A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 5 of 5)

A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 5 of 5)

Male.--Somewhat similar to D. intermedium, the rump slate-blue like the back; chin lemon-yellow; throat lightly washed with yellow; entire breast orpiment-orange. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 89; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen from base, 11.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 12.5.

Female.--Above mouse-gray; rump washed with olive-green; lores blackish; cheeks, line around eye, and a narrow frontal band washed with yellow; chin light yellow; under parts ashy gray, washed with yellow on sides and flanks, and with a band of yellow down middle of breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts yellow. A female from Bohol, wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 12.

"Five males average: Length, 86; wing, 49; tail, 23.6; culmen, 12; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Two females, length, 82.5; wing, 45; tail, 20.5; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Samar in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three sets of eggs of this flowerpecker were collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, in July, 1896. These eggs are described as rather long, ovate in shape, pure white, and measuring 15 mm. by 12 mm.

"Nest round, pocket-shaped, with the entrance at the side, suspended from slender boughs or to the stem of a large leaf. The outside of the nest is made of green moss bound together with spider's webs, the inside lined with the dark brown down stripped from the young fern-fronds. A favorite site is a neglected native clearing some distance from the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

637. DICÆUM BESTI Steere.

BEST'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum besti Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 22; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Pis-pis, Siquijor.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Similar to the male of D. cinereigulare, but the throat clear ashy gray, not washed with yellow; rump with a slightly yellow wash. Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Plumbeous above; rump, tail-coverts, and center of back greenish yellow; chin pale yellow; throat and chest ashy gray; middle of breast and of abdomen and tail-coverts rich lemon-yellow; sides and flanks ashy gray, washed with tea-green; primaries edged with cinereous. Wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Eighteen males average: Length, 142; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Fifteen females, length, 140; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Legs, feet, nails, and bill black. Breeding in February." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

638. DICÆUM FLAVIVENTER Meyer.

YELLOW-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum flaviventer Meyer, Jour. für Ornith. (1894), 91; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cebu (Burger).

Description.--Head, upper back, and wing-coverts greenish black, with somewhat of a luster; wing-quills blackish brown; secondaries with glossy greenish borders to the outer webs; lower back and tail-coverts dark slate-color; tail black; front and sides of throat white, lower throat and chest as well as sides of lower body light ash-gray; at the middle of the latter a beautiful cadmium-yellow stripe, up to 6 mm. wide (Ridgway-cadmium-yellow, pl. VI, 6), becoming white toward vent; under tail-coverts, axillars, and under wing-coverts white, outer ones with a blackish spot in the middle; thighs externally white, blackish behind; feet brown; bill black, strong. [87]

639. DICÆUM PYGMÆUM (Kittlitz).

PYGMY FLOWERPECKER.

Nectarinia pygmæum Kittlitz, Mem. pres. Acad. St. Petersb. (1833), 2, pts. 1, 2, pl. 2. Dicæum pygmæum Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 43; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (distribution, nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Pi-pít dá-po, Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, [88] White); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Above glossy steel-green heavily washed with yellow on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts; lores blackish; sides of head, of throat, and of breast dark cinereous; middle of chin, throat, and chest white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted in the middle of breast by a cinereous patch; middle of abdomen and tail-coverts light buff; sides and flanks olive-green; rectrices black, edged with metallic green; wings black; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-yellow; alula, lesser coverts, and median coverts edged with glossy green. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 46; tail, 23; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Above somewhat similar to the male, but lighter and greener and with less metallic gloss; wing-feathers edged with olive-yellow; all the under parts lighter and paler than in the male. A female from Cebu, wing, 43; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.

"The pygmy flowerpecker is the smallest and most widely distributed of Philippine Dicæidæ. Invariably found by us in the deep woods. A very fearless bird. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to coal-black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellowish to gray. Breeding in Palawan in December and in Samar in July. Four males average: Length, 92; wing, 46; tail, 25; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12. Three females, length, 83.5; wing, 45; tail, 24.6; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

640. DICÆUM DAVAO Mearns.

DAVAO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum davao Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 87; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Mindanao (Mearns, Celestino).

Male.--Above, including the edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores, sides of head and of neck black; chin and middle of throat white faintly washed with yellow and interrupted by a black patch on breast; sides of breast black; sides of abdomen and flanks olive-yellow; under tail-coverts and middle of lower abdomen light buff-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white; edge of wing black. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 44; tail, 21; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 10. The female is unknown.

641. DICÆUM HYPOLEUCUM Sharpe.

WHITE-BELLIED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum hypoleucum Sharpe, Nature (1876), 24, 298; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Siasi (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard).

Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck deep black; under parts white; wing-lining and axillars white. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 53; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.

Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with olive-green except on tail-coverts where the green is heavier; secondaries and greater coverts edged with olive-green; under parts white. Wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 13.

"Found by us in the deep woods. Stated by Guillemard to frequent coconut groves. Three males average: Length, 89; wing, 53; tail, 27; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 12.7. Iris reddish brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

642. DICÆUM MINDANENSE Tweeddale.

MINDANAO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum mindanense Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 5, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male (type of species).--General color above sooty brown, washed with olive, grayer on the rump, the head washed with a little yellower olive; lesser wing-coverts like the back; remainder of wing-coverts, bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills dark brown, externally edged with olive; upper tail-coverts washed with light olive; tail-feathers blackish, edged with olive, with a narrow white fringe at the end of the inner web of the three outermost feathers; lores, feathers round the eye, sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks sooty black; throat and under surface of body white, washed with ashy on the fore neck, breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with an olive-yellow tinge; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a slight tinge of yellow; edge of wing sooty brown; quills dusky below, white along the edge of the inner web. Length, 81; culmen, 14; wing, 48.2; tail, 25.4; tarsus, 12.7." (Sharpe.)

"So far as we can judge from the figure in The Ibis, Dr. Sharpe has confused D. mindanense with D. hypoleucum. The two species occur together in Basilan and Sulu, and probably also in Tawi Tawi. Seven males average: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26.6; culmen, 14, tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Eight females, length, 87.6; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 14.4; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Basilan in the month of September." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

643. DICÆUM EVERETTI Tweeddale.

EVERETT'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 537; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 47; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97. Dicæum modestum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 380.

Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male (type of D. modestum).--General color above dark olive-brown, the head uniform with the back; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back; bastard-wing and primary-coverts uniform dark brown; greater wing-coverts and quills dark brown, edged with yellowish olive, more distinct on the secondaries; upper tail-coverts brown, washed with olive; tail black; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts dusky olive-brown, the cheeks lighter olive-ashy; throat and fore neck ashy gray, olive-yellow on the chin, a tinge of the latter color also pervading the throat; breast and abdomen pale whitish tinged with yellow; sides of body, flanks, and under tail-coverts pale olive-greenish; under wing-coverts and axillars white, with a faint tinge of yellow; quills dusky brown below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 80; culmen, 11.4; wing, 48; tail, 24; tarsus, 12.7 (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw Ramsay.)

"Observation.--I have compared the types of D. modestum and D. everetti in Capt. Wardlaw Ramsay's collection, and can not find any specific difference between them." (Sharpe.)

"Quite common in Samar, and so far as our observation goes, a strictly deep woods bird. A male measures: Length, 89; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 11; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 84; wing, 46; tail, 22.6; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 11.6; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

644. DICÆUM OBSCURUM Grant.

DUSKY FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum obscurum Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50; Ibis (1894), 515; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (feeding habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male and female.--Above olive-brown, with a wash of green on rump and tail-coverts; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills edged with white; under parts gray, washed with sage-green and with a light streak on middle of breast and of abdomen. Iris light brown; upper mandible dark brown; lower mandible light brown; legs and nails about the same color as lower mandible. Length, 88 to 96. A male measures: Wing, 54; tail, 27; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

This neutral-colored flowerpecker, which appears to be confined to the mountains of Luzon, is difficult to describe, but it may be easily recognized by its dull coloration.

645. DICÆUM NIGRILORE Hartert.

BLACK-LORED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum nigrilore Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 15, 8; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Mindanao (Waterstradt, Mearns).

Male and female.--Head, nape, and ear-coverts greenish yellow; lores and a line under eye and ear-coverts blackish; mantle and sides of neck sepia-brown; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts greenish yellow; chin, fore part of throat, abdomen, and middle of breast white; throat and breast ash-gray; flanks and crissum bright yellow; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries edged with white; the other feathers edged with greenish yellow. A female measures: Wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 14.

This is a very distinct species which is found only in the mountains of Mindanao.

Genus PRIONOCHILUS Strickland, 1841.

Bill short and stout, very wide at base; gonys decidedly convex; first primary less than one-half the second or wanting. The Philippine species that are usually placed in this genus are not uniform in generic characters. P. johannæ has a short first primary and a moderately stout bill; it resembles P. ignicapillus and is probably a typical Prionochilus. P. olivaceous has a short first primary and the bill somewhat stouter than P. johannæ. Prionochilus quadricolor, P. bicolor, and P. inexpectatus resemble one another in having the bill short and very stout and the true first primary absent.

Species.

a1. Under parts red and yellow ... johannæ (p. 638) a2. Under parts white, or white and gray.

b1. Mantle bright red ... quadricolor (p. 638) b2. Mantle not red.

c1. Entire upper parts glossy blue-black.

d1. Under parts entirely white ... bicolor (p. 640) d2. Under parts mostly light gray; chin, throat, and middle of breast and of abdomen white ... inexpectatus (p. 640)

c2. Entire upper parts olive-yellow ... olivaceus (p. 639)

646. PRIONOCHILUS JOHANNÆ Sharpe.

PALAWAN FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus johannæ Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 201, pl. 4, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).

Male.--Upper parts slate-blue; center of crown scarlet; rump lemon-yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; lores black; sides of head, of neck, and of breast slate-blue; a white included line on jaw; under parts rich lemon-yellow, fading to white on thighs and crissum; a scarlet patch on center of chest; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner webs of quills white. A male measures: Wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; greatest width of upper mandible, 6; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Upper parts including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices olivaceous; band on tail-coverts lemon-yellow; center of crown with a dull yellow patch; sides of head and neck gray, washed with olivaceous; jaw with an obscure cinereous streak; chin and throat white, washed with yellow; breast and abdomen lemon-yellow, lighter posteriorly; sides and flanks gray, washed with greenish yellow; crissum white. Wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 14.

"Abundant both in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Found about fruit trees in or near the woods. Eleven males average: Length, 93; wing, 53; tail, 28; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 13.7; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Ten females, length, 92; wing, 50; tail, 26; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14; culmen, 13. Specimens from the Calamianes average very slightly smaller. Legs, feet, and nails black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is yellow or gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

647. PRIONOCHILUS QUADRICOLOR Tweeddale.

FOUR-COLORED FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus quadricolor Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 762, pl. 77, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 70; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 57 (description of female and young); McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 308. Prionochilus quidricolor McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97 (error).

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--A large triangular mantle-patch scarlet-vermilion, the black bases of the feathers showing somewhat; lower back ochraceous tinged with green; remainder of upper parts, including sides of head and neck, wings, and tail, glossy blue-black; under parts cinereous; chin, a narrow line on middle of breast, center of abdomen, crissum, thighs, axillars, wing-lining, and inner webs of quills white; flanks washed with light olive. Length, 90; wing, 53; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 7; tarsus, 14.

"Adult female.--Above brown, head faintly washed with olive; back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with olive-yellow, rump almost entirely of the latter color; entire under surface grayish white faintly tinged with olive-yellow, lighter along center of breast and abdomen; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills pure white.

"Young male.--Like female but lacks yellow wash on outer webs of secondaries, the wing and tail being black as in adult male." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"The locality Panaon, assigned to this species in the Catalogue of Birds, is a manifest error. The type specimen, an unsexed bird which was rightly supposed to be a male, was obtained in Cebu by Everett. No additional specimen seems to have been secured until 1892, when we again found it in Cebu. Ten males average as follows: Length, 90; wing, 52; tail, 26; culmen, 11.4; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Six females, length, 89; wing, 52; tail, 25; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 13.4; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in June. Food fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

648. PRIONOCHILUS OLIVACEUS Tweeddale.

OLIVACEOUS FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus olivaceus Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 536; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 3; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 75; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen); Samar (Whitehead).

Male.--Above bright olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices olive-brown, edged with olive-green; lores white; under parts smoke-gray; chin, a broad median line on throat, breast, and abdomen white, sides of abdomen and flanks streaked with white; thighs smoke-gray mixed with white; crissum white faintly washed with yellow; axillars and wing-lining white. Length, about 100. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; greatest width of bill, 6.5; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the male, but with the gray of under parts more ashy. A female from Basilan, wing, 54; tail, 25; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6.5; tarsus, 13.

"Found in the forest and second growth. Never seen about open fields. Feeds on seeds and fruits. Breeding in Basilan in August. Four males from Basilan average: Length, 97; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 12.7; tarsus, 12.9; middle toe with claw, 14.7. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails brown to black; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is ashy gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

649. PRIONOCHILUS BICOLOR Bourns and Worcester.

BICOLORED FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus bicolor Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Entire upper surface deep black, with faint metallic blue gloss; entire under surface, including under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills, white; bases of feathers of breast, flanks, and abdomen slaty black. Bill, legs, and feet black; iris red. Length, 82.5; wing, 50; tail, 24; culmen, 10.6; tarsus, 14. Found in the hills of Ayala, near Zamboanga." (Bourns and Worcester.)

650. PRIONOCHILUS INEXPECTATUS Hartert.

HARTERT'S FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus inexpectatus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1895), 2, 64 and 486; Grant, Ibis (1896), 533; (1897), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97. Prionochilus bicolor Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Samar (Whitehead).

Male.--Above glossy blue-black; breast, sides, and flanks cinereous; chin, throat, median line of breast and abdomen, crissum, wing-lining, axillars, and inner webs of quills white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 90; wing, 49; tail, 23; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 10.

Female.--Above brown, washed with olive-green, brightest on rump, tail-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; below similar to the male, but with a faint olivaceous wash. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 5.5; tarsus, 13.

"This recently-described species has now been met with in Samar and Leyte. It seems more than probable that it is not really distinct from P. bicolor Bourns and Worcester; but having no typical specimens of the latter form from Mindanao, I can not be certain." (Grant.)

Genus PIPRISOMA Blyth, 1844.

Bill very short and stout, its greatest width considerably more than bill from nostril; gonys strongly convex; wing long and pointed; first (outermost) primary wanting; second, third, and fourth primaries subequal and longest; tail extending beyond the end of middle toe. Upper parts light brown; breast and abdomen white, streaked with brown.

651. PIPRISOMA ÆRUGINOSUM (Bourns and Worcester).

RUSTY FLOWERPECKER.

Prionochilus æruginosus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 20. Piprisoma æruginosum Grant, Ibis (1895), 454; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Romblon (McGregor); Sibuyan (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dark hair-brown, faintly washed with olive; rump and tail-coverts olivaceous; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olivaceous; two outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white on inner webs; lores whitish; white malar line separated from throat by a hair-brown line; under parts white; breast, sides of throat and of abdomen, and flanks boldly streaked with hair-brown; under tail-coverts white with median, basal, brown markings. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 66; tail, 37; culmen from base, 9; bill from nostril, 6; greatest width of bill, 6; tarsus, 14. A female from Luzon, wing, 60; tail, 33; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Similar to the adult but the upper parts darker and clearer brown; stripes on under parts indefinite and almost obsolete; the whole plumage is gray rather than brown.

"Found in the forest only. Iris brick-red; legs, feet, and nails nearly black; upper mandible brown, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family NECTARINIIDÆ.

Bill slender, usually strongly decurved and tapering to the sharply pointed tip; bill as long as head or much longer, without notch or hook, but the cutting edges minutely serrated for their distal thirds; rictal bristles inconspicuous or lacking; each nostril opening covered by a large opercle; first primary less than one-half the second, the latter decidedly shorter than third which nearly equals the fourth and fifth; tail square, rounded, or strongly graduated.

Subfamilies.

a1. Bill and head about equal in length; sexes different in colors; plumage of male more or less metallic ... Nectariniinæ (p. 642) a2. Bill at least twice as long as the head; sexes alike in colors and without metallic plumage ... Arachnotherinæ (p. 662)

Subfamily NECTARINIINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Nasal opercles covered with short feathers; rectrices long and graduated. ... Chalcostetha (p. 642) a2. Nasal opercles naked; or, if feathered, the tail moderate in length and nearly square.

b1. Rump bright yellow, or else the throat greenish or pale yellow.

c1. Tail of males usually long and strongly graduate; central rectrices often slender and somewhat pointed and always extending beyond the feet. ... Æthopyga (p. 643) c2. Tail short and nearly square, never extending beyond the toes. ... Eudrepanis (p. 649)

b2. Rump dull green, or some metallic color nearly uniform with the back; tail square, none of the rectrices narrow.

c1. Much smaller; wing about 60 mm.; bill more slender and more strongly curved. ... Cinnyris (p. 651) c2. Much larger; wing about 70 mm.; bill stouter and but slightly curved. ... Anthreptes (p. 658)

Genus CHALCOSTETHA Cabanis, 1850.

Back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and purple; top of head bright metallic green; rectrices graduated; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. The last character mentioned distinguishes Chalcostetha from all nearly related genera.

652. CHALCOSTETHA CALCOSTETHA (Jardine).

COPPER-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Nectarinia calcostetha Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 263. Nectarinia insignis Jardine, Monogr. Sun-Birds (1842), 274. Chalcostetha insignis Shelley, Monogr. Nect. pt. 4, (1877), 87; pl. 30; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White). Tenasserim, Cochin China, Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Male.--Forehead, crown, and nape metallic green; mantle dull black; median and lesser wing-coverts, back, and tail-coverts metallic purple when held away from the light, changing to dark green when held toward the light; tail black, some of its feathers edged with violet; wings blackish brown, the greater secondary-coverts edged with violet; middle of throat and breast with a large metallic copper-colored patch; chin, a line down each side of the copper-colored patch, and lower breast metallic violet; abdomen and under tail-coverts black; pectoral tufts bright lemon-yellow. Length, about 140; wing, 61; tail, 52; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14. Description and measurements from a specimen taken by C. B. Kloss in Singapore.

"Female.--Crown and nape ashy brown; rest of upper parts yellowish olive; tail black, largely tipped with white; under parts whitish, strongly washed with pale yellow. Wing, 51." (Gadow.)

"Iris, bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ÆTHOPYGA Cabanis, 1850.

Bill as long as head, strongly curved, the tip very sharp; nasal opercles unfeathered; males with the rectrices narrow and graduated, the middle pair usually much produced and often acuminate. Males brightly colored, largely red or yellow or both; females greenish.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing more than 50 mm.; bill from nostril more than 15.

b1. Central rectrices lengthened, their tips rounded (males).

c1. Chin, throat, breast, head, and mantle bright red ... magnifica (p. 644) c2. Chin and throat with a narrow median stripe of citron-yellow changing to orange on breast; mantle dark green ... boltoni (p. 645)

b2. Central rectrices not lengthened (females).

c1. Tail-feathers edged with dull crimson; under parts dull green. ... magnifica (p. 644) c2. Tail-feathers edged with green; chest gray; abdomen yellow. ... boltoni (p. 645)

a2. Much smaller; wing less than 50 mm.; bill from nostril less than 15.

b1. Mantle and sides of neck dark red; chin, throat, and breast yellow (males).

c1. Breast streaked with vermilion.

d1. Chin, throat, and breast paler, sulphur-yellow.

e1. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the occiput; occiput dark red like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646) e2. Metallic frontal band extending backward to the hinder border of eye; occiput green ... arolasi (p. 648)

d2. Chin, throat, and breast darker, more gamboge-yellow.

e1. Smaller; wing, about 40 mm.; bill from nostril, 11 ... bella (p. 647) e2. Larger; wing, about 44 mm.; bill from nostril, 14 ... bonita (p. 648)

c2. Breast pure yellow, or very faintly streaked with vermilion.

d1. Breast gamboge-yellow and slightly darker than chin. ... flavipectus (p. 649) d2. Breast, throat, and chin more nearly uniform and lighter yellow. ... rubrinota (p. 649)

b2. Upper parts bright olive-green; under parts whitish, more or less washed with pale yellowish green (females).

c1. Rump olive-green like the back ... shelleyi (p. 646); arolasi (p. 648) c2. Rump lemon-yellow ... bella (p. 647); bonita (p. 648); flavipectus (p. 649); rubrinota (p. 649)

653. ÆTHOPYGA MAGNIFICA Sharpe.

