York in Scotland. Beginning of "dragonnade" persecution of Protestants in France. Alliance of Tekeli and the Hungarian insurgents with the Turks and the French. Proprietary grant of Pennsylvania by Charles II. to William Penn. Publication of Dryden's "Absalom and Achitophel."
1682. Exploration of the Mississippi to its mouth by La Salle. Purchase of East Jersey by Penn and other Quakers. Penn's treaty with the Indians. Accession of Peter the Great in association with his brother Ivan.
1683. The Rye-house Plot, and execution of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney, in England. Great invasion of Hungary and Austria by the Turks; their siege of Vienna, and the deliverance of the city by John Sobieski, king of Poland. Establishment of a penny post in London by Robert Murray. Founding of Philadelphia by William Penn.
1684. Forfeiture of the Massachusetts charter. Holy League of Venice, Poland, the Emperor and the Pope against the Turks. Birth of Bishop Berkeley (d. 1753}. Birth of Händel (d. 1759).
1685. Death of Charles II., king of England, and accession of his brother James II., an avowed Catholic. Rebellion of the duke of Monmouth, crushed at Sedgemoor and in the Bloody Assizes of Judge Jeffreys. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV. of France. First lighting of the streets of London. Demand upon Connecticut for the surrender of its charter; concealment of the instrument in the Charter Oak. Birth of Johann Sebastian Bach (d. 1750).
1686. Revival of the Court of High Commission in England. Consolidation of New England under a royal governor-general. League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France, formed by the Prince of Orange and including Holland, Spain, Sweden, the Emperor, and several German princes. Recovery of Buda by the Austrians from the Turks and end of the Hungarian insurrection. Introduction of Bradford's Printing Press in Pennsylvania.
1687. Action of the Hungarian diet making the crown of Hungary hereditary in the Hapsburg family. Second battle of Mohacs, disastrous to the Turks. Siege of Athens by the Venetians; bombardment of the Acropolis and partial destruction of the Parthenon. Rule in Ireland of Richard Talbot, earl of Tyrconnel. Publication of Newton's "Principia."
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1688. Declaration of Indulgence by James II. of England, and imprisonment and trial of the seven bishops for refusing to publish it. Invitation to William and Mary of Orange to accept the English crown. Arrival in England of the Prince of Orange and flight of James. Battle of Enniskillen in Ireland. Recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians. Union of New York and New Jersey with New England under Governor-general Sir Edmund Andros. Birth of Swedenborg (d. 1772). Birth of Pope (d. 1744).
1689. Completion of the English Revolution. Settlement of the crown on William and Mary. Passage of the Toleration Act and the Bill of Rights. Landing of James II. in Ireland and war in that island; siege and successful defense of Londonderry; battle of Newton Butler. Battle of Killiecrankie, in Scotland, and death of Claverhouse. Revolution in New York led by Jacob Leisler. Birth of Montesquieu (d. 1755).
1690. Destruction of Schenectady, New York, by French and Indians. The first congress of the American colonies. The League of Augsburg against Louis XIV. of France developed into the Grand Alliance of England, Holland, Spain, Savoy and the Emperor. Second devastation of the Palatinate by the French. Reconquest of Belgrade by the Turks. English conquest of Acadia and unsuccessful attempt against Quebec. French naval victory off Beachy Head, over the English and Dutch fleets. Battle of the Boyne in Ireland; defeat and flight of James II. Publication of Locke's "Essay concerning Human Understanding."
1691. Battle of Aughrim and surrender of Limerick, completing the Orange conquest of Ireland. The violated Treaty of Limerick. Execution of Jacob Leisler in New York.
1692. Ernst Augustus, duke of Hanover and of Brunswick, raised to the rank of Elector. New Hampshire settlements, in New England, separated from Massachusetts. Defeat of King William by the French at Steinkirk. Beginning of the Salem Witchcraft madness in Massachusetts. Massacre of Glencoe in Scotland. Attempted invasion of England from France defeated by the English and Dutch fleets at the battle of La Hogue. Destructive earthquake in Jamaica.
1693. Founding of the College of William and Mary in Virginia. Removal of Bradford's Press from Philadelphia to New York. French victories at Neerwinden and Marsaglia. Absolutism established in Sweden by Charles XI. Discovery of the fixed temperature of boiling water.
1694. The founding of the Bank of England. Birth of Voltaire (d. 1778).
1695. Passage of the first of the Penal Laws, oppressing Catholics in Ireland. Expiration of the Press-censorship law in England.
1696. Death of John Sobieski and purchase of the Polish crown by Frederick Augustus, elector of Saxony.
1697. Peace of Ryswick, ending the war of the Grand Alliance. Cession of Strasburg and restoration of Acadia to France. Campaign of Prince Eugene against the Turks and his decisive victory at Zenta. Death of Charles XI. of Sweden and accession of Charles XII. Sojourn of Peter the Great in Holland. Publication of Bayle's Dictionary. Birth of Hogarth (d. 1764).
1698. Grant to the English by the Mogul of the site on which Calcutta grew up. Undertaking, in Scotland, of the Darien scheme of colonization and commerce. Visit of Peter the Great to England. Publication of Algernon Sidney's "Discourse on Government." Birth of Metastasio (d. 1782).
1699. Peace of Carlowitz, between Turkey, Russia, Poland, Venice, and the Emperor, which reduced the European dominions of the Sultan nearly half. Settlement of Iberville's French colony in Louisiana. Publication of Fénélon's "Télémaque."
1700. Prussia raised in rank to a kingdom. First campaigns of Charles XII. of Sweden, against the Danes and the Russians. Death of Charles II. of Spain, bequeathing his crown to Philip, duke of Anjou, second son of the Dauphin of France.
Eighteenth Century.
1701. English Act of Settlement, fixing the succession to the throne in the Electress Sophia of Hanover and her heirs. Death of James II., of England, at St. Germains. Possession of the crown of Spain taken by Philip of Anjou, as Philip V. Founding of Yale College at New Haven, Connecticut.
1702. Death of William III., king of England and stadtholder of Holland. Accession in England of Queen Anne. The Camisard rising in France. Beginning of the War of the Spanish Succession (called in America Queen Anne's War). Battle of Friedlingen in Germany. Dutch and English expedition against Cadiz. Attack on the treasure fleet in Vigo Bay. Victories of Prince Eugene in Italy, followed by reverses and retreat into the Tyrol. Savoy overrun by the French. Union of rival English East India Companies. Publication of the first daily newspaper in England, the "Courant." Legislative separation of Delaware from Pennsylvania. Union of East and West Jersey in one royal province.
1703. The Methuen Treaty between England and Portugal. The Aylesbury Election case in England. Birth of Jonathan Edwards (d. 1758). Birth of John Wesley (d. 1791).
1704. Campaign of Marlborough and Prince Eugene on the Danube. Victory of Blenheim. Capture of Gibraltar by the English from Spain. Insurrection in Hungary under Rakoczy. Publication (at Boston) of the first newspaper in the English American colonies. Completed subjugation of Poland by Charles XII. of Sweden. Publication of Swift's "Tale of a Tub," and of the first part of Clarendon's "History of the Great Rebellion" (England).
1705. Capture of Barcelona by the Earl of Peterborough.
1706. Marlborough's victory at Ramillies over the French under Villeroy. Expulsion of the French from Antwerp, Ghent, and other strong places of Flanders. Madrid lost and regained by the Bourbon king of Spain. French siege of Turin. Deliverance of the city by Prince Eugene. Birth of Benjamin Franklin (d. 1790).
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1707. Union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland. Victories of Marlborough and Prince Eugene at Oudenarde and Malplaquet, over Vendôme and Villars. Victory of Berwick, for the French and Spaniards, at Almanza. Disastrous expedition of Prince Eugene against Toulon. Death of Aurungzebe, the last important Mogul emperor. Subjugation of Saxony by Charles XII. Birth of Buffon (d. 1788). Birth of Fielding (d. 1754).
1708. English conquest of Majorca and Minorca, by General Stanhope. Renewed persecution of the Jansenists. Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal of the Fields. Invasion of Russia by Charles XII. Birth of Charles Wesley (d. 1788). Birth of William Pitt, Lord Chatham (d. 1778).
1709. The first Barrier Treaty between Holland and Great Britain. Dispersion of the nuns of Port Royal. Defeat of Charles XII. at Pultowa by the Russians and his escape into Turkish territory. Publication of the first numbers of Steele and Addison's "Tatler," and of Berkeley's "New Theory of Vision." Birth of Dr. Samuel Johnson (d. 1784).
1710. Trial of Dr. Sacheverell in England. Peace conferences at Gertruydenberg between France, Great Britain, Holland, Spain and Austria. Madrid again lost and recovered by Philip V. Franco-Spanish victories of Villa Viciosa and Brihuega. Capture of Port Royal, Acadia, by the New Englanders; final English conquest of Acadia and change of name to Nova Scotia.
1711. Fall of the Whigs from power, in England. Passage of the Occasional Conformity Act. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph I. Election and coronation of Charles VI. Opening of negotiations for peace between England and France. Peace of Szathmar, ending the revolt in Hungary. Publication of the first numbers of "The Spectator," by Addison, Steele, and others; also of Pope's "Essay on Criticism." Birth of David Hume (d. 1776).
1712. Dismissal of Marlborough from his command, by the British Government. Peace Conference at Utrecht. Imposition of the Stamp Tax on newspapers in England. Birth of Frederick the Great (d. 1786). Birth of Jean Jacques Rousseau (d. 1778).
1713. The Peace of Utrecht, ending the War of the Spanish Succession except as between France and the Emperor; cession of Sicily by Spain to the duke of Savoy, with the title of king; restoration of Savoy and Nice to the same prince, by France, with cessions of certain valleys and forts; exchange by the king of Prussia of the principality of Orange and the lordship of Châlons for Spanish Guelderland and the sovereignty of Neufchatel and Valengin; cession by Spain to the House of Austria of the kingdom of Naples, the duchy of Milan, the Spanish Tuscan territories, and the sovereignty of the Spanish Netherlands, reserving certain rights of the elector of Bavaria; agreement for the destruction of the fortifications and harbor of Dunkirk; relinquishment to Great Britain of Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Gibraltar, Minorca, Hudson Bay, and the island of St. Christopher; concession of the Assiento or Spanish slave-trading contract to Great Britain for thirty years. Second Barrier Treaty between Great Britain and Holland. The papal Bull Unigenitus against the doctrines of the Jansenists. Production of Addison's "Cato." Birth of Sterne (d. 1768). Birth of Diderot (d. 1784).
1714. Death of Queen Anne of England; accession of George I. Treaty of Rastadt or Baden, establishing peace between France and the Emperor; relinquishment of Sardinia by the Elector of Bavaria to the Emperor, in return for the Upper Palatinate. Opening of war with the Turks by the Emperor, Charles VI. Return of Charles XII. to Sweden. Invention of Fahrenheit's Thermometer. Birth of Condillac (d. 1780). Birth of Helvetius (d. 1771). Birth of Vauvenargues (d. 1747).
1715. Jacobite rising in Great Britain. Death of Louis XIV. in France; accession of Louis XV., under the regency of the duke of Orleans. Barrier treaty of Holland with the Emperor. Publication of the first books of Pope's translation of the "Iliad," and the first books of Le Sage's "Gil Blas."
1716. Passage of the Septennial Act, extending the term of the British Parliament to seven years. Victory of Prince Eugene over the Turks, at Petervardein.
1717. Launching of the Mississippi scheme of John Law, in France. Triple Alliance of France, Great Britain and Holland to oppose the projects of Alberoni and Queen Elizabeth Farnese, in Spain. Spanish capture of Sardinia. Final recovery of Belgrade from the Turks by the Austrians. Birth of D' Alembert (d. 1783).
1718. Promulgation of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI., defining the Austrian succession in favor of his daughter, Maria Theresa. Spanish conquest of Sicily from the duke of Savoy. Quadruple Alliance of France, Great Britain, Holland and the Emperor against Spain. Peace of Passarowitz between the Emperor and the Porte. Removal of the capital of Russia to St. Petersburg. Death of Charles XII. of Sweden. Founding of the city of New Orleans by Bienville.
1719. French and English attacks on Spain. Submission of Philip V. to the Quadruple Alliance. Banishment of Alberoni. Spanish evacuation of Sicily and Sardinia. Restoration of the oligarchical constitution of Sweden. Publication of the first part of De Foe's "Robinson Crusoe," and of Watts' "Psalms and Hymns."
1720. The South Sea Bubble in England. Forced exchange by the duke of Savoy, with the Emperor, of Sicily for Sardinia, the latter being raised to the rank of a kingdom. Reversion of the duchies of Parma and Placentia and of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany to Don Carlos, son of the king of Spain. Publication of Vico's "Jus Universale."
1721. Rise of Walpole to ascendancy in the British Government. Introduction of preventive inoculation against smallpox in England by Lady Montague. Election of Pope Innocent XIII.
1722. Grant of Wood's patent for supplying Ireland with a copper coinage. Conquest of Persia by the Afghans. Birth of Samuel Adams (d. 1803).
1723. Majority of Louis XV., king of France. Termination of the Regency. Publication of Ramsay's "Gentle Shepherd." Birth of Adam Smith (d. 1790).
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1724. Election of Pope Benedict XIII. Publication of Swift's "Drapier's Letters" against Wood's halfpence, in Ireland. Birth of Kant (d. 1804).
1725. Treaty of Spain with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Alliance of Hanover between France, Great Britain and Holland. Death of Peter the Great, of Russia, and accession of his empress, Catherine I. Birth of Clive (d. 1774).
1726. Treaty of Russia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Publication of Swift's "Gulliver's Travels."
1727. Death of George I. of England. Accession of George II. Hostilities without formal war between Great Britain and Spain. Siege of Gibraltar by the Spaniards. Deliverance of Persia from the Afghans by Nadir Kuli. Birth of Turgot (d. 1781).
1728. Treaty of Prussia with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Birth of Goldsmith (d. 1774).
1729. End of proprietary government in the Carolinas. Birth of Edmund Burke (d. 1797). Birth of Lessing (d. 1781). Birth of Moses Mendelssohn. (d. 1786).
1730. Election of Pope Clement XII. Founding of Baltimore in Maryland. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway; accidental death of Mr. Huskisson, prime minister of England. Birth of Edmund Burke [Uncertain date] (d. 1797).
1731. Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain. Don Carlos established in the duchies of Parma and Placentia. Treaties of England and Holland with Austria, guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Founding of the "Gentleman's Magazine." Birth of William Cowper (d. 1800).
1732. Usurpation of the Persian throne by Nadir Kuli, thenceforward entitled Nadir Kuli Khan, or Nadir Shall. Grant of Georgia in America to General Oglethorpe by George II., of England. Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Subscription Library in the United States, by Franklin. Publication of the first part of Pope's" Essay on Man." Birth of Washington (d. 1799). Birth of Haydn (d. 1809).
1733. The first Bourbon Family Compact between the French and Spanish sovereigns. Death of Augustus II. of Poland. War of the Polish Succession between France and Austria. John Kay's invention of the fly-shuttle for weaving. Founding of Savannah, Georgia, by General Oglethorpe. Birth of Wieland (d. 1813). Birth of Joseph Priestley (d. 1804).
1734. Conquest of Naples and Sicily by Don Carlos, son of the king of Spain, and assumption by him of the kingship of the Two Sicilies, under the name and style of Charles III. Zenger's trial in New York and vindication of the freedom of the English colonial press.
1735. Treaty of Vienna between France, Austria and Spain, confirming Charles III. in possession of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies; ceding Lorraine to France and Tuscany in reversion to the former duke of Lorraine. First Moravian (Unitas Fratrum) settlement in America planted in Georgia. Birth of John Adams (d. 1826).
1736. Founding of the short-lived realm of King Theodore in Corsica. Publication of Butler's "Analogy of Religion." Porteous riots in Edinburgh. Birth of Lagrange (d. 1813).
1737. Birth of Edward Gibbon (d. 1794).
1738. Treaty of France with Austria guaranteeing the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI.
1739. War of Jenkins' Ear, between Great Britain and Spain. Capture of Delhi, in India, with sack and massacre, by Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.
1740. Accession of Frederick the Great in Prussia. Death of the Emperor Charles VI. Treachery of the Powers which had guaranteed the Austrian succession to Maria Theresa. Opening of the War of the Succession. Invasion of Silesia by Frederick of Prussia. Election of Pope Benedict XIV. Settlement of the Moravians (Unitas Fratrum) in Pennsylvania, at Bethlehem. First performance of Händel's "Messiah."
1741. Battle of Mollwitz. Alliance of Prussia, France and Bavaria. Appeal of Maria Theresa to the Hungarians. Franco-Bavarian invasion of Bohemia and Austrian invasion of Bavaria. Secret bargain of Frederick with Maria Theresa, and abandonment of his allies. Pretended Negro Plot in New York. Publication of the first volume of Hume's "Essays Moral and Political."
1742. Resignation of Walpole from the British Ministry. Imperial election and coronation of the elector of Bavaria as Charles VII. Reversing of the treachery of Frederick and renewal of his war with Austria. Battle of Chotusitz. Treaty of Breslau between Austria and Prussia. Cession of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick. Continuation of the war of Austria and France. Expulsion of the French from Bohemia. Birth of Scheele (d. 1786).
1743. The second Bourbon Family Compact between the sovereigns of France and Spain. Great Britain involved in the War of the Austrian Succession, supporting the cause of Maria Theresa. Victory of the "Pragmatic Army" (English and Hanoverian) at Dettingen. Birth of Thomas Jefferson (d. 1826). Birth of Toussaint L' Ouverture (d. 1803). Birth of Lavoisier (d. 1794).
1744. Renewal of war with Austria by Frederick of Prussia. His invasion of Bohemia, his capture of Prague and his forced retreat. Birth of Herder (d. 1803).
1745. The last Jacobite rebellion in Great Britain. Death of Sir Robert Walpole. Capture of Louisburg and the island of Cape Breton from France by the New England colonists. Death of the Emperor Charles VII. Defeat of the British and Dutch by the French at Fontenoy. Peace made by Austria with Bavaria, and alliance with Saxony against the king of Prussia. Prussian victories at Hohenfriedberg, Sohr, Hennersdorf, and Kesselsdorf. Election of the husband of Maria Theresa to the Imperial throne, as Francis I. Peace between Austria and Prussia. Success of the French, Spaniards, and Genoese in Lombardy, expelling the Austrians from every part except the citadel of Milan and the fortress of Mantua. Invention of the Leyden jar.
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1746. French conquest of the Austrian Netherlands. Retreat of Spaniards and French from North Italy. Surrender of Genoa to the Austrians, and their expulsion by a popular rising. Capture of Madras by the French. Birth of Pestalozzi (d. 1827). Birth of Henry Grattan (d. 1820).
1747. French invasion of the United Provinces (Holland); risings of the Orange party; restoration of the Stadtholdership, in the person of William IV. Unsuccessful siege of Genoa by the Austrians and Sardinians. Franklin's identification of lightning with electricity. Murder of Nadir Shah, the Persian conqueror.
1748. Treaty of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, ending the War of the Austrian Succession; general restoration of conquests made during the war; confirmation of Silesia and Glatz to Frederick of Prussia; general guarantee of the Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VI. Beginning of excavations at Pompeii. Birth of Jeremy Bentham (d. 1832).
1749. Formation of the Ohio Company, with a royal grant of lands in the Ohio Valley. Founding of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Publication of Montesquieu's "Esprit des Lois"; of Fielding's "Tom Jones," and of John Wesley's "Plain account of the people called Methodists." Birth of Charles James Fox (d. 1806). Birth of Goethe (d. 1832). Birth of Mirabeau (d. 171)1). Birth of Vittorio Alfieri (d. 1803). Birth of Laplace (d. 1827). Birth of Jenner (d. 1823).
1751. Beginning of the military career of Clive in India by the taking of Arcot from the French. Introduction of the Gregorian Calendar, or change from Old Style to New, in England. Publication of Gray's "Elegy in a Country Churchyard," and of the first volume of "L' Encyclopedie." Birth of R. B. Sheridan (d. 1816). Birth of James Madison (d. 1836).
1754. Founding of King's College (now Columbia) at New York. Congress of the American Colonies at Albany and plans of Union. Building of Fort Duquesne by the French and Washington's expedition against them. Publication of the first volume of Hume's "History of England." Birth of Talleyrand (d. 1838).
1755. Beginning of the Seven Years War, called in America the French and Indian War; Braddock's defeat by the French and Indians in America; battle of Lake George and defeat of the French; dispersion in exile of the French Acadians from Nova Scotia. Birth of Hahnemann, the originator of Homœopathy. Great earthquake at Lisbon. Birth of John Marshall (d. 1835).
1756. Formal declarations of war by Great Britain and France; conquest of Minorca by the French from the English. Invasion and occupation of Saxony by Frederick of Prussia. Frederick under the Ban of the Empire. Capture of Delhi by the Afghan Durances; capture of Calcutta by Shrajah Dowlah, and tragedy of the Black Hole. Birth of Mozart (d. 1791 [Uncertain date]).
1757. Execution in England of Admiral Byng. Beginning of the administration of the elder Pitt. Invasion of Bohemia by Frederick; his victory at Prague, his defeat at Kolin, convention of Closter-Seven, battles of Rossbach and Leuthen. Capture of Fort William Henry in America, by the French. Franklin's mission to England for the Pennsylvanians. Clive's overthrow of Surajah Dowlah at the battle of Plassey, in India. Birth of Canova (d. 1822). Birth of Alexander Hamilton (d. 1804). Birth of Lafayette (d. 1834). Birth of Baron von Stein (d. 1831).
1758. Siege of Olmutz by Frederick; his victory over the Russians at Zorndorf; his defeat by the Austrians at Hochkirch. Election of Pope Clement XIII. Repulse of the British at Ticonderoga, in America; capture of Louisburg and Fort Du Quesne (afterwards Pittsburg) by the English from the French. Beginning of the publication of Dr. Johnson's "Idler." Birth of Lord Nelson (d. 1805). Birth of Robespierre (d. 1794).
1759. Naval battles of the English and French off Lagos and in Quiberon Bay. Battles of Bergen and Minden in Germany; defeat of Frederick at Kunersdorf; loss of Dresden; capitulation of Maxen. Expulsion of the Jesuits from the Portuguese dominions. Capture of Quebec, in Canada, from the French, by General Wolfe; British capture of Fort Niagara, Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Opening of the British Museum. Publication of Dr. Johnson's "Rasselas," Adam Smith's "Moral Sentiments," the first volumes of Sterne's "Tristram Shandy," and the first volume of the "Annual Register," edited by Burke. Birth of Schiller (d. 1805). Birth of Robert Burns (d. 1796). Birth of William Wilberforce (d. 1833). Birth of William Pitt (d. 1806).
1760. Death of George II., king of England; accession of George III. Frederick's bombardment of Dresden. Battles of Liegnitz, Torgau and Warburg. Completion of the English conquest of Canada. Defeat of the French by the English, in India, at Wandiwash. Publication of Rousseau's "Nouvelle Heloise," and Goldsmith's "Citizen of the World."
1761. Resignation of Pitt from the British Ministry. The third Bourbon Family Compact of the French and Spanish kings. Campaigns in Saxony and Silesia. Battle of Panniput in India and defeat of the Mahrattas by the Afghans. Speech of Otis, at Boston, against the Writs of Assistance. Surrender of Pondicherry to the English by the French.
1762. Ascendancy of Lord Bute in the British Ministry; publication of Wilkes' "North Briton;" declaration of war against Spain; siege and conquest of Havana. Death of the Empress Elizabeth of Russia; accession, deposition and murder of Peter III.; elevation of Catherine II. to the throne. Decree of the Parliament of Paris for the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Publication of Macpherson's "Poems of Ossian," and of Rousseau's "Contrat Social." Birth of Fichte (d. 1814).
1763. Peace of Paris and Peace of Hubertsburg, ending the Seven Years War: cession to Great Britain of Canada, Nova Scotia and Cape Breton by France, and of Florida by Spain; transfer of Louisiana to Spain by France. First English measure (the Sugar Act) for taxing the American colonies. Proclamation of King George excluding settlers from the Northwest territory in America. Outbreak in America of the Indian war called Pontiac's War. Resignation of Lord Bute from the British Ministry and formation of the Grenville Ministry. Death of Augustus III. of Poland. Birth of Jean Paul Frederick Richter (d. 1825).
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1764. Expulsion of Wilkes from the British House of Commons. Election of Joseph II., King of the Romans. Election of Stanislaus Poniatowsky to the Polish throne, under the protection of Russia. Ordonnance of Louis XV. forbidding the existence of the Society of Jesus in France. Beginning of the survey of Mason and Dixon's line, determining the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland. Publication of Goldsmith's "The Traveller," and of Rousseau's "Emile."
1765. First derangement of the English king, George III. Dismissal of Grenville. Formation of the Rockingham Ministry. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Francis I.; imperial coronation of Joseph II. Passage of the English Stamp Act for the taxation of the American colonies; formation in the colonies of the Sons of Liberty, and convening of the Stamp Act Congress. Publication of the first volume of Blackstone's "Commentaries."
1766. The Grafton-Chatham Ministry in power in Great Britain. Repeal of the colonial Stamp Act. Discovery of hydrogen, by Cavendish. Publication of Lessing's "Laokoön," and of Goldsmith's "Vicar of Wakefield." Birth of John Dalton (d. 1844).
1761. Suppression of the Jesuits in Spain. Beginning of the first war of the English in India with Hyder Ali. The Townshend measures of the British Parliament for taxation of the colonies. Birth of August Wilhelm von Schlegel (d. 1845). Birth of Wilhelm von Humboldt (d. 1835). Birth of Andrew Jackson (d. 1845). Birth of John Quincy Adams (d. 1848).
1768. The Middlesex elections in England; repeated expulsion and re-election of Wilkes; withdrawal of Chatham from the Ministry. Religious disturbances in Poland. Confederation of Bar. Turkish interference against Russia. Circular letter of Massachusetts to the other American colonies. Cession of Corsica (in revolt) by Genoa to France.
1769. Demand of Spain, France and Naples at Rome for the abolition of the Society of Jesus. Election of Pope Clement XIV. Patents issued in Great Britain to James Watt for his first improvements in the steam engine, and to Richard Arkwright for his roller-spinning "water-frame"; publication of the first "Letters of Junius." Migration of Daniel Boone from North Carolina into Kentucky. Birth of Wellington (d. 1852). Birth of Napoleon Bonaparte in Corsica (d. 1821). Birth of Alexander von Humboldt (d. 1850). Birth of Cuvier (d. 1832).
1770. Patenting in Great Britain of Hargreave's spinning-jenny. Beginning of the administration of Lord North in Great Britain. Publication of Burke's "Thoughts on the Present Discontents," of Goldsmith's "Deserted Village," and of the first edition of the "Encyclopædia Britannica." Birth of Thorwaldsen (d. 1844). Birth of Wordsworth (d. 1850). Birth of Hegel (d. 1831). Birth of George Canning (d. 1827). Birth of Beethoven (d. 1827).
1771. Freedom of the reporting of proceedings conceded by the British Parliament. Insurrection of the Regulators in North Carolina and battle of the Alamance. Constitutional revolution in Sweden carried out by Gustavus III. Birth of Bichat (d. 1802). Birth of Sir Walter Scott (d. 1832).
1772. Treaty for the first Partitioning of Poland arranged between Prussia, Austria and Russia. The institution in the American colonies of Committees of Correspondence. Forming of the Watauga Association, from which grew the State of Tennessee. Decision by Lord Mansfield, in the case of the negro Somersett, that a slave cannot be held in England. Birth of Coleridge (d. 1834). Birth of Ricardo (d. 1823).
1773. Papal decree of Pope Clement XIV. abolishing the Society of Jesus. Appointment of Warren Hastings, the first English Governor-General in India. Resistance in the English American colonies to the duty on tea; the Boston tea-party. Publication of Goethe's "Götz von Berlichingen." Birth of Metternich (d. 1859).
1774. Death of Louis XV., king of France; accession of Louis XVI. Passage of the Boston Port Bill, the Massachusetts Act, and the Quebec Act by the British Parliament. Meeting of the first Continental Congress of the American colonies; organization of the revolutionary Provincial Congress in Massachusetts, and of the Committee of Safety. Lord Dunmore's War with the Indians; murder of the family of Logan, the chief. Publication of Goethe's "Werther." Discovery of oxygen by Priestley. Birth of Southey (d. 1843).
1775. Speech of Burke on "Conciliation with America." Beginning of the War of the American Revolution: battles of Lexington and Concord; siege of Boston; surprising of Ticonderoga and Crown Point; battle of Bunker Hill; creation of the Continental Army; appointment of Washington Commander-in-Chief; expedition to Canada. Execution of Nuncomar in British India. Election of Pope Pius VI. Production of Sheridan's "The Rivals" and of Beaumarchais' "Barbière de Seville." Birth of Daniel O'Connell (d. 1847). Birth of Charles Lamb (d. 1834). Birth of Walter Savage Landor (d. 1864). Birth of Turner (d. 1851).
1776. Dismissal of Turgot in France by Louis XVI., yielding to the intrigues of the French court. Evacuation of Boston, Massachusetts, by the British army; repulse of the British from Charleston; retreat of Arnold from Canada; Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress; battle of Long Island and defeat of the Americans; retreat of Washington into New Jersey and his success at Trenton. Publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations," of Paine's "Common Sense," of Bentham's "Fragment on Government," and of the first volume of Gibbon's" Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire." Birth of Niebuhr (d. 1831). Birth of Herbart (d. 1841).
1777. Washington's victory over Cornwallis at Princeton; British occupation of Philadelphia, and victories over the Americans at Brandywine and Germantown; arrival in America of Lafayette and Steuben; Burgoyne's expedition from Canada and surrender at Saratoga; the winter of Washington's army at Valley Forge; the Conway Cabal. Production of Sheridan's "School for Scandal." Birth of Henry Clay (d. 1852).
1778. War of the Bavarian Succession between Austria and Prussia. Alliance of France with the American colonies. British evacuation of Philadelphia and defeat at Monmouth; Tory and Indian savagery at Cherry Valley and Wyoming; arrival of a French fleet and army in America; capture of Savannah by the British. Publication of Fanny Burney's "Evelina." Birth of Humphry Davy (d. 1829). Birth of Guy-Lussac (d. 1850).
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1779. Clark's conquest of the Northwest for Virginia; storming of Stony Point on the Hudson by General Wayne; expedition of General Sullivan against the Seneca Indians in western New York; sea-fight of the Bon Homme Richard (Paul Jones) and the Serapis; repulse of French and Americans from Savannah. Publication of Lessing's "Nathan der Weise." Birth of Joseph Story (d. 1845). Birth of Thomas Moore (d. 1852). Birth of Berzelius (d. 1848).
1780. The Gordon No-Popery Riots in England. Death of Maria Theresa of Austria. Second war of the British in India with Hyder Ali. British siege and capture of Charleston, S. C., and defeat of the Americans at Camden; treason of Benedict Arnold; American victory at King's Mountain. Insurrection of Tupac Amaru in Peru. Gradual emancipation act passed in Pennsylvania. Birth of Béranger (d. 1857).
1781. Dismissal of Neckar by the French king. Edict of Toleration in the Austrian dominions and abolition of serfdom, by Joseph II. Reconquest of West Florida from the English by Spain. Defeat of British troops by the Americans at the Cowpens and Guilford Court House; British victory at Hobkirk's Hill; drawn battle of Eutaw Springs; surrender of Cornwallis and the British army at Yorktown; final ratification of the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America. Extinction of slavery in Massachusetts. English and Dutch naval battle off the Dogger Banks. Publication of Kant's "Critique of the Pure Reason." Production of Schiller's "Die Räuber." Birth of George Stephenson (d. 1848). Birth of Sir David Brewster (d. 1868).
1782. English naval victory by Rodney, in the West Indies, over the French fleet. Fall of Lord North; the Rockingham Ministry. Destruction of the Barrier Fortresses in the Netherlands, by the Emperor. The first Sunday School opened by Robert Raikes, in Massachusetts. Concession of legislative independence to Ireland by England. Peace overtures from the British Government to the United States, and opening of negotiations. Publication of Priestley's "Corruptions of Christianity." Birth of Froebel (d. 1852). Birth of Lamennais (d. 1854). Birth of John C. Calhoun (d. 1850). Birth of Daniel Webster (d. 1852).
1783. Treaty of peace signed at Paris, between Great Britain and the United States of America; evacuation of New York by the British army. Fall of the Coalition Ministry in Great Britain; beginning of the administration of the younger Pitt. Seizure of the Crimea by Catherine II. of Russia. Birth of Bolivar (d. 1830). Birth of Washington Irving (d. 1859).
1784. The affair of the Diamond Necklace, in France. Founding, at Philadelphia, of the first Daily Newspaper in America. Appearance of the Peep-o'-Day Boys in Ireland. Birth of Manzoni (d. 1873).
1785. Negotiation of the United States with Spain for the free navigation of the Mississippi river. Publication of Cowper's "The Task," Paley's "Moral and Political Philosophy," and Reid's "Essays on the Intellectual Powers." Birth of De Quincey (d. 1859).
1786. Electrical discoveries of Galvani. Publication of Burns' "Poems chiefly in the Scottish Dialect."
1787. Meeting of the Assembly of Notables in France. Conflict of the French Crown with the Parliament of Paris. Impeachment of Warren Hastings by the British House of Commons. Suppression of Shay's rebellion in Massachusetts. Passage by the American Congress of the Ordinance for the Government of the Northwest Territory. Meeting of the Convention which framed the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Birth of Archbishop Whately (d. 1863). Birth of Guizot (d. 1874).
1788. Second derangement of George III. of England. Revolt in the Austrian provinces in the Netherlands. State ratification and complete adoption of the Federal Constitution of the United States of America. Opening of the trial of Warren Hastings. Establishment of an English settlement of convicts at Botany Bay. Publication of St. Pierre's "Paul and Virginia." Birth of Sir Robert Peel (d. 1850). Birth of Schopenhauer (d. 1860). Birth of Lord Byron (d. 1824). Birth of Sir William Hamilton (d. 1856).
1789. Meeting of the States-General of France; seizure of power by the Third Estate; insurrection of Paris; taking of the Bastille; formation of the National Guard; emigration of the nobles; rising of the women; escorting of the king to Paris; appropriation of Church property. War of the English in India with Tippoo Saib. Organization of the Government of the United States of America under its new Constitution, with George Washington chosen President. Erection, at Baltimore, of the first Roman Catholic episcopal see in the United States. Founding of the Tammany Society in New York. Publication of White's "Natural History of Selborne." Birth of James Fenimore Cooper (d. 1851).
1790. Issue of French Assignats. Feast of the Federation; rise of the revolutionary clubs. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Joseph II., and accession of Leopold II.
1791. Flight and arrest of the French king at Varennes; completion of the French Constitution and its acceptance by the king; tumult in the Champs de Mars; dissolution of the Constituent National Assembly; meeting of the Legislative Assembly; appearance of the Girondins; repeal in France of all enactments against the Jews. Reformed Constitution for Poland suppressed by Russia. Organization in Ireland of the Society of United Irishmen. Passage of the Canadian Constitutional Act, dividing the province into Upper and Lower Canada. Incorporation of the first Bank of the United States; report of Hamilton on manufactures; adoption of the first ten Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Insurrection of slaves in Hayti. Separation of Kentucky from Virginia and admission to the American Union as a State. Publication of Boswell's "Life of Dr. Johnson," of Paine's "Rights of Man," of Burke's "Thoughts on French Affairs," and of Schiller's "Thirty Years War." Birth of Faraday (d. 1867). Birth of S. F. B. Morse (d. 1872).
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1792. Declaration of war by France with Austria and Prussia; dismissal of Girondin ministers; mob attack on the Tuilleries and massacre of the Swiss; deposition and imprisonment of the king; seizure of power by the insurgent Commune of Paris; strife of Jacobins and Girondins; withdrawal of Lafayette from the country; the September Massacres; meeting of the National Convention; proclamation of the Republic; battle of Valmy; annexation of Savoy and Nice; trial of the king. Death, in Austria, of the Emperor Leopold II. Accession of Francis II. Beginning of Pinel's reform in the treatment of the insane. Re-election of George Washington, President of the United States. Birth of Shelley (d. 1822). Birth of Cousin (d. 1867).
1793. Execution of Louis XVI.; declaration of war with England; invasion of Holland; formation of the Revolutionary Tribunal and the Committee of Public Safety; fall of the Girondins; formation of the European Coalition; revolt in La Vendée, and in Lyons, Toulon, and other cities; assassination of Marat; beginning of the Reign of Terror; execution of the queen, and the Girondins; institution of the "worship of Reason"; the "Noyades" at Nantes. Partial concession of rights to Catholics in Ire]and. Second Partition of Poland. Passage of the first Fugitive Slave Law by the United States Congress. Invention of the cotton-gin by Eli Whitney. Emancipation of slaves proclaimed by the French in Hayti, and alliance formed with the blacks, under Toussaint L'Ouverture, against Spaniards and English. Publication of Wordsworth's "An Evening Walk" and "Descriptive Sketches."
1794. Destruction of the Hébertists in France; fall and death of Danton; Feast of the Supreme Being; conquest of the Austrian Netherlands; climax of the Terror; downfall and end of Robespierre and of the Jacobin Club; reaction; the White Terror; subjugation of Holland; Chouannerie in Brittany. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. Negotiation of the Jay Treaty between Great Britain and the United States. Decisive victory of General Wayne over the Indians on the Maumee. Publication of Fichte's "Wissenschaftslehre" and of Goethe's "Reinecke Fuchs." Birth of William Cullen Bryant (d. 1878). Birth of Meyerbeer (d. 1864).
1795. Suppression of insurrection by the Paris bourgeois; adoption of the Constitution of the Year III.; peace with Spain; acquisition of Spanish San Domingo; Austrian victory at Loana; insurrection of the 13th Vendemiare put down by Napoleon Bonaparte; dissolution of the National Convention; government of the Directory. Formation of the Orange Society, in Ireland. Third Partition of Poland. Sale of the Western Reserve of Connecticut (in Ohio). Publication of the first part of Goethe's "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre" and of Richter's "Hesperus." Birth of Keats (d. 1821). Birth of Carlyle (d. 1881). Birth of Dr. Arnold (d. 1842).
1796. Bonaparte sent to command in Italy; submission of Sardinia; expulsion of the Austrians from Lombardy; formation of the Cispadane Republic. Unsuccessful French expedition under Hoche to Ireland. Death of Catherine II. of Russia and accession of Paul. Publication of Washington's Farewell Address; election of John Adams to the Presidency of the United States. Publication of Southey's "Joan of Arc" and of Coleridge's first volume of "Poems."
1797. Bonaparte's Treaty of Tolentino with the Pope; his invasion of Austria; peace preliminaries of Leoben; overthrow and enslavement of Venice, delivered to Austria; creation of the Ligurian and Cisalpine Republics. Peace of Campo Formio; revolutionary Coup d'Etat at Paris. Difficulties between the American and the French republics. Suspension of specie payments in England. Mutiny of the British fleet. British naval victories, of Cape Vincent, over the fleet of Spain, and of Camperdown over that of Holland. Birth of Schubert (d. 1828). Birth of Joseph Henry [Uncertain date] (d. 1878).
1798. French intrigues at Rome; imprisonment of the Pope and formation of the Roman Republic. Subjugation of Switzerland by the French, and formation of the Helvetian Republic. Expedition of Bonaparte to Egypt; his seizure of Malta and expulsion of the Knights of St. John. Destruction of the French fleet by Lord Nelson in the battle of the Nile; siege and conquest of Malta by Nelson. Declaration of war against France by Turkey. Expulsion of the king from Naples and creation of the Parthenopeian Republic. Suppressed rebellion in Ireland and imprisonment and suicide of Wolfe Tone. Publication in England of Jenner's work on Vaccination. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws in the United States, and adoption of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions. Publication of the "Lyrical Ballads" of Wordsworth and Coleridge, of Landor's "Gebir," of Schiller's "Wallenstein's Lager," and of Malthus' "Principles of Population." Discovery that Heat is a mode of Motion, by Count Rumford. Birth of Thomas Hood (d. 1845). Birth of Comte (d. 1857).
1799. Bonaparte's advance into Syria and repulse from Acre; his victory at Aboukir. The armies of Austria and Russia in Italy and Switzerland. Expedition from England against Holland; capture of the Dutch fleet. Fall of the new republics in Italy. Return of Bonaparte from Egypt; overthrow of the Directory; creation of the Consulate; Bonaparte First Consul. Gradual emancipation enacted in New York. Invention of Volta's Pile. Birth of Balzac (d. 1850). Birth of Pushkin (d. 1837).
1800. Legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland. Creation of the United Kingdom. Bonaparte's Marengo campaign in Italy. Moreau's victory at Hohenlinden. Assassination of Kleber in Egypt. Retrocession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Convention of the United States with France from which arose the French Spoliation Claims. Election of Thomas Jefferson President of the United States. Beginning of Robert Owen's social experiments at New Lanark. Decomposition of water with the Voltaic pile, by Nicholson and Carlisle. Publication of Richter's "Titan," Birth of Moltke (d. 1891). Birth of Macaulay (d. 1859). Birth of Heine (d. 1856).
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Nineteenth Century.
1801. Defection of the Russian czar, Paul, from the European coalition, and his alliance with Napoleon. Treaty of Luneville between Napoleon and the Emperor Francis, and of Foligno between France and Naples. Formation of the northern league of neutrals. English bombardment of Copenhagen. Murder of the czar, Paul, and accession, in Russia, of Alexander I. Surrender of the French army in Egypt to the English. Concordat between Napoleon and the Pope. Imposition by Napoleon of new constitutions on the Dutch and Cisalpine republics. Cession of Louisiana to France by Spain. Resignation of Pitt from the British premiership; formation of the Addington Ministry. Passage of the first English Factory Act. Appointment of John Marshall to be Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Inauguration of Jefferson as President of the United States. Opening of war by the United States with the pirates of Tripoli. Independence of Hayti proclaimed by Toussaint L' Ouverture. Birth of Farragut (d. 1870).
1802. Peace of Amiens between England and France. Voting of the First Consulate for life to Napoleon by the French people; his election to the presidency of the Cisalpine republic. Subjection of Switzerland, and annexation of Piedmont, Parma and Elba to France. Complaints of Napoleon against the English press; the Peltier trial. Founding of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Subjection of Hayti by the French and treacherous capture of Toussaint L'Ouverture. Founding of the Edinburgh Review. Birth of Victor Hugo (d. 1885). Birth of Kossuth (d. 1894). Birth of Harriet Martineau (d. 1876). Birth of Father Lacordaire (d. 1861).
1803. Renewal of war between Great Britain and France; detention of English in France. Secularization of the spiritual principalities in Germany and absorption of free cities. Purchase of Louisiana by the United States from France. Report to the Congress of the United States on the British impressment of seamen from American ships. Introduction of sheep-farming in Australia. Defeat of the Mahrattas at Assaye and Argaum by Wellesley (afterward Wellington). The Emmet insurrection in Ireland. Birth of Emerson (d. 1882). Birth of Francis Deak (d. 1876). Birth of Ericsson (d. 1889).
1804. Napoleon's abduction and execution of the Due d'Enghien. His elevation to the throne as emperor; his coronation by the Pope. Completion of the civil Code for France. Return of Pitt to the head of government in England. Federalist secession movement in the United States; re-election of President Jefferson; undertaking of the exploring journey of Lewis and Clark across the American continent. Death of Hamilton in duel with Burr. Birth of Hawthorne (d. 1864). Birth of Richard Cobden (d. 1865). Birth of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield (d. 1881). Birth of George Sand (d. 1876). Birth of Sainte-Beuve (d. 1869).
1805. Bestowal of the crown of Italy on Napoleon; formation of the third European Coalition against him; his abortive plans for the invasion of England; his extraordinary march to the Danube; his capture of the army of Mack; his occupation of Vienna; his victory at Austerlitz. Nelson's victory and death at Trafalgar. Treaty of Presburg between France and Austria. Creation of the kingdoms of Bavaria and Würtemberg and the grand duchy of Baden. Impeachment trial of Judge Chase in the United States. Treaty of the United States with Tripoli, ending the payment of tribute. Publication of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel." Birth of Hans Christian Andersen (d. 1875).
1806. Death of Pitt; formation of the British Ministry of All the Talents; death of Fox. British Order in Council declaring a blockade of the continental coast from Brest to the Elbe; Napoleon's Berlin Decree declaring the British islands under blockade and interdicting all intercourse with them. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire; resignation of its sovereignty by Francis II., and his assumption thenceforth of the title of "Emperor of Austria." Humiliation and oppression of Prussia by the French emperor; the nation driven to war and subjugated at Jena. Advance of the French into Poland; war with Russia. Dethronement of the Bourbon dynasty in Naples and bestowal of the crown on Joseph Bonaparte. Creation of the kingdom of Holland, with Louis Bonaparte on the throne. Acquisition of the Cape of Good Hope by England from the Dutch. Filibustering scheme of Aaron Burr in the United States. Publication of Coleridge's "Christabel." Birth of John Stuart Mill (d. 1873).
1807. British Order in Council, retaliating the Berlin Decree, followed by the Milan Decree of Napoleon. Battles of Eylau and Friedland between the French and the Russians. Meeting of Napoleon and Alexander I. of Russia on the raft at Tilsit; their public treaty and their secret agreements. British bombardment of Copenhagen and seizure of the Danish fleet. Creation of the kingdom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte. Baron von Stein placed at the head of affairs in Prussia. Delusive arrangement of Napoleon with the king of Spain for the partition of Portugal; occupation of Lisbon by the French; flight of the royal family of Portugal to Brazil. Passage of an Act of the British Parliament for the suppression of the Slave-trade; fall of the Ministry of All the Talents; formation of the Portland Ministry. Arrest and trial of Burr in the United States. British outrage on the United States frigate Chesapeake; passage of Embargo Act by the American Congress. Abolition of the Slave-trade in the United States. Deposition of the reforming sultan, Selim III., by the Turkish Janissaries; elevation of his nephew Mustapha to the throne. First publication of Dalton's Atomic theory of Chemistry. First trips of Fulton's steamboat "Clermont." Birth of Longfellow (d. 1882). Birth of Garibaldi (d. 1882).
1808. Erfurt conference and treaty of Napoleon and the Czar. Formation of the Tugendbund in Germany; Fichte's addresses on the state of that country. Napoleon's crime against Spain; knavish acquisition of the throne for his brother Joseph; the Spanish national revolt; English troops in the peninsula; Napoleon's crushing campaign. Opening of the French siege of Saragossa. Transfer of the crown of Naples from Joseph Bonaparte to Murat; appearance of the Carbonari. Conquest of Finland by Russia from Sweden. Murder of the deposed Turkish sultan, Selim III., and repeated revolutions at Constantinople. Election of James Madison President of the United States. Founding of the Quarterly Review. Birth of Mazzini (d. 1872). Birth of General Robert E. Lee (d. 1870).
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1809. Renewal of war between Austria and France; revolt in the Tyrol; Napoleon again in Vienna; his defeat at Aspern and victory at Wagram; arrangement of peace by the Treaty of Schonbrunn, taking an enormous territory from the Austrian empire. Sir John Moore's advance in Spain; his retreat and death; fall of Saragossa. Wellington (then Sir Arthur Wellesley) in command of the British forces in the Peninsula; his passage of the Douro and battle of Talavera; his retreat into Portugal and construction of the Lines of Torres Vedras. The British Walcheren expedition. Inauguration of President Madison, in the United States; substitution of Non-intercourse for the Embargo. Publication of Byron's "English Bards and Scotch Reviewers." Birth of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1865). Birth of Gladstone. Birth of Charles Darwin (d. 1882). Birth of Tennyson (d. 1892). Birth of Elizabeth Barrett (Mrs. Browning) (d. 1861). Birth of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, (d. 1894). Birth of Mendelssohn (d. 1847).
1810. Abdication of the throne of Holland by Louis Bonaparte. Annexation of Holland, the Hansa towns and the Swiss Valais to France Suppression of the Tyrolese revolt and execution of Andrew Hofer. Napoleon's divorce from Josephine and marriage to the arch-duchess Maria Louisa of Austria. Massena's defeat at Busaco; his recoil from the Lines of Torres Vedras. Unceasing guerilla war in Spain. Final insanity of George III. of England. Revolution in Buenos Ayres and Chile, establishing complete separation from Spain. Election of Bernadotte to be Crown Prince of Sweden and successor to the throne. Founding of the University of Berlin. Birth of Cavour (d. 1861). Birth of Freiligrath (d. 1876). Birth of William Henry Channing (d. 1883).
1811. Defeat of Massena at Fuentes de Onoro. Regency of the Prince of Wales instituted in Great Britain. War in the United States against the Indian chief Tecumseh and his league. Declaration of the independence of Venezuela. Treacherous destruction of the Mamelukes in Egypt by Mehemet Ali. Birth of Thackeray (d. 1863). Birth of John Bright (d. 1889). Birth of Lord Lawrence (d. 1879). Birth of Edgar A. Poe (d. 1849).
1812. Rupture of Napoleon with the czar; his invasion of Russia; battles of Smolensk and Borodino; advance to Moscow and occupation of the city; burning of Moscow and disastrous retreat of the French. Wellington's victory at Salamanca and entry into Madrid; his retreat into Portugal. Establishment of a Constitution in Spain. Assassination of Mr. Perceval, prime minister of England; formation of the Ministry of Lord Liverpool. Declaration of war by the United States against Great Britain; opposition of Federalists; surrender of Hull at Detroit; battle of Queenstown Heights; naval victories by the U. S. frigates Constitution and United States. Re-election of President Madison. Admission of the state of Louisiana to the American Union. Appalling earthquake at Caraccas. Publication of the first and second cantos of Byron's "Childe Harold." Publication of "Kinder und Haus-Märchen" by the brothers Grimm. Birth of Dickens (d. 1870). Birth of Robert Browning (d. 1889).
1813. The War of Liberation In Germany; Austria and Great Britain in a renewed Coalition; battles of Lützen, Bautzen, Kulm, Gross-Beeren, the Katzbach, Dennewitz, Leipsic (Battle of the Nations), Hanau; retreat of Napoleon beyond the Rhine. Fall of the kingdom of Westphalia. Wellington's victory at Vittoria; expulsion of the French from Spain; restoration of Ferdinand VII. to the throne. Recovery of independence by Holland. Luddite riots in England. Naval battle of Lake Erie In the war between England and the United States; defeat and death of Tecumseh; burning of Toronto; American expedition against Montreal; British surprise of Fort Niagara and burning of Buffalo; outbreak of the Creek Indians. Publication of Shelley's "Queen Mab." Birth of Henry Ward Beecher (d. 1887). Birth of Richard Wagner (d. 1883).
1814. Desertion of Napoleon by Murat. Invasion of France by the Allies; Napoleon's unsuccessful campaign of defense; surrender of Paris; abdication of the fallen emperor; treaty of Fontainebleau; retirement of Napoleon to Elba; return of the Bourbons to the throne of France, in the person of Louis XVIII. Treaty of Paris. Battle of Toulouse, ending the Peninsular War. Meeting of the Congress of Vienna. Return of Pope Pius VII. to Rome; restoration of the Jesuits. Union of Belgium and Holland in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Union of Norway and Sweden. Abrogation in Spain of the Constitution of 1812 by Ferdinand; abolition of the Cortès; re-establishment of the Inquisition. Restoration of Austrian despotism in Northern Italy. Battles of Chippewa and Lundy's Lane, siege of Fort Erie, British capture of Washington, and naval fight on Lake Champlain, in the war between England and the United States; Hartford Convention of Federalists opposed to the war; treaty of peace negotiated at Ghent. Temporary recovery of Chile by the Spaniards. Dictatorship of Dr. Francia established in Paraguay. Building of the first locomotive of George Stephenson. Publication of Scott's "Waverley." Birth of Motley (d. 1877). Birth of Edwin M. Stanton (d. 1869).
1815. Return of Napoleon from Elba; flight of Louis XVIII; the Hundred Days of restored Empire; the Waterloo campaign and end of the Corsican's career; his final abdication, surrender to the English, and captivity at St. Helena. Second Bourbon restoration and second Treaty of Paris. Execution of Marshal Ney. Formation of the Holy Alliance. Reconstruction of Germany; formation of the Germanic Confederation. Fall and death of Murat. Establishment of the protectorate of Great Britain over the Ionian Islands. Enactment of the British Corn Law, to maintain high prices for bread-stuffs. Repulse of the British at New Orleans by General Jackson. War of the United States with the Dey of Algiers. Birth of Bismarck.
1816. Agitation for Parliamentary Reform; multiplication of Hampden Clubs. Admission of Indiana into the American Union. Charter granted to the second Bank of the United States. Election of James Monroe President of the United States. Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth. First Seminole War. Publication of Bryant's "Thanatopsis."
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1817. Rioting in England; march of the Blanketeers from Manchester. Inauguration of James Monroe, President of the United states. Admission of Mississippi to the American Union. Formation of the Burschenschaft in Germany. Birth of Theodor Mommsen.
1818. Complete establishment of Chilean independence. General Jackson's invasion of Florida. Publication of Irving's "Sketch Book."
1819. "Peterloo Massacre" at Manchester, England. Assassination of Kotzebue by the student, Sand. Admission of Alabama to the American Union as a state. First voyage across the Atlantic by a vessel (the "Savannah ") using steam. Discovery of Electro-magnetism, by Oersted. Complete attainment of independence in Venezuela and New Granada, under the lead of Bolivar. Publication of Schopenhauer's "Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung." Birth of Marian Evans (George Eliot) (d. 1880). Birth of Charles Kingsley (d. 1875). Birth of James Russell Lowell (d. 1891).
1820. Death of George III. of England; accession of George IV.; trial of Queen Caroline. Adoption in the United States of the Missouri Compromise, excluding slavery from the territories north of latitude 36° 30'; admission of Maine to the Union. Re-election of Monroe to the American presidency. Assassination of the duke of Berry in France. Revolution in Spain, restoring the constitution of 1812. Revolution in Portugal, instituting a constitutional government. Revolution in Naples and Sicily, extorting a constitution from the king. Congress of sovereigns of the Holy Alliance at Laybach. Publication of Keats' "Lamia," "Isabella," "Eve of St. Agnes," "Hyperion." Birth of General Sherman (d. 1891). Birth of Professor Tyndall (d. 1893).
1821. Revolution in Mexico, establishing independence. Liberation of Peru by San Martin and the Chileans. Return of King John VI. from Brazil to Portugal. Union of Venezuela, New Granada and Ecuador in the Republic of Colombia. Cession of Florida to the United States by Spain. Admission of Missouri to the American Union. Revolt in Greece against the rule of the Turks. Suppression of the constitutional movement in the Two Sicilies by Austrian arms acting for the Holy Alliance. Constitutional rising in Piedmont; abdication of Victor Emmanuel I. in favor of his brother Charles Felix; interference of Austria; suppression of the revolution. Publication of De Quincey's "Confessions of an Opium Eater," and Cooper's "The Spy." Birth of Jenny Lind (d. 1887).
1822. Meeting of the Congress of Verona. Canning made foreign Secretary in the British Government. Proclamation of the independence of Brazil; Dom Pedro crowned emperor. Pronunciamento in Mexico, making Iturbide emperor. Turkish massacre of the Greeks of Chios. Publication of Lamb's "Essays of Elia," Heine's "Gedichte," and Wilson's "Noctes Ambrosianæ." Birth of General Grant (d. 1885). Birth of Matthew Arnold (d. 1888). Birth of Pasteur. Birth of Rosa Bonheur.
1823. Enunciation of the "Monroe Doctrine," in the annual message of the President of the United States. Death of Marco Bozzaris, hero of the Greek insurrection. Fall of Iturbide In Mexico; establishment of a republic. Intervention of France in Spain and overthrow of the Constitution. Birth of Renan (d. 1892).
1824-. Presidential election in the United States, resulting in no choice by the popular vote; election of John Quincy Adams by the House of Representatives. Visit of Lafayette to the United States. Death of Louis XVIII., the restored king of France, and accession of Charles X. Death of Lord Byron in Greece. The first Anglo-Burmese war. Formation of the Catholic Association in Ireland. Decisive battle of Ayacucho, securing the independence of Brazil. Founding of the Westminster Review. Birth of Stonewall Jackson (d. 1863). Birth of George W. Curtis (d. 1892).
1825. Opening of the Stockton and Darlington Railway in England—the first undertaking for the conveyance of passengers and goods by steam locomotion. Opening of the Erie Canal, from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Publication of De Vigny's "Cinq Mars," Cooper's "Last of the Mohicans," and Heine's "Reisebilder." Birth of Huxley.
1826. Abduction of William Morgan and Anti-Masonic excitement in New York. Meeting of the Congress of Panama. Creation of the republic of Bolivia in Upper Peru. Insurrection and destruction of the Turkish Janissaries.
1827. Canning's brief premiership in England and sudden death. Intervention of Russia, England and France in favor of the Greeks; battle of Navarino and destruction of the Turkish fleet; national independence of Greece established. Extinction of slavery in the state of New r York. Publication of Hallam's "Constitutional History of England," Keble's "Christian Year," and Alfred and Charles Tennyson's "Poems by Two Brothers."
1828. Formation of the Ministry of the duke of Wellington in Great Britain. Removal of political disabilities from Dissenters in England. Election of General Andrew Jackson President of the United States. Beginning of the construction of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Russo-Turkish war; siege and capture of Varna by the Russians. Birth of Taine (d. 1893).
1829. Inauguration of President Jackson; introduction of the "Spoils System" in American national politics. Acknowledgment of Greek independence by the Porte. Passage by the British Parliament of the Catholic Emancipation Act for Ireland. Abolition of slavery in Mexico. Ending of the Russo-Turkish war by the Treaty of Hadrianople.
1830. Death, in England, of George IV.; accession of William IV.; opening of the final agitation for Parliamentary Reform; resignation of the Wellington Ministry, succeeded by that of Earl Grey. Debate between Webster and Hayne in the United States Senate. French conquest of Algiers. Revolution in Paris; flight of Charles X.; elevation of Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, to the throne. Revolt in Poland. Recognition of the autonomy of Servia by the Ottoman Porte. Constitution of the Kingdom of Greece, with Prince Otho of Bavaria on the throne. Belgian revolt and separation from Holland. Publication of the "Book of Mormon" at Palmyra, N. Y. Publication of the first part of Comte's "Cours de Philosophie."
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1831. Introduction in the British Parliament and defeat of the first ministerial bill for Parliamentary Reform; dissolution of Parliament and appeal to the people. Assumption of the name Conservatives by the English Tories. Nat Turner's slave-rising in Virginia. First publication of William Lloyd Garrison's anti-slavery paper, "The Liberator." Forced abdication of Dom Pedro I. in Brazil; accession of Dom Pedro II. Founding of the system of National Schools in Ireland. Revolt in the Papal States and in Modena and Parma suppressed by Austrian troops; exile of Mazzini from Italy. Creation of the Kingdom of Belgium, Prince Leopold of Saxe Coburg king. Rebellion of Mehemet Ali, Pasha of Egypt, against the Porte. Discovery of Magneto-electricity, by Faraday. Publication of Poe's "The Raven." Birth of General Sheridan (d. 1888).
1832. Passage by the British Parliament of the bill to Reform the Representation. Passage of the Nullification Ordinance of South Carolina; proclamation of President Jackson against the nullification movement; re-election of President Jackson. The Indian war in America, called the Black Hawk War. Resistance of Holland to the separation of Belgium; bombardment of Antwerp by the French and English. Merciless suppression of the Polish rebellion. Civil war in Portugal. Birth of Castelar.
1833. Compensated emancipation of slaves in the British West Indies. Passage of the Compromise Tariff Bill in the United States; removal of government deposits from the United States Bank by President Jackson. Beginning of the revolt of Abd-el-Kader against the French in Algiers. Election of Santa Anna to the Presidency of Mexico. Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain; regency of Maria Christina; insurgent proclamation of Don Carlos; beginning of the civil war between Carlists and Christinos. First Prussian treaty which formed the German Zollverein. Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia and Turkey. Publication of Carlyle's "Sartus Resartus," and Faraday's "Experimental Researches in Electricity." Birth of General Gordon (d. 1885).
1834. Resignation of Earl Grey from the premiership in the English Ministry, succeeded first by Lord Melbourne and after a brief interval by Sir Robert Peel. Abolition of slavery in the British colonies. Organization of the Whig party in the United States. End of civil war in Portugal. Publication of Dickens' "Sketches by Boz," and Balzac's "Père Goriot."
1835. Recall of Lord Melbourne to the English Ministry, and retirement of Peel. Exclusion of anti-slavery literature from the United States mails; passage of the act against anti-slavery petitions called the "Atherton Gag." Beginning of the second Seminole War. Death of the Emperor Francis of Austria and accession of Ferdinand I. Publication of Browning's" Paracelsus," Thirlwall's "History of Greece," Strauss's" Das Leben Jesu," and De Tocqueville's "La Democratie en Amerique."
1836. Election of Martin Van Buren President of the United States. Admission of Arkansas to the American Union. Texan independence of Mexico declared and won at San Jacinto. First futile attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte to effect a revolution in France. Publication of Dickens' "Pickwick."
1837. Death of William IV. of England, and accession of Queen Victoria. Great commercial collapse In the United States; Introduction of the sub-treasury system. Founding of Melbourne in Australia. Outbreak of the rebellion in Canada called "the Patriot War." Publication of Carlyle's" French Revolution," and Thackeray's "Yellowplush Papers." Birth of Grover Cleveland. Birth of Swinburne.
1838. Beginning of the Chartist agitation in England. Interference of England in affairs of Afghanistan. The burning of the "Caroline" in Niagara river; suppression of the Canadian rebellion. Beginning of practically successful steam navigation on the ocean. Beginning of Cobden's agitation for the repeal of the English Corn Laws.
1839. Resignation of Lord Melbourne from the Government in England; wreck of Peel's Ministry on the "Bedchamber Question"; return of Melbourne to office. Invasion of Afghanistan by British forces and dethronement of Dost Mahomed. Daguerre's discoveries in photography.
1840. Marriage of Queen Victoria of England to Prince Albert of Saxe Coburg. Adoption of Penny Postage in England. Election of General William Henry Harrison President of the United States; the "Log-cabin and Hard-cider campaign." Settlement of the Mormons at Nauvoo. Second revolutionary attempt of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in France; his imprisonment at Ham. Reunion of Upper and Lower Canada. Opium War of England with China. Quadruple alliance for the settlement of the Egyptian question; British bombardment of Alexandria; hereditary possession of the pashalik of Egypt secured to Mehemet Ali.
1841. Fall of the Melbourne Ministry in England; Peel made Prime Minister. Death of President Harrison; advancement of Vice President John Tyler to the Presidency of the United States; his breach with the Whig party. Revolt in Afghanistan; frightful retreat and destruction of the British. Founding of the Brook Farm Association in Massachusetts. Birth of the Prince of Wales.
1842. Negotiation of the Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the United States, settling the northeastern boundary question. Return of British forces to Cabul, Afghanistan. End of the Opium War; treaty of peace between England and China. The Dorr Rebellion in Rhode Island.
1843. Disruption of the Church of Scotland. Publication of Ruskin's "Modern Painters."
1844. Election of James K. Polk President of the United States. Completion, between Washington and Baltimore, of the first line of electric telegraph, under the direction of Prof. Morse. Passage of the English Bank Charter Act. Murder of Joe Smith, the founder of Mormonism, by a mob. Publication of Dumas' "Trois Mousquetaires."
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1845. Annexation of Texas to the American Union; splitting of the Democratic party of the United States into Hunkers and Barnburners, or Hard-Shells and Soft-Shells. Beginning of the war of the English with the Sikhs. Arctic expedition of Sir John Franklin from which he never returned. Publication of Carlyle's "Cromwell's Letters and Speeches," and Hawthorne's "Mosses from an Old Manse."
1846. Repeal of the British Corn Laws. The Potato Famine in Ireland. War of the United States with Mexico; defeat in the United States Senate of the "Wilmot Proviso," to exclude slavery from territory about to be acquired from Mexico; American conquest of California; migration of the Mormons from Nauvoo to Great Salt Lake. Settlement of the Oregon boundary dispute. Adams' and Le Verrier's discovery of the planet Neptune by mathematical calculation. Patenting of the Sewing-machine by Elias Howe. End of resistance to the French in Algiers; surrender and imprisonment of Abd-el-Kader. Publication of the first volume of Grote's "History of Greece."
1847. Successful campaign of General Scott in Mexico. Civil war in Switzerland; suppression of the Sonderbund. Death of Daniel O'Connell. Publication of Charlotte Bronte's "Jane Eyre," the first part of Thackeray's "Vanity Fair," and Longfellow's "Evangeline." Birth of Edison.
1848. Revolution in France: abdication and flight of the king; creation of the National Workshops; insurrection of the workmen, suppressed by General Cavaignac; organization of the Second Republic, Louis Napoleon Bonaparte President. Revolutionary movement in Germany: rioting in Berlin; meeting of National Assembly at Frankfort; election of Archduke John of Austria to be Administrator of Germany; forcible dispersion of the Prussian National Assembly. Revolutionary risings in Austria and Hungary: bombardment of Prague and Vienna; abdication of the Emperor Ferdinand and accession of Francis Joseph. Revolutionary movements in Italy: Neapolitan insurrection crushed by King Ferdinand II.; expulsion of Austrians from Milan and Venice; undertaking of Charles Albert, king of Sardinia, to support and head the revolution, and his defeat by the Austrian general Radetzky; ineffectual concessions of Pope Pius IX. to the Romans; his flight to Gaeta; expulsion of the dukes of Modena and Parma and extortion of a constitution from the grand-duke of Tuscany. Suppression of the "Young Ireland" rebellion. Schleswig-Holstein war in Denmark. Revision of the constitution of the Swiss Confederation. Last demonstration of the Chartists in England. Organization of the Free Soil party of the United States in convention at Buffalo; election, by the Whigs, of General Zachary Taylor President of the United States. Treaty of Guadaloupe Hidalgo between the United States and Mexico; purchase and cession of New Mexico and California to the United States; discovery of gold in California; admission of Wisconsin to the American Union. Publication of the first two volumes of Macaulay's "History of England." Birth of Arthur J. Balfour.
1849. Framing of a constitution for a new Empire of Germany by the National Assembly at Frankfort; offer of the imperial crown to the king of Prussia and its refusal; failure of the work of the Assembly and end of the revolutionary movement in Germany. Declaration of Hungarian independence and formation of the Hungarian Republic, with Louis Kossuth for its President; interference of Russia to aid the Austrians in suppressing the Magyar revolt; surrender of Görgei; escape of Kossuth and other leaders into Turkey. Renewed attempt of Charles Albert of Sardinia against the Austrians in Lombardy and his crushing defeat at Mortara and Novara; his resignation of the crown in favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel II.; siege and subjugation of Venice by Haynau. End of the Schleswig-Holstein war. Annexation of the Punjab to British India. Repeal of the English Navigation Laws. First explorations of Dr. Livingstone in Africa. Determination of the mechanical equivalent of heat, by Joule. Publication of the first part of Dickens' "David Copperfield," Kingsley's "Alton Locke," and Emerson's "Representative Men." Sainte-Beuve's "Causerie du Lundi" begun in the "Constitutionel."
1850. Death of General Taylor, President of the United States, and succession of the Vice President, Millard Fillmore; slavery agitation on the question of the admission of California; Clay's Compromise measures; Webster's Seventh of March Speech; Seward's Higher Law Speech; the Omnibus Bill; passage of the Fugitive Slave Law. Negotiation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty between the United States and Great Britain. Restoration of the Roman episcopate in England. Publication of Mrs. Browning's "Sonnets from the Portuguese," and Tennyson's "In Memoriam."
1851. The Coup d' Etat of Louis Napoleon, destroying the French Republic and making himself dictator. Dismissal of Lord Palmerston from the British cabinet. Discovery of gold in Australia; separation of the colony of Victoria from New South Wales. Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China. The Lopez filibustering expedition to Cuba. Passage of the Massachusetts Free Public Library Act. The first World's Fair, in London. Visit of Kossuth to America. Publication of Spencer's "Social Statics."
1852. Defeat and resignation of the Russell Ministry; the first Derby-Disraeli Ministry: the Aberdeen Ministry. Rise of the Know Nothing or American party in the United States; election by the Democratic party of Franklin Pierce President of the United States. Publication of "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Promulgation of a new Constitution for France by the dictator, Louis Napoleon, soon followed by the revival of the Empire. Second Anglo-Burmese War; annexation of Pegu to British India.
1853. Expedition of Commodore Perry to Japan. Dispute between Russia and Turkey, leading to the Crimean War.
1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise, in the United States, by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; rise of the Republican Party. Negotiation of the Reciprocity Treaty between the United States and Canada. Treaties of Japan with the United States and Great Britain, opening the former country to trade. Promulgation by Pope Pius IX. of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. Alliance of England, France and Sardinia with Turkey against Russia in the Crimean War; siege of Sebastopol; battles of the Alma, Balaclava, and Inkerman; siege of Kars.
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1855. Fall of the Aberdeen Ministry in England; rise of Palmerston to the head of government. Continued siege of Sebastopol. Beginning of the struggle for Kansas between the supporters and the opponents of Slavery in the United States. Rise to power in Abyssinia of an adventurer afterwards known as King Theodore. Introduction of Civil Service Reform in Great Britain. Walker's first filibustering invasion of Nicaragua. Abolition of the Stamp tax on newspapers in England.
1856. Assault on Mr. Sumner in the United States Senate by Preston Brooks of South Carolina; continued struggle in Kansas; election of James Buchanan President of the United States. Operations of the San Francisco Vigilance Committee. Quarrel of England with China over the affair of the "Arrow." Congress of Paris and treaty ending the Crimean War. Publication of first part of Lotze's "Mikrokosmos."
1857. Dred Scott decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. Triumphant appeal of Palmerston to English voters on the question of war with China; alliance with France in the war; capture of Canton. The Sepoy Mutiny in India: siege and capture of Delhi; massacre of English at Cawnpore; siege and relief of Lucknow. Mountain Meadows Massacre and Mormon rebellion in Utah. Publication of the first volume of Buckle's "History of Civilization."
1858. Fall of Palmerston, consequent on his Conspiracy Bill; second Derby-Disraeli Ministry in England. Debate between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, as candidates for the United States Senate, from Illinois. Regency of Prussia assumed by Prince William in consequence of the mental incapacity of the king. Treaty of peace between England, France and China. Discovery of gold in Colorado. Laying of the first Atlantic Cable, which quickly failed. Assumption of the government of India by the British crown. Beginning of the Fenian movement in Ireland. Discovery of Lake Victoria Nyanza by Captain Speke. Publication of George Eliot's "Scenes of Clerical Life," Tennyson's "Idylls of the King," and Holmes' "Autocrat of the Breakfast Table."
1859. War of Sardinia and France with Austria; battles of Montebello, Magenta and Solferino; defeat of Austria; treaties of Villafranca and Zurich; cession of Lombardy to Sardinia. John Brown's invasion of Virginia and seizure of Harper's Ferry; his capture, trial and execution. Admission of Oregon to the American Union. Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species," and George Eliot's "Adam Bede." Return of Palmerston to the English premiership. Separation of the colony of Queensland from New South Wales. Renewed war of England and France with China. Nationalization of Church property in Mexico; suspension of payments on foreign debts.
1860. Election of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; secession of South Carolina; disunion message of President Buchanan; the Crittenden Compromise and its failure; treachery of Floyd, Secretary of War; occupation of Fort Sumter by Major Anderson. Franco-English capture of Pekin and destruction of the summer palace. Annexation of the Central Italian states to Sardinia by popular vote; cession of Savoy and Nice to France. Negotiation of the Cobden-Chevalier commercial treaty between England and France.
1861. Secession of Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, Louisiana, Alabama and Texas from the American Union; seizure of United States arsenals, arms and forts in the seceded States; abortive Peace Convention at Washington; admission of Kansas to the Union; adoption of a Constitution for the "Confederate States of America," and organization of a Confederate government; inauguration of Abraham Lincoln President of the United States; outbreak of civil war by the attack of Confederate forces on Fort Sumter; rising of the North on President Lincoln's call to arms; attack on Massachusetts Volunteers in Baltimore; Secession of Virginia and North Carolina; blockade of Southern ports; proclamation of British neutrality by Queen Victoria; declaration of General Butler that slaves are Contraband of War; fight at Big Bethel; Secession of West Tennessee; campaign of General McClellan in West Virginia; Union advance from Washington and defeat at Bull Run; depredations by the Confederate cruiser Sumter; struggle with secession in Missouri, battles of Boonville and Wilson's Creek; appointment of General McClellan to the chief command of the Union forces; creation of the Army of the Potomac; expedition against Fort Hatteras; Fremont's emancipation proclamation modified by the President; campaign of Rosecrans against Lee in West Virginia; General Grant's first battle at Belmont; Union disaster at Ball's Bluff; Port Royal expedition; the Trent affair (arrest of Mason and Slidell on a British steamer) and its settlement. Death of King Frederick William IV. of Prussia and accession of his brother, William I. Liberation of Sicily and Naples by Garibaldi; Sardinian occupation of Umbria and the Marches; proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy; death of Cavour. Polish insurrection at Warsaw.
1862. Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley, battle of Kernstown; capture of Forts Henry and Donelson by General Grant; expulsion of the Confederates from Missouri, battle of Pea Ridge; expedition of Burnside to Roanoke and capture of Newbern; siege and capture of Fort Pulaski; Union advance up the Tennessee and battle of Shiloh; proposal of compensated emancipation by President Lincoln, approved by Congress; battle of the Monitor and the Merrimac in Hampton Roads; capture of New Madrid on the Mississippi and Island No. 10; movement of McClellan against Richmond by way of the peninsula, battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, or Seven Pines, Mechanicsville, Gaines' Mill, Savage Station, Glendale and Malvern Hill; forcing of the lower Mississippi and capture of New Orleans; separation of West Virginia from the Old Dominion; abolition of slavery in the District of Columbia; passage of the Homestead Act and the Legal Tender Act; arming of freed negroes, evacuation of Norfolk by the Confederates and destruction of the Merrimac; second campaign of Stonewall Jackson in the Shenandoah Valley; first undertakings against Vicksburg; capture of Memphis; Confederate invasion of Kentucky by Bragg, battle of Perryville: confiscation of the slave property of rebels; beginning of the destructive career of the Confederate cruiser Alabama; end of the peninsular campaign and withdrawal of the Army of the Potomac; campaign under General Pope, battles of Cedar Mountain, Second Bull Run and Chantilly; Lee's invasion of Maryland and check by McClellan at South Mountain and Antietam; preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation by President Lincoln; successes by Grant at Iuka and Corinth; battle of Prairie Grove in Arkansas; removal of McClellan from command of the Army of the Potomac and appointment of Burnside; disastrous attack on Fredericksburg; second Union attempt against Vicksburg; victory of Rosecrans at Stone River. Land-grant of the United States for industrial colleges. Intervention of Louis Napoleon in Mexico; creation of the empire under Maximilian of Austria. Bismarck made chief minister of the king of Prussia. Revolution in Greece; deposition of King Otho; election of Prince George of Denmark to the Greek throne; annexation of the Ionian Islands. Attempt of Garibaldi against Rome checked by the Italian government; his defeat and capture at Aspromonte. Publication of Spencer's "First Principles."
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1863. President Lincoln's final Proclamation of Emancipation; passage of the National Bank Act, and the Conscription Act; Hooker's disaster at Chancellorsville; death of Stonewall Jackson; naval attack on Charleston; Grierson's raid; Grant's siege and capture of Vicksburg; Banks' siege and capture of Port Hudson; Lee's second invasion of the North; battle of Gettysburg; Draft riots in the city of New York; Morgan's raid into Ohio and Indiana; assault on Fort Wagner; battles of Bristol Station and Rappahannock Station; Burnside's advance into East Tennessee; defeat of Rosecrans at Chickamauga; siege and reduction of Fort Wagner; Grant's victory at Chattanooga; siege of Knoxville; President Lincoln's Address at Gettysburg, and Proclamation of Amnesty. Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark and accession of Christian IX.; reopening of the Schleswig-Holstein question; coalition of Prussia and Austria against Denmark. Appointment of General Gordon to command in China. Confederation of the United States of Colombia. Rebellion in Poland. Political organization of Socialism in Germany by Lassalle. Publication of Huxley's "Man's Place in Nature," and Renan's "Vie de Jesus."
1864. Reconstruction in Louisiana and Arkansas, the President's plan and the Congressional plan; Sherman's Meridian expedition; Kilpatrick and Dahlgren's raid to Richmond; appointment of General Grant to the chief command of the army; Banks' Red River expedition; Price's invasion of Missouri; Forrests' capture of Fort Pillow and massacre of colored soldiers; Grant's movement on Richmond, battles of the Wilderness, Spottsylvania Court House, and Cold Harbor; Sherman's movement on Atlanta, battles of New Hope Church, Kenesaw and Peach Tree Creek; Sheridan's raids to Richmond and Trevelyan Station; Grant's siege of Petersburg, battle of Reams' station; destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge; Greeley and Jaques-Gilmore peace missions; Early's invasion of Maryland; Farragut's great battle in Mobile Bay; Sheridan's campaign against Early in the Shenandoah Valley, battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek; Sherman's clearing of Atlanta; Hood's movement into Tennessee and defeat by Thomas at Franklin and Nashville; re-election of President Lincoln; St. Albans raid from Canada; Cushing's destruction of the ram Albemarle; Sherman's March to the Sea and occupation of Savannah. Schleswig-Holstein war: Austro-Prussian conquest of the duchies. Detention and imprisonment of foreigners in Abyssinia by King Theodore. End of the Taiping Rebellion in China. Publication of the Encyclical "Quanta cura" and the Syllabus of Pope Pius IX. Organization at London of the International.
1865. Adoption by the Congress of the United States of the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment, prohibiting slavery forever; creation of the Freedman's Bureau; Hampton Roads Peace Conference; evacuation of Charleston by the Confederates; Sherman's northward march from Savannah; battle of Bentonsville; occupation of Wilmington by Schofield; battle of Kinston; second inauguration of President Lincoln; battle of Five Forks; evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond by the Confederates; battle of Sailor's Creek; surrender of Lee at Appomattox Court House; assassination of President Lincoln; succession of Andrew Johnson, Vice President, to the Presidency; surrender of General Johnston; fall of Mobile; capture of Jefferson Davis; end of the Rebellion; opening of the conflict between Congress and President Johnson on questions of Reconstruction. Death of Lord Palmerston in England; premiership of Lord John Russell. Transfer of the capital of Italy to Florence. Ferocious suppression of an insurrection in Jamaica by Governor Eyre. Beginning of war between Paraguay and Brazil.
1866. Quarrel of Austria and Prussia over the administration of Schleswig and Holstein; alliance of Prussia with Italy; outbreak of the Seven Weeks War; decisive Prussian victory at Sadowa, or Königgrätz; treaty of Prague; exclusion of Austria from the Germanic political system; formation of the North German Confederation; incorporation of the kingdom of Hanover, the electorate of Hesse, the duchies of Nassau, Schleswig and Holstein, and the free city of Frankfort, by Prussia. Success of Austria in the war with Italy, at Custozza on the land and at Lissa on the sea; success of Italy in the settlement of peace, receiving Venetia, on the demand of Prussia. Wreck of the Ministry of Lord John Russell on a reform bill; third Derby-Disraeli administration. Fenian invasion of Canada from the United States. Laying of the first successful Atlantic Cable. Beginning of the struggle of the Cretans for deliverance from the Turkish yoke. Reconstruction riot in New Orleans. Organization of the Patrons of Husbandry in the United States. Passage of the first Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of the United States over the President's veto; Congressional adoption of the Fourteenth Constitutional Amendment. Formation of the Ku-Klux Klan in the Southern States.
1867. Passage of the Disraeli Reform Bill by the British Parliament. Purchase of Alaska by the United States from Russia. Federation of Austria and Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Federation of the provinces of British America, forming the Dominion of Canada. Purchase of the title of Khedive from the Sultan by Ismail Pasha of Egypt. Fenian risings in Ireland. Renewed attempt by Garibaldi to liberate Rome from the Papal government; his defeat by the French at Mentana. Withdrawal of the French from Mexico; fall of the empire; execution of Maximilian. Passage of the Military Reconstruction Acts by the Congress of the United States; extension of suffrage to blacks in the District of Columbia.
{3855}
1868. Withdrawal of Lord Derby from the British Ministry; advancement of Disraeli to the premiership; passage of reform bills for Scotland and Ireland; defeat of the ministry on the Irish Church question; resignation of Disraeli; first administration of Mr. Gladstone. Revolution in Spain and flight of Queen Isabella to France. British expedition for the rescue of captives in Abyssinia; storming of Magdala; suicide of King Theodore. Negotiation of the Burlingame Treaty between China and the United States. Revolution in Japan; abolition of the Shogunate; restoration of the authority of the Mikado. Occupation of Samarcand by the Russians Impeachment, and trial of President Johnson in the United States; election of General Grant to the American Presidency. Ratification by the States of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
1869. Disestablishment of the Irish Church. Negotiation of the Johnson-Clarendon Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, rejected by the United States Senate. Expiration of the charter of the Hudson Bay Company and incorporation of its territory in the Dominion of Canada. Creation of the United States Bureau of Education. Opening of the Suez Canal. "Black Friday" in New York. Organization of the Knights of Labor. Congressional adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Adoption of a monarchical constitution in Spain; regency of Marshal Serrano. Adoption of Woman Suffrage at municipal elections in England, and at all elections in Wyoming Territory. Publication of Hartmann's "Philosophie des Unbewusstens."
1870. Sudden occurrence of the Franco-German War: invasion of France by the Germans; victories at Wörth, Spichern, Gravelotte, and Sedan; captivity of the French emperor; revolution at Paris; fall of the Empire; investment and siege of Paris by the Germans; surrender of Bazaine at Metz; unsuccessful resistance in the provinces. Completion of the new Germanic Confederation, embracing the states of South Germany, with the North German Confederation, and having the king of Prussia for its president. Passage of Mr. Gladstone's first Irish Land Bill by the British Parliament. Passage of the Education Bill in England. Occupation of Rome by the troops of the king of Italy; plebiscite for annexation to the Italian kingdom; end of the temporal sovereignty of the Pope. Election of Amadeo, of Italy, to the Spanish throne. Completed reconstruction of the American Union; ratification of the Fifteenth Constitutional Amendment.
1871. Capitulation of Paris; peace preliminaries of Versailles and treaty of Frankfort; French cession of Alsace and part of Lorraine, with five milliards of francs indemnity; election and meeting of a National Assembly at Bordeaux; organization of the Third Republic with Thiers as its President; evacuation of Paris by the Germans, followed by the insurrection of the Communists and their seizure of the city; siege and reduction of Paris by the national government. Assumption by King William of Prussia of the title "German Emperor"; proclamation of the constitution of the new Empire. Negotiation and ratification of the Treaty of Washington, between the United States and Great Britain; meeting of the Tribunal of Arbitration at Geneva, for the settlement of the Alabama claims. Gradual emancipation of slaves enacted in Brazil. First attempts at Civil Service Reform in the United States, made by President Grant. Exposure of the Tweed Ring in New York. The Great Fire in Chicago. Transfer of the capital of Italy from Florence to Rome. Abolition of feudalism in Japan. Passage of the Force Bill by the Congress of the United States. The finding of Dr. Livingstone in Africa by Henry M. Stanley. Publication of Darwin's "Descent of Man," and Swinburne's "Songs before Sunrise."
1872. Award of the Geneva Tribunal of Arbitration in settlement of the Alabama Claims. Re-election of General Grant, President of the United States. The Credit Mobilier Scandal in the United States Congress.
1873. Resignation of President Thiers in France and election of Marshall MacMahon. Passage of the May Laws in the Prussian Diet, opening the contest with the Catholic Church known as the Kulturkampf. Appearance of the Home Rule movement in Irish politics. Abdication of the throne of Spain by Amadeo; unsuccessful attempt at republican government. Financial panic in the United States.
1874. Fall of the Gladstone Government in England; return of Disraeli to power. General Gordon's first appointment in the Sudan. Restoration of monarchy in Spain, under Alphonso XII., son of Queen Isabella. Publication of the first volume of Stubb's "Constitutional History."
1875. Adoption of a constitution in France. Revolt against Turkish rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Passage of the second Civil Rights Bill by the Congress of the United States.
1876. Founding of the International African Association by King Leopold of Belgium. Insurrection in Bulgaria, suppressed with atrocious cruelty by the Turks. Holding of the United States Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia. First exhibition of the Telephone, by Professor Graham Bell. Disputed Presidential Election in the United States.
1877. War of Servia with the Turks; defeat of the Servians. Russo-Turkish War; sieges of Plevna and Kars. Assumption by Queen Victoria of the title "Empress of India." First election of Porfirio Diaz to the Presidency of the Mexican republic. Creation of the Electoral Commission in the United States; award of the Presidential election to Rutherford B. Hayes. Return of Stanley from his expedition across Africa, exploring the Congo.
1878. Second war of the English in Afghanistan. End of the Russo-Turkish war; Treaty of San Stefano, superseded by the Congress and Treaty of Berlin; independence secured to Servia and Roumania; transfer of Bosnia to Austria; division of Bulgaria into two states. Election of Pope Leo XIII. Passage of the Bland Silver Bill in the United States.
1879. Resignation of the Presidency of the French Republic by Marshal MacMahon and election of M. Jules Grevy. Massacre of English in Cabul; occupation of the Afghan capital by British forces; deposition of the Ameer. Beginning of war between Chile and Peru. Organization of the Land League in Ireland. Zulu War in South Africa. Formation of the International Congo Association.
{3856}
1880. Resignation of Disraeli from the British Ministry and return of Gladstone to power; passage of Gladstone's Second Irish Land Act. Renewed war against the English in Afghanistan. Election of James A. Garfield President of the United States.
1881. Occupation of Tunis by the French. Evacuation of Afghanistan by the British forces. Submission of Peru to Chile. Advent of the Mahdi in the Sudan. Arabi's revolt in Egypt. Suppression of the Irish Land League and arrest of Mr. Parnell and others. Institution of local assemblies in Japan. Assassination of the Czar Alexander II. Capture of Geok Tepe by Skobeleff, the Russian general. War of Great Britain with the Boers. Assassination of President Garfield;. succession of Vice President Arthur to the Presidency of the United States.
1882. Death M. Gambetta, in France. Elevation of Servia to the rank of a kingdom. British bombardment of Alexandria. Phœnix Park murders, of Lord Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke, at Dublin. Beginning of work on De Lesseps' Panama Canal.
1883. Death of the Comte de Chambord (called Henry V. by his supporters), claimant of the crown of France and last of the elder line of the Bourbons. Passage in England of the Act for Prevention of Corrupt and Illegal Practices at Elections. Destruction of Hicks Pasha and his army by the Mahdists of the Sudan. Passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Bill in the United States. Suppression of Arabi's rebellion; British occupation of Egypt.
1884. War of the French in Tonquin and with China. Passage in England of the Third Reform Bill. Meeting of the Berlin Conference to settle questions of acquisition in Africa. Beleaguerment of General Gordon at Khartoum by the Mahdists; British rescue expedition. Occupation of Merv by the Russians and completed conquest of the Turcomans. Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States.
1885. Overthrow of the Gladstone Government in Great Britain and brief reign of Lord Salisbury. Revolutionary reunion of the two Bulgarias. Fall of Khartoum and death of Gordon. Transformation of the Congo Association into the Independent State of Congo.
1886. Banishment of the Bourbon princes from France. Recall of Gladstone to the head of the Government in England; his Home Rule Bill for Ireland and its defeat; resignation of Gladstone and return of Salisbury; division of the Liberal Party. Anarchist crime in Chicago. Undertaking of the "Plan of Campaign" in Ireland.
1887. Forced resignation of President Grevy, in France, and election of M. Sadi Carnot. Revision of the constitution of the kingdom of the Netherlands. Tariff Message of President Cleveland. African expedition of Stanley to rescue Emin Pasha.
1888. Threatening intrigues of General Boulanger in France; his prosecution and flight. Bankruptcy of the Panama Canal Company. Death of the German Emperor William I.; accession and death of Frederick III., and accession of William II. Incorporation in the German Zollverein of Hamburg and Bremen, the last of the Free Cities. Final abolition of slavery in Brazil. Inquiry into Irish matters by the Parnell Commission. Defeat of the Mills Tariff Bill in the United States Senate. Election of General Benjamin Harrison President of the United States.
1889. Abdication of King Milan of Servia in favor of his young son. Revolution in Brazil; expulsion of the Emperor and royal family from the country. Promulgation of the Constitution of Japan. Opening of Oklahoma to settlement. Destruction of Johnstown, Pennsylvania, by flood. Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and Washington, to the American Union. Chartering of the British South Africa Company. Publication of Bryce's "American Commonwealth."
1890. Dismissal of Bismarck from office by the German Emperor William II. Commercial collapse and political revolution in the Argentine Republic. Organization of the Republic of the United States of Brazil. Expulsion of Jews from Russia. Passage of the McKinley Tariff Act in the United States. Admission of Idaho and Wyoming to the American Union. Passage of the Sherman Silver Act. Anglo-German Convention defining boundaries in Africa.
1891. Dictatorship proclaimed by President Fonseca of Brazil, producing revolt; resignation of the President; installation of Floriano Peixoto. Civil war in Chile; defeat and suicide of President Balmaceda. Establishment of free schools in England. Death of Mr. Parnell.
1892. The Panama Canal Scandal in France. Election in Great Britain of a Parliament favorable to Home Rule for Ireland; resignation of the Salisbury Ministry; reascendency of Gladstone; passage of the Irish Home Rule Bill by the House of Commons and its defeat by the Lords. Evacuation of Uganda by the British East Africa Company. Passage of the Chinese Exclusion Act by the Congress of the United States. Election of Grover Cleveland President of the United States. Revolution in Venezuela. Difficulty between the United States and Chile.
1893. The World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. Revolution in the Hawaian Islands. Suspension of free coinage of silver in India. Repeal of the Sherman Silver Act by the Congress of the United States. Revision of the Belgian Constitution. War of the British South Africa Company with the Matabele. Popular vote in Colorado for the extension of equal suffrage to women.
1894. Assassination of President Carnot, in France; election of M. Casimir-Périer. War between Japan and China. The strike at Pullman, Illinois, and the "sympathy strike" of the American Railway Union. The "Coxey movement" in the United States. Passage of the Wilson Tariff Act. Turkish atrocities in Armenia. Passage of enabling act for the admission of Utah to the American Union. Triumph of the Peixoto government over the insurgents in Brazil. Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Ship Canal. Death of Alexander III., Czar of Russia; accession of Nicholas II.
1895. Resignation of M. Casimir-Périer, President of the French Republic; election of M. François Felix Faure to succeed him. Armistice pending negotiations between China and Japan.
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[Image: LINEAGE OF THE WEST SAXON KINGS OF ENGLAND and LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF NORMANDY TO THE CONQUEST OF ENGLAND.]
{3858} {3859}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF ENGLAND FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST.]
{3860}
[Image:THE GUELF LINE OF DESCENT OF THE HOUSE OF HANOVER.
{3861}
[Image: THE CAROLINGIANS.]
{3862} {3863}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE KINGS OF GERMANY AND EMPERORS.] HOUSE OF HAPSBURG.]
{3864} {3865}
[Blank]
{3866} {3867}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF FRANCE.]
{3868}
[Image: GENEALOGY OF THE BONAPARTE FAMILY.]
{3869}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE DUKES OF BURGUNDY.]
{3870} {3871}
[Image: THIRD HOUSE OF ANJOU.]
{3872}
[Image: LATER HOUSE OF LORRAINE.]
{3873}
[Blank]
{3874} {3875}
[Image: LINAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF CASTILE AND ARAGON TO THE UNION OF THE CROWNS.]
{3876}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE HAPSBURG AND BOURBON SOVEREIGNS OF SPAIN.]
{3877}
[Image: THE HOUSE OF SAVOY.]
{3878}
[Image: THE FAMILY OF THE MEDICI, IN FLORENCE.]
{3879}
[Image: THE HOUSE OF ORANGE-NASSAU.]
{3880}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF SWEDEN.]
{3881}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE SOVEREIGNS OF DENMARK.]
{3882}
[Image: LINEAGE OF THE ROMANOFF SOVEREIGNS OF RUSSIA.]
{3883}
[Image: THE SELJUK TURKISH SULTANS.]
[Image: THE OTTOMAN TURKISH SULTANS.]
{3884}
[Blank]
{3885}
A SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH OCCASIONAL NOTES.
ANCIENT HISTORY: ORIENTAL.
BLISS, FREDERICK J. A mound of many cities, or Tell el Hesy excavated. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
BRUGSCH, HENRY. History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, derived entirely from the monuments. London: J. Murray. 1879. 2 volumes.
History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, derived entirely from the monuments. A new edition, condensed and revised by Mr. Brodrick. London: J. Murray. 1891.
Corrected in some particulars by later discoveries, the work of Dr. Brugach is still the most comprehensive summary of Egyptian history derived from the study of the monuments.
BUDGE, E. A. WALLIS. Babylonian life and history. London: R. T. S. 1884.
Number IV. In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
The Mummy: chapters on Egyptian funeral archaeology. Cambridge: University Press. 1893.
CHEYNE, T. K. Jeremiah: his life and times. London: J. Nisbet & Co. [1888.]
CHURCH, ALFRED J. The story of the last days of Jerusalem. London: Seeley & Co. 1881.
The narrative of Josephus translated in the happy style for which Mr. Church Is famous.
CONDER, CLAUDE R. Heth and Moab, explorations in Syria In 1881-82. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883.
Syrian stone-lore; or the monumental history of Palestine. London: Bentley & Son. 1886.
Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
DARMESTETER, JAMES. Les Prophètes d'Israel. Paris: C. Lévy. 1892.
DUNCKER, MAX. History of Antiquity; translated by Evelyn Abbott. London. 1877-82. 6 volumes.
EDWARDS, AMELIA B. Pharaohs, fellahs and explorers. New York: Harper & Bros. 1891.
A thousand miles up the Nile. London: Longmans. 1877.
EGYPT EXPLORATION FUND. Memoirs. London: Trübner & Co. 1885.
The Store-city of Pithom and the route of the Exodus; by E. Naville.
Tanis; by W. M. Flinders Petrie, parts 1 and 2.
Naukratis; by W. M. F. Petrie, parts 1 and 2.
The Shrine of Saft el Henneh and the Land of Goshen; by E. Naville;
The Mound of the Jew and the City of Onias; by E. Naville;
Bubastis; by E. Naville.
The festival Hall of Osorkon II. in the great temple of Bubastis; by E. Naville.
Ahnas el Medineh (Heracleopolis Magna); by E. Naville.
ERMAN, ADOLF, Life in ancient Egypt. London and New York: Macmillan &Co.
EVETTS, BASIL T. A. New light on the Bible and the Holy Land, being an account of some recent discoveries in the East. New York: Cassell Co. [1894.]
EWALD, HEINRICH. History of Israel. London: Longmans. 1869-86. 8 volumes.
GEIGER, W. Civilization of the Eastern Iranians in ancient times; with an introduction on the Avesta religion. London: H. Frowde. 1885. 2 volumes.
GRAETZ, H. History of the Jews, from the earliest times to the present day. London: D. Nutt. 1891. 5 volumes.
Sketches the ancient history of the Jews very slightly but is full from the Roman Period down to 1870.
GRANT Sir ALEXANDER. Xenophon. (Ancient Classics for English Readers.) Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons. Philadelphia: Lippincott & Co. 1811.
HARPER, HENRY A. The Bible and modern discoveries, Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.
HERODOTUS. Stories of the East from Herodotus; by A. J. Church. London: Seeley & Co. 1881.
The story of the Persian War from Herodotus; by A. J. Church. London: Seeley & Co. 1882.
HERODOTUS. History; a new English version; edited with notes, etc., by George Rawlinson and G. Wilkinson. London: J. Murray. 1858. 4 volumes.
A work of great value, in which Canon Rawlinson and Mr. Wilkinson were assisted by Sir Henry Rawlinson, the Assyriologist. It in not every reader who has leisure two master such a book as Rawlinson's English 'Herodotus.' But; something of this fountain of history all may know; Even such pleasant boy's as Mr. Church's 'Stories from the East' and 'Stories from Herodotus' we get some flavour of the fine old Greek traveller. There are three great sections of Herodotus which are of special interest: 1. the history of the foundation of Cyrus' kingdom; 2. the books on the history, antiquities and customs of Egypt; 3. the immortal story of Marathon, Thermopylæ and Salamis." Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 90.
JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS. Works; Whiston's translation, revised by A. R. Shilleto. London: Bell & Sons. 1889.
LACOUPERIE, TERRIEN DE. Western origin of the early Chinese civilization. London: Asher & Co. 1894.
A definite presentation of the view long urged by Dr. Lacouperie, that the Akkadian or primitive Babylonian culture was communicated at an early day to the Chinese.
LEWIN, THOMAS. The siege of Jerusalem by Titus. London: Longmans. 1863.
LOCKYER, J. N. The dawn of Astronomy; a study of the temple-worship and mythology of the ancient Egyptians. London and New York: Macmillan & Co.
McCURDY, JAMES FREDERICK. History, Prophecy and the Monuments. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
A work in which the latest researches and studies in the East are made fruitful.
MARIETTE, AUGUSTE. Outlines of ancient Egyptian history. London: Gilbert & Rivington. 1890.
MASPERO, G. The dawn of Civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa; edited by A. H. Sayee. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1894.
Egyptian archæology; translated from the French by Amelia B. Edwards. London: H. Grevel & Co.
Hlstoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient. Paris: Hachette. 1886.
MILMAN, HENRY HART. History of the Jews. London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.
Bringing the modern account of the Jews throughout the world down to about 1860.
MORRISON, W. D. The Jews under Roman rule. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.
In the series of "The Story of the Nations."
MYERS, P. V. N. Eastern nations and Greece. (Ancient history for colleges and high schools.) Boston: Ginn & Co. 1890.
NEWMAN, FRANCIS W. History of the Hebrew Monarchy, from the administration of Samuel to the Babylonish captivity. 2d edition London: J. Chapman. 1853.
PERROT, GEORGES, and CHARLES CHIPIEZ. History of Art in ancient Egypt; translated from the French. London: Chapman & Hall. 1883. 2 volumes.
History of Art In Chaldea and Assyria. London. 1884. 2 volumes.
History of Art In Phœnicia and its dependencies. London. 1885. 2 volumes.
History of Art in primitive Greece. London. 1894.
PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS. History of Egypt from the earliest times to the XVIth dynasty. London: Methuen & Co. 1894.
"This volume is but the first of a series which is intended to embrace the whole history of Egypt down to modern times. It is expected that three volumes will treat of the period of the Pharaohs, one volume of the Ptolemies, one volume of the Roman age, and one volume of Arabic Egypt. So far as practicable, the same system will be maintained throughout, though by different writers; and the aim of all will be to provide a general history, with such fulness and precision as shall suffice for the use of students." From the Author's Preface.
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PETRIE, W. M. FLINDERS. Tell el Amarna; with chapters by A. H. Sayce and others. London: Methuen & Co. 1894.
Ten years' digging in Egypt, 1881-1891. London: R. T. S. 1892.
POOLE, REGINALD STUART. The cities of Egypt. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1882.
RAGOZIN, ZENAÏDE A. The story of Chaldea, to the rise of Assyria. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1886.
Story of Assyria: to the fall of Nineveh. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1887.
The story of Media, Babylonia and Persia, to the Persian War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin.
Three good popular histories in the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."
RAMSAY, W. M. Historical geography of Asia Minor. London: J. Murray. 1890.
RAWLINSON, GEORGE. The Five Great Monarchies of the ancient eastern world [Chaldea, Assyria, Babylon, Media and Persia]. London: Murray. 1862.
The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy [Parthia]. London: Longmans. 1873.
The Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy [Sassanian or New Persian]. London: Longmans. 1876.
In the light of later discoveries, Rawlinson's history of the five earlier oriental monarchies is very defective; but the history of Parthia and of the revived Persian monarchy retains its value.
RECORDS OF THE PAST; being English translations of the Assyrian and Egyptian monuments. London: S. Bagster & Sons. 1873-81, 12 volumes., and 1889-1893. 6 volumes.
RENAN, ERNEST. History of the People of Israel till the time of King David. London: Chapman & Hall. 1888. 3 volumes.
SAYCE, A. H. The Ancient Empires of the East. Herodotus I-III. With notes, introductions, and appendices. London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.
Assyria, its princes, priests and people. London: R. T. S. 1885.
Fresh light from the ancient monuments. London: R. T. S. [1883.]
Numbers VII. and III. in the series entitled "By-path of Bible Knowledge."
The Hittites: the story of a forgotten empire. London: R. T. S. 1888.
Introduction to the books of Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther. London: R. T. S. 1885.
Life and times of Isaiah, as illustrated by contemporary monuments. London: R. T. S. 1889.
Number XIII. in the series of small monographs entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
A primer of Assyriology. New York: F. H. Revell Co. [1894.]
SCHÜRER, EMIL. History of the Jewish people in the time of Christ. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark. 1885. 5 volumes and index.
SHARPE, SAMUEL. History of Egypt from the earliest times till the conquest of the Arabs. London: Moxon & Co. 1859. 2 volumes.
Important as covering the Ptolemaic and Roman periods in Egyptian history more fully than any other work in English.
SIMCOX, EDITH J. Primitive civilizations; or outlines of the history of ownership in archaic communities. London: S. Sonnenschein & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.
SMITH, GEORGE ADAMS. Historical geography of the Holy Land. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1894.
SMITH, R. BOSWORTH. Carthage and the Carthaginians. London: Longmans. 1878.
SMITH, W. ROBERTSON. The Prophets of Israel and their place in history, to the close of the 8th century B. C. Edinburgh: A. & C. Black. 1882.
SOCIETY OF BIBLICAL ARCHÆOLOGY. Transactions, 1872-1894. 10 volumes. Proceedings, 1878-1894. 16 volumes.
TIELE, C. P. Babylonische-Assyrische Geschichte. Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1886. 2 volumes.
Western Asia, according to the most recent discoveries. Rectorial address, Leyden University, 1893. London: Luzac & Co.
TOMKINS. H. G. Life and times of Joseph, in the light of Egyptian lore. London: R. T. S. 1891.
In the series entitled "By-paths of Bible Knowledge."
Studies on the times of Abraham. London: Bagster & Sons. [1879.]
TWENTY-ONE YEARS' WORK IN THE HOLY LAND (a record and a summary); 1865-1886. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.
Published for the Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
WELLHAUSEN, J. Sketch of the history of Israel and Judah. 3d edition. London: A. & C. Black. 1891.
A republication of the article "Israel" contributed to the Encyclopædia. Britannica.
WENDEL, F. C. H. History of Egypt. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1890.
An extremely condensed and not very readable sketch of the history of ancient Egypt, but one which specialist have commended for correctness of knowledge.
WILKINSON, Sir J. GARDNER. Manners and customs of the ancient Egyptians. New edition, revised and corrected by Samuel Birch. London: J. Murray. 1878. 2 volumes.
WRIGHT, W. B. Ancient cities; from the dawn to the daylight. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886.
ANCIENT HISTORY: GREECE AND ROME.
ABBOTT, EVELYN. History of Greece. London: Rivingtons. 1888. volumes 1-2.
The first volume carries the narrative to the Ionian revolt, the second to the Thirty Years Peace. "When completed, it will supply a want long felt, that of a good history of Greece of a size intermediate between Thirlwall, Grote, and Curtius, on the one hand, and the smaller text books and manuals on the other." English Historical Review, January, 1889.
Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
ARCHÆOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA. Papers: Classical Series. Boston. 1882.
Including "Papers of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens."
ARISTOTLE. On the Constitution of Athens; translated by E. Poste. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
A translation of the lately-found treaties believed to be by Aristotle. "While putting us in possession of more facts concerning the constitutional history of Athens than have been known hitherto, this treatise presents very great difficulties, both critical and historical. … We must receive the new information with caution, and far from looking on it as superseding our older authorities, we must remember that much of it may not be the work of Aristotle or of Aristotle's time." E. Abbott, History of Greece, part 2, appendix 2.
Politics; translated by B. Jowett: with essays, notes, etc. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1885. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, THOMAS. History of Rome; new edition. London: T. Fellowes. 1871. 3 volumes.
Dr. Arnold's History is founded on Niebuhr's. The fact is frankly stated in his preface: " When Niebuhr died, and there was now no hope of seeing his great work completed in a manner worthy of its beginning, I was more desirous than ever of executing my original plan, of presenting in a more popular form what he had lived to finish, and of continuing it afterwards with such advantages as I have derived from a long study and an intense admiration of his example and model." It was Dr. Arnold's hope to cover the whole stretch of Roman history, to Charlemagne; but he had only reached the narrative of the second Punic War when death arrested his work.
BARTHÉLEMY, Abbé. Travels of Anacharsis the younger in Greece, 4th century, B. C.
BLÜMNER, H. The home life of the ancient Greeks; translated from the German. London: Cassell Co. 1890.
BURY, J. B. History of the later Roman Empire, from Arcadius to Irene. (395 to 800 A. D.), London: Macmillan & Co., 1889. 2 volumes.
A work written with more knowledge and carefulness than literary art.
BUTCHER, S. H. Some aspects of Greek genius. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
CÆSAR, CAIUS JULIUS. Commentaries on the Gallic and Civil Wars, with the supplementary books attributed to Hirtius; literally translated, with notes [Bohn edition].
CICERO. Life and letters; the life by Dr. Conyers Middleton; letters translated by W. Melmoth and Dr. Heberden. Edinburgh: W. P. Nimmo. 1892.
CURTIUS, ERNST. History of Greece; translated from the German by A. W. Ward. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1871-74. 5 volumes.
Professor Curtius ends his History at the attainment of supremacy in Hellas by Philip of Macedonia. See note to Thirlwall's "History of Greece," below.
DAVIDSON, THOMAS. The education of the Greek people and its influence on civilization. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.
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DODGE, THEODORE A. Alexander: a history of the origin and growth of the art of war, to the battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301. Boston: Houghton; Mifflin & Co. 1890.
Cæsar: a history of the art of war among the Romans down to the end of the Roman Empire. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.
Hannibal: a history of the art of war among the Carthaginians and Romans, down to the battle of Pydna, 168 B. C. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891.
DUNCKER, MAX. History of Greece; translated, from the German. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1883-86. volumes 1-2.
An unfinished work.
DURUY, VICTOR. History of Greece and of the Greek people, to the Roman conquest; translated from the French. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1892. 4 volumes.
History of Rome and the Roman people, to the establishment of the Christian Empire; translated from the French; edited by J. P. Mahaffy. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1883.
Works both scholarly and popular, and made exceedingly attractive by admirable illustrations.
DYER, THOMAS H. Ancient Athens: its history, topography and remains. London: Bell & Daldy. 1873.
EPOCHS OF ANCIENT HISTORY; edited by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox, Bart., and C. Sankey. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
The Greeks and the Persians; by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.
The Athenian Empire, to the fall of Athens; by Rev. Sir G. W. Cox.
The Spartan and Theban Supremacies; by Charles Sankey;
The rise of the Macedonian Empire; by Arthur M. Curteis:
Rome to its capture by the Gauls; by Wilhelm Ihne.
Rome and Carthage; by R. Bosworth Smith.
The Gracchi, Marius and Sulla; by A. H. Beesly.
The Roman Triumvirates; by Charles Merivale.
The Early Roman Empire, from the assassination of Cæsar to that of Domitian; by W. W. Capes.
The Roman Empire of the second century, or the age of the Antonines; by W. W. Capes.
FALKE, JACOB VON. Greece and Rome; their life and art; translated from the German. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1882.
FELTON, C. C. Greece, ancient and modern. Boston: Ticknor & Fields. 1867. 2 volumes.
FINLAY, GEORGE. Greece under the Romans. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons.
FOWLER, W. WARDE. The city-state of the Greeks and Romans. London: Macmillan & Co. 1893.
Julius Cæsar and the foundation of the Roman imperial system. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
FREEMAN, EDWARD A. History of Federal Government. volume 1. General Introduction. History of the Greek Federations. London: Macmillan & Co. 1863.
"This noble work, in some respects the grandest of the author's conceptions, was never completed. … The war of 1866 between Prussia and Austria marked the beginning of organic changes in Germany which Mr. Freeman was anxious to watch for awhile before finishing his book. He therefore turned aside and took up the third of his three great works[the History od Sicily being the second]—the only one that he lived to complete—the History of the Norman Conquest of England." J. Fiske. Edward Augustus Freeman (Atlantic Monthly; January, 1893).
History of Sicily. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1891. volumes 1-4.
Left unfinished at Professor Freeman's death. The fourth volume, prepared by other hands, from the materials that he had made ready, carries the history to the death of Agathokles.
FROUDE, JAMES ANTHONY. Cæsar: a sketch. London: Longmans. 1879.
A brilliant and fascinating piece of historical writing, but tainted with Carlylean hero worship.
FUSTEL DE COULANGES, N. D. The ancient city: a study of the religion, laws and institutions of ancient Greece and Rome; translated from the French. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1874.
GARDNER, PERCY. New chapters in Greek history: historical results of recent excavations in Greece and Asia Minor. London: J. Murray. 1892.
GIBBON, EDWARD. History of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire; with notes by Milman, Guizot, and Dr. William Smith.
"We may correct and improve in detail from the stores which have been opened since Gibbon's time; we may write again large parts of his story from other, and often truer and more wholesome, points of view. But the work of Gibbon, as a whole, as the encyclopædic history of thirteen hundred years, as the grandest of historical designs carried out alike with wonderful power and with wonderful accuracy, must ever keep its place. Whatever else is read, Gibbon must be read too." E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays, pages 307-308.
"It is no personal paradox but the judgment of all competent men, that the 'Decline and Fall' of Gibbon is the most perfect historical composition that exists in any language: at once scrupulously faithful in its facts; consummate in its literary art; and comprehensive in analysis of the forces affecting society over a very long and crowded epoch." Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 101.
GLADSTONE, WILLIAM E. Juventus Mundi; the gods and men of the heroic age. London: Macmillan. 1869.
GROTE, GEORGE. History of Greece, to the close of the generation contemporary with Alexander the Great. London: J. Murray. 12 volumes.
"A business man, foreign to university life and its traditions, a skeptic in religion, a positivist in philosophy and, above all, an advanced Radical in politics," Grote. "was persuaded that the great social and political results of Greek history were because of, and not in spite of, the prevalence of democracy among its states. He would not accept the verdict of all the old Greek theorist who voted for the rule of the one or enlightened few; and he wrote what may be called a great political pamphlet in twelve volumes in vindication of democratic principles. It was this idea which not only marshalled his facts, but lent its fire to his argument; and when combined with his Radicalism in religion and philosophy, produced a book so remarkable, that, however much it may be corrected and criticised, it will never be superseded. It is probably the greatest history among the many great histories produced in this century; and though very inferior in style to Gibbon's 'Decline and Fall,' will rank next to it as a monument of English historical genius." J. P. Mahaffy, Problems in Greek History, chapter 1.
GUHL, E. and W. KONER. The life of the Greeks and Romans; translated from the German. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1875.
HODGKIN, THOMAS. The dynasty of Theodosius; or eighty years' struggle with the barbarians; a series of lectures. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889.
HORTON, R. F. History of the Romans. London: Rivingtons. 1885.
A short history of republican Rome, containing more of the tracing of influences, constitutional and institutional, and more of the interpreted meaning of events, than are found in any other work of its modest class.
IHNE, WILHELM. History of Rome. English edition. London: Longmans. 1871-77. 5 volumes.
Closes with the death of Sulla., where Dean Merivale begins his "History of the Romans under the Empire." "As the book maintains in all its parts a strictly judicial attitude, it is far less entertaining than the brilliant advocacy of Mommsen; but for this very reason it is to be held as a safer authority." C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature, page 124,
LANCIANI, RODOLFO. Ancient Rome in the light of recent discoveries. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.
LEWIS, GEORGE CORNEWALL. An inquiry into the credibility of early Roman history. London: J. W. Parker & Sons. 1855. 2 volumes.
LIDDELL, HENRY G. History of Rome, to the establishment of the Empire. London: J. Murray. 1855. 2 volumes.
LIVIUS, TITUS. History of Rome, literally translated by Dr. Spillan, C. Edmonds, and others [Bohn edition]. London: G. Bell & Son.
Stories from Livy; by A. J. Church. London: Seeley & Co. 1883.
LONG, GEORGE. Decline of the Roman Republic. London: Bell & Daldy. 1864. 5 volumes.
MAHAFFY, J. P. Greek life and thought from the age of Alexander to the Roman conquest. London: Macmillan & Co. 1887.
The Greek world under Roman sway, from Polybius to Plutarch. London: Macmillan & Co. 1890.
History of classical Greek literature. London: Longmans. 1880. 2 volumes.
Old Greek life. (History Primer.) New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1878.
Problems in Greek history. London: Macmillan & Co. 1892.
Social life in Greece, from Homer to Menander. 3d edition revised and enlarged. London: Macmillan & Co.
The story of Alexander's Empire. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London:. T. F. Unwin. 1887.
One of the very good books in the series of "The Story of the Nations."
MERIVALE, CHARLES. The fall of the Roman Republic; a short history of the last century of the Commonwealth. London: Longmans.
History of the Romans under the Empire. London: Longmans. 8 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 7 volumes.
"His [Merivale's] history is a great work in itself, and it must be a very great work indeed which can outdo it within its own range. In days of licensed blundering like ours, it is delightful indeed to come across the sound and finished scholarship; the unwearied and unfailing accuracy, of Mr. Merivale. … On some points we hold that Mr. Merivale's views are open to dispute; but it is, always his views, never his statements." E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays; page. 309.
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MOMMSEN, THEODOR. History of Rome; translated by W. P. Dickson; new edition revised throughout and embodying recent additions. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1894-95. 4 volumes.
The Provinces, from Cæsar to Diocletian. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1886.
"The Roman History of Mommsen is, beyond all doubt, to be ranked among those really great historical works which do so much honour to our own day. We can have little doubt as to calling it the best complete Roman History that we have. … We have now, for the first time, the whole history of the Roman Republic really written in a way worth of the greatness of the subject." E. A. Freeman, Historical Essays, pages. 239-240.
MÜLLER, C. O. History and Antiquities of the Doric race; translated from the German by H. Tufuell and G. C. Lewis. 2d edition revised. London: J. Murray. 1839., 2 volumes.
NIEBUHR, B. G. History of Rome; translated by J. C. Hare and C. Thirlwall. London: Walton. 1859. 3 volumes.
Lectures on the history of Rome, to the fall of the Western Empire. London: Walton. 3 volumes.
OMAN, C. W. C. History of Greece, to the Macedonian conquest. London: Rivingtons. 1890.
"This is the best school history of Greece which has appeared for many a day. While the style is never heavy, nothing of importance has been omitted." English Historical Review, October 1890.
PELHAM, H. F. Outlines of Roman history. London: Percival. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1893.
PLUTARCH. Lives, the translation called Dryden's corrected from the Greek and revised by A. H. Clough. London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1859. 5 volumes.
POLYBIOS. Histories; translated from the text of Hultsch by E. S. Shuckburgh. London: Macmillan & Co. 1889. 2 volumes.
Polybios, "the historian of the Decline and Fall of Ancient Greece," "is like a writer of our own times; with far less of inborn genius, he possessed a mass of acquired knowledge of which Thucydides could never have dreamed. He had, like a modern historian, read many books and seen many lands. … He had, himself personally a wider political experience than fell to the lot of any historian before or after him. … He could remember Achaia a powerful federation, Macedonia a powerful monarchy, Carthage still free, Syria still threatening; he lived to see them all subject provinces or trembling allies of the great municipality Rome." E. A. Freeman, History of Federal Government, page 226.
RAMSAY, WILLIAM. Manual of Roman antiquities; revised and partly rewritten by R. Lanciani. London: C. Griffin.
SCHLIEMANN, Dr. H. Ilios: the city and country of the Trojans. London: J. Murray. 1880.
Troja: results of the latest researches and discoveries on the site of Homer's Troy. London: J. Murray. 1884.
Mycenæ: a narrative of researches and discoveries. London.
Tiryns, the prehistoric palace of the King of Tiryns. London: John Murray. 1885.
SCHÖMANN, G. F. A dissertation on the assemblies of the Athenians; translated from the Latin. Cambridge: W. P. Grant. 1838.
The antiquities of Greece; translated from the German. London: Rivingtons, 1880.
Only the first volume, treating of "The State," has been published.
SCHUCHHARDT, C. Schliemann's excavations; an archæological and historical study; translated from the German. London: Macmillan & Co.
SUETONIUS, C. TRANQUILLUS. Lives of the Twelve Cæsars [Bohn edition]. London: Bell & Sons.
TACITUS, C. CORNELIUS. The Annals, The History, The Germany, The Agricola, The Dialogue on Oratory; translated by A. J. Church and W. J. Brodribb; revised edition, with notes. London: Macmillan & Co. 1877-82. 3 volumes.
The annals of Tacitus extend over most of the period from the death of Augustus to Nero, with important parts lost. The fragments preserved of the history gives us only four and a half out of fourteen books which made up the original work. These books contain the history of the years 69 and 70, not quite complete, and tell the story of the Vitellian conflict.
THIRLWALL, CONNOP. History of Greece. London: Longmans. 1835. 8 volumes.
Bishop Thirlwall's History covers the whole national life of the Greeks, down to the Roman conquest. “The strength of Thirlwall as clearly lies in the history of Alexander and his successors as the strength of Grote lies in the political history of Athenian and Syracusan democracy, as the strength of Curtius lies in the geography, in the artistic side of things, in the general picture of that age which was the glory of Athens, but which, as the disciples of Finlay know, was an age of decline for Hellas in the wider sense." E. A. Freeman, The Methods of Historical Study, page 287.
"The student of to-day who is really intimate with Thirlwall's history may boast that he has a sound and accurate view of all the main questions in the political and social development of the Hellenic nation. But he will never have been carried away with enthusiasm." J. P. Mahaffy, Problems in Greek History, chapter 1.
THUCYDIDES. History; translated into English, with introduction and notes, by B. Jowett. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1881. 2 volumes.
"Thucydides is much more than a great historian; or, rather, he was what every great historian ought to be—he was a profound philosopher. His history of the Peloponnesian War is like a portrait by Titian; the whole mind and character, the inner spirit and ideals, the very tricks and foibles, of the man or the age come before us in living reality. No more memorable, truthful and profound portrait exists than that wherein Thucydides has painted the Athens of the age of Pericles." Frederic Harrison, The Meaning of History, page 92.
TORR, CECIL. Rhodes in ancient times. Cambridge: University Press. 1885.
TROLLOPE, ANTHONY. Life of Cicero. London: Chapman & Hall. 1880. 2 volumes.
Written in vindication of Cicero against the injustice done to the great patriotic orator in Froude's Cæsar. Both books are writings of advocacy rather than history.
WHIBLEY, L. Political parties in Athens during the Peloponnesian War. Cambridge, Warehouse. 1889.
XENOPHON. Works; translated by H. G. Dakyns. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1890. volumes 1-2.
Volume I. contains books 1 and 2 of the Hellenica, and the Anabasis; volume 2 contains books 3 to 7, with Agesilaus, The Politics, and Revenues. Two more volumes are yet to be published.
MEDIÆVAL AND MODERN EUROPE.
ADAMS, CHARLES. Great campaigns: a succinct account of the principal military operations which have taken place in Europe from 1796 to 1870. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1877.
Edited from lectures delivered by Major C. Adams at the Royal Military and Staff Colleges, England.
ADAMS, GEORGE BURTON. Civilization during the Middle Ages, especially in relation to modern civilization. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1894.
ADDISON, C. G. The Knights Templars. 3d edition. London: Longman. 1854.
ALISON, Sir ARCHIBALD. History of Europe, 1789 to 1815, and 1815 to 1852. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1853. 28 volumes.
"We are not unaware … of the surpassing greatness of the external events of which his history is composed, nor do we complain of the minute and laborious zeal with which he has gathered every particular concerning them, ransacking archives and measuring fields of slaughter; but we do complain that he has allowed the tumult and dust of these vast contests to stop his ears and blind his eyes to every object but themselves." Parke Godwin, Out of the Past; page 207.
BALZANI, UGO. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. London: Longmans.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Church History."
BEARD, CHARLES. The Reformation of the 16th Century in its relation to modern thought. London: Williams and Norgate. 1883.
Hibbert Lectures for 1883.
BRADLEY, HENRY. The story of the Goths, to the end of the Gothic dominion in Spain. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1888.
One of the better books in the series of "The Story of the Nations."
BRYCE, JAMES. The Holy Roman Empire. London: Macmillan & Co.
CAYLEY, EDWARD S. The European revolutions of 1848. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1856. 2 volumes.
CHEETHAM, S. History of the Christian Church during the first six centuries. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
CHURCH, R. W. The beginning of the Middle Ages. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1877.
An admirable brief survey of early mediæval history, in the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
COMYN, Sir ROBERT. History of the western empire, from Charlemagne to Charles V. [800-1520]. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1841. 2 volumes.
COX, GEORGE W. The Crusades. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1874.
In the series entitled "Epochs of History."
CREIGHTON, MANDELL. History of the Papacy during the period of the Reformation. London and New York: Longmans. 1882-94. volumes 1-5.
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CUTTS, EDWARD L. Scenes and characters of the Middle Ages. London: Virtue & Co. 1872.
DEMOMBYNES, G. Constitutions Européennes. Paris: L. Larose et Forcel. 1881. 2 volumes.
DILKE, Sir CHARLES W. Position of European politics, 1887. London: Chapman & Hall. 1887.
DÖLLINGER, JOHN IGNATIUS VON. Addresses on historical and literary subjects; translated by Margaret Warre. London: J. Murray. 1894.
Containing as follows: Universities past and present; Founders of Religions; the Empire of Charles the Great and his Successors; Anagni; the Suppression of the Knights Templars; the History of Religious Freedom; various estimates of the French Revolution; the part taken by North America in Literature.
Studies in European history; translated by Margaret Warre. London: John Murray. 1890.
Academical addresses on the following subjects: The significance of Dynasties in the history of the world; the House of Wittelsbach and its place in German history; the relation of the City of Rome to Germany in the Middle Ages; Dante as a Prophet; the struggle of Germany with the Papacy under the Emperor Ludwig of Bavaria; Aventin an his Times; on the Influence of Greek Literature and Culture upon the Western World in the Middle Ages; the origin of the Eastern Question; the Jews in Europe; upon the Political and Intellectual development of Spain; the Policy of Louis XIV.; the most influential Woman of French history (Madame de Maintenon).
DUFF, MOUNTSTUART E. GRANT. Studies in European politics. Edinburg: Edmonston & Douglas. 1866.
These well-named "Studies" in the political history of the Continent, by an English statesman, are mostly devoted to the important but little understood period between 1815 and 1848, in Spain, Russia Austria, Prussia, Holland, and Belgium. They are deficient in attention to the social conditions of the time.
DURUY, VICTOR. History of modern times, from the fall of Constantinople to the French Revolution; translated and revised, with notes, by E. A. Grosvenor. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1894.
History of the middle ages; translated by E. H. and M. D. Whitney, with notes and revisions by G. B. Adams. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1891.
DYER, THOMAS HENRY. History of modern Europe, 1453-1857. London: John Murray. 4 volumes. Geo. Bell & Sons. 4 volumes.
Dyer's History of Modern Europe "represented the labour of years, and chronicled the period from the fall of Constantinople to the end of the Crimean "War. It was a clear and painstaking compilation, whose main object was to expound the origin and nature of the European concert." G. Barnett Smith. Biographical Sketch (in the Dictionary of National-Biography).
EGINHARD. Life of Charlemagne; translated by S. E. Turner. New York: Harper & Bros.
EMERTON, EPHRAIM. Introduction to the study of the Middle Ages (A. D. 375-814). Boston: Ginn & Co. 1888.
Mediæval Europe, 814-1300. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1894.
FISHER, GEORGE PARK. History of the Christian Church. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1887.
The Reformation. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1883.
FLINT, ROBERT. Philosophy of history in Europe. volume 1, France and Germany. Edinburg: Blackwood & Sons. 1874.
FREEMAN, EDWARD A. The Chief Periods of European History; six lectures, Oxford, 1885. London: Macmillan & Co. 1886.
The "chief periods" treated of are "those which concern the growth and the dying out" of the Roman power: "Europe before the growth of Rome—Europe with Rome, in one shape or another, as her centre—Europe since Rome has practically ceased to be." Author's Preface.
Fifty years of European history: four Oxford lectures. [Also] The Teutonic conquest of Gaul and Britain. London: Macmillan & Co. 1888.
The fifty years of European history reviewed in the first four of these lectures are those that had been spanned by the reign of Queen Victoria when its jubilee was celebrated, in 1887.
General sketch of European history. London: Macmillan & Co. 1872.
Historical Essays. London: Macmillan & Co. 1871-92. 4 volumes.
Volume 1. The Mythical and Romantic Elements in early English History; the continuity of English History; Relations between the Crowns of England and Scotland; Saint Thomas of Canterbury and his Biographers; the Reign of Edward III.; the Holy Roman Empire; the Franks and the Gauls; the early Sieges of Paris; Frederick I., King of Italy; the Emperor Frederick II.; Charles the Bold; Presidential Government.
Volume 2. Ancient Greece and Mediæval Italy; Mr. Gladstone's "Homer and the Homeric Age"; the Historians of Athens; the Athenian Democracy; Alexander the Great; Greece during the Macedonian Period; Mommsen's History of Rome; Sulla; the Flavian Cæsars.
Volume 3. First Impressions of Rome; the Illyrian Emperors and their Land; Augusta Treverorum; the Goths at Ravenna; Race and Language; the Byzantine Empire; First impressions or Athens; Mediæval and Modern Greece; the Southern Slaves; Sicilian Cycles; the Normans at Palermo.
Volume 4. Carthage; French and English Towns; Aquæ Sextiæ; Orange; Augustodunum; Perigueux and Cahors; the Lords of Ardres; Points in the History of Portugal and Brazil: Alter Orbis; Historical Cycles; Augustan Ages; English Civil Wars.
The historical geography of Europe. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1881. 1 volume text; 1 volume maps.
The object of this remarkably valuable work is to "trace out the extent of territory which the different states and nations of Europe and the neighbouring lands have held at different times in the world's history, to mark the different boundaries which the same country has had, and the different meanings in which the same name has been used. Author's Introduction.
FROISSART, SIR JOHN. Chronicles [1326-1400]; translated by T. Johnes. London: Wm. Smith. 2 volumes.
Same; edited for boys, with an introduction, by Sidney Lanier. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1879.
FYFFE, C. A. History of modern Europe. London: Cassell. 1880-1889. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1881-90. 3 volumes.
Covers the period from the beginning of the war with revolutionary France, in 1792, to the Berlin Congress and Treaty, 1878; a well-constructed and well-written piece of history.
GERARD, JAMES W. The peace of Utrecht, 1713-14. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1885.
GRUBE, A. W. Heroes of history and legend. London: Griffith & Farran. 1880.
A translation of the second part of Grube's "Charakterbilder aus der Geschichte und Sage."
GUIZOT, F. P. History of civilization, to the French revolution; translated from the French. London: Geo. Bell & Sons. 3 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 2 volumes.
"The originality of M. Guizot's work consists in the truly scientific spirit and character of his method. He was the first to dissect a society, in the same comprehensive, impartial, and thorough way in which an anatomist dissects the body of an animal, and the first to study the functions of the social organism in the same systematic and careful manner in which the physiologist studies the functions of the animal organism." R. Flint, The Philosophy of History in France and Germany, Page 240.
HALLAM, HENRY. View of the state of Europe during the Middle Ages. London: J. Murray. 3 volumes. New York: W. J, Widdleton. 3 volumes.
"He [Hallam] never thoroughly took in either the Imperial or the ecclesiastical element in history; if I say that he did not thoroughly take in the Teutonic element either, it might seem that I leave him no standing-ground at all. And whither shall he seem to vanish, if I add that he never shows that same kind of thorough knowledge of original authorities, that mastery of them that delight in them, which stands out in every line of Kemble and Palgrave? Hallam had nothing of the spirit of the antiquary; he had not, I should say very much of the spirit of the historian proper. Yet Hallam was a memorable writer, whose name ought to be deeply honoured, and a large part of whose writings are as valuable now as when they were first written." E. A. Freeman. Methods of Historical Study, page 282.
HÄUSSER, LUDWIG. The period of the Reformation, 1517-1648, edited by W. Oncken; translated by Mrs. Sturge. London: Strahan. 1873. New York: Robert Carter & Bros.
Unquestionably the best comprehensive survey of the Reformation and the Reformation period that has yet been placed before English readers.
HEEREN. A. H. L. A manual of the history of the political system of Europe and its colonies; from the close of the 15th century to the fall of Napoleon; translated from the German. London: H. G. Bohn. 1846.
HENDERSON, ERNEST F., Select historical documents of the middle ages; translated and edited. London: Geo. Bell & Sons. 1892. New York: Macmillan & Co.
HODGKIN, THOMAS. Italy and her Invaders. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1880-85. 4 volumes.
A very satisfactory work, narrating that part of the barbaric avalanche of the fifth and sixth centuries which crushed the Empire in its western seat. The first volume deals with the Visigothic invasion, the second with the Hunnish, Vandal and Herulian, the third with the Ostrogothic, the fourth with Justinian's recovery of Italy.
Theodoric the Goth; the barbarian champion of civilization. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
JOHNSON, A. H. The Normans in Europe. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1877. New York: Chas. Scribner's Sons.
JOHNSTONE, C. F. Historical abstracts. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. 1880.
Excellent outline sketches of the history of Denmark, Norway, Sweden, the kingdom of the Netherlands, Belgium, the Ottoman Empire, Greece, Portugal, Prussia, Russia, and the Swiss Confederation.
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KEARY, C. F. The Vikings in western Christendom, 789-888. London: T. F. Unwin. 1891.
KINGTON, T. L. History of Frederick II., Emperor of the Romans. London: Macmillan & Co; 1862. 2 volumes.
LACROIX, PAUL. The eighteenth century [1700-1789]: its institutions, &c. London: Chapman & Hall. 1876.
LATHAM, ROBERT. G. Ethnology of Europe. London: J. Van Voorst. 1852.
The nationalities of Europe. volume 2. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1863. 2 volumes.
LAVISSE, ERNEST. General view of the political history of Europe; translated by Charles Gross. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1891.
"While giving the essential facts of universal history, he [Lavisse] aims above all, to describe the formation and political development of the states of Europe, and to indicate the historical causes of their present condition and mutual relations. In other words, he shows how the existing political divisions of Europe, with their peculiar tendencies, were created. … The ability of Professor Lavisse to compress the essence of a great event or sequence of events into a few comprehensive and expressive sentences, has enabled him to accomplish his difficult task with signal success." Translator's Preface.
LEA, HENRY CHARLES. History of the Inquisition of the Middle Ages. New York: Harper & Bros. 1888. 3 volumes.
LODGE, RICHARD. History of Modern Europe, 1453-1878. London: J. Murray. 1885. New York:, Harper Bros.
MACKENZIE, ROBERT. The Nineteenth Century; a history. London: Nelson & Sons. 1880.
McLAUGLIN, EDWARD TOMPKINS. Studies in mediæval life and literature. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1894.
MACLEAR, G. F. The conversion of the West. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
MAXWELL, Sir WILLIAM STIRLING. Don John of Austria; or, passages from the history of the 16th Century, 1547-1578. London: Longmans. 1883. 2 volumes.
MAY, Sir THOMAS E. Democracy in Europe. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1877. 2 volumes. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son. 2 volumes.
MERIVALE, CHARLES. The conversion of the northern nations: Boyle lectures. 1865. London: Longmans. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
MERLE D'AUBIGNE, J. H. History of the great Reformation of the 16th century. New York: Carter & Bros. 1863-77. 8 volumes.
MICHAUD, J. F. History of the Crusades; translated from the French. London: G. Routledge & Co. 1852. 2 volumes.
MICHELET, JULES. Summary of Modern History; translated from the French and continued by M. C. M. Simpson. London: Macmillan & Co. 1875.
MILMAN, HENRY HART. History of Latin Christianity, including that of the Popes to Nicholas V. London: J. Murray. 1854. 6 volumes.
"I know few books more delightful and more instructive to read than Milman's 'History of Latin Christianity.' And none better discharges the work of a guide, both to the original authorities, and what we cannot neglect, to modern German writers." E. A. Freeman, Methods was of historical study, page 283.
MOELLER, WILHELM. History of the Christian Church, A.D. 1-600; translated from the German. London: S. Sonnenschein. 1892.
History of the Christian Church, in the Middle Ages. London: S. Sonnenschein. 1893.
MONSTRELET, ENGUERRAND DE. Chronicles; translated by T. Johnes. London: Geo. Routledge & Sons. 1867. 2 volumes.
A chronicle which continues that of Froissart, from 1400 to 1467, and is continued by others to 1516, especially narrating events in the Hundred Years War.
MONTALEMBERT, CHARLES F., Count de. The Monks of the West, from St. Benedict to St. Bernard; authorized translation. London: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1861-79. 7 volumes.
"His pages bring before us tales handed down by oral tradition alone for perhaps two or three generations, together with documents and letters as genuine as the despatches of the Duke of Wellington. But there is little or no effort to show that one is more valuable than the other, or to determine where the poetry which is lavish of marvellous incidents ends, and where the region of fact begins." Edinburgh Review, v. 127, page. 404.
MÜLLER, W. Political history of recent times. 1816-1875; translated [and continued to 1881] by J.,P. Peters. New York: Harper & Bros. 1882.
"For many years—as Professor of Modern History, first at the State University of Michigan, afterward at Cornell University—I had been seeking a work which should give to thoughtful students a view, large but concise, of the political history of Continental Europe in the nineteenth century. … At last I came upon the 'Politische Geschichte der Neuesten Zeit,' by Professor Wilhelm Miller, of Tübingen. … Three readings of it satisfied me that it is what is needed in America. … It is not an abridgment; it is a living history." Andrew D. White, Prefatory Note.
MURDOCK, HAROLD. The reconstruction of Europe [1852-1870]. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1889.
NATIONAL LIFE AND THOUGHT. London: T. F. Unwin. 1891.
A volume of lectures delivered at South Place Institute, London, in 1889-90, designed "to give information, in a popular form, with regard to the national development and modes of political action among the different nations throughout the world." The lecturers were generally men specially well informed on their several subjects, such as Professor J. E. Therold Rogers, Professor Pulszky. J. T. Bent, J. C. Cotton Minchin, Eirikr Magnusson, and others.
NEANDER, AUGUSTUS. General history of the Christian religion and Church; translated from the German by Joseph Torrey.
"He … made church history a book of instruction, edification and comfort, on the firm foundation of profound and accurate learning, critical mastery of the sources, spiritual discernment, psychological insight, and sound, sober judgment." P. Schaff, Saint Augustin Melanchthon, Neander, page 136.
PALGRAVE, Sir FRANCIS. History of Normandy and England. London: Macmillan & Co. 4 volumes.
PASTOR, LUDWIG. History of the Popes from, the close of the Middle Ages; translated from the German. London: J. Hodges.
A history written from the Roman Catholic standpoint.
PERIODS OF EUROPEAN HISTORY; edited by Arthur Hassal. London and New York: Macmillan & Co.
Period 1, A. D. 476-918; by Charles W. C. Oman. Period 5, A. D. 1598-1715; by Henry O. Wakeman. Period 7, A.D. 1789-1815; by H. Morse Stephens. Other periods not yet published.
RANKE, LEOPOLD VON. History of the Latin and Teutonic nations from 1494 to 1514; translated from the German. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1887.
History of the Popes in the 16th and 17th centuries; translated from the German by Mrs. Austin. London: J. Murray. 2 volumes.
ROBERTSON, JAMES C. History of the Christian Church; from the Apostolic Age to the Reformation. London: J. Murray. 1875. 8 volumes.
ROBERTSON, WM. History of the reign of the emperor Charles V.; with life of the emperor after his abdication, by W. H. Prescott. London: George Routledge & Sons. 2 volumes. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co. 3 volumes.
ROBINSON, A. MARY F. (Madame Darmesteter). The end of the middle ages. London: T. F. Unwin. 1889.
"Essays and questions in History," as follows: the Beguines and the Weaving Brothers; the Convent of Helfta; the attraction of the Abyss (Mysticism); the Schism; Valentine Visconti; the French claim to Milan; the Malatestas of Rimini; the Ladies of Milan; the Flight of Piero de' Medici; the French at Pisa.
ROSE, J. H. A century of continental history, 1780-1880. London: Edward Stanford. 1889.
Aims only at "giving an outline of the main events which have brought the Continent of Europe to its present political condition," and does so acceptably.
SCHLOSSER, F. C. History of the eighteenth century, etc.; translated by D. Davison. London: Chapman & Hall. 1843-52; 8 volumes.
SHEPPARD, JOHN G. The fall of Rome and the rise of the new nationalities. London and New York: Routledge. 1861.
"One of the best manuals for the use of a student or the Middle Ages. Perhaps its most striking characteristic is in its large dependence on original authorities, and in the stress winch it lays on the use of such authorities in the study of the period under examination." C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical Literature. 3d edition, page 168.
SMITH, I. GREGORY: Christian Monasticism, from the 4th to the 9th centuries. London: A. D. Innes & Co. 1892.
SMYTH, WM. Lectures on modern history. London: H. G. Bohn. 2 volumes.
SOREL, ALBERT. L'Europe et la Revolution française. Paris: Plon. 1885.
STEPHENS, W. R. W. Hildebrand and his Times. London: Longmans. 1888.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Church History."
STILLÉ, CHARLES J. Studies in mediæval history. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1882.
On the following topics: General characteristics of the mediæval era; the Barbarians and their invasions; the Frankish conquests and Charlemagne; Mohammed and his System; mediæval France; Germany, feudal and imperial; Saxon and Danish England; England after the Norman conquest; the Papacy to the reign of Charlemagne; the Papacy and the Empire; the struggle for Italian nationality; Monasticism, Chivalry and the Crusades: Scholastic philosophy—the Schoolmen—Universities; the laboring classes in the Middle Ages; mediæval Commerce; the era of Secularization.
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STUBBS, WILLIAM. Seventeen lectures on the study of mediæval and modern history and kindred subjects. Oxford: Clarendon Press: 1886. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1887.
Inaugural Lecture; on the Present State and Prospects of Historical Study; the Purposes and Methods of Historical Study; Learning and Literature at the court of Henry II.; the Mediæval Kingdoms of Cyprus and Armenia; on the Characteristic Differences between Mediæval and Modern History; the Reign of Henry VIII.; Parliament under Henry VIII.; history of the Canon Law in England; the Reign of Henry VII.; last statutory public lecture.
SYBEL, HEINRICH VON. History and literature of the Crusades; translated from the German. London: Chapman & Hall. 1861.
SYMONDS, JOHN ADDINGTON. The Catholic reaction. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1886. 2 volumes.
These are the concluding volumes of Symonds' "Renaissance in Italy."
TRENCH, RICHARD C. Lectures on mediæval Church history. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1878.
VAN PRAET, JULES. Essays on the political history of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries [translated from the French]. London: Richard Bentley. 1868.
VILLEMAIN, A. F. Life of Gregory VII. [Hildebrand]; preceded by a sketch of the Papacy to the 11th century; translated from the French. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1874. 2 volumes.
VOLTAIRE, F. M. AROUET DE. Annals of the empire, from the time of Charlemagne. (Works, translated by Smollett and others, 1761, volumes 20-22).
WARD, A., W. The Counter-Reformation. London: Longmans. 1889.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Church History."
WOODHOUSE, F. C. The military religious orders of the Middle Ages. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879.
GREAT BRITAIN: GENERAL.
BRIGHT, J. F. History of England. London: Rivingtons. 1880-1888. 4 volumes.
A very carefully written history, brought down to 1880; quite full in detail, and necessarily, therefore, condensed in the narrative.
BUCKLE, HENRY THOMAS. History of civilization in England. London: Longmans. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 2 volumes.
A work which has lost the great influence that it exerted when it first appeared, but which is full of suggestion, nevertheless, to one who reads it thoughtfully.
BUCKLEY, ARABELLA B. History of England for beginners. London: Macmillan & Co. 1887.
BURROWS, MONTAGU. Commentaries on the history of England from the earliest times to 1865. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1893.
A successful "attempt to interpret the History of England in accordance wit the latest researches"; "a digest and a commentary rather than an abstract or an epitome.
BURTON, JOHN HILL. History of Scotland from Agricola's invasion to the last Jacobite insurrection; new and enlarged edition. Edinburg: W. Blackwood & Sons. 8 volumes.
CALLCOTT, Lady M. Little Arthur's history of England. London: J. Murray.
Very high in the esteem of those who judge books for children most carefully.
DICEY, ALBERT V. The Privy Council: the Arnold prize essay. London: Macmillan & Co. 1887.
DUFFY, Sir CHARLES GAVAN. Bird's-eye view of Irish history. Dublin: J. Duffy & Son. 1882.
ENGLISH WORTHIES; edited by Andrew Lang. London: Longmans. 1885.
Raleigh; by Edmund Gosse. Blake; by David Hannay. Claverhouse; by Mowbray Morris Marlborough; by George Saintsbury. Shaftesbury; by H. D. Traill. Canning; by F. H. Hill. Darwin; by Grant Allen.
FORSYTH, WILLIAM; History of Trial by Jury. London: J. W. Parker. 1852.
FREEMAN, EDWARD A. The growth of the English constitution. London: Macmillan & Co. 1872.
GAIRDNER, JAMES, and JAMES SPEDDING. Studies in English history. Edinburgh. 1881.
A volume of collected essays, on the Lollards, the Historical element in Shakespeare's Falstaff, Katharine of Aragon's first and second marriages, history of the doctrine of the Divine Right of Kings, Sundays, ancient and modern, and other topics.
GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON. Historical biographies. London: Longmans. 1884.
Contains brief but excellent biographies of Simon de Montfort, Edward the Black Prince, Sir Thomas More, Sir Francis Drake, Cromwell, and William III.
A student's history of England, from the earliest times to 1885. London: Longmans. 1890—1. 3 volumes.
Professor Gardiner, being a specialist distinctly, in the one period of English history to which he has devoted himself—the period of the Stuarts—would not claim authority, of course, as an original investigator of other times; and some parts of this general text-book have been found open to criticism. But, on the whole, it can claim the first rank among text-books of its class.
GNEIST, RUDOLPH. History of the English Constitution; translated from the German. London: W. Clowes & Son. 1886. 2 volumes.
The English Parliament in its transformations through a thousand years. London: Grevel & Co. 1886.
"The work of Gneist on the English Constitution is scarcely less indispensable to the English student than the works of Stubbs and Hallam, while, as a distinguished jurist and politician in Germany, he surveys his subject from a different standpoint." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English' History, page 410.
GREEN, JOHN RICHARD. Short history of the English people. Illustrated edition, edited by Mrs. J. R. Green and Miss Kate Norgate. London: Macmillan & Co. New York: Harper & Bros. 4 volumes.
"The success of the 'Short History' was rapid and overwhelming. Everybody read it. It was philosophical enough for scholars, and popular enough for school boys. No historical book since Macaulay's has made its way so fast. … The characteristic note of his [Green's] genius was also that of Gibbon's, the combination of a perfect mastery of multitudinous details with a large and luminous view of those far-reaching forces and relations which govern the fortunes of peoples and guide the course of empire." J. Bryce, John Richard Green (Macmillan's Magazine, May, 1883).
History of the English people. London: Macmillan & Co. New York: Harper & Bros. 1878. 4 volumes.
An enlargement of the "Short History."
JOYCE, P. W. Short history of Ireland, from the earliest times to 1608. London: Longmans. 1893.
KNIGHT, CHARLES. Popular history of England; London: Bradbury & Evans. 8 volumes.
A work of great merit as a popular history, making no pretensions to original research; liberal in spirit and admirable in tone. It was one of the first works of the kind to be pictorially illustrated in a really historical way.
LANGMEAD, THOMAS P. TASWELL. English constitutional history, from the Teutonic conquest to the present time. 2d edition revised, with additions. London: Stevens & H. 1880.
LINGARD, JOHN. History of England from the first invasion by the Romans. London: Burns & Oates; 10 volumes.
English history written with general fairness from the Roman Catholic standpoint.
LOFTIE, W. J. History of London. London: E. Stanford. 1883-1884. 2 volumes with supplement.
MACAULAY, THOMAS BABINGTON, Baron. History of England from the accession of James II. London: Longmans.
A brief survey of previous events introduces the history proper which begins with the accession of James II., in 1685. As the death of the author brought his work to an abrupt end before he had finished his account of the reign of William III. (1689-1702), the history covers a period of less than eighteen years. Its extraordinary brilliancy, on the one and, and its defects of partisan prejudice and misjudgment on the other, are well known. "I can see Macaulay's great and obvious faults as well as any man; I know as well as any man the cautions with which his brilliant pictures must be studied; but I cannot feel that I have any right to speak lightly of one to whom I owe so much in the matter of actual knowledge, and to whom I owe more than to any man as the master of historical narrative." E. A. Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, page 105.
POWELL, F. YORK. History of England, to the death of Henry VII. London: F. Rivingtons.
An excellent school text-book of the early centuries of English history, presenting really one of the best succinct studies that can be found of the four centuries from the first Norman to the first Tudor. It belongs to a series of three volumes, only one other of which (the third, by Professor Tout) has appeared.
RANNIE, DAVID W. Historical outline of the English Constitution, for beginners. London: Longmans. 1882.
SKOTTOWE, B. C. A short history of Parliament. London: Sonnenschein & Co. 1892.
SMITH, G. BARNETT. History of the English Parliament; with an account of the Parliaments of Scotland and Ireland. London: Ward, Lock, B., & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
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SOUTHEY, ROBERT. Lives of the British admirals; completed by Robert Bell: London: Longmans. 1833. 5 volumes.
TRAILL, HENRY D., editor Social England; a record of the progress of the people in religion, laws, learning, arts, industry, commerce, science, literature, and manners, from the earliest times to the present day, by, various writers., London: Cassell & Co. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1894-5.
A work somewhat unequally executed by the different writers engaged; but generally admirable, and exceedingly interesting. Three volumes have thus far been issued.
TWELVE ENGLISH STATESMEN. London: Macmillan & Co; 1888-.
William the Conqueror; by Edward, A. Freeman. Henry the Second; by Mrs. J. R. Green. Edward the First; by Prof. T. F. Tout. Henry the Seventh; by James Gairdner. Cardinal Wolsey; by Bishop Creighton. Elizabeth; by E. S. Beesly. Oliver Cromwell; by Frederic Harrison. William the Third; by H. D. Traill. Walpole; by John Morley. Chatham [in preparation]; by John Morley. Pitt; by Lord Rosebery. Peel; by J. R. Thursfield.
YONGE, CHARLOTTE M. Cameos from English history. London: Macmillan. 1871-1890. Philadelphia.: Lippincott & Co.
Seven series of clear-cut historical narratives, each quite distinct in subject, but following one another in close relations of time. Many of the subjects are from Continental events which have some close connection with English history. The periods covered by the several series are defined and entitled as follows: 1. Rollo to Edward II. 2. The wars in France. 3. The wars of the Roses. 4. Reformation times. 5. England and Spain. 6. Forty years of Stewart rule. 7. Rebellion and Restoration.
GREAT BRITAIN: EARLY AND MEDIÆVAL.
BROWNE: MATTHEW. Chaucer's England. London: Hurst & Blackett. 1869. 2 volumes.
CHURCH, R. W. Saint Anselm. London: Macmillan & Co. 1870.
CREIGHTON, MANDELL. Life of Simon de Montfort, Earl of Leicester. London: Rivingtons. 1876.
ELTON, CHARLES. Origins of English history. London: B. Quaritch. 1882.
"An attempt to rearrange in a convenient form what is known of the history of this country from those obscure ages which preceded the Roman invasions to the time when the English accepted the Christian religion."— Author's opening chapter.
ENGLISH HISTORY FROM CONTEMPORARY WRITERS: The misrule of Henry III. Edward III. and his wars. Strongbow's conquest of Ireland. Simon de Montfort and his cause. The Wars of York and Lancaster. London: D. Nutt. 5 volumes.
FREEMAN, EDWARD A. History of the Norman Conquest of England; its causes and its results. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1870. 5 volumes and index.
Old English history for children. London: Macmillan & Co. 1869.
An attempt by the late Professor Freeman to make "Old English history" interesting to children, and one in which he did not fail.
The reign of William Rufus and the accession of Henry I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1882. 2 volumes.
"Taken as a whole, the seven volumes ['Norman Conquest' and 'William Rufus'] give us such a masterly philosophic analysis and such a picturesque and vivid narrative of the history of England in the eleventh century that it must be pronounced the monumental work upon which Mr. Freeman's reputation will chiefly rest." John Fiske, Edward Augustus Freeman (Atlantic Monthly, January 1893).
GAIRDNER, JAMES. History of the life and reign of Richard III. London: Longmans. 1878.
"I have, in working out this subject, always adhered to the plan of placing my chief reliance on contemporary information; and so far as I am aware, I have neglected nothing important that is either directly stated by original authorities and contemporary records, or that can be reasonably inferred from what they say." Author's preface.
The Houses of Lancaster and York, with the conquest and loss of France. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
Belonging in the excellent series of the "Epochs of Modern History"—small, but satisfactory.
GREEN, J. R. The making of England. London: Macmillan & Co. 1881.
The conquest of England. London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.
In the first of these books, Mr. Green has told the story of the Saxons and Angles in England down to the union of the land under, Ecgberht; the period of their settlement, "in which their political and social life took the form which it still retains." In the second work he continues the narrative to the Norman conquest.
GREEN, Mrs. J. R. Town life in the fifteenth century. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.
"Every page gives proof of careful research, skilful arrangement of facts, and felicitous treatment." C. J. Robinson, Review (Academy, June 16, 1894).
GROSS, CHARLES. The Gild Merchant; a contribution to British municipal history. Oxford. 1890.
Concededly the best work on the subject.
KEMBLE, JOHN M. The Saxons in England. New edition, edited and revised by W. De Gray Birch. London: B. Quaritch. 1876. 2 volumes.
"An account of the principles upon which the public and political, life of our Anglosaxon forefathers was based; and of the institutions in which those principles were most clearly manifested." Author's Preface.
"Kemble has no narrative work to compare with that of Palgrave; but the 'Saxons in England' may fairly be compared with the 'History of the English Commonwealth.' They are two great works, works of two great scholars, who assuredly are not yet superseded. They will give you two sides of the same general story." E. A. Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, page 281.
LECHLER, G. John Wiclif and his English precursors; translated from the German. London: C. K. Paul & Co. 1878. 2 volumes.
LONGMAN, WILLIAM. History of the life and times of Edward III. London: Longmans. 1869.
MAURICE, C. EDMUND. Lives of English popular leaders in the Middle Ages. London: H. S. King, 1872-5. 2 volumes.
Stephen Langton, Wat Tyler, John Ball and Sir John Oldcastle are the subjects.
NORGATE, KATE. England under the Angevin kings. London: Macmillan & Co. 1887. 2 volumes.
"In point of historical scholarship it is rarely indeed that Miss Norgate gives anything to complain of. What strikes us before all things is her firm grasp of facts and authorities. … It is a sterling book, one which places its writer very high indeed in the ranks of real scholars." E. A. Freeman, Review (English History Review, October., 1887).
OMAN, CHARLES W. Warwick, the Kingmaker. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
An excellent small book on the Wars of the Roses, written for a series entitled, "English Men of Action."
PALGRAVE, Sir FRANCIS. History of Normandy and England. London: Macmillan & Co. 1851 and 1878. 4 volumes.
A work which can almost be described as the history of Western Europe from the eighth to the end of the eleventh century, viewed especially in its connection with the movements and settlements of the Northmen.
History of the Anglo Saxons. London: W. Tegg.
Written from studies made more than sixty years ago, and subject now to considerable modification; but it is still valuable, and no later work has quite replaced it.
The rise and progress of the English Commonwealth: Anglo-Saxon period. London: Murray. 1831. 2 volumes.
See note to Kemble's "Saxons in England," above.
PASTON LETTERS, THE; 1422-1509; a new edition, edited by James Gairdner. London: [E. Arber.] 1872. 3 volumes.
"A collection of family letters written during the Wars of the Roses, which are now commonly known as the 'Paston Letters,' because most of them were written by or to particular persons of the family of Paston in Norfolk. … Mr. Gardner's Introduction of 130 closely printed pages to the first volume, 50 to the second, and 60 to the third, is a book in itself, giving a clear record of the public and private life of England from 1422 to 1509, so far as they are illustrated by, or illustrate, the 'Paston letters.'" H. Morley, English Writers, volume 6, pages 253 and 261.
PAULI, R. Life of Alfred the Great; translated from the German by B. Thorpe. London: Bohn. 1853.
PEARSON, CHARLES H. History of England during the Early and Middle Ages. London: Bell & Daldy. 1867. 2 volumes.
A work of ability which presents views of early English history considerably antagonistic to those of Stubbs, Freeman and Green, especially concerning the destructiveness of the Saxon conquest and the completeness of the break in institutional history which that event produced; also touching the results of the Norman conquest.
PROTHERO, GEORGE W. Life of Simon De Montfort. London: Longmans. 1877.
RAMSAY, Sir JAMES H. Lancaster and York: a century of English history (A. D.1399-1485). Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1892. 2 volumes.
"'Lancaster and York' is essentially a book of reference, to be at the elbow of every careful student who would know the honest fact, or would be saved indefinite quest through a score of records. … We must admit that it is not a readable book." G. Gregory Smith. Review (Academy, October 29, 1892).
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RHYS, J. Celtic Britain. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1882.
A small book, but probably the best that can be found on the subject.
ROUND, J. H. Geoffrey de Mandeville; a study of the Anarchy. London: Longmans. 1892.
Geoffrey de Mandeville, Earl of Essex, played a dishonorable but important part in the strife for the English crown between the Empress Matilda and Stephen of Blois. He is used by Mr. Round as merely a central figure in the most thorough study that has been made of that distressing time of anarchy.
ROWLEY, JAMES. The rise of the People and the growth of Parliament, 1215-1485. London: Longmans.
An interesting outline of the period in which the popular institutions of England were rooted. It is one of the little volumes in the series of the "Epochs of English History."
SCARTH, H. M. Roman Britain. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
SKENE, W. F. Celtic Scotland. Edinburgh: Edmonston & Douglas. 1876. 3 volumes.
STUBBS, WILLIAM. Constitutional history of England in its origin and development. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1874-7. 3 volumes.
"In along and careful study of the Bishop of Chester's writings I will not say that I have always agreed with every inference that he has drawn from his evidence; but I can say that I have never found a flaw in the statement of his evidence. … After five-and-thirty years' knowledge of him and his works, I can say without fear that he is the one man among living scholars to whom one may most freely go as to an oracle, that we may feel more sure with him than with any other that in his answer we carry away words of truth which he must be rash indeed who calls in question." E. A. Freeman, Methods of historical study, page 10.
The Early Plantagenets. London: Longmans. 1877.
A little volume in the series of "Epochs of Modern History," contributed by one of the master-historians.
WARBURTON, W. Edward the Third. London: Longmans.
In the series of the "Epochs of Modern History."
WRIGHT, THOMAS. The Celt, the Roman and the Saxon: a history of the early inhabitants of Britain. London: Trübner & Co. 1875.
Particularly a good summary of what is known of the Celtic and Roman periods.
History of domestic manners and sentiments in England during the Middle Ages. London: Chapman & Hall. 1862.
WYLIE, JAMES HAMILTON. History of England under Henry IV. London: Longmans. 1881-94. 2 volumes. (a third volume to come).
An elaborate and painstaking investigation of the period, producing a useful but not an interesting work.
GREAT BRITAIN: MODERN.
AIRY, OSMUND. The English restoration and Louis XIV.; from the Peace of Westphalia to the Peace of Nimwegen. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1889.
ANSON, Sir W. R. Law and custom of the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1886.
BACON, FRANCIS, Lord. History of the reign of Henry VII. [Works, edited by Spedding, et al., volume 6.] London: Longmans, 1857-62.
BAGEHOT, WALTER. The English Constitution. London: Chapman & Hall.
Not a history of the English constitution, but an essay in exposition and elucidation of its principles and its practical working. The book is one of the classics of political literature.
BAYNE, PETER. The chief actors in the Puritan Revolution; 2d edition. London: J. Clarke & Co. 1879.
BOURNE, H, R. FOX. English seamen under the Tudors. London: R. Bentley. 1868. 2 volumes.
Sir Philip Sidney. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891. London: T. F. Unwin.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
BOUTMY, ÉMILE. The English Constitution; translated from the French, with an introduction by Sir Fredrick Pollock. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
BREWER, J. S. The reign of Henry VIII. from his accession to the death of Wolsey. London: J. Murray. 1884. 2 volumes.
This work "consists of four different treatises, which were originally published as prefaces to the four volumes of 'Letters an Papers of the Reign of Henry VIII.,' edited by Professor Brewer for the Master of the Rolls. … They do not … contain a detailed systematic narrative of all that was done in the times of which they treat; but they certainly do contain a review of the reign of Henry VIII. down to the death of Wolsey, as clear sighted as it is comprehensive, drawn from the latest sources of information, carefully collected and arranged by the author himself." Preface, by James Gairdner.
BRIDGET, T. E. Life and writings of Sir Thomas More. London: Burns & Oates; 1891.
BURKE, S. HUBERT. Historical portraits of the Tudor dynasty and the Reformation period. London: J. Hodges. 1879-83. 4 volumes.
An interesting, view of Tudor times and people by a well instructed and fairly candid Roman Catholic student.
BURNET, Bishop. History of his own time. London: W. Smith. 1839. 2 volumes.
BURTON, THOMAS [member in the Parliaments of Oliver and Richard Cromwell from 1656 to 1659]. Diary; edited by J. T. Rutt. London: H. Colburn. 1828. 4 volumes.
CARLYLE, THOMAS. Oliver Cromwell's letters and speeches, with elucidations. London: Chapman & Hall. 5 volumes. CHAMBERS, ROBERT. History of the rebellion of 1745-6. Edinburgh 1847.
CHARLES I. Letters to Queen Henrietta Maria; edited by 'J. Bruce. London: Camden Society 1856.
CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, Earl of. History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England. Oxford. 1849. 7 volumes.
"What is unique in his case is the value of his facts, as contrasted with, nay as demonstrating, the inconsequence of his reasonings. Other historians, when they go wrong, can be refuted only by reference to other authorities; Clarendon can be answered out of his own lips." P. Bayne, Chief Actors in the Puritan Revolution, page 475.
COOKE, GEORGE W. History of Party, from the rise of the Whig and Tory factions, in the reign of Charles II., to the passing of the Reform Bill. London: J. Macrone. 1836. 2 volumes.
CORDERY, B. MERITON, and J. S. PHILLPOTTS. King and Commonwealth; a history of Charles I. and the great rebellion. London: Seeley & Co. Philadelphia: J. H. Coates & Co.
The principal author of this bit of compact, careful historical writing is now better known as Mrs. Bertha M. Gardiner, wife of the historian, Samuel Rawson Gardiner.
CREIGHTON, LOUISE. Life of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough. London: Rivingtons. 1879.
Life of Sir Walter Raleigh. London: Rivingtons. 1877.
DICEY, A. V. Lectures introductory to the study of the law of the Constitution. London: Macmillan & Co. 1885.
EPOCHS OF ENGLISH HISTORY. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner & Co. 8 volumes or 1 volume.
Early England to the Norman Conquest; by F. York Powell.
England a Continental Power from the Conquest to the Great Charter, 1055-1215; by Mrs. M. Creighton.
The rise of the People and the growth of Parliament, from the Great Charter to the accession of Henry VII., 1215-1485; by James Rowley.
The Tudors and the Reformation, 1485—1603, by Rt. Rev. M. Creighton
The struggle against absolute Monarchy 1603-1088; by Mrs. S. R. Gardiner.
The settlement of the Constitution, 1689-1781: by James Rowley.
England during the American and European wars, 1763—1820; by O. W. Tancock.
Modern England, 1820-1885; by Oscar Browning.
FORSTER, JOHN. Statesmen of the Commonwealth of England. London: Longmans. 1840. 7 volumes.
Biographies of Eliot, Strafford, Pym, Hampden, Vane, Marten, Cromwell. It is now known that the biography of Strafford was written for Forster by Robert Browning, and it has been separately published as Browning's work. "Mr. Forster … was not only an historical writer, but his time and energies were also largely absorbed in the journalism of the Whig party of his day, and his treatment of important questions too often betrays the influence of a strong feeling of partisanship." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English History, page 354.
FROUDE, J. A. History of England, from the fall of Wolsey to the death of Elizabeth. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner & Co. 12 volumes.
“The well-known work of Mr. Fronde abounds with graphic descriptions accompanied by much admirable and just criticism. In its composition he was largely aided by his researches among the archives at Simancas, collections which at that time had been very imperfectly investigated. Unfortunately, the conception he has formed of the character and conduct of Henry VIII. is of so strange and unreal a kind as to deprive this portion of his History of much of its value. The reign of Edward VI. is described with more impartiality, but the policy of Somerset is somewhat harshly judged. … The volumes that relate to the reign of Elizabeth are the most valuable part of the work." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English History, page 325.
Life and times of Thomas Becket. New York: C. Scribner.
GARDINER, S. R. The first two Stuarts and the Puritan revolution, 1603-1660. London: Longmans.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
History of England from the accession of James I. to the outbreak of the civil war, 1603-1642. London: Longmans. 1883-4. 10 volumes.
History of the Great Civil War, 1642-1649. London: Longmans. 1886-94. 3 volumes.
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GARDINER, S. R. History of the Commonwealth and Protectorate, 1649-1660. London and New York: Longmans. 1894. volume 1.
editor, The constitutional documents of the Puritan revolution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1889.
GASQUET, FRANCIS AIDAN. Henry VIII. and the English monasteries. London: J. Hodges. 1888. 2 volumes.
An investigation of facts connected with the suppression of the monasteries, by a learned Roman Catholic.
GEIKIE, C. The English Reformation. London: Strahan & Co. 1879.
GEORGE III. Correspondence with Lord North, from 1768 to 1783. London: J. Murray. 1867. 2 volumes.
GREVILLE, CHARLES C. F. Memoirs: a journal of the reigns of George IV., William IV., and Victoria. London: Longmans. 1874-88. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 8 volumes.
The journal is brought to a close in the year 1860.
GUIZOT, F. P. History of Richard Cromwell and the restoration of Charles II.; translated by A. R. Scoble. London: R. Bentley's Sons. 1856. 2 volumes.
History of the English revolution of 1640, commonly called the great rebellion; translated by William Hazlitt. London: H. Bohn. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1846. 2 volumes.
Monk: or the fall of the Republic and the restoration of the Monarchy in England in 1660; translated by A. R. Scoble. London: Bell & Daldy. 1866.
HALE, E. The fall of the Stuarts and Western Europe from 1678 to 1697. London: Longmans. 1876.
A small book in the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
HALL, HUBERT. Society in the Elizabethan Age. London: Sonnenschein & Co. 1887.
HALLAM, HENRY. Constitutional history of England, from the accession of Henry VII. to the death of George II. London: J. Murray. 3 volumes.
HAMILTON, J. A. Life of Daniel O'Connell. London: W. H. Allen & Co., 1888.
HEATON, WILLIAM. The three reforms of Parliament: a history, 1830-1885. London: T. F. Unwin. 1885.
HERBERT OF CHERBURY, EDWARD, Lord. History of England under Henry VIII. London: A. Herbert. 1870.
HOSMER, JAMES K. Life of Young Sir Henry Vane, Governor of Massachusetts Bay and leader of the Long Parliament. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.
A careful study from original sources of the political career of Sir Henry Vane on both sides of the sea.
HUGHES, THOMAS. Alfred the Great. London: Macmillan & Co.
HUTCHINSON, LUCY. Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson: revised, with additional notes, by C. H. Firth. London: Nimmo. 1885.
"Hutchinson represented Nottinghamshire in the Long Parliament, taking the parliamentary side; and the narrative throws much light on the conduct of the committees through which Parliament worked, and the machinery whereby it maintained its authority over the whole kingdom." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English History, page 318.
JEPHSON, HENRY. The Platform: its rise and progress. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
"In 1820 we find the word 'platform' used as describing the place from which the speakers addressed the meeting, and gradually, as we advanced into the present century, the word 'platform' by a perfectly simple and natural transition, came into general use and acceptation, not merely in the technical sense, as the place from which the Speech was made, but as descriptive of the spoken expression of public opinion outside Parliament." H. Jephson, The Platform, its rise and progress, introduction.
LECKY, W. E. H. History of England in the 18th century. London: Longmans. 1878-87. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1878-90. 8 volumes.
"Mr. Lecky's book ought to have been entitled 'Essays on the Growth of the British Empire during the Eighteenth Century.' … He has seized more clearly than most writers the fruitful idea that the importance of the eighteenth century in English history lies in the transformation of England into the British Empire, and further, that no part of British history can be understood unless the development of the Empire be regarded as a whole." A. V. Dicey, Lecky's History (Nation, April 18, 1878, page 261).
LETTERS AND PAPERS, foreign and domestic, of the reign of Henry VIII., preserved in the Public Records Office, the British Museum and elsewhere in England; arranged and catalogued by J. S. Brewer [after his death by James Gairdner], under the direction of the Master of the Rolls. London: Longmans. 1862-93. 12 volumes in 18.
LYALL, Sir ALFRED. Warren Hastings. London: Macmillan & Co. 1889.
McCARTHY, JUSTIN. The epoch of Reform, 1830-1850., London: Longmans. 1882.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
History of our own times, from the accession of Queen Victoria to the Berlin Congress. London: Chatto & Windus. 1879. 4 volumes. New York: Harper & Bros. 1880. 2 volumes.
A most readable narrative of recent history: colored by the national and partisan prejudices of the writer, as every contemporary writing of history is sure to be; but manifestly honest in intention, and a praiseworthy piece of work.
MACKINTOSH, Sir JAMES. History of the Revolution in England in 1688: comprising a view of the reign of James II.; completed, to the settlement of the crown, by the editor.
"Almost all the distinguished writers who have treated of English history are advocates. Mr. Hallam and Sir James Mackintosh alone are entitled to be called judges. But the extreme austerity of Mr. Hallam takes away something from the pleasure of reading his learned, eloquent and judicious writings. He is a judge, but a hanging judge, the Page or Buller of the High Court of Literary Justice. His black cap is in constant requisition. … Sir James, perhaps, erred a little on the other side. He liked a maiden assize and came away with white gloves, after sitting in judgment on batches of the most notorious offenders." Lord Macaulay, Sir James Mackintosh (Essays).
MAHON, Lord (afterwards Earl Stanhope). History of England, comprising the reign of Queen Anne until the Peace of Utrecht, 1701-1713. London: J. Murray. 1870.
History of England from the Peace of Utrecht [1713] to the Peace of Versailles [1783]. London: J. Murray. 7 volumes.
"Though the volumes of Lord Mahon are distinguished by research and varied learning, by a spirit at once candid, patient, and investigating—though his lordship possesses considerable ability as a narrator, and is a master of a style at once easy, flowing, and thoroughly English, yet with all his calm discrimination, and all his spirit of truth and justice, there 18 something of the leaven of old Toryism about his tone of thought." Fraser's Magazine, volume 51, page 128.
Life of William Pitt. 2d edition. London: J. Murray. 1862. 4 volumes.
MALLESON, Colonel G. B. Lord Clive. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1893.
MARTINEAU, HARRIET. History of England, A. D. 1800-1815; being an introduction to the history of the peace. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1878.
History of the Thirty Years' Peace, A. D. 1816-1846. London: G. Bell & Sons. 1877. 4 volumes.
A work which is exceedingly heavy reading, and which does not at all sustain the literary reputation of Miss Martineau. It gives, however, the most complete account we have of the thirty years following the Napoleonic wars.
MASSEY, WILLIAM. History of England during the reign of George III. 2d edition, revised and corrected. London: Longmans. 1865. 4 volumes.
"Mr. Massey is clear, succinct and nervous. He is a careful and conscientious inquirer, who searches into original and contemporary documents, and who does not take facts or adopt opinions at second hand. Mr. Massey is not a decided party man, though a Liberal in the best sense of the word." Fraser's Magazine, volume 51, page 144.
"The work is dispassionate and impartial in its tone." _J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the Study of English History, part 2, page 394._
MASSON, DAVID. Life of John Milton, narrated in connection with the political, ecclesiastical and literary history of his time. London: Macmillan & Co. 1858-80. 6 volumes and index.
"Professor Masson's 'Life of Milton' is an elaborate and often highly interesting study of all the contemporary movements—religious, political, and social—which may be supposed to have influenced the poet's genius or to have moulded the national history." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English History, page 336.
MAY, THOMAS ERSKINE. Constitutional history of England since the accession of George III., 1760-1860. London: Longmans. 1861-2. Boston: Crosby & Nichols. 2 volumes.
A continuation of Hallam's "Constitutional History."
MIGNET, F. A. History of Mary, Queen of Scots. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1887.
MOBERLY, C. E. The early Tudors: Henry VII.; Henry VIII. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1887.
A small book in the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
MOLESWORTH, WILLIAM NASSAU. History of England from 1830 to 1874. London: Chapman & Hall. 1874. 3 volumes.
MORLEY, JOHN. Edmund Burke: a historical study. London: Macmillan & Co. 1867.
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MORLEY, JOHN. Life of Richard Cobden. London: Chapman & Hall. 1881.
A fine piece of biographical writing and the best account existing, of the Anti-Corn-Law League and the struggle for free trade in England.
MORRIS, EDWARD E. The age of Anne. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1877.
The early Hanoverians. London: Longmans. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1886.
In the series entitled "Epochs of Modern History."
NAPIER, MARK. Montrose and the Covenanters. London: J. Duncan. 1838. 2 volumes.
PAUL, ALEXANDER. History of reform; a record of the struggle for the representation of the people in Parliament. 2d edition. London: Routledge & Sons. 1884.
PEPYS, SAMUEL. Diary, completely transcribed by the late Rev. Mynors Bright, with Lord Braybrooke's notes; edited with additions by H.B. Wheatley. London: George Bell & Sons. 1893. 3 volumes.
PERRY, GEORGE G. History of the Reformation in England. London: Longmans. 1886.
PORRITT, EDWARD. The Englishman at home; his responsibilities and privileges. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co. 1893.
PRIME MINISTERS OF QUEEN VICTORIA; edited by Stuart J. Reid. London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1890. New York: Harper & Bros.
Lord Beaconsfield; by J. A. Froude. Lord Melbourne; by Henry Dunckley. Sir Robert Peel; by Justin McCarthy. Gladstone; by G. W. E. Russell. Marquis of Salisbury; by H. D. Traill. Viscount Palmerston; by the Marquis of Lorne. The Earl of Derby; by George Saintsbury. The Earl of Aberdeen; by Sir A. Gordon.
RANKE, LEOPOLD VON. History of England, principally in the 17th century; translated from the German. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1875. 6 volumes.
The broadest and most philosophical study that has been made of English history in the important period from the Reformation to the Revolution.
SEELEY, J. R. The expansion of England. London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.
A comprehensive and highly suggestive survey of the colonial system of England and of her historical relations to the vast dependent empire that has been organized around her.
SMITH, GOLDWIN. Three English statesmen; a course of lectures on the political history of England. London: Macmillan & Co. 1867. New York: Harper & Bros.
The three English statesmen discussed are Pym, Cromwell and Pitt.
SMITH, R. BOSWORTH. Life of Lord Lawrence. London: Smith, Elder & Co; 1883. 2 volumes.
SOUTHEY, ROBERT. Life of Nelson. London: J. Murray.
SOUTHEY, ROBERT. Life of Wesley: the rise and progress of Methodism. London: Bell & Daldy. 1864.
STEBBING, W. Sir Walter Raleigh: a biography. Oxford. 1891.
SYDNEY, WILLIAM CONNOR. England and the English in the 18th century. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1891. 2 volumes.
THACKERAY, W. M. The four Georges: sketches of manners, morals, court and town life. London: Smith & Elder. 1861. New York: Harper & Bros.
THORNBURY, G. W. Shakespeare's England; or sketches of our social history in the reign of Elizabeth. London: Longmans. 1856. 2 volumes.
TODD, ALPHEUS. Parliamentary government in England; its origin, development and practical operation; new edition, abridged and revised by Spencer Walpole. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
A work which has grown steadily in reputation since it first appeared.
TREVELYAN, GEORGE OTTO. Early history of Charles James Fox. London: Longmans. 1880.
TULLOCH, JOHN. English Puritanism and its Leaders. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons.
Biographical essays on Cromwell, Milton, Baxter and Bunyan.
TWO CENTURIES OF IRISH HISTORY; with introduction by James Bryce. London: K. Paul & Co. 1888.
WAITE, ROSAMUND. Life of the Duke of Wellington. London: Rivingtons. 1878.
WAKELING, G. H. King and Parliament (A. D. 1603-1714). London: Blackie & Son. 1894.
One of a promising series of small books lately undertaken, entitled "Oxford Manuals of English History."
WALPOLE, SPENCER. History of England from the conclusion of the great war in 1815. London: Longmans. 1878-86. 5 volumes.
"His treatment does not exhibit any of the higher powers of philosophic generalisation; but his research is extensive; and the commercial, economic, and financial questions which now begin to enter more largely than ever into the political history of the nation, are treated with sound judgment and conspicuous moderation." S. R. Gardiner and J. B. Mullinger, Introduction to the study of English History, page 403.
WOLSELEY, G. J., Viscount. Life of John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, to the accession of Queen Anne. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1894. 2 volumes.
WRIGHT, THOMAS, editor. Queen Elizabeth and her times: a series of original letters. London: H. Colburn. 1838. 2 volumes.
Letters selected from the unpublished private correspondence of the Lord Treasurer Burghley, the Earl of Leicester, and other distinguished persons of the time.
GERMANY AND AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.
ARNDT, E. M. Werke. Leipzig. 1892-. Geist der Zeit. Erinnerungen, etc.
All-important for age of Napoleon.
ARNETH, A. V. Geschichte Maria Theresias. Wien. 1863-79. 10 volumes.
BAUMGARTEN, H. Geschichte Karls V. volumes 1-8. Stuttgart. 1885-92.
Extends only to 1639.
BENEDETTI, V., Comte. Ma Mission en Prusse. Paris. 1871.
BEUST, FRIEDRICH F., Count von. Memoirs [1830-/ 1885]. London: Remington & Co. 1887. 2 volumes.
The memoirs of a statesman who bore the leading part in the reconstruction and reconstitution of the Austrian empire after the Seven Weeks War of 1866 are necessarily important and interesting.
BEZOLD, F. VON. Geschichte der Deutschen Reformation. Berlin. 1887-90.
Theil von Oncken, Allgem. gesch. in Einzeldarstellungen. Highly praised.
BIEDERMANN, K. Dreissig jahre Deutscher geschichte; von der Thronbesteigung Friedrich Wilhelms IV bis zur aufrichtung des neuen Deutschen Kaiserthums. Breslau. 1881-2. 2 volumes.
Mein Leben und ein Stück Zeitgeschichte. Breslau. 1886-7. 2 volumes.
BISMARCK, Furst. Gesammelte werke: briefe, reden und aktenstücke; herausg. von B. Walden. 5 volumes. Berlin. 1892. Briefe. Eb. 1892.
Politische reden. Historisch-kritische gesammtausgabe besorgt von H. Kohl. Stuttgart. 1892-4. 9 volumes.
BLUM, Dr. Hans. Das Deutsche Reich zur zeit Bismarcks; politische geschichte von 1871 bis 1890. Leipzig und Wien. 1893. volumes 1-2.
BOYEN, HERMANN V. Erinnerungen aus dem Leben. Herausgegeben von F. Nippold. Leipzig. 1889-90.
Important for the war of Liberation.
BRACE, CHARLES LORING. Hungary in 1851. New York: C. Scribner. 1852.
BRACKENBURY, Colonel C. B. Frederick the Great. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1884.
A succinct, clear, well studied military history.
BROGLIE, JACQUES V. A., Duc de. Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa; translated by Mrs. Hoey and J. Lillie. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1883. 2 volumes.
"Piquant, readable, and full of interesting revelations." _Herbert Tuttle, Preface to "History of Prussia under Frederick the Great."_
BROSIEN, H. Preussische geschichte: Abth. 1. Geschichte der Mark Brandenburg im Mittelalter. Leipzig. 1887.
Das wissen der gegen wart.
BUCHWALD, G. V. Deutsches gesellschaftsleben im endenden Mittelalter. Kiel. 1885-7. 2 volumes.
BULLE, C. Geschichte der neuesten zeit, 1815-1871. Leipzig. 1886'-7. 4 volumes.
BUNSEN, CH. K. J., Freiherr v. Aus seinen Briefen und nach eigener Erinnerung geschildert, von seiner Witwe. 3 auf., vermehrt von F. Nippold. Leipzig. 1868-71. 3 volumes.
CARLYLE, THOMAS. History of Friedrich II. of Prussia. London: Chapman & Hall. New York: Harper & Bros.
See note to Tuttle's "History of Prussia." below.
COXE, WILLIAM. History of the house of Austria, 1218-1792. London: H. G. Bohn. 3 volumes.
"Besides being a work of real intrinsic merit, it has the greater distinction of being the only complete history of the House of Austria accessible to the reader of English." C. K. Adams. Manual of Historical Literature, 3d edition; page 283.
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DAHLMANN-WAITZ. Quellenkunde der Deutschen geschichte. Gottingen. 1894.
6,550 titles.
DEBIDOUR, A. Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe depuis l'ouverture du congrès de Vienne jusqu' à la clôture du congrès de Berlin (1814-1878). Paris. 1891. volumes 1-2.
DELBRÜCK, H. Das Leben des Feldmarshalls Grafen Neithardt von Gneisenau. Berlin. 1882. 2 volumes.
DICEY, EDWARD. The battlefields of 1866. London: Tinsley Bros. 1866.
The campaign [of 1866] in Germany. (Macmillan's Magazine, 14:386. 1866.)
DÖLLINGER, J. V. Das Papstthum. München: 1892.
Briefe und Erklärungen über die Vatikanischen Dekrete, 1869-87. Herausg. von F. H. Reusch. Münch. 1890.
DROYSEN, G. Gustav Adolf. Leipzig. 1869-70. 2 volumes.
Well written and by a great authority.
DROYSEN, J. G. Das Leben des Feldmarshalls Grafen Yorck von Wartenburg. 9 auf. Berlin. 1884. 2 volumes.
DUNHAM, S. A. History of the Germanic empire. London: Longmans. 1834. 3 volumes.
EGELHAAF, G. Deutsche Geschichte im zeitalter der Reformation. Berlin. 1885.
A prize work.
EHERRIER, C. DE. Histoire de la lutte des papes et des empereurs de la maison de Souabe; Paris. 1858-9. 3 volumes.
ERDMANNSDÖRFFER, B. Deutsche Geschichte vom Westphälischen Frieden bis zum Regierungsantritt Friedrichs des grossen, 1648-1740. Berlin. 1892-4. 2 volumes.
Theil von Oncken, Allgem. gesch.
FORBES, ARCHIBALD. William of Germany. London: Cassell & Co. 1888.
FORSTER, FLORENCE. A. Francis Deak, Hungarian statesman: a memoir; with a preface by M. E. Grant Duff. London: Macmillan & Co. 1880.
FREDERIC, HAROLD. The young emperor, William II. of Germany. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1891.
FREDERICK II. (called the Great.) History of my own times [1740-1745]. (Posthumous works; translated by Thomas Holcroft. volume 1. London. 1789. 13 volumes.).
FREYTAG, G. Bilder aus der Deutschen Vergangenheit. Leipzig. 18th edition. 1892. 5 volumes.
Excellent as history and as literature.
GARDINER, SAMUEL R. The Thirty Years' War, 1618-1648. (Epochs of history.) London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1874. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1876.
GERMANY, FEDERAL. CONSTITUTION OF; with an historical introduction; translated from the German. Philadelphia 1890.
Published in the Political Economy and Public Law Series of the University of Pennsylvania.
GERVINUS, G. G. Geschichte des XIX Jahrhunderts seit den Wiener Verträgen. Leipzig. 1855-66. 8 volumes.
GIESEBRECHT, W. v. Geschichte der Deutschen Kaizerzeit; Braunschweig u. Leipzig.
Five editions, last one in 1888. Extends from 911 to c. 1180.
GINDELY, ANTON. History of the Thirty Years' War; translated by A. Ten Brook. London: R. Bentley & Sons. 1884. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1884. 2 volumes.
GODKIN, EDWIN L. History of Hungary and the Magyars. London: Cassell & Co. 1853.
GÖRGEI, ARTHUR. My life and acts in Hungary, 1848-9; translated. London: D. Bogue. New York: Harper & Bros. 1852.
GÖTZ VON BERLICHINGEN. Eigne Lebensbeschreibung. In Götz Graf von Berlichingen-Rossach: geschichte des Ritters G. v. B. und seiner Familie. Leipzig. 1861.
(Also in Reclam library.)
GOULD, S. BARING. The story of Germany. London: T. F. Unwin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1886.
In the series entitled "Story of the Nations."
HALLWICH, H. Wallenstein's Ende: ungedruckte Briefe und Akten. Leipzig. 1879. 2 volumes.
HAÜSSER, L. Deutsche geschichte vom Tode Friedrichs des grossen bis zur gründung des Deutschen Bundes. Berlin. 1869. 4 volumes.
HENDERSON, ERNEST F. A history of Germany in the Middle Ages. London: George Bell & Sons. 1894.
This is the only book which brings to English readers the latest fruits of the thorough-going German investigation of German mediæval history.
HOFER, ANDREW. Memoirs of the life of; containing an account of the transactions in the Tyrol, 1809; from the German, by C. H. Hall. London: J. Murray. 1820.
HOZIER, H. M. The Seven Weeks' War. London: Macmillan & Co. 1867. 2 volumes.
HUDSON, E. H. The life and times of Louisa, Queen of Prussia. London: Hatchards. 2 volumes.
JASTROW, I. Geschichte des Deutschen Einheitstraums und seiner Erfüllung. Berlin. 1891.
A prize essay.
KLAPKA., General GEORGE. Memoirs of the war of independence in Hungary; translated by O. Wenckstern. London: C. Gilpin. 1850. 2 volumes.
KOSER, R. Friedrich der grosse als Kronprinz. Stuttgart. 1886.
König Friedrich der grosse. volumes 1. 1893. Bibl. D. G.
Greatest modern authority on Frederick.
KÖSTLIN, J. Luthers Leben. Leipzig. 1882.
LENZ, M. Martin Luther. Berlin. 1883.
Short, scholarly and well written.
KRAUSE, GUSTAV. The growth of German unity, London: David Nutt. 1892.
KUGLER, B. Wallenstein. Leipzig. 1884.
Der Neue Plutarch.
LAMPRECHT, K. Deutsche geschichte. Berlin. 1891. volumes 1-5.
Extends as yet to the Reformation.
LEGER, LOUIS. History of Austro-Hungary; translated by Mrs. Birkbeck Hill. London: Rivingtons. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1889.
LEHMANN, M. Scharnhorst. Leipzig. 1886-7.
LEWIS, CHARLTON T. History of Germany. New York: Harper & Bros. 1874.
Based on Muller's History of the German People.
LIPPERT J. Deutsche Sittengeschichte. Leipzig. 1889. 3 volumes.
Das Wissen der gegenwart.
LÖHER, F. V. Kulturgeschichte der Deutschen im Mittelalter. Münich. 1891-4. 3 volumes.
LONGMAN, F. W. Frederick the Great and the Seven Years' War. London:. Longmans, Green & Co. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1881.
LOWE, CHARLES. Prince Bismarck; an historical biography. London: Cassell & Co. 1885. 2 volumes.
MACAULAY, Lord. Frederick the Great. [Essays.] London: Longmans, Green & Co. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 3 volumes.
This fascinating essay does not in all matters represent the facts and the personages of the story as less brilliant but more careful historians of the present day depict them. [sic.]
MALET, Sir ALEXANDER. The overthrow of the Germanic confederation, 1866. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1870.
MALLESON, Colonel G. B. Battle-fields of Germany. London: V. H. Allen & Co. 1884.
Life of Prince Metternich. London: W. H. Allen & Co. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott &; Co. 1888.
Loudon [Austrian field-marshal, 1743-1790]. London: Chapman & Hall. 1884.
The refounding of the German empire, 1848-1871. London, Seeley & Co. 1893. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
MAURENBRECHER, W. Gründung des Deutschen Reichs, 1859-1871, Leipzig. 1892.
MAURICE, C. EDMUND. Revolutionary movement of 1848-9 in Italy, Austria-Hungary, and Germany. London: George Bell and Sons. 1887. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
MAXIMILIEN I. et MARGUERITE D' AUTRICHE. Correspondence, 1507-19. Paris: A. G. LeGlay. 1839. 2 volumes.
MAZADE, CH. DE. Un chancelier d' ancien régime. Le règne diplomatique de Metternich. Paris. 1889.
MENZEL, WOLFGANZ. History of Germany; translated from 4th German edition by Mrs. G. Horrocks. London: H. G. Bohn. 1848. 3 volumes.
METTERNICH, Prince. Memoirs [1773-1835]; translated by Mrs. Napier. London: Bentley & Son. 1880. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
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MITCHELL, Lieutenant-Colonel J. Life of Wallenstein. London: Jas. Fraser. 1837.
MOLTKE, HELMUTH, Graf von. Gesammelte Schriften und Denkwürdigkeiten. Berlin. 1891-2. 7 volumes.
Essays, speeches and memoirs; translated from the German. New York; Harper & Bros. 1893.
MORRIS, WILLIAM O'CONNOR. Moltke: a biographical and critical study. London; Ward & Downey. 1894.
MÜLLER, W. Field Marshal Count Moltke, 1800-1878; translated from the German. London: Sonnenschein & Co. 1870.
NIEBUHR, B. G. Lebensnachrichten über N. Herausg. von D. Hensler. Hamburg. 1838-9. 3 volumes.
ONCKEN, W. Das Zeitalter der Revolution, des Kaiserreiches und der Befreiungskriege. Berlin. 1881-87. 2 volumes.
Das Zeitalter des Kaisers Wilhelm. Berlin. 1890-02. 2 volumes.
Both in Oncken, Allg-geschichte in Einzeldarstellungen.
RANKE, LEOPOLD VON. Ferdinand I. and Maximilian II. of Austria; translated by Lady Duff Gordon. London: Longmans. 1862.
An essay on the State of Germany immediately after the Reformation.
Geschichte Wallensteins. 4 auf. Leipzig. 1880.
History of the Latin and Teutonic nations, 1494-1514; translated by Philip A. Ashworth. London: George Bell & Sons. 1887.
History of the reformation in Germany; translated by Sarah Austin. London: Longman. 1845-7. 3 volumes.
Memoirs of the House of Brandenburg and history of Prussia during the 17th and 18th centuries; translated by Sir A. and Lady Duff Gordon. London: J. Murray. 1849. 3 volumes.
Weltgeschichte, herausg. von A. Dove u. G. Winter. Leipzig. 1886-8. 9 volumes.
Extends to 15th century.
SCHACK, A. F. Graf von. Ein halbes Jahrhundert Lebenserinnerungen. Stuttgart. 1880.
SCHERER, W. Geschichte der Deutschen Literatur. Berlin. 1891.
SCHILLER, FREDERICK. History of the Thirty Years' War; [also] History of the revolt of the Netherlands to the confederacy of the Gueux; translated from the German. London: H. G. Bohn.
SEELEY, J. R. Life and times of Stein, or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic age. Cambridge: University Press. 1878. 3 volumes.
The only full, clear, broadly studied account that we have in the English language of the remarkable work of national development, by education and organization, that was begun in Prussia after her prostration by Napoleon, and which made her the nucleus of the Germanic consolidation that has taken place in our own time.
SÉGUR, L. P. History of the reign of Frederic William II., King of Prussia; translated from the French. London: Longmans. 1801. 3 volumes.
SIME, JAMES. History of Germany. London: Macmillan & Co. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1874.
An excellent brief sketch of German history by one who had been gathering material, during many years, for a larger work, but who died recently without fulfilling his purpose.
SIMON, E. Histoire du Prince de Bismarck (1847-1887). Paris. 1887.
L'empereur Guillaume et son règne. Paris. 1886.
L'empereur Frederic. Paris. 1888.
L'empereur Guillaume II et la première année de son règne. Paris. 1880.
Emperor William and his reign; translated from the French. London: Remington & Co. 1886. 2 volumes.
SMITH, THOMAS. Arminius: a history of the German people and of their customs from the days of Julius Cæsar to the time of Charlemagne. London: J. Blackwood & Co. 1861.
STILES, WILLIAM. H. Austria in 1848-49. New York: Harper & Bros. 1852-3. 2 volumes.
STOCKMAR, FRH. v. Denkwürdigkeiten. Braunschweig. 1872.
STOFFEL, Colonel Baron. Military reports addressed to the French war minister, 1800-70: translated at the [English] war office, by Captain Home. London: 1873.
These are the reports on the organization and efficiency of the Prussian army which might have deterred France from her insane declaration of war in 1870, and saved her from her great humiliation, it Napoleon III. and his reckless ministers had given attention to them.
STRAUSS, G. L. M. Men who have made the new German empire. London: Tinsley Bros. 1875. 2 volumes.
SYBEL, HEINRICH VON. The founding of the German empire, by William I.; translated by M. L. Perrin. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co. 1890—4. 5 volumes.
SZABAD, EMERIC. Hungary, past and present. Edinburg: A. & C. Black. 1854.
TAYLOR, BAYARD. School history of Germany. New York: Appleton & Co. 1874.
A compilation from David Müller's "History of the German People" more condensed than that of Charlton T. Lewis.
TESTA, GIOVANNI B. History of the war of Frederick I. against the communes of Lombardy. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1877.
TREITSCHKE, H. v. Deutsche Geschichte im 19 Jahrhundert. Leipzig. 1870-95. 5 volumes.
Extends as yet to 1847.
TRENCH, RICHARD C. Gustavus Adolphus in Germany. 2d edition. London: Macmillan & Co. 1872.
Lectures, two only of which were published in 1865.
TURNER, SAMUEL EPES. Sketch of the Germanic constitution from early times to the dissolution of the empire. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1898.
TUTTLE, HERBERT. Brief biographies: German political leaders. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons 1876.
Prince Bismarck; Dr. Falk; President Delbrück; Herr Camphausen; Prince Hohenlohe; Count von Arnim; Herr von Bennigsen; Dr. Simson; Herr Lasker; Herr Windthorst; Dr. Lewe; Herr Schulze-Delitzsche; Herr Jacoby; Herr Hasselmann; Herr Sonnemann; Professors Gneist, Virchow, Treitschke, and Von Sybel.
History of Prussia to the accession of Frederick the Great, 1134-1740. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1864.
History of Prussia Under Frederick the Great, 1740-1756. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888. 2 volumes.
In the preface to these last two volumes of his work, which he did not live to complete, Professor Tuttle remarked: "The great name of Carlyle is associated so commandingly with the reign of Frederic the Great that any other writer, who ventures to treat the same subject, is bound to make good in advance his claim to a hearing. … But my own faith was shaken when during a residence of several years in Berlin I discovered how inadequate was Carlyle's account, and probably also his knowledge, of the working system of the Prussian government in the last century,—a system which it is absolutely necessary to understand if one desires to know as well why Frederic was able to accomplish what he did, as why his successors failed to accomplish what they undertook.
VÁMBÉRY, ARMINIUS, and LOUIS HEILPRIN. The story of Hungary. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1886. London: T. F. Unwin.
In the series entitled "Story of the Nations."
VARNHAGEN v. ENSE, K. A. Denkwürdigkeiten und vermischten Schriften. Leipzig. 1871. 3 volumes.
VICKERS, ROBERT H. History of Bohemia. Chicago: C. H. Sergel & Co. 1894.
VOIGT, J. Geschichte des Deutschen Ritterordens. Berlin. 1857-59. 2 volumes.
VOSS, Gräfin von. Neunundsechzig Jahre am preussischen Hofe. 5 auf. Leipzig. 1887.
WEINHOLD, K. Die Deutschen Frauen in dem mittelalter. Wien. 1882. 2 volumes.
WHITMAN, SIDNEY. The realm of the Habsburgs. London: William Heinemann. 1893.
WILLIAMS. W. K. The Communes of Lombardy from the 6th to the 10th century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University. 1891.
WINTER, G. Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Krieges. Berlin. 1893.
Theil von Oncken, Allgem. gesch.
ZIMMERMANN, Dr. William. A popular history of Germany; translated by H. Craig. New York: H. J. Johnson. 1877. 4 volumes.
A much better history than its form of publication might lead one to suppose.
ZIMMERN, HELEN. The Hansa towns. London: T. F. Unwin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1889.
In the series entitled "Story of the Nations."
FRANCE: GENERAL.
BINGHAM, D. The Bastille. London: Chapman & Hall. 1888. 2 volumes.
CHAVANNE, DARESTE DE LA. Histoire de France. Paris. 1868-73. 8 volumes.
CREIGHTON, LOUISE. First history of France. London and New York: Longmans. 1893.
DURUY, VICTOR. History of France: abridged and translated by Mrs. Carey [to 1889]. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co.
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JERVIS, W. H. The Gallican Church. London: John Murray. 1872. 2 volumes.
KITCHIN, G. W. History of France [to 1793]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 3 volumes.
The best general history of France that one can now find in English.
LACOMBE, PAUL. The growth of a people; translated from the French. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1883.
MARTIN, HENRI. Histoire de France. Paris: Furne, Jouvet et Cie. 26 volumes.
MICHELET, JULES. Histoire de France. Paris: C. Marpon et E. Flammarion. 1879. 19 volumes.
Extends to 1789.
History of France [to 1483], translated from the French. London: Whittaker. 2 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 2 volumes.
MONOD, G. Bibliographie de l'histoire de France. Paris: Hachette. 1888.
Contains 4542 titles.
Les maîtres de l'histoire: Renan, Taine, Michelet. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1894.
RAMBAUD. Histoire de la civilization française. Paris: Colin. 1885-87. 2 volumes.
Full of new facts and views.
SOREL, A. Lectures historiques. Paris: Plon. 1894.
Covers 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries; is highly praised.
STEPHEN, Sir JAMES. Lectures on the history of France. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1851. New York: Harper & Bros. 2 volumes.
"The lectures giving most important presentations are those in which the parliaments and States-general are described." C. K. Adams, Manual of Historical literature, 3d edition, page 383.
FRANCE: TO THE REVOLUTION.
ARMSTRONG, E. The French wars of religion; their political aspects. London: Percival & Co. 1892.
AUMALE, Due d'. History of the princes de Condé, 16th and 17th centuries; translated by R. B. Borthwick. London: Richard Bentley & Sons. 2 volumes.
BAIRD, HENRY M. History of the rise of the Huguenots of France. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1879. 2 volumes. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 2 volumes.
The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1886. 2 volumes. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 2 volumes.
BEAUCOURT, G. DU FRESNE DE. Histoire de Charles VII. Paris: Alphonse Picard. 1891. 6 volumes.
Work crowned by the Academy.
BÉMONT, C., et G. MONOD. Histoire de l'Europe et en particulier de France de 395 à 1270. Paris: F. Alcan. 1891.
The best summary of the period.
BESANT, WALTER. Gaspard de Coligny. London: Marcus Ward & Co. 1879.
BROC, Vicomte de. La France sous l'ancien regîme. Paris: Plon. 1887-89. 2 volumes.
BROGLIE, Duc de. Frederic II et. Louis XV. Paris. 1885. 2 volumes.
Collected articles from the "Revue des deux mondes."
CANET. Jeanne d'Arc. Lille: Desclee. 1887.
CARRÉ, H. La France sous Louis XV.
An interesting study.
CHANTELAUZE, R. Portraits historiques [De Commynes, Condé, Mazarin, etc.]. Paris. 1886.
CHARLOTTE ELIZABETH, Princess Palatine. Life and letters, 1652-1672. London: Chapman & Hall. 1889.
CLERMONT, LOUIS DE. Un mignon de la cour de Henri III. Paris. 1885.
The life of a rascally but attractive governor of Anjou: "le brave Bussy."
COIGNET, Madame C. François I. Paris: Plon. 1885.
COMBES, F. Madame de Sevigne, historien. Paris. 1885.
COMINES, PHILIP DE. Memoirs [Louis XI. and Charles VIII.] London: George Bell & Sons (Bohn). 2 volumes.
COSNAC, JULES, Comte de. Mazarin et Colbert. Paris: Plon. 1892. 2 volumes.
Souvenirs du règne de Louis XIV. Paris. 1874-81. 8 volumes.
COSTELLO, LOUISA S. Jacques Cœur: the French Argonaut and his times. London: R. Bentley & Co. 1847.
DECRUE, FRANCIS. Anne de Montmorency, grand maître et grand connetable de France. Paris: Plon. 1885.
FERRIÈRE, HECTOR DE LA. La Saint-Barthélmy. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1892.
GEFFROY, A. Madame de Maintenon d'aprés sa correspondance authentique. Paris: Hachette. 1887.
GODWIN, PARKE. History of France: Ancient Gaul. New York: Harper & Bros. 1860.
HANOTAUX, GABRIEL. Études historiques sur Ie XVI et XVII siècle en France. Paris: Hachette. 1886.
Essays on Francis I;, Catherine de Medicis, etc.
Histoire du cardinal de Richelieu: La jeunesse de Richelieu, 1585-1614. Paris. 1893.
HOZIER, Captain H. M. Turenne. London: Chapman & Hall. 1885.
JAMISON, D. F. Life and times of Bertrand du Guesclin; a history of the 14th century. London: Trübner & Co. 1864. 2 volumes.
JOINVILLE, Sire de. Saint Louis, king of France [1254-1317]; translated by J. Hutton. London: Low, Marston & Co.
LARCHEY, LOREDAN. History of Bayard; compiled by The Loyal Serviteur; translated from the French. London: Chapman & Hall. 1883.
LECESTRES, L. Memoires de gourville. Paris. 1894.
Published by La société de l'histoire de France. Covers period from 1646-1697, and is most curious.
LEMONNIER. L'art français au temps de Richelieu et de Mazarin. Paris: Hachette. 1893.
A study of art in connection with history.
LUCE, SIMÉON. La France pendant la guerre de cent ans. Paris. 1890.
Public and private life in 14th and 15th centuries.
Jeanne D'Arc à Domremy; recherches critiques sur les origines de la mission de la Pucelle. Paris: H. Champion. 1886.
LUCHAIRE, ACHILLE. Les communes françaises à l'époque des Capétiens directs. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1890.
MARTIN, HENRY. History of France: age of Louis XIV.; translated by Mrs. Booth. Boston: Walker, Wise & Co. 2 volumes.
MERLE D'AUBIGNE, J. H. History of the reformation in the time of Calvin: translated from the French. London: Longmans. New York: Robert Carter & Bros. 8 volumes.
MONTPENSIER, M'lle de. Memoirs [1627-1683]; translated from the French. London: Henry Colburn. 3 volumes.
MORRISON, J. COTTER. Madame de Maintenon: an étude. London: Field & Tuer.
PARIS, PAULIN. Études sur François I. Paris: Leon Téchener. 1885. 2 volumes.
PERKINS, JAMES BRECK. France under Mazarin. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1886. 2 volumes.
"About a third of the work is given to Richelieu; about a third (six chapters out of twenty) to the Fronds; and three chapters at the end are of a general nature, upon the administration, society, and religion. The reader lays aside the book with a higher estimate of Mazarin's ability and character. The style is for the most part excellent— serious and perspicuous in discussion and in the delineation of character, animated in narration." The Nation, September 9, 1886.
France under the regency. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892. London: Macmillan & Co.
PERRY, WALTER C. The Franks. London:. Longmans, Green & Co. 1857.
RANKE, LEOPOLD VON. Civil wars and monarchy in France, 16th-17th centuries: translated by M. A. Garvey. London: Richard Bentley & Son. 1852. New York: Harper & Bros.
RETZ, Cardinal de. Memoirs [1614-1655]; translated from the French. 3 volumes.
ROBINSON, A. MARY F. (Madame Darmesteter). Margaret of Angoulême, Queen of Navarre. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1886.
SAINT-SIMON, Duc de. Mémoires, p. p. de Boislisle. Paris: Hachette. 10 volumes.
The edition published in the collection entitled "Grands Ecrivains de France."
Memoirs on the reign of Louis XIV. and the regency [1692-1723]. Abridged from the French by Bayle St. John. London: Chapman & Hall. 1857. 4 volumes.
SEPET, MARIUS. Jeanne d'Arc. Tours: Alfred Marne. 1891.
SMILES, SAMUEL. The Huguenots. London: John Murray: 1867. New York: Harper & Bros.
TAINE, H. A. The ancient regime; translated from the French. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1876.
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THIERRY, AUGUSTIN. Formation and progress of the tiers état in France; translated. London: T. Bosworth. 1855. 2 volumes.
THIERS, ADOLPHE. The Mississippi Bubble; a memoir of John Law. New York: W. A. Townsend & Co. 1859.
WEILL, G. Saint-Simon et ses oeuvres. Paris: Perrin. 1894.
WILLERT, P. F. Henry of Navarre and the Huguenots in France. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons; 1893.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
FRANCE: THE REVOLUTION AND AFTER.
ABRANTES, Duchess d' (Madame Junot). Memoirs of Napoleon, court and family; translated from the French. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 2 volumes.
ADAMS, CHARLES K. Democracy and monarchy in France. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1874.
ALGER, JOHN G. Glimpses of the French Revolution; myths, ideals and realities. London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1894.
BARANTE, CLAUDE DE. Souvenirs du Baron de Barante. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1893-4. 4 volumes.
Correspondence with Chateaubriand, Guizat, M. de Rémusat, etc.
BERTIN, ERNEST. La société du Consulat et de l'Empire. Paris. 1890.
A work brilliant and distinguished in its style.
BERTRAND, P. Lettres inédites de Talleyrand à Napoleon. Paris: Perrin. 1889.
BLANC, LOUIS. History of ten years, 1830-1840; translated by W. K. Kelly. London: Chapman & Hall. 1845. 2 volumes. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. 2 volumes.
BLENNERHASSET, Lady. Talleyrand; translated from the German. London: J. Murray. 1894. 2 volumes.
BOURRIENNE, FAUVELET DE. Private memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte; [translated from the French]. London: Henry Colburn & R. Bentley. 4 volumes. New York: T. Y. Crowell & Co. 4 volumes.
BRETTE, ARMAND. Serment du Jeu de Paume. Paris. 1894.
BROC, Vicomte de. La France pendant la revolution. Paris: Plon. 2 volumes.
A work crowned by the Academy.
BROWNING, OSCAR. Modern France, 1814-1879. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1880. New York: Harper & Bros.
BURKE, EDMUND. Reflections on the Revolution in France; edited, with notes, by F. G. Selby. London: Macmillan & Co. 1890.
CARLYLE, THOMAS. The French revolution. London: Chapman & Hall. 3 volumes.
"The great name of Carlyle has made men wary of seeming to tread in his path, and the mass of English readers are therefore left in ignorance of the many points in which he erred, not wilfully, but from the scantiness of the information at his disposal." _H. Morse Stephens, Preface to "History of the French Revolution." _
CAVAIGNAC, Madame. Memoires d'une inconnue. Paris: Plon. 1894.
Manners and customs at beginning of century.
CLARETIE, JULES. Camille Desmoulins and his wife. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
CLÉRY, J. B. C. H. Journal at the Temple during confinement of Louis XVI. London. 1798.
CROKER, JOHN W. Essays on the early period of the French revolution. London: John Murray. 1857.
DICKINSON, G. LOWES. Revolution and reaction in modern France. London: George Allen. 1892.
DUMONT, ETIENNE. Recollections of Mirabeau; [translated from the French]. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea.
FAURIEL, CLAUDE. The last days of the consulate; edited by Lalanne. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1885.
FLERS, DE: Le comte de Paris. Paris: Perrin. 1887.
FOURNIER, Dr. A. Napoleon I. Leipzig: Freytag. 1888-9.
FRANCO-GERMAN WAR, 1870-1871; translated from the German official account. London. 1874-84. 5 volumes.
GARDINER, BERTHA M. The French revolution. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1882.
A sketch condensed to the last degree, and yet not lifeless, nor without suggestions of meaning and relation in the events narrated.
GAUTIER. HIPPOLYTE. L'an 1789. Paris: Delagrave. 1889.
GORCE, PIERRE DE LA. Histoire de la séconde république française. Paris: Plon. 1887. 2 volumes.
HAUSSONVILLE, Vicomte d'. The Salon of Madame Necker; translated by H. M. Trollope. London: Chapman & Hall. 1882.
HAZLITT, WILLIAM. Life of Napoleon. London: 4 volumes.
HOLST, HERMANN VON. The French Revolution tested by Mirabeau's career; lectures at the Lowell Institute. Chicago: Callaghan & Co. 1894.
HOOPER, GEORGE. Campaign of Sedan. London: George Bell & Sons. 1887.
HOZIER, Captain H. M., editor. The Franco-Prussian War. London: W. Mackenzie. 2 volumes.
HUGO, VICTOR. The history of a crime; [translated from the French]. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1877-1879. 4 volumes.
JERVIS, W. H. The Gallican church and the revolution. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1882.
JOMINI, Baron H. DE. Life of Napoleon; translated by H. W. Halleck. New York: D. Van Nostrand. 4 volumes.
Of value, no doubt, to military students, but absurdly written as though narrated by Napoleon in the other world to a ghostly audience of the great warriors of the past.
LAMARTINE, ALPHONSE DE. History of the Girondists. London: George Bell & Sons (Bohn). New York: Harper & Bros. 3 volumes.
LANFREY, P. History of Napoleon I. [translated from the French]. London: Macmillan & Co. 1871-9. 4 volumes.
A review of the career of Napoleon by a stern judge, but one who is generally just. The author died before his work was finished.
LA ROCHEJAQUELEIN, Marchioness de. Memoirs [1792-1802]; translated from the French. Edinburgh: Constable & Co. (1827).
LA ROCHETERIE, MAXIME DE. Life of Marie Antoinette; translated from the French. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1893.
LATIMER, ELIZABETH W. France in the nineteenth century, 1830-1890. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1892.
A useful compilation of recent French history.
LEVY, ARTHUR. The private life of Napoleon, from the French. London: R. Bentley & Son. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
LEWES, GEORGE H. Life of Robespierre. London: Chapman & Hall. Philadelphia: Carey & Hart. 1849.
LISSAGARAY, P. O. History of the commune of 1871; translated by E. M. Aveling. London: Reeves & Turner. 1886.
LOCKWOOD, HENRY C. Constitutional history of France, 1789-1889. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. 1890.
LOMÉNIE, LOUIS DE. Beaumarchais and his times; translated by H. S. Edwards. London: Addey & Co. 1856. 4 volumes. New York: Harper & Bros.
LOWELL, EDWARD J. The eve of the French-revolution. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.
In Mr. Lowell's view, the year 1789 is a date which "marks the outbreak in legislation and politics of ideas which had already been working for a century, and which have changed the face of the civilized world." His book is a thoughtful study of those ideas in their rise and development.
MACDONALD, Marshal. Recollections; translated from the French. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1892. 2 volumes.
MACDONELL, JAMES. France since the first empire. London: Macmillan & Co. 1879.
MAHAN, Captain ALFRED T. The influence of sea power upon the French revolution and Empire. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
A book which has produced a new conception of the importance of naval power in history.
MARBOT, Baron de. Memoirs [1793-1814]; translated by A. J. Butler. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
"It is as the vivacious exponent of the spirit of the Grande Armée that he possesses the most serious interest for the historical student. Others have chronicled the deeds of that army, others have contributed to its anecdotic history, others have surpassed him in the skilful narration of its military achievements; but no one except Marbot has so unwittingly but so truly revealed its spirit in all its heroism and its weakness." H. M. Stephens, Review (Academy, May 21, 1892).
MARCEAU, SERGENT. Reminiscences of a regicide [1751-1847]; edited by M. C. M. Simpson. London: Chapman & Hall. 1889.
MARIE LOUISE [wife of Napoleon]. Correspondance. Paris: Klinckzieck. 1887.
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MARZIALS, FRANK T. Life of Leon Gambetta. London: Allen & Co. 1890.
MAULDE-LA-CLAVIÈRE, R; DE. Les origines de la revolution française. Paris: Leroux. 1889.
MÉNEVAL, Baron de. Memoirs illustrating the history of Napoleon I., from 1802 to 1815; translated from the French. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.
MÉZIÈRES, A. Vie de Mirabeau. Paris: Hachette. 1892.
MIGNET, FRANÇOIS A. M. History of the French revolution, 1789-1814; translated from the French. London: George Bell & Sons.
MITCHELL, Lieutenant-Colonel J. The fall Of Napoleon. London: G. W. Nickisson. 1845. 3 volumes.
MOLTKE, Count von. Franco-German war of 1870-1871. London: Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. 1891. 2 volumes. New York: Harper & Bros.
MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR. Diary and letters [1788-1794]; edited by A. C. Morris. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1888. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 2 volumes.
Gouverneur Morris succeeded Jefferson as American Minister to Franca in 1792; but he had been in France most of the time since 1789, and he remained until 1794. His diary of the events of those terrible years is the most valuable record that has come down from them.
NAPIER, Lieutenant-General. Sir William. F. P. History of the war in the Peninsula. 1807-1814. London: G. Routledge & Sons. 6 volumes.
NAPOLEON I. Oeuvres litteraires. Tancrède Martel. Paris: 1888. 4 volumes.
Contains letters, memoirs, etc.
NOLHAC, DE. Marie Antoinette. Paris: Alph. Lemerre. 1892.
PALLAIN, G. Correspondance diplomatique de Talleyrand. Paris: Plon. 1891.
PASQUIER, ETIENNE DENIS, Duc. History of my time: memoirs; translated from the French, New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 1893-4. volumes 1-2.
The Chancellor Pasquier was an observer and a prominent actor in events during the whole period of, the Revolution, the Consulate and the Empire.
PONCHALON, HENRI DE. Souvenirs de guerre. Paris. 1893.
Written by a colonel who fought at Sedan.
PRESSENSÉ, EDMOND DE. Religion and the reign of terror; translated by J. P. Lacroix. New York: Carlton & Lanahan.
RÉMUSAT, Madame de. Memoirs, 1802-1808; translated by Mrs. Hoey and J. Lillie. London: Low, Marston & Co. 2 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co; 3 volumes.
RÉMUSAT, PAUL DE. Thiers; translated from the French. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1889.
ROCHECHOUART, DE. Souvenirs sur la revolution, l'empire et la restauration. p. p. son fils. Paris. 1889.
ROCQUAIN, FELIX. The revolutionary spirit preceding the French revolution; translated by J. D. Hunting; with introduction by Professor Huxley. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1891. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.
A work warmly commended by Mr. Lecky, as well as by Professor Huxley.
ROLAND, Madame M. J. P. An appeal to impartial posterity; translated from the French. London: J. Johnson. 2 volumes.
ROPES, JOHN CODMAN. The campaign of Waterloo; a military history. 2d edition. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1893.
ROSE, J. H. The Revolutionary and Napoleonic era, 1789-1815. Cambridge: University Press. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
In the "Cambridge Historical Series."
SAY, LÉON. Turgot; translated by M. B. Anderson. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.
SEELEY, JOHN R. Short history of Napoleon the First. Boston: Roberts Bros. 1886.
An excellent sketch of the career of Napoleon, written with severity but righteousness of judgment.
SEPET, MARIUS. Napoléon. Paris. Perrin. 1894.
SIMON, JULES. The government of M. Thiers, 1871-1873; translated from the French. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1879. 2 volumes. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 2 volumes.
SOREL, ALBERT. L'Europe et la révolution française. Paris: Plon. 1892. 4 volumes.
STAEL-HOLSTEIN, Madame de. Considerations on the French revolution; translated from the French. 2 volumes.
STEPHENS, H. MORSE. History of the French revolution. London: Rivingtons. New York: C. Scribner' Sons. 1886. volumes 1-2.
editor. Principal speeches of the statesmen and orators of the French revolution. 1789-1795. Oxford: Clarendon Press. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1892. 2 volumes.
In the two volumes which have appeared, Mr. Stephens has fully justified his undertaking to write a history of the French Revolution based on the abundant new material that has come to light since Thiers, Carlyle Sybel, Michelet and Mignet wrote.
SYBEL, HEINRICH VON. History of the French revolution: translated from the German by W. C. Perry, London: John Murray. 4 volumes.
A philosophical study of the Revolution especially in its relations to European politics.
TAINE, HIPPOLYTE A. The French revolution; translated by J. Durand. London: Low, Marston & Co. 2 volumes. New York: H. Holt & Co. 3 volumes.
The modern regime; translated by J. Durand; volume 1. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1890. London: Low, Marston & Co. 2 volumes.
TALLEYRAND; Prince de. Memoirs; translated by R. L. de Beaufort. London: Griffith, Farran & Co. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891. 5 volumes.
These memoirs, long waited for, were a disappointment when they appeared, containing little that was not well understood before.
TÉNOT, EUGENE. Paris in December, 1851: the coup d' état; translated from the 13th French edition. New York: Hurd & Houghton.
THIERS, LOUIS ADOLPHE. History of the French revolution; translated by F. Shoberl. London: R. Bentley & Son. 5 volumes. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 4 volumes.
History of the consulate and the empire of France under Napoleon; translated from the French. London: G. Bell & Sons (Bohn). Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 5 volumes.
The histories of M. Thiers have been losing their early reputation under criticisms which challenge their accuracy and question their spirit. He wrote as a champion of the Revolution and an admirer of the "glory" of the Napoleonic period,—not always in the temper of a scrupulous historian.
THOUVENEL. Episode d' histoire contemporaine. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1893.
THUREAU-DANGIN. Historie de la monarchie de Juillet. Paris: Plon. 7 volumes.
Twice crowned by the Academy.
TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE. On the state of society in France before 1789; translated by H. Reeve. London: John Murray. 1856.
Souvenirs. Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1893.
TUCKERMAN, BAYARD. Life of Lafayette. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1889. 2 volumes. London: Low, Marston & Co.
VÉSINIER, P. History of the commune of Paris; translated by J. V. Weber. London: Chapman & Hall. 1872.
VYRÉ, F. DE. Marie Antoinette, sa vie, sa mort. Paris: Plon. 1889.
WASHBURNE, ELIHU B. Recollections of a minister to France, 1869-1877. London: Low, Marston & Co. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1887. 2 volumes.
YOUNG, ARTHUR. Travels in France 1787-1789; edited by M. B. Edwards. London; G. Bell & Sons. 1889. 2 volumes.
ITALY.
Works in the Italian language were selected for this list by Mr. William Roscoe Thayer, author of "The Dawn of Italian Independence."
ARRIVABENE, Count CHARLES. Italy under Victor Emmanuel. London: Hurst & Blackett. 1862. 2 volumes.
BALBO, C. Storia d'Italia [476-1848].
BENT, J. T. Genoa. London: C. K. Paul & Co. 1881.
BERSEZIO, V. Regno di Vittorio Emanuele II. 1878. 4 volumes.
BONGHI, R. Vita di Valentino Pasini.
BOSSI. Istoria d'Italia. 1819.
BOTTA, C. Storia dei popoli italiani [300-1789].
BROWN, HORATIO F. Venice; an historical sketch of the republic. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1893.
BROWNING, OSCAR. Guelphs and Ghibellines; a short history of mediæval Italy, 1250-1409. London: Methuen & Co. 1893.
BURCKHARDT, JACOB. The civilization of the period of the Renaissance in Italy; translated from the German. London: C. K. Paul & Co. 1878. 2 volumes.
CANTU, C. Cronistoria dell' Indipendenza Italiana. Gli eretici d'Italia.
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CAVOUR, C. Lettere edite ed inedite. 1887. 6 volumes.
CESARESCO, Countess EVELYN M. The liberation of Italy, 1815-1870. London: Seeley & Co. 1894.
DENINA, C. Rivoluzioni d'Italia. 3 volumes.
FARINI, L. C. La stato Romano.
GALLENGA, ANTONIO. History of Piedmont. London: Chapman & Hall. 1855. 3 volumes.
GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE. Autobiography; translated by A. Werner. London: W. Smith & Innes. 1889. 3 volumes.
GIANNONE, P. Istoria civile del regno di Napoli. 1873.
GIESEBRECHT, F. G. B. VON. Geschichte der Deutschen Kaiserzeit.
GODKIN, G. S. Life of Victor Emmanuel II., first King of Italy. London: Macmillan & Co. 1879. 2 volumes.
GUALTEIRO, F. A. Gli ultimi Revolgimenti italiani.
GUICCIARDINI, F. Storia florentina.
HUNT, WILLIAM. History of Italy. London: Macmillan & Co. 1873. New York: H. Holt & Co.
A sketch of Italian history in "Freeman's Historical Course for Schools."
LA FARINA, G. Storia d' Italia dal 1789.
LANGE. Geschichte der Römischen Kirche.
MACHIAVELLI, NICCOLO. Historical, political and diplomatic writings; translated by C. E. Detmold. Boston: Osgood & Co. 1882. 3 volumes.
Life of Machiavelli. History of Florence. The Prince. Discourses on Livius. Thoughts of a statesman. Missions. Miscellaneous.
MARRIOTT, J. A. R. The makers of modern Italy: Mazzini, Cavour, Garibaldi. London: Macmillan & Co. 1889.
MARTIN, H. Vie de D. Manin.
MAZADE, CHARLES DE. Life of Count Cavour; translated from the Italian. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1877.
MURATORI, L. A. Annali d' Italia dal principio dell' êra volgare sino al 1750. Milano: 1818. 18 volumes.
NAPIER, HENRY E. Florentine history. London: E. Moxon. 1846. 6 volumes.
OLIPHANT, Mrs. M. O. W. The Makers of Florence. London: Macmillan & Co. 1877.
PERRENS, F. T. History of Florence, from the domination of the Medici to the fall of the republic; translated from the French. London: Methuen & Co. 1892.
PROBYN, J. W. Italy from the fall of Napoleon I., in 1815, to 1890. London: Cassell & Co. 1891.
QUINET, E. Révolutions d' Italie (1852).
RAUMER, FRIEDRICH L. G. YON. Geschichte der Hohenstaufen.
REUCHLIN. Geschichte Italiens.
REUMONT, ALFRED VON. Historie de Florence. Lorenzo de' Medici, the Magnificent; translated from the German. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1876. 2 volumes.
ROBERTSON, ALEXANDER. Fra Paoli Sarpi, the greatest of the Venetians; London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1894.
ROCQUAIN. La Papauté an moyen âge.
ROMANIN, S. Storia documentata di Venezia. 1853.
ROSCOE, WILLIAM. Life and pontificate of Leo X. London: H. G. Bohn. 2 volumes.
Life of Lorenzo de' Medici, called the Magnificent. London: H. G. Bohn.
SCHIRRMACHER. Kaiser Friedrich II.
SISMONDI, J. C. L. DE. Les republiques italiennes. 1826.
History of the Italian Republics. London: Longmans. New York: Harper & Bros.
A greatly abridged translation at Sismondi's work.
SYMONDS, JOHN A. Renaissance in Italy. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1875-86. 7 volumes.
The Age of the Despots. The Revival of Learning. The Fine Arts. Italian Literature. The Catholic Reaction.
THAYER, WILLIAM ROSCOE. The dawn of Italian independence. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1893. 2 volumes.
A history of Italy from the Congress of Vienna, 1814, to the fall of Venice, 1849, which leaves nothing more to be desired for that important period.
TIRABOSCHI, G. Storia della letteratura italiana. 3d edition. Venezia: 1823-5. 27 volumes.
TROLLOPE, T. A. History of the Commonwealth of Florence. London: Chapman & Hall. 1865. 4 volumes.
TROYA, C. Italia nel medio-evo.
URQUHART, W. P. Life and times of Francesco Sforza, Duke of Milan. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1852. 2 volumes.
VILLANI, G. M. e F. Cronaca.
VILLANI, P. Niccolò Machiavelli.
La storia di Girolamo Savonarola.
VILLARI, PASQUALE. History of Girolamo Savonarola and of his times; translated from the Italian. London: Longmans. 1863. 2 volumes.
Niccolo Machiavelli and his times; translated from the Italian. London: C. K. Paul & Co. 1878-83. 4 volumes.
The two first centuries of Florentine history. London: T. F. Unwin. 1894.
Ed. Storia politica, 476-1878. 8 volumes.
ZELLER, J. S. Abérge de l'historie d'Italie (476-1864).
OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
BURKE, U. R. History of Spain. London and New York: Longmans. 1805.
CARLYLE, THOMAS. The early kings of Norway. New York: Harper & Bros. 1875.
COPPÉE, HENRY. History of the conquest of Spain by the Arab-Moors. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1881. 2 volumes.
CREASY, Sir EDWARD S. History of the Ottoman Turks; revised edition. London: R. Bentley & Son. 1877. New York: H. Holt & Co.
DAVIES, C. M. History of Holland to the end of the 18th century. London: J. W. Parker. 1841. 3 volumes.
DU CHAILLU, PAUL B. The Viking age. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1889. 2 volumes.
FINLAY, GEORGE. History of Greece; new edition, revised by H. F. Tozer. London: Macmillan & Co. 1877. 7 volumes.
"George Finlay, more perhaps than any other modern writer, belongs to the same class as these earlier historians who began a story of remote ages and carried it on into times and scenes in which they were themselves spectators and actors. … While Grote put forth volume after volume amid the general applause of scholars, Finlay toiled on at his thankless task, amid every form of neglect and discouragement, till he made a few here and there understand that there was a Roman Empire of the East. Full of faults his book is, in form, in matter, in temper; but it is a great work all the same." E. A. Freeman, Methods of Historical Study, pages 285-286.
FLETCHER, C. R. L. Gustavus Adolphus and the struggle of Protestantism for existence. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1890.
In the series entitled "Heroes of the Nations."
FREEMAN, EDWARD A. The Ottoman power in Europe. London: Macmillan & Co. 1877.
GEIJER, ERIC GUSTAVE. History of the Swedes, first part; translated from the Swedish. London: Whittaker & Co.
GRIFFIS, W. E. Brave little Holland, and what she has taught us. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1894.
HAMLEY, General Sir EDWARD. The war in the Crimea. London: Seeley & Co. 1891.
In the series entitled "Events of Our Own Time."
HUG, Mrs. LINA and R. STEAD. Switzerland. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.
In the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."
KEARY, C. F. Norway and the Norwegians. London: Percival. 1892.
KINGLAKE, A. W. The invasion of the Crimea. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood & Sons. 1863-80. N. Y.: Harper & Bros. 6 volumes.
MOLTKE, Count HELMUTH VON. Poland: an historical sketch: translated from the German. London: Chapman & Hall. 1885.
MORFILL, W. R. The story of Poland. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1893.
The story of Russia. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1890.
In the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."
MOTLEY, JOHN LOTHROP. The rise of the Dutch Republic. New York: Harper & Bros. 1856. 3 volumes.
History of the United Netherlands, from the death of William the Silent to the Synod of Dort. New York: Harper & Bros. 1861-8. 4 volumes.
Life and death of John of Barneveld. New York: Harper & Bros. 2 volumes.
"He paints the confused scenes of the period he has chosen to describe—its great and little passions, its atrocious and its noble men, its terrible sieges and picturesque festivals, bridals in the midst of massacres, its fights upon the sea and under the sea, its torture-fires and blood-baths—in vivid colors, with a bold free hand, and with a masterly knowledge of effect. Whatever was dramatic in those fierce conflicts he has seized; whatever is peculiar or striking in character, he has penetrated; whatever is significant of time or place, he appropriates: while he has never forgotten the great purpose of history, which is the illustration of moral power." P. Godwin, Out of the Past, page 439.
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PONTALIS, A. L. John DeWitt, Grand Pensionary of Holland. London: Longmans. 1885. 2 volumes.
POOLE, STANLEY LANE. The story of Turkey. New York: G. P. Putnam s Sons. London: T. F. Unwin. 1888.
In the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."
PRESCOTT, W. H. History of the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic; revised edition. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1882. 3 volumes.
PRESCOTT, W. H. History of the reign of Philip II., king of Spain. Boston: 1855-8. volumes 1-3 [left unfinished].
RAMBAUD, ALFRED. History of Russia, to 1877; translated from the French. London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1879. 2 volumes.
RANKE, LEOPOLD VON. History of Servia; translated from the German. London: H. G. Bohn. 1853.
SCHUYLER, EUGENE. Peter the Great, emperor of Russia. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1884. 2 volumes.
STEPHENS, H. MORSE. The story of Portugal. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
One of the best books in the series entitled "The Story of the Nations."
VOLTAIRE, M. DE. History of Charles XII.; edited by O. W. Wight. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1881.
WATSON, PAUL B. The Swedish revolution under Gustavus Vasa. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1889.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: GENERAL.
A considerably extensive bibliography of Aboriginal America and of the European discovery and exploration, will be found in Appendix F. to volume 1.
AMERICAN COMMONWEALTHS; edited by Horace E. Scudder. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 14 volumes.
Virginia; by John Esten Cooke. Oregon; by William Barrows. Maryland; by William Hand Browne. Kentucky; by N. S. Shaler. Michigan; by T. M. Cooley. Kansas; by L. W. Spring. California; by Josiah Royce. New York; by Ellis H. Roberts (2 volumes.). Connecticut; by Alexander Johnston. Missouri; by Lucien Carr. Indiana; by J. P. Dunn. Jr. Ohio; by Rufus King. Vermont; by Rowland E. Robinson.
AMERICAN HISTORY SERIES. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1892.
The Colonial Era; by George Park Fisher.
The French War and the Revolution; by William Milligan Sloane. (Other volumes in preparation.)
AMERICAN STATESMEN; edited by John T. Morse, Jr. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1882-93. 25 volumes.
George Washington; by Henry Cabot Lodge. Benjamin Franklin; by John T. Morse. Jr. Samuel Adams; by James K. Hosmer. Patrick Henry; by Moses Colt Tyler. John Adams; by John T. Morse, Jr. Alexander Hamilton; by Henry Cabot Lodge. Thomas Jefferson; by John T. Morse. Jr. John Jay; by George Pellew. Gouverneur Morris; by Theodore Roosevelt. James Madison; by Sidney Howard Gay. John Marshall; by Allan B. Magruder. Albert Gallatin; by John Austin Stevens. James Monroe; by Daniel C. Gilman. John Quincy Adams; by John T. Morse, Jr. John Randolph; by Henry Adams. Andrew Jackson; William G. Sumner. Martin Van Buren; by Edward M. Shepard. Thomas H. Benton; by Theodore Roosevelt. Daniel Webster; by Henry Cabot Lodge. Henry Clay: by Carl Schurz (2 volumes). John C. Calhoun; by Dr. H. von Holst. Lewis Cass; by Andrew C. McLaughlin. Abraham Lincoln; by John T. Morse, Jr.(2 volumes).
ANDREWS, ELISHA BENJAMIN. History of the United States. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1894. 2 volumes.
Not such a history, either in style of writing or skill of handling, as should have been expected from the President of Brown University, but yet to be welcomed until something better comes to supply the need of an intermediate work, between the school textbooks and the histories of special periods.
BANCROFT, GEORGE. History of the United States of America from the discovery of the Continent: author's last revision. New York: Appleton & Co. 1883-5. 5 volumes. [See, also, next page.]
Ends at the closing of the War of Independence. "The last volumes are limited in scope, giving a history of little but military and diplomatic movements during the Revolution. Perhaps it is as well. Bancroft's talents for the narration of military and diplomatic history were of a very high order. He had great skill in marshalling large arrays of facts, good judgment, and a lucid and picturesque style. On the other hand, a history of popular movements, of public opinion and of tie internal development of the United States, would exhibit at the greatest disadvantage the author's faults." J. F. Jameson, History of Historical Writing in America, page 108.
BANCROFT, HUBERT H. History of the Pacific States of North America. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co. 1882-90. 34 volumes.
"From twelve to twenty accomplished linguists, we are told, have been constantly employed in Mr. Bancroft's service since 1869. Secretaries have all this time been reading, translating, summarizing, cataloguing, and indexing the whole collection. The result, attained at the cost of half a million dollars, is a mass of systematized information, such as must make the users and the desirers of historical materials elsewhere deeply envious. … Mr. Bancroft has prepared from these materials, and published, a gigantic 'History of the Pacific States of America,' in thirty-four unusually large volumes." J. F. Jameson, History of Historical Writing in America, page 153.
BOLLES, ALBERT S. Financial history of the United States. N. Y.: D. Appleton & Co. 1879-85. 3 volumes.
BROOKS, ELBRIDGE S. The Century book for young Americans. New York: Century Co. 1894.
Descriptive of the machinery of government at Washington, in its practical working, as seen by an imaginary party of young visitors.
BROOKS. NOAH. Short studies in party politics. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1895.
Some first things in American politics. The passing of the Whigs. When Slavery went out of Politics. The Party Platforms of Sixty Years.
BRYANT, WILLIAM CULLEN, and SYDNEY H. GAY. Popular history of the United States, to the end of the first century of the Union. New York: Scribner, A. & Co. 1876. 4 volumes.
Understood to have been substantially the work of Mr. Gay. Mr. Bryant's contribution to it having been very slight. Although it brings nowhere, perhaps, new light from original studies to bear on American history, it is a work of much merit.
BRYCE, JAMES. The American Commonwealth; 3d edition, completely revised, with additional chapters. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1895. 2 volumes.
"One may doubt if such a living picture of Democracy in all its ways, in its strength and its weakness, its dangers and its future, in all its strange nakedness of appearance, and its amazing vitality and force, in its golden hopes, and its simplicity and limitations as of a raw, lucky, inexperienced youth entering on a matchless inheritance for good or for evil, has ever yet been drawn by a competent hand." Frederic Harrison, Mr.Bruce's "American Commonwealth" (Nineteenth Century, January 1889).
CAMPBELL, DOUGLAS. The Puritan in Holland, England and America.
A work which has commanded attention to the influence exerted by the Dutch on the development of ideas and institutions in the United States, and which has done so with good effect, though with some exaggeration.
COFFIN, CHARLES CARLETON. Building the nation: from the Revolution to the beginning of the war between the states. New York: Harper & Bros. 1883.
For young readers, especially.
DAWES, ANNA L. How we are governed; an explanation of the constitution and government of the United States, for young people. Boston: Lothrop & Co. 1885.
DRAKE, SAMUEL ADAMS. The making of the Great West, 1512-1888. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1887.
The making of the Ohio Valley States, 1660-1837. New York: C. Scribner & Sons. 1894.
EPOCHS OF AMERICAN HISTORY; edited by Albert Bushnell Hart. New York and London: Longmans. 1891-3. 3 volumes.
The colonies, 1492-1750; by Reuben Gold Thwaites. Formation of the Union, 1750-1829: by Albert Bushnell Hart. Division and reunion, 1829—1889; by Woodrow Wilson.
FISKE, JOHN. Civil government in the United States considered with some reference to its origins. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.
History of the United States for schools. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1894.
FOSTER, W. E. References to the history of Presidential administrations, 1789-1885. New York: Society for Political Education. 1885.
HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL. Topical outline of the courses in constitutional and political history of the United States given at Harvard College, 1887-88. Part 1 (1783-1829). Cambridge. 1886.
HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH. Larger history of the United States, to the close of Jackson's administration. New York: Harper & Bros. 1886.
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HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH. Young folks' history of the United States. Boston: Lee & Shepard. 1875-83.
Always attractive to young readers.
HILDRETH RICHARD. History of the United States [to the end of the 16th Congress]. New York: Harper & Bros. 1849-51. 6 volumes.
"A man of very decided convictions, and ardently interested in politics, the Whig editor wrote the 'History of the United States' with a strong partisan bias." _J. F. Jameson, The History of Historical Writing in America, page 112._
HINSDALE, B. A. How to study and teach history, with particular reference to the history of the United States. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894.
The Old Northwest. New York: T. MacCoun. 1888.
HOLST, Dr. H. VON. Constitutional and political history of the United States; translated from the German. Chicago: Callaghan & Co. 1876-85. 7 volumes.
Volume 1. 1750-1833. State sovereignty and slavery.
Volume 2. 1828-1846. Jackson's administration; annexation of Texas.
Volume 3. 1816-1850. Annexation of Texas; Compromise of 1850.
Volume 4. 1850-1851: Compromise of 1850; Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
Volume 5. 1851-1856. Kansas-Nebraska Bill; Buchanan's election.
Volume 6. 1856-1859. Buchanan's election; end of the 35th Congress
Volume 7. 1859—1861. Harper's Ferry; Lincoln's inauguration.
JOHNSTON, ALEXANDER. History of American politics. 2d edition. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1881.
Parties and party politics in the United States sketched with a brevity which spoils neither the instructiveness nor the interest.
History of the United States for schools. New York: H. Holt & Co. 1885.
The United States; its history and constitution. New York: C. Scribner s Sons. 1889.
Originally written for the latest edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the remarkable excellence of this compact account of the history and constitution of the United States caused its republication separately.
LALOR. J. J., editor. Cyclopædia of political science, political economy, and of the political history of the United States. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co. 1881. 3 volumes.
MACLAY, EDGAR STANTON. History of the United States navy from 1775 to 1893. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1894. 2 volumes.
McMASTER, JOHN BACH. History of the people of the United States from the Revolution to the Civil War. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1883-95. volumes 1-4.
"Mr. McMaster's book is a valuable contribution to our history, and will be the cause of work better than its own. His industrious collection of materials, and his effective arrangement and courageous presentation of them, cannot fail to stimulate other workers in the same field. But he does not always discriminate as to the value of authorities, and his history suffers somewhat in consequence." Mellen Chamberlain, McMaster's History (Andover Review, June. 1886).
POPULAR HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. 1875-8.
A book which has been successful in interesting young readers in American history.
PRATT, MARA L. American history stories. Boston: Educational Publishing Company. 1890. volumes 1-4.
For readers of the youngest class, and happily adapted to their taste.
PRESTON, HOWARD W. Documents illustrative of American history (1606—1863). New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1886.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. The Winning of the West. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1889-94. 3 volumes.
"Before Mr. Roosevelt began his work, there was no satisfactory account of our westward expansion as a whole. … Mr. Roosevelt had the historical insight and the good fortune to make use of a vast mass of original material. … These abundant materials [he] has used with the skill of a practised historian." The Nation, March 28, 1895.
SCHOULER, JAMES. History of the United States of America under the Constitution. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. volumes 1-5.
A sound, painstaking piece of historical work, but without much literary attractiveness.
SMITH, GOLDWIN. The United States; an outline of political history, 1492-1871. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1893.
There is probably no other living man who could put so much into a bird's-eye view of American history, and put it into English of such classical fineness, as Professor Goldwin Smith has done in this little book.
STANWOOD, EDWARD. History of Presidential elections. 2d edition, revised. Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1888.
TUCKER, GEORGE. History of the United States. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1856. 4 volumes.
By a southern writer and representing the better-minded southern view of events and movements in the first halt century of American national history.
WASHINGTON, GEORGE. Writings; collected and edited by Worthington C. Ford. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1889-91. 14 volumes.
WILSON, WOODROW. Congressional government: a study in American politics. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1885.
WINSOR, JUSTIN, editor. Narrative and critical history of America. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1886-9. 8 volumes.
"With its chapters of historical narrative by our most learned and able historical scholars, each writing upon his own special field, and with its critical essays upon the sources of information, it seems without doubt to be the most important and useful contribution over yet made to American historical science. It splendidly sums up the historical labors of a century." J. F. Jameson, History of Historical Writing in America, p. 156.
UNITED STATES: TO THE CIVIL WAR.
ADAMS HENRY. History of the United States of America [during the administrations of Jefferson and Madison]. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1889-90. 9 volumes.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Lives of James Madison and James Monroe, with historical notices of their administrations. Buffalo: G. H. Derby & Co. 1850.
Memoirs, comprising portions of his diary from 1795 to 1848; edited by Charles Francis Adams. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1874-5. 12 volumes.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY and CHARLES FRANCIS. Life of John Adams; revised and corrected. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1871. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, SAMUEL G. History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1859. 2 volumes.
BANCROFT, GEORGE. History of the formation of the Constitution of the United States. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1882. 2 volumes.
BEER, GEORGE LOUIS. The commercial policy of England toward the American colonies. New York 1893.
One of the "Studies in History, Economics and Law," edited by the Faculty of Political Science of Columbia College.
BENTON, THOMAS H. Thirty Years' View; or a history of the working of the American government from 1820 to 1850, chiefly taken from the Congress debates, private papers of General Jackson and speeches of Senator Benton. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1856. 2 volumes.
BEVERLEY, ROBERT. History of Virginia [to 1706]; reprinted from the 2d revision edited. (London, 1722). Richmond: J. W. Randolph. 1855.
BRODHEAD, JOHN R. History of the State of New York. New York: Harper & Bros: 1853-71. 2 volumes.
BROWN, ALEXANDER, editor. The Genesis of the United States; a narrative of the movement in England, 1605-1616. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.
A collection of historical manuscripts now first printed, with a reissue of rare contemporaneous tracts, accompanied by brief biographies, portraits, etc.
BUTLER, NICHOLAS MURRAY. Effect of the War of 1812 upon the consolidation of the Union. Baltimore: 1887.
Published among the Johns Hopkins University Studies in History and Political Science.
CARRINGTON. HENRY B. Battles of the American Revolution, 1775-1781: historical and military criticism. New York: A. S. Barnes & Co. 1876.
A volume of battle-maps and charts, with notes, to supplement the above, was issued by the same publishers in 1881.
COFFIN, CHARLES CARLETON. The boys of '76: a history of the battles of the Revolution. New York: Harper & Bros. 1877.
Old times in the colonies. New York: Harper & Bros. 1880.
CURTIS, GEORGE T. History of the origin, formation and adoption of the constitution of the United States. New York: Harper & Bros. 1854. 2 volumes.
DOYLE, J. A. The English in America: Virginia, Maryland and the Carolinas. London: Longmans. 1882.
The English in America: The Puritan Colonies. London: Longmans. 1887. 2 volumes.
DWIGHT, THEODORE. History of the Hartford Convention. New York: N. & J. White. 1833.
ELLIS, GEORGE E. The Puritan age and rule in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1629-1685. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.
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FISKE, JOHN. The American Revolution. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1891. 2 volumes.
The War of Independence. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1889.
The last named of these two is a small book which preceded Dr. Fiske's larger history of the American Revolution, treating the same subject in a simpler way, especially for young readers. There is the same delightful clearness of narrative, and the same large intelligence of view, in both works, and they easily take the first place among histories of the Revolution.
The beginnings of New England: or the Puritan theocracy in its relations to civil and religious liberty. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1889.
The critical period of American history, 1783-89. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1888.
"It is not too much to say that the period of five years following the peace of 1783 was the most critical moment in all the history of the American people. The dangers from which we were saved in 1788 were even greater than the dangers from which we were saved in 1865.' This proposition Mr. Fiske makes abundantly good and he has turned it into a text for one of the most interesting chapters of history that has been written for many a day." John Morley, Review (Nineteenth Century, August, 1889).
FORCE, PETER. American Archives; a collection of authentic state papers [etc.], forming a documentary history of the North American colonies. Washington 1837-48. 9 volumes.
Only part of the collection, forming the 4th series (1774-1776) and 3 volumes of the 5th series, was published.
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN. Life, written by himself; now first edited, from original mss. and from his printed correspondence, by John Bigelow; 2d edition revised and corrected. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. 1884. 3 volumes.
FROTHINGHAM, RICHARD. The rise of the Republic of the United States. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co. 1886.
GOODWIN, JOHN A. The Pilgrim republic; an historical review of the colony of New Plymouth. Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1888.
GRAHAME, JAMES. History of the United States of North America from the plantation of the British colonies to their assumption of national independence. 2d edition revised and enlarged. Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard. 1846. 2 volumes.
GREENE, GEORGE W. The German element In the War of American Independence. New York: Hurd & Houghton. 1876.
Contains biographical sketches or Baron von Steuben and General John Kalb, and an account of the German mercenaries.
Life of Nathanael Greene, major-general in the army of the Revolution. New York: Hurd & Houghton. 1871. 3 volumes.
HAMILTON, ALEXANDER, JAMES MADISON and JOHN JAY. The Federalist: a commentary on the Constitution of the United States; edited by Henry Cabot Lodge. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.
HAMILTON, JOHN C. Life of Alexander Hamilton, by his son. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1840. 2 volumes.
HENRY, WILLIAM WIRT. Patrick Henry: life, correspondence and speeches. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1891. 3 volumes.
HUTCHINSON, THOMAS. History of the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1628-1691. Boston. 1764.
History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1691-1750. Boston. 1767.
History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, 1749-1774. London: J. Murray. 1828.
IRVING, WASHINGTON. Life of George Washington. New York: G. P. Putnam. 5 volumes.
Life of Washington; abridged for schools, with a brief outline of United States history, by John Fiske. Boston: Ginn & Co. 1887.
JOHNSON, ROSSITER. History of the French war, ending in the conquest of Canada. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. [1882.]
History of the war of 1812-1815. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. [1882.]
JOHNSTON, HENRY P. The campaign of 1776 around New York and Brooklyn. Brooklyn: Long Island Historical Society. 1878.
The Yorktown campaign and the surrender of Cornwallis, 1781. New York: Harper & Bros. 1881.
JONES, THOMAS. History of New York during the Revolutionary War, and of the leading events in the other colonies at that period; edited by E. F. De Lancey. New York: New York Historical Society. 1879. 2 volumes.
A loyalist history of the Revolution, by one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the Province of New York, who wrote his account soon after the close of the war, being then in exile.
KAPP, FRIEDRICH. Life of Frederick William von Steuben. New York: Mason Bros. 1859.
LADD, HORATIO O. History of the War with Mexico. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1883.
LODGE, HENRY CABOT. Life and letters of George Cabot. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1877.
Short history of the English colonies in America. New York: Harper & Bros. 1881.
LOSSING, BENSON J. Life and times of Philip Schuyler. New York: Sheldon & Co. 2 volumes.
Pictorial field book of the War of 1812. New York: Harper & Bros. 1868.
Chiefly valuable for its descriptions and illustrations of the scenes of the war, personally visited by the writer.
LOWELL, EDWARD J. The Hessians, and the other German auxiliaries of Great Britain in the Revolutionary War. New York: Harper & Bros. 1884.
MANSFIELD, E. D. The Mexican War. 10th edition. New York: Barnes & Co. 1819.
MOORE, FRANK, editor. Diary of the American Revolution, from newspapers and original documents. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1860. 2 volumes.
MORRIS, GOUVERNEUR. Diary and letters; edited by Anne C. Morris. London: K. Paul, Trench & Co. 1889. 2 volumes.
MORSE, JOHN T., JR. Life of Alexander Hamilton. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1876. 2 volumes.
O'CALLAGHAN, E. B. History of New Netherland; or New York under the Dutch. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1846-8. 2 volumes.
PALFREY, JOHN G. History of New England during the Stuart dynasty. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1858-64. 3 volumes.
History of New England, from the revolution of the 17th century to the revolution of the 18th. Boston: Little. Brown & Co. 1875-90. 2 volumes.
PARKMAN, FRANCIS. Works [historical]. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 11 volumes.
Pioneers of France in the New World. The Jesuits in North America. La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West. The Old Regime in Canada. Count Frontenac and New France under Louis XIV. A half century of conflict (2 volumes). Montcalm and Wolfe (2 volumes.). The conspiracy of on Pontiac.
QUINCY, EDMUND. Life of Josiah Quincy, by his son. Boston: Ticknor & Field. 1868.
RANDALL, HENRY S. Life of Thomas Jefferson. New York: Derby & Jackson. 1858. 3 volumes.
RHODES, JAMES FORD. History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850. New York: Harper & Bros. 1893. 2 volumes.
RIEDESEL, Major General. Memoirs, letters and journals; translated from the German by W. L. Stone. Albany: J. Munsell. 1868. 2 volumes.
RIEDESEL, Mrs. General. Letters and journals relating to the War of the American Revolution; translated from the German by W. L. Stone. Albany: J. Munsell. 1867.
ROOSEVELT, THEODORE. The naval war of 1812. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1882.
SABINE, LORENZO. The American Loyalists. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1864. 2 volumes.
SCHUYLER, GEORGE W. Colonial New York: Philip Schuyler and his family. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1885. 2 volumes.
SCOTT, EBEN G. Development of constitutional liberty in the English colonies of America. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1882.
SEWARD, F. W. Story of the life of William H. Seward. New York: Derby & Miller. 1891. 3 volumes.
SHEA, JOHN G. Discovery and exploration of the Mississippi Valley. New York: Redfield. 1852.
SOLEY, JAMES RUSSELL. The boys of 1812 and other naval heroes. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1887.
For young readers.
STEDMAN, C. History of the origin, progress and termination of the American War. London. 1794. 2 volumes.
A contemporary history of the war of the Revolution written from the British standpoint, by one who served under Howe, Clinton and Cornwallis.
STEVENS, B. F. Facsimiles of manuscripts in European archives relating to America, 1773-1783; with descriptions, editorial notes, collations, references and translations. London. 1889-05. 25 volumes.
STEVENS, CHARLES ELLIS. Sources of the Constitution of the United States considered in relation to colonial and English history. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1894.
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STILLÉ, CHARLES J. Major-General Anthony Wayne and the Pennsylvania Line in the Continental Army. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1893.
Life and times of John Dickinson, 1732-1808. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1891.
STONE, WILLIAM L. Life and times of Sir William Johnson. Albany: J. Munsell. 1865. 2 volumes.
STORY, JOSEPH. Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States. Boston: Hilliard, G. & Co. 1833. 3 volumes.
SUMNER, WILLIAM G. The financier [Robert Morris] and the finances of the American Revolution. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. 1891.
TARBOX, INCREASE N. Life of Isreal Putnam. Boston: Lockwood, B. & Co. 1876.
TOCQUEVILLE, ALEXIS DE. Democracy in America; translated by Henry Reeves. London: Saunders & Co. 1886. 4 volumes. https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/815 (volume 1) https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/816 (volume 2)
Same [under the title of "American Institutions"]; revised and edited by F. Bowen. 7th edition. Boston: J. Allyn., 1874.
UNITED STATES, DEPARTMENT OF STATE. Documentary history of the Constitution of the United States of America, 1787-1870; derived from the records, manuscripts and rolls deposited in the Bureau of Rolls and library of the Department of State. Washington. 1894. volume 1.
WELLS, WILLIAM V. Life and public services of Samuel Adams. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1865. 3 volumes.
WHARTON, FRANCIS. editor. The Revolutionary diplomatic correspondence of the United States. Washington. 6 volumes.
WINSOR, JUSTIN. Reader's handbook of the American Revolution, 1761-1783. Boston: Houghton, Osgood & Co. 1880.
It seems safe to say that no period in the history of any other country has so perfect a guide to the literature relating to it as this which Mr. Winsor has prepared for the period of the American Revolution.
WINTHROP ROBERT C. Life and letters of John Winthrop, Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Company. 2d edition. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1869. 2 volumes.
UNITED STATES: THE CIVIL WAR AND AFTER.
BADEAU, ADAM. Military history of Ulysses S. Grant, 1861-65. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868-81. 3 volumes.
BATTLES AND LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR; contributions by Union and Confederate officers; edited by R. U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buell. New York: Century Co. 1887-9. 4 volumes.
BLAINE, JAMES G. Twenty years of Congress: from Lincoln to Garfield; with a review of the events which led to the political revolution of 1860. Norwich, Connecticut: The Henry Bill Publishing Co. 1884-6. 2 volumes.
Mr. Blaine's contribution to the history or his own time is unquestionably to be counted among the works of permanent value.
BOWMAN, Colonel S. M., and Lieutenant Colonel R. B. IRWIN. Sherman and his campaigns: a military biography. New York: C. B. Richardson. 1865.
BOYNTON, CHARLES B. History of the navy during the Rebellion. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868. 2 volumes.
CAMPAIGNS OF THE CIVIL WAR. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1881-8. 13 volumes.
1. The outbreak of rebellion; by J. G. Nicolay. 2. From Fort Henry to Corinth; by M. F. Force. 3. The Peninsula: McClellan's campaign of 1862; by Alexander S. Webb. 4. The Army under Pope; by J. C. Ropes. 5. The Antietam and Fredericksburg; by F. W. Palfrey. 6. Chancellorsville and Gettysburg; by Abner Doubleday. 7. The Army of the Cumberland; by Henry M. Cist. 8. The Mississippi; by F. V. Greene 9. Atlanta; by Jacob D. Cox 10. The March to the Sea; by Jacob D. Cox. 11. The Shenandoah Valley in 1864; by George E. Pond. 12. The Virginia campaign of '61 and '65; by A. A. Humphreys. (Supplementary volume) Statistical record of the armies of the United States.
CHAMPLIN, JOHN D., JR. Young folks' history of the War for the Union. New York: H. Holt & Co.
COFFIN, CHARLES CARLETON. The drum-beat of the nation. New York: Harper & Bros. 1888.
Marching to victory. New York: Harper & Bros. 1889.
Redeeming the Republic. New York: Harper & Bros. 1890.
Freedom triumphant. New York: Harper & Bros. 1891.
The first of the four books last named narrates the history of the Civil War to the close of 1862; the second relates the events of 1863, the third those of 1864, and the fourth to the end of the war. They are great favorites among young readers.
The boys of '61, or four years of fighting; personal observation with the army and navy. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1831.
COOKE, JOHN ESTEN. Stonewall Jackson; a military biography. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1876.
DAVIS, JEFFERSON. The rise and fall of the Confederate Government. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1881. 2 volumes.
DODGE, THEODORE A. A bird's-eye view of our Civil War. Boston: Osgood & Co. 1888.
DOUBLEDAY, A. Gettysburg made plain. New York: Century Co. 1888.
DRAPER, JOHN W. History of the American Civil War. New York: Harper & Bros. 1867. 3 volumes.
FAMOUS ADVENTURES AND PRISON ESCAPES OF THE CIVIL WAR. New York: Century Co. 1893.
FARRAGUT, LOYALL. Life of David Glasgow Farragut. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1879.
GIDDINGS, JOSHUA R. History of the Rebellion, its authors and causes. New York: Follett, Foster & Co. 1864.
Really a Congressional history of the years preceding the Rebellion.
GORDON, GEORGE H. History of the campaigns of the Army of Virginia under John Pope, 1862. Boston: Houghton, Osgood & Co. 1880.
GRANT, ULYSSES S. Personal memoirs. New York: C. L. Webster & Co. 1885-6. 2 volumes.
"Nine-tenths of the value of autobiography is in the revelation of the writer himself to the world. This book is no exception to the rule. The history of his campaigns may be got elsewhere. Badeau's book is more full and has scarcely less of Grant's authority, for he revised its statements and certified that it contained his views. … It is, then, for the new light which they throw upon Grant himself that these memoirs will be prized. His personality was too strong to be hidden. When he took his pen to tell the story of his career, the things which flowed most easily from his mind were the judgments and opinions of men and of events in the gross and not the detailed incidents which the experienced writer would use to fill and color his narrative. … As to his style, it has the principal element of thoroughly good writing, since we are made to feel that the writer's only thought, in this regard, is how to express most directly and simply the thing he has to say." J. D. Cox, Review (Nation, February 25. 1886).
GREELEY, HORACE. The American conflict: a history of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, its causes, incidents and results. Hartford: O. D. Case & Co. 1867. 2 volumes.
A hurried and careless piece of work: poor in style and quite unworthy of the eminent journalist who produced it, but valuable as a document representing the views and feelings of the time.
HALE, EDWARD E., editor. Stories of war, told by soldiers. Boston: Roberts Bros. 1879.
HARRIS, T. M. The assassination of Lincoln: a history of the great conspiracy, trial of the conspirators by a military commission, and a review of the trial of John H. Surratt; by a member of the commission. Boston: American Citizen Co. 1892.
HIGGINSON, THOMAS W. Army life in a black regiment. Boston: Fields, Osgood & Co. 1870.
HUGHES, ROBERT M. General [Joseph E.] Johnston. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1893.
HUMPHREYS, ANDREW A. From Gettysburg to the Rapidan: the Army of the Potomac, July, 1863, to April, 1864. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1888.
IRWIN, RICHARD B. History of the Nineteenth Army Corps. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1892.
JOHNSON, ROSSITER. Short history of the War of Secession. Boston: Ticknor & Co. 1888.
KIEFFER, HARRY M. Recollections of a drummer-boy. 7th edition revised and enlarged. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890.
LINCOLN, ABRAHAM. Complete works; comprising his speeches, letters, state papers, and miscellaneous writings; edited by John G. Nicolay and John Hay. New York: Century Co. 1894.
LIVERMORE, MARY A. My story of the War: a woman's narrative of experience as nurse in the Union Army. Hartford: A. D. Worthington & Co. 1868.
LONG, A. L. Memoirs of Robert E. Lee. New York: Stoddard & Co. 1886.
McCLELLAN, GEORGE B. McClellan's own story: the war for the Union, the soldiers who fought it, the civilians who directed it, and his relations to it and to them. New York: C. L. Webster & Co. 1887.
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MAHAN, Captain A. T. Admiral Farragut. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1892.
McPHERSON, EDWARD. Political history of the United States during the great Rebellion. Washington: Philip & Solomon. 1865.
A valuable collection of state papers, Congressional enactments and other documents of the Rebellion history.
MILITARY HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF MASSACHUSETTS. Papers read, 1876-&1. Boston: 1881-86. 2 volumes.
Volume 1. Peninsular campaign of General McClellan in 1862. Volume 2. Virginia campaign of General Pope.
NAVY IN THE CIVIL WAR, The. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1883. 3 volumes.
1. The blockade and the cruisers; by J. R. Soley. 2.The Atlantic Coast}; by Daniel Ammen. 3. The Gulf and inland waters; by A. T. Mahan._
NICHOLS, GEORGE WARD. The story of the great march. New York: Harper & Bros. 1865.
Descriptive of Sherman's march from Atlanta to the Sea.
NICOLAY, JOHN G., and JOHN HAY. Abraham Lincoln: a history. New York: Century Co. 1890. 10 volumes.
PARIS, Comte de. History of the Civil War in America; translated from the French. Philadelphia: J. H. Coates & Co. 1875-83. volumes 1-4.
The most competent and thorough military history of the war, and its incompleteness must forever be regretted.
PARTON, JAMES. General Butler in New Orleans. New York: Mason Bros. 1864.
PITTENGER, WILLIAM. Capturing a locomotive; a history of secret service. Washington: National Tribune. 1885.
An extraordinarily thrilling true story of war adventure; but the writer has exploited it in too many forms and under too many different titles.
PORTER, DAVID D. Naval history of the Civil War. New York: Sherman Publishing Co. 1886.
ROPES, JOHN CODMAN. The story of the Civil War. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1894. part 1.
SCHARF J. T. History of the Confederate States navy. Albany: J. McDonough. 1894.
SCHURZ, CARL. Abraham Lincoln: an essay. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.
SHERIDAN, PHILIP H. Personal memoirs. New York: C. L. Webster & Co. 1883. 2 volumes.
SHERMAN, GENERAL WILLIAM T. Memoirs, by himself; with an appendix, bringing his life down to its closing scenes. 4th edition. New York: C. L. Webster & Co. 1891.
A memoir of very great value in the literature of the history of the Civil War, owing to its straightforward, frank dealing with the events in which the Writer took part.
SOLEY, J. R. The sailor boys of '61. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1888.
SWINTON, WILLIAM. Campaigns of the Army of the Potomac: a critical history. New York: University Publishing Co. 1871.
The twelve decisive battles of the War. New York: Dick & Fitzgerald. 1871.
TENNEY, W. J. Military and naval history of the Rebellion in the United States. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1886.
UNITED STATES, WAR DEPARTMENT. War of the Rebellion: a compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington. Series 1. volumes 1—46.
VAN HORNE, THOMAS B. History of the Army of the Cumberland. Cincinnati: R. Clarke & Co. 1875. 2 volumes and atlas of maps.
A history largely based on the private military journal of General George H. Thomas, and written at his request.
Life of Major General George H. Thomas. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1882.
WALKER, FRANCIS A. History of the Second Army Corps in the Army of the Potomac. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1886.
WILLIAMS, GEORGE W. History of the negro troops in the War of the Rebellion. New York: Harper & Bros. 1888.
WILSON, HENRY. History of the rise and fall of the slave power in America. Boston: Osgood & Co. 1872-7. 3 volumes.
WOODBURY, AUGUSTUS. Major General Ambrose E. Burnside and the Ninth Army Corps. Providence: S. S. Rider & Bro. 1867.
HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.
This, bibliography has been prepared by Mr. Alan C. Reiley, who writes the following explanatory note: "The original purpose of this bibliography was simply to bring together in a group by themselves the atlas works on historical geography; but the fact that all of the contributions to the literature of the subject do not exist in map form requires a slight expansion of the original plan. The list contains, therefore, in addition to the atlases, a number of carefully chosen text works, some of them not devoted exclusively to historical geography, but that subject forming in all them a predominant feature. The term 'historical geography' as here used refers distinctly to the geography of history, preferably the political geography of history and all of the much more numerous class of works on what may be called the history of geography, save as they may in some feature fall within the strict interpretation of this definition, have been carefully excluded."
Mr. Reiley is not responsible for the typographical style in which German titles are printed.
ADAMS, SEBASTIAN C. Chronological chart of ancient, modern and biblical history; with thirteen historical maps by J. A. Paine. New York: Colby & Co. No date.
ANDRÄ, J. C. Kleiner historischer schul-atlas. Twelve maps, covering 19 pages, with text. Leipzig: Voigtländer. 1890.
ANDRIVEAU-GOUJON, G. G. Atlas classique et universel de géographie, ancienne et moderne. Paris: Andriveau-Goujon. 1865.
ANSART, FELIX. Atlas historique et géographique dressé pour l'usage des lycées, des colléges, etc., nouvelle édition par Edmond Ansart fils. 121 maps. Paris: Fourant.
Cours d'histoire et de géographie, à l'usage de tous les établissements d'instruction secondaire. Paris: Fourant. 5 volumes.
Atlas historique universel dressé d'apres l'atlas historique des états Européens de Kruse. 19 maps. Paris: Andriveau-Goujon. 1861.
ANTHON, CHARLES. A system of ancient and mediaeval Geography. New York: Harper. 1850.
ANVILLE, J. B. B. d'. Compendium of ancient geography. 9 maps. London and New York. 1814. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, WILHELM. Ansiedelungen und wanderungen deutscher stämme. Marburg. 1875. 8 volumes.
BARBARET, C., and C. PÉRIGOT. Atlas général de géographie physique et politique, ancienne, du moyen âge, et moderne. Paris: Tandou et Cie. 1864.
BAZIN, FRANÇOIS. Atlas spécial de géographie physique, politique et historique de la France. Paris: Delalain. 1856.
BECK, J. Historisch-geographischer atlas für schule und haus. 26 maps. Freiburg: Herder. 1877. 3 parts.
BEDEUS VON SCHARBERG, JOSEPH. Historisch-genealogisch-geographischer atlas zur uebersicht der geschichte des ungrischen Reichs, seiner nebenländer und der angrenzenden staaten und provinzen. Hermannstadt. 1853.
BIANCO, ANDREA. Der atlas vom jahre 1436 in 10 tafeln. 9 plates and text. Venice: Münster. 1869.
BOECKH. R., und H. KIEPERT. Historische karte von Elsass und Lothringen zur uebersicht der territorialen veränderung im 17 und 18 jahrhundert; Berlin: D. Reimer. 1871.
BOUFFARD, L. Atlas politique de l'Europe, 1814-1864, exposant le développement des principes de '89, etc., accompagné d'un texte par Alexandre Bonneau. Paris: Dentu. 1864.
BOUILLET, NICOLAS. Atlas universel d'histoire et de géographie. 88 cartes gravées et coloriées. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1872.
Dictionnaire universel d'histoire et de géographie. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1878.
BRASELMANN, J. E. Bibel-atlas zum schul und privat gebrauche. Düsseldorf: H. Michels. 1892.
BRECHER, ADOLF. Darstellung der gebietsveränderungen in den ländern Sachsens und Thüringens von dem zwölften jahrhundert bis heute. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1883.
Darstellung der geschichtlichen entwickelung des bayerischen staatsgebietes. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1890.
Darstellung der territorialen entwickelung des brandenburgisch-preussischen staates von 1415 bis jetzt. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1893.
Historische wandkarte von Preussen. 9 blätter. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1888.
BRETSCHNEIDER. See Spruner-Bretschneider.
BRUÉ, ADRIEN. Atlas universel de géographie physique, politique, ancienne, du moyen âge et moderne, etc.; nouvelle édition par C. Piquet, complétée par E. Grangez. Paris: Barthélemier 1858.
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BUNBURY, E. H. A history of ancient geography among the Greeks and Romans from the earliest ages to the fall of the Roman empire. 20 maps. London: John Murray. 1883. 2 volumes.
BUTLER, GEORGE. The public schools atlas of ancient geography. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1889.
BUTLER, SAMUEL. Atlas of ancient geography. 21 maps. Philadelphia: Carey & Lea. 1831.
CHEVALLIER, HENRI. Atlas de géographie historique, politique et physique; composé de 14 cartes. Paris: Delalain. 1865.
COLBECK, C. The public schools historical atlas. 101 maps, covering 69 pages. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1885.
COLEMAN, LYMAN. Historical text book and atlas of biblical geography. 7 maps and text. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1867.
COLLEGIATE ATLAS. See International atlas.
COLLIER, W. F. See Library atlas, also International atlas.
CORTAMBERT, E. Atlas (petit) de géographie ancienne, du moyen age et moderne; composé de 66 cartes. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1861.
Atlas (nouvel) de géographie ancienne, du moyen âge, et moderne: compose de 100 cartes in 4to. Paris: Hachette et Cie.
Cours de géographie, comprenant la description physique et politique et la géographie historique des diverses contrées du globe. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1873.
COUREN, A. Atlas classique d'histoire universelle ancienne et moderne. Paris: Putois-Cretté. 1880.
CURTIUS, ERNEST. Peloponnesos: eine historisch-geographische beschreibung. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1851. 2 volumes.
DAHN, FELIX. Urgeschichte der germanischen und romanischen völker. With maps. Berlin: 1881-1889. 4 volumes.
DELAMARCHE, A. Atlas de géographie physique, politique et historique; revue et augmenté par Grosselin. Paris: Grosselin 1865.
DENAIX, A. Atlas historique de la France,—depuis la conquête des Francs jusqu' à nos jours. Paris: A. Delahays. 1860.
DESJARDIN, E. Atlas géographique de l' Italie ancienne. Composé de 7 cartes et d'un dictionaire, etc. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1852.
Geographie historique et administrative de la Gaule Romaine. With map and tables. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1876-1893. 4 volumes.
DITTMAR, G. Sieben geschichts-karten zum leitfaden der weltgeschichte von H. Dittmar. Heidelberg: C. Winter. 1888.
DITTMAR-VÖLTER'S historischer atlas. 19 maps. Heidelberg: C. Winter. 1884.
DROYSEN, G. Allgemeiner historischer hand atlas. 96 maps and text. Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing; 1886.
DUFOUR, A. H. Le globe: atlas classique universel de géographie ancienne et moderne. 44 maps. Paris: J. Renouard. 1861.
DUFOUR, A. H. et T. DUVOTENAY. La terre: atlas de géographie ancienne, du moyen age, et moderne. 44 maps and text. Paris: A. Logerot. 1864.
DUSSIEUX, L. Atlas de géographie ancienne, du moyen âge, et moderne. 68 maps. Paris: Lecoffre. 1848.
Atlas general de géographie, physique, politique et historique. 163 maps. Paris: Lecoffre. 1848.
Les grands faits de l'histoire de la géographie. Paris: Lecoffre. 1882-1884. 6 volumes.
FIX, W. Territorialgeschichte des brandenburgisch-preussischen staates. Berlin. 1884.
Übersichts-karte zur geschichte des preussischen staates und der übrigen staaten des deutschen reiches. Berlin: Schropp. 1890.
FORBIGER, ALBERT. Handbuch der alten geographie, aus den quellen bearbeitet. Hamburg: Haendcke & Lehmkuhl. 1877. 3 volumes.
FREEMAN, E. A. Historical geography of Europe. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1881. 2 volumes; volume 1: text; volume 2: 65 maps.
FREUDENFELDT, H. Erwerbungen Preussens und Deutschlands: eine karte in farbendruck. Berlin: Seehagen. 1892.
FREUDENFELDT, H. und C. L. OHMANN. Karte des preussischen staates in seiner territorialen entwickelung unter den Hohenzollern. In farb. Berlin: Friedberg & Mode. 1892.
FREYHOLD, A. VON. Historisch-geographische karts von Preussen. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1850.
Vollständiger atlas zur universalgeschichte. 3 maps. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1850.
GAEBLER, E. Historische karte von Preussen. Leipzig: Lang. 1890.
GAGE, W. L. A modern historical atlas. 14 maps. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1869.
GANNETT, HENRY. Boundaries of the United States and of the several states and territories, with a historical sketch of the territorial changes. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1885.
GARDINER, SAMUEL R. School atlas of English history. 66 colored maps, 22 battle plans. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1892.
GAZEAU, A. Histoire de la formation de nos frontières. Paris: H. E. Martin. 1881.
GESTER, J. S. Karten zur schweizer-geschichte. 8 maps and text. Zürich: Hofer & Burger. 1886.
GOVER, EDWARD. The historic geographical atlas of the middle and modern ages. 17 maps (based on Spruner). London: Varty & Owen. 1853.
GRABOWSKY, WILHELM VON. Territorialgeschichte des preussischen staates. Berlin. 1845.
HANNAK, EMAN und F. UMLAUFT. Historischer schul-atlas in 30 karten. Vienna: Hölder. 1891.
HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL. Epoch maps illustrating American history. 14 maps. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. 1891.
HERMANS, H. und J. WOLTJER. Atlas der algemeene en vaderlandsche geschiedenis. 68 large and small maps, and text. Groningen.: J. B. Wolters. 1891.
HERTSLET, EDWARD. The map of Europe by treaty showing the various political and territorial changes which have taken place since the general peace of 1814; nearly 700 state papers, numerous maps. London. 1875-1891. 4 volumes.
HIMLY, AUGUSTE. Histoire de la formation territoriale des états de l'Europe centrale. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1876.
HINSDALE, B. A. The old northwest, with a view of the thirteen colonies as constituted by the royal charters. 10 maps. New York: Townsend MacCoun. 1888.
HOPF, CARL. Historiseh-genealogischer atlas, seit Christi geburt bis auf unsere zeit. Abtheilung: Deutschland. Gotha: F. A. Perthes. 1858-1866.
HUBAULT, G. Atlas pour servir à l'histoire des guerres de lá République et de l'Empire. Paris: Berlin. 1860.
HUGHES, WILLIAM. Atlas of classical geography; edited by George Long. 26 plates containing 62 maps. Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea. 1858.
HURLBUT, J. L. Manual of biblical geography; 27 full page maps, text, etc. Chicago: Rand, McNally & Co.
IMBERT DES MOTTELETTES, CHARLES. Atlas pour servir à l'étude de l'histoire moderne de l'Europe (1615-1815). Paris: Chez l'autenr. 1834-1849.
INTERNATIONAL ATLAS. Contains 62 maps. The classical and historical maps of Schmitz and Collier respectively in this atlas, are, with some color variations, identical with those in the "Library Atlas." The "Collegiate Atlas" is the International with a few omissions. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
ISSLEIB, WILHELM. Historiseh-geographischer schul-atlas. 36 maps. Gera: Issleib & Rietschel. 1874.
ISSLEIB, WILHELM und T. KONIG. Atlas zur biblischen geschichte. 8 maps. Gera: Issleib & Rietschel. 1878.
JACOBI, C. Bibel-atlas. 9 maps and text. Gera: Hofmann. 1891.
JAUSZ, G. Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas. 3 parts: Die alte welt, das mittel-alter, die neue und neueste zeit. 32 maps and text. Vienna: Hölzel. 1876.
JOHNSON, T. B. Historical geography of the clans of Scotland, 1 large and 5 small maps. Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston. 1873.
JOHNSTON, A. K. Atlas to Alison's history of Europe, 108 maps, mostly battle maps. Edinburgh: Blackwood. 1875.
JOHNSTON, KEITH. Half-crown atlas of British history, 30 maps. Edinburgh: W. & A. K. Johnston.
Physical, historical, political and descriptive geography. 21 maps, the first 12 historical. London: E. Stanford. 1890.
JONES'S classical atlas. 18 maps. London: Jones & Co. 1830.
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KAEMMEL, OTTO und G. LEIPOLD. Handkarte zur geschichte der wettinischen lande. Also "Schulwandkarte" of the same. Dresden: Huhle. 1891.
KAMPEN, ALBERT VON. Atlas antiquus. Taschen atlas der alten welt. 24 maps. Gotha: J:Perthes. 1893.
Descriptiones nobilissimorum apud classicos locorum. First series: Caesar's Gallic war. 15 maps with tables. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1879.
Orbis terrarum antiquus in scholarum usum descriptus. 16 maps with text. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1888.
Tabulae maximae quibus illustrantur terrae veterum in usum scholarum descriptae. Tabula I-IV. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1888.
KARTENSKIZZE der alten welt zur allgemeinsten übersicht der alten und mittleren geschichte, mit besond. rücksicht auf F. v. W.'s schlachten und gefechts-tafeln entworfen und zeittafel der wichtigsten kämpfe und einiger besonders interessanten momente von 1.500 v. Chr. bis 1492 n. Chr. 5 tab. Vienna: Artaria, 1888.
KEPPEL, CARL. Atlas zur geschichte des deutschen volkes für mittelschulen. 13 maps. Hof: Büching. 1876.
Geschichts-atlas In 27 karten. Nuremberg: Büching. 1889-1892.
KIENITZ, O. Historische karte des grossherzog. Baden. 6 nebenkarten. Karlsruhe: Bielefleld. 1886.
KIEPERT, HEINRICH. Atlas antiquus. 12 maps. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1892.
Formae orbis antiqui. Part 1, 6 maps. To be completed in six parts. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1894.
Historisch-geographischer atlas der alten welt. 16 maps. Weimer: Geograph. Institut. 1878.
Historische karte des brandenburgisch-preussischen staates nach seiner territorial-entwickelung unter den Hohenzollern. Berlin: Paetel. 1889.
Lehrbuch der alten geographie. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1878.
Leitfaden der alten geographie. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1879.
Neuer atlas von Hellas und den hellenischen colonien. 15 maps. Berlin: Nicolai. 1872.
Numerous historical maps (including wall maps); each published separately. Berlin: D. Reimer.
KIEPERT, HEINRICH und C. WOLFF. Historischer schul-atlas zur alten, mittleren und neueren geschichte. 36 maps. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1893.
KIEPERT, HEINRICH und R. BOECKH. See BOECKH, R.
KIRCHNER, M. Spezialkarten. I: Elsass im jahre 1648 (mit Abhandlung). II: Elsass im jahre 1789. III: Das reichsland Lothringen im jahre 1766. Wandkarte. Das reichsland Elsass Lothringen 1648-1789. Strassburg: Trübner. 1878.
KÖNIG, TH. See Issleib.
KŒPPEN, A. L. The world in the middle ages: an historical geography. Text and six maps. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1854.
KRUSE, CHRISTIAN. Atlas und tabellen zur übersicht der geschichte aller europäischen länder und staaten. Friedrich Kruse, editor. Halle. 1834.
LABBERTON, ROBERT H. New historical atlas and general history. 71 maps and text. New York: Townsend MacCoun. 1888.
LANCIZOLLE, C. W. VON. Geschichte der bildung des preussischen staates. Berlin. 1828.
LANESSAU, J. L. DE. L'expansion coloniale de la France. Paris. 1886.
LANGHANS, PAUL. Deutscher kolonial-atlas. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1893-1895.
LAPIE. Atlas universel de géographie ancienne et moderne. 50 maps. Paris: Lehuby. 1851.
LEEDER, E. Atlas zur geschichte des preussischen staates. 10 plates. Geographisches Institut. zu Weimar. 1875.
Schul-atlas zur biblischen geschichte. 6 maps and text. Essen: Baedeker. 1892.
LEIPOLD, G. See Kaemmel.
LEJOSNE, L. A. Géographie physique, politique, historique et économique de la France et de ses colonies: revue et corrigée par A. Dufresne. Paris: Bertaux. 1877.
LELEWEL, JOACHIM. Geographie du moyen age. Brussels. 1852-57. 5 volumes and atlas.
LEVESQUE, P. C. Atlas de l'histoire de Russie et des principales nations de l'empire Russe. 60 maps. Paris. 1812.
LIBRARY ATLAS. Contains 90 maps, including 16 of historical geography by W. F. Collier and 14 of classical geography by Leonhard Schmitz. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1876. (See International Atlas).
LONG, GEORGE. See Hughes.
LONGNON, A. Atlas historique de la France depui César jusqu' à nos jours. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1884-1889. To be completed in 7 parts containing 5 plates each; 3 parts Issued.
Geographie de la Gaule au VI siècle. With atlas containing 11 maps. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1878.
LUCAS, C. P. Historical geography of the British colonies. 31 maps. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1890. 3 volumes.
MacCOUN, TOWNSEND. Historical geography charts of Europe. 37 charts, 18 ancient and 19 mediaeval and modern. New York: Townsend MacCoun. 1894.
Historical geography charts of the United States. 18 charts. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co. 1889.
An historical geography of the United States. New York: Silver, Burdett & Co. 1892.
MANDROT, A VON. Historischer atlas der Schweiz vom jahre 1300 bis 1798. Geneva: Kessman. 1855.
MEES, A. Historische atlas van Noord Nederland. Rotterdam. 1852-1865.
MEISSAS, A., et MICHELET. Atlas universel de geographie ancienne, du moyen age et moderne, et de geographie sacrée, composé de 54 cartes écrites avec 8 cartes muettes. Paris: Hachette et Cie.
MENKE, THEODOR. Bibel-atlas. 8 plates. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1868.
Orbis antiqui descriptio. 18 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1865.
Historico-geographical hand-atlas [continuation of the above]. 27 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1872.
See also Spruner-Menke.
MEYER, C. F. und A. KOCH. Atlas zu Caesar's bellum Gallicum. Essen: Baedeker. 1889.
MEYER VON KNONAU, GEROLD. See Vögelin.
MOMMSEN, THEODOR. The provinces of the Roman empire from Caesar to Diocletian: translated by Wm. P. Dickson, with 10 maps by Kiepert. New York: Charles Scribner's' Sons. 1887. 2 volumes.
OHMANN, C. L. Palaestina zur zeit Jesu und der Apostel. II. Das königreich Jerusalem zur zeit der kreuzzüger. Berlin: Wruck. 1868.
OHMANN, C. L. See. Freudenfeldt.
PAQUIER, J. B. Histoire de l'unité politique et territoriale de la France. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1879-1880. 3 volumes.
PAWLOWSKI, J .N. Historisch-geographische karte vom alten Preussen und Pommerellen während der herrschaft des deutschen Ritterordens. Graudenz: Gaebel. 1890.
PEARSON, CHARLES H. Historical maps of England during the first thirteen centuries. 5 maps and text. London: Bell & Daldy. 1870.
PERIGOT, C. See BARBARET.
PLÄNE DER SCHLACHTEN UND TREFFEN. Feldzügen der jahre 1813, 1814, und 1815. (Herausgegeben vom Königl. Preuss. Generalstab.) 15 plans. Berlin: Reimer. 1821-82.
PORPHYROGENITUS, CONSTANTINUS. De thematibus et de administrando imperio. (In "Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae," 3rd volume.) Bonn. 1840.
PORSCHKE, E. Schulwandkarte der brandenburgisch-preussichen geschichte. Elberfeld: Loewenstein. 1891.
PÜTZ, WILHELM. Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas. 20 maps and text. Regensburg: Manz. 1882.
Manual of ancient geography and history; translated by T. K. Arnold. New York: Appleton. 1851.
Manual of mediaeval geography and history: translated by R. B. Paul. New York: Appleton. 1863.
Manual of modern geography and history: translated by R. B. Paul. New York: Appleton. 1851.
PUTZGER, F. W. Historischer schul-atlas der alten, mittleren und neuren geschichte. 32 large and 51 small maps. Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing. 1887.
Kleiner geschichtsatlas. 17 large and 23 small maps. Leipzig: Velhagen & Klasing. 1889.
QUIN, EDWARD. Atlas of universal history. 21 maps on uniform scale. London and Glasgow: R. Griffin & Co.
RAFFY, CASIMIR. Atlas classique des repetitions et des lectures d'histoire et de geographie. 40 maps. Toulouse: Durand. 1863.
RAMSAY, WILLIAM M. Historical geography of Asia Minor. (Royal Geographical Society. Supplementary papers, volume 4.) London: John Murray. 1890.
RASCHE, R., und R. ZIMMERMANN. Historischer atlas. 12 maps. Annaberg: Rudolph & Dieterici. 1874.
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RHEINHARD, H. Atlas orbis antiqui. 12 maps. Struttgart. 1886.
RHODE, C. E. Historischer schul-atlas der alten, mittleren und neueren geschichte. 30 plates containing 89 maps. Glogau: Flemming. 1875.
RIESS, RICH. VON. Atlas historique et géographique de la Bible. 10 maps. Freiburg: Herder. 1892.
ROLLAND DE DEN US, ANDRÉ. Les anciennes provinces de la France. Paris: Le Chevalier. 1885.
ROPES, JOHN CODMAN. Atlas to the campaign of Waterloo. 14 maps. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1893.
RUSTOW, WILHELM. Atlas zu Caesar's gallischem krieg. 15 maps. Struttgart: Hoffman. 1868.
SALÉ, RENÉ. Geographie physique, politique, historique, etc., de la France et de ses colonies. Paris: Nouvelle librarie scientifique et littéraire. 1884.
SCAIFE, WALTER B. America: its geographical history. 1492-1892. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. 1892.
SCHADE, T. Atlas zur geschichte des preussischen staates. 12 maps and text. Glogau: Flemming. 1881.
SCHLACHTEN ATLAS des 19ten jahrhundert. Zeitraum, 1820 bis zur gegenwart. 63 maps. Iglau: Bäuerle. 1889-92.
SCHMITZ, LEONHARD. See LIBRARY ATLAS, also INTERNATIONAL ATLAS.
SCHRADER, F. Atlas de geographie historique. 18 parts of 3 map each. Paris: Hachette et Cie. en cours de publication.
SCHROEDEL'S Atlas zum religions-und kirchen-geschichtlichen unterricht. 9 maps. Halle: H. Schroedel. 1891.
SCHUBERT, F. W. Atlas antiquus. Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas der alten welt. Vienna: Hölzel. 1887.
SCHUBERT, F. W. und W. SCHMIDT. Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas des mittel alters. 19 maps. Vienna: Hölzel. 1889.
SCHURIG, G. Karten-atlas, historischer, zunächst zur ergänzung von G. Schurig's lehrbüchern der geschichte. 14 large and 15 small maps. Breslau: F. Hirt. 1886.
SEIBERT, A. E. Geschichts-karten für volks-und bürgerschulen. 4 maps. Vienna: Hölzel. 1879.
SELOSSE, RENÉ. Traité de l'annexion au territoire français et de son démembrement, etc. Paris: Larose. ]879.
SEYFFERTH, J. A. Atlas der biblischen länder für volks und mittelschulen. Hof: Büching. 1876.
SHEAHAN, JAMES W. The universal historical atlas; genealogical, chronological and geographical. 25 maps, statistical charts, tables, etc. New York and Chicago: Warren, Cockcroft & Co. 1873.
SIEGLIN, W. Karte der entwickelung des römischen reiches; with text. Leipzig: Schmidt & Günther. 1885.
See also SPRUNER-SIEGLIN.
SMITH, GEORGE ADAM. The historical geography of the Holy Land, especially in relation to the history of Israel and of the early church. 6 maps. New York: A. C. Armstrong & Son. 1894.
SMITH, WILLIAM. Atlas of ancient geography. 43 maps by Dr. Charles Müller, and descriptive text. London: John Murray. 1874.
Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography. London: 1854.
Student's manual of ancient geography. London: 1861.
SPRUNER, K. VON. Atlas zur geschichte von Bayern. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1838.
Historisch-geographischer atlas. 23 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes.
Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas des gesammt-staates Oesterreich von der ältesten bis auf die neuesten zeiten. 13 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1860.
Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas von Deutschland. 12 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1866.
SPRUNER-BRETSCHNEIDER. Historischer wand-atlas. 10 maps. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1877.
SPRUNER-MENKE. (part 1) Atlas antiquus. 31 colorirte karten. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1865.
(Part 2). Hand-atlas für die geschichte des mittelalters und der neueren zeit. 90 colorirte karten in kupferstich mit 376 nebenkarten. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1879.
(part 3). Atlas zur geschichte Asiens, Afrikas, Amerikas und Australiens. 18 colorirte karten mit 9 nebenkarten. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1855.
SPRUNER-SIEGLIN. Atlas antiquus. (Atlas zur geschichte des alterthums.) 34 colorirte karten in kupferstich, 94 historische karten und 73 nebenkarten. To be completed in 8 parts, 3 parts issued. Gotha: J. Perthes. 1893-94.
SÜSSMILCH-HÖRNIG, M. VON. Historisch-geographischer atlas von Sachsen und Thüringen. Dresden: Von Bötticher. 1863.
TARDIEU, AMÉDÉE. Atlas universel de geographie ancienne et moderne; revue et corrigé par A. Vuillemin. Paris: Furne. 1863.
UKERT, FRIEDRICH. Geographie der Griechen und Roemer von d. frühesten zeiten bis auf Ptolemäus. Weimar: Geograph-Institut. 1816-1846. 3 volumes.
UMLAUFT, F. Wandkarte zum studien der geschichte der österr.-ungar. monarchie. Vienna: Hölzel. 1890.
UMLAUFT, F. und E. HANNAK. See Hannak, E.
VAT, L. Nouvel atlas classique, politique, historique et commercial. Paris: Alexandre. 1863. 3 volumes.
VIVIEN DE SAINT MARTIN, L. Description historique et géographique de l'Asie Mineure, comprenant les temps anciens, le moyen age et les temps modernes, précédée d'un tableau de l'histoire géographique de l'Asie depuis les plus anciens temps jusqu' à nos jours. Paris: Bertrand. 1852. 2 volumes.
VIVIEN DE SAINT MARTIN, L. und F. SCHRADER. Atlas universel de geographie moderne, ancienne et du moyen age. 110 maps and text. Paris: Hachette et Cie. 1891.
VÖGELIN, J. K., und G. MEYER VON KNONAU. Historisch-geographischer atlas der Schweiz. Zürich: Schulthess. 1868.
VOIGHT, F. Historischer atlas der Mark Brandenburg. 7 maps. Berlin: D. Reimer. 1845.
Historisch-geographischer schul-atlas der mittleren und neueren zeit. 17 maps. Berlin: Nicolai. 1877.
Schul-atlas der alten geographie. 16 maps. Berlin: Nicolai. 1877.
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WENDT, G. Schul-atlas zur brandenburgisch-preussischen geschichte. 12 maps and text. Glogau: Flemming. 1889.
WILTSCH, J. E. T. Atlas Sacer. 5 maps. Göttingen. 1843.
Kirchliche geographie und statistik. Gottingen. 1846. 2 volumes. English translation by John Leitch. London. 1859.
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Karte des ehemaligen königreich Polen, nach den grenzen von 1772. Mit angabe der theilungslinien von 1772, 1793, und 1795. Hamburg: Friederichsen. 1872.
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ZIMMERMANN, R. See RASCHE.
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A LIST OF THE WORKS FROM WHICH PASSAGES HAVE BEEN QUOTED IN "HISTORY FOR READY REFERENCE AND TOPICAL READING."
ABBOT, J. WILLIS. Battle-fields and victory. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. (c. 1891).
ABBOTT, EVELYN. History of Greece. London: Rivingtons. 1888-92. volumes 1-2.
Pericles and the Golden Age of Athens. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 1891.
ACADEMY, The. London.
ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. Revised version.
ADAMS, BROOKS. The emancipation of Massachusetts. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1887.
ADAMS Major CHARLES. Great campaigns In Europe from 1796 to 1870. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. 1877.
ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS. Massachusetts: its historians and its history. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1893.
Railroads: their origin and problems. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1878.
Richard Henry Dana. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1890. 2 volumes.
ADAMS, CHARLES KENDALL. Democracy and monarchy in France. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1874.
Manual of historical literature. New York: Harper & Bros. 1882.
ADAMS, FRANCIS. Preliminary discourse [Genuine works of Hippocrates. London: Sydenham Society. 1849. 2 volumes.].
ADAMS, Sir FRANCIS O., and C. D. CUNNINGHAM. The Swiss Confederation. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1889.
ADAMS, GEORGE BURTON. Civilization during the Middle Ages. New York: C. Scribner s Sons. 1894.
ADAMS, HENRY. History of the United States [1801-1817]. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1889-91. 9 volumes.
John Randolph. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1882.
Life of Albert Gallatin. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1879.
ADAMS, HERBERT B. Maryland's influence upon land cessions to the United States. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 3d series number 1.) Baltimore. 1885.
Methods of historical study. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 2d series 1-2.). Baltimore. 1884.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Life of John Adams, completed by Charles Francis Adams. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1871. 2 volumes.
Memoirs; edited by Charles Francis Adams. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. 1874-5.
ADAMS, W. H. DAVENPORT. The Queen of the Adriatic. Boston: D. Lothrop & Co. 1869.
ADDISON, C. G. The Knights Templars. 3d edition. London: Longman. 1854.
ADLER, G. J. Introduction to Fauriel's "History of Provençal poetry" New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860.
ADOLPHUS, JOHN. History of England, reign of George III. London: John Lee. 1840. 7 volumes.
ADVOCATE, The.
AIRY, OSMUND. The English restoration and Louis XIV. London: Longman, Green & Co. 1888. New York: C. Scribner s Sons. 1889.
AITCHISON, Sir CHARLES. Lord Lawrence. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1892.
ALBANY LAW JOURNAL, The.
ALEXANDER, W. D. Brief history of the Hawaiian people. New York: American Book Co. (c. 1891).
ALGER, JOHN G. Glimpses of the French Revolution. London: S. Low, Marston & Co. 1894.
ALISON, Sir ARCHIBALD. History of Europe, 1789-1815. 10 volumes. 1815-1852. 6 volumes. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. New York: Harper & Bros.
Epitome of History of Europe. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. 1880.
ALISON. Sir ARCHIBALD. Military life of John, Duke of Marlborough. Edinburgh: William Blackwood & Sons. 1847. New York: Harper & Bros. 1848.
ALLAN, WILLIAM. The Army of Northern Virginia in 1862. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1892.
ALLEN, JOSEPH HENRY. Christian history in its three great periods. Boston: Roberts Bros. 1883.
Hebrew men and times. London: Chapman & Hall. Boston: Walker, Wise & Co. 1861.
ALLEN, WALTER. Governor Chamberlain's administration in South Carolina. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1888.
ALLEN, WILLIAM B. History of Kentucky. Louisville, Kentucky: Brady & Gilbert. 1872.
ALLIES, THOMAS W. The Holy See and the Wandering of the Nations. London: Burns & Oates. New York: Catholic Publication Society. 1888.
ALZOG, JOHN. Manual of universal Church History. Dublin: M. H. Gill & Son. 1879-82. 4 volumes.
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE. Annals. Philadelphia.
AMERICAN ANNALS OF EDUCATION. Boston: Otis, Broaders & Co.
AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION. Reports.
AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION. Publications. Baltimore.
AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL CYCLOPÆDIA. New York: J. W. Schermerhorn & Co. 1875.
AMERICAN HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION. Annual reports. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Papers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
AMERICAN LAW REVIEW, The. Boston and St. Louis.
AMERICAN NATURALIST, The. Philadelphia.
AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CHURCH HISTORY. Papers. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
ANDERSON, RASMUS B. America not discovered by Columbus. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co. 1874.
Norse mythology. Chicago: S. C. Griggs & Co. 1875.
ANDOVER REVIEW. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
ANDREWS, CHARLES McLEAN. The old English manor. (Johns Hopkins Studies, extra volume 12.) Baltimore. 1892.
ANDREWS, E. BENJAMIN. History of the United States. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1894. 2 volumes.
ANNUAL REGISTER, 1870, 1887, 1889, 1891. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
ANSON, Sir WILLIAM R. Law and custom of the Constitution. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1896-92. 2 volumes.
APPLETONS' ANNUAL CYCLOPÆDIA. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
APPLETONS' JOURNAL. New York: D. Appleton & Co.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL JOURNAL, The. London.
ARGYLL, Duke of. Scotland as it was and as it is. Edinburgh: David Douglas. 1887. 2 volumes.
ARISTOTLE. On the Constitution of Athens; translated by E. Poste. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
Politics; translated by Jowett. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1885. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, EDWIN. Marquis of Dalhousie's administration of British India. London: Saunders, Otley & Co. 1862-5. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD, ISAAC N. Life of Abraham Lincoln. Chicago: Jansen, McClurg & Co. 1885.
ARNOLD, MATTHEW. Higher schools and universities in Germany. London: Macmillan & Co. 1874.
Isaiah of Jerusalem. London: Macmillan & Co. 1883.
Schools and universities on the continent. London: Macmillan & Co. 1868.
ARNOLD, SAMUEL GREENE. History of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1859-60. 2 volumes.
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ARNOLD, THOMAS. History of Rome. London. 1871. 3 volumes.
History of the later Roman commonwealth. London: Bickers & Son. 1882. 2 volumes.
ARNOLD. W. T. The Roman system of provincia] administration. London: Macmillan & Co. 1879.
ASHLEY, W. J. Introduction to English economic history and theory. London: Rivingtons. 1888.
ASHWORTH, HENRY. Recollections of Richard Cobden. London and New York: Cassell. [1877.]
ATHENÆUM, The. London.
ATKINSON, PHILIP. Elements of electric lighting. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co. 1890.
ATLANTIC MONTHLY, The. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co.
AUMALE, Due d'. History of the Princes de Condé. London: Richard Bentley & Son. 1872. 2 volumes.
AUSTIN, GEORGE LOWELL. History of Massachusetts. Boston: Estes & Lauriat. 1876.
AUSTIN, JOHN. Lectures on jurisprudence. London: John Murray. 2 volumes.
BAAS, JOH. HERMANN. Outlines of the history of medicine. New York: J. H. Vail & Co. 1889.
BADEAU, ADAM. Grant In peace. Hartford: S. S. Scranton & Co. 1887.
Military history of Ulysses S. Grant. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868-81. 3 volumes.
BAGEHOT, WALTER. Biographical studies. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1881.
Lombard street. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co. 1873.
Physics and politics. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1873.
BAIRD, CHARLES W. History of the Huguenot emigration to America. New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. (c. 1885.) 2 volumes.
BAIRD, HENRY M. History of the rise of the Huguenots of France. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1879. 2 volumes.
The Huguenots and Henry of Navarre. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1886. 2 volumes.
BALBO, CESARE. Life and times of Dante. London: Richard Bentley. 1852. 2 volumes.
BALCH, THOMAS. The French in America during the War of Independence. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. 1891.
BALZANI, UGO. The Popes and the Hohenstaufen. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1888. New York: A. D. F. Randolph & Co.
BANCROFT, GEORGE. History of the United States: author's last revision. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1883-5. 6 volumes.
Martin Van Buren. New York: Harper & Bros. 1889.
BANCROFT, HUBERT HOWE. History of the Pacific states of North America. San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co. 1882-90. 34 volumes.
Native races of the Pacific states. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1874-1876. 5 volumes.
BANDELIER, ADOLF F. A historical introduction to studies among the sedentary Indians of New Mexico. (Papers of the Archæological Institute of America: American series, volume 1.) Boston: A. Williams & Co. 1881.
BANKER'S MAGAZINE, The. New York: Homans Publishing Co.
BAPTISTS AND THE NATIONAL CENTENARY, The. Philadelphia: American Baptist Publication Society. 1876.
BARCLAY, THOMAS. Selections from the correspondence of Thomas Barclay. New York: Harper & Bros. 1894.
BARMBY, J. Gregory the Great. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, 1879.
BARNARD, HENRY. National education in Europe. 2d edition. New York: Charles B. Norton. 1854.
editor. American Journal of Education. Hartford.
editor. Letters, essays and thoughts on studies and conduct. 2d edition. Hartford: American Journal of Education. 1873.
editor. Papers on Froebel's kindergarten. Hartford: American Journal of Education. 1881.
BARNARD, J. G. The Peninsular campaign. New York: D. Van Nostrand. 1864.
BARNES, THURLOW WEED. Memoir of Thurlow Weed. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.
BARNES, WILLIAM H. History of the 39th Congress of the United States. New York: Harper & Bros. 1868.
BARROWS, WILLIAM. Oregon. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.
BARRY, JOHN STETSON. History of Massachusetts. Boston. 3 volumes.
BARRY, WILLIAM. Venezuela. London: Marshall Bros. 1886.
BARSTOW, G. History of New Hampshire. Boston: Little & Brown. 1853.
BARY. A. DE. Lectures on bacteria. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1887.
BASTABLE, C. F. Commerce of nations. London: Methuen & Co. 1892.
BATTLES AND LEADERS OF THE CIVIL WAR: edited by Robert U. Johnson and Clarence C. Buel. New York: The Century Co. (c.1884-1888.) 4 volumes.
BAUR, FERDINAND C. Church history of the first three centuries. London: Williams & Norgate. 1878-1879. 2 volumes.
BAYNE, PETER. Martin Luther. London: Cassell & Co. 1887. 2 volumes.
BAZAN, E. P. Russia. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co. 1890.
BEARD, CHARLES. Martin Luther and the Reformation in Germany. London: Kegan Paul, French & Co. 1889.
The Reformation. (Hibbert lectures, 1883.) London: Williams & Norgate. 1883.
BEDE, The Venerable. Ecclesiastica] history of England: edited by A. Giles. London: George Bell & Sons. 1849.
BEER, GEORGE L. Commercial policy of Eng]and toward the American colonies. (Columbia College Studies, volume 3, number 2.) 1893.
BEESLY, EDWARD SPENCER. Queen Elizabeth. London and New York: Macmillan & Co. 1892.
BELL, ROBERT. History of Russia. London: Longman. 1836. 3 volumes.
Life of Rt. Hon. George Canning. New York: Harper & Bros. 1846.
BENJAMIN, PARK. The age of electricity. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1886.
BENJAMIN, S. G. W. Story of Persia. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1887.
BENT, J. THEODORE. Genoa. London: C. Kegan Paul & Co. 1881.
BENTLEY'S MISCELLANY. London.
BENTON, T. H. Thirty Years' View. New York: D. Appleton and Co. 1856. 2 volumes.
BERDOE, EDWARD. Origin and growth of the healing art. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. 1893.
BESANT, WALTER. Gaspard de Coligny. London: Marcus Ward & Co. New York: Harper & Bros. 1879.
Readings in Rabelais. Edinburgh: William Blackwood and Sons. 1883.
BESANT, WALTER. and E. H. PALMER. Jerusalem. London: Richard Bentley & Son. 1871.
BEVERLEY, ROBERT. History of Virginia. Richmond: J. W. Randolph. 1855.
BEZOLD, C. Oriental diplomacy: being the transliterated text of the cuneiform despatches. London: Luzac & Co. 1893.
BIEDERMANN, KARL. Dreissig jahre Deutscher geschichte. Breslau. 1881-2. 2 volumes.
BIGELOW, L. J. Bench and bar. New York: Harper & Bros. 1867.
BIGELOW, MELVILLE M. History of procedure. London: Macmillan & Co. 1880. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
BIGG, CHARLES. The Christian Platonists of Alexandria. (Bampton Lectures, 1886.) Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1886.
BIGLAND, JOHN. History of Spain. London: Longman. 1810. 2 volumes.
BIKELAS, DEMETRIOS. Seven essays on Christian Greece. Paisley and London: Alexander Gardner. 1890.
BINGHAM, ANSON. Law of real property. Albany: W. C. Little & Co. 1868.
BINGHAM, JOSEPH. Antiquities of the Christian Church. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1865. 2 volumes.
BISHOP, J. LEANDER. History of American Manufactures. Philadelphia: Edward Young & Co. London: S. Low, Son & Co. 1864. 2 volumes.
BISMARCK-SCHÖNHAUSEN. KARL OTTO, Prince. Politischen reden. Stuttgart. 1892-4. volumes 1-12.
BLACK, ALEXANDER. Story of Ohio. Boston: D. Lothrop Co. (c. 1888).
BLACK, CHARLES INGHAM. The proselytes of Ishmael. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1881.
BLACKIE JOHN STUART. Four phases of morals. London: Hamilton & Co.
What does history teach? London: Macmillan & Co. 1886.
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BLACKSTONE, Sir WILLIAM. Commentaries on the laws of England. London: John Murray. 4 volumes.
BLACKWOODS' EDINBURGH MAGAZINE. Edinburgh: Wm. Blackwood & Sons.
BLADES, WILLIAM. Books in chains. London: Elliot Stock. 1892.
BLAINE, JAMES G. Twenty years of Congress. Norwich, Connecticut: The Henry Bill Publishing Co. 1886. 2 volumes.
BLANQUI, JÉRÔME-ADOLPHE. History of political economy in Europe. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1880.
BLÜMNER, H. Home life of the ancient Greeks. London: Cassell & Co. 1893.
BLUNT, JOHN HENRY. Reformation of the Church of England, 1514-1547. London: Rivingtons. 1869.
BOCCACCIO, GIOVANNI. The Decameron. London: George Routledge & Son.
BOECKH, AUGUSTUS. Public economy of the Athenians. London: S. Low, Son & Co. Boston: Little, Brown & Co. 1857.
BOLLES, ALBERT S. Financial history of the United States. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1879-86. 3 volumes.
BONNECHOSE, EMILE DE. History of France. London: Ward, Lock & Co.
BOONE, RICHARD G. Education In the United States. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1889.
BOOTH, MARY L. History of the city of New York. New York: W. R. C. Clark. 1866.
BOOTH, MAUD B. Beneath two flags. New York and London: Funk & Wagnalls. 1889.
BORROW, G. The Zincali. London: John Murray. 1841. 2 volumes.
BOSANQUET, BERNARD. The civilization of Christendom, etc. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. New York: Macmillan & Co. 1893.
BOTTA, CARLO. Italy during the Consulate and Empire of Napoleon. Philadelphia. 1829.
BOUCHOT, HENRI. The printed book. London: H. Grevel & Co. 1887.
BOULGER, DEMETRIUS C. Central Asian questions. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1685.
History of China. London: W. H. Allen & Co. 1881-84. 3 volumes.
BOURINOT, JOHN G. Federal Government In Canada. (Johns Hopkins University Studies, 7th series, nos. 10-12.) Baltimore. 1889.
Manual of the constitutional history of Canada. Montreal: Dawson Bros. 1888.
BOURNE, H. R. FOX. The romance of trade. London: Cassell.
BOURRIENNE, F. DE. Private memoirs of Napoleon. London: H. Colburn & R. Bentley. 1880. 4 volumes.
BOUTELL, CHARLES. Arms and armour; from the French of Lacombe. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1870.
BOUTMY, ÉMILE. The English constitution. London: Macmillan & Co. 1891.
BOWEN, CLARENCE W. Boundary disputes of Connecticut. Boston: James R. Osgood & Co. 1882.
BOWEN, J. E. The conflict of East and West in Egypt. New York and London: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1887.
BOWLEY, ARTHUR L. Short account of England's foreign trade In the 19th century. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. 1893.
BOWMAN, S. M., and R. B. IRWIN. Sherman and his campaigns. New York: Charles B. Richardson. 1865.
BOWRING, Sir JOHN. Kingdom and people of Siam. London: John W. Parker & Son. 1857. 2 volumes.
BOYCE, WILLIAM B. Introduction to the study of history. London. 1884.
BOYNTON, CHARLES B. History of the navy during the Rebellion. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 1868. 2 volumes.
BOZMAN. JOHN L. History of Maryland, 1683-1660. Baltimore: Lucas & Deaver. 1837.
BRACKENBURY, Colonel C. B. Frederick the Great. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. 1884.
BRACKENRIDGE, H. M. Voyage to South America. Baltimore. 1819. 2 volumes.
BRACKETT, ANNA C., editor. Woman and the higher education. New York: Harper & Bros. 1893.
BRADFORD, ALDEN. History of the federal government. Boston: Samuel G. Simpkins. 1840.
BRADLEY, HENRY. Story of the Goths. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: T. Fisher Unwin. 1888.
BRAMSTON, A. R. and A. C. LEROY. Historic Winchester. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1882.
BRANDES, GEORG. Impressions of Russia. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co. (c. 1889).
BRESSE, J. History of the Vaudois. [Abridged translation, in Arnaud's "Authentic details of the Valdenses." London. 1827].
BRETT, REGINALD BALIOL. Footprints of statesmen during the 18th century. London: Macmillan & Co. 1892.
BRETT. Rev. W. H. Indian tribes of Guiana. London: Bell & Daldy. 1868.
BREVAL., JOHN. History of the House of Nassau. Dublin. 1784.
BREWER, J. S. English studies. London: John Murray. 1881.
Reign of Henry VIII. London: John Murray. 1884. 2 volumes.
BREWER, W. Alabama. Montgomery, Alabama: Barrett & Brown. 1872.
BRIGHT, J. FRANCK. History of England. London: Rivingstons. 1880-88. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. 4 volumes.
BRINTON, DANIEL G. American hero-myths. Philadelphia: H. C. Watts & Co. 1882.
The American race. New York: N. D. C. Hodges. 1891.
Essays of an Americanist. Philadelphia: Porter & Coates. 1890.
The Lenâpé and their legends. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton. 1885.
Myths of the new world. New York: Leypoldt & Holt. 1868.
Notes on the Floridian peninsula. Philadelphia: Jos. Sabin. 1859.
Races and peoples. New York: N. D. C. Hodges. 1890.
The Maya chronicles. editor. Philadelphia: D. G. Brinton. 1882.
BRITANNIC CONFEDERATION: a series of papers; edited by Arthur Silva White. London: George Philip & Son. 1892.
BRITISH MUSEUM. List of books of reference in the reading room. 3d edition. 1889.
BRODHEAD, JOHN R. History of the state of New York. New York: Harper & Bros. 1858. 2 volumes.
BROUGHAM, HENRY, Lord. History of England and France under the House of Lancaster. London: Griffin, Bohn & Co. 1861.
BROWN, HORATIO F. Venice, New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: Percival & Co. 1893.
BROWN, JOHN. Locke and Sydenham. Edinburgh: D. Douglas. 1882.
BROWN, JOHN, editor. The Stundists. London: James Clarke & Co. 1893.
BROWN, RICHARD. History of the Island of Cape Breton. London: Sampson Low, Son & Marston. 1869.
BROWN, ROBERT. Countries of the world. London and New York: Cassell. 4 volumes.
BROWN, ROBERT. The great Dionysiak myth. London: Longmans, Green & Co. 1877. 2 volumes.
BROWNE, IRVING. Short studies of great lawyers. Albany: Albany Law Journal. 1878.
BROWNE, R. W. History of Rome from A. D. 96. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge.
BROWNE, WILLIAM HAND. Maryland. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. 1884.
BROWNELL, HENRY. North and South America Illustrated. Hartford: Hurlbut, Kellogg & Co. 1860. 2 volumes.
BROWNING, OSCAR. Guelphs and Ghlbellines. London: Methuen & Co. 1893.
Introduction to the history of educational theories. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1881.
BROWNING, ROBERT. Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford [Eminent British statesmen, by John Forster, volume 2. London: Longman. 1886].
BROWNLOW, W. G. Sketches of the rise, progress and decline of Secession. Philadelphia: George W. Childs. 1862.
BROWNLOW, W. R. Lectures on slavery and serfdom in Europe. London: Burns & Oates. 1892.
BRUGSCH-BEY, HENRY. History of Egypt under the Pharaohs. London: John Murray. 1879. 2 volumes.
History of Egypt under the Pharaohs. edited by Brodrick. London: John Murray. 1891.
BRUNO-GEBHARDT. Lehrbuch der Deutschen geschichte. Stuttgart: Union Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. 1892.
BRYANT, SOPHIE. Celtic Ireland. London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co. 1889.
BRYANT, WILLIAM C. Interesting archæological studies in and about Buffalo. [Buffalo. 1890.]
BRYCE, GEORGE. Short history of the Canadian people. London: Low, Marston & Co. 1887.
BRYCE, JAMES. The American commonwealth. London: Macmillan & Co. 1889. 2 volumes.
The American commonwealth. 3d edition., revised 1895. 2 volumes.
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BRYCE, JAMES. Holy Roman Empire. London: Macmillan & Co.
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