Letter XLV…

Letter XLV

SENSES OF INSECTS.

At first one would think that the senses of insects might be described in very few words, and scarcely afford matter for a separate letter; but when we find that physiologists are scarcely yet agreed upon this subject, and that the use of some of their organs, which appear to be organs of sensation, has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained--we shall not wonder that it requires more discussion than at the first blush we were aware of. In treating on this head I shall first say something on the senses in general, and then confine myself to those of insects.

Touch, taste, smell, hearing, and sight, I need not tell you, is the usual enumeration of the senses: but as the term includes every means of communication with the external world, the list perhaps might be increased; and there is ground for thinking that the number seven, so signalized as a sacred number[1025], may also here have place. Dr. Virey, an eminent physiologist, whose sentiments on various subjects I have before noticed with approbation[1026], appears to be of opinion that there are really seven senses; which he divides into those that are altogether physical, and those that are more connected with the intellect. The first of these divisions contains four senses,--touch, love, taste, and smell;--the second three,--hearing, sight, and the internal sense of thought, or the brain[1027]. That he is right in adding love to the list seems to me evident, because it is as distinct from touch, as smelling and taste are. With regard to the other, though it may be expected that there should be a transitive sense connecting the intellect (if I may so speak) with the external organ of sense, and as a medium by which the former can receive the notices of the external world furnished by the latter; yet it seems improper to make the entire brain itself a sense. We know that the agent between the common sensory and the sense is the consciousness or perception of the impression. "Seeing we may see and not perceive, and hearing we may hear and not understand." The picture may be painted upon the retina of the eye, the sound may strike upon the tympanum of the ear; but neither the one nor the other be received by the intellect, unless the internal power or faculty of perception be in action and mediate between them. This is what I mean by the internal sense, which, to use a term of Mr. W. S. MacLeay's[1028], is osculant between intellect and sense, or forms the transit from one group of powers to the other.

Of the ordinary senses, sight holds the first rank: it can dart to the region of the stars, and convey by the perceiving sense, to the sensory, ideas of innumerable objects. Next in rank is hearing, which can receive sounds from a great distance; but the ideas it remits are confined only to one object, the variations of tones. In the other organs the sensitive power is much more confined. There is another difference between the intellectual and physical senses:--the former are the only ones that receive and convey sensations of the beautiful and sublime; of harmony and discord,--the latter, though they minister more to our sensual enjoyments, add little to our intellectual; and therefore too devoted an indulgence in them debases our nature, and levels us with the brutes, which use their eyes and ears only for information, not for pleasure[1029].

In man the ordinary five senses are usually in their greatest perfection, although in some animals particular senses have a greater range. The Vertebrates in general are also gifted with the same number, though there are some exceptions. But in the Invertebrates they are seldom to be met with all together in the same object. The Cephalopods have no smell. Several Gasteropods can neither hear nor see. The animals of bivalve shells have neither eyes, nor ears, nor smell; and the zoophytes and the races below them have, it is affirmed, only the single sense of touch, which in them is so extremely delicate as to be acted upon even by light[1030].

Not so our insects. These, there is good reason to believe, possess all the ordinary senses. That they can see, touch, taste, and smell, no one denies. Linné and Bonnet, however, thought them deprived of hearing[1031]; but numerous observations prove the contrary. That they hear in their larva state, is evident from facts stated by the latter physiologist. He found that the sound of his voice evidently affected some caterpillars; which he attributes, but surely without reason, to the delicacy of their sense of touch: at another time, when some caterpillars of a different species were moving swiftly, he rang a small bell; upon which they instantly stopped and moved the anterior part of their body very briskly[1032]. That they possess this faculty in their imago state is confirmed still more strongly by facts. I once was observing the motions of an Apion under a pocket microscope: on seeing me it receded. Upon my making a slight but distinct noise, its antennæ started: I repeated the noise several times, and invariably with the same effect. A Harpalus, which I was holding in my hand, answered the sound in the same manner repeatedly. Flies, I have observed, at brisk and distinct sounds move all their legs; and spiders will quit their prey and retire to their hiding places. Insects that live in society give notice of intended movements, or assemble their citizens for emigration by a certain hum[1033]. But the most satisfactory proof of the hearing of these animals is to be had from those Orthoptera and Hemiptera whose males are vocal. Brunelli kept and fed several males of Acrida viridissima (a grasshopper with us not uncommon) in a closet, which were very merry, and continued singing all the day; but a rap at the door would stop them instantly. By practice he learned to imitate their chirping: when he did this at the door, at first a few would answer him in a low note, and then the whole party would take up the tune and sing with all their might. He once shut up a male in his garden, and gave the female her liberty; but as soon as she heard the male chirp, she flew to him immediately[1034].

But although physiologists are for the most part agreed that insects have the ordinary five senses of vertebrate animals, yet a great variety of opinions has obtained as to their external organs; so that it has been matter of doubt, for instance, whether the antennæ are for smell, touch, or hearing; and the palpi for smell, taste, or touch. Nor has the question, as it appears to me, been satisfactorily decided: for though it is now the most general opinion that the primary use of antennæ is to explore as tactors, yet by the most strenuous advocates of this opinion they are owned not to be universally so employed; so that granting this to be one of their principal functions, yet it seems to follow that there may be another common to them all, which of course would be their primary function. We are warned, however, not to lay any stress upon the argument to be drawn from analogy; and told that we might as well dispute about the identity of the nose of a man, the proboscis of the elephant, the horn of the rhinoceros, the crest of the cock, or the beak of the toucan[1035]. But this is merely casting dust in our eyes: for though three of these are nasal organs, bearing nostrils; the two others have no relation to the question, the horn of the rhinoceros and the crest of the cock being merely appendages, and have no more analogy to the nose and nostrils, which co-exist with them, than they have to the eyes or ears. I have on a former occasion observed, that a gradual change sometimes takes place in the functions of particular organs; but still, generally speaking, this observation regards secondary functions--the primary usually remaining untouched. We may say, for instance, with regard to the primary use of the legs of animals, that it is locomotion; while the secondary is either walking, running, jumping, flying, or swimming, according to the circumstances and nature of the animal. Thus the fore-legs of the Mammalia, in birds become wings, and both pair in fish are changed to fins. Observe, I do not say always and invariably, but in most cases,--that analogous parts have analogous uses, at least as far as primary uses are concerned. When, therefore, we cannot have demonstrative evidence concerning the function of an organ discoverable in any animal, we may often derive satisfactory probable arguments from the analogies observable in their structure compared with that of other animals, concerning the nature of whose organs we have no doubt. In fact, the chief evidence we have with regard to the office of the organs of sense in the animals immediately below ourselves, is that of analogy;--because we see with our eyes, hear with our ears, &c., we conclude, with reason, that they do the same.

In inquiring therefore into what may be the most general use of the antennæ of insects, I shall endeavour to discover whether there is any part in the higher animals to which they may be deemed to exhibit any analogy. And here I must refer you to what I have said on a former occasion upon the present subject; where I made it evident, I hope, that the great bulk of the parts and organs of insects, in this particular differing from the majority of Invertebrates, are, some in one respect, some in another, and some in many, really analogous to those of the higher animals[1036]; and that a great many of them, though varying in their structure, have the same functions. Thus the analogues of the eyes of Vertebrates are for seeing; of the jaws for masticating; of the lips for closing the mouth; of the legs for walking, &c. We have seen also very recently, that a similar analogy, more or less strongly marked, holds also in their internal organs[1037]; so that it may be safely affirmed, that if all the invertebrate insects, though gifted with numerous peculiarities, present the most striking picture of those animals that have an internal skeleton, and more particularly of the Mammalia,--we may assume it as a probability, the above circumstances being allowed their due weight, that where facts do not prove the contrary, the function of analogous organs is more or less synonymous, though perhaps the structure and modus operandi may be different.

In the letter lately referred to, I observed that the antennæ of insects are analogous to ears in Vertebrates[1038]. Their number corresponds; they also stand out from the head; and what has weighed most with me, unless they are allowed as such, no other organ can have any pretension to be considered as representing the ear. If we reflect, that in every other part and organ, the head of insects has an analogy to that of Mammalia, we must regard it as improbable that these prominent organs should not also have their representative. Admitting then that they are the analogues of ears, it will follow, not as demonstratively certain, but as probable, that their primary function may be something related to hearing. I do not say direct hearing, or that the vibrations of sound are communicated to the sensorium by a complex structure analogous to that of the internal ear in Mammalia--but something related to hearing. I conceive that antennæ, by a peculiar structure, may collect notices from the atmosphere, receive pulses or vibrations, and communicate them to the sensorium, which, though not precisely to be called hearing, may answer the same purpose. From the compound eyes that most of them have, the sense of seeing in insects must be very different from what it is in vertebrate animals; and yet we do not hesitate to call it sight: but since antennæ, as we shall see, apparently convey a mixed sensation, I shall have no objection, admitting it as their primary function, to call it after Lehmann Aëroscepsy[1039]. I lately related some instances of sound producing an effect on the antennæ of insects: I will now mention another that I observed, still more remarkable. A little moth was reposing upon my window; I made a quiet, not loud, but distinct noise: the antenna nearest to me immediately moved towards me. I repeated the noise at least a dozen times, and it was followed every time by the same motion of that organ; till at length the insect being alarmed became more agitated and violent in its motions. In this instance it could not be touch; since the antenna was not applied to a surface, but directed towards the quarter from which the sound came, as if to listen. Bonsdorf made similar observations, to which Lehmann seems not disposed to allow their proper weight[1040]. It has been used as an argument to prove that antennæ are primarily tactors, or instruments of touch, that Fœnus Jaculator, before it inserts its ovipositor, plunges its antennæ into the hole forming the nidus of the bee, to the grub of which it commits its egg[1041]. But had those who used this argument measured the antennæ and the ovipositor of this ichneumon, they would have discovered that the latter is thrice the length of the former: and as these insects generally insert it so that even part of the abdomen enters the hole, it is clear that the antenna cannot touch the larva; its object therefore cannot be to explore by that sense. Others suppose that by these organs it scents out the destined nidus for its eggs; but Lehmann has satisfactorily proved that they are not olfactory organs. We can therefore only suppose, either that by means of its antennæ it hears a slight noise produced by the latent grub, perhaps by the action of its mandibles; or else that by its motions it generates a motion in the atmosphere of its habitation, which striking upon the antennæ of the Fœnus, are by them communicated to its sensory. A similar disproportion is observable between the antennæ and ovipositor of Pimpla Manifestator, before signalized[1042]. Bees, when collecting honey and pollen, first insert the organs in question into the flowers which they visit; but, as I have more than once observed, they merely insert the tip of them. If anthers are bursting, or the nectar is exuding, these processes probably are attended by a slight noise, or motion of the air within the blossom, which, as in the last case, affects, without immediate contact, the exploring organs.

If the structure of antennæ be taken into consideration, it will furnish us with additional reasons in favour of the above hypothesis, with regard to their primary function. We shall find that these organs, in most of those insects which take their food by suction, are usually less gifted with powers of motion, than they are in the mandibulate tribes; so that in the majority of the Homopterous Hemiptera and Diptera, as is generally acknowledged, they cannot be used for touch. Under this view, they may be divided into active antennæ and passive antennæ: of the former, the most active and versatile are those of the Hymenoptera. By means of them, as was before observed[1043], their gregarious tribes hold converse, and make inquiry--frequently without contact--in the pursuit and discharge, if I may so speak, of the various duties devolved upon them by PROVIDENCE. Amongst active antennæ, some are much more complex in their structure than others--a circumstance which is often characteristic of the male insect[1044]: but if we examine such antennæ, we shall find that their most sensitive parts cannot come in contact with the earth or other bodies for exploring their way; but having thus a greater surface exposed to the action of the atmosphere, they have more points to receive vibrations, or any pulses or other notices communicated to it. It is thus, probably, that in their flights, when they approach within a certain distance, they discover the station of the other sex. Even the plumose antennæ of male gnats may in some respects thus be acted upon. In the Lamellicorn beetles, the knob of these organs in both sexes consists of laminæ, the external ones on their outside, of a corneous substance; while their internal surface, and the inner laminæ--which are included between them, as an oyster between the valves of its shell--are covered with nervous papillæ. If you examine the proceedings of one of these little animals, you will find before it moves from a state of repose that its antennæ emerge, and the laminæ diverge from each other; but that it does not apply them to surfaces to explore its way, but merely keeps them open to receive notices from the atmosphere. Even simple antennæ are often employed in this way, as well as for touch. I once noticed a species of Leptocerus, a trichopterous genus, in which these organs are very long, that was perched upon a blade of grass; its antennæ vibrated, and it kept moving them from side to side in the air, as if thus by aëroscepsy it was inquiring what was passing around it. Dr. Wollaston has an observation bearing so precisely upon this question, and in general so extremely similar to what is here advanced, that I must copy it for your consideration. "Since there is nothing in the constitution of the atmosphere," says he, "to prevent vibrations much more frequent than any of which we are conscious, we may imagine that animals like the Grylli, whose powers appear to commence nearly where ours terminate, may have the faculty of hearing still sharper sounds, which at present we do not know to exist; and that there may be other insects, hearing nothing in common with us, but endued with a power of exciting, and a sense that perceives, vibrations indeed of the same nature as those which constitute our ordinary sounds, but so remote, that the animals who perceive them may be said to possess another sense, agreeing with our own solely in the medium by which it is excited, and possibly wholly unaffected by these slower vibrations of which we are sensible[1045]." That insects, however, hear nothing in common with us, is contrary to fact; at least with respect to numbers of them. They hear our sounds, and we theirs; but their hearing or analogous sense is much nicer than ours, collecting the slightest vibratiuncle imparted by other insects, &c. to the air. In inquiring how this is done, it may be asked--How know we that every joint of some antennæ is not an acoustic organ, in a certain sense distinct from the rest? We see that the eyes of insects are usually compound, and consist of numerous distinct lenses;--why may not their external ears or their analogues be also multiplied, so as to enable them with more certainty to collect those fine vibrations that we know reach their sensory, though they produce no effect upon our grosser organs? I propose this merely as conjecture, that you may think it over, and reject or adopt it, in proportion as it appears to you reasonable or the contrary; and in the hope that some anatomist of insects, who, to the sagacity and depth of a Cuvier and a Savigny adds the hand and eye of a Lyonet, may give to the world the results of a more minute dissection and fuller investigation of the antennæ of these animals, than has yet been undertaken.

But besides receiving notices from the atmosphere, of sounds, and of the approach or proximity of other insects, &c., the antennæ are probably the organs by which insects can discover alterations in its state, and foretel by certain prognostics when a change of weather is approaching. Bees possess this faculty to an admirable degree. When engaged in their daily labours, if a shower is approaching, though we can discern no signs of it, they foresee it, and return suddenly to their hives. If they wander far from home, and do not return till late in the evening, it is a prognostic to be depended upon, that the following day will be fine: but if they remain near their habitations, and are seen frequently going and returning, although no other indication of wet should be discoverable, clouds will soon arise and rain come on. Ants also are observed to be excellently gifted in this respect: though they daily bring out their larvæ to sun them, they are never overtaken by sudden showers[1046]. Previously to rain, as you well know, numberless insects seek the house; then the Stomoxys calcitrans, leaving more ignoble prey, attacks us in our apartments, and interrupts our studies and meditations[1047]. The insects of prey also foresee the approach of wet weather, and the access of flies, &c. to places of shelter. Then the spiders issue from their lurking-places, and the ground-beetles in the evening run about our houses. Passive antennæ, which are usually furnished with a terminal or lateral bristle, and plumose and pectinated ones, seem calculated for the action of the electric and other fluids dispersed in the atmosphere, which in certain states and proportions may certainly indicate the approach of a tempest, or of showers, or a rainy season, and may so affect these organs as to enable the insect to make a sure prognostic of any approaching change: and we know of no other organ that is so likely to have this power. I say electric fluid, because when the atmosphere is in a highly electrified state, and a tempest is approaching, is the time when insects are usually most abundant in the air, especially towards the evening; and many species may then be taken, which are not at other times to be met with: but before the storm comes on, all disappear, and you will scarcely see a single individual upon the wing. This seems to indicate that insects are particularly excited by electricity[1048].--But upon this head I wish to make no positive assertion, I only suggest the probability of the opinion[1049].

From all that has been said, I think you will be disposed to admit that the primary and most universal function of the antennæ is to be the organs of a sense, if not the same, at least analogous to hearing, and answering the same end; something perhaps between it and touch. In some, however, as has been found in the Crustacea, an organ of hearing, in the ordinary sense, may exist at the base of the antennæ, which may act the part in some measure of the external ear, and collect and transmit the sound to such organ[1050].

That numerous antennæ, as a secondary function, explore by touch, is admitted on all hands, and therefore I need not enlarge further upon this point; but shall proceed to inquire whether insects do not possess some other peculiar organs that are particularly appropriated to this sense. First, however, I must make some general observations upon it. Of all our senses, touch is the only one that is not confined to particular organs, but dispersed over the whole body: insects, however, from the indurated crust with which they are often covered, feel sensibly, it is probable, only in those parts where the nerves are exposed, by being covered with a thinner epidermis, to external action. Not that they cannot feel at all in their covered parts; for as we feel sufficiently for walking, though our feet are covered by the thick sole of a boot or shoe, so insects feel sufficiently through the crust of their legs for all purposes of motion. Besides, the points that are covered by a thinner cuticle are often numerous; so that touch, at least in a passive sense, may be pretty generally dispersed over their bodies; but active or exploring touch is confined to a few organs, as the antennæ, the palpi, and the arms. The two last I shall now discuss.

Various opinions have been started concerning the use of the palpi. Bonsdorf thought that they were organs of smell; Knoch, that this sense was confined to the maxillary ones, and that the labial ones were appropriated to taste[1051]: but the most early idea, and that from which they derive their present name of palpi (feelers), is, that they are organs of active touch; and this seems to me the most correct and likely opinion. Cuvier, himself a host, has embraced this side of the question[1052], and Lehmann also admits it[1053]. The following observations tend to confirm this opinion. The palpi of numerous insects when they walk, are frequently, or rather without intermission, applied to the surface on which they are moving--this you may easily see by placing one upon your hand; which seems to indicate that they are feelers. In the Araneidæ they are used as legs; and by the males at least, as exciting if they be not really genital organs[1054]. In the Scorpionidæ they answer the purpose of hands: besides being usually much shorter than antennæ, they are better calculated to assist an insect in threading the dark and tortuous labyrinths through which it has often to grope its way, and where antennæ cannot be employed. I have noticed that Hydrophili--in which genus the palpi are longer than the antennæ--when they swim, have their antennæ folded; while the former are stretched out in front, as exploring before them. As these are attached to the under-jaws and under-lip, we may suppose they are particularly useful to insects in taking their food; and upon this occasion I have often observed that they are remarkably active. I have seen Byturus tomentosus, a beetle which feeds upon pollen, employ them in opening anthers; and the maxillary pair appear to me to assist the maxillæ in holding the food, while the mandibles are at work upon it.

The arms or fore-legs of some insects are also organs of active touch, being used, as we have seen, for cleaning the head, digging, repairing their dwellings, and the like[1055]. By the Ephemeræ, which have very short antennæ, the fore-legs, when they fly, are extended before the head, parallel with each other and quite united--probably to assist in cutting the air. The Trichoptera use their antennæ for the same purpose.

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Another sense of which the organ seems uncertain is that of smelling, and various and conflicting opinions have been circulated concerning it. Christian thought that insects smell distant objects with their antennæ, and near ones with their palpi[1056]. Comparetti has a most singular opinion. He supposes in different tribes of insects that different parts are organs of smell: in the Lamellicorns he conjectures the seat of this sense to reside in the knob of the antennæ; in the Lepidoptera in the antlia; and in some Diptera and Orthoptera in certain frontal cells[1057]. At first sight, one of the most reasonable opinions seems to be that of Baster, adopted by Lehmann, and which has received the sanction of Cuvier[1058],--that the spiracles are organs of smell as well as of respiration. Lehmann has adduced several arguments in support of this opinion. Because we both respire and smell with our nostrils, he concludes that neither the antennæ nor any other part of the head of insects can serve for smell, since they are not the seat also of respiration; and that there can be no smell where the air is not inspired[1059]. Again, because nerves from the ganglions of the spinal chord terminate in bronchiæ near the spiracles, they must be for receiving scents from those openings. Though it was necessary, in the higher animals, that the organ of scent should be near the mouth, because they are larger than their food; yet the reverse of this being the case with insects, which often even reside in what they eat, it is to them of no importance where their sense of smelling resides[1060]. By exposing antennæ, by means of an orifice in a glass vessel, to the action of stimulant odours, they appeared quite insensible to it: but he does not name the result of any experiment in which he exposed the mouth to this action; nor at all distinctly how the insect was affected when the spiracles were exposed to it[1061].

But though some of these arguments appear weighty, there are others, I think, that will more than counterbalance them, making it probable that the seat of this sense is in the head, either in its ordinary station at the extremity of what I call the nose, between it and the upper-lip, or under those parts. That the nose corresponds with the so-named part in Mammalia, both from its situation and often from its form, must be evident to every one who looks at an insect[1062]; and when we further consider the connexion that obtains between the senses of smell and taste, how necessary it is that the seat of the one should be near that of the other, and that it really is so in all animals in which we certainly know its organ[1063]; we shall feel convinced that the argument from analogy is wholly in favour of the nose, and may thence consider it as probable that the sense in question does reside there. Lehmann seems to be of opinion, because an insect is usually smaller than what it feeds upon, that it makes no difference whether it smells with its head or with its tail: but one would think that a flying insect would be more readily directed to its object by smelling with the anterior part of the body than with the posterior; and that a feeding one would also find it more convenient in selecting its food. As to the argument,--that smell must be the necessary concomitant of the respiratory openings, and that there can be no smell where the air is not inspired,--this seems asserting more than our knowledge of these animals will warrant: for the organs of the other senses, though the senses themselves seem analogous, are so different in their structure, and often in the mode in which they receive the impressions from external objects, that analogy would lead us to expect a difference of this kind also in the sense of smell. Besides, smell does not invariably accompany respiratory organs even in the higher animals,--for we breathe with our mouths, but do not smell with them. Cuvier says that the internal membrane of the tracheæ being soft and moist, appears calculated to receive scents[1064]. But here his memory failed him; for it is the external membrane alone that answers this description; the internal consisting of a spiral elastic thread, and seeming not at all fitted to receive impressions, but merely to convey the air[1065]. That nerves penetrate to the bronchiæ, does not necessarily imply that they are connected with the sense in question, since this may be to act upon the muscles which are every where distributed.

I shall now state some facts that seem to prove that scents are received by some organ in the vicinity of the mouth, and probably connected with the nose. M. P. Huber, desirous of ascertaining the seat of smell in bees, tried the following experiments with that view. These animals, of all ill scents, abominate most that of the oil of turpentine. He presented successively to all the points of a bee's body, a hair-pencil saturated with it: but whether he presented it to the abdomen, the trunk, or the head, the animal equally disregarded it. Next, using a very fine hair-pencil, while the bee had extended its proboscis, he presented the pencil to it, to the eyes and antennæ, without producing any effect; but when he pointed it near the cavity of the mouth, above the insertion of the proboscis, the creature started back in an instant, quitted its food, clapped its wings, and walked about in great agitation, and would have taken flight if the pencil had not been removed. On this, it began to eat again; but on the experiment being repeated, showed similar signs of discomposure: oil of marjoram produced the same effect, but more promptly and certainly. Bees not engaged in feeding appeared more sensible of the impression of this odour, and at a greater distance; but those engaged in absorbing honey might be touched in every other part without being disturbed. He seized several of them, forced them to unfold their proboscis, and then stopped their mouth with paste. When this was become sufficiently dry to prevent their getting rid of it, he restored to them their liberty: they appeared not incommoded by being thus gagged, but moved and respired as readily as their companions. He then tempted them with honey, and presented to them near the mouth, oil of turpentine, and other odours that they usually have an aversion to; but all produced no sensible effect upon them, and they even walked upon the pencils saturated with them[1066].

These experiments incontestibly prove that the organ of scent in bees--and there is no reason to think that other insects do not follow the same law--is in or near the mouth, and above the proboscis. It remains, therefore, that we endeavour to discover its precise situation: and as insects cannot tell us, nor can we perceive by their actions, in what precise part the sense in question resides, the only modes to which we can have recourse to form any probable conjecture, are analogy and dissection. At first, the opinion noticed above, that the palpi are its organs, seems not altogether unreasonable; but as the argument from analogy, except as to their situation near the mouth, is not in favour of them, and there seems no call, were smell their function, for the numerous variations observable in their structure, I think we must consider them, as I have endeavoured to prove, rather as instruments of touch. Let us now inquire, whether there be not discoverable upon dissection, in the interior of the head of any insects, some organ that may be deemed, from its situation, under what we have called the nose and nostrils, the seat of the sense we are treating of. The common burying-beetle (Necrophorus Vespillo) is an insect remarkable for its acuteness of smell, which enables it to scent out and bury, as was formerly related to you[1067], the carcases of small animals. Take one of these insects, and kill it as formerly directed,--examine first its nose: in the middle of the anterior part you will see a subtrapezoidal space, as it were cut out and filled with a paler piece of a softer and more membranous texture. Next divide the head horizontally; and under the nose, and partly under this space, which I call the rhinarium or nostril-piece[1068], you will find a pair of circular pulpy cushions, covered by a membrane transversely striated with beautifully fine striæ. These are what I take to be the organs of smell, and they still remain distinctly visible in a specimen I have had by me more than fifteen years. A similar organ may be discovered in the common water-beetle (Dytiscus marginalis), but with this peculiarity, that it is furnished with a pair of nipples. I have before described an analogous part covered with papillæ, in Æshna viatica, and you will find it in other insects[1069]. Perhaps at first this part may seem merely a continuation of the palate; but if you consider the peculiarities in its structure just noticed, it is evidently a sensiferous organ; and as the sense of smell appears to reside in the head, this is its most probable seat. But by what channel scents act upon it,--whether they are transmitted through the pores of the part representing the nostrils, or received by the mouth,--I will not venture to assert positively: but from the circumstance of their being membranous in some insects remarkable for acute scent, as in Necrophorus, Staphylinus, &c., there seems some ground for the former opinion, which receives further confirmation from an observation of an eminent Comparative Anatomist, M. Carus, with respect to Acrida verrucivora, in which under the nose and rhinarium, as appears from his description, he found some tracheæ, and two lobes of the cerebral ganglion, which caused him to regard this as the seat of the sense of smell[1070]. He also tells us that Rosenthal, in the blue-bottle-fly (Musca vomitoria) places the sense of smell partly in a delicately folded membrane observable in its head[1071]. As the sense of smell in these little beings is extremely acute, as well as their hearing, the perception of odours may reach their sensory through the above pores; and even those in the hard rhinarium of an Anoplognathus may receive and transmit them; and besides the upper-lip and nose are often united by membrane, perhaps representing the rhinarium, as in Goerius, &c.[1072] which may facilitate such transmission.

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That insects taste, no one hesitates to believe, though some have supposed the palpi to be the organ of that sense; but as they have a tongue, as we have shown, we may with Cuvier conclude, that one of its primary functions is to taste their food[1073]. I shall not therefore launch out further upon this head.

I have now placed before you a picture, or rather sketch, of the insect world. And whether we regard their general history and economy, their singular metamorphoses, the infinite varieties and multiplicity of their structure both external and internal, and their diversified organs both of sense and motion--I think you will be disposed to own, that in no part of his works is the hand of an ALMIGHTY and ALL-WISE CREATOR more visibly displayed, than in these minutiæ of creation; that they are equally worthy of the attention and study of the Christian Philosopher with any of the higher departments of the animal kingdom; and that all praise is due to Him, for placing before our eyes, for our entertainment and instruction, such a beautiful moving picture of little symbols and agents, perpetually reflecting his glory and working his will.

I am, &c.

FOOTNOTES:

[1025] VOL. III. p. 15. note^a.

[1026] Ibid. 58--. See above, p. 26.

[1027] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 584.

[1028] Hor. Entomolog. 37.

[1029] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxx. 584--.

[1030] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 362.

[1031] Syst. Nat. i. 535. Bonnet Œuvr. ii. 36.

[1032] Ibid.

[1033] VOL. II. p. 162.

[1034] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. Animal. Exsang. 22--.

[1035] Ibid. De Antenn. Insect. ii. 79.

[1036] VOL. III. p. 43--.

[1037] See above, p. 1--.

[1038] VOL. III. p. 46.

[1039] De Antenn. Insect. ii. 65--.

[1040] De Antenn. Insect. ii. 42.

[1041] Ibid. 26.

[1042] See above, p. 218.

[1043] VOL. II. p. 64, 198--.

[1044] VOL. III. p. 319--.

[1045] Philos. Trans. 1820. 314.

[1046] Lehmann De Usu Antenn. ii. 66--.

[1047] VOL. I. p. 48, 110.

[1048] Compare what is said above (p. 141) with respect to bees.

[1049] See, for further arguments, Lehmann ubi supr. c. ix.

[1050] Marcel de Serres thinks he has discovered an organ of hearing in most insects, but he does not state its situation. Mém. du Mus. 1819. 99. Treviranus, with regard to the Blattina, suspects it to be situated between the eye and the base of the antennæ, perhaps alluding to the spot noticed above. (VOL. III. p. 505.) Carus, who mentions the above, says, "Is it not reasonable to ask if the sense of hearing may not reside in the membrane which connects the antennæ with the head?" Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 80--.

[1051] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. Anim. Exsang. De Olfactu.

[1052] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 675.

[1053] Ubi supr.

[1054] Marcel de Serres says they are connected with testes seated in the trunk (Mem. du Mus. 1819. 95); but Treviranus denies this (Arachnid. 36--. t. iv. f. 33).

[1055] VOL. II. p. 361--. III. p. 544--.

[1056] Lehmann De Sens. Extern. &c. De Olfactu.

[1057] Lehmann ubi supr. &c. 27.

[1058] Ibid. and De Usu Antenn. ii. 24--. Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 675.

[1059] Lehmann De Usu Antenn. ii. 28.

[1060] Ibid. 31.

[1061] Ibid. 35--.

[1062] VOL. III. p. 475--.

[1063] N. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. xxiii. 210.

[1064] Ubi supr.

[1065] See above, p. 63. Sprengel Commentar. 14--.

[1066] Huber Abeilles ii. 375--. Dr. Bevan in his interesting work on the Honey-Bee adopts the opinion here stated with respect to the organ of smell in that animal. 265, 303.

[1067] VOL. I. p. 352--.

[1068] VOL. III. p. 480--.

[1069] VOL. III. p. 454--.

[1070] Introd. to Comp. Anat. i. 76. The part he alludes to, is figured PLATE VI. FIG. 4. a. g´.

[1071] Ibid. This membrane likewise represents the Nose and Rhinarium in that fly.

[1072] VOL. III. p. 481.

[1073] Cuv. Anat. Comp. ii. 682--.

Letter XLVI

_ORISMOLOGY, OR EXPLANATION OF TERMS._

It was by the language of terms that he invented and employed, as well as by his system and methods of arrangement, that Linné smoothed the way to the study of Natural History;--having therefore led you through a large portion of the flowery fields of the Science of Entomology, I must now conduct you into that arid but not barren or unprofitable region. To enable you to understand descriptions of insects, or to describe them yourself, you must have a knowledge of the technical language by which their parts and characters are expressed. Much of this you already know from the definitions of external parts, furnished in a former letter[1074]: I shall now give you a more full and general explanation of terms, adding many new ones for unnoticed characters, that may be conveniently employed.

The science of terms, which I shall call Orismology[1075], may be divided into two branches--General Orismology, and Partial Orismology; the first containing general definitions, and the last those relating to particular parts and organs.

A. GENERAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. SUBSTANCE.

1. MEMBRANOUS (Membranacea). A fine, thin, transparent substance. A Membrane.--Ex. Wings of Hymenoptera and Diptera.

2. PERGAMENEOUS (Pergamenea). A thin, tough, and less transparent substance, somewhat resembling parchment.--Ex. The Tegmina of the Orthoptera[1076].

3. CORIACEOUS (Coriacea). A thicker, flexible substance, resembling leather.--Ex. Elytra of Telephorus and the Malacodermi.

4. CORNEOUS (Cornea). A hard inflexible substance resembling horn.--Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus and many other Coleoptera.

5. CRUSTACEOUS (Crustacea). A rigid calcareous substance.--Ex. The Shell of a Lobster or Crab.

6. CALLOUS (Callosa). A substance without pores, harder than the surrounding matter, and usually elevated above it.--Ex. Elevated parts of the Collar in Nomada. (Mon. Ap. Angl. Apis * b.)[1077] Spots on the elytra of Stenocorus (Tylostagmus K. MS.) bimaculatus and affinities.

7. CARTILAGINEOUS (Cartilaginea). A gristly substance between bone and ligament.--Ex. The Tongue of many Hymenoptera.

8. SUBEREOUS (Suberea). A soft elastic substance somewhat resembling cork[1078]. The galls of some species of Cynips when mature approach to this substance.

9. SPONGIOSE (Spongiosa). A soft elastic substance resembling sponge.--Ex. The Pulvilli of Thanasimus, Buprestis, &c.

10. LIGNEOUS (Lignosa). A hard unelastic substance like wood.--Ex. Galls of some species of Cynips.

11. CARNOSE (Carnosa). A soft, fleshy substance.--Ex. Caterpillars and Grubs.

12. TUBULOSE (Tubulosa). When the interior is hollow or empty.

13. SOLID (Solida). When the interior is full.

II. RESISTANCE.

1. RIGID (Rigida). Hard, which does not bend or yield to pressure.--Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora).

2. FLEXILE (Flexilis). Which easily bends, or yields to pressure without breaking.--Ex. Elytra of Telephorus.

3. SOFT (Mollis). Flexile and retaining the marks of pressure.--Ex. Elytra of Meloe.

III. DENSITY.

1. FOLIACEOUS (Foliacea). Very thin and depressed, scarcely thicker than a leaf.--Ex. Aradus corticalis and _Coreus paradoxus_.

2. DEPRESSED (Depressa). When the vertical section is shorter than the transverse.--Ex. Trogosita mauritanica.

3. COMPRESSED (Compressa). When the transverse section is shorter than the vertical.--Ex. Centrotus cornutus: Abdomen in Cynips.

4. PLUMP (Pinguis). Naturally and proportionably plump.--Ex. Thylacites, &c. Most of the Cicadæ.

5. OBESE (Obesa). Unnaturally enlarged and distended, as if from disease or too much food. Ex. Chrysomela Polygoni ♀, Galeruca Tanaceti ♀, Brachycerus.

6. VENTRICOSE (Ventricosa). Bellying out as if filled with air.--Ex. Pneumora.

IV. PROPORTION.

1. THICK (Crassa). Disproportionably thick throughout.--Ex. Copris.

2. INCRASSATE (Incrassata). Disproportionably thick in part.--Ex. Base of the Abdomen of Æshna and many Libellulina. PLATE IX. FIG. 9.

3. SLENDER (Tenuis). Disproportionably slender throughout.--Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.

4. ATTENUATE (Attenuata). Disproportionably slender in part.--Ex. Tail of Scorpio, Raphidia ♂, &c.

5. BROAD (Lata). Disproportionably broad throughout.

6. DILATATE (Dilatata). Disproportionably broad in part.--Ex. Elytra of Lycus fasciatus, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

7. NARROW (Angusta). Disproportionably narrow throughout.--Ex. Abdomen of Agrion.

8. ANGUSTATE (Angustata). Disproportionably narrow in part.--Ex. Elytra of Sitaris humeralis. PLATE XIII. FIG. 19.

9. LONG (Longa). Disproportionably long throughout.--Ex. Scolopendra.

10. ELONGATE (Elongata). Disproportionably long in part.--Ex. Abdomen of Libellulina.

11. SHORT (Brevis). Disproportionably short throughout.--Ex. Copris.

12. ABBREVIATE (Abbreviata). Disproportionably short in part.--Ex. Elytra of Staphylinidæ, Atractocerus, &c.

V. FIGURE[1079].

1. CIRCULAR (Circularis). Having the diameter every way equal. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 16, 17.

2. ROTUNDATE (Rotundata). Rounded at the angles or sides. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 19.

3. OVAL (Ovalis). Having the longitudinal diameter twice the length of the transverse, and the ends circumscribed by equal segments of a circle. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

4. ELLIPTIC (Elliptica). Oval, but having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

5. OBLONG (Oblonga). Having the longitudinal diameter more than twice the length of the transverse, and the ends varying, or rounded. PLATE XX. FIG. 3, 9.

6. OVATE (Ovata). Oval, but having the ends circumscribed by unequal segments of circles. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CORDATE (Cordata). Heart-shaped. Ovate or subovate and hollowed out at the base, without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.

8. SAGITTATE (Sagittata). Arrow-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base with posterior angles. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 41. w´´´.

9. HASTATE (Hastata). Halberd-shaped. Triangular, hollowed out at the base and sides with the posterior angles spreading.--Ex. Horn of the prothorax of Dynastes hastatus. Postfurca in many Coleoptera. PLATE XXII. FIG. 5. b †.

10. TRIANGULAR; QUADRANGULAR; QUINQUANGULAR; SEXANGULAR (Triangula; Quadrangula; Quinquangula; Sexangula). Having three, four, five, or six angles.

11. TURBINATE (Turbinata). Top-shaped, triangular with curved sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.

12. ENSATE (Ensata). Gradually tapering till it ends in a point.--Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida viridissima. PLATE XV. FIG. 19.

13. LANCEOLATE (Lanceolata). Oblong and gradually tapering towards each extremity.--Ex. The Cerci in Blatta. PLATE XV. FIG. 23. Q´´.

14. SIGMOIDAL (Sigmoidea). S-shaped. Lanceolate and concave on one side at the base, and on the other at the apex.--Ex. Ovipositor of Cimbex, PLATE XV. FIG. 21. H´´.

15. CUNEATE (Cuneata). Wedge-shaped. Having the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and narrowing gradually downwards. PLATE X. FIG. 11.

16. ACINACICATE (Acinacicata). Falchion-shaped. Curved with the apex truncate, and growing gradually wider towards the end.--Ex. Abdomen of Ophion, Fœnus, and other Ichneumonidæ[1080].

17. LUNULATE (Lunulata). Crescent-shaped. Curved with both ends acute, like the moon in her first quarter.--Ex. Last joint of the labial palpi of Oxyporus. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. a.

18. FALCATE (Falcata). Sickle-shaped. Curved with the apex acute.--Ex. Ovipositor of Acrida varia. Antennæ of Atractocerus. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

19. LINEAR (Linearis). Narrow and of the same width throughout.--Ex. Wings of Pterophorus monodactylus.

20. ARCUATE (Arcuata). Linear and bent like a bow.--Ex. Rostrum of Balaninus Nucum. PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.

21. CULTRATE (Cultrata). Coulter-shaped. Straight on one side and curved on the other.--Ex. Ovipositor of some Saw-flies. Under-wing of many Ichneumonidæ.

22. SPATULATE (Spatulata). Spatula-shaped. Broader and rounded at the apex, linear and narrow at the base.--Ex. Abdomen of Ichneumon amictorius Panz.

23. CLEPSYDRATE (Clepsydrata). Hour-glass-shaped. Broader at the base and apex--Ex. The Prosternum of many Capricorn beetles.

24. CLAVATE (Clavata). Club-shaped. Linear at the base, but towards the apex growing gradually broader. PLATE XI. FIG. 4.

25. QUADRATE (Quadrata). Square. Quadrilateral with the sides equal and the angles right angles.

26. RHOMBOID (Rhomboidea). Quadrilateral with the sides equal, but with two opposite angles acute, and two obtuse. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 62. t´´.

27. TRAPEZATE (Trapezata). Quadrilateral with the four sides unequal, and none of them perfectly parallel. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

28. TRAPEZOID (Trapezoidea). Quadrilateral, with two sides unequal and parallel[1081]. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 34. b´.

29. PARALLELOGRAMICAL (Parallelogramica). Quadrilateral, with all the angles right angles, and all the sides parallel, but two longer than the others.

VI. FORM[1082].

1. SPHERICAL (Sphærica). The shape of a globe. A body whose diameter every way is equal. PLATE XX. FIG. 5.

2. ORBICULATE (Orbiculata). A depressed globe, whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical oval. PLATE XX. FIG. 10, 11.

3. LENTICULAR (Lenticularis). Lens-shaped. Whose horizontal section is circular, and vertical lanceolate.--Ex. Abdomen of Cynips aptera.

4. OVALIFORM (Ovaliformis). Whose longitudinal section is oval, and transverse circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 6.

5. ELLIPSOID (Ellipsoidea). Whose longitudinal section is elliptical, and transverse circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 19.

6. OVIFORM (Oviformis). Whose longitudinal section is ovate, and transverse circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 12, 13.

7. CUCUMIFORM (Cucumiformis). Cucumber-shaped. Whose longitudinal section is oblong, and transverse circular. PLATE XX. FIG. 18, excluding the neck.

8. CORDIFORM (Cordiformis). Oviform and hollowed out at the base without posterior angles. PLATE IX. FIG. 22.

9. CONICAL (Conica). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal circular.--Ex. Abdomen of Cœlioxys conica (Apis * * b. K.). PLATE XX. FIG. 7.

10. TURBINIFORM (Turbiniformis). Whose vertical section is turbinate, and horizontal circular.--Ex. Joints of antennæ of Aleochara socialis, and many others of that genus.

11. PYRAMIDAL (Pyramidalis). Whose vertical section is triangular, and horizontal quadrangular.

12. CUNEIFORM (Cuneiformis). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal parallelogramical.

13. TRIQUETROUS (Triquetra). Whose horizontal sections are equilateral triangles. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

14. ENSIFORM (Ensiformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually diminishing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a straight line. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

15. ACINACIFORM (Acinaciformis). Whose horizontal sections are acute-angled triangles gradually increasing in diameter from the base to the apex, and propagated in a curved line.

16. CULTRIFORM (Cultriformis). Whose horizontal sections are equal acute-angled triangles, or a three-sided body with two equal sides large and the third small.

17. DELTOID (Deltoidea). Short with the horizontal section triangular and decreasing in diameter towards the base.--Ex. Apex of the posterior tibia in Copris lunaris.

18. TRIGONAL; TETRAGONAL; PENTAGONAL; HEXAGONAL; POLYGONAL (Trigona; Tetragona; Pentagona; Hexagona; Polygona). Whose horizontal section is triangular; quadrangular; quinquangular; sexangular; multiangular.

19. TRIEDRAL; TETRAEDRAL; PENTAEDRAL; HEXAEDRAL; POLYEDRAL (Triedra; Tetraedra; Pentaedra; Hexaedra; Polyedra). That hath three sides; four sides; five sides; six sides; many sides.

20. PRISMOIDAL (Prismoidalis). Having more than four sides and whose horizontal section is a polygon[1083]. PLATE VI. FIG. 13. a, b, d´.

21. TRAPEZIFORM (Trapeziformis). Whose horizontal section is a Trapezium.

22. TRAPEZOIDIFORM (Trapezoidiformis). Whose horizontal section is trapezoid.

23. RHOMBIFORM (Rhombiformis). Whose horizontal section is rhomboidal. PLATE VIII. FIG. 11.

24. TWO-EDGED (Anceps). Whose horizontal section is lanceolate.

25. CYLINDRICAL (Cylindrica). Whose horizontal sections are all equal circles. PLATE XXI. FIG. 4.

26. FUSIFORM (Fusiformis). Spindle-shaped. Whose vertical section is lanceolate or lineari-lanceolate, and horizontal circular. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 12.

27. COLUMNAR (Teres). Whose vertical section is cuneate, and horizontal circular. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

28. CLAVIFORM (Claviformis). Whose vertical section is clavate, and horizontal circular. PLATE XI. XII. FIG. 4.

29. CUBICAL (Cubica). Six-sided, with sides quadrate.

30. PARALLELOPIPEDOUS (Parallelopipeda). Six-sided, with four parallelogramical and two quadrate sides.

31. PYRIFORM (Pyriformis). Pear-shaped. Whose vertical section is spatulate, and horizontal circular.--Ex. Apion, &c.

32. INFUNDIBULIFORM (Infundibuliformis). Funnel-shaped. Whose horizontal sections are circular, at first equal and then progressively larger and larger. PLATE XXII. FIG. 12. c.

33. FORNICATE (Fornicata). Convex above and concave beneath. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. a.

34. COARCTATE (Coarctata). When the diameter of the middle is less than that of the ends.--Ex. Posterior thigh of Locusta. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

35. CALCEOLIFORM (Calceoliformis). Oblong, and somewhat coarctate in the middle.--Ex. Abdomen of Chelonus.

36. LAGENIFORM (Lageniformis). Bellying out and then ending in a narrow neck, something like a bottle.--Ex. Sperm-reservoir attached to the oviduct in Pontia. PLATE XXX. FIG. 12. d.

37. CONSTRICT (Constricta). Suddenly and disproportionably smaller at one end. PLATE XXII. FIG. 15.

38. LUNIFORM (Luniformis). Whose longitudinal section is lunate. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4.

39. NODOSE (Nodosa). Having one or more knobs or swellings. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.

40. GENICULATE (Geniculata). Bent so as to form a knee or angle. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.

VII. SUPERFICIES.

i. PARTS.

1. DISK (Discus). The middle of a surface.

2. LIMB (Limbus). The circumference.

3. MARGIN (Margo). The extreme sides.

4. APEX (Apex). The summit.

5. BASE (Basis). The bottom.

6. SUPINE SURFACE (Pagina superior). The upper surface.

7. PRONE SURFACE (Pagina inferior). The under surface.

ii. ELEVATION AND DEPRESSION.

1. NAVICULAR (Navicularis). When two sides meet and form an angle like the outer bottom of a boat.--Ex. _Notonecta glauca_.

2. CONVEX (Convexa). An elevation the arc of which is the segment of a circle.--Ex. Upper Surface of the body of most Coleoptera.

3. GIBBOUS (Gibba). An elevation the arc of which is not the segment of a circle[1084].--Ex. Shoulders of the elytra of Prionus coriarius, and of many other Coleoptera.

4. PLANE (Plana). Flat. When the disk is not higher than the limb, nor the limb than the disk.

5. CONCAVE (Concava). A depression the arc of which is the segment of a circle.

6. EXCAVATE (Excavata). A depression the arc of which is not the segment of a circle.--Ex. Prothorax of _Sinodendrum cylindricum_.

iii. SCULPTURE.

1. EQUATE[1085] (Æquata). Without larger partial elevations or depressions.

2. SMOOTH (Lævis). Without smaller partial elevations or depressions.

3. LEVIGATE (Lævigata). Without any partial elevations or depressions.

4. PORE (Porus). A minute impression that perforates the substance.

5. POROSE (Porosa). Beset with many pores.--Ex. Elytra of most Apions.

6. A POINT (Punctum). A minute impression upon the surface, but not perforating it.

7. PUNCTATE (Punctata). Beset with many points.--Ex. Impression on the Head and Prothorax of Phyllopertha Horticola, &c.

8. VARIOLE (Variola). A shallow impression like a mark of the small-pox.

9. VARIOLOUS (Variolosa). Beset with many varioles.--Ex. Scarabæus variolosus.

10. UMBILICATE (Umbilicata). When a variole, tubercle, granule, &c. has a depression in its centre.--Ex. Thorax of Pachygaster scabrosus.

11. FOVEOLET (Foveola). A roundish and rather deep depression, larger than a variole.

12. FOVEOLATE (Foveolata). Having one or more foveolets.--Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes stercorarius.

13. FOSSULET (Fossula). A somewhat long and narrow depression.

14. FOSSULATE (Fossulata). Having one or more fossulets.--Ex. Oxytelus rugosus, &c.

15. UNEQUAL (Inæqualis). Having very slight and indeterminate excavations.--Ex. Prothorax of Silpha thoracica, Cerambyx moschatus, &c.

16. LACUNOSE (Lacunosa). Having a few scattered, irregular, broadish but shallow excavations.--Ex. Elytra of Donacia vittata, Sagittariæ, &c.

17. RIMOSE (Rimosa). Chinky, resembling the bark of a tree. Having numerous minute, narrow and nearly parallel excavations, which run into each other.--Ex. Elytra of Colymbetes adspersus ♀, and Cybister Rœselii.

18. UNDOSE (Undosa). Having undulating nearly parallel broader depressions which run into each other, and resemble the sand of the sea-shore when left by the tide.--Ex. Cymatodes[1086] undosus K. MS.

19. VERMICULATE (Vermiculata). Having tortuous excavations as if eaten by worms.--Ex. Prothorax of Colymbetes Hybneri and transversalis.

20. RETICULOSE (Reticulosa). Having a number of minute impressed lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. Prothorax of Cybister Rœselii.

21. ACUDUCTED (Acuducta). Scratched across very finely as if with the point of a needle or pin.--Ex. Colymbetes acuductus.

22. STRIATE (Striata). Having rather slightly impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. Amara communis, &c.

23. SULCATE (Sulcata). Having deeper impressed longitudinal parallel lines.--Ex. Dytiscus marginalis ♀.

24. CLATHROSE (Clathrosa). When strias or furrows cross each other at right angles.--Ex. Abdomen of _Micropeplus porcatus_.

25. RIVOSE (Rivosa). When furrows do not run in a parallel direction and are rather sinuate.--Ex. Prothorax of Elophorus stagnalis, &c.

26. INTERSTICE (Interstitium). The space between elevations and depressions running in lines.

27. INTERVAL (Intervallum). The space between irregular and scattered elevations and depressions.

28. COMPLANATE (Complanata). A convex or irregular surface having a plane slight depression.--Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Prionus cervicornis.

29. CANALICULATE (Canaliculata). Having a longitudinal impressed line or channel.--Ex. Prothorax of Geotrupes, Broscus cephalotes, &c.

30. CARINATE (Carinata). Having a longitudinal elevated line.--Ex. Rostrum of Curculio nebulosus. Bicarinate, Tricarinate, &c., having two or three such lines.--Ex. Elytra of Silpha recta.

31. CRISTATE (Cristata). Having one or two very elevated lines usually crenate.--Ex. Prothorax of Pterophylla laurifolia.

32. PORCATE (Porcata). Having several parallel elevated longitudinal ridges.--Ex. Onthophilus striatus.

33. COSTATE (Costata). Having several broad elevated lines.--Ex. Brachinus bimaculatus, &c.

34. CLATHRATE (Clathrata). Having several elevated lines which cross each other at right angles.--Ex. Abdomen of Micropeplus porcatus.

35. RETICULATE (Reticulata). Having many small elevated lines which intersect each other in various directions like the meshes of a net.--Ex. Lycus reticulatus. Wings of the Libellulina.

36. RUGOSE (Rugosa). Wrinkled. Intricate with approximating elevations and depressions whose direction is indeterminate.--Ex. Elytra of Prionus coriarius.

37. CICATRICOSE (Cicatricosa). Having elevated spots of a different colour from the rest of the surface, resembling scars.--Ex. Elytra of Ptomaphila lachrymosa K. MS[1087].

38. EMBOSSED (Cælata). Having several plane tracts of a different shape higher than the rest of the surface.--Ex. Prothorax of Prionus damicornis, maxillosus, &c.

39. GIBBOSE (Gibbosa). Having one or more large elevations.--Ex. Sides of the Prothorax of Brachycerus barbarus.

40. TUBERCLE (Tuberculum). A pimple-like knob.

41. Tuberculate (Tuberculata). Having several tubercles.--Ex. Apoderus gemmatus. Base of Prothorax of Cerambyx moschatus.

42. VERRUCA. A small flattish wart-like prominence.

43. VERRUCOSE (Verrucosa). Having several verrucæ.--Ex. Pimelia muricata.

44. MURICATE (Muricata). Armed with sharp thick, but not close, elevated points like a Murex.--Ex. Bronchus Tribulus, quadridens[1088], &c.

45. ECHINATE (Echinata). Armed with sharp spines like a hedgehog or Echinus.--Ex. Hispa atra.

46. RUGGED (Salebrosa). When a surface is rough with mucros, spines and tubercles intermixed.--Ex. Numerous species of Bronchus.

47. GRANULE (Granulum). A very minute elevation.

48. GRANULATE (Granulata). Beset with many granules like shagreen.--Ex. Otiorhynchus sulcatus. Prothorax of Copris Molossus.

49. SCABROUS (Scabra). Rough to the touch from granules scarcely visible.--Ex. Elytra of Otiorhynchus Ligustici.

50. PAPILLULE (Papillula). A tubercle or variole with an elevation in its centre.

51. PAPILLULATE (Papillulata). Beset with many papillules.--Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules ♀.

52. CATENULATE (Catenulata). Having a series of elevated oblong tubercles resembling a chain.--Ex. Carabus catenulatus.

53. SPHERULATE (Sphærulata). Having one or more rows of minute tubercles.--Ex. Trox lutosus, Limnius tuberculatus.

54. CONSUTE (Consuta). Having very minute elevations in a series at some distance from each other, of a different colour from the rest of the surface, and somewhat resembling stitching.--Ex. Elytra of Oryctes Sylvanus (Cœlosis K. MS.).

55. INTRICATE (Intricata). When depressions or elevations so run into each other as to be difficult to trace.--Ex. Elytra of Carabus intricatus.

56. CORRUGATE (Corrugata). When a surface rises and falls in parallel angles more or less acute.--Ex. Front of Nothiophilus aquaticus.

57. OBLITERATE (Obliterata). Applied to impressions and elevations when almost effaced. #/

iv. CLOTHING.

a. GENERAL.

1. SCUTATE (Scutata). Covered with large flat scales.--Ex. Machilis polypoda.

2. SQUAMOSE (Squamosa). Covered with minute scales.--Ex. Lepidoptera.

3. PULVERULENT (Pulverulenta). Covered with very minute powder-like scales.--Ex. Ceutorhynchus Sisymbrii.

4. POLLINOSE (Pollinosa). Covered with a loose mealy and often yellow powder resembling the pollen of flowers.--Ex. Lixus paraplecticus.

5. FARINOSE (Farinosa). Covered with a fixed mealy powder resembling flour.--Ex. Spots on the Elytra of Cetonia aurata, variegata, &c.

6. LUTOSE (Lutosa). Covered with a powdery substance resembling mud or dirt, which easily rubs off.--Ex. Trox lutosus.

7. RORULENT (Rorulenta). Covered like a plum with a bloom which may be rubbed off.--Ex. Peltis limbata.

8. STUPEOUS (Stupea). Covered with long loose scales resembling tow.--Ex. The Palpi of Lepidoptera. Antennæ of some Diptera. PLATE XII. FIG. 23.

9. PILOSE (Pilosa). Covered with long distinct flexible hairs.--Ex. Thorax of Vespa Crabro.

10. VILLOSE (Villosa). Covered with soft flexible hairs thickly set.--Ex. Prothorax of Amphimalla solstitialis.

11. LANATE (Lanata). Covered with fine, very long, flexible and rather curling hairs like wool.--Ex. Melolontha lanigera F.

12. LANUGINOSE (Lanuginosa). Covered with longish very soft fine down.--Ex. Prothorax of Trichius fasciatus. Thorax and base of the Abdomen of Megachile circumcincta (Apis **. c. 2. α K.).

13. HIRSUTE (Hirsuta). Covered with long stiffish hairs very thickly set.--Ex. Bombus.

14. PLUMULOSE (Plumulosa). When the hairs branch out laterally like feathers.--Ex. Hair on the base of the Maxilla of Eucera (Apis ** d. 1. K.).

15. HAIRY (Hirta). Covered with short stiffish sub-distinct hairs.--Ex. Genus Lagria.

16. TOMENTOSE (Tomentosa). Covered with short interwoven inconspicuous hairs.--Ex. Acanthocinus Ædilis.

17. PUBESCENT (Pubescens). Covered with very fine decumbent short hairs.--Ex. Harpalus ruficornis, &c.

18. STUPULOSE (Stupulosa). Covered with coarse decumbent hairs.--Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris.

19. VELUTINOUS (Velutina). Covered with very thick-set upright short hairs or pile, resembling velvet.--Ex. Trombidium holosericeum. Scutellum of Staphylinus hybridus.

20. HOLOSERICEOUS (Holosericea). Covered with thick-set shining short decumbent hairs, resembling satin[1089].--Ex. Under side of the body of Elophorus stagnalis, Argyroneta aquatica, &c.

21. SETOSE (Setosa). Bristly. Sprinkled with stiff scattered hairs like bristles.--Ex. Echinomyia grossa.

22. SETULOSE (Setulosa). Setose with the bristles truncated.--Ex. Thylacites setosus.

23. HISPID (Hispida). Rough from minute spines, or very stiff rigid bristles.--Ex. Hispa atra. Phoberus horridus, &c.

24. ROUGH (Aspera). Rough from pubescence in general.

25. BALD (Calva). A part of a surface with little or no hair, when the rest of it is very hairy.--Ex. Vertex of Melitta and Apis Kirby.

26. GLABROUS (Glabra). Without any hair or pubescence.

27. LUBRICOUS (Lubrica). Slippery as if lubricated.--Ex. Dynastes Centaurus.

b. PARTIAL.

1. CIRRUS (Cirrus). A lock of curling hair.

2. CIRROSE (Cirrosa). Having one or more cirri.--Ex. Antennæ of Acanthocinus araneiformis.

3. FASCICULE (Fasciculus). A bundle of thick-set hairs often converging at the apex. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. c.

4. FASCICULATE (Fasciculata). Having one or more fascicules.--Ex. Catenulated lines in the Elytra of _Trox arenosus_. Buprestis fascicularis.

5. PENICIL (Penicillus). A small bundle of diverging hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. a.

6. PENICILLATE (Penicillata). Having one or more penicils.--Ex. Larva of Orgyia antiqua.

7. VERRICULE (Verriculum). A thick-set tuft of parallel hairs. PLATE XIX. FIG. 6. b.

8. VERRICULATE (Verriculata). Having one or more verricules.--Ex. Larva of Dasychira pudibunda. Under side of Abdomen of Megachile ♀. (Apis **. c. 2. α. K.).

9. BARBATE (Barbata). When any part is clothed with longer hairs, resembling a beard.--Ex. Anus of Macroglossa stellatarum. Antennæ of Cerambyx Ammiralis L. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.

10. CILIATE (Ciliata). When the margin is fringed with a row of parallel hairs.--Ex. The base and apex of the Prothorax of Lucanus Cervus.

11. FIMBRIATE (Fimbriata). When a part is terminated by hairs or bristles that are not parallel.--Ex. Anus of many Andrenæ[1090]. (Melitta **. c. K.).

12. COMATE (Comata). When very long flexible hairs thickly cover a space in the upper surface.

13. CRINITE (Crinita). When very long hairs thinly cover any space.

14. JUBATE (Jubata). Having long pendent hairs in a continued series.--Ex. Intermediate Legs of Anthophora pilipes (Apis **. d. 2. α. K.).

15. FURRED (Pellita). When shorter decumbent hairs thickly cover any space, as in the Bombyces dorso cristato L.

v. COLOUR.

1. NIVEOUS (Niveus). The pure unblended white of snow.--Ex. Arctia chrysorhea.

2. WHITE (Albus). White less intense than niveous. The colour of chalk.--Ex. Spilosoma mendica ♀.

3. LACTEOUS (Lacteus). White with a slight tint of blue. The colour of milk.--Ex. Minoa lactearia.

4. CREAM-COLOURED (Lactifloreus). White with a proportion of yellow.--Ex. Pale part of the Primary wings of _Euprepia Caja_.

5. FLESH-COLOURED (Carneus). White tinted with red. The colour of young and healthy flesh.--Ex. Secondary wings of _Sphinx Ligustri_.

6. HOARY (Incanus). White with a small proportion of black. The colour of a gray head. N.B. _This term is usually confined to_ pubescence.--Ex. Curculio sulcirostris.

7. CINEREOUS (Cinereus). White with a shade of brown.--Ex. Sitona diffinis, Dasychira pudibunda.

8. GRISEOUS (Griseus). White mottled with black or brown.--Ex. Curculio nebulosus.

9. YELLOW (Flavus). Pure yellow.--Ex. Bands on the Abdomen of Nomada (Apis *. b. K.), Crabro, &c.

10. STRAW-COLOURED (Stramineus). Pale yellow with a very faint tint of blue.--Ex. Ennomos cratægata.

11. SULPHUREOUS (Sulphureus). Yellow with a tint of green. The colour of brimstone.--Ex. Gonepteryx Rhamni ♂.

12. LUTEOUS (Luteus). Deep yellow with a tint of red. The colour of the yolk of an egg.--Ex. Primary wings of _Colias Edusa_.

13. ORANGE (Aurantius). Equal parts of red and yellow.--Ex. Apex of Wings of Pontia Cardamines.

14. SAFFRON-COLOURED (Croceus). The colour of saffron.--Ex. Yellow in the Elytra of Trichius fasciatus.

15. MINIATOUS (Miniatus). The colour of red lead.--Ex. Secondary wings of Euprepia Caja.

16. FULGID (Fulgidus). A bright fiery red.--Ex. _Lycæna Virgaureæ_ and Hippothoe.

17. RUFOUS (Rufus). A pale red.--Ex. Apion frumentarium.

18. TESTACEOUS (Testaceus). The colour of a tile, a dull red.--Ex. Chrysomela Populi.

19. SCARLET (Coccineus). A bright pale red.--Ex. Elytra of Pyrochroa coccinea.

20. RED (Ruber). Pure red.--Ex. Under Wings of Hypercampa Dominula.

21. SANGUINEOUS (Sanguineus). Red with a tint of black. The colour of blood.--Ex. Spots in Chilocorus Cacti, and Prothorax of Locusta morbillosa.

22. ROSE-COLOURED (Roseus). Colour of the rose.--Ex. Parts of the Wings and Body of Deilephila Elpenor.

23. CRIMSON (Puniceus). A bright red with a tint of blue.--Ex. Base of the Under Wings of Catocala Sponsa.

24. PURPLE (Purpureus). Equal parts of blue and red.--Ex. Sagra purpurea. Vitta on the Elytra of Donacia fasciata.

25. VIOLET (Violaceus). Blue with some red. The colour of Viola odorata.--Ex. Chrysomela Goettingensis, Abdomen of Geotrupes vernalis.

26. LILAC (Lilacinus). Colour of the flowers of the lilac.--Ex. Part of the Iris of the Ocellus, in the Wings of Vanessa Io.

27. BLUE (Cyaneus). Pure blue. Colour of Centaurea Cyanus.--Ex. Disk of the Wings of Papilio Ulysses. Callidium violaceum.

28. AZURE (Azureus). A paler and more brilliant blue.--Ex. Wings of Morpho Menelaus, Telemachus, &c.

29. SKY-BLUE (Cæruleus). A paler blue. The colour of the sky.--Ex. Polyommatus Adonis.

30. CÆSIOUS (Cæsius). Very pale blue with a little black. The colour of blue eyes.--Ex. Under side of the Wings of Polyommatus Argiolus.

31. GREEN (Viridis). Equal parts of blue and yellow.--Ex. Cicindela campestris.

32. ÆRUGINOUS (Æruginosus). Green with a blue tint. The colour of the rust of copper, verdigris.--Ex. Polydrosus Cnides.

33. PRASINOUS (Prasinus). Green with a mixture of yellow. The colour of the leaves of leeks or onions.--Ex. Pentatoma prasina. Under side of Wings of Thecla Rubi.

34. GLAUCOUS (Glaucus). Pale blueish green. Sea green.--Ex. Elytra of Dynastes Hercules, Alcides, Tityus, &c.

35. MOUSE-COLOURED (Murinus). Black with a small proportion of yellow. The colour of the common mouse.--Ex. Base of the abdominal segments of Cossus ligniperda.

36. LURID (Luridus). Yellow with some mixture of brown. Dirty yellow.--Ex. Elytra of Aphodius luridus and nigrosulcatus.

37. LIVID (Lividus). A pale purplish brown. The colour of a bruise.--Ex. Berosus luridus.

38. TAWNY (Fulvus). A pale dirty orange.--Ex. The pale parts of the Wings of Hipparchia Pamphilus.

39. FAWN-COLOURED (Cervinus). A reddish brown.--Ex. Lasiocampa Rubi.

40. OLIVE (Olivaceus). A brownish green. The colour of olives.--Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

41. FUSCOUS (Fuscus). A dull brown.--Ex. Hipparchia Semele. Prionus scabricornis.

42. FERRUGINOUS (Ferrugineus). A yellowish brown with some red. The colour of the rust of iron.--Ex. Base of Under Wings of Smerinthus Populi. Gastropacha quercifolia.

43. CINNAMON-COLOURED (Cinnamomeus). A yellowish brown. The colour of cinnamon.--Ex. Prionus cinnamomeus.

44. BROWN (Brunneus). Pure brown.--Ex. Dark parts in the Primary Wings of Euprepia Caja.

45. BAY (Badius). Bright red brown of the chestnut.--Ex. Elytra of Melolontha vulgaris when the hairs are rubbed off.

46. CHESTNUT (Castaneus). Colour of the dark part of the chestnut.--Ex. Elytra of Lucanus Cervus.

47. PICEOUS (Piceus). Shining reddish black. The colour of pitch.--Ex. Prionus coriarius.

48. FULIGINOUS (Fuliginosus). The opaque black of soot.--Ex. Wings of Lithosia rubricollis.

49. BLACK (Niger). A dull black with some brown.--Ex. Pachygaster niger.

50. ATROUS (Ater). Pure black of the deepest tint.--Ex. Liparus anglicanus.

vi. SPLENDOUR.

a. GEMMEOUS.

1. MARGARITACEOUS (Margaritaceus). Glossy, white with changeable tints of purple, green, and blue. The splendour of pearls.--Ex. The drums in Cicada capensis.

2. OPALINE (Opalinus). A blueish white reflecting the prismatic colours. The splendour of the opal.--Ex. Wings of Notonecta glauca and some Nepæ.

3. CRYSTALLINE (Crystallinus). The white splendour of crystal or glass.--Ex. Stemmata of many Hymenoptera, &c.

4. TOPAZINE (Topazinus). The yellow splendour of the topaz.--Ex. Many Stemmata of Hymenoptera, and Eyes of Spiders.

5. RUBINEOUS (Rubineus). The red splendour of the ruby.

6. SMARAGDINE (Smaragdinus). The green splendour of the emerald.

7. AMETHYSTINE (Amethystinus). The purple splendour of the amethyst.

b. METALLIC.

1. ARGENT (Argenteus). The splendour of silver.--Ex. The spots on the under side of the Wings in _Argynnis Lathonia_, &c.

2. GOLDEN (Aureus). The splendour of gold.--Ex. Entimus imperialis. Spot in the Wings of Plusia Festucæ.

3. ORICHALCEOUS (Orichalceus). A splendour intermediate between that of gold and brass.--Ex. Upper Wings of Plusia Chrysitis.

4. ÆNEOUS (Æneus). The splendour of brass.--Ex. Elytra of Carabus clathratus.

5. CUPREOUS (Cupreus). The reddening splendour of copper.--Ex. Carabus nitens.

6. CHALYBEOUS (Chalybeus). The blue splendour of steel case-hardened, or of the mainspring of a watch.--Ex. Helops chalybeus. Legs of Lithosia Quadra.

7. PLUMBEOUS (Plumbeus). The colour of lead.--Ex. Prothorax of Clytra dentata?

8. INAURATE (Inauratus). When striæ or other impressed parts have a metallic splendour.--Ex. Margin of Prothorax and Elytra of Carabus violaceus. Striæ of Elytra &c. of Phanæus Mimas.

9. DEAURATE (Deauratus). A metallic hue which looks as if the gilding was worn off.--Ex. Donacia ænea, &c.

c. BOMBYCINE.

1. SERICEOUS (Sericeus). The splendour of silk.--Ex. Cryptocephalus sericeus.

2. TRAMOSERICEOUS (Tramosericeus). The splendour of satin.--Ex. Chlamys Bacca, monstrosa, &c.

d. REFLECTED.

1. RESPLENDENT (Splendens). Reflecting the light intensely.--Ex. The Head and Thorax of Philonthus splendens, æneus, politus, &c.

2. SHINING (Nitidus). Reflecting the light, but less intensely.--Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

3. PRUINOSE (Pruinosus). When the splendour of the surface is somewhat obscured by the appearance of a bloom upon it like that of a plum, but which cannot be rubbed off[1091].--Ex. Elytra of Serica ruricola and brunnea.

4. OBSCURE (Obscurus). A surface which reflects the light but little.--Ex. Pælobius Hermanni.

5, OPAQUE (Opacus). A surface which does not reflect the light at all.--Ex. Trox sabulosus, arenarius. Silpha opaca.

vii. TRANSPARENCE.

1. HYALINE (Hyalina). The clear transparency of glass.--Ex. The Wings of many Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera.

2. DIAPHANOUS (Diaphana). Transparent, but less purely than hyaline. Semitransparent.--Ex. The Wings of many Coleoptera.

3. ADIAPHANOUS (Adiaphana). Which does not transmit the light at all.--Ex. Elytra of Coleoptera.

viii. PAINTING.

1. ATOM (Atomus). A very minute dot.

2. IRRORATE (Irrorata). Sprinkled with atoms, as the earth with dew.--Ex. Onthophagus Vacca. Papilio Paris.

3. GUTTA (Gutta[1092]). A roundish dot intermediate in size between an atom and a macula.

4. GUTTATE (Guttata). Sprinkled with guttæ.--Ex. Coccinella.

5. MACULA (Macula). A larger indeterminately shaped spot.

6. MACULATE (Maculata). Painted with such spots.--Ex. Abraxas grossulariata.

7. LITURA (Litura). An indeterminate spot growing paler at one end, as if daubed or blotted.

8. LITURATE (Liturata). A surface painted with one or more such spots.--Ex. Aphodius conflagratus.

9. PLAGA (Plaga). A long and large spot.--Ex. _Aphodius plagiatus_.

10. ISLET (Insula). A spot of a different colour, included in a plaga or macula.--Ex. The Ocelli in the Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. A spot in the middle fascia of the under side of the Primary Wing in Papilio Podalirius.

11. CREPERA (Crepera). A gleam of paler colour upon a dark ground.--Ex. Elytra of Dytiscus marginalis.

12. SHADOW (Umbra). A slight shade, not easily perceptible upon a paler ground.--Ex. Elytra of Acanthocinus Ædilis. Wings of Plutella asperella.

13. SIGNATURES (Signaturæ). Markings upon a surface resembling in some degree letters and characters.

14. SIGNATE (Signatus). Marked with signatures.--Ex. Elytra of Acrocinus longimanus.

15. INSCRIBED (Inscriptus). When the surface is marked with the resemblance of a letter of any language.--Ex. Plusia Gamma. Vanessa C. album.

16. HIEROGLYPHIC (Hieroglyphicus). Painted with characters somewhat resembling hieroglyphics.--Ex. Acrocinus longimanus. Schizorhina Australasiæ.

17. ANNULET (Annulus). A ring-shaped spot.--Ex. Cyclophora omicronaria, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. o.

18. LUNULET (Lunula). A small crescent-shaped spot.--Ex. Marginal spots above and below the Secondary Wings in Melitæa Artemis, &c.

19. RENICULUS (Reniculus). A small kidney-shaped spot.--Ex. Upper Wings of Mamestra Persicaria.

20. OCELLUS (Ocellus). An eye-like spot in the Wings of many Lepidoptera, consisting of annuli of different colours, inclosing a central spot or pupil.

a. PUPIL (Pupilla). The central spot of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. t. An ocellus is called bipupillate, tripupillate, &c., when there are two, three, &c. of these spots.--Ex. Primary Wing of Hipparchia Tithonus, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. p.

a. HASTATE PUPIL (Pupilla hastata). When the pupil is a halberd-shaped spot.--Ex. Pupil of Ocellus of Aglia Tau. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. k.

b. SUFFULTED PUPIL (Pupilla suffulta). When the pupil shades into another colour.--Ex. Primary Wing of Vanessa Io.

b. IRIS (Iris). The circle which incloses the pupil. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. u.

c. ATMOSPHERE (Atmosphæra). The exterior circle of the ocellus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. v.

21. BLIND OCELLUS (Ocellus cæcus). An ocellus without the pupil.--Ex. Hipparchia Davus.

22. SPURIOUS OCELLUS (Ocellus spurius). A circular spot without any defined iris or pupil.--Ex. Spot in the Disk of the Primary Wings of Colias Helice.

23. SIMPLE OCELLUS (Ocellus simplex). When the ocellus consists only of iris and pupil.--Ex. Ocelli on the under side of Primary Wings of Hipparchia Semele. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. t, n, u.

24. COMPOUND OCELLUS (Ocellus complexus). When the ocellus consists of three or more circles.--Ex. Saturnia Spini. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. l.

25. NICTITANT OCELLUS (Ocellus nictitans). When the ocellus includes a lunular spot of a different colour.--Ex. _Under side_ of Wings of Morpho Perseus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. m.

26. FENESTRATE OCELLUS (Ocellus fenestratus). When an ocellus has a transparent spot.--Ex. Attacus Paphia and Cytherea.

27. DIOPTRATE OCELLUS (Ocellus dioptratus). A fenestrate ocellus divided by a transverse line.--Ex. Attacus Polyphemus.

28. DOUBLE OCELLUS (Ocellus geminatus). When two ocelli are included in the same circle or spot.--Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Perseus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. r, v.

29. TWIN OCELLUS (Ocellus didymus). When such ocelli join each other.--Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Hipparchia Hyperanthus.

30. SESQUIALTEROUS OCELLUS (Ocellus sesquialterus). An ocellus with a smaller near it, called also Sesquiocellus.--Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Colias Edusa. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. q.

31. SUPERCILIUM (Supercilium). An arched line resembling an eyebrow, which sometimes surmounts an eyelet.--Ex. Under side of Secondary Wing of Morpho Achilles. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. i.

32. NEBULOSE (Nebulosus). Painted with colour irregularly darker and lighter, so as to exhibit some resemblance of clouds.--Ex. Curculio sulcirostris, nebulosus; Catocala nupta.

33. TESTUDINARIOUS (Testudinarius). Painted with red, black and yellow, like tortoise-shell.--Ex. Elytra of _Aphodius testudinarius_.

34. CONSPERSE (Conspersus). Thickly sprinkled with minute irregular dots often confluent.--Ex. Biston Betularia.

35. ACHATINE (Achatinus). Painted with various concentric, curved, or parallel lines, resembling the veining of an agate.--Ex. Cossus labyrinthicus. Cerura vinula.

36. USTULATE (Ustulata). So marked with brown as to have the appearance of being scorched.--Ex. Wings of Ennomos dolabraria.

37. MARMORATE (Marmorata). So painted with streaks, veins, and clouds, as to resemble marble.--Ex. Under side of the Wings of Vanessa Io. Marmarina marmorata.

38. TESSELLATE (Tessellata). Painted in checquerwork.--Ex. Abdomen of Sarcophaga carnaria and Musca maculata.

39. FASCIA (Fascia). A broad transverse band.

a. PYRAMIDATE FASCIA (Fascia pyramidata). A band which juts out into an angle on one side.--Ex. Wing of Apatura Iris. Argynnis Paphia. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. h.

b. MACULAR FASCIA (Fascia macularis). A band consisting of distinct spots.--Ex. Wings of Abraxas grossulariata. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.

c. ARTICULATE FASCIA (Fascia articulata). A band consisting of contiguous spots.--Ex. Under side of Wings of Melitæa Dictynna. Upper side of Primary Wing of Morpho Menelaus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. a.

d. DIMIDIATE FASCIA (Fascia dimidiata). A band traversing only half the wing.--Ex. Primary Wing of Papilio Turnus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

e. ABBREVIATE FASCIA (Fascia abbreviata). A band traversing less than half the wing.--Ex. Primary Wing of _Papilio Podalirius_, Ajax, &c. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.

f. SESQUIALTEROUS FASCIA (Fascia sesquialtera). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and either the primary or secondary by another.--Ex. Endromis versicolor. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. d, c.

g. SESQUITERTIOUS FASCIA (Fascia sesquitertia). When both wings are traversed by a continued band, and more than half of either the primary or secondary by another; or, when a wing or elytrum contains a band and the third of a band.--Ex. _Tortrix Avellana_. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. d, e.

40. STRIGA (Striga). A narrow transverse streak.

41. STRIGOSE (Strigosa). Painted with several such streaks.--Ex. Ennomos prunaria.

42. LINE (Linea). A narrow longitudinal stripe.

43. LINEATE (Lineata). Painted with several such stripes. N.B. If with two, we say bilineata, with three, trilineata, &c.--Ex. Elater lineatus.

44. VITTA (Vitta). A broad longitudinal stripe.

45. VITTATE (Vittata). Painted with several such stripes.--Ex. Chrysomela fastuosa, cerealis, &c.

46. UNDULATE (Undulata). When fasciæ, strigæ, lines, &c. curve into alternate sinuses resembling the rise and fall of waves.

47. SINUATO-UNDULATE (Sinuato-Undulata). When the sinuses are obtuse.--Ex. Boarmia repandaria.

48. ANGULOSO-UNDULATE (Anguloso-Undulata). When they go in a zigzag direction, or with alternate acute sinuses.--Ex. Acidalia undulata.

49. RADIATE (Radiata). When a dot, spot, &c. appear to send forth rays.--Ex. The large blue area common to all the Wings of Papilio Ulysses.

50. VENOSE (Venosa). Painted with lines that branch like veins.--Ex. Under side of Wings of Pontia Napi.

51. CANCELLATE (Cancellata). Painted with transverse lines crossing longitudinal ones at right angles.--Ex. _Macaria clathrata_.

52. AREOLATE (Areolata). Painted with lines which intersect each other in various directions, so as to exhibit the appearance of net-work.--Ex. Wings of Tetanocera marginata and Cossus ligniperda.

53. LIMBATE (Limbata). When the disk is surrounded by a margin of a different colour.--Ex. Dytiscus marginalis.

54. ARMILLATE (Armillata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a broad ring of a different colour.--Ex. Posterior Tibia of Prosopis annulata (Melitta * b. K.).

55. ANNULATE (Annulata). When a leg, antenna, &c. is surrounded by a narrow ring of a different colour.--Ex. Antennæ of many Ichneumons.

56. CINGULATE (Cingulata). When the abdomen or the trunk is wholly surrounded by one or more belts of a different colour.--Ex. Abdomen of many Nomadæ (Apis *. b. K.).

57. DECOLORATE (Decolor). When the colour appears to be discharged from any part.--Ex. Margin of the Abdominal segments in Stelis punctulatissima Latr. (Apis ** c. 1. β. K.).

58. UNICOLORATE (Unicolor). When a surface is of one colour.

59. CONCOLORATE (Concolor). Of the same colour with another part. If speaking of Lepidoptera, when the upper and under sides of the wings are of the same colour.--Ex. Hesperia Linea, Paniscus.

60. DISCOLORATE (Discolor). Of a different colour from another part. When the upper and under sides of the wings of Lepidoptera are of a different colour.--Ex. Polyommatus Corydon, Argiolus, &c.

61. VERSICOLORATE (Versicolor). When a surface changes its colour as the light varies.--Ex. Apatura Iris ♂.

62. IRIDESCENT (Iricolor). When a surface reflects the colours of the rainbow.--Ex. Mesothorax of Xylocopa iricolor. Wings of Hymenoptera, &c.

63. INFUSCATE (Infuscata). When a colour is darkened by the superinduction of a brownish shade or cloud.--Ex. Apex of the Upper Wings of Cossus ligniperda.

ix. DISTINCTION.

1. DISTINCT (Distincta). When spots, puncta, granules, &c. do not touch or run into each other, but are completely separate.--Ex. Under side of Wings of Lycæna Hippothoe.

2. ORDINATE (Ordinata). When spots, puncta, &c. are placed in rows. Thus we say ordinato-punctate, ordinato-maculate, &c.--Ex. Spots on the Abdomen of Spilosoma lubricipeda, erminea, &c.

3. CONTIGUOUS (Contigua). When spots, &c. are so near that they almost or altogether touch each other.--Ex. Spots in the margin of the Wings of Argynnis Aglaia.

4. CONFLUENT (Confluens). When spots, &c. run into each other.--Ex. Apex of the Primary Wings and Under side of the Secondary in Pontia Daplidice.

5. OBLITERATE (Obliterata). When the borders of spots fade into the general ground-colour; and when elevations and depressions, &c. are so little raised or sunk from the general surface, as to be almost erased.--Ex. Streak in the Wings of Hipparchus papilionarius, &c. Striæ in the Elytra of Sphodrus leucophthalmus.

6. OBSOLETE (Obsoleta). When a spot, tubercle, punctum, &c. is scarcely discoverable. Ex. Lycæna Hippothoe ♂ and ♀.--N.B. This term is often employed where one sex, kindred species, or genera, want, or nearly so, a character which is conspicuous in the other sex, or in the species or genus to which they are most closely allied.

7. GEMINOUS (Gemina). When there is a pair of spots, tubercles, puncta, &c.--Ex. Head of one sex of _Dorcus parallelopipedus_. Upper Wings of Odenestis potatoria.

8. DIDYMOUS (Didyma). When this pair of spots, &c. touch or are confluent.--Ex. Spots in Elytra of _Tylostagmus quadrimaculatus_.

9. CONNIVENT (Connivens). The meeting of two lines so as to form an angle.--Ex. Streaks on the Under side of _Secondary Wings_ of Thecla Pruni.

10. COMMON (Communis). Common to two. When a spot for instance is partly on one elytrum and partly on the other.--Ex. Coccinella septempunctata.

VIII. MARGIN.

1. CRISP (Crispa). When the Limb is disproportionably larger than the Disk, so as to render the margin uneven with irregular rises and falls.

2. UNDULATE (Undulata). When the surface rises and falls obtusely, not in angles.--Ex. Margin of Wings of Hipparchia Semele.

3. CORRUGATE (Corrugata). When the surface rises and falls acutely in angles.--Ex. Acidalia luteata, &c.

4. PLICATE (Plicata). Longitudinally or transversely folded; or so impressed with striæ as to have that appearance.--Ex. Abdomen of Staphylinus.

5. DILATATE (Dilatata). Dilated disproportionably with respect to the Disk.--Ex. Prothorax of Necrophorus.

6. FILATE (Filata). When the edge is separated by a channel, often producing a very slender threadlike margin.--Ex. Elytra of Choleva.

7. INCRASSATE (Incrassata). When the margin is disproportionably thick.--Ex. Mr. Marsham's Family of Chrysomela "thorace utrinque incrassato."

8. INTIRE (Integra). When the margin has neither teeth, serratures, nor other incisions.

9. CHANNEL (Canalis). An impressed line more or less wide, which attends the edges, and is usually produced by its reflexion.

10. EDGE (Acies). The extreme termination of the margin.

IX. TERMINATION.

1. SUMMIT (Fastigium). The tip or extreme termination of the upper part.

2. APEX (Apex). The top or upper termination of any part.

3. BOTTOM (Fundus). The extreme termination of the lower part.

4. BASE (Basis). The lower termination of any part.

5. ACUTE (Acuta). Terminating in an acute angle. PLATE XV. FIG. 17.

6. OBTUSE (Obtusa). Terminating bluntly, but within the segment of a circle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

7. ROTUNDATE (Rotundata). Terminating in the segment of a circle.--PLATE VI. FIG. 1. e.

8. TRUNCATE (Truncata). Terminating in a transverse line. PLATE XIII. FIG. 5. a´´´.

9. PREMORSE (Præmorsa). Terminating in an irregular truncate apex, as if bitten off.--Ex. Elytra of Lebia, Dromia, Lomechusa, &c.

10. RETUSE (Retusa). Terminating in an obtuse sinus.--Ex. Back part of the Head in Cimbex.

11. EMARGINATE (Emarginata). When the end has an obtuse notch taken out.--Ex. Nose of Pedinus arenosus.

12. EXSCINDED (Excisa). When the end has an angular notch taken out.--Ex. Nose of Opatrum sabulosum.

13. PRODUCTED (Producta). Disproportionably long.

14. MUCRONATE (Mucronata). Terminating suddenly in a strong point.--Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus. Abdomen of Sirex Gigas ♀.

15. ACUMINATE (Acuminata). Terminating gradually in a sharp point.--Ex. Abdomen of Sirex Juvencus ♀.

16. APICULATE (Apiculata). Terminating suddenly in a small filiform truncate apex.--Ex. Abdomen of Thelyphonus.

17. CUSPIDATE (Cuspidata). Terminating in a long setiform point.--Ex. Tail of Scorpio.

X. INCISION.

1. INCISED (Incisa). Cut into equal marginal segments.

2. CLEFT (Fissa). Cut into equal and deep segments, but not reaching the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. a.

a. BIFID (Bifida). Cut into two segments.

b. TRIFID (Trifida). Cut into three.

c. QUADRIFID (Quadrifida). Cut into four.

d. MULTIFID (Multifida). Cut into more than four.

3. LACINIATE (Laciniata). Cut into unequal, irregular, and deep segments.

4. SQUARROSE (Squarrosa). Cut into laciniæ that are elevated above the plane of the surface.

5. PARTITE (Partita). Divided to the base. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3. b.

a. BIPARTITE (Bipartita). Divided thus into two parts.

b. TRIPARTITE (Tripartita). Divided into three parts.

c. QUADRIPARTITE (Quadripartita). Divided into four parts.

d. MULTIPARTITE (Multipartita). Divided into more than four parts.

6. LOBATE (Lobata). Divided to the middle into parts with convex margins, which recede from each other.--Ex. Acanthia paradoxa. Bilobate, with two lobes. Trilobate, with three lobes, &c.

7. CRUCIATE (Cruciata). Divided to the middle into four opposite arms, the angles being either four right ones, or two obtuse and two acute.--Ex. Prothorax of many Locustæ.

8. SINUATE (Sinuata). Having large curved breaks in the margin resembling bays. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1.

9. EROSE (Erosa). Sinuate, with the sinuses cut out into smaller irregular notches as if gnawed.--Ex. Wings of Vanessa C. album.

10. CRENATE (Crenata). Cut into segments of small circles.

11. SERRATE (Serrata). Cut into teeth like a saw, with teeth whose sides are unequal.--Ex. External margin near the Apex of the Elytra of many species of Buprestis.

12. DENTATE (Dentata). Cut into teeth, with teeth whose sides are equal or nearly so.--Ex. The Wings of many Butterflies.

13. REPAND (Repanda). Cut into very slight sinuations, so as to run in a serpentine direction. PLATE XXII. FIG. 11. s.

XI. RAMIFICATION.

1. DICHOTOMOUS (Dichotoma). Dividing regularly in pairs.

2. FURCATE (Furcata). Dividing into two. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11.

3. RAMOSE (Ramosa). Furnished with lateral branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.

4. DECUSSATE (Decussata). Sending forth lateral branches which alternately cross each other.

5. DIVARICATE (Divaricata). Standing out very wide.

XII. DIVISION.

1. SEGMENT (Segmentum). The great inosculating joints of the body.

2. JOINT (Articulus). The joints of a limb or member.

3. INCISURE (Incisura). A deep incision between the segments, when they recede from each other.

4. SUTURE (Sutura). The line of separation of any two parts of a crust which are connected only by membrane or ligament, but do not inosculate.

a. SPURIOUS SUTURE (Sutura spuria). An impressed line in any part of a body, which resembles a suture, but does not really divide the crust.

XIII. DIRECTION.

1. LONGITUDINAL (Longitudinalis). Running lengthwise.

2. TRANSVERSE (Transversa). Running across: when the longitudinal line is cut through at right angles.

3. OBLIQUE (Obliqua). Running sideways. When the longitudinal line is cut through at acute angles.

4. HORIZONTAL (Horizontalis). Parallel with the horizon.

5. ERECT (Erecta). Nearly perpendicular.

6. VERTICAL (Verticalis). Perpendicular.

7. SLOPING (Declivis). A gentle descent.

8. DESCENDING (Descendens). A steeper descent.

9. ACCLIVOUS (Acclivis). A gentle ascent.

10. ASCENDING (Ascendens). A steeper ascent.

11. RECLINED (Reclinata). Leaning towards any thing as if to repose upon it.

12. RECUMBENT (Recumbens). Leaning or reposing upon any thing.

13. REFLEXED (Reflexa). Bent back or upwards.

14. INFLEXED (Inflexa). Bent inwards.

15. RECURVED (Recurva). Curving outwards.

16. INCURVED (Incurva). Curving inwards.

17. REVOLUTE (Revoluta). Rolled outwards.

18. INVOLUTE (Involuta). Rolled inwards.

19. FORWARDS (Antrorsum).

20. BACKWARDS (Retrorsum).

21. UPWARDS (Sursum).

22. DOWNWARDS (Deorsum).

23. OUTWARDS (Extrorsum).

24. INWARDS (Introrsum).

25. STRAIGHT (Recta).

26. PORRECT (Porrecta). Reaching forth horizontally as if to meet something advancing.

27. BROKEN (Fracta). Bent with an elbow, as if broken.

28. CONVERGING (Convergens). Tending to one point from different parts.

29. DIVERGING (Divergens). Tending to different parts from one point.

XIV. SITUATION.

1. OBVERSE (Obversa). When an object is viewed with its head towards you.

2. REVERSE (Reversa). When an object is viewed with its anus towards you.

3. RESUPINE (Resupina). When an object lies upon its back.

4. PRONE (Prona). When an object lies upon its belly.

XV. CONNEXION.

1. COLLIGATE (Colligata). Adhering, or so fixed to any part as to have no separate motion of its own.

2. FREE (Libera). Having a motion independent of that of the part to which it is affixed.

3. CONNATE (Connata). When parts that are usually separated, are, as it were, soldered together, though distinguished by a suture.--Ex. Elytra of Gibbium.

4. COALITE (Coalita). When parts usually separate are distinguished neither by incisure, segment, nor suture.--Ex. Trunk in Mutilla.

5. DISTINCT (Distincta). When parts are separated from each other by a suture.--Ex. Parts of the Trunk in Coleoptera, &c.

6. DISTANT (Distans). When they are separated by an incisure.--Ex. Head, Trunk, and Abdomen, in Hymenoptera.

7. INOSCULATING (Inosculans). When one part is inserted into the cavity of another.--Ex. Head in Buprestis.

8. SUSPENDED (Suspensa). When one part is joined to another by a ligature, without being inserted in it.--Ex. Legs of Orthoptera. #/

XVI. ARMS.

1. TOOTH (Dens). A short flattish process, somewhat resembling a tooth.

2. HORN (Cornu). A longer process, resembling a horn.

a. LAMINATE HORN (Cornu laminatum). A horn dilated at its base into a flat plate.--Ex. Onthophagus nutans.

b. NODDING HORN (Cornu nutans). When a horn bends forwards.--Ex. Onthophagus nutans.

3. SPINE (Spina). A fine, long, rigid, pointed process.--Ex. Those on Elytra of many Hispæ, and the Posterior Tibiæ of Locusta.

4. MUCRO (Mucro). A short, stout, sharp-pointed process.--Ex. Elytra of Lixus paraplecticus.

5. SPUR (Calcar). A spine that is not a process of the crust, but is implanted in it.--Ex. Those on the lower side of the Tibiæ of Acrida.

XVII. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICLE (Auricula). An appendage resembling an ear.--Ex. Thorax of Ledra aurita.

2. CARUNCLE (Caruncula). Having fleshy excrescences somewhat resembling the caruncles of birds.--Ex. Prothorax of Malachius.

XVIII. MOTION.

1. VERTICAL (Verticalis). When it is up and down.

2. HORIZONTAL (Horizontalis). When it is from side to side.

3. COMPOUND (Composita). When a part is capable of both vertical and horizontal motion.

4. VERSATILE (Versatilis). When it moves partly round as if upon a pivot.--Ex. Head of Hymenoptera and Diptera.

5. VIBRATILE (Vibratilis). When there is a constant oscillation of any part.--Ex. Antennæ of the Chalcidites. Legs of Tipula when reposing.

6. ROTATORY (Rotatoria). When a body or a part of it turns wholly round, or describes a circle.--Ex. Ants and Moths in a certain disease[1093].

XIX. SCENT.

1. ACID (Acidus). A pungent acid scent.--Ex. Many Formicæ.

2. MOSCHATE (Moschatus). A scent of musk.

3. ALLIACEOUS (Alliaceus). A scent of garlic.--Ex. Some Andrenæ.

4. CIMICINE (Cimicinus). A scent like that of the Bed-bug.--Ex. Cimex.

5. ROSACEOUS (Rosaceus). A scent of roses.--Ex. Cerambyx moschatus.

6. AROMATIC (Aromaticus). A pungent scent of spices.--Ex. Oxytelus rugosus.

7. BALM-SCENTED (Melissæus).--Ex. The species of Prosopis (Apis *. b. K.).

8. SWEET-SCENTED (Odoratus). An undefined sweet scent.--Ex. Philonthus suaveolens.

9. FETID (Fœtidus). A disagreeable scent.--Ex. Goerius olens. Chrysopa Perla. #/

GENERAL RULES.

In the above tables no notice is taken of diminutives, compounds, and similar terms, because it seemed best, with respect to these, to lay down only some general rules which may include the whole.

RULE I.

Terms in English ending in cle, ule, or let, and which in Latin add lus, la, or lum, to a word, diminish its sense. As, Denti_cle_, a little tooth; Set_ule_, a little bristle; Eye_let_, a small eye: Denticu_lus_, a little dens; Guttu_la_, a little gutta; Punctu_lum_, a little punctum. N.B. Where length or breadth are concerned, the diminutive implies a diminution in the length of the predicate. As, Lineo_la_, Lineo_let_, a short line; Strio_la_, Strio_let_, a short stria; Fascio_la_, Fascio_let_, a short fascia.

RULE II.

The preposition sub prefixed to any word reduces the sense of it. As, _Sub_punctate, not fully punctate; _Sub_hirsute, not fully hirsute, &c.

RULE III.

The termination culus in Latin words added to a comparative implies the state of the object comparatively. As, Convexius_culus_, rather convex than not; Majus_culus_, rather large than not. This is usually denoted in English by the termination ish, or the adverb rather; as, larg_ish_, rather large, &c.

RULE IV.

The participle present used instead of the adjective implies a tendency to the quality expressed by it. As, Cinerascens, cinerascent, tending to cinereous, &c.

RULE V.

The preposition ob prefixed to a term reverses it. As, _Ob_conical, _Ob_cordate, a conical or heart-shaped body, of which the narrowest part is the base.

RULE VI.

In compound terms the last member indicates the preponderating character. For instance, when it is said of a body that it is nigro-æneous, it means that the æneous tint prevails: but if, vice versâ, it is termed æneo-nigrous, the black tint is predominant.--N.B. In Sculpture the terms punctato-striate, or punctato-sulcate, signify that striæ or furrows are drawn with puncta in them.

Exception 1.

Some compound terms only indicate the union of two characters in one subject. As, when we say of wings that they are cruciato-incumbent, we mean both that they cross each other and are incumbent upon the body.

Exception 2.

Compound terms are sometimes employed very conveniently to restrict the application of a character to particular circumstances. As, when we say hirsuto-cinereous, we mean that the hirsuties only of a body is cinereous.

RULE VII.

When the term ordinary (ordinarius) is added either to terms expressing impressed puncta, lines, spots, &c., it signifies that such puncta, lines, or spots are common to a particular section in any genus or tribe. As, the impressed lateral puncta on the thorax of Scarabæidæ; the lateral furrows and dorsal channel in the ground beetles (_Eutrech_in_a_), and the spots in the primary wings of Xylina Polyodon and affinities[1094].

SYMBOLS.

Male ♂. Female ♀. Neuter ⫯. Egg θ. Larva ⊕. Pupa ☽. Imago ⊙. Head △. Trunk □. Abdomen ▽[1095].

B. PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY.

I. BODY (CORPUS).

1. DISJUNCT (Disjunctum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are separated by a deep incisure.--Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. PLATE IV. FIG. 2, 3, 5.

2. COMPACT (Compactum). When head, trunk, and abdomen are not separated by a deep incisure, but inosculate in each other.--Ex. Buprestis, Elater, and many other Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera.

3. BISECT (Bisectum). When the head and trunk are not separated by a suture, so that the insect consists only of two pieces.--Ex. Araneidea. PLATE V. FIG. 4.

4. COALITE (Coalitum). When neither head, trunk, nor abdomen are separated by any incisure or suture.--Ex. Many Acari L., Phalangium, &c.

5. MULTISECT (Multisectum). When an insect appears to have no distinct trunk and abdomen, but is divided into numerous segments.--Ex. Scolopendra; Iulus, &c. PLATE V. FIG. 6.

6. CYMBIFORM (Cymbiforme). When the margin of the thorax and elytra are recurved so as to give a body the resemblance of the inside of a boat.--Ex. Heleus, Cossyphus.

II. HEAD (CAPUT).

i. DIRECTION.

1. PROMINENT (Prominens). When the head is in the horizontal line, and forms no angle with the trunk.--Ex. Carabus. PLATE I. FIG. 1.

2. PORRECTED (Porrectum). When the head is prominent and elongate.--Ex. Cychrus.

3. NUTANT (Nutans). When the head forms downwards an obtuse angle with the horizontal line, or trunk.--Ex. Harpalus.

4. CERNUOUS (Cernuum). When the head forms downwards a right angle with the trunk.--Ex. Most Gryllina and Locustina.

5. INFLEXED (Inflexum). When the head forms inwards an acute angle with the trunk.--Ex. Blatta. PLATE II. FIG. 3.

6. TURRETED (Turritum). When the head is producted into a kind of columnar recurved turret or rostrum, in the sides of which, towards the end, the eyes are fixed.--Ex. Truxalis. #/

ii. INSERTION.

1. RETRACTED (Retractum). When the head is wholly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. Parnus.

2. INTRUDED (Intrusum). When the head is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. Melasis.

3. INSERTED (Insertum). When the head is partly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. Buprestis.

4. EXSERTED (Exsertum). When the head is quite disengaged from the trunk.--Ex. Tenebrio, Blaps.

5. AMPLECTED (Amplexum). When the head is received into a sinus of the thorax.--Ex. Hister.

6. RECONDITE (Reconditum). When the head is wholly covered and sheltered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. Cassida, Lampyris.

7. SEMIRECONDITE (Semireconditum). When the head is half covered by the shield of the thorax.--Ex. Silpha, Cyphon.

8. RETRACTILE (Retractile). When an insect can at pleasure exsert its head, or withdraw it within the trunk.--Ex. Hister, Larva of Lampyris.

9. VERSATILE (Versatile). When the head can turn nearly round.--Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.

10. PEDUNCULATE (Pedunculatum). When the head is constricted behind into a distinct neck.--Ex. Apoderus Coryli, &c.

11. SESSILE (Sessile). When the head does not move in the socket of the trunk, but is attached to it by a kind of ligament.--Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera.

iii. TERMINATION.

1. CLYPEATE (Clypeatum). When the Nasus, Genæ, &c. are dilated so as to shelter and overshadow the mouth.--Ex. Scarabæus, Copris, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 14.

2. CAPISTRATE (Capistratum). When the anterior part of the head is attenuated and subelongated into a kind of flat rostrum or muzzle.--Ex. Nitidula. PLATE XIII. FIG. 13.

3. ROSTRATE (Rostratum). When the anterior part of the head is elongated and attenuated into a cylindrical or many-sided rostrum or beak.--Ex. The weevils (Rhyncophora). PLATE XIII. FIG. 12.

4. BUCCATE (Buccatum). When the Nasus and anterior part of the head are inflated.--Ex. Conops and other Diptera. PLATE XIII. FIG. 16.

iv. APPENDAGES.

1. UMBRACULATE (Umbraculatum). When there is upon the head an umbrella-shaped process.--Ex. Gryllus umbraculatus.

2. LYCHNIDIATE (Lychnidiatum). When the Vertex, Frons, and Postnasus are porrected so as to form a kind of rostrum which gives light in the night.--Ex. Fulgora. PLATE XIII. FIG. 15.

v. MOUTH (OS).

1. TERMINAL (Terminale). When the mouth terminates the head.--Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

2. PRONE (Pronum). When the mouth is wholly under the head.--Ex. Truxalis, Proscopia.

3. PERFECT (Perfectum). When the mouth is furnished with all the Trophi. Viz. Labrum; Labium; Mandibulæ; Maxillæ; Maxillary and Labial Palpi; and Tongue.--Ex. The Masticating Orders.

a. FEEDERS RETRACTED (Trophi retracti). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi are not capable of being much pushed out or drawn in.--Ex. Most Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c.

b. FEEDERS RETRACTILE (Trophi retractiles). When, in a perfect mouth, the Trophi can be considerably pushed forth or drawn in.--Ex. Stenus, Apis, &c.

4. IMPERFECT (Imperfectum). When the mouth wants any of the Trophi, or they exist in it only as rudiments.--Ex. The Suctorious Orders.

5. ELABRATE (Elabratum). When an imperfect mouth has Mandibulæ, Maxillæ, Labium, and Maxillary Palpi, or what perform their office, but no Labrum.--Ex. Araneidea.

6. EMANDIBULATE (Emandibulatum). When an imperfect mouth has all the Trophi but the Mandibulæ.--Ex. Trichoptera.

7. BIPALPATE (Bipalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has only either Labial or Maxillary Palpi.--Ex. Tabanus, &c.

8. EXPALPATE (Expalpatum). When an imperfect mouth has no Palpi.--Ex. Hemiptera.

9. STOMAPODOUS (Stomapodum). When the Legs and Sternum act the part of Maxillæ, Labium, and Palpi.--Ex. Araneidea, Scolopendra, &c.

a. UPPER LIP (Labrum).

1. WHISKERED (Mystacinum). When the upper lip is furnished with whiskers (Mystax), or bearded.--Ex. Creophilus hirtus. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 30.

b. UPPER JAWS (Mandibulæ).

1. CHELATE (Chelatæ). When the upper jaws are furnished at the end with a chela or thumb.--Ex. Scorpio, Phalangium.

2. UNGUICULATE (Unguiculatæ). When they are armed with a moveable claw.--Ex. Araneidea. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. c´.

3. BURIED (Sepultæ). When they are covered and quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. Colliuris.

4. OPEN (Apertæ). When they are not quite concealed by the upper lip.--Ex. Most Coleoptera.

5. TOOTHLESS (Edentulæ). When they are not armed with teeth.--Ex. Apogonia gemellata. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 22.

6. TOOTHED (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.--Ex. Cicindela. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 19.

7. SUCTORIOUS (Suctoriæ). When they have an orifice by which they imbibe their food.--Ex. Larva of Dytiscus, Myrmeleon, &c. PLATE XIII. FIG. 6.

c. UNDER JAWS (Maxillæ).

1. SIMPLE (Simplices). When the under jaws have but one lobe.--Ex. Hymenoptera. PLATE VII. FIG. 2, 3. d´.

2. COMPOUND (Compositæ). When they have more than one lobe.--Ex. Staphylinus and many other Coleoptera. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 9, 10. d´´´. e´´´.

3. ADNATE (Adnatæ). When they adhere to the lower lip through their whole length.--Ex. Trichoptera. PLATE VII. FIG. 1. d´.

4. ADHERENT (Adhærentes). When they adhere to it only at their base.--Ex. Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, &c. PLATE VI. VII. FIG. 3. d´.

5. SPINOSE (Spinosæ). When they are armed at the apex with spines.--Ex. Libellulina. PLATE VI. FIG. 12. f´´´.

6. DENTATE (Dentatæ). When they are armed with teeth.--Ex. Melolonthidæ. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 15. g´´.

7. PECTUNCULATE (Pectunculatæ). When the stipes below the feeler has a row of minute spines set like the teeth of a comb.--Ex. Apis[1096].

8. DISENGAGED (Liberæ). When they do not adhere to the lower lip at all, or are only connected by membrane or ligaments.--Ex. Apis, &c. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. d´.

9. MANDIBULIFORM (Mandibuliformes). When they are hard and horny and shaped like the upper jaws.--Ex. Melolonthidæ, Anoplognathidæ, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 13, 15.

10. UNGUICULATE (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a moveable claw.--Ex. Cicindela.

d. FEELERS (Palpi).

1. MANIFORM (Maniformes). When they are chelate or furnished with a finger and thumb.--Ex. Scorpio, Chelifer. PLATE XV. FIG. 7.

2. PEDIFORM (Pediformes). When they resemble the legs either in structure or use.--Ex. Araneidea, Acarina. PLATE VII. FIG. 10. h´´.

3. ANTENNIFORM (Antenniformes). When they are very long resembling antennæ.--Ex. Hydrophilus, Bryaxis, Culex ♂.

4. UNGUICULATE (Unguiculati). When they are armed with a claw at the end.--Ex. Gonyleptes. PLATE XIII. FIG. 1.

5. SECURIFORM (Securiformes). When the last joint of the feeler is triangular, and the preceding joint is connected with the vertex of the triangle.--Ex. Cleridæ. PLATE XIII. FIG. 2. a.

6. LUNULATE (Lunulati). When the last joint is shaped like a half-moon or crescent.--Ex. Oxyporus. PLATE XIII. FIG. 4. a.

7. FASCICULATE (Fasciculati). When the feeler terminates in a bunch of very slender laminæ.--Ex. Lymexylon flavipes. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 3.

8. LAMELLATE (Lamellati). When the last joint is divided into transverse lamellæ.--Ex. Atractocerus. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1.

9. INFLATED (Inflati). When the last joint of the feeler is very large and tumid.--Ex. Araneidea ♂. PLATE XIII. FIG. 3.

10. APPENDICULATE (Appendiculati). When from one of the joints there issues an accessory joint or appendage.--Ex. Atractocerus, Trombidium. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 1. a. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 13. a.

11. MAMMILLATE (Mammillati). When the last joint is very short, smaller than the preceding one, and retractile within it.--Ex. Pæderus[1097].

12. SUBULATE (Subulati). When the last joint is short, and vastly smaller than the preceding one.--Ex. Bembidium, Aleochara. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 7.

13. FUSIFORM (Fusiformes). When the two last joints are conical, and the base of the cones forms the point of union.--Ex. Trechus. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 8.

14. HETEROMORPHOUS (Heteromorphi). When the two intermediate joints are vastly larger than the first and the last.--Ex. Cerocoma ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 2.

e. TONGUE (Lingua).

1. LINGUIFORM (Linguiformis). When the tongue is quite distinct from the labium, usually retracted within the mouth, short and shaped something like a vertebrate tongue.--Ex. Gryllina, Libellulina. PLATE VI. FIG. 6, 12. e´.

2. LIGULIFORM (Liguliformis). When it emerges from the labium, is short, flat, and not concealed within the mouth.--Ex. Vespa and many Hymenoptera. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. e'.

3. TUBULOSE (Tubulosa). When it emerges from the labium, is long and tubular, and capable of inflation.--Ex. Apis. PLATE VII. FIG. 3. e´.

4. SETIFORM (Setiformis). A short minute sharp tongue discoverable between the scalpella of a promuscis.--Ex. Cimex L. PLATE VII. FIG. 14. e´.

5. PALATIFORM (Palatiformis). When the tongue forms the inner surface of the Labium, but is not separate from it.--Ex. Most Coleoptera.

vi. NOSE (NASUS).

1. INCLUDED (Inclusus). When the nose is included between the two sides of the Postnasus which run towards the upper lip.--Ex. Geocorisæ.

2. VAULTED (Fornicatus). When the nose is elevated, convex and hollow underneath.--Ex. Vespa.

vii. CANTHUS.

1. ENTERING (Intrans). When the Canthus takes a little angle or sinus out of the eye.--EX. The Capricorn beetles, Mylabris. PLATE VI. FIG. 1. h´.

2. CLEAVING (Findens). When the Canthus cleaves the eye half through or more.--Ex. The Petalocerous beetles.

3. DIVIDING (Dividens). When the Canthus passes right through the eye and divides it into two.--Ex. Gyrinus, Tetraopes.[1098] PLATE XXVI. FIG. 36.

4. SEPTIFORM (Septiformis). When the Canthus forms an elevated ridge or septum.--Ex. Many Petalocerous beetles.

viii. EYES (OCULI).

1. SIMPLE (Simplices). Eyes which do not consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. Araneidæ, Scorpio, Phalangium. PLATE VII. FIG. 9. h.

a. SCATTERED (Sparsi). When simple eyes are separate from each other and not arranged in a certain order.--Ex. Eyes of Caterpillars, and some Scolopendræ.

b. ORDINATE (Ordinati). When simple eyes are arranged in a certain order.--Ex. Araneidea. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 37.

c. CONGLOMERATE (Conglomerati). When a number of simple eyes are collected together so as to exhibit the appearance of a compound one.--Ex. Iulus. PLATE XIII. FIG. 11.

d. DORSAL (Dorsales). When they are placed on the back.--Ex. Phalangium. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 43. h.

2. COMPOUND (Compositi). Eyes which consist of an aggregate of hexagonal lenses.--Ex. All the Winged Orders. PLATE XIII. FIG. 10. and XXVI. FIG. 38-42. h.

a. SESSILE (Sessiles). Eyes that do not sit upon a footstalk.--Ex. Most insects. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40, 41.

α. SUPERIOR (Superiores). When they are placed in the upper part of the head.--Ex. Libellulina.

β. LATERAL (Laterales). When they are placed in the side of the head.--Ex. Apis.

γ. INFERIOR (Inferiores). When they are placed in the lower side of the head.--Ex. The lower pair in Gyrinus.

δ. POSTERIOR (Posteriores). When placed in the posterior part of the head.--Ex. Locusta.

ε. ANTERIOR (Anteriores). When placed in the anterior part of the head.--Ex. Crabro, Goerius olens, &c.

ζ. MEDIAL (Medii). When placed in the middle part of the head.--Ex. Harpalus, &c.

η. BELTING (Cingentes). When the eyes nearly meet both above and below the head, so as to form a kind of belt round it.--Ex. Culex pipiens, Cordylia Palmarum.

θ. IMMERSED (Immersi). When they are quite imbedded in the head.--Ex. The Melasoma or Darkling beetles.

ι. PROMINENT (Prominuli). When they stand out from the head.--Ex. Cicindela.

b. COLUMNAR (Columnares). When they sit upon a short footstalk or pillar.--Ex. Strepsiptera, Ephemera ♂. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 38, 39. h.

c. PEDUNCULATE (Pedunculati). When they sit upon a long footstalk which also bears the antennæ.--Ex. Diopsis. PLATE XIII. FIG. 9.

d. OPERCULATE (Operculati). When the eyes are covered by an operculum.--Ex. Xylina conspicillaris[1099].

e. CILIATE (Ciliati). When the margin of the socket of the eye is fringed with hairs, so as to resemble an eyelash.--Ex. Apion vernale and Malvarum.

ix. STEMMATA.

1. VERTICAL (Verticalia). When they are placed in the Vertex.--Ex. Reduvius personatus. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 40. i.

2. FRONTAL (Frontalia). When placed in the Frons.--Ex. Hymenoptera. PLATE VII. FIG. 2. i.

3. INTRAOCULAR (Intraocularia). When placed in the space between the eyes.--Ex. Cercopis, Ledra, &c. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 42. i.

4. SUBOCULAR (Subocularia). When placed in the space below the eyes.--Ex. Fulgora laternaria. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. i.

5. SPURIOUS (Spuria). A flat subdiaphanous space above the base of the antennæ, which seems to represent them.--Ex. Blatta, Gryllus.

x. ANTENNÆ.

a. NUMBER.

1. DICEROUS (Dicera). Insects that have two antennæ.--Ex. Insects in general.

2. ACEROUS (Acera). Insects that have no antennæ.--Ex. The Acarina, &c.

b. SITUATION.

1. PREOCULAR (Præoculares). When antennæ are inserted before the eyes.--Ex. Chrysis.

2. INTEROCULAR (Interoculares). When inserted any where between the eyes.--Ex. Leptura, Haliplus.

3. INOCULAR (Inoculares). When inserted in the Canthus of the eyes.--Ex. The Capricorn beetles.

4. SUBOCULAR (Suboculares). When inserted under the eyes.--Ex. Fulgora, Nepa. PLATE XXVI. FIG. 41. k.

5. EXTRAOCULAR (Extraoculares). When inserted without the eyes.--Ex. Notonecta, Delphax.

6. ROSTRAL (Rostrales). When seated on a rostrum.--Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.

7. SUPERIOR (Superiores). When inserted in the upper surface of the head.--Ex. Most insects.

8. INFERIOR (Inferiores). When inserted under the head.--Ex. Copris, &c.

c. APPROXIMATION.

1. DISTANT (Distantes). When remote at their base.--Ex. Buprestis rustica.

2. APPROXIMATE (Approximatæ). When they approach each other at their base.--Ex. Donacia, Galeruca.

3. CONTIGUOUS (Contiguæ). When they nearly or altogether touch each other at their base.--Ex. Imatidium MacLeayanum.

4. CONNATE (Connatæ). When united at their base.--Ex. Ceria. PLATE XII. FIG. 13.

d. PROPORTION.

1. VERY SHORT (Brevissimæ). When shorter than the head.--Ex. The Muscidæ, &c.

2. SHORT (Breves). When as long as the head.--Ex. Hister.

3. SHORTER (Breviores). When longer than the head and shorter than the body.--Ex. Dytiscus.

4. MEDIOCRAL (Mediocres). When of the length of the body.--Ex. Callidium violaceum.

5. LONGER (Longiores). When longer than the body.--Ex. Monochamus Sutor.

6. VERY LONG (Longissimæ). When much longer than the body.--Ex. Acanthocinus ædilis.

e. DIRECTION.

1. INTIRE (Integræ). When they have no elbow or angle.--Ex. Antennæ of most Coleoptera.

2. BROKEN (Fractæ). When the Clavola forms an angle with the Scapus.--Ex. Curculio, Apis, &c. PLATE XXV. FIG. 15.

3. GENICULATE (Geniculatæ). When they form an elbow in the middle but not with the Scapus.--Ex. Meloe. PLATE XII. FIG. 7.

4. STRAIGHT (Rectæ). When they are without any angle, convolution, or curvature. PLATE XI. FIG. 5.

5. PORRECT (Porrectæ). When they are placed parallel with each other, and in the same line with the body.--Ex. Trichoptera in flight.

6. EXCURVED (Excurvæ). When they curve outwards.

7. INCURVED (Incurvæ). When they curve inwards.

8. DECURVED (Decurvæ). When they curve downwards.

9. RECURVED (Recurvæ). When they curve upwards.

10. REFLEXED (Reflexæ). When they are bent back over the body.

11. DEFLEXED (Deflexæ). When they are bent downwards.

12. CONVOLUTE (Convolutæ). When they roll inwards. PLATE XII. FIG. 6.

13. REVOLUTE (Revolutæ). When they roll outwards.

14. SPIRAL (Spirales). When they are convoluted spirally. PLATE XXV. FIG. 31.

15. RIGID (Rigidæ). When they are very stiff and inflexible.--Ex. Libellulina, Fulgora. PLATE XII. FIG. 12, 15.

f. REPOSITION.

1. HIDDEN (Receptæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes, are hidden under the head or trunk.--Ex. The Lamellicorns, Elater, Belostoma.

2. EXPOSED (Apertæ). Antennæ which when the animal reposes are not concealed.--Ex. Cerambyx.

g. FIGURE and SIZE.

1. SETACEOUS (Setaceæ). Long flexile antennæ which taper somewhat from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 1.

2. SETIFORM (Setiformes). Short rigid antennæ which taper from the base to the apex like a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16.

3. CAPILLARY (Capillares). Antennæ nearly as slender as a hair. PLATE XI FIG. 2.

4. FILIFORM (Filiformes). Antennæ every where of an equal thickness. PLATE XI. FIG. 3.

5. THICK (Crassæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick. PLATE XII. FIG. 29.

6. INCRASSATE (Incrassatæ). Antennæ disproportionably thick in any part: at the base, middle, or apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 34, 19, 7.

a. GRADUALLY INCRASSATE (Sensim Incrassatæ). When they grow gradually thicker from the base to the apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 10.

b. SUDDENLY INCRASSATE (Subito Incrassatæ). When they grow suddenly thicker in any part. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 19, 24.

7. BROAD (Latæ). Antennæ disproportionably wide. PLATE XXV. FIG. 24.

8. DILATED (Dilatatæ). When they are disproportionably wide in any part; base, middle, or apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. PLATE XII. FIG. 1, 20.

9. SLENDER (Tenues). When they are disproportionably slender. PLATE XI. FIG. 2.

10. ATTENUATE (Attenuatæ). Antennæ disproportionably slender in any part; base, middle, or apex. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8, 21, 34.

a. GRADUALLY ATTENUATE (Sensim Attenuatæ). When they grow gradually more slender from the base to the apex. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

b. SUDDENLY ATTENUATE (Subito Attenuatæ). When they grow suddenly slender in any part. PLATE XII. FIG. 1. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18, 34.

11. FUSIFORM (Fusiformes). Antennæ thickest in the middle and tapering more or less towards each extremity. PLATE XI. FIG. 5. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.

12. PRISMATIC (Prismaticales). Antennæ with three nearly equal sides. PLATE XI. FIG. 6.

13. ENSIFORM (Ensiformes). Antennæ compressed and three-sided, with one side much narrower than either of the others. PLATE XI. FIG. 7.

14. FALCIFORM (Falciformes). When the Clavola of the Antennæ grows gradually narrower towards the apex, and is arcuate or incurved so as to resemble a sickle. PLATE XI. FIG. 8.

15. NODOSE (Nodosæ). When antennæ have one, two, or more joints larger than those which precede or follow them. PLATE XII. FIG. 5.

16. MONILIFORM (Moniliformes). Antennæ consisting of oval or globular joints so as to resemble a necklace of beads. PLATE XI. FIG. 9.

17. DENTATE (Dentatæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are equal. PLATE XI. FIG. 10.

18. SERRATE (Serratæ). Toothed with teeth whose sides are unequal like those of a saw. PLATE XI. FIG. 11. PLATE XXV. FIG. 8.

19. BISERRATE (Biserratæ). So toothed on each side. PLATE XXV. FIG. 18.

20. IMBRICATE (Imbricatæ). When the summit of each joint is incumbent upon the base of that which precedes it. PLATE XI. FIG. 12.

21. DISTICHOUS (Distichæ). When the joints in general terminate in a fork. PLATE XI. FIG. 13.

22. CIRRATE (Cirratæ). When the joints terminate in a pair of curling hairy branches resembling tendrils. PLATE XXV. FIG. 4.

23. FLABELLATE (Flabellatæ). When the antennæ on one side send forth from the joints, except those at the base, long flat flexile branches, which open and shut like the sticks of a fan. PLATE XI. FIG. 17.

24. BIFLABELLATE (Biflabellatæ). When they are flabellate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 11.

25. PECTINATE (Pectinatæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with a number of parallel stiff branches, resembling somewhat the teeth of a comb. PLATE XXV. FIG. 25. PLATE XI. FIG. 14.

26. BIPECTINATE (Bipectinatæ). Pectinate on both sides. PLATE XXV. FIG. 22.

27. DUPLICATO-PECTINATE (Duplicato-pectinatæ). Bipectinate with the branches on each side alternately long and short. PLATE XI. FIG. 15.

28. RAMOSE (Ramosæ). Antennæ furnished on one side with two or three irregular longish branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 18.

29. FURCATE (Furcatæ). Antennæ divided at the end into two prongs or branches. PLATE XI. FIG. 19. PLATE V. FIG. 3.

30. BIPARTITE (Bipartitæ). When they are divided to the base into two nearly equal branches. PLATE XXV. FIG. 20.

31. PALMATE (Palmatæ). Very short antennæ which send forth externally a few long finger-shaped branches, giving them some resemblance of a hand. PLATE XI. FIG. 24.

32. IRREGULAR (Irregulares). When the joints of the antennæ vary so much in size and shape that they cannot well be defined. PLATE XI. FIG. 22.

h. TERMINATION.

α. VERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SUBULATE (Subulatæ). When they terminate in a minute joint, much slenderer than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 16.

2. SETIGEROUS (Setigeræ). When they terminate in a bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

3. CAPILLACEOUS (Capillaceæ). When they terminate in a fine capillary joint. PLATE XII. FIG. 1.

4. MUCRONATE (Mucronatæ). When they terminate in a short point or mucro. PLATE XII. FIG. 2.

5. UNCINATE (Uncinatæ). When their apex is incurved so as to form a kind of hook. PLATE XII. FIG. 3.

6. UNGUICULATE (Unguiculatæ). When they terminate in a hard horny incurved sharp claw resembling those of the tarsi of insects. PLATE XXV. FIG. 16. a.

7. CLAVATE (Clavatæ). When their apex grows gradually thicker. PLATE XII. FIG. 4. PLATE XXV. FIG. 7, 14.

8. CAPITATE (Capitatæ). When they terminate suddenly in a larger knob of one or more joints. PLATE XII. FIG. 8-10, and XXV. 1-3, 5, 6.

a. FISSILE KNOB (Capitulum fissile). When it is divided into several laminæ which the insect can open and shut. PLATE XXV. FIG. 1-3, 5.

b. TUNICATE KNOB (Capitulum tunicatum). When the laminæ, at least on one side, appear to inosculate or to be imbedded in each other. PLATE XII. FIG. 8. PLATE XXV. FIG. 5, 6.

c. PERFOLIATE KNOB (Capitulum perfoliatum). When the joints of the knob are connected by a pedicle, which has the appearance of passing through them. PLATE XII. FIG. 10.

d. SOLID KNOB (Capitulum solidum). When the knob consists of a single joint, or if of more, exhibits very faint traces of their separation. PLATE XII. FIG. 9. PLATE XXV. FIG. 33.

e. INFLATED KNOB (Capitulum inflatum). When the knob is disproportionably large, and looks as if blown out. PLATE XII. FIG. 28. PLATE XXV. FIG. 9.

β. INVERSATILE ANTENNÆ.

1. SETIGEROUS (Setigeræ). Antennæ furnished with a terminal bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 14-16, 21, 22. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29.

a. GLOBIFEROUS (Globiferæ). When the setigerous joint is larger than the preceding one, and globose. PLATE XII. FIG. 12.

b. ANGUSTATE (Angustatæ). When the setigerous joint is not conspicuously larger than the preceding one. PLATE XII. FIG. 14, 15.

2. ARISTATE (Aristatæ). Antennæ terminated by a variously shaped flat joint longer and usually larger than the preceding one, laterally setigerous. PLATE XII. FIG. 21, 22.

a. SETARIOUS (Setariæ). When the awn or bristle is naked. PLATE XII. FIG. 21. a.

b. PLUMATE (Plumatæ). When the awn is feathered. PLATE XII. FIG. 22. a.

3. FILATE (Filatæ). When inversatile antennæ have neither a terminal nor a lateral bristle. PLATE XII. FIG. 17-20.

a. SIMPLE (Simplices). When the last joint is exarticulate. PLATE XII. FIG. 17, 18, 20.

b. COMPOUND (Compositæ). When the last joint is itself obsoletely jointed. PLATE XII. FIG. 19. a.

i. PUBESCENCE.

1. VERTICILLATE (Verticillatæ). Antennæ beset with hair in whorls. PLATE XII. FIG. 27.

2. PLUMOSE (Plumosæ). Antennæ feathered on all sides with fine long hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 24.

3. CILIATE (Ciliatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on each side. PLATE XI. FIG. 16.

4. FIMBRIATE (Fimbriatæ). Antennæ fringed with parallel hairs on one side.

5. BARBATE (Barbatæ). Antennæ hairy on one side. PLATE XII. FIG. 26.

6. FASCICULATE (Fasciculatæ). Antennæ having several bundles of hair. PLATE XXV. FIG. 32.

7. SCOPIFEROUS (Scopiferæ). When they are furnished with one or more dense brushes of hair. PLATE XII. FIG. 25. a. PLATE XXV. FIG. 17.

k. ARTICULATION.

1. EXARTICULATE (Exarticulatæ). Without visible articulations.

2. BIARTICULATE (Biarticulatæ). Consisting of two joints.

3. TRIARTICULATE (Triarticulatæ). Consisting of three joints.

4. QUADRIARTICULATE (Quadriarticulatæ). Consisting of four joints.

5. MULTIARTICULATE (Multiarticulatæ). Consisting of many joints.

l. JOINTS.

1. CAMPANULATE (Campanulatæ). Bell-shaped. When the joints are obconical, with the vertex of the cone rounded.

2. PATERIFORM (Pateriformes). When the joints are somewhat dilated and very short, shaped something like a shallow bowl.

3. PATELLATE (Patellatæ). When the whole joint is dilated and shaped something like a patella or platter.--Ex. Prosopis dilatata (Melitta *. b. K.) PLATE XXV. FIG. 12. a.

4. LOBATE (Lobatæ). When they are expanded at the tip into a lobe.--Ex. Belostoma, Cerocoma. PLATE XI. FIG. 21, 22.

5. TORULOSE (Torulosæ). When they are a little tumid.

m. APPENDAGES.

1. AURICULATE (Auriculatæ). When they have an ear-like process at their base.--Ex. Gyrinus, Parnus. PLATE XII. FIG. 29. a. PLATE XXV. FIG. 28. a.

2. APPENDICULATE (Appendiculatæ). When they have one or two antenniform processes at their base.--Ex. Otiocerus. PLATE XXV. FIG. 29. b.

III. TRUNK (TRUNCUS).

1. MONOMEROUS (Monomerus). When the trunk has no suture or segment.--Ex. Araneidea.

2. DIMEROUS (Dimerus). When the trunk consists of two greater segments.--Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

3. TRIMEROUS (Trimerus). When the trunk consists of three greater segments.--Ex. Neuroptera, &c.

4. ISTHMIATE (Isthmiatus). When an isthmus is formed between the Prothorax and Elytra, either in consequence of the former being constricted behind so as to form a neck, or the scutellum not being interposed between the elytra at their base, or the chief part of the mesothorax not being covered by the prothorax.--Ex. Clerus, Passalus, and Spondylis.

i. MANITRUNK (MANITRUNCUS).

a. PROTHORAX.

1. CLYPEIFORM (Clypeiformis). When the prothorax by its magnitude and distinct separation forms one of the most conspicuous pieces of the upper side of the trunk, so as nearly to represent the whole thorax; the mesothorax and metathorax being mostly hidden by the elytra and other organs for flight.--Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 1, 10.

2. COLLIFORM (Colliformis). When the prothorax is short and narrow, and not so conspicuous as the other pieces of the trunk.--Ex. Libellulina. PLATE IX. FIG. 6.

3. CERVICULATE (Cerviculatus). When the prothorax is elongate, attenuate, and distinguished from the Antepectus by no suture; so as to form a distinct and usually long neck. PLATE III. FIG. 6.

4. EVANESCENT (Evanescens). When no distinct prothorax is discoverable or it is only represented by membrane.--Ex. Most Hymenoptera, Diptera, &c.

5. MARGINATE (Marginatus). When an impressed line or channel separates the edge of the prothorax from the rest of its surface, and so forms a margin.--Ex. Harpalus, &c.

6. IMMARGINATE (Immarginatus). When it has no such margin.--Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.

7. EXPLANATE (Explanatus). When its sides are so depressed and dilated as to form a broad margin.--Ex. Necrophorus, Silpha.

8. EMARGINATE (Emarginatus). When a segment of a circle is taken out of its anterior part for the reception of the head.

9. AMBIENT (Ambiens). When this sinus is so large as to receive the whole head.--Ex. Chilocorus.

10. CIRCUMAMBIENT (Circumambiens). When its sides are elongated anteriorly and curve inwards, their ends lapping over each other and the head, so as to form a circle round the posterior part of the latter, and leave a space open for the eyes to see objects above them.--Ex. Heleus.

11. CLYPEATE (Clypeatus). When it quite covers and overshadows the head.--Ex. Lampyris, Cassida, Cossyphus.

12. CUCULLATE (Cucullatus). When it is elevated into a kind of ventricose cowl or hood which receives the head.--Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis. PLATE XIII. FIG. 18. a[1100].

13. ALATE (Alatus). When its sides are expanded into a kind of wing.--Ex. Dictyonota crassicornis.

14. AURICULATE (Auriculatus). When it expands on each side into two processes resembling ears.--Ex. Ledra aurita.

15. ANGULATE (Angulatus). When its sides or base jut out into one or more angles.--Ex. Copris.

16. CRUCIATE (Cruciatus). When it has two elevated longitudinal obtusangular lines, the angles of which approach each other in its middle, so as nearly to form a St. Andrew's cross.--Ex. Locusta. PLATE XIII. FIG. 17.

17. OBVOLVING (Obvolvens). When there are neither ora nor suture to separate it from the antepectus.--Ex. Stenus, Curculio L.

18. PULVINATE (Pulvinatus). When in consequence of being depressed in one place, it seems to puff out in another.--Ex. Aleochara canaliculata, picea, &c.

19. PRODUCTED (Productus). When behind it terminates in a long scutelliform process which covers the Mesothorax, Metathorax, and great part of the Abdomen.--Ex. Acrydium, Centrotus.

b. ANTEPECTUS.

1. TRACHELATE (Trachelatum). When of itself it forms a neck, the prothorax being represented only by membrane.--Ex. Xiphydria.

2. UNARMED (Inerme). When it has no prosternum.--Ex. The Rhyncophorous beetles.

3. ARMED (Armatum). When it has a prosternum. N.B. _These two last terms may be extended also to the_ Medipectus and Postpectus. _And also to the whole together. Thus, if there was no_ Sternum at all, it should be called Pectus inerme; _and if one existed in all these divisions of the breast, it would be_ Pectus armatum.

c. ARM (Brachium).

α. CUBIT (Cubitus).

1. CLYPEATE (Clypeatus). When a concavo-convex plate is affixed to the outside of the cubit.--Ex. Crabro clypeatus, scutatus, &c. ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 3. a.

2. PALMATE (Palmatus). When towards the apex the cubit is armed laterally with several divaricate spiniform teeth.--Ex. Scarites, Clivina. PLATE XV. FIG. 5.

3. DIGITATE (Digitatus). When the apex of the cubit is divided into several long teeth or fingers.--Ex. Gryllotalpa. PLATE XV. FIG. 6.

4. DOLABRATE (Dolabratus). When the apex of the cubit is dilated and shaped something like the head of a hatchet. PLATE XV. FIG. 4.

β. HAND (Manus).

1. PATELLATE (Patellata). When several joints of the hand are dilated so as to form an orbicular patella furnished underneath either with suckers, or a dense brush of hairs.--Ex. Dytiscus ♂, Staphylinus. PLATE XV. FIG. 9.

2. SCUTATE (Scutata). When a single joint of the hand is dilated into a broad scutiform plate.--Ex. Hydrophilus piceus ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 8.

3. STRIGILATE (Strigilata). When on the inner side of the first joint of the hand or palm the segment of a circle is taken out at the base opposite to the spur, the sinus being often pectinated with spines.--Ex. Apis[1101]. PLATE XXVII. FIG. 36. a.

4. AURICULATE (Auriculata). When any of the joints are externally dilated into an auriform process.--Ex. Gryllotalpa. PLATE XV. FIG. 6. t´´.

ii. ALITRUNK (ALITRUNCUS).

1. BURIED (Sepultus). When its upper surface is wholly or nearly covered and hidden by the thorax, elytra or other organs of flight[1102].--Ex. Coleoptera, Orthoptera.

2. REVEALED (Revelatus). When it is not so covered, but is equally conspicuous with the Prothorax, or even more so.--Ex. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera. Atractocerus in Coleoptera.

3. COALITE (Coalitus). When it is not separable into two segments, the Medipectus and the Postpectus forming one piece.--Ex. Cimex L.

4. BISECTED (Bisectus). When it is separable into two segments.--Ex. Lamellicorn beetles.

a. MESOTHORAX.

α. COLLAR (Collare).

1. UNCOVERED (Apertum). When it is not concealed by the shield of the prothorax.--Ex. Hymenoptera.

2. COVERED (Tectum). When it is quite concealed by the prothorax.

3. AREATE (Areatum). When it is larger than the prothorax, and terminates towards the wings in two oblique areas, inclosed by a ridge often crowned anteriorly with little teeth.--Ex. Libellulina. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. g^., a. N.B. The space between these areas is fitted with a membrane capable of tension and relaxation, which in flight causes them to approach to and recede from each other.

4. AMPLECTENT (Amplectens). When posteriorly it is so curved as to form a large sinus which embraces the dorsolum.--Ex. Vespa L. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. g^..

5. PHONETIC (Phoneticum). When its posterior angles, approaching the wings, cover the vocal spiracles[1103].--Ex. Hymenoptera.

β. DORSOLUM.

1. THORACIFORM (Thoraciforme). When it forms the principal part of the upper surface of the trunk.--Ex. Bombus, Apis, Vespa &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 11. i^..

γ. SCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (Distinctum). When it is separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. Hymenoptera, Diptera. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 19, &c. k´.

2. COALITE (Coalitum). When it is not separated from the dorsolum by a suture.--Ex. Coleoptera, &c. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. k´.

3. SCUTELLATE (Insectum scutellatum). An insect having a visible scutellum.--Ex. Melolontha.

a. REJECTED (Rejectum). When, though visible, it does not intervene between the elytra at their base.--Ex. Passalus.

b. RECEIVED (Receptum). When it intervenes between the elytra at their base.--Ex. Most scutellate Coleoptera.

4. EXSCUTELLATE (Insectum exscutellatum). When an insect has no visible scutellum, it being wholly covered by the Prothorax.--Ex. Copris.

5. ASCENDING (Ascendens). When it curves upwards from the dorsolum.--Ex. Sagra.

6. TABULAR (Tabulare). When it is elevated on a footstalk above the dorsolum, and forms a tabular or flat surface.--Ex. Elater.

7. OBUMBRANT (Obumbrans). When it overhangs the metathorax.--Ex. Musca. PLATE IX. FIG. 19. k´.

δ. BASE-COVERS (Tegulæ).

1. CONCHIFORM (Conchiformes). When they are a semicircular concavo-convex scale something resembling the valve of a bivalve shell.--Ex. Hymenoptera. PLATE IX. FIG. 11, 12. g´´.

2. LACINIFORM (Laciniformes). When they are long, of an irregular shape, and appear like lappets on each side of the trunk.--Ex. Lithosia, &c. PLATE IX. FIG. 5.[1104]

ε. ELYTRA.

1. BASE (Basis). The part next the Prothorax.

2. APEX (Apex). The part next the Anus.

3. HUMERAL ANGLE (Angulus Humeralis). The exterior basal angle.

4. SCUTELLAR ANGLE (Angulus Scutellaris). The interior basal angle.

5. COLEOPTRA (Coleoptra). The two elytra spoken of together.

6. SPINIGEROUS (Spinigera). When the Coleoptra have a spine common to them both.--Ex. Cassida bidens.

7. AURICULATE (Auriculata). When the Elytra have an elongate process at the shoulders.--Ex. Cassida bicornis, Taurus, &c.

8. INTIRE (Integra). When they have neither abbreviations nor incisions.

9. FASTIGIATE (Fastigiata). When of equal or greater length than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

10. TRUNCATE (Truncata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, and transverse at the end.

11. ABBREVIATE (Abbreviata). When they are shorter than the abdomen, but cover more than half its length. PLATE I. FIG. 4.

12. DIMIDIATE (Dimidiata). When they are about half the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 5.

13. VERY SHORT (Brevissima). When they are not half the length of the abdomen. PLATE I. FIG. 2, 3, 7.

14. MUTILATE (Mutilata). When they appear unnaturally short or curtailed as if mutilated.--Ex. Acrydium.

15. SUBULATE (Subulata). When they are attenuated towards the end.--Ex. Sitaris humeralis.

16. ELONGATE (Elongata). When they extend beyond the anus.--Ex. Trox.

17. OBVOLVING (Obvolventia). When their Epipleuræ cover a considerable portion of the sides of the alitrunk. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 7.

18. COMPLICANT (Complicantia). When they lie a little over each other.--Ex. Meloe. PLATE I. FIG. 6.

19. DEHISCENT (Dehiscentia). When they diverge a little at the apex.--Ex. Pyrochroa.

20. AMPLIATE (Ampliata). When they are disproportionably wide at the end.--Ex. Lycus fasciatus. PLATE XIII. FIG. 20.

21. PLICATE (Plicata). When they have two or three contiguous abbreviated furrows which exhibit the appearance of folds.--Ex. Pselaphidæ.

22. PERFORATE (Perforata). When a little hole appears drilled through them.--Ex. Cassida perforata.

N.B. Many of the above terms will apply to Tegmina, Hemelytra, Wings, &c.

A. Side-covers (Epipleuræ).

1. MARGINAL (Marginales). When they are only an inflexed continuation of the margin.--Ex. Buprestis.

2. DISCOIDAL (Discoidales). When they are a process from the disk of the under surface of the elytra.--Ex. Lampyris, Cossyphus, Cassida, Notoclea[1105].

ζ. TEGMINA.

1. FENESTRELLA (Fenestrella). A transparent eye-like spot in the Anal Area of the Tegmina of Acrida ♂[1106].

2. CONVOLVENT (Convolventia). When the Anal Area is horizontal, incumbent on the back of the insect, and forms a right angle with the rest of the tegmen, which is vertical and covers the sides.--Ex. Locusta. N.B. In this case the Anal Area of one Tegmen covers that of the other.

3. ALIFORM (Aliformia). When their substance approaches to membrane, and they nearly resemble Wings.--Ex. Most Homopterous Hemiptera.

η. HEMELYTRA.

1. OBTECTED (Obtecta). When the Hemelytra are covered by a scutelliform mesothorax.--Ex. Scutellera.

2. DETECTED (Detecta). When they are not so covered.--Ex. Most Heteropterous Hemiptera.

θ. WINGS (Alæ).

A. Denomination.

1. ANTERIOR (Anticæ). The fore or upper wings.

a. SUPERIOR (Superiores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are placed upon the posterior wings.--Ex. Hymenoptera.

b. PRIMARY (Primores). The anterior wings are so denominated if when at rest they are not placed upon the posterior.--Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.

2. POSTERIOR (Posticæ). The hind or lower wings.

a. INFERIOR (Inferiores). The posterior wings are so denominated if the anterior wings, when at rest, are placed upon them.

b. SECONDARY (Secundariæ). The posterior wings are so denominated if the superior wings, when at rest, are not placed upon them.--Ex. Lepidoptera diurna, Libellulina.

B. Magnitude.

3. EQUAL (Æquales). When the four wings are of equal length.--Ex. Libellulina.

4. UNEQUAL (Inæquales). When they are not of equal length.--Ex. Hymenoptera.

C. Complication.

5. PLANE (Planæ). Flat wings that are neither plicatile nor tumid.--Ex. Apis.

6. TUMID (Tumidæ). When the membrane between the nervures that form an areolet is bigger than the areolet, which gives it convexity.--Ex. The Serrifera or saw-flies. N.B. _The object of this structure is to expose a larger surface to the action of the air._

7. PLICATILE (Plicatiles). When the wings at rest are folded in one or more longitudinal plaits.--Ex. Vespa L.

8. DUPLICATILE (Duplicatæ). When they are folded transversely.--Ex. Coleoptera.

9. CONVOLUTE (Convolutæ). When the wings so envelope the body as to give it a cylindrical form.--Ex. Crambus.

10. INCUMBENT (Incumbentes). Wings which when at rest cover the back of the insect.--Ex. The Noctuidæ, Geometra.

11. CRUCIATO-COMPLICATE (Cruciato-complicatæ). Wings crossed and folded.--Ex. Pentatoma, &c.

12. CRUCIATO-INCUMBENT (Cruciato-incumbentes). Wings crossed but not folded, and covering the back.--Ex. Apis.

13. EXTENDED (Extensæ). Wings that when at rest do not lie upon the body.--Ex. Libellula, Æshna, &c.

a. EXPANDED (Patentes). Wings that when at rest are horizontally extended and do not cover each other.--Ex. Libellula, &c.

b. HORIZONTAL (Horizontales). Very narrow wings which when at rest are extended horizontally forming a right angle with the body, and covering the posterior wings.--Ex. Pterophorus[1107].

c. ERECT (Erectæ). Wings which when at rest are extended vertically.--Ex. Vanessa, Agrion.

d. ERECTO-PATENT (Erecto-patentes). When the primary wings at rest are erect and the secondary horizontal.--Ex. Hesperia.

e. CONNIVENT (Conniventes). When erect wings are so closely applied to each other that the corresponding margins touch.--Ex. Vanessa.

f. DIVARICATE (Divaricatæ). When wings at rest are somewhat erect but diverge from each other.

14. PATULOUS (Patulæ). When wings at rest partly cover each other.

15. APPLICANT (Applicantes). When wings at rest are parallel with the abdomen.--Ex. Tipula.

16. DIVERGENT (Divergentes). When wings at rest recede from the abdomen.

17. DEFLEXED (Deflexæ). When wings at rest covering each other are so bent downwards as to imitate a roof, of which their interior margin forms the ridge.--Ex. Homopterous Hemiptera.

18. REVERSED (Reversæ). When wings at rest are deflexed, but so that the anterior margin of the inferior projects beyond the anterior margin of the superior.--Ex. Gatropacha quercifolia. PLATE XIV. FIG. 2.

19. BROAD (Latæ). When the interior margin is shorter than the posterior.--Ex. Papilio.

20. NARROW (Angustæ). When the posterior margin is shorter than the interior.--Ex. Heliconius.

D. Shape.

1. FALCATE (Falcatæ). Wings having their posterior margin concave, and the posterior angle acute and curved.--Ex. Attacus Atlas. PLATE XIV. FIG. 4.

2. DIGITATE (Digitatæ). Wings cleft to the base into several subdivisions.--Ex. Pterophorus. PLATE XIV. FIG. 3.

a. RADIUS (Radius). A single subdivision of a digitate wing.

3. CAUDATE (Caudatæ). When wings terminate in a tail-like process.--Ex. Papilio Machaon. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. s.

a. BICAUDATE (Bicaudatæ). Having two such tails. Tricaudatæ having three, &c.

E. Surface.

1. SQUAMATE (Squamatæ). Wings covered with minute scales.--Ex. Lepidoptera. PLATE XXII. FIG. 16. a, b, c, d, &c.

2. DENUDATE (Denudatæ). When the wings of Lepidoptera appear more or less as if the scales had been rubbed off, either partially or generally.--Ex. Heliconius, Sesia, Zygæna, Nudaria.

3. FENESTRATE (Fenestratæ). When one or two definite spaces in a Lepidopterous wing are denuded of scales.--Ex. Attacus Atlas, &c.

4. BARE (Nudæ). When wings have neither perceptible hairs nor scales.--Ex. Coleoptera.

F. Margin.

1. ANTERIOR or EXTERIOR (Anterior or Exterior). The outer margin of the wing, or that from the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. a.

2. INTERIOR (Interior). The inner margin of the wing, or that next the body. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. b.

3. POSTERIOR (Posterior). The terminal margin of the wing, or apex. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. c.

4. PLECTRUM (Plectrum). A marginal bristle stronger than the rest, observable about the middle of the costa and standing out from it.--Ex. Many Muscidæ.

G. Angles.

1. HUMERAL (Humeralis). Basal angle next the head. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. d.

2. SCUTELLAR (Scutellaris). Basal angle next the scutellum or its region. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. e.

3. POSTERIOR (Posterior). Outer apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. f.

4. ANAL (Analis). Inner apical angle. PLATE XIV. FIG. 1. g.

H. Nervures.

1. NERVULET (Nervulus). A little nervure diverging obliquely from the costal into the disk of the wing towards the apex.

a. SIMPLE (Simplex). When the nervulet does not terminate in a round punctum.--Ex. Eulophus.

b. CORONATE (Coronatum). When it terminates in a round punctum.--Ex. Ichneumon penetrans[1108].

2. NEUROSE (Neurosæ). Wings that have nervures besides the marginal ones.

3. ANEUROSE (Aneurosæ). Wings that have no nervures besides the marginal ones.--Ex. Psilus.

4. CIRCUMSEPTED (Circumseptæ). Wings whose margin is every where strengthened by a nervure.--Ex. Tabanus.

5. VARICOSE (Varicosæ). When the nervures are disproportionably swelled in any part.--Ex. Forficula auricularia. PLATE X. FIG. 5.

6. SERPENTINE (Serpentinæ). Nervures that run in a serpentine direction.--Ex. Strategus Aloeus K. M.S[1109]. PLATE X. FIG. 4.

7. INSULATE (Insulatæ). Discoidal nervures that are entirely unconnected with any others, or with the base of the wing.--Ex. Strategus Aloeus. PLATE X. FIG. 4. a, b.

8. UNCINATE (Unicinatæ). Nervures, that after running from the base towards the apex, turn back, and running a little towards the base, form a hook.--Ex. Strategus Aloeus. PLATE X. FIG. 4. i^..

9. RECURRENT (Recurrentes). When a nervure, or a branch of it, after running towards the apex of the wing, turns back and runs towards the base.--Ex. Strategus Aloeus, &c. PLATE X. Fig 4. l^..

10. CONNECTING (Connectentes). Nervures that running transversely or obliquely connect the longitudinal ones, and so form the areolets.

I. Areolets.

1. RADIATED (Radiatæ). When the areolets are chiefly formed by radiating longitudinal nervures.--Ex. Forficula, Psychoda. PLATE X. FIG. 5, 13.

2. AREATE (Areatæ). Radiated with a large basal area.--Ex. Papilio and many other Lepidoptera[1110]. PLATE X. FIG. 6.

3. AREOLATE (Areolatæ). When the surface of the wing is divided into various areolets.--Ex. Diptera, Hymenoptera, and most Neuroptera. PLATE X. FIG. 7-14.

4. RETICULATE (Reticulatæ). When the areolets are extremely small and infinitely numerous.--Ex. Libellulina. PLATE III. FIG. 5.

5. OPEN (Apertæ). Areolets that terminate in the margin of the wing, or that are not surrounded on all sides by nervures.

a. MARGINAL (Marginales). Open areolets that terminate in the margin.--Ex. Tenthredo. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

b. INCOMPLETE (Incompletæ). Open areolets that terminate short of the margin.--Ex. Apis.

6. RADIANT (Radiantes). When a small roundish areolet is a centre from which several long ones diverge.--Ex. Stratyomis. PLATE X. FIG. 15.

7. PETIOLATE (Petiolatæ). When an areolet is connected with another by a stem like a footstalk[1111]. PLATE X. FIG. 8.

8. RAMULOSE (Ramulosæ). When an areolet sends forth a little unconnected branch.--Ex. Pompilus, Sphex, &c.[1112]

9. ANGULAR (Angulatæ). When an areolet juts out on one side into an angle from which no nervure proceeds, to form another areolet.--Ex. Eristalis, Cerceris.[1113] PLATE X. FIG. 14.

10. DIDYMOUS (Didymæ). When areolets are nearly divided into two by a nervure.--Ex. Gyrostoma.

11. SESQUIALTEROUS (Sesquialteræ). When a minute areolet is appended to a large one.--Ex. Postcostal areolet of Hylotoma[1114].

* Areolets of the Costal Area.

1. COSTAL (Costales). Areolets, one or more, below the stigma. PLATE X. FIG. 14. 15. a, b.

2. POSTCOSTAL (Postcostales). Areolets, one or more, above the stigma. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a, b.

* * Areolets of the Intermediate Area.

1. PROTOMESAL (Protomesæ). First series of the middle areolets (Areolæ mediæ), often consisting of three, and then divided into upper, middle, and lower, areolets. PLATE X. FIG. 8, 9. a.

2. DEUTEROMESAL (Deuteromesæ). Second series of the same, often consisting of two, and then divided into upper and lower. Ibid. b.

3. TRITOMESAL (Tritomesæ). Third series of the same. Ibid. c.

K. Stigma.

1. BLIND (Cœcum). When the stigma is wholly opaque, and neither begins nor terminates in a minute areolet.--Ex. Most Hymenoptera.

2. FENESTRATE (Fenestratum). When the stigma begins or terminates in a minute areolet. PLATE X. FIG. 11. m´´´.

L. Number.

1. APTEROUS (Aptera). Having no wings.

2. DIPTEROUS (Diptera). Having two wings.

3. TETRAPTEROUS (Tetraptera). Having four wings.

ι. LEGS (Pedes).

A. Number.

1. TETRAPOD (Tetrapus). An insect having only four perfect legs.--Ex. Vanessa.

2. HEXAPOD (Hexapus). An insect having six legs.--Ex. Insects Proper in general.

3. OCTOPOD (Octopus). Having eight legs.--Ex. Araneidea.

4. POLYPOD (Polypus). Having more than eight legs but under fifty.--Ex. Glomeris, Cermatia.

5. CENTIPEDE (Centipes). Having more than fifty legs but under two hundred.--Ex. Scolopendra.

6. MYRIAPOD (Myriapus). Having two hundred legs or more.--Ex. Iulus.

B. Situation.

1. ANTEPECTORAL (Antepectorales). The fore-legs or arms, affixed to the Antepectus.

2. MEDIPECTORAL (Medipectorales). The mid-legs, affixed to the Medipectus.

3. POSTPECTORAL (Postpectorales). The hind-legs, affixed to the Postpectus.

4. DISTANT (Distantes). When the pairs of legs are remote from each other at their base.--Ex. Intermediate legs of Copris.

5. APPROXIMATE (Approximati). When they are near each other at the base.--Ex. Posterior legs of Copris.

6. EQUIDISTANT (Æquidistantes). When all the three pair are equally distant at the base.--Ex. Cassida.

C. Duration.

1. PERSISTENT (Persistentes). Legs which the insect has in all its states.--Ex. The legs attached to the trunk. N.B. _These are called_ Legs (Pedes). PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. a.

2. DECIDUOUS (Decidui). Legs which the insect has not in all its states.--Ex. Membranous legs of Caterpillars. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11. b. N.B. These are called Prolegs (Propedes).

3. ACQUIRED (Acquisiti). Legs which the insect has not in its first state, but which it acquires subsequently.--Ex. Abdominal legs in Scolopendra, Iulus, &c.

D. Denomination.

1. FORE-LEGS (Antici). The first pair. Taken by themselves called Arms (Brachia).

2. ANTERIOR (Anteriores). The two first pair of legs.

3. MID-LEGS (Intermedii). The middle pair of legs.

4. HIND-LEGS (Postici). The last pair of legs.

5. POSTERIOR (Posteriores). The two last pair of legs.

6. ABBREVIATE (Abbreviati). Legs with an imperfect tarsus.--Ex. Vanessa.

7. AMBULATORY (Ambulatorii). When the tarsi have a spongy sole.--Ex. Chrysomela.

8. CURSORIOUS (Cursorii). When, the fore tarsi of some males excepted, they have not a spongy sole.--Ex. Carabus, Cicindela. PLATE XIV. FIG. 7.

9. SALTATORIOUS (Saltatorii). When the hind-legs have strong incrassated thighs formed for leaping.--Ex. Haltica, Orchestes, the Locustina. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

10. NATATORIOUS (Natatorii). When the legs are compressed or ciliated, and formed for swimming.--Ex. Dytiscus, Gyrinus, Notonecta. PLATE XIV. FIG. 6.

11. MOTATORIOUS (Motatorii). Legs, which when the insect is at rest, are in a perpetual vibratory motion.--Ex. Tipula.

12. FOSSORIOUS (Fossorii). Leg with either palmate or digitate tibiæ.--Ex. Scarites, Clivinia, Gryllotalpa. PLATE XV. FIG. 5, 6.

13. RAPTORIOUS (Raptorii). When the strong porrected thighs, usually of the fore-leg, have a channel for the reception of the tibiæ, which are inflexed, and both armed with a double series of spurs.--Ex. Mantis, Nepa.

14. PREHENSORIOUS (Prehensorii). When the thighs of the hind-legs converge and the tibiæ diverge so as to form an angle which is armed with spines.--Ex. Gonyleptes. PLATE XIV. Fig 8[1115].

E. Hip (Coxa).

1. FIXED (Fixæ). When they are not moveable.--Ex. Dytiscus, Gonyleptes.

2. FREE (Liberæ). When they are moveable.--Ex. Hymenoptera, most Coleoptera.

3. LAMINATE (Laminatæ). When the posterior coxæ form a broad thin plate which covers the trochanter and the base of the thighs.--Ex. Haliplus. PLATE XV. FIG. 1. p´´.

4. FLOCCULATE (Flocculatæ). When the posterior coxæ are distinguished by a curling lock of hair (Flocculus).--Ex. Andrena[1116].

F. Trochanter (Trochanter).

1. FULCRANT (Fulcrans). When the trochanter merely props the thigh below at the base, but does not at all intervene between it and the coxa.--Ex. Carabus.

2. INTERCEPTING (Intercipiens). When the trochanter intervenes between the thigh and the coxa, so as intirely to separate them.--Ex. The Petalocerous beetles, Hymenoptera, &c.

3. MONOMEROUS (Monomerus). When it consists of only one joint.--Ex. Coleoptera, &c.

4. DIMEROUS (Dimerus). When it consists of two joints.--Ex. Ichneumon.

G. Thigh (Femur).

1. SIMPLE (Simplex). When it is no where particularly thick.

2. INCRASSATE (Incrassatum). When it is very thick, either partially or generally, and formed for leaping.--Ex. Haltica, &c.

3. LORICATE (Loricatum). When the disk of the thigh appears covered with a double series of oblique scales like a coat of mail.--Ex. Locusta. PLATE XIV. FIG. 5.

H. Shank (Tibia).

1. ALATE (Alata). When the posterior tibia on each side is furnished with a dilated process which probably assists it in flight.--Ex. Petalopus phyllopus, &c. PLATE XV. FIG. 2. a.

2. FOLIACEOUS (Foliacea). When the tibia is laterally dilated into a thin plate for carrying pollen.--Ex. Euglossa cordata, &c.

3. CORBICULATE (Corbiculata). When it is fringed with incurved hairs calculated for carrying kneaded pollen.--Ex. Apis, Bombus[1117].

4. SCOPATE (Scopata). When it is quite covered with a brush of hairs with which it brushes off the gross pollen, and in which it carries it.--Ex. Andrena[1118].

5. CALCARATE (Calcarata). When it is armed with one or more spurs (Calcaria).--Ex. The majority of insects.

6. EXCALCARATE (Excalcarata). When it has no such spurs.--Ex. Apion.

I. Foot (Tarsus).

1. SCOPULATE (Scopulatus). When the first joint on the under side is covered with a dense brush of rigid hairs.--Ex. Apis, Andrena, &c.[1119]

b. METATHORAX.

1. SIMULANT (Simulans). When the mesothorax is covered by the prothorax, and the Metathorax only is visible, under the form of an elongated or enlarged scutellum.--Ex. The Geocorisæ. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 12.

α. POSTDORSOLUM.

1. LATENT (Latens). When it is covered by the mesothorax; it is then usually a mere membrane.--Ex. Most Coleoptera.

2. EXPOSED (Apertus). When it is not so covered.--Ex. Atractocerus, Hymenoptera, &c.

β. POSTSCUTELLUM.

1. DISTINCT (Distinctum). When the postscutellum is distinct from the postdorsolum.--Ex. Locusta. PLATE VIII. FIG. 12 u´.

2. COALITE (Coalitum). When it is not distinct.--Ex. Blatta.

3. SCUTELLIFORM (Scutelliforme). When it is a triangular elevated prominence resembling a scutellum.--Ex. Locusta.

4. CANALIFORM (Canaliforme). When it is a deepish elongate channel running from the postdorsolum to the abdomen.--Ex. Coleoptera. PLATE VIII. FIG. 3. u´. XXVIII. FIG. 10. u´.

5. OBLITERATE (Obliteratum). When this channel is nearly or altogether obliterated.--Ex. Hymenoptera.

γ. POSTFRÆNUM.

1. TABULATE (Tabulatum). When it forms a broad pannel or table on each side the postscutellum.--Ex. Most Coleoptera.

2. FUNICULATE (Funiculatum). When it forms a narrow ridge.--Ex. Pentatoma, Fulgora, Libellulina. PLATE XXVIII. FIG. 11, 12. v´.

3. CRUCIATE (Cruciatum). When there are two funicular ridges diverging on each side, which inclosing a pannel form together a St. Andrew's cross, and are connected with the base of the wings.--Ex. Libellulina[1120]. PLATE IX. FIG. 7. v´.

4. ADNATE (Adnatum). When a funicular Postfrænum is closely adjacent to the sides of the metathorax till it nearly reaches the wings.--Ex. Pentatoma.

5. TRANSCURRENT (Transcurrens). When a postfrænum is at first adnate to the sides of the postscutellum, and then diverges across the pannel to the base of the wings.--Ex. Belostoma grandis.

IV. ABDOMEN.

1. COALITE (Coalitum). When the abdomen is not divided into segments.--Ex. Araneidea, Chelonus.

a. PLICATE (Plicatum). When it consists of transverse folds.--Ex. Gonyleptes, Carkinodes[1121]. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

b. TENSE (Tensum). When it is not folded.--Ex. Most Araneidea.

2. INSECTED (Sectum). When it is divided into segments.--Ex. Most insects.

3. SESSILE (Sessile). When it has no footstalk, but is closely united to the trunk.--Ex. Coleoptera.

4. PETIOLATE (Petiolatum). When the first segment, or more, is longer and much narrower than the subsequent ones, so as to form a footstalk.--Ex. The Sphecidæ, Ichneumon.

5. ADJOINED (Adjunctum). When it is connected with the trunk by a very short petiole.--Ex. Vespa, Apis.

6. SUPERIMPOSITED (Superimpositum). When the footstalk of the abdomen is inserted in the upper part of the postscutellum, so as to leave a considerable space between it and the postpectus.--Ex. Evania. PLATE IV. FIG. 2.

7. RETRACTED (Retractum). When it is nearly withdrawn within the trunk.--Ex. Gonyleptes. PLATE XV. FIG. 11.

8. OBUMBRATE (Obumbratum). When it is overshadowed by the trunk and concealed under it.--Ex. Carkinodes. PLATE XV. FIG. 10.

9. SALTATORIOUS (Saltatorium). When the ventral segments or the anus are furnished with elastic processes which enable the animal to leap.--Ex. Machilis, Podura. PLATE XV. FIG. 14.

10. NATATORIOUS (Natatorium). When the abdomen is terminated by flat foliaceous appendages, or the tail is ciliated on each side with dense parallel hairs, which assist the insect in swimming.--Ex. Larva of Agrion, and Dytiscus.

i. CAUDA.

1. UNCINATE (Uncinata). When the tail is inflected so as to form a kind of hook.--Ex. Dolichopus ♂.

2. ADUNCOUS (Adunca). When it is crooked.--Ex. Chelostoma maxillosa ♂. (Apis ** c. 2. γ. K.)

3. DISTINCT (Distincta). When it is distinct from the abdomen.--Ex. Scorpio.

4. CHELIFEROUS (Chelifera). When it is terminated by a very thick forceps somewhat resembling a lobster's claw.--Ex. Panorpa ♂. PLATE XV. FIG. 12.

5. PAPILLIFEROUS (Papillifera). When at the last segment but one the tail exerts two soft fleshy organs, which secrete a milky fluid and yield a powerful scent.--Ex. Staphylinus.

ii. OVIPOSITOR.

1. ENSATE (Ensatus). When it is long, compressed, and shaped like a sword.--Ex. Acrida.

2. NAVICULAR (Navicularis). When it is shaped like a boat.--Ex. Cicada, Scaphura.

3. TELESCOPIFORM (Telescopiformis). When it consists of several tubes retractile within each other like the pieces of a telescope. PLATE XVI. FIG. 2, 3.

4. ACULEIFORM (Aculeiformis). The ovipositors of Hymenopterous insects, which consist of the same parts, with the exception of the poison-bag (Ioterium), whether used as weapons or merely in oviposition.

a. EXERTED (Exertus). When the vagina unemployed is partly out of the body.--Ex. Cleptes.

b. EXTRICATED (Extricatus). When the valves and vagina unemployed are wholly out of the body.--Ex. Pimpla. PLATE XVI. FIG. 1.

c. REFLEXED (Reflexus). When the ovipositor is turned up and lies upon the back of the abdomen.--Ex. Leucospis.

APPENDIX.

TERMS particularly applicable to LARVÆ and PUPÆ.

LARVÆ.

1. SPINNERET (Fusulus). The organ which spins the silk. PLATE XXI. FIG. 9.

2. FORCIPATE LIP (Labium Forcipatum). Mask of larvæ and pupæ of Libellulina[1122]. PLATE XVI. FIG. 5. a.

3. UNGUIFORM MANDIBLES (Mandibulæ unguiformes). The parallel claw-shaped mandibles of many Diptera. PLATE XX. FIG. 1, 2. c´.

4. PROP (Ereisma). A bipartite retractile glutinous organ exerted from between the legs of the genus Sminthurus, and employed by the animal to support itself when its legs fail it[1123].

5. FECIFORK (Fæcifurca). The anal fork on which the larva of Cassidæ, &c. carry their feces. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 2. a.

6. MASTIGIA (Mastigia). Two anal organs in the larvæ of Cerura Vinula, exerting from their apex a retractile flexible thread, with which they endeavour, by lashing their sides, to drive away the Ichneumons. PLATE XIX. FIG. 2. a.

7. SYRINGES (Syringia). Organs situated in various parts of larvæ, from which they ejaculate a watery fluid to annoy or drive away their enemies[1124].

8. RUMULES (Rumulæ). Teat-like fleshy protuberances observable on the bodies of various larvæ[1125].

9. AERIDUCTS (Aëriductus). Respiratory organs often foliaceous, with which the sides of the abdomen, the tail, and sometimes the trunk of aquatic larvæ and pupæ are often furnished. PLATE XXIX. FIG. 3-7.

10. PROLEGS (Propedes). Fleshy exarticulate pediform often retractile organs, which assist various larvæ in walking and other motions, but which disappear in the perfect insect. PLATE XVIII. FIG. 11, 12. b.

a. CORONATE PROLEGS (Propedes coronati). Prolegs that have an intire coronet of crotchets. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 1.

b. SEMICORONATE PROLEGS (Propedes semicoronati). Prolegs that have a semicoronet of crotchets.

c. UNARMED (Inermes). Prolegs that have no crotchets.

d. STILT PROLEGS (Propedes grabati). Prolegs that are unnaturally long, and elevate the animal. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. a.

α. COALITE STILT PROLEGS (Propedes grabati coaliti). When stilt prolegs unite so as to form only one leg bifid at its apex. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 7. b.

PUPÆ.

1. ADMINICULA (Adminicula). Semicoronets of minute teeth which arm the back of the abdomen of subterraneous pupæ, by which they are enabled to emerge from under the earth. PLATE XVI. FIG. 13. e.

2. CREMASTRÆ (Cremastræ). The anal hooks by which many pupæ suspend themselves. PLATE XXIII. FIG. 8. a.

3. COCOON (Folliculus). The silken case in which the pupæ of many insects are inclosed. PLATE XVII. FIG. 5-8.

N.B. Other terms for Pupæ are explained VOL. III. p. 249.

FOOTNOTES:

[1074] VOL. III. p. 353--.

[1075] Ibid. p. 527.

[1076] The elytra of this Order in general differ so materially both from membrane and corium, that it was requisite to invent a term to distinguish them.

[1077] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. v. f. 8. b, c.

[1078] We use this term because subcrosa is employed in a quite different sense.

[1079] We restrict the term Figure, to the shape of a superficies.

[1080] The term falcate has usually been applied to signify this figure, as well as that to which we have restricted it; but as the truncate and sharp extremity forms a striking difference, we thought it best to invent a new term.

[1081] We have departed from the more usual definition of trapezoid, "An irregular figure whose four sides are not parallel," because the above is best suited to forms in insects.

[1082] We use this term to denote the shape of solid bodies.

[1083] The word employed in Botany to denote a Polygon is prismatical; but since, properly defined, this term is synonymous with triquetrous, we thought it best to use an adjective derived from prismoid, which implies a body that approaches to prismatical.

[1084] This term in Anatomy denotes any unnatural protuberance or convexity of the body, as a person hunched, or hump-backed. In Astronomy it is used in reference to the enlightened parts of the moon, whilst she is moving from the first quarter to the full, and from the full to the last quarter; for all that time the dark part appears horned or falcated, and the light one hunched out, convex or gibbous.

[1085] We employ the term æquatus instead of æqualis commonly used in this sense, because æqualis is also applied to magnitude, to which we would restrict it.

[1086] I do not find in Schönherr (Curculionid. Method. Disp.) any genus or subgenus of Rhyncophorous beetles the characters of which correspond with those of the insect here alluded to, which I once thought might be a Cyphus Germ. but it is not. It appears common in Brazil, and I have at least two species of it.

[1087] Linn. Trans. vi. 194. t. xx. f. 5.

[1088] Germ. Insect. Spec. Nov. 332--. To this genus Curculio Tribulus and quadridens appear to belong.

[1089] This kind of pubescence has usually been denominated sericeous (sericea); but it certainly does not resemble silk; and is very different from the proper sericeous splendour, exhibited by Cryptocephalus sericeus.

[1090] Mon. Ap. Angl. 1. t. iv. ** c. f. 1. a.

[1091] See above, p. 283. n^o 7.

[1092] Linné in Coccinella has employed the term Gutta for a white or yellow spot in a darker ground, and Pustula for a red spot in a black ground. We thought one term sufficient to express spots bigger than atoms.

[1093] See above, p. 208--.

[1094] As this work is intended for general readers as well as for the learned, the above rules, &c. it is hoped will not be deemed without use.

[1095] These symbols are inserted here, because they may be very conveniently adopted in a correspondence on the subject of Entomology.

[1096] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. * *. e. 1. neut. f. 6. c. and t. x. * *, d, 1, f. 1. c.

[1097] Oliv. Ins. N^o. 44. Pæderus. t. i. f. 1. e.

[1098] Germ. Insect. Spec. 486--.

[1099] Fn. Suec. 1183. Fabricius has not admitted this moth among his Noctuæ, I know not why.

[1100] Curtis, Brit. Ent. t. 154.

[1101] Monogr. Ap. Angl. i. 97. t. xii. Apis **. e. 1. Neut. f. 21. d.

[1102] This term may be applied to the Mesothorax in heteropterous Hemiptera, in which that part lies buried under the Prothorax. PLATE VIII. FIG. 20. i, k.

[1103] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. Mém. du Mus. t. viii. 55.

[1104] In many moths, particularly Spilosoma ocularia, and affinities, the insect looks as if its neck was ornamented with a beautiful tippet formed by the Patagia, and its shoulders by these lappets.

[1105] Neither Chrysomela nor Imatidium have a discoidal Epipleura; which furnishes a further proof that Notoclea is distinct from Chrysomela, and Imatidium from Cassida.

[1106] For the reason of this change of the name of Locusta F., see Zool. Journ. N^o iv.

An Acrida with this spot is figured by Professor Lichtenstein. Linn. Trans. iv. t. v. A.

[1107] Reaum. i. t. xx. f. 12-15.

[1108] Linn. Trans. v. t. iv. f. 10, 11. From my specimens, which are not in a very good state, I cannot ascertain whether this belongs to any of the modern genera into which the Ichneumones minuti of Linné are now divided.

[1109] To this genus or subgenus Scarabæus Syphax, Antæus, Titanus, &c. belong.

[1110] Jones. Linn. Trans. ii. t. viii. f. 1, 3-6, 8.

[1111] Jurine Hymenopt. t. i. f. 3. b.

[1112] Ibid. t. iii. Gen. 4, 5.

[1113] Ibid. t. x. Gen. 23, 24.

[1114] Ibid. t. vi. Gen. 2.

[1115] See Kirby in Linn. Trans. xii. 450--. t. xxii. f. 16.

[1116] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. iv. Melitta **. c. f. 10. a.

[1117] Mon. Ap. Angl. i. t. xii. f. 19. a, b.

[1118] Mon. Ap. Angl. t. iv. **. c. f. 14 *. a. f. 12.

[1119] Ibid. t. xxi. f. 20.

[1120] Chabrier Sur le Vol des Insectes. Ann. du Mus. xiv. t. viii. f. 1. K. n.

[1121] VOL. III. p. 396.

[1122] VOL. III. p. 125--.

[1123] De Geer vii. 38--. t. iii. f. 10. rr.

[1124] VOL. II. p. 248--.

[1125] De Geer ii. 507. t. xi. f. 16. m. n.