MAGNIFICENT SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga magnifica Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 51, pl. 17; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 24; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241, pl. 5, figs. 5 & 6 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Forehead and malar stripe metallic, dark royal purple; remainder of head, entire neck, and mantle bright poppy-red; chin, throat, and breast scarlet-vermilion, the basal and central parts of the feathers pale yellow; back and rump black with a median more or less concealed patch of gamboge-yellow; tail and coverts metallic royal purple; wings, lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts dead black; axillars and wing-lining black; lesser and median wing-coverts red, and some of the greater coverts narrowly edged with red. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 59; tail, 49; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 16. Upper mandible brown, lower mandible reddish flesh; legs and nails dark brown.

Female.--Dull green with a slight reddish wash across the back; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, the latter edged with dark crimson; wing-feathers and rump more faintly washed with crimson. A female from Cebu, wing, 56; tail, 43; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 15.

Young birds resemble the adult female, but the young males early show indications of the red throat and breast and of the black abdomen.

"Eight males from Negros average: Length, 133; wing, 57.6; tail, 47.4; culmen, 25; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females from Cebu measure: Length, 125; wing, 55; tail, 41; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Nine males from Sibuyan average: Length, 137; wing, 61; tail, 51; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16.

"It will be seen that the Sibuyan birds belong to a larger race, but we do not think they can be specifically separated. Breeding in the month of June in Cebu. Native name in Negros 'a-na-nag-bac.' Shot in Sibuyan 1,100 meters above sea-level." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs of the magnificent sunbird collected by Steere in Negros, February, 1888, and three eggs collected at the base of Canlaon Volcano by Whitehead, March 23, 1896, are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale terra-cotta red, very thickly mottled all over with a darker tint of the same color, the mottlings heaviest at the larger end, a few fine hair-like scribblings crossing the shell transversely. Measurements 17 mm. by 12 mm."

Another set of two eggs, collected by Whitehead in Negros, April 15, 1896, are described as having the "Ground-color as in the above, but the shell heavily clouded with rich dark terra-cotta and darker scribblings and specks of the same color. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm."

"This sunbird nests in old forest. The nest is generally found suspended among forest débris in the vicinity of some huge tree-trunks only a few feet from the ground. It is well hidden by the undergrowth.

"The nest is a well-woven bag-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is principally constructed of fine grass, rootlets, palm fiber, and fragments of dead leaves woven together with spiders' webs and lined with fine dead grass tops and seeds. The nest found by Professor Steere was suspended from a root under the overhanging bank of a river, and looked like a tuft of rubbish left by high water." (Grant and Whitehead.)

654. ÆTHOPYGA BOLTONI Mearns.

BOLTON'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga boltoni Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 4; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98; Grant, Ibis (1906), 472.

Kah-poi-yah-poi-yuh, or kah-pue-yoo-ahn, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Entire head and neck all round, except middle of chin and throat, slate-gray, faintly washed with french-green, the feathers of the forehead narrowly edged with metallic french-green; upper back gray, strongly washed with oil-green; lower back olive-green; rump citron-yellow; wings brownish black with wing-coverts and outer webs of secondaries olive-green; under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of primaries and secondaries white; tail with longest feather 12 mm. longer than the next, 25 mm. longer than the outer rectrix; middle pair of tail-feathers entirely metallic french-green, the remaining rectrices being green-black, broadly tipped with gray on the outer and white on the inner webs; under parts with a median stripe of citron-yellow extending from bill to chest, broadening posteriorly and minutely mixed with orpiment-orange at upper margin of chest; flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts yellow; chest orange; pectoral tufts chinese-orange. Iris red; bill black faintly tipped with horn-color; feet and claws black, except the under side of toes which are yellowish. Length, 130; alar expanse, 180; wing, 57; tail, 55; culmen (chord), 21; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 14.

"Adult female.--Head, neck all round, and chest slate-gray; upper parts, including upper wing-coverts and exposed outer webs of wing-quills, olive-yellow; tail similar to that of male, but shorter and duller, with feathers rounded at tip; under parts, including under tail-coverts, yellow, whitish on middle of abdomen. Size considerably smaller than male. Culmen, 18; wing, 48.

"Young male in first plumage.--Head, sides of throat, and upper parts smoke-gray, washed on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts with green; upper wing-coverts and exposed portion of outer webs of quills olive-green; under parts, including stripe on middle of chin and throat, smoke-gray washed with greenish yellow; lining of wings white; tail-feathers pointed, similar to the adult but shorter and duller. Iris brown; bill black, orange at base, yellow and orange inside; metatarsus black; toes orange, dusky above. Older males soon grow to resemble adults, the orange first showing in the middle of the breast, the flanks and belly becoming yellow at the same time, the pectoral tufts and richest coloring probably not appearing before the second year." (Mearns.)

655. ÆTHOPYGA SHELLEYI Sharpe.

SHELLEY'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga shelleyi Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. (1877), pt. 3, 75; (1880), pts. 11 & 12, pls. 24 & 25, fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).

Male.--Forehead, crown, long moustachial stripe, upper tail-coverts, middle rectrices, and outer webs of remaining rectrices dark metallic green when held away from the light, changing to dark blue when held toward the light; occiput, mantle, and sides of head and neck maroon-red; chin and a narrow line bordering the throat maroon-red; throat and breast sulphur-yellow, the latter streaked with vermilion; abdomen pale gray or white, washed in the middle with pale yellow; under tail-coverts pale yellow; back olive-green; rump sulphur-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green. Length, about 110; wing, 47; tail, 44; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown edged with olive-green; bases of the rectrices with a wash of reddish brown; below white, washed with light olive on the breast and with pale yellow on the abdomen and under tail-coverts. Length, 89; wing, 42; tail, 25; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 13.

"Ten males average: Length, 111; wing, 46; tail, 46; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12. Ten females, length, 87; wing, 43; tail, 29; culmen, 16; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Calamianes birds are very slightly smaller, but are otherwise identical. Shot at a height of 760 meters on Mount Pulgar in Palawan, where it was abundant." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

656. ÆTHOPYGA BELLA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga bella Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 537: Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. (1879), pts. 9 & 10, 77, pl. 25; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 29; Grant, Ibis (1897), 236; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Male.--Chin, throat, breast, and uropygium bright sulphur-yellow; forehead, vertex, minor carpal coverts, upper tail-coverts, and upper surface of rectrices dark metallic green; occiput, nape, and wing-coverts dark olive; cheeks, lores, behind the eye, sides of head and neck, interscapulars, and back deep blood-red; quills almost black, margined with dark olive; abdomen, flanks, vent, under tail-coverts, and under wing-coverts silky white, more or less tinged with pale yellow, especially on the mesial line, under tail-coverts, and carpal edge; a few blood-red feathers on the upper breast; a metallic violet spot on side of head; a narrow line of deep blood-red runs along the rami of the mandible; a bold metallic moustache springs from the base of the mandible, and descends the sides of the neck; the upper half violet, the lower half green. Wing, 42.6; tail, 36.5; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13.

"Female.--Above, wing-coverts, and edgings to quills olive-green; uropygium bright sulphur-yellow as in the male; space before the eye, cheeks, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast gray, tinged with yellowish olive-green; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white tinged with yellow; under wing-coverts white faintly tinged with yellow; quills and rectrices dark brown margined with olive; lateral rectrices tipped with albescent olive. Wing, 41; tail, 28; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13." (Tweeddale.)

Three fresh eggs of this sunbird collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, July 19, 1895, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale pinkish white, a heavily, marked irregular zone of dull red toward the larger end, and some scattered spots and blotches of the same color over the rest of the shell, with here and there underlying brown markings. Measurements 14 mm. by 10 mm.

"The nest built by this sunbird differs considerably from that made by Æ. magnifica, being a long bag-shaped pocket, with a loose dangling tail of dead leaves. The entrance is at the side and roofed over, in fact very much like that constructed by the different species of Cinnyris. This nest was found dangling to a bramble in an old native clearing some distance from the forest. The female was obtained after much difficulty." (Grant and Whitehead.)

657. ÆTHOPYGA AROLASI Bourns and Worcester.

AROLAS'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga arolasi Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Slightly larger than Æthopyga bella. Upper surface as in that species; fore breast much more broadly streaked with orange; abdomen and under tail-coverts light lemon-yellow, not white.

"Adult female.--Above uniform olive-green. Does not show the bright yellow rump of Æthopyga bella. Under surface inclining to white, but breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts washed with light lemon-yellow.

"Average measurements from ten males: Length, 87; culmen, 18; wing, 40; tail, 33; tarsus, 12. From four females: Length, 83; culmen, 16; wing, 40; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)

658. ÆTHOPYGA BONITA Bourns and Worcester.

VISAYAN SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga bonita Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. arolasi, but the yellow of throat, breast, and rump gamboge or dark lemon-yellow instead of lemon-yellow and the red streaks on breast more conspicuous. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 44; tail, 32.5; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. arolasi, but the rump pale yellow and the under parts washed with light yellowish green very much as in the female of Æ. shelleyi. A female from Cebu, wing, 42; tail, 23; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.

"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 43; tail, 32; culmen, 18; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Three females, length, 89; wing, 40; tail, 24; culmen, 17; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Cebu in the month of June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

659. ÆTHOPYGA FLAVIPECTUS Grant.

GRANT'S SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga flavipectus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1895); 111, pl. 5, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98. Æthopyga minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. bella and of Æ. bonita, but with very little or no red on the breast. Length, about 100; wing, 42; tail, 34; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12.5; tarsus, 12.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. bonita, but the head somewhat darker and the bill shorter. Wing, 41; tail, 21.5; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 11.5.

660. ÆTHOPYGA RUBRINOTA McGregor.

RED-SPOTTED SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga rubrinota McGregor, Bur. Govt. laboratories (1905), 25, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 98.

Pi-rit, Lubang.

Lubang (McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of Æ. flavipectus, but the breast paler yellow. Length, about 96; wing, 42; tail, 39; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 13.5.

Female.--Similar to the female of Æ. flavipectus. Wing, 41.5; tail, 20; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 12.5.

Genus EUDREPANIS Sharpe, 1877.

This genus is very similar to Æthopyga, but the tail is short in both sexes; from Cinnyris it differs in having no metallic colors on the chin and throat.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and breast bright yellow (males).

b1. Chin, throat, and breast bright lemon-yellow; more red on the breast.

c1. Secondaries edged with metallic green ... jefferyi (p. 651) c2. Secondaries edged with dull olive-green ... pulcherrima (p. 650)

b2. Chin, throat, and breast pale sulphur-yellow; less red on the breast. ... decorosa (p. 651)

a2. Chin and throat gray; breast washed with greenish yellow; no red on the breast (females).

b1. Rump bright lemon-yellow ... jefferyi (p. 651); pulcherrima (p. 650) b2. Rump pale sulphur-yellow ... decorosa (p. 651)

661. EUDREPANIS PULCHERRIMA (Sharpe).

MINDANAO SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga pulcherrima Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 31. Eudrepanis pulcherrima Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 341; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 83, pl. 28; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 242 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Æthopyga dubia Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 112.

Basilan (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Forehead and crown to opposite center of eye metallic french-blue; hind crown, sides of neck, and back olive-green; lower back and rump lemon-yellow; a patch above ear-coverts metallic greenish blue; lores, cheeks, and jaw dull black; under parts rich lemon-yellow becoming much paler on lower abdomen, flanks, and crissum; a large scarlet patch on chest partly broken up by the yellow tips of the feathers; wing-quills blackish brown, externally edged with olive-green and on inner webs with white; secondary-coverts black, broadly tipped with rich metallic green; alula and primary-coverts black, narrowly edged or tipped with metallic green; upper tail-coverts and middle pair of rectrices rich metallic green, the other rectrices black, edged with metallic green; lining of wing white. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 23.5; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.

"Female.--Without any metallic colors; upper parts olive, inclining to ashy brown on the crown and sides of the head; tail dark brown, washed with olive, tipped with white; under wing-coverts and inner edge of quills white; rest of under parts dingy yellowish. Wing, 46; tail, 25; tarsus, 14." (Gadow.)

"Three male birds average: Length, 95; wing, 48; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Two females, length, 85; wing, 43; tail, 23; culmen, 21; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 12. Iris brownish red; legs, feet, and nails black; bill black. Birds from Basilan, however, have legs and feet brown. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Whitehead collected three slightly incubated eggs of this short-tailed sunbird near Paranas, Samar, on July 26, 1896. They are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color dull pink, rather thickly mottled all over with pinkish gray, especially towards the larger end, the markings forming a rather distinct zone round the pole. The over-markings are small rounded spots and dots of deep vandyke-brown. Measurements 15 mm. by 12 mm. Nest attached to the under side of a climbing fern about 8 feet [2.4 meters] from the ground." (Grant and Whitehead.)

662. EUDREPANIS JEFFERYI Grant.

LUZON SUNBIRD.

Eudrepanis jefferyi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn, Club (1894), 3, 1; Ibis (1895), 111, pl. 5, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 229 (nest, feeding habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Differs from the male of E. pulcherrima in having the outer webs of secondaries metallic green instead of olive-green and entire outer webs of primaries blackish brown with traces of metallic green. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 95; wing, 50; tail, 27; culmen from base, 20.5; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green, darker and browner on the crown; rump lemon-yellow; under parts pale yellowish; grayer on chin and throat; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish brown, tipped with dirty white, and narrowly edged with metallic green. Wing, 46; tail, 27; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

663. EUDREPANIS DECOROSA McGregor.

BOHOL SUNBIRD.

Eudrepanis decorosa McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 330.

Bohol (McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of E. jefferyi, but metallic color on secondaries and wing-coverts steel-blue instead of green; rump-patch and under parts pale sulphur-yellow; red on chest reduced to a few small spots. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 89; wing, 45; tail, 24; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. jefferyi, but the rump-patch sulphur-yellow. Wing, 44; tail, 22; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 13.

Genus CINNYRIS Cuvier, 1817.

Bill and head about equal in length; tail moderately long, nearly square, and extending beyond the folded wings; nasal opercles covered with short feathers. Males with chin, throat, and fore breast usually metallic colored, or at least of a different color from the lower breast and abdomen; females with no metallic colors and the under parts light yellow or green.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and fore breast black or metallic colored, very distinct from the color of lower breast and abdomen (males).

b1. Breast bright red.

c1. Mantle maroon-red ... sperata (p. 652) c2. Mantle velvety black ... henkei (p. 653)

b2. Breast and abdomen yellow, or orange and yellow.

c1. Metallic color on under surface confined to chin and middle of fore throat.

d1. Forehead metallic steel-green; crown and nape yellowish olive-green. ... flagrans (p. 654) d2. Forehead dark metallic purple; crown and nape dull red. ... guimarasensis (p. 655)

c2. Metallic color of under surface covering entire chin, throat, and fore breast.

d1. Tail not tipped with white; forehead and crown metallic green; mantle maroon-red; entire chin and throat metallic purple ... juliæ (p. 654) d2. Tail with a broad white tip; forehead and all the upper parts dull green; chin, throat, and fore breast metallic bluish black.

e1. Posterior under parts yellow with no orange next the black fore breast ... jugularis (p. 656) e2. Posterior under parts yellow with a large bright orange patch next the black fore breast ... aurora (p. 658)

a2. Chin, throat, and breast yellow or greenish, never metallic, and not very different in color from the abdomen (females). [89]

b1. Light tip of tail gray, about 6 mm. in length on outermost pair of rectrices; general color of under parts apple-green.

c1. Primaries and secondaries edged with dull orange-rufous. ... sperata (p. 652) henkei (p. 653) c2. Primaries, secondaries, and greater coverts edged with light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back ... juliæ (p. 654)

b2. Light tip of tail white, about 10 mm. in length on outermost pair of rectrices; general color of under parts gamboge-yellow. ... jugularis (p. 656) aurora (p. 658)

664. CINNYRIS SPERATA (Linnæus).

RED-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Certhia sperata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 186. Cinnyris speratus Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 4 (1877), 131, pl. 43. Cinnyris sperata Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 63; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Siete colores, Spanish name in general use.

Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Bartsch); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Held away from the light top of head and hind neck reddish bronze, lower back, rump, and tail-coverts metallic green and amethystine; held toward the light, head and neck change to bronze-green; back, rump, and tail-coverts change to steel-green; lores, cheeks, and ear-coverts dull black; mantle, sides of neck, and wing-coverts dark maroon-red; chin, throat, and chest metallic violet away from the light, changing to purple when held toward the light; breast poppy-red; abdomen, thighs, flanks, and crissum olive-green; the last washed with red in some specimens; wing-feathers blackish, edged with maroon, a small metallic colored patch at carpal joint; rectrices blackish, edged with metallic violet and green. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Masbate measures: Length, 102; wing, 50; tail, 29; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.

Female.--Above light olive-green; feathers of head edged with gray; below greenish yellow, brighter on abdomen, flanks, and crissum; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with dull orange-rufous on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices tipped with light gray. A female from Luzon, wing, 50; tail, 30; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 12.

"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 104; wing, 50; tail, 31; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13; culmen, 20. Ten females, culmen, 19; wing, 47; tail, 28; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black. Called by natives of Palawan 'sopra daraga.' Breeding in Palawan in December; in Siquijor in February; in Negros in January; and in Samar in April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

665. CINNYRIS HENKEI Meyer.

HENKE'S SUNBIRD.

Cinnyris henkei Meyer, Zeitschr. für Ges. Orn. (1884), 207, pl. 7. Cinnyris whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 2, 1; Ibis (1894), 514, pl. 14, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Leptocoma henkei Dubois, Syn. Av. (1902), 699.

Sa-uit sa-uit, Calayan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to C. sperata, but mantle, hind neck, and sides of neck dull black; quills and wing-coverts entirely black, except the metallic green lesser coverts; abdomen, thighs, and crissum black, washed with olive-green. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 535; tail, 32; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata. A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 52; tail, 31; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 14.5.

666. CINNYRIS JULIÆ (Tweeddale).

JULIA'S SUNBIRD.

Nectarophila juliæ Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 535; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, figs. 2 & 3. Cinnyris juliæ Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 7 & 8 (1878), 135, pl. 44; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Malanipa (Murray); Mindanao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Male.--Above similar to the male of C. sperata; chin, throat, and chest metallic amethystine; breast bright lemon-yellow to cadmium-yellow, lighter posteriorly and old birds with a patch of scarlet-vermilion in the center of the breast; abdomen and remainder of under parts dark olive-green mixed with yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 50; tail, 31; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 13.5.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. sperata, but wing-feathers edged with light claret-brown, this color extending faintly across the back; general color of under parts bright apple-green shading into yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 45; tail, 27; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 13.5.

"Nine males average: Length, 98; wing, 49; tail, 30; culmen, 19; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. A female measures, length, 98; wing, 47; tail, 28; culmen, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Green caterpillars were found in the stomach of one specimen." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

667. CINNYRIS FLAGRANS (Oustalet).

FLAMING SUNBIRD.

Æthopyga flagrans Oustalet, Jour. de l'Institut (1876), 108. Cinnyris flagrans Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 5 (1877), 147; pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl. 47, fig. 2; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 88; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Cinnyris excellens Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895). 4, 18; Ibis (1895), 255, 275.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Laglaise, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Forehead and chin metallic violet; upper tail-coverts metallic green; tail black, edged with metallic green and violet; the mantle, back, and outer edges of the dark brown wings olive-yellow; chin, sides of head, sides of neck, and fore neck black, this color extending likewise over the sides of the upper breast; no pectoral tufts; center of fore neck and chest bright orange-red, which color passes gradually into the pale yellow of the rest of the under parts. Culmen, 18; wing, 51; tail, 33; tarsus, 13." (Gadow.)

"Adult male.--The metallic patch of feathers on the forehead-is steel-green, and does not extend so far back; the rest of the crown and nape yellowish olive-green, shading into orange on the back; and the sides of the belly and flanks are olive-gray, pale yellowish in the middle, with a brilliant orange-red patch above. As in C. guimarasensis, the present species has the chin and upper part of the throat metallic purplish blue, and the chest and breast velvety black, divided up the middle by a brilliant orange-red band. Length, 102; wing, 48; tail, 30; tarsus, 14.

"A bird which appears to be a nearly adult female, though the sex was not ascertained, differs from the female of C. guimarasensis as described by Bourns and Worcester, Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), I, no. 1, 55, in the following points: The head and nape are dull olive-green, shading into brighter olive-green (instead of brownish) on the rest of the upper parts; the sides of the face are dull olive (not dark ashy gray); the throat and chest gray slightly washed with yellow, rather more marked on the chin, and the rest of the under parts are pale yellowish olive, with no trace of the orange-yellow on the breast as described in the female of C. guimarasensis." (Grant.)

Specimens of the flaming sunbird collected by Whitehead were inadvertently described by Grant as new under the name Cinnyris excellens. Grant's descriptions are included here to supplement that by Gadow. I have not seen the species.

668. CINNYRIS GUIMARASENSIS Steere.

GUIMARAS SUNBIRD.

Cinnyris guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 22; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 55 (female); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Keay, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Forehead and crown metallic green with violet reflections; hind head, neck, and upper part of mantle dark blood-red; back olive-yellow; chin violet; cheeks, sides of neck, and throat velvety black; breast rich orange separated from the black of the throat by a sulphur-yellow band; a central stripe on the throat, partly concealed, of rich vermilion; flanks and abdomen pale yellow. Length, 89; wing, 48." (Steere.)

"Adult female.--Head and nape light olive-green, becoming browner on back, wing-coverts, and outer webs of secondaries; upper tail-coverts like back; tail black, webs of central pair of feathers washed with same color as back; sides of face dark ashy gray, edges of feathers darker than centers; chin light yellow; entire throat gray, faintly washed with yellow; entire breast bright orange-yellow paler on flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner webs of quills pure white." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"The length of our specimens was not taken in the flesh. Average from six males: Wing, 48; tail, 31; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 44; tail, 28; culmen, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13. Bill, iris, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

669. CINNYRIS JUGULARIS (Linnæus).

YELLOW-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Certhia jugularis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 185. Cinnyris jugularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 151, pt. 6 (1878), pl. 48; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 84; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99. Cinnyris obscurior Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1; (1895), 451. Cyrtostomus dinagatensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 5. Cyrtostomus jugularis mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 443. [90] Cyrtostomus jugularis woodi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 444. [91]

Tam-si, Bohol; pú-si-u, Ticao and Masbate; pi-pít pú-go, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Male.--Above olive-green, brightest on the rump; chin, throat, and chest glossy blue-black washed with dark aster-purple; remainder of under parts gamboge-yellow, darkest next to the black chest-patch; wing-feathers dark brown, outer webs edged with olive-green, inner webs edged with white; rectrices black, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. Bill, legs, and nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 55; tail, 38; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Above similar to the male; below gamboge- or lemon-yellow, whitish on the chin, and with obscure dusky mottlings on the throat, brightest yellow on middle of breast and abdomen. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 33; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

The young male resembles the female and from this plumage gradually acquires the black throat and chest. In many specimens (very old males?) there is more or less orange next to the black chest, while the forehead and a small area above the eye often develop a few metallic blue feathers.

"This sunbird shows great variability in the color of the breast, some specimens having an amount of orange approximating, but never quite equaling, that displayed by C. aurora. Ten males average: Length, 119; wing, 56; tail, 40; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Ten females, length, 114; wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen, 20; middle toe with claw, 14; tarsus, 14. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black; iris very dark brown. Breeds in February and March." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three eggs of the yellow-breasted sunbird from Marinduque, May 17, 1888, collected by Steere, are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color whitish partially obscured by the mottled gray under markings, which cover the greater part of the shell; over markings pale brown, with a few spots and irregular marks of a deep brown. Measurements 16 mm. by 12 mm.

"The nest is a neatly woven pocket-shaped structure, with a roofed entrance at the side. It is composed of fiber, dead grasses, and other forest débris bound together with spiders' webs and lined with cotton and fine grass." (Grant and Whitehead.)

670. CINNYRIS AURORA (Tweeddale).

ORANGE-BREASTED SUNBIRD.

Cyrtostomus aurora Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 620. Cinnyris aurora Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 149, pts. 11 & 12 (1880), pl.; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 99.

A-ru-ma-sít, Cuyo; da-gu-man', Cagayancillo.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp.); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Very similar to the male of C. jugularis, but distinguished by a patch or broad band of orpiment-orange next to the black chest. A male from Cuyo measures: Wing, 55; tail, 37; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the female of C. jugularis. A female from Siquijor measures: Wing, 50; tail, 34; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

The young male gradually acquires the black chin and throat in the manner of C. jugularis and develops the orange patch at the same time.

"Ten males average: Length, 120; wing, 55; tail, 39; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 109; wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen, 22; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in December in Palawan and in February in Culion. Called by natives of Palawan 'chee-wit'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ANTHREPTES Swainson, 1831.

Bill as long as head, slightly curved, and stouter than in the other Philippine genera of this family; nasal opercles without feathers; tail nearly square. Male with upper parts, sides of neck, and a line along each side of throat metallic colored; under parts without metallic feathers; female with shorter bill than the male and without metallic colors.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat liver-brown.

b1. Larger; wing, 71 mm.; culmen from base, 20 ... chlorigaster (p. 659) b2. Smaller; wing, about 68 mm.; culmen from base, 18.

c1. Breast brighter yellow and general coloration brighter.

d1. Larger.

e1. Bill larger; under parts greener; sides of head less reddish. ... wiglesworthi (p. 660) e2. Bill smaller; under parts yellower; sides of head more reddish. ... cagayanensis (p. 660)

d2. Smaller ... malaccensis (p. 659)

c2. Breast more greenish yellow; general coloration duller; pectoral tufts bright yellow ... rhodolæma (p. 661)

a2. Chin and throat light gray ... griseigularis (p. 661)

671. ANTHREPTES CHLORIGASTER Sharpe.

GREEN-BELLIED SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes chlorigaster Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 342; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part).

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Crown, mantle, and sides of neck metallic green changing to amethystine; back, rump, tail-coverts, and lesser wing-coverts metallic violet-blue; chin and throat liver-brown, bordered on each side by a narrow line of metallic green and violet-blue; remainder of under parts greenish yellow brightest in the middle of breast and abdomen; pectoral tufts lemon-yellow; wings blackish; primaries and secondaries edged with olive-green; alula and greater and median coverts burnt sienna; rectrices black, edged with metallic green which changes to amethystine. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 71; tail, 46; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 18. A male from Sibuyan, wing, 71; tail, 50; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 19.

Female.--Above tea-green; below apple-green; center of breast and abdomen yellower; wings and tail dark brown, the feathers edged with dull golden olive. Bill shorter than in the male. A female from Basilan, wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 18.

"Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 129; wing, 69; tail, 45; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 26. Nine females, length, 127; wing, 66; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris brownish red; legs and feet brownish to yellowish olive; nails black; bill dark brown to black. Food, in three cases, seeds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

672. ANTHREPTES MALACCENSIS (Scopoli).

BROWN-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Certhia malaccensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 91. Anthreptes malaccensis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878), 315, pl. 101, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part); Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 344, fig. 98 (bill enlarged).

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (McGregor & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Sibutu (Everett); Sitanki (Bartsch). Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, Siam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Flores.

Male.--Very similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but smaller and with the breast and abdomen bright yellow. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 68; tail, 48; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the female of A. chlorigaster but smaller. A female from Palawan, wing, 62; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 15.

"Ten males from Palawan average: Length, 131; wing, 66; tail, 47; culmen, 21; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Ten females, length, 123; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 20; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

673. ANTHREPTES WIGLESWORTHI (Hartert).

WIGLESWORTH'S SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes malaccensis wiglesworthi Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1902), 9, 209. [92] Anthreptes wiglesworthi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Bongao (Everett); Pangamian (Bartsch); Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tawi Tawi (Everett).

Hartert does not give a full description of this bird, but states that the sides of the head are almost as red as with A. rhodolæma and that the under side is like A. chlorigaster. I have not seen specimens of Anthreptes from any of the Sulu group of islands.

674. ANTHREPTES CAGAYANENSIS Mearns.

CAGAYAN SULU SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes cagayanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 6; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 445; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Tal-lu-gus-lú-gus, Moros of Cagayan Sulu.

Cagayan Sulu (Mearns).

"This is a slight insular form, most closely related to Anthreptes wiglesworthi (Hartert), from Sulu, P. I., from which it differs in being decidedly yellower below; the sides of the head are more reddish; the greater wing-coverts are narrowly edged with olive instead of broadly with ferruginous; and the bill is smaller. Iris hazel; bill all black; feet greenish olive, with under side of toes yellow." (Mearns.)

"Characters of adult female * * *. Differs from females of Anthreptes griseigularis in the absence of the grayish white chin and throat; from A. chlorogaster in the yellower coloration of the middle under parts and greener upper parts; and from A. malaccensis only in the greater contrast of the canary-yellow of the middle under parts with the green color of the flanks, which in A. cagayanensis are pale oil-green, and in A. malaccensis olive-yellow. I have no female of A. wiglesworthi for comparison. Wing, 65; tail, 47; culmen (chord), 15.5; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 15.8." (Mearns.)

675. ANTHREPTES RHODOLÆMA Shelley.

RUFOUS-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Anthreptes rhodolæma Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 6 (1878), 313, pts. 7 & 8, pl. 101, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes malaccensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 122 (part).

Palawan (Everett). Borneo.

"Two males from Borneo have the whole breast olive-yellow like the abdomen and flanks; the pectoral tufts are bright yellow, and therefore very conspicuous; under wing-coverts pale buff, edged with yellow; median wing-coverts, scapulars, sides of head, and ear-coverts very deep maroon-red." (Gadow.)

676. ANTHREPTES GRISEIGULARIS Tweeddale.

GRAY-THROATED SUNBIRD.

Anthothreptus griseigularis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 830. Anthreptes griseigularis Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 323, pl. 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100. Anthothreptes griseigularis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 126; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231.

Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Sakuijok (Everett); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Similar to the male of A. chlorigaster, but chin and throat light gray (gray 6 to gray 10 of Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors); breast and abdomen much paler than in A. chlorigaster; pectoral tufts pale lemon-yellow. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 127; wing, 68; tail, 41; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 17. A male from Mindanao, wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 16.5.

Female.--Green like the female of A. chlorigaster but paler. A female from Luzon, wing, 59; tail, 35; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 15.

Subfamily ARACHNOTHERINÆ.

Genus ARACHNOTHERA Temminck, 1826.

Bill twice as long as head and much curved; nasal opercles unfeathered; wing moderate in length; first primary equal to about one-half the second; tail nearly square. Colors olive-green, gray, and yellow, no metallic feathers. Members of this genus are easily recognized by their very long bills.

Species.

a1. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region feathered.

b1. Smaller; exposed culmen, about 30 mm.; crissum lemon-yellow. ... flammifera (p. 662) b2. Larger; exposed culmen, about 35 mm.; crissum pale gray. ... dilutior (p. 663)

a2. Forehead, cheeks, ear-coverts, and gape-region naked. ... philippinensis (p. 663)

677. ARACHNOTHERA FLAMMIFERA Tweeddale.

FLAME-TUFTED SPIDER HUNTER.

Arachnothera flammifera Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 343; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pts. 9 & 10 (1879), 361, pl. 115; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 104; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Above olive-green, the bases of the crown-feathers dark brown; chin, throat, and breast light gray, washed with pale olive-green; abdomen, flanks, and crissum bright lemon-yellow; thighs gray, washed with yellow; a small tuft of feathers on each side of breast cadmium-yellow; wing-feathers blackish brown edged with olive-green; rectrices blackish, edged with olive-green and, except the middle pair, tipped with white and gray; axillars and wing-lining slightly washed with pale yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 152; wing, 64; tail, 43; culmen from base, 35; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Slightly smaller than the male and without the yellow pectoral tufts. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 59; tail, 38; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 26; tarsus, 15.

"Four males average: Length, 141; wing, 62; tail, 45; culmen, 34; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 148; wing, 62; tail, 41; culmen, 41; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet slate-blue; upper mandible black, lower black at tip, gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

678. ARACHNOTHERA DILUTIOR Sharpe.

PALE SPIDER HUNTER.

Arachnothera dilutior Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Shelley, Monogr. Nectarin. pt. 3 (1877), 363, pl. 116; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 105; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Crown olive-brown; ear-coverts leaden gray; remainder of upper parts olive-green; chin, throat, and chest light gray; lower breast, sides, and abdomen pale green; crissum very pale gray; pectoral tufts chrome-yellow; wings and tail blackish brown, the feathers edged with olive-green. A male measures: Wing, 70; tail, 48; culmen from base, 37; bill from nostril, 31; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 63; tail, 44; culmen from base, 33; bill from nostril, 28; tarsus, 17.

In this species the yellow pectoral tufts are present in both sexes and are of a lighter yellow than in the male of A. flammifera.

"Ten males average: Length, 165; wing, 69; tail, 48; culmen 40; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. Ten females, length, 144; wing, 61; tail, 42; culmen, 35; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris brown, legs, feet, and nails slaty blue; bill black except base of lower mandible, which is gray. Food spiders and insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

679. ARACHNOTHERA PHILIPPINENSIS (Steere).

NAKED-FACED SPIDER HUNTER.

Philemon philippinensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 21. Arachnothera claræ Platen, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 148. Arachnothera philippinensis Grant, Ibis (1897), 237; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Platen); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Adult female.--Above olive-green; wings brown, edged with olive-yellow; under surface ashy olive, washed with olive-green; forehead, space about gape, in front of eye, and ear-coverts bare. Length, 168; wing, 81; tail, 46; culmen, 39." (Steere.) "Iris and bill black; feet pinkish brown; gape brilliant white; bare skin on face pinkish yellow." (Whitehead.)

Grant states that the plumage is identical in the two sexes of this species.

Family MOTACILLIDÆ.

Bill slender and nearly straight, a small notch near the subacute tip; nostrils oval and exposed; rictal bristles inconspicuous with but two or three of moderate length; true first (outermost) primary wanting; first, second, and third primaries nearly equal and longest; inner secondaries (tertials) very long, not much shorter than primaries. Tail variable in length, but nearly square at the tip.

Genera.

a1. Plumage not streaked; under parts white with, or without, black on throat and chest; tail longer and extending far beyond the toes.

b1. Claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself.

c1. Tail longer than wing; upper parts ashy gray ... Motacilla (p. 664) c2. Tail a little shorter than wing; upper parts with an olivaceous wash. ... Dendronanthus (p. 668)

b2. Claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself; tail nearly as long as wing; under parts mostly yellow ... Budytes (p. 666)

a2. Plumage streaked with blackish brown both above and below; tail much shorter than the longest secondaries ... Anthus (p. 669)

Genus MOTACILLA Linnæus, 1758.

Tail decidedly longer than wing; rectrices slender, two outermost pairs nearly all white; claw of hind toe not longer than the toe itself. Plumage of upper parts largely gray; under parts black and white, or black and yellow, never streaked.

Species.

a1. Under parts nearly all white; chest and throat more or less black. ... ocularis (p. 664) a2. Under parts nearly all yellow; chin and throat black in summer. ... melanope (p. 665)

680. MOTACILLA OCULARIS Swinhoe.

STREAK-EYED WAGTAIL.

Motacilla ocularis Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 55; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 471, pl. 4, figs. 5 & 6; Oates, Fauna Brit. India Birds (1890), 2, 289; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (migration in northern Luzon); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 100.

Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Palawan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, White). Aleutian Islands?, northeastern Siberia, Kamchatka, China; Burma in winter; accidental in Lower California.

Adult summer plumage.--"In normal full summer plumage the forehead, anterior part of crown, a broad supercilium, cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of the neck white; remainder of crown and nape, a streak from the lores through the eye and over the ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast black; remainder of lower plumage white, shaded with gray on the flanks; upper plumage gray, turning to black on the upper tail-coverts; lesser wing-coverts gray; median coverts dark brown, broadly tipped with white; greater coverts with the outer webs and a considerable portion of the inner white; quills dark brown, edged with white, the later secondaries very broadly so; the two outer pairs of tail-feathers nearly entirely white, the others black." (Oates.)

Winter plumage.--A female, taken in Calayan Island in October, 1903, resembles the adult in summer as described above, but the chin and middle of throat are white, the black patch of the chest being crescentic in shape with its horns extending up the sides of the throat. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 200; wing, 90; tail, 92; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.

Young.-- A female from Lubang Island, taken in November, 1902, differs from the preceding specimen in having the entire top of head and back drab-gray instead of black and ashy gray; the dark line through eye drab-gray like the crown; the white forehead and supercilium but faintly indicated by the white bases of the feathers.

The streak-eyed wagtail is of somewhat rare occurrence in the Philippine Islands; it is easily distinguished by its black and white under parts.

"A small flock of M. ocularis was observed in Palawan in December, 1891, and two specimens were obtained. They are both young birds in first winter plumage. A male measures: Length, 178; wing, 90; tail, 97; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20. A female, length, 159; wing, 77; tail, 72; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 20." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

681. MOTACILLA MELANOPE Pallas.

GRAY WAGTAIL.

Motacilla melanope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 696; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 497; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 207; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101.

Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Anthus rufulus also; a-na-noc-yod, Siquijor; ba-ti-cu-lo, Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, McGregor), Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Steere Exp., Mearns); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Europe and Siberia; in winter to India, Burmese countries, Malay Peninsula and Indo-Malay islands.

Male (Mindoro, May, 1905).--Above ashy gray, with a slight olivaceous wash on back; rump and tail-coverts bright greenish yellow; lores black; line from nostril over lores, eye, and ear-coverts to nape white; side of head ashy gray; a line from base of lower mandible along side of throat white; chin and throat black, the feathers fringed with white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, paler on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown; secondaries with a white spot on outer web, partly concealed by the greater coverts; tertials blacker than primaries and with inner webs largely white and outer webs margined with white or pale yellow; outermost pair of rectrices entirely pure white, next two pairs white with part of the outer web black, remaining rectrices black with a fringe of greenish yellow on outer webs. Length, 190; wing, 80; tail, 87; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 20.

In winter plumage the chin and throat are white, more or less spotted with black; or else, the entire under parts are white mixed with yellow, except the tail-coverts which seem to remain entirely white. The latter plumage appears to be that of the young. The sexes are similar in colors, but the breeding plumage of the female is said to be paler than that of the male with less black on the throat.

"The gray wagtail is common and a source of constant irritation when one is hunting the little forest kingfishers along small fresh-water streams. M. melanope feeds among the pebbles and is always flying up when least wanted, alarming the more valuable birds. Three males average: Length, 185; wing, 80; tail, 92; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 189; wing, 81; tail, 96; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus BUDYTES Cuvier, 1817.

This genus differs from Motacilla in having the tail shorter than the wing and the claw of hind toe much longer than the toe itself. The under parts are yellow in summer plumage, white in winter, and rarely without traces of yellow.

682. BUDYTES LEUCOSTRIATUS Homeyer. [93]

SIBERIAN YELLOW WAGTAIL.

Budytes leucostriatus Homeyer, Jour. für Orn. (1878), 128; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101. Motacilia flava Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 516, pl. 6, figs. 3 to 6 (part); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (migration).

Du-uad, Batan.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Eastern Siberia and Kamchatka; eastern China and the Moluccas in winter.

Male in spring plumage (Manila, April, 1904).--Above olive-yellow; tail-coverts brown edged with olive-yellow; top of head and nape cinereous, the ear-coverts a little darker; lores and space under eye blackish; a wide line from nostril over eye to nape white; sides of neck and of chest olive-yellow; chin white; remainder of under parts canary-yellow, or light lemon-yellow, with some obscure dusky spots on chest, crissum palest; thighs ashy gray; wings dark seal-brown, many of the feathers edged with yellowish or buffy white; tips of greater and median coverts forming bars; two outermost pairs of rectrices nearly all white, the others seal-brown with narrow olivaceous edges. Length, 165; wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 25.

The female is duller in color; the upper parts browner and the under parts paler yellow. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 74; tail, 70; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 25.

Winter plumage.--Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines have the crown, sides of head, and upper parts dull brown, sepia to hair-brown, at times with traces of olive-yellow on the back; the long white supercilium is always present; the under parts are mostly white, chest more or less dusky and with spots or irregular patches of yellow.

"Much less common than M. melanope. Three males average: Length, 169; wing, 80; tail, 76; culmen, 17; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20.5. A female measures, length, 165; wing, 77; tail, 73; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 21.5. Legs, feet, and nails dark brown to black; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

At times I have found large flocks of this yellow wagtail in the vicinity of Manila, but it is usually less abundant than the gray wagtail.

Genus DENDRONANTHUS Blyth, 1844. [94]

The only member of this genus is not greatly different from the Motacillæ, but the tail is slightly shorter than the wing, being intermediate in length between the tertials and primaries; the claw of hind-toe is short as in Motacilla; under parts white with a black band across the chest; upper parts with an olivaceous wash; wing-feathers blackish brown; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two conspicuous wing-bars; primaries and secondaries with white spots on outer webs, forming two more bars. Of this genus Oates says: "The structure of the tail in this genus is peculiar, inasmuch as the middle pair of feathers is very markedly shorter than the others and of a different color."

683. DENDRONANTHUS INDICUS (Gmelin).

FOREST WAGTAIL.

Motacilla indica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 962. Limonidromus indicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 532; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 300, fig. 82 (head). Limondromus indicus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101 (error).

Balabac (Everett); Calayan (McGregor). Eastern Siberia, northern China, Indian Peninsula; in winter to Ceylon, Andaman Islands, Burmese countries, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, and Java.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above olive-brown; tail-coverts blackish brown; line from base of bill over eyes to nape whitish; line through eye brown; cheeks and ear-coverts whitish; under parts white, breast tinged with yellow; a broad crescentic band across chest black; behind this indications of another band which is broken in the middle; sides, flanks, and thighs washed with drab-gray; wing-feathers mostly blackish brown, their tips olive-gray; lesser and median coverts with wide yellowish white tips, forming two bars; outer webs of primaries and secondaries with yellowish white spots, forming two shorter bars; two outer pairs of rectrices extensively white; next pair tipped with white; central pair olive-gray; the others blackish brown.

The measurements of the male, as given by Sharpe and changed to millimeters, follow: Length, 168; wing, 79; tail, 72; culmen, 14; tarsus, 22. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 78; tail, 71; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22.

The forest wagtail is the rarest representative of its family in the Philippines, only two specimens having been taken here. It may be recognized at once by the two white wing-bars.

Genus ANTHUS Bechstein, 1807.

Tail shorter than the tertials; hind-toe usually shorter than its claw. Plumage various shades of brown, streaked and spotted with black and dark brown, never extensively yellow, black, nor pure white.

Species.

a1. Hind toe and its claw about equal in length; upper plumage washed with olivaceous, the dark shaft-streaks poorly defined; breast and sides heavily spotted and streaked with blackish brown. ... hodgsoni (p. 669) a2. Hind toe decidedly shorter than its claw; upper parts with heavy streaks of blackish brown, the margins of the feathers various shades of buff, ocherous, and rusty brown, but not washed with olivaceous.

b1. Dark streaks of under parts few and narrow; sides of body uniform in color or with obsolete dusky streaks.

c1. Tail much longer, about 85 mm.; wing, 90 or more; tarsus, 30 to 33. ... richardi [95] (p. 670) c2. Tail much shorter, about 65 mm.; wing, about 75; tarsus, 28. ... rufulus (p. 671)

b2. Dark streaks of under parts numerous and heavy on breast, and extending over sides of abdomen and breast.

c1. Dark streaks on breast broader and more numerous; some of the interscapulars with whitish margins forming a conspicuous light streak on each side of back. ... gustavi (p. 672) c2. Dark streaks on breast, in the adult at least, narrower and less numerous; upper parts less boldly streaked, and the light edges of interscapulars less conspicuous; chin and throat buff in the young, vinaceous-cinnamon or dark ochraceous in the adult ... cervinus (p. 673)

684. ANTHUS HODGSONI Richmond.

SPOTTED TREE PIPIT.

Anthus maculatus (not Motacilla maculata Gmelin) Hodgson, in Gray's Zool. Miscl. (1844), 83; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 547; Hume, Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 209; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 101. Anthus hodgsoni Richmond, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash. (1907), no. 54, 493.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Palawan (Everett). Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, Indo-Burmese countries, Liu Kiu Islands, and the Indian Peninsula.

Adult in fresh plumage.--Above dark olive-green; top of head streaked with blackish brown; feathers of back with blackish shaft-lines, much less conspicuous than in A. gustavi or A. rufulus; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts uniform olive-green; side of forehead and supercilium buff, forming a line which becomes white over ear-coverts; lores blackish; subocular region and ear-coverts buff, mottled with dark brown; chin, throat, and chest pale buff, separated from the buff jaw by a blackish malar line; lower breast, abdomen, and crissum white; flanks and thighs dark buff; breast, sides, and flanks marked with large black spots, which are triangular on chest, and elongate on sides and flanks; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive; tips of median and greater coverts buffy, forming two bars; rectrices blackish, two or three outer pairs tipped with white. In summer the plumage has become much worn and the dark markings are more conspicuous. A male taken in Luzon in November measures: Length, 152; wing, 84; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 15. A female in worn plumage from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 80; tail, 57; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 17. The diagnostic characters of this species are the olivaceous upper parts, the large triangular spots on the breast, and the short claw of the hind toe.

685. ANTHUS RICHARDI Vieillot.

RICHARD'S PIPIT.

Anthus richardi Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 491; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 564 (figure of foot); Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 307, fig. 85 (foot); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Balabac (Everett). Central and eastern Asia and India; in winter to southern China, Burmese countries, Ceylon, western and southern Europe; occasional in the British Islands.

Adult.--"Upper plumage fulvous-brown, the feathers centered with blackish, the rump more uniform; wings dark brown margined with fulvous; tail dark brown with pale margins, the outermost feather almost entirely white, the penultimate with an oblique portion of the inner web, about an inch and a half [38 mm.] in length, also white; supercilium and lower plumage pale fulvous, the sides of the throat and fore neck and the whole breast streaked with dark brown; sides of the body darker fulvous, with a few indistinct streaks. Bill brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible; mouth yellow; iris brown, legs flesh-color, the claws darker. Length, about 190; tail, 86; wing, 94; tarsus, 30; bill from gape, 22; hind claw, about 20." (Oates.)

686. ANTHUS RUFULUS Vieillot.

INDIAN PIPIT.

Anthus rufulus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d'Hist. Nat. (1818), 26, 494; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 574; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 213; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102. Corydalla lugubris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 547.

Tam-ba-yuc-yuc, Ticao, used for Motacilla melanope also; a-la-lac-sing, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Celestino, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Africa, Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries, India, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult in fresh plumage.--Above sandy buff, nearly uniform on rump and tail-coverts; upper back and top of head with dark brown shaft-lines producing, on the head at least, a decidedly streaked appearance; lores blackish; supercilium, from bill to nape, light buff; subocular space buff, bounded below by a line of dark brown; malar line dark brown; ear-coverts sandy buff; under parts cream-buff; sides and flanks sandy buff; an ill-defined band across chest sandy buff, the feathers with narrow, mesial, blackish streaks; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, more or less widely edged and tipped with various shades of buff; two outer pairs of rectrices largely white. A female from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 80; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 28; hind toe with claw, 24. A female from Lubang measures: Wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 27; hind toe with claw, 22.

As the plumage becomes worn the supercilium, subocular region, and under parts fade to white, and the pectoral band fades to light buff.

This species is said to resemble A. richardi except in being smaller; it is easily distinguished from any of the other pipits found in the Philippines by the scantily streaked chest and by the uniformly colored sides and flanks. Furthermore it is the most common species, outnumbering, in individuals, all the other species combined.

"Enormously abundant in the open fields; it is resident throughout the year and breeds. Four males average: Length, 167; wing, 80; tail, 65; culmen, 18; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dirty yellow, nails darker; upper mandible dark brown to black, under mandible light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

687. ANTHUS GUSTAVI Swinhoe.

PETCHORA PIPIT.

Anthus gustavi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 90; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 613; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Othberg, Heriot, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Siberia, Kamtchatka, Commander Islands, Celebes; in winter to Borneo and the Molucca Islands; China during migration.

Adult.--Top of head, neck, and back tawny buff, each feather with a wide mesial streak of blackish brown; on each side of mantle a series of feathers each having either the inner or outer web buffy white, forming on each side a conspicuous, but not well-defined, whitish stripe; rump and tail-coverts darker than back, near raw-umber, with narrower blackish shaft-streaks; supercilium light buff, but not forming a well-defined line; ear-coverts tawny; malar stripe buff, bounded below by a narrow blackish line; under parts white with a wash of buff across the chest and with bold blackish streaks on breast, sides, and flanks; wing-feathers blackish brown, edged with dark buff; median and greater coverts tipped with white, forming two wing-bars; rectrices blackish brown, the two outer pairs with considerable white on the inner webs. A male from Calayan Island measures: Wing, 85; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from northern Mindanao, wing, 80; tail, 56; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20.

Young birds differ from the adults in having the chin and throat spotted with blackish brown.

The diagnostic characters of Anthus gustavi are the heavy streaks on breast and sides, and the whitish streaks on the sides of the back.

The Petchora pipit is usually found skulking on the ground in forest; it is never seen in flocks.

688. ANTHUS CERVINUS (Pallas).

RED-THROATED PIPIT.

Motacilla cervina Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. (1811), 1, 511. Anthus cervinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 585; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 102.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Everett, Celestino); Alaska, Kurile Islands, Asia, Europe, England; in winter to China and Indo-Burmese countries, Persia and northwestern India, Formosa, Hainan, and northern Africa, accidental in Lower California.

Adult.--Above sandy gray, somewhat similar to A. gustavi, but lighter and grayer without the whitish streaks on the sides of the back; head streaked with dark brown; feathers of back and rump with broad mesial streaks of blackish brown; long and broad superciliary stripe, lores, ear-coverts, suborbital region, chin, throat, and chest vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-buff; remainder of under parts light buff; sides, flanks, and, in many specimens, the breast, streaked with blackish brown; wings and tail dark brown, most of the feathers with white or sandy buff edges; greater and median coverts with whitish tips forming two bars; two outer pairs of rectrices with wide white tips.

A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 22; hind toe with claw, 20. A female from the same locality, wing, 79; tail, 56; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 20.

Immature birds have less vinaceous color about the head and more black stripes on the chest; still younger birds have lores, supercilium, malar region, chin, and throat buff with no trace of vinaceous, and the sides of throat are thickly spotted with blackish brown. This last plumage resembles some plumages of A. gustavi, but the latter species seems always to have a larger bill and distinct white or pale buff lines on the sides of the back.

The red-throated pipit in adult summer plumage is a very handsome species. It is found in the Philippine Islands in winter only and then but rarely.

Family ALAUDIDÆ.

Bill stout, first primary very short; tertials shorter, or but little longer, than secondaries; tail moderate in length; two outer rectrices partly white as in Anthus; tarsus scutellate both in front and behind; claw of hind toe longer than the toe itself; upper plumage brown and the breast streaked.

Genera.

a1. Bill more slender; first primary minute, shorter than primary-coverts; claw of hind toe more than one-half the length of tarsus. ... Alauda (p. 674) a2. Bill much stouter; first primary longer than the primary-coverts; claw of hind toe not more than one-half the length of tarsus. ... Mirafra (p. 675)

Genus ALAUDA Linnæus, 1758.

Bill similar to that of Anthus, but stouter and blunter; nostrils protected by short feathers and several hairs; rictal bristles few and short; first primary shorter than primary-coverts; second primary nearly as long as third, which is equal to fourth; tertials slightly longer than secondaries; claw of hallux slender, nearly straight, and equal to more than two-thirds the length of tarsus.

689. ALAUDA WATTERSI Swinhoe.

FORMOSAN SKYLARK.

Alauda wattersi Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1871), 389; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103. Alauda gulgula Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 575 (part); Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 243 (nest).

Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Luzon (Möllendorff, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Sibuyan (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor). Formosa and the Pescadores.

Adult.--Upper parts blackish brown, streaked with ochraceous-buff; lores and superciliary stripe from bill to nape pale buff or whitish; ear-coverts dusky; malar region and sides of throat marked with small blackish spots; under parts white; chest buff with short blackish shaft-lines; sides and flanks buff, the latter obscurely streaked with dark brown; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown, edged with cream-buff or ruddy buff; outermost pair of rectrices entirely white; the next pair with their outer webs white.

In freshly molted individuals the feathers of upper parts are rounded at the ends and fringed with white, producing a squamate appearance, which disappears as the plumage becomes worn; feathers of occiput somewhat lengthened forming a crest, and the feathers of sides of nape forming short ear-tufts.

A male in fresh plumage measures: Length, 150; wing, 85; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; depth of bill at nostril, 5; tarsus, 23; hind toe with claw, 24. A female in worn plumage measures: Wing, 81; tail, 48; culmen from base, 13; depth of bill at nostril, 5; tarsus, 23; hind toe with claw, 22.

This species is very similar to the European skylark from which it is distinguished by its much smaller size.

Three eggs of the Formosan skylark from Isabela Province, Luzon, collected by Whitehead on May 25, 1894, are thus described:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale greenish white, variously mottled and spotted with pale french-gray under-markings and brown upper-markings. In one egg the markings are chiefly concentrated into a zone round the middle of the shell; in the other two they are pretty equally scattered over the whole shell. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm."

A set of two eggs is "Much like the above and equally spotted all over, but the over-markings are of a more yellowish brown. Measurements 22 mm. by 15 mm.

"This lark was nesting in an open bit of country thinly covered with tufts of grass, beneath which the nests were concealed. Fully fledged young birds of this species were also observed on the same date." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus MIRAFRA Horsfield, 1821.

Bill very stout, almost finch-like, its depth at nostril almost as great as its length from nostril and equal to about two-thirds of the hind claw; nostrils exposed; rictal bristles short; tertials shorter than secondaries; first primary equal to one-third of the second, the latter about equal to the third, fourth, and fifth; hallux slightly shorter than its claw.

690. MIRAFRA PHILIPPINENSIS Ramsay.

PHILIPPINE BUSH LARK.

Mirafra philippinensis Ramsay, Ibis (1886), 160; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 605; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 243; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.

Luzon (Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., McGregor, Whitehead); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (McGregor).

Adult.--Upper parts blackish brown, streaked with ochraceous-buff; superciliary line from bill to nape dark buff; cheeks and ear-coverts buff, speckled with black; chin and throat cream-buff; remainder of under parts dull ochraceous-buff, darker across the chest which is marked with small dusky spots; wing-feathers dark brown; quills ochraceous-buff on inner webs; primaries and their coverts edged with rusty buff on outer webs; secondaries and coverts edged with ochraceous-buff on outer webs; tertials edged with buff on both webs; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs and most of the inner webs white; next pair with outer webs white half way to the shaft. Iris light brown; bill horn-color, lighter on lower mandible; feet and nails light flesh-color. A male from Luzon measures: Length, 140; wing, 70; tail, 46; culmen from base, 12; depth of bill at nostril, 65; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 16. A female, wing, 68; tail, 42; culmen from base, 12; depth of bill at nostril, 6; tarsus, 21; hind toe with claw, 15.

In young birds in fresh plumage the feathers of the back are rounded at the tips and fringed with ochraceous-buff, and the spots on the chest are larger.

The Philippine bush lark is very abundant in the vicinity of Manila and great numbers have been noted in the markets in baskets with the equally common Formosan skylark.

Family FRINGILLIDÆ.

Bill conical (except in Loxia where the mandibles are crossed); commissure, or cutting edges of bill, angulated; [96] nostrils basal and near the culmen, often hidden by antrorse feathers; rictal bristles moderate in length; wings well developed with only nine primaries; rectrices twelve, tail square or slightly forked; tarsus scutellate in front, covered on each side by a single plate, and with a sharp ridge behind.

Genera.

a1. Mandibles falcate; the tips crossed ... Loxia (p. 676) a2. Mandibles not falcate; the tips not crossed; culmen and gonys straight or but little curved.

b1. Bill blunt and very stout, its width at nostril equal to bill from nostril. ... Pyrrhula (p. 677) b2. Bill sharp and slender, or only moderately stout, its width at nostril much less than bill from nostril.

c1. Culmen and gonys gently curved; tail nearly square; top of head liver-brown; a large black patch on chin and throat; no yellow in the plumage ... Passer (p. 680) c2. Culmen and gonys nearly straight; tail slightly forked; plumage more or less yellow.

d1. Gonys relatively long, being about twice as long as its ramus.

e1. Larger; culmen flat; bill but slightly compressed even at the tip; chest orange-rufous ... Fringilla (p. 679) e2. Smaller; culmen with a slight ridge; terminal half of bill abruptly and greatly compressed; tip acute; chest lemon-yellow. ... Spinus (p. 681)

d2. Gonys relatively short, being less than twice as long as its ramus. ... Emberiza (p. 682)

Genus LOXIA Linnæus, 1758.

Bill compressed, the tips crossed; both culmen and gonys strongly curved; wings covering about half the tail. Adult male almost entirely red, adult female partly yellow, and young of both sexes heavily streaked.

691. LOXIA LUZONIENSIS Grant.

PHILIPPINE CROSSBILL.

Loxia luzoniensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 51; Ibis (1894), 516; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 239 (nesting habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.

Cu-di-li-guit, Benguet Igorot.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor).

Adult male.--Head and body geranium-red, clearest and brightest on rump, tail-coverts, and under parts, more pinkish on throat, paler on abdomen; lores, malar stripe, and ear-coverts dusky; feathers of back and wing-coverts with dusky bases; thighs drab-gray; under tail-coverts white, washed with geranium-pink, and with pointed shaft-markings of dark brown; wings and tail blackish, the larger feathers narrowly edged with geranium-pink. Length, about 140; wing, 82; tail, 51; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 15.

Adult female.--Feathers of upper parts dark brown with lighter edges; feathers of back edged with pale yellow; feathers on anterior part of crown edged with light chrome-yellow; rump and tail-feathers nearly uniform light chrome-yellow; nasal plumes, lores, and line under eye whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish brown; under parts drab-gray, chin and throat nearly white; breast and abdomen with a faint olive or yellow wash; tail-coverts white with pointed shaft-markings; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish with narrow edges of gray or pale yellow. A female, wing, 80; tail, 49; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 15.

Young birds are dingy white heavily streaked, both above and below, with blackish brown and more or less washed with olive-gray, olive-yellow, or light chrome-yellow. Older individuals, probably of the second summer, lose the dark streaks and become extensively yellow, while still older males become indiscriminately mottled with red and yellow.

"In the end of December, 1893, Mr. Whitehead noticed a pair of these crossbills with nesting materials in their bills. In the following January, while in the highlands of Benguet, he found a nest containing three eggs and situated at the end of a pine branch. The slender branch overhung a steep slope, and it was found impossible to secure the eggs. Again on Mount Data, towards the end of January, 1895, after much trouble, a second nest was discovered near the top of a high pine-tree. This nest contained four young birds, two of which flew away before they could be secured." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus PYRRHULA Brisson, 1760.

Bill very short, stout, and blunt; bill from nostril equal to its width, and to its depth at middle of nostril; culmen and gonys decidedly curved; tail nearly square. General color of body buffy brown; chin black; rump white.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, 80 mm. or more ... leucogenys (p. 678) a2. Smaller; wing less than 80 mm.; general color more brownish. ... steerei (p. 678)

692. PYRRHULA LEUCOGENYS Grant.

PHILIPPINE BULLFINCH.

Pyrrhula leucogenys Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 41; Ibis (1895), 455, pl. 14 (leucogenis); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 239 (feeding chabits and young); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.

Luzon (Whitehead, Mearns, McGregor).

Adult male.--Forehead, entire top of head, upper tail-coverts, rectrices, and secondaries glossy steel-blue; lores, jaw, and chin black; cheeks and auriculars white, forming a large patch; back olive-brown; under parts lighter brown; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts light ochraceous-brown; rump-band white; primaries black, edged with steel-blue; innermost secondary edged with orange-vermilion on the outer web; greater coverts widely tipped with light buff; axillars and wing-lining white. Iris dark brown; bill white or pale yellow, black at tip and along the cutting edges; legs pale flesh-color. Length, about 160; wing, 78; tail, 61; depth of fork, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16.5.

Adult female.--Like the male, except that the red on the innermost secondary is brownish orange. The difference is very slight and my specimens have no red whatever on the secondary. A female from Pauai, Mountain Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 79; tail, 65; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.

An immature, but fully grown, male differs from the adult in having the crown brown, but somewhat darker than the back and with a few black feathers; lores and jaw dusky; white cheek-patch small and poorly defined; chin dusky; throat and breast slightly olivaceous.

This bullfinch is not uncommon in the mossy oak forests of the highlands of Luzon.

693. PYRRHULA STEEREI Mearns.

STEERE'S BULLFINCH.

Pyrrhula steerei Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 445.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Similar to Pyrrhula leucogenys Grant, from the mountains of Lepanto in northern Luzon. The Mindanao bird differs in being smaller, with a differently colored, much smaller bill, more brownish coloration, and a tendency to whitening on the middle of the abdomen, which the Luzon bird lacks.

"Adult male (type, killed July 9).--Crown and front of head all round, to just behind eye, black; crown glossed with purplish blue; lores, malar region, chin, and upper throat dead black; auriculars white; scapulars and interscapular region deep broccoli-brown; rump white; rectrices, upper tail-coverts, primaries, secondaries, tertials, primary-coverts, and base of greater wing-coverts, glossy bluish black; lesser wing-coverts dark broccoli-brown; terminal two-fifths of greater wing-coverts broccoli-brown, paler terminally; outer web of innermost secondary edged externally with orange-vermilion; under parts broccoli-brown, shading to whitish on middle of belly and to tawny ochraceous on crissum; axillars pure white; under wing-coverts brown at base, broadly white terminally; underside of shafts of primary-quills white nearly to the tips. Fresh specimens, including the type, were noted in the field as having the iris dark brown; bill plumbeous-black, perceptibly horn-color at extreme base; feet brownish flesh-color, with underside of toes yellowish; claws brown. In the dry skins the bills are uniformly plumbeous-black.

"Adult female * * *. Exactly like the male, except that the outer web of the innermost secondary is edged externally with yellowish orange instead of orange-vermilion." (Mearns.)

Genus FRINGILLA Linnæus, 1758.

Bill moderately stout; culmen flat, without a ridge, and straight except at its extreme tip; wings long, extending beyond the toes and nearly to the tip of the slightly forked tail; colors black, white, and orange-buff.

694. FRINGILLA MONTIFRINGILLA Linnæus.

BRAMBLING.

Fringilla montifringilla Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 179; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 178; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 233, fig. 65 (head); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 103.

Calayan (McGregor). Europe, northern Asia, Kamchatka, northern China; in winter to British Islands, Japan, Liu Kiu and Bonin Islands.

Male in winter.--Head, neck, mantle, and sides of head, of neck, and of throat black with wide fringes of light buff or ochraceous-buff; feathers of neck and mantle with gray bases; lower back and rump white, black along the sides; tail-coverts black, tipped with buff; chin, middle of throat, fore breast, sides, and flanks orange-buff; flanks with a few black spots; lower breast and abdomen white; crissum light buff; feathers of thighs black with buff tips; wing-quills black; primaries and secondaries narrowly edged with pale yellow; outer webs of fourth to seventh primaries with a spot of white at tips of primary-coverts; secondaries with larger white spots nearer their bases; tertials broadly edged with orange-buff on their outer webs; scapulars and lesser coverts orange-buff; median coverts white, some of them washed with buff; greater coverts black with broad buff tips; rectrices black, edged with ashy gray or pale yellow; outermost pair with basal half of outer webs white; axillars canary-yellow; wing-lining and edges of the inner webs of quills white. Iris brown; bill yellow; its tip dusky; legs light brown, soles pale yellow; nails dusky. A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 165; wing, 94; tail, 65; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 20.

Female in winter.--Not greatly different from the male. A female from Japan measures: Wing, 85; tail, 58; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 19.

Male in summer.--"The summer plumage of the male is gradually assumed by the shedding of the sandy-colored edges, and the bluish ashy of the hind neck and mantle remains as a spot behind the head, the feathers of these parts generally showing ashy gray bases throughout the summer plumage.

"Nestling.--Recalls the plumage of the adult female, but more tinged with olive, the nape-patch well developed, and the rump-patch tinged with sulphur-yellow; under surface of body washed with pale sulphur-yellow, tinged with orange on fore neck, chest, and sides of body." (Sharpe.)

The brambling as a Philippine species is known only from three winter specimens collected in Calayan Island.

Genus PASSER Brisson, 1760.

Bill moderately stout, not greatly compressed; culmen straight and with a decided ridge for its basal half; rounded and gently curved for its distal half; wing moderate in length, covering less than half the tail, and its tip not reaching the base of toes. Colors black, dingy white, rusty brown, and liver-brown.

695. PASSER MONTANUS (Linnæus).

MOUNTAIN SPARROW. [97]

Fringilla montana Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 183. Passer montanus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 178; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 238 (habits); Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.

Gor-re-ón, Manila.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor). Northern Africa and nearly the whole of Europe and Asia.

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, crown, and hind neck liver-brown or vinous-chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts dull cinnamon-rufous; back with wide black stripes confined to the inner web of each feather; lores, a line under eye, a large patch on ear-coverts, chin, and middle of throat black; remainder of sides of head and sides of throat grayish white; remainder of under parts dirty pale gray, washed with fulvous-brown on sides, flanks, thighs, and tail-coverts; wings and tail brown, most of the wing-feathers edged with dull cinnamon-rufous; lesser coverts dull chestnut; median coverts blackish, tipped with white; greater coverts edged with cinnamon-rufous and tipped with white; the tips of median and greater coverts forming bars; second to fifth primaries with an ocherous-buff band on outer webs near the tip of primary-coverts. A male from Manila measures: Length, 140; wing, 66; tail, 52; culmen from base, 13; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 68; tail, 54; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 17.

Young.--Color pattern like that of the adult, but upper parts lighter; crown and neck dark clay-brown, cinnamon on sides of occiput and sides of neck; back with broad streaks of buff; ear-coverts, chin, and throat slate-gray and the areas not so well defined as in the adult.

The mountain, or tree, sparrow is an introduced species in the Philippine Islands. It is found in considerable numbers about Manila and in towns along the railroads. It is also abundant in the town of Cebu.

Genus SPINUS Koch, 1816.

Bill slender and acute, its distal half greatly compressed; culmen straight, without a decided ridge; wings very long, reaching nearly to the tip of tail which is forked. Colors canary-yellow, black, and white.

696. SPINUS SPINUS (Linnæus).

SISKIN.

Fringilla spinus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 181. Chrysomitris spinus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 212; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24. Spinus spinus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.

Calayan (McGregor). British Islands, Europe, northern Asia, and Siberia; in winter to Japan, southern China, and the Liu Kiu Islands.

Male.--General color lemon-yellow; crown and nape black; back and scapulars yellowish green with dark shaft-lines; rump yellow; tail-coverts olive-green; chin and middle of fore throat black; a band from above center of eye to neck lemon-yellow; ear-coverts washed with olive; cheeks, sides of neck and of throat, and remaining under parts bright lemon-yellow, becoming white on middle of abdomen; flanks streaked with black; feathers of thighs drab-gray tipped with white; under tail-coverts yellow with broad dusky shaft-marks and white tips; wing-feathers blackish brown; primaries, except the first, narrowly edged with yellow and, except the outer three, with a spot of yellow on outer web near the tips of the coverts, forming a bar, which is continued on the outer webs of the secondaries, each of the latter has also a large yellow spot near the tip; tertials edged with yellow, and median coverts tipped with yellowish olive; greater coverts black with olive-yellow tips; rectrices, except the middle pair, bright yellow with wide blackish brown tips, fringed with gray. A male from Calayan Island measures: Length, 114; wing, 70; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Somewhat similar to the male, but the yellow much paler and more restricted; black cap and chin-spot wanting; under parts nearly all white and more heavily streaked with blackish; above olive-green with a hoary cast; head and neck spotted, and back streaked, with blackish; yellow line above and behind eye mottled with olive-green; under parts white or pale gray heavily streaked with blackish brown on sides, flanks, breast, and sides of abdomen; middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of head and of neck with obscure dusky streaks and a yellow wash. A female measures: Wing, 70; tail, 42; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 13.

"Young birds resemble the old female, but are browner, with less yellow, so that the rump, eyebrow, and sides of face are whitish; the upper surface of the body is thickly mottled with blackish mesial streaks on all the feathers, and the under surface is white thickly spotted with blackish brown, the spots being triangular on the throat and breast, and longitudinal on the sides of the body and flanks." (Sharpe.)

The siskin as a Philippine species is known only from four specimens taken in Calayan in the month of November, 1903.

Genus EMBERIZA Linnæus, 1758.

Bill small and conical, its outlines nearly straight; cutting edge of upper mandible with a decided angle near its base; wing covering not more than one-half the tail; tips of rectrices more rounded and the tail less forked than in either Fringilla or Spinus. Plumage more or less streaked with black; outermost rectrices nearly all white, but with an oblique blackish mark near base of inner web and a small dusky mark near tip; next pair black with a long white mark near shaft.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat chestnut; no yellow on under parts; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat vinous-chestnut; remaining under parts white; breast and sides streaked with black ... pusilla (p. 683) a2. Chin and throat not chestnut; under parts more or less yellow.

b1. Throat dull ashy gray; lores and chin blackish (male). ... spodocephala (p. 684) b2. Throat and breast yellow.

c1. Sides of body and flanks reddish brown, streaked with black (female). ... spodocephala (p. 684) c2. Sides of body and flanks yellow, streaked with black ... sulphurata (p. 685)

697. EMBERIZA PUSILLA Pallas.

LITTLE BUNTING.

Emberiza pusilla Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 697; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 487; Grant, Ibis (1894), 517; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.

Luzon (Whitehead). Northern Europe, Siberia, and northern China; in winter to Tenasserim, Assam, Burma, and the Himalayas.

"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color above rufous-brown, with broad black centers to the feathers, the rump rather duller brown; the scapulars chestnut with black centers; lesser wing-coverts brown; median and greater coverts black, externally edged with pale rufous-brown, with narrow white tips; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, externally fringed with brown, the primaries margined with ashy brown, the secondaries with rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate feather with a long wedge-shaped mark of white on the inner web; the outer feather for the most part white, with an oblique blackish mark on the inner web, and a small dusky mark near the end of the outer web; center of crown vinous-chestnut, with a broad black streak along each side, forming a band; a superciliary line, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and throat vinous-chestnut, with a moustachial line of black along the under margin of the cheeks, running behind the ear-coverts; hind neck paler than the crown, and streaked with whitish like the sides of the neck; remainder of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards dull white; the center of the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts uniform; the lower throat, fore neck, and breast, as well as the sides of the body, streaked with black; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills dusky below, ashy along the inner web. 'Bill brown, the lower mandible whitish; feet reddish gray; iris brown.' (David.) Length, 122; culmen, 10; wing, 71; tail, 52; tarsus, 20.

"Adult female in breeding plumage.--Scarcely differs from the male, but is not quite so richly colored on the throat, and less distinctly streaked with black below.

"In winter plumage the adults are more rufous than in summer, with rufescent edges to the feathers of the upper surface, especially on the quills and tail-feathers; the black mark behind the ear-coverts is more distinct and not so broken up as in the breeding plumage; the under surface is suffused with ochraceous-buff, and the black streaks are less pronounced.

"Young.--Resembles more the adult female in winter plumage, but has scarcely any vinous tinge about the face; head rufous-brown, streaked with black, with a slight band of fulvous down the center of the crown; back fulvescent, washed with rufous and broadly streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly edged and tipped with yellowish buff; throat whitish, spotted with black like the breast; the latter as well as the flanks yellowish buff, streaked with black. After the first molt the coloration of the adult is assumed, but the plumage is always duller and much paler, and in some birds, probably females, the throat is white without any chestnut.

"Nestling.--Yellowish buff, broadly streaked with black, the head more rufous, and the ear-coverts rufous; underneath white, washed with rufous on the chin and with ochraceous-buff on the throat and breast, thickly streaked with black on the latter as well as on the flanks and sides of the body; wings and tail as in adults, with the exception that the wing-coverts are more fulvous at tips." (Sharpe.)

Whitehead collected the only specimen of the little bunting which has been recorded from the Philippine Islands.

698. EMBERIZA SPODOCEPHALA Pallas.

BLACK-FACED BUNTING.

Emberiza spodocephala Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 698; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 522; Grant, Ibis (1895), 258; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.

Catanduanes (Whitehead). Eastern Siberia; in winter to Assam, Manipur, China, and eastern Himalayas; accidental in Japan.

"Adult male in summer plumage.--General color above dark brown, the feathers of the upper back slightly washed with rufous, edged with fulvous and broadly streaked down the middle with black; scapulars like the back; lesser wing-coverts uniform reddish brown; median and greater series blackish brown, externally sandy brown, margined paler and tipped with buffy white, more distinct on the median coverts; the inner greater coverts more distinctly rufous externally; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally fringed with ashy; quills dusky brown, externally washed with rufous, the primaries with ashy white; inner secondaries resembling the inner greater coverts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform earthy brown; center tail-feathers light brown, the remainder dark brown, edged with lighter brown, the penultimate one with a large wedge-shaped mark of white near the end of the outer web, the outer feather almost entirely white save for an oblique black mark on the inner web and a small brown mark at the end of the outer web; head and neck all round, including the sides of the face and neck, throat, and chest ashy gray with a distinct wash of olive; lores, base of cheeks, and chin black; breast pale sulphur-yellow, whiter towards the vent; under tail-coverts pale sulphur-yellow; thighs ashy olive; sides of breast and flanks reddish brown, rather distinctly striped with black; axillars very pale sulphur-yellow; under wing-coverts white with dusky bases; quills dusky below, ashy whitish along the edge of the inner web. 'Bill brown, with the point blackish and the lower mandible whitish; feet flesh-color; iris chestnut-brown.' (David.) Length, 120; culmen, 11.4; wing, 68.5; tail, 54.6; tarsus, 19.

"Adult male in winter plumage.--Only differs from the summer plumage in being more olive-yellow on the head and neck, some of the feathers of the crown and hind neck being tipped with rufous-brown.

"Adult female.--Rather browner on the head than the male and not so ashy; no black on the face or chin; ear-coverts brown, streaked with yellowish shaft-lines; lores, eyelid, and an indistinct eyebrow yellowish buff; a broad cheek-stripe of pale sulphur-yellow widening out on the side of the neck; throat and under surface of body pale sulphur-yellow, olive greenish on the throat and fore neck; a distinct malar streak of dusky blackish spots; sides of body and flanks reddish brown, streaked with black; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts yellowish white.

"Old females in the breeding season become a little more ashy on the head and neck. Young birds are always browner than the adults above, and have a number of dusky spots on the throat; otherwise they greatly resemble the old females. Young females (Mus. H. Seebohm) are pale brown above, with less developed black centers on the mantle; the head brown, washed with rufous and streaked with black; under surface dull white, with only a slight tinge of sulphur-yellow on the abdomen and axillars; the throat pale olive-yellow, browner on the fore neck and chest, with brown shaft-lines. Young males in winter plumage resemble the adult female, but seem to have more dusky spots on the throat, which commences to become dusky olive in April, with blackish on the chin. Some (probably of an earlier brood) have dusky olive throats in November, but always show dusky spots." (Sharpe.)

The only known Philippine specimen of the black-faced bunting was collected by Whitehead.

699. EMBERIZA SULPHURATA Temminck and Schlegel.

JAPANESE YELLOW BUNTING.

Emberiza sulphurata Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 100, pl. 60; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 12, 519; Grant, Ibis (1894), 517; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240. Emberiza sulfurata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 104.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Porter). Japan, northern and central China; Formosa in winter.

Male (Calayan Island, November, 1903).--Top and sides of head and neck dusky olive-green; eyelids white; lores, subocular region, and malar stripe dusky; mantle dusky olive-green, heavily striped with black and somewhat washed with cinnamon; lower back and rump nearly uniform olive-gray; tail-coverts dark umber with olivaceous edges; under parts sulphur-yellow, brightest on chin, dusky across throat which is washed with buff, sides of breast washed with olive; abdomen and crissum pale canary-yellow; sides of body and flanks streaked with blackish brown; wing-feathers dark brown; lesser coverts olive; median and greater coverts, tertials, and some of the inner secondaries broadly edged and tipped with cinnamon-rufous or dull chestnut; remaining quills more narrowly edged with lighter cinnamon, inner webs of quills edged with drab-gray; rectrices blackish, the middle pair at least edged with olive-brown; outermost pair nearly all white, but with an oblique blackish mark near base of inner web and a small dusky mark near tip; next pair black with a long white mark near shaft. Upper mandible dusky; lower mandible bluish; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, 152; wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen from base, 10; tarsus, 19.

Female.--The winter plumage of the female is very similar to that of the male. A female from Calayan measures, wing, 65; tail, 54; culmen from base, 9.5; tarsus, 19.

"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color greenish gray, washed with pale yellow; the head and mantle paler and more sulphur-yellow, the latter with broad mesial streaks of black; the scapulars like the mantle; the rump and lower back uniform and more distinctly ashy gray; upper tail-coverts ashy with yellowish edges; lesser wing-coverts ashy with a yellowish tinge; median and greater series blackish, edged with ashy and tipped with yellowish white, the greater coverts slightly rufescent on the outer margins; bastard-wing, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, edged with ashy olive, the secondaries externally rufescent, the innermost with whitish margins, so as to resemble the inner greater coverts; center tail-feathers light brown, the others blackish, the outer one for the most part white, excepting a longitudinal mark along the end of the outer web and an oblique basal mark on the inner web; penultimate feather with the white much reduced and forming a large wedge-shaped mark on the inner web; the third feather with only a small white mark near the end of the inner web; ear-coverts greenish gray like the hind-neck; lores, feathers in front of the eye, and a spot at base of chin dusky blackish; feathers below the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body sulphur-yellow, paler on the lower breast and abdomen, and still lighter on the under tail-coverts, which are whitish tinged with yellow; sides of breast and flanks ashy olive, the latter streaked with black; axillars and under wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow; quills ashy below, whitish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 133; culmen, 10; wing, 72; tail, 57; tarsus, 18.

"Considerable difference exists in the full-plumaged males with regard to the amount and intensity of the black stripes on the back. In winter the adult male appears to be always more broadly streaked with black on the back, the black centers becoming attenuated during the breeding season; the mantle is also washed with rufous like the inner secondaries.

"The adult female in breeding plumage differs but little from the male, being duller in color and rather browner on the mantle, which is very broadly streaked with black; it is further distinguished by the absence of the black lores and chin spot. Length, 120; culmen, 11.4; wing, 70; tail, 53; tarsus, 18.

"Young birds in winter plumage.--Only differ from the plumage of the adult female in being rather more olive-brown, with the rufescent edges to the feathers of the mantle and inner secondaries broad and strongly pronounced; lower back and rump uniform ashy olive; the under surface of the body is clear yellow, with a tinge of saffron-color on the throat and chest." (Sharpe.)

The Japanese yellow bunting is a somewhat abundant but inconspicuous migrant in the Philippine Islands. It was found in Calayan Island in November and in Tarlac Province, Luzon, in the month of March. It has also been taken in the vicinity of Manila.

Family PLOCEIDÆ.

Bill short and very stout, both deep and broad; culmen flat and slightly curved; outline of bill, viewed from above, kite-shaped; nostrils small and round, pierced near the frontal feathers and situated nearer to the culmen than to the cutting edges; primaries ten.

Subfamily VIDUINÆ.

First primary narrow and pointed, shorter than primary-coverts. All the Philippine members of this subfamily are of small size and social habits.

Genera.

a1. Forehead not blue; sides of breast not green.

b1. Larger; width of bill at nostril little more than one-half the culmen from base; tail slightly rounded ... Padda (p. 687) b2. Smaller; width of bill at nostril about two-thirds of culmen from base; tail wedge-shaped, the central pair of rectrices pointed.

c1. Tips of central rectrices more acute ... Munia (p. 688) c2. Tips of central rectrices pointed but less acute ... Uroloncha (p. 691)

a2. Forehead blue; sides of breast green ... Reichenowia (p. 692)

Genus PADDA Reichenbach, 1850.

Bill large, length of culmen about twice the width of upper mandible; tail nearly square; rectrices but slightly, if at all, pointed; legs and feet stout. Head and chin black; a large white patch covering face and ear-coverts; young with under parts buff and the head without the black and white markings.

700. PADDA ORYZIVORA (Linnæus).

JAVA SPARROW.

Loxia oryzivora Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 173. Munia oryzivora Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 328; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Maí-ang cos'-ta, Manila.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester). Java, Sumatra, Malacca.

Adult (sexes similar).--Lores, entire top of head, chin, fore throat, rump, upper tail-coverts, and rectrices black; sides of head and ear-coverts white forming a large conspicuous patch; entire back, lower throat, fore breast, sides of throat and of breast, secondaries, and secondary-coverts lilac-gray; lower breast, abdomen, and flanks dark vinaceous; thighs and crissum white; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts slate-gray, edged with cinereous. Bill, legs, and nails pink. A male from Luzon measures: Length, 135; wing, 69; tail, 49; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 18.

Young.--Above smoke-gray and drab-gray; breast and throat light drab-gray; sides of face, chin, abdomen, thighs, and crissum cream-buff.

The Java sparrow occurs in some abundance in the vicinity of Manila, but is rarely found in other localities in the Philippines.

Genus MUNIA Hodgson, 1836.

In Munia the bill is shorter in proportion to its width than in Padda; rectrices slightly graduated and, except the two of three outer pairs, sharply pointed at their tips.

Species.

a1. Back and wing-coverts chestnut; head, throat, and chin black or blackish brown (adult).

b1. Head black ... jagori (p. 689) b2. Head dark smoky brown ... formosana (p. 690)

a2. Back and wing-coverts hair-brown or wood-brown; head nearly uniform with the back.

b1. Upper parts with white shaft-lines; chin and middle of throat rich vandyke-brown; remainder of under parts mottled (adult) ... cabanisi (p. 690) b2. Upper parts without shaft-lines; chin and throat nearly uniform with remaining under parts which are not mottled (young).

c1. Larger; breast and abdomen rich buff ... jagori (p. 689); formosana (p. 690) c2. Smaller; breast and abdomen cream-buff ... cabanisi (p. 690)

701. MUNIA JAGORI Martens.

PHILIPPINE WEAVER.

Munia (Dermophrys) jagori "Cabanis," Martens, Jour. für Orn. (1866), 14. Munia jagori Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 337; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 245 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105. Munia brunneiceps Grant, Ibis (1895), 261; (1896), 554 (=jagori in worn plumage). ? Fringilla minuta Meyen, Nov. Act. Acad. C. L. C. Nat. Cur. (1834), 16, suppl. prin. 86, pl. 12.

Bi-ching, Benguet; maí-ya, Ticao; má-ja, Bohol.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Batan (McGregor); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Cantanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Whitehead, Celestino); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire head, chin, throat, and chest blackish brown; hind neck and sides of neck usually lighter or chocolate-brown, sharply defined against the chestnut of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and edges of quills; sides of breast, flanks, and a narrow band across breast chestnut, brighter than the back; middle of lower breast, abdomen, thighs, and crissum, black or blackish brown; rump and tail-coverts deep maroon; tips of longest coverts and edges of two central rectrices golden brown or orange-rufous. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails light horn-blue. A pair from Luzon measure: Male, length, 120; wing, 54; tail, 39; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 16; female, wing, 54; tail, 38; culmen from base, 10; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Head and neck hair-brown; back and wing-coverts wood-brown, tail-coverts lighter; throat creamy buff; breast, abdomen, and crissum yellowish buff; rectrices and wing-feathers dark brown edged with buff.

The Philippine chestnut weaver, or rice bird, is abundant throughout the Islands. It is extremely social in its habits and in many cases a dozen of its globular nests may be found within a radius of a few meters.

The nests are frequently built among the branches of a common species of pandanus which grows on sandy beaches. Chestnut weavers in great numbers, and Munia cabanisi, Padda oryzivora, and Uroloncha everetti in lesser numbers, are captured in nets and sold, either in the Manila markets for food or on the streets as cage-birds.

"This chestnut weaver finch feeds in large flocks and is much prized by some of the inhabitants as an article of food, its small size being compensated for by the fact that a score can be killed at one discharge of a gun. It seems to breed throughout the year; its bulky nest is placed in the grass, and is composed entirely of grass stems and leaves; the entrance is a round opening at the side. The eggs are pure white and more or less globular; from six to ten eggs are deposited in a set." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

702. MUNIA FORMOSANA Swinhoe.

FORMOSAN WEAVER.

Munia formosana Swinhoe, Ibis (1865), 366; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 338; Grant, Ibis (1895), 112; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Luzon (Whitehead). Formosa.

Adult.--This species is very similar to M. jagori from which it may be distinguished by its smoky brown head and neck; fore part of crown and sides of face blacker. The measurements of the type as given by Sharpe and changed to millimeters are: Length, 96.5; culmen, 11.4; wing, 48; tail, 35.5; tarsus, 15.

"Munia formosana Swinhoe, of which a specimen was recorded from Isabela, north Luzon, appears to be a distinct pale-colored form, the head, even in freshly-molted male examples, being of a dark smoky brown. In addition to the specimens recorded in the Catalogue of Birds, I have examined a number of Formosan examples of this species in the Seebohm collection." Grant, Ibis (1896), 554.

703. MUNIA CABANISI Sharpe.

CABANIS'S WEAVER.

Oxycerca jagori (not Munia jagori Martens) Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1872), 317. Munia cabanisi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 353 (new name); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Porter); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, including secondary-coverts and tertials, dark hair-brown with whitish shaft-lines; tail-coverts and rectrices light yellowish green; lores dusky; face and ear-coverts brown with light shaft-lines; chin and middle of throat vandyke-brown with lighter shaft-lines; feathers on the remaining under parts white with white shafts and white edges, each feather with a broad, median, brown mark and a wide brown band around the feather, next to the white edge, producing a peculiar and characteristic pattern. Iris light brown; bill horn-blue, the upper mandible darker especially toward the tip; legs and nails horn-blue. A male from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 108; wing, 48; tail, 39; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 13. A female, wing, 48; tail, 36; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Upper parts broccoli-brown, darker on crown; under parts cream-buff, nearly white on middle of abdomen and on crissum.

Cabanis's weaver is sometimes found in small flocks, but it is much rarer than either Munia jagori or Uroloncha everetti.

"A large flock of Cabanis's weavers was seen in an open field in Panay, but this species was not again found by us. A female measures: Wing, 50; tail, 37.5; culmen, 11; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 17." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus UROLONCHA Cabanis, 1851.

The genus Uroloncha as represented in the Philippines differs very little from Munia; in the two species of Uroloncha found here the plumage is all, or nearly all, chocolate-brown, the tail is wedge-shaped, and the central pair of rectrices, although pointed, are less acute than in Munia.

Species.

a1. Feathers of back and wing-coverts with white shaft-lines; middle of abdomen white. ... everetti (p. 691) a2. Feathers of upper parts without white shaft-lines; abdomen chocolate-brown uniform with the rest of the plumage. ... fuscans (p. 692)

704. UROLONCHA EVERETTI (Tweeddale).

EVERETT'S WEAVER.

Orycerca everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 96; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 764, pl. 73, fig. 2. Uroloncha everetti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 363; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Bi-lit', Calayan.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, McGregor); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Porter); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above chocolate-brown, darkest on forehead and tail-coverts; tertials, secondary-coverts, hind head, neck, back, and rump with distinct white shaft-lines; rectrices dark brown, edged with pale greenish yellow; lores blackish; sides of head and neck like back; under parts dark chocolate-brown, nearly black on chin and crissum; lower breast and abdomen white, forming a large patch. Iris dark red-brown; upper mandible black, lower mandible light horn-blue; legs and nails dark blue. Length, 110 to 120. A male from Camiguin Island measures: Wing, 51; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 12. A female from Palawan, wing, 50; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 12.

Young.--An immature male has the color pattern like the adult, but the brown is lighter, the shaft-lines are less pronounced, and the abdomen is washed with buff.

"Everett's weaver was common about the rice fields, and was several times observed in deep forest, greatly to our astonishment. Four males average: Length, 108; wing, 48; tail, 39; culmen, 12; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 16.5. Four females, length, 107; wing, 48.5; tail, 37.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden; upper mandible black, lower gray. Found breeding in Palawan in the month of December." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

705. UROLONCHA FUSCANS (Cassin).

CHOCOLATE WEAVER.

Spermestes fuscans Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1852), 6, 185. Uroloncha fuscans Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 364; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Cagayan Sulu (McGregor). Borneo.

Adult (sexes alike).--Entire plumage chocolate-brown; chin, throat, wings, and tail darker; lower breast and abdomen with indications of light shaft-lines. A male measures: Wing, 49; tail, 37; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 13. Female, wing, 50; tail, 39; culmen from base, 10.5; tarsus, 14.

Genus REICHENOWIA Poche, 1904. [98]

Tail short and square; outstretched feet reaching to end of tail. Forehead blue, remaining upper parts mostly green; breast and abdomen tawny-rufous.

706. REICHENOWIA BRUNNEIVENTRIS (Grant).

BAMBOO WEAVER.

Chlorura brunneiventris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50; [99] Ibis (1894), 518; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 242 (habits and notes); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 105.

Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Above including tail-coverts dark grass-green; head green; forehead blue with a narrow black band along base of bill; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under parts tawny-rufous, paler posteriorly; sides of breast green, washed with blue; sides of body and flanks grass-green; primaries edged with olive-yellow; tail-feathers green at ends; center ones green, washed with orange. "Iris dark brown; bill black; feet flesh-color." (Whitehead.) Length, 106; wing, 58.

This curiously colored weaver appears to be very rare or, at any rate, to be difficult to collect. Whitehead's interesting notes on this species follow:

"These small bamboo sparrows are always difficult to obtain; being wary and of swift flight, they disappear in a second when alarmed. Amongst the bamboo-flowers, on which they feed, their movements are very slow and quiet, and it is only after one has found a number of bamboo-clumps in full flower, by carefully hiding and watching the flowers, that any success is obtained. My first specimens were collected in Benguet at an elevation of only 2,000 feet [610 meters], and we next met with the species again at 7,600 feet [2,300 meters] on Monte Data, where a single specimen was secured. In Mindoro I shot a Chlorura [=Reichenowia] in a pine tree close to my camp, and noticed another some days previously feeding at the end of a pine branch; this was at an elevation of 4,500 feet [1,370 meters]. The note, which seems only to be uttered when the bird is on the wing, is 'tsit, tsit,' and is a somewhat hissing sound."

Family ORIOLIDÆ.

Bill as long as head, the terminal half decidedly compressed; culmen slightly curved throughout; gonys straight or slightly curved; a small but distinct notch near tip of bill; nostril oval, exposed, and nearer to cutting edge of mandible than to culmen; rictal bristles short; wing long, covering one-half or more of the tail; primaries ten, the first more than one-half and less than two-thirds of second, the latter shorter than third and equal to sixth; the fourth longest; rectrices well developed, tail slightly rounded.

Genus ORIOLUS Linnæus, 1766.

Characters the same as those given for the family. In the Philippine species the prevailing colors are yellow, black, and gray; the rectrices are black, tipped with yellow in all the species.

Species.

a1. Under parts entirely yellow, or yellow streaked with black or olive; throat and chest never black nor gray.

b1. Much larger; wing more than 140 mm.; tail, about 110; under parts uniform yellow (adult), or with black shaft-lines on the breast (young). ... acrorhynchus (p. 695) b2. Much smaller; wing less than 130 mm.; tail, 90 or less.

c1. Lores and chin yellow; bill leaden blue; bill from nostril, about 18 mm. ... isabellæ (p. 697) c2. Lores and chin white; bill dull red; bill from nostril, about 15 mm. ... albiloris (p. 697)

a2. Under parts yellow on crissum only; throat and chest gray, black, or streaked; abdomen white heavily streaked with black.

b1. Crown and hind neck bright yellow, or greenish yellow, uniform with mantle and back (sexes alike).

c1. Crissum bright yellow; shafts of rectrices light yellow below, inner webs broadly tipped with yellow, the spots 8 mm. or more in length.

d1. Inner webs of wing-quills edged with bright yellow; under wing-coverts bright yellow. ... samarensis (p. 698) d2. Inner webs of wing-quills edged with white, pale gray, or pale yellow, never with bright yellow.

e1. Inner webs of quills edged with white or pale gray; yellow spots at tips of rectrices larger. ... steeri (p. 698) e2. Inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow; spots at tips of rectrices smaller.

f1. Ear-coverts dull olive-yellow; smaller; wing, about 110 mm.; tail, 70. ... basilanicus (p. 699) f2. Ear-coverts pure gray; larger; wing, about 115 mm.; tail, 80. ... cinereogenys (p. 700)

c2. Crissum dark greenish yellow; rectrices nearly uniform black, very narrowly tipped with yellow, the spots about 2 mm. in length; the shafts white or gray. ... assimilis (p. 700)

b2. Crown and hind neck black (male), or black streaked with olive-green (female), in contrast with the yellow mantle and back. ... xanthonotus (p. 701)

707. ORIOLUS ACRORHYNCHUS Vigors.

PHILIPPINE ORIOLE.

Oriolus acrorhynchus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Oriolus chinensis Linnæus, apud Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 203; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106. Oriolus suluensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 205. Broderipus acrorhynchus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 760. Oriolus palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 200.

Cul-au-uan, Palawan; cu-li-au-an, Lubang; kee-ao, Calayan and Ticao; tu-li-haó, Bantayan, Bohol, and Masbate; ca-li-lau-an, Cagayancillo; tu-tu-li-ao, Cuyo; da-mud-lao, Bohol.

Banton (Celestino); Bantayan (McGregor); Balabac (Steere, Everett); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Murray, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (Whitehead); Guimaras (Meyer, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Bartsch); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Pangamian (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester, Porter); Sibutu (Low, Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult male.--Bright golden yellow and black; forehead and part of crown yellow; lores, a wide space about eye continued with a broad band across crown and occiput black, forming a broad crescent-shaped mark; wings black, some of the primaries narrowly edged with gray; tertials tipped with yellow; secondary-coverts, axillars, wing-lining, and edge of wing bright yellow; rectrices black, tipped with yellow, the yellow tip narrowest on the central pair and gradually wider on each succeeding pair to the outermost; entire under parts bright yellow, not so deep as the back. Iris pale pink; bill pinkish flesh-color; legs plumbeous; nails horn-color. An adult male from Luzon measures: Length, 305; wing, 150; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 24; tarsus, 25.

Adult female.--Similar to the male, but the mantle with a dusky, slightly olive, wash contrasting strongly with the clear golden yellow of hind neck. A female from Mindoro measures: Wing, 149; tail, 112; culmen from base, 34; bill from nostril, 25; tarsus, 26.

Young.--Above olive-yellow or golden olive; the crescent crown mark obscure and more or less dusky olive in color; tertials and rectrices dusky, washed with olive; under parts much paler than in the adult, near lemon- or gamboge-yellow; feathers of breast with distinct black shaft-lines. As the bird becomes older the crescent-mark on the head becomes better developed and the shaft-marks on the breast become less distinct. The bill is dusky brown in immature individuals.

Three eggs of the Philippine oriole, taken by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 15, 1895, are thus described:

"Shape ovate. Pure white, with scattered spots and minute dots of deep blackish brown, and a few faint under-markings of slate gray. Measurements 32 mm. by 23 mm." Two eggs from Fuga, April 5, 1895, are "similar to the above." Measurements 33 mm. by 22 mm.

"The first nest was placed in a casuarina tree on the seacoast at some distance from the forest; the second was found in a high tree close to the freshly made nest of the white-breasted sea eagle (Haliætus leucogaster) from which the bird was disturbed. Both nests were of the usually oriole type." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"After a careful comparison of specimens from Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, we can see no good reason for making distinct species of them. The amount of yellow on the head is extremely variable. We have birds from Luzon and Mindoro which show quite as much as any of our Palawan or Calamianes birds. Nor do we find any constant difference in size between the Palawan-Calamianes birds and those from other parts of the group.

"Nine males average: Length, 290; wing, 155; tail, 107; culmen, 37; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.7. Five females, length, 280; wing, 149; tail, 105; culmen, 36; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28.4. Iris brown; legs and feet dull black; bill pinkish, white along gape and at tip. One of the commonest Philippine birds, found abundantly among the coconut groves and in the scattered trees about open fields, and not infrequently met with in the forest as well. Variously called 'antu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hao', 'tu-li-hi-ao', and 'ku-li-ao-an' by the natives, in attempted imitation of its rather musical note." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

708. ORIOLUS ISABELLÆ Grant.

GRANT'S ORIOLE.

Oriolus isabellæ Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 4, 2; Ibis (1895), 108; (1899), 101; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (habits); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, lores, face, ear-coverts, and sides of neck dark, rich olive-yellow, slightly more olive on crown and exposed edge of wing-feathers; a circle of light yellow around eye; entire under parts, wing-lining, and axillars rich lemon-yellow, slightly darker on chest; thighs slightly olive; wing-quills, primary-coverts, and greater secondary-coverts narrowly edged with lemon-yellow; inner webs of quills dusky brown, broadly edged with lemon-yellow; rectrices edged with lemon-yellow on the tips and inner webs; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 215; wing, 114; tail, 82; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 22.5. In a female the iris was brown with an inner darker and outer lighter ring; bill, legs, and nails bluish horn-color. Length, 215; wing, 107; tail, 79; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 22.

709. ORIOLUS ALBILORIS Grant.

WHITE-LORED ORIOLE.

Oriolus albiloris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 504; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus.(1903), 1, 7 (description of male); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).

Adult (sexes alike).--Wing and upper surface rich olive-yellow like O. isabellæ; lores, a small space under eye, base of jaw, and chin white; under parts lemon-yellow, streaked on sides of breast, sides of abdomen, and sides of body and flanks with dark olive-green; feathers of thighs olive-green with yellow tips; rectrices olive-yellow, each with a triangular, lemon-yellow patch at the tip preceded by a dark brown patch; central pair unmarked; shafts brown above, lemon-yellow below; wing-feathers as in O. isabellæ. Bill reddish brown. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 120; tail, 80; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 109; tail, 75; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 19.

710. ORIOLUS SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR ORIOLE.

Oriolus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17; Grant, Ibis (1897), 223; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper parts, ear-coverts, sides of neck, secondary-coverts, tertials, and middle pair of rectrices rich olive-yellow; lores, jaw, chin, throat, and chest cinereous; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs white, boldly streaked with black; crissum bright gamboge-yellow; primaries blackish edged with gray or olive on the outer webs; secondaries blackish, edged with olive-yellow on outer webs; inner webs of quills broadly edged with bright lemon-yellow; axillars, wing-lining, and bend of wing lemon-yellow; rectrices largely olive-yellow, blackish subterminally, each of the inner webs with a large yellow spot at the tip; shafts black above, yellow below. Bill dull red. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 113; tail, 79; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 21. An unsexed specimen from Samar, wing, 101; tail, 68; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20.

"A well-marked species sharply distinct from O. steeri, as well as from O. assimilis, though Dr. Steere has not made the points of difference very plain. Five males average: Length, 195; wing, 105; tail, 72; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22.3. A female measures: Length, 203; wing, 104; tail, 71; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dull brown to light brownish red; legs and feet dark slate-color, nails blackish; bill light to dark reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

711. ORIOLUS STEERI Sharpe.

STEERE'S ORIOLE.

Oriolus steerii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. October or earlier (1877), 3, 213, pl. 10 (description of adult from Negros); Grant, Ibis (1896), 532 (Negros; key to Philippine species of Oriolus); Clarke, Ibis (1898), 119; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (habits). Oriolus nigrostriatus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 16 (Negros and Masbate); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 305; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Keay, Whitehead, Celestino).

Male.--Above olive-yellow; slightly darker on head, and brighter, more golden, on rump and tail-coverts; chin, throat, and chest dark ashy gray; lower breast and abdomen whitish, each feather with a broad median black streak; thighs black, mottled with white; under tail-coverts bright lemon-yellow with dusky shaft-lines; primaries, outer secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula-feathers blackish, edged with ashy gray; inner webs of primaries edged with white; secondary-coverts and inner secondaries edged with dark olive-yellow; rectrices blackish, the outermost pair each with a large yellow spot (about 18 mm. in length) at tip of inner web, the spot gradually decreasing in size on each succeeding feather. A male from northern Negros measures: Wing, 122; tail, 86; culmen from base, 24; tarsus, 21.

Female.--The female resembles the male in colors, but is slightly smaller and has a smaller yellow spot on the outermost rectrix. A female from northern Negros measures: Wing, 111; tail, 78; culmen from base, 23.5; tarsus, 21.

Steere's oriole differs from the Basilan oriole in having the inner webs of the primaries white and the yellow spots on the rectrices much larger.

712. ORIOLUS BASILANICUS Grant.

BASILAN ORIOLE.

Oriolus steerii (not of Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus.) Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. November (1877), 1, 329 (description of adult male from Basilan); Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 71 (Basilan); Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 302 (Basilan and Mindanao); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 106 (Basilan and Mindanao). Oriolus basilanicus Grant, Ibis (1896), 532; Ibis (1906), 471. Oriolus steerei McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 290 (Basilan).

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Similar to Oriolus steeri of Negros from which it differs in having the lores, chin, throat, and chest lighter gray and the black stripes of lower breast and abdomen narrower; inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow instead of with white; the yellow spots on inner webs of rectrices much smaller. Iris red; bill reddish brown; feet dark plumbeous. A male measures: Length, 200; wing, 111; tail, 69; culmen from base, 22.5; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21. A female measures: Length, 195; wing, 106; tail, 68; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 20.

Young.--Like the adult but chin, throat, and chest white, streaked with gray or black. Iris gray with very little mixture of red; bill dark brown.

"Had we known the habits of the orioles of this type as well at the beginning of our trip as we did at its close, we should doubtless have done more than we did to extend their known distribution within the Philippines. The peculiar note which they utter at frequent intervals when feeding is absolutely unmistakable, and can be heard for a considerable distance. They feed for the most part in the tops of high trees, seldom coming down into the second growth. They can, however, be readily called by imitating their note.

"Eleven males average: Length, 192; wing, 111; tail, 71; culmen, 23.8; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 23. Five females, length, 182; wing, 105; tail, 71; culmen, 23.6; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris varies from gray to brown and red; legs and feet dark drab, nails black; bill light reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

713. ORIOLUS CINEREOGENYS Bourns and Worcester.

GRAY-CHEEKED ORIOLE.

Oriolus cinereogenys Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 16; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 558, no. 304 (Tawi Tawi and Bongao).

Bongao (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

"In uniting the Tawi Tawi birds with O. steerii [basilanicus] from Basilan and Mindanao, Dr. Sharpe has evidently overlooked the fact that the Tawi Tawi birds invariably have the cheeks and ear-coverts clear ashy gray, while in birds from Basilan and Mindanao they are just as invariably olive-green. As we find no exception to this rule among our fourteen specimens from Basilan and twenty from Tawi Tawi we have no hesitation in separating the birds from the latter locality. It may be added that the rump of the Tawi Tawi birds is rather brighter, and the throat decidedly lighter than in Basilan birds. Not one of our Tawi Tawi birds shows the uniform gray throat of O. steerii [basilanicus]. Both species show great variability in the color of under tail-coverts. In some specimens they are pure yellow and in others heavily streaked with black. Fifteen males from Tawi Tawi measure as follows: Length, 203; culmen, 24.3; wing, 116.5; tail, 81; tarsus, 21." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Four females average: Length, 200; wing, 111; tail, 76; culmen, 23.3; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 21.8. Eyes usually reddish brown, but in two cases gray; legs and feet dark drab; bill reddish brown usually, in two cases black. Very common near Tataan, in Tawi Tawi." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

714. ORIOLUS ASSIMILIS Tweeddale.

CEBU ORIOLE.

Oriolus assimilis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 760, pl. 76; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 308.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above olive-yellow; lores, jaw, cheeks, chin, throat, and chest cinereous; lower breast, abdomen, flanks, and thighs white heavily streaked with black; feathers of crissum dark olive-green, edged with olive-yellow; rectrices black slightly washed with olive basally, narrowly tipped with dark gray on both webs and with light yellow on inner webs; inner webs of wing-quills edged with pale gray; axillars and wing-lining cinereous; bend of wing gray, washed with yellow. Iris bright red; bill dull red-brown; feet lead-blue; nails black. In the immature bird the iris is white and the bill dull brown. An adult male measures: Length, 234; wing, 122; tail, 94; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 22. Adult female, wing, 116; tail, 86; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 22.

"While this species is plainly of the Oriolus steeri type it differs in being larger, in the much darker and greener upper parts and under tail-coverts, in the darker throat and breast, in the wider black markings of abdomen, and in the reduced yellow tips of rectrices.

"O. assimilis is exceedingly common in the small amount of forest left in Cebu. It is a well-marked species and could not possibly be mistaken for O. steeri, being a much darker bird. The lack of the bright rump and under tail-coverts is an especially striking point of difference. Sixteen males average: Length, 225; wing, 120; tail, 89; culmen, 26; tarsus, 22.3; middle toe with claw, 23.8. Ten females, length, 217; wing, 118; tail, 87; culmen, 25.6; tarsus, 22.3; middle toe with claw, 23.3. Iris usually bright red, but in one case gray; legs and feet dark drab, nails black; bill light to dark reddish brown. Food worms, grubs, snails, and fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

715. ORIOLUS XANTHONOTUS Horsfield.

BLACK-HEADED ORIOLE.

Oriolus xanthonotus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, 152; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 213; Ibis (1888), 200; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Calamianes (Worcester); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Malacca, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and chest black; back, rump, tail-coverts, and crissum rich lemon-yellow; feathers of back with obscure dusky shaft-lines; basal feathers of crissum with mesial streaks of olive-green; lower breast, abdomen, sides, and flanks white with wide, black, mesial streaks; sides and flanks washed with yellow; breast also washed with yellow in some specimens; feathers of thighs black, tipped with light yellow; wings black; primaries edged with light gray; secondaries, tertials, and greater coverts narrowly edged with bright yellow; median coverts more widely edged with yellow; lesser coverts entirely yellow; inner webs of quills edged with pale yellow; under wing-coverts black, edged with yellow; axillars yellow; rectrices black, slightly fringed with yellow basally, widely tipped with yellow on inner webs, about 25 mm. on outermost pair and reduced to a mere trace on the middle pair; shafts of rectrices black above, brown below. A male measures: Wing, 111; tail, 75; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 20.

Female.--Head, neck, sides of neck and ear-coverts black, streaked with olive-green; back yellow, but not so bright as in the male; jaw, chin, throat, and chest cinereous with whitish streaks; breast and abdomen like the male, but less heavily streaked with black; primaries more widely edged with pale gray than in the male; secondaries and tertials broadly edged with olive-green; primary-coverts and alula edged with gray; exposed edges of all the secondary-coverts olive-green; rectrices heavily washed with olive-green on outer webs; both webs of central pair nearly all olive-green; shafts yellow below. A female measures: Wing, 109; tail, 76; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 16.5; tarsus, 21.

"Eight males average: Length, 197; wing, 114; tail, 77; culmen, 25; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 22.3. Five females, length, 192; wing, 106; tail, 73; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 21.5. Iris deep red; legs and feet slaty blue, nails blackish; bill light reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family DICRURIDÆ.

Bill strong, culmen ridged and strongly curved; cutting edge curved with a notch near the tip; nostrils hidden by many soft, antrorse, frontal plumes, the anterior of which have long bristle-like shafts; rictal bristles long and stiff; wing long; first primary more than one-half the second, the latter much less than third; fourth and fifth practically equal and longest; tail long to very long, slightly to deeply forked; rectrices ten, the two outer pairs curved outward near the tips. Legs and feet stout; tarsus slightly longer than bill from nostril; bill, legs, and nails black in all the species.

Genera.

a1. Plumage mostly, or entirely, black; upper parts glossed with green or blue.

b1. Tips of outermost rectrices not curved upward; tail nearly square. ... Dicrurus (p. 702) b2. Tips of outermost rectrices curved upward, the webs more or less rotated about the shaft; tail decidedly forked ... Chibia (p. 705)

a2. Plumage almost entirely gray and cinereous, with neither blue nor green gloss; tail deeply forked ... Bhuchanga (p. 708)

Genus DICRURUS Vieillot, 1816.

Wing much longer than tail; tail slightly forked; rectrices broad, the outermost with very little if any upward curve at tip. Plumage mostly, or entirely, black, glossed with blue or green.

Species.

a1. Lower breast, abdomen, and crissum black, glossed with green or blue.

b1. Back strongly glossed with green ... balicassius (p. 703) b2. Back velvety black with little or no gloss.

c1. Smaller; wing, 130 to 135 mm.; tail, 112 to 115 ... striatus (p.704) c2. Larger; wing, 145 to 155 mm.; tail, 133 to 136 ... suluensis (p. 704)

a2. Lower breast, abdomen, and crissum white ... mirabilis (p. 705)

716. DICRURUS BALICASSIUS (Linnæus).

NORTHERN DRONGO.

Corvus balicassius Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 157. Dicrurus balicassius Tweeddale, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 180, pl. 31, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 230; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (song); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107. Dicrurus balicassius mindorensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 447. [100]

Ba-li-ca-si-ao, Filipino name.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro [101] (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns); Polillo (McGregor); Verde (McGregor.)

Adult (sexes alike).--Black, the exposed edges of the feathers glossed with steel-green which changes to dark purple in some lights; lores velvety black; feathers of throat and chest somewhat lanceolate; feathers of sides and flanks white or light gray basally; wing-lining and axillars glossy steel-blue. A male from Lubang Island measures: Length, 267; wing, 145; tail, 126; bill from nostril, 20; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 23. A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 141; tail, 118; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24.

"The Philippine representatives of this genus are all bold, impudent birds, and invariably appear when there is any disturbance in the woods. If picked up when wounded they bite and scratch viciously. They all feed exclusively on insects so far as our observation goes. Three male birds from Mindoro measure as follows: Wing, 138; tail, 113; culmen, 32; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Three females from Luzon, wing, 131; tail, 116.5; culmen, 31; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Found breeding on the 25th of April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

717. DICRURUS STRIATUS Tweeddale.

SOUTHERN DRONGO.

Dicrurus striatus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 545; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 4; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Nipa (Everett); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Similar to Dicrurus balicassius, but mantle, back, and rump velvety blue-black with a very slight gloss; feathers of crown scale-like and glossy; long lanceolate feathers on sides of neck dark glossy green; under parts blue-black; throat and chest spangled with glossy steel-blue. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 134; tail, 103; depth of fork, 6; bill from nostril, 22; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 22. A female from Basilan, wing, 135; tail, 112; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.

In general appearance the southern drongo resembles a Chibia, but the tail is even less forked than in D. balicassius.

This species was very abundant near Isabela, Basilan. A female, taken January 15, differs from the usual specimens in having the feathers of lower breast and abdomen tipped with gray. A pensile nest of this species, found on March 12, is composed of plant fibers. Its inside diameter is 76 mm. and its inside depth is 50 mm. The three eggs are light cream, almost white, in color, decorated with faint spots of pale lilac and brighter spots of reddish brown, mostly near the larger end of the egg. The eggs measure: 28.9 by 19.3; 29.2 by 19; 29.4 by 19.5.

"Habits like those of D. balicassius. Abundant in Mindanao and Basilan. Two males from the latter island average: Length, 250; wing, 130; tail, 116; culmen, 32; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 23. Three females, length, 250; tail, 113; wing, 132; culmen, 34; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 23.6. Iris, legs, feet, and nails black; bill black, except tip of lower mandible, which is often white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

718. DICRURUS SULUENSIS Hartert.

SULU DRONGO.

Dicrurus suluensis Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1902), 9, 441; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Lapoc, off Siasi (Bartsch); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester).

"The Sulu form differs from the Sula bird in smaller size (wings and tail) and somewhat smaller glossy spangles on the breast and from D. borneensis in having a larger bill and longer tail." (Hartert.) Measurements of this species are given as follows: "Wing, 145 to 155; tail, 133 to 136; bill, 34 to 36."

719. DICRURUS MIRABILIS Walden and Layard.

WHITE-BELLIED DRONGO.

Dicrurus mirabilis Walden and Layard, Ibis (1872), 103, pl. 5; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 231; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 101 (voice); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Ca-uac-uac, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Black, glossed with steel-green like D. balicassius, but lower breast, abdomen, and crissum pure white. A male from Ticao Island measures: Length, 280; wing, 142; tail, 121; bill from nostril, 23; depth of bill at nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 13. A female from the same island, wing, 137; tail, 120; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24.

"Bourns thought that he saw an individual of this species in Siquijor on one occasion, but he failed to secure it, and it was not again met with in the island. If it occurs there, it must be very rare. It is rather more shy than the other Philippine representatives of the genus.

"Four males from Cebu average: Length, 260; wing, 137; tail, 117; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Five females, length, 260; wing, 137; tail, 119; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Specimens from other localities agree closely in dimensions with the above. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects. Breeding in June and July." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHIBIA Hodgson, 1836.

Tail deeply forked, outermost pair of rectrices with the tips curved upward and more or less rotated. Plumage entirely black, glossed with green and blue; back velvety black with little or no blue gloss; breast black, spangled with glossy steel-green.

Species.

a1. Tail shorter than wing.

b1. Tips of outer rectrices less recurved.

c1. Smaller; wing, about 135 mm. ... palawanensis (p. 706) c2. Larger; wing, about 150 mm.

d1. Bill larger. ... cuyensis (p. 706) d2. Bill smaller. ... borneensis (p. 707)

b2. Tips of outer rectrices more recurved; wing, 150 mm. ... worcesteri (p. 707)

a2. Tail much longer than wing; outermost rectrices longer than the next pair by about twice the tarsus. ... menagei (p. 708)

720. CHIBIA PALAWANENSIS (Tweeddale).

PALAWAN DRONGO.

Dicrurus palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 614. Chibia palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 199; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above blue-black; feathers of crown with glossy scale-like tips, upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail glossy steel-green; sides of neck with glossy green, lanceolate feathers; under parts black; feathers of lower throat and chest somewhat acute and with glossy scale-like tips; the outermost rectrices slightly upturned and twisted near the tip. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 135; tail, 125; bill from nostril, 21; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 23; difference in length between middle and outermost rectrices, 20. A female, wing, 132; tail, 120; bill from nostril, 21.5; depth of bill at nostril, 10; tarsus, 24.

"Habits like those of Dicrurus balicassius and D. striatus. Five males average: Length, 273; wing, 136; tail, 121; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Five females, length, 267; wing, 133; tail, 118; culmen, 33; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris dark brown to black; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

721. CHIBIA CUYENSIS McGregor.

CUYO DRONGO.

Chibia cuyensis McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 5; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Tam-bi-bi-li-gao, Cuyo.

Cuyo (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Wing, tail, and upper tail-coverts dark glossy green; all other parts dark blue-black; feathers of crown, nape, and breast tipped with glossy blue-black; some long hackles on sides of neck; back slightly metallic; outermost rectrices slightly upturned and twisted near the tip. A male (type) measures: Length, 305; wing, 152; tail, 130; bill from nostril, 23; depth of bill at nostril, 12; tarsus, 28; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 9. A female, wing, 145; tail, 124; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 27.

This species differs from C. palawanensis in being larger and in having the bill longer and deeper; spangles on chest larger.

722. CHIBIA WORCESTERI McGregor.

WORCESTER'S DRONGO.

Chibia worcesteri McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories (1905), 34, 26; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107.

Semirara (Worcester).

Male.--Similar to Chibia cuyensis and to C. palawanensis, but with the outermost rectrices more recurved than in either of these; wing longer than in C. cuyensis; bill longer and deeper than in C. palawanensis. The type and only specimen measures: Length, 292; wing, 150; tail, 136; bill from nostril, 22; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 24; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 20.

723. CHIBIA BORNEENSIS Sharpe.

BORNEAN DRONGO.

Chibia borneensis Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 246; Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1898), 20, 558, no. 298; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107. Chibia pectoralis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 259, 418. Chibia cagayanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 447. [102]

Bongao (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, Mearns); Sibutu (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Borneo.

Similar to C. pectoralis (Sula Island), "but it may be recognized on comparison by the much smaller and more metallic spots on the throat and fore neck, which are steel-green, as also are the neck-hackles. In C. pectoralis the spangles are large, dull, and inclined to purplish in tint. This species appears to me to be a thorough Chibia. * * *." (Sharpe.)

"The young bird from Kina Balu differs from the adult in being duller black, with fewer and less metallic chest-spots and hackles." (Sharpe.) [103]

"Guillemard thought his Cagayan Sulu specimens to be of the same species with those from Sulu, though he mentions the lack of frontal plumes in the former. Dr. Sharpe has shown that the Sulu-Tawi Tawi birds must be referred to C. borneensis, and if Guillemard was right in believing the Cagayan Sulu birds to be identical with those from Sulu, C. pectoralis must be excluded from the list of Philippine birds.

"Five males from Sulu average: Length, 284; wing, 150; tail, 132; culmen, 35; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 26. Eight females, length, 273; wing, 149; tail, 123; culmen, 32.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris chocolate-brown to dark red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

724. CHIBIA MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S DRONGO.

Chibia menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 15; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 107; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 775, pl. 4.

Tablas (Bourns and Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Very similar in colors to C. palawanensis, but distinguished from that and all other Philippine species of the genus by the extremely long and very deeply forked tail. A male in worn plumage measures: Length, 355; wing, 141; tail (chord of longest feather), 187; bill from nostril, 22.5; depth of bill at nostril, 11; tarsus, 25; difference in length between the middle and outermost rectrices, 73; distance between tips of outermost rectrices, 120.

"Average measurements of nine males: Length, 336; culmen, 34.7; wing, 137; tail, 175; tarsus, 25. Of seven females: Length, 327; culmen, 34.7; wing, 136; tail, 168; tarsus, 26. This curious species is by far the largest representative of its genus yet discovered in the Philippine Islands, and differs strikingly from both the other known species, one of which is confined to Palawan and the Calamianes Islands, while the other occurs in the Sulu Group and in Cagayan Sulu. C. menagei seems to be strictly confined to the Island of Tablas where it is not rare in the deep woods." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet and nails black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus BHUCHANGA Hodgson, 1836.

Tail deeply forked and slightly shorter than wing; rectrices much narrower than in either Dicrurus or Chibia, the outermost pair slightly upturned at tips. Prevailing colors of plumage blue-gray and cinereous.

725. BHUCHANGA PALAWANENSIS Whitehead.

PALAWAN GRAY DRONGO.

Buchanga leucophæa Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 199. Buchanga palawanensis Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 47; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108. Dicrurus leucophæus var. whiteheadi Durbois, Syn. Av. (1901), fasc. 8, 530, no. 1772.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult.-Upper parts blue-gray with a slight gloss on head and back; forehead and lores black; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish; chin and throat cinereous becoming somewhat bluer on the breast and abdomen; under tail-coverts tipped with white; wings and tail blackish brown, but the exposed edges of most of the feathers cinereous; axillars and wing-lining blue-gray. A male from Palawan measures: Length, 354; wing, 124; tail, 120; depth of fork, 26; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 125; tail, 123; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 15.

"We adopt Whitehead's title for this bird with some hesitation. He states that it differs from B. leucophæa in its smaller size, darker color, and in having a jet-black patch of feathers over the nostrils. He adds that the eye in B. leucophæa is brick-red, and in B. palawanensis dark gray. As regards the latter point Whitehead is certainly in error. On examining the labels of the twenty specimens collected by us in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands we find that the iris was red or brick-red in nineteen cases and reddish brown in the twentieth. The difference in color could be verified only by actual comparison for which we have not the necessary material. We add full measurements, hoping that they may be of use to some one in settling the question of the relative size of the two alleged species. Four males average: Length, 267; wing, 129; tail, 127; culmen, 26; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.5. Eight females, length, 251; wing, 125; tail, 126; culmen, 25; tarsus, 17.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brick-red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family STURNIDÆ.

Bill stout and pointed; culmen curved or nearly straight; rictal bristles minute when present; nostrils exposed, or else concealed by antrorse frontal plumes; wing either moderate or long, primaries much longer than secondaries; first primary shorter than primary-coverts; second primary nearly, or quite, as long as the third; tail square, or else the rectrices graduated; tarsus stout, distinctly scutellate in front and bilaminate behind.

Subfamily STURNINÆ.

The arrangement of the genera here placed in the subfamily Sturninæ is far from satisfactory. Oates, Fauna of British India, Birds (1889), 1, 509, has established the family Eulabetidæ for the reception of two of these genera, Eulabes and Calornis (=Lamprocorax), and at the same time says: "Probably Eulabes should not be associated with Calornis, but rather with the subfamily Sibiinæ of the Crateropodidæ." It is true that Eulabes and Calornis, as well as Sarcops and Goodfellowia, present some well-marked differences from typical starlings, such as the members of Sturnia, and some rearrangement of these genera may become necessary.

Genera.

a1. Circumocular region fully feathered; no bare space nor fleshy wattle anywhere on the head.

b1. Frontal feathers short; nostrils exposed.

c1. Plumage largely white and gray; frontal feathers not soft and pile-like.

d1. Bill shorter and stouter; wing, 105 mm. or less. ... Sturnia (p. 710) d2. Bill longer and more slender; wing, 115 mm. or more. ... Spodiopsar (p. 713)

c2. Plumage entirely glossy greenish black; frontal plumes soft and pile-like. ... Lamprocorax (p. 715)

b2. Frontal feathers long, erect or antrorse, forming a compressed fan-shaped covering to base of bill; nostrils entirely concealed. ... Ætheopsar (p. 717)

a2. Circumocular region naked; or else with large fleshy wattles on nape and bare spaces on sides of face.

b1. Tail longer, rectrices strongly graduated; a large unfeathered space around each eye.

c1. Without a crest; tail shorter than wing. ... Sarcops (p. 718) c2. With a crest of long decomposed feathers springing from the crown; tail much longer than wing. ... Goodfellowia (p. 720)

b2. Tail shorter and nearly square; narrow naked spaces below and behind each eye; a large fleshy wattle on each side of nape. ... Eulabes (p. 720)

Genus STURNIA Lesson, 1837.

Bill rather stout, much shorter than head; culmen curved near its tip; nasal membrane covered with short feathers; frontal plumes not conspicuously developed; head without bare spaces; rectrices very slightly graduated and extending little, if at all, beyond the rather short toes.

Species.

a1. Primaries and secondaries without white edges; tail broadly tipped with white, gray, or salmon-buff.

b1. Secondary-coverts entirely white, light gray, or salmon-buff (adult). ... sinensis (p. 711) b2. Secondary-coverts black, edged with gray; or else some of the coverts white (young) ... sinensis (p. 711)

a2. Outer primaries and secondaries edged with white on outer webs; tail without a light tip.

b1. Throat and breast unstreaked (adult); lower throat, ear-coverts, and sides of neck vinous-chestnut (male); ear-coverts and sides of neck faintly washed with reddish brown (female) ... philippensis (p. 712) b2. Throat and breast streaked with dull olive-brown (young). ... philippensis (p. 712)

726. STURNIA SINENSIS (Gmelin).

GRAY-BACKED STARLING.

Oriolus sinensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 394. Sturnia sinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 68; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor, Celestino). China, Hainan, Formosa, Siam; in winter to Cochin China, southern China, Pegu, and Malacca.

Adult male (Calayan Island, September).--Above smoke-gray; forehead whitish; primaries, secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula black slightly glossed with green, secondaries narrowly edged with white; secondary-coverts, scapulars, edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining white; rectrices black, glossed with green, all but the middle pair with broad white tips; under parts white, light smoke-gray across the chest. Bill pale stone-gray; iris white; legs and nails light brown. Length, 197; wing, 105; tail, 62; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 25.

Adult female (Manila, January).--Very similar to the male from Calayan, but the white and gray areas dark smoky gray, probably due to smoke stain. Iris pale blue. Length, 190; wing, 100; tail, 57; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 25.

Immature female (Manila, January).--Similar to the adult, but secondary-coverts glossy black with light edgings.

Male (Malabon, near Manila, March).--Similar to the male from Calayan, but fore part of head, face, chin, secondary-coverts, scapulars, upper tail-coverts, sides, flanks, under tail-coverts, and tips of rectrices ochraceous-buff. Wing, 102; tail, 60; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 23.

The gray-backed, or Chinese, starling has been taken in the Philippines but rarely; in addition to the specimens recorded by me from Calayan and Luzon, we have two specimens that were killed near Manila.

727. STURNIA PHILIPPENSIS (Forster).

VIOLET-BACKED STARLING.

Motacilla philippensis Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. Motacilla violacea Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 11. Sturnia violacea Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 70. Sturnia philippensis McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 25, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.

Bi-lit' chí-na, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere); Palawan (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Japan; in winter to Borneo, Celebes, and the Moluccas.

Adult male (Calayan Island, October).--Forehead, crown, lores, chin, middle of throat, and area about eye white, dingy on top of head; neck, scapulars, and back black, glossed with purple; rump and upper tail-coverts white; chest, sides of neck, and ear-coverts vinous-chestnut or bay, extending as a narrow band onto each side of hind neck and forming a nearly complete collar; sides of breast, sides of body, and flanks ash-gray; middle of breast, abdomen, thighs, and crissum white; wings black, glossed with green; outer primaries edged with white; some of the secondaries edged with white toward the base; middle and lesser secondary-coverts, edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining white; tail black, glossed with green; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs white except near tips. Bill black, base of lower mandible white; iris brown; legs and feet dark green; nails brown. Length, 180; wing, 105; tail, 50; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.

Adult female (Calayan, October).--Resembles somewhat the female of Sturnia sinensis. Upper parts dingy brown with no gloss except on wings and tail; head, rump, and tail-coverts dirty whitish; under parts white, sides of breast and of abdomen faintly gray; ear-coverts and sides of neck washed with chestnut-brown; primaries and primary-coverts black, glossed with green on the outer edges; second, third, and fourth primaries edged with white or whitish on outer webs; secondaries glossy brown, the three outer ones widely edged with white except at tips; secondary-coverts brown, the median coverts with broad white tips; alula quills black, edged with white; tail glossy blackish, outermost rectrices with whitish edges. Wing, 105; tail, 48; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 24.

Immature (Calayan, October).--Resembles the adult female, but the upper parts more earthy brown; secondary-coverts all brown, the median series with whitish tips; under parts whitish, ashy on the sides; throat and chest streaked with dull earthy brown.

The violet-backed starling, like the next preceding species, is of irregular occurrence in these Islands. A very large flock was observed on Calayan Island in October, 1903.

"A winter migrant occasionally met with in small flocks. Three males from Tawi Tawi average: Length, 180; wing, 100; tail, 52; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 25. Two females, length, 178; wing, 103; tail, 51; culmen, 17; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 27. Iris black; legs and feet dark olive; upper mandible black, lower black at tip, gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus SPODIOPSAR Sharpe, 1889.

Similar to Sturnia, but bill longer and more slender; feathers of occiput and nape lanceolate, forming a short broad crest.

Species.

a1. Wing shorter; outer webs of primary-coverts white; bases of primaries white. ... sericeus (p. 713) a2. Wing longer; outer webs of primary-coverts seal-brown; bases of primaries brown ... cineraceus (p. 714)

728. SPODIOPSAR SERICEUS (Gmelin).

SILKY STARLING.

Sturnus sericeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 805. Heterornis sericea Cassin, Ornith. Perry Japan Exped., Washington (1856), 2, 238, pl. 5. Poliopsar sericeus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 44 (generic name emended to Spodiopsar, addenda, p. 665). Spodiopsar sericeus McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 24; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.

Calayan (McGregor). Central and southern China.

"Adult.--General color above light ashy gray, a little darker on the hind neck, where the feathers are long and lanceolate; scapulars like the back, externally white, with a subterminal shade of black; rump and upper tail-coverts a little lighter gray, with ashy whitish margins; lesser wing-coverts blackish, edged with slaty gray; median coverts glossy purplish black; greater coverts black, externally glossy green, with purple reflections, velvety black interiorly; alula-feathers black, externally white; primary-coverts white, black near the center of the tips of the feathers; quills black, the primaries externally glossy purple, and white at the extreme base; the secondaries externally glossy green, like the greater coverts, bluish or purple toward the ends; center tail-feathers glossy green, the remainder black, externally bluish green or purple; crown of head and nape, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, sides of neck, and fore neck white, followed by an ashy gray breast; abdomen white; sides of body and flanks pale ashy gray tinged with brown; thighs white, ashy gray posteriorly; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills below dusky, ashy brown along the inner edge, the base of the quills white. 'Bill bright red, with the tips white; feet orange; iris black, with a light circle.' (David.) Length, 198; culmen, 25; wing, 120; tail, 61; tarsus, 29.

"All the males [in the British Museum], so marked, are of a delicate gray, and vary very slightly in the direction of a whiter or a browner head. A female collected by Mr. Reeves at Ningpo is altogether browner, rather more ashy on the rump; the gloss on the wings and tail less distinct; primary-coverts blackish brown near the base, white at the ends, with a central black streak; head whitish, ashy gray on sides of crown and hind neck; sides of face whitish, ashy on the cheeks; under surface of body as in the male, but light brown instead of gray. This specimen is apparently immature." (Sharpe.)

A solitary female of the silky starling was obtained on Calayan Island in November, 1903. Iris dirty white; legs bright yellow; nails yellowish brown; basal one-half of bill reddish yellow; terminal half dusky. Length, 216; wing, 118; tail, 71; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 30.

729. SPODIOPSAR CINERACEUS (Temminck).

ASHY STARLING.

Sturnus cineraceus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1827), 2, pl. 556. Poliopsar cineraceus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 41 and addenda, 665. Spodiopsar cineraceus Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Birds (1889), 1, 524; Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 353.

Luzon (Mearns). Eastern Siberia, Japan, China, Formosa, Upper Burma.

"Coloration.--Forehead, crown, nape, and sides of neck black, the forehead streaked with white; lores, ear-coverts, and round the eye white, streaked with black; chin and throat dark ashy brown with paler and indistinct shaft-streaks; breast ashy, slightly paler than throat; sides of the body and thighs rufous ashy; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts drab-brown with a broad white bar across the rump; tail drab-brown with broad white tips to all the inner webs of the feathers except the middle pair; wing-coverts and tertials bronzy brown; remainder of wing blackish, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries more broadly, margined with white on the outer webs; under wing-coverts and axillars white, a few feathers of the former partially margined with brown.

"The youngest bird I have seen has the whole plumage russet-brown, the inner webs of the tail-feathers tipped with white, the quills of the wing edged with paler brown; the ear-coverts whitish; the chin nearly pure white.

"Between this young bird and the adult above described there is every possible gradation of plumage. The nestling is probably streaked below.

"'Iris brown surrounded by white; bill orange; the tip horny; the base of the lower mandible and the angle of the mantle brownish green; legs yellow.' (David and Oustalet.) Length, about 229; tail, 71; wing, 132; tarsus, 32; bill from gape, 33." (Oates.)

The gray starling is known as a member of the Philippine ornis from a single specimen collected in northern Luzon by Doctor Mearns. This specimen has the chin, throat, and crest mottled with white and there is much white on the forehead and sides of head.

Genus LAMPROCORAX Bonaparte, 1853.

Bill stout, strongly compressed except toward base; culmen strongly curved throughout; gonys straight; feathers on nasal membrane short and pile-like; feathers of head, face, and throat lanceolate; tail moderate in length; rectrices narrow and graduated, their tips rounded; plumage entirely glossy black.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, 105 mm.; tail, 75. ... panayensis (p. 715) a2. Smaller; wing, 95 mm.; tail, 59. ... todayensis (p. 716)

730. LAMPROCORAX PANAYENSIS (Scopoli).

PHILIPPINE GLOSSY STARLING.

Muscicapa panayensis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1783), 2, 96. Calornis panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 147; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 244, pl. 6, fig. 1 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits). Lamprocorax panayensis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1899), 51, 216. Lamprococorax panayensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (error).

Ga-lang-si-ang', Bohol; lu-ci-ang, Cagayancillo; ma-ma-di-ang', Cuyo; co-ra-cling, Manila.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Lempriere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Papahag (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Entirely black, strongly glossed with green, except the remiges and rectrices which have but little gloss; when held away from the light the feathers show slight purple reflections. Iris bright red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 215. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 106; tail, 74; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 22. A female from Bohol, wing, 104; tail, 72; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 22.

Young.--Above blackish, slightly glossed with green; sides of head and of neck and under parts white or yellowish, streaked with blackish brown, the streaks narrowest on throat, widest on sides of breast and on flanks.

"Five males average: Length, 224; wing, 106; tail, 75; culmen, 22; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 212; wing, 102; tail, 69; culmen, 20; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three eggs of the Panay glossy starling collected by Whitehead in Isabela Province, Luzon, are described as follows: "Shape sharp ovate. Ground-color beautiful sea-green, blotched and spotted toward the large end with pale reddish lilac under-markings and sienna over-markings. Measurements, 27 mm. by 19 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

731. LAMPROCORAX TODAYENSIS Mearns.

TODAYA GLOSSY STARLING.

Lamprocorax todayensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 88; Grant, Ibis (1906), 469. Lamprococorax todayensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (error).

Kohl-leé-po, Bagobos of Todaya.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

Female (type).--"Similar to L. panayensis, but much smaller, and otherwise differing as follows: The feathers of the nape and lower throat are more rigid and, perhaps, relatively longer; viewed in certain lights the plumage is less golden green, the gloss being purplish blue; the wings and tail are dull, purplish black, without metallic gloss; and the throat is more decidedly glossed with violet-purple. Length of skin, 157; wing, 95; tail, 59; culmen, 13.5; bill from nostril, 10; depth of bill at nostrils, 6; tarsus, 19." (Mearns.) "Iris ruby-red; bill and feet black." (Goodfellow.)

"This small species of glossy starling was abundant in the high forest above the Bagobo village of Todaya, where small flocks flew with great speed above the treetops, only alighting on the highest dry branches, where they were with difficulty reached by shot." (Mearns.)

Genus ÆTHEOPSAR Sharpe, 1890.

Frontal and nasal feathers long, antrorse or erect, and concealing the nostrils; feathers of crown, occiput, and ear-coverts lanceolate; tail short and rounded; plumage nearly all black or slate-gray; tips of primary-coverts and a large section of primaries pure white, forming a conspicuous wing-bar.

732. ÆTHEOPSAR CRISTATELLUS (Linnæus).

CRESTED MYNA. [104]

Gracula cristatella Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 109. Acridotheres cristatellus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 92; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241. Ætheopsar cristatellus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 666; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.

Mar-tí-nez, Manila.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, Bartsch). Central and southern China.

Adult (sexes similar).--General color black, slightly ashy on the breast; crown and back faintly glossed with green and purple; under tail-coverts and rectrices tipped with white; a wide basal band of white across the primaries. Male from Manila: Iris yellow-ocher; bill pale green, brown at base; legs and feet dark yellow; nails horn-color. Length, 270; wing, 134; tail, 83; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 39. Female from Manila: Iris light orange with a narrow outer yellow ring; bill greenish white; legs dull yellow; nails horn-gray. Length, 250; wing, 130; tail, 81; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 38.

"Young.--Brown instead of black, with no crest on the head, only the frontal plumes being close-set. 'Bill yellowish horn-color; roof of mouth, inside of bill, and tip of tongue yellow, the rest flesh-color with a bluish-black tinge; legs light brownish yellow on the under parts, sole, and joints of scales, the rest purplish brown, darker on the claws; iris slight greenish yellow.' (R. Swinhoe.)" (Sharpe.)

"Very abundant about the city of Manila. Quite common about the Laguna de Bay." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus SARCOPS Walden, 1875.

Bill stout and as long as head; culmen gently curved; base of upper mandible covered with short feathers as far as the nostrils, but the latter exposed; rictal bristles short; sides and top of head naked, except a narrow median line; tail a little shorter than wing; rectrices graduated; upper parts largely silvery gray; wings, tail, and under parts black.

733. SARCOPS CALVUS (Linnæus).

GRAY-BACKED COLETO.

Gracula calva Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 164. Sarcops calvus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 97 (part); Grant, Ibis (1895), 258, 456; (1896), 469 (notes on the geographical races); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 241 (habits, nest, voice); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (part). Sarcops lowii Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 344. (Sibutu). [105]

Co-ling, Mindoro; i-ling, Ticao; sa-ling, Masbate; co-le-to, Manila.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); northern Luzon (Cuming, Kittlitz, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Papahag (Bartsch); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Low, Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead, lores, face, vertical line, and a narrow band on occiput black; wings and tail black; sides of neck, mantle, back, rump, and tail-coverts silvery gray; under parts black; a patch on each side of chest pure white; flanks silvery white; in some specimens the throat is marked with fine white lines. Iris pinkish; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Length, 265 to 290. A male from Batan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 130; tail, 117; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 30. A female from Mindoro measures: Wing, 132; tail, 119; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 31.

"Called by the natives 'sa-ling'. Common where it occurs at all. Feeds entirely on fruits, and is often found in fruit trees in company with Dicæidæ, Loriculi, and other fruit-eating birds. It nests in dead trees." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

734. SARCOPS MELANONOTUS Grant.

BLACK-BACKED COLETO.

Sarcops calvus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 97 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109 (part). Sarcops melanonotus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1906), 16, 100; Ibis (1906), 469; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 332 (notes on specimens from Bohol and measurements).

Basilan (Everett, McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Bartsch); southern Luzon (Whitehead, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Differs from Sarcops calvus only in having the back black forming a distinct dark area between the silvery gray of the hind neck in front and of the rump and tail-coverts behind.

Until recently Sarcops has been considered to be a monotypic genus. It is true that in 1877 Sharpe described Sarcops lowii from Sibutu, but as the type of this species remains unique we may consider its status to be at least doubtful. In 1895 Grant called attention to some differences between specimens of bald starlings collected in localities east of the meridian 122 and those from localities west of that line. Quoting in part from Grant: "we find that east of longitude 122 degrees, or thereabout, all the Philippine examples of S. calvus have the mantle and upper back brownish black; while west of this line all have the upper parts uniform silvery gray; intermediate forms being met with only in localities situated along the line where the two forms intergrade."

In 1906 Grant designated the eastern race as Sarcops melanonotus which is here recognized. The difference between the two races, while evident enough in extreme examples, is not always well marked. As Grant states, specimens taken near the meridian 122 are usually intermediate in the color of the mantle and are not satisfactorily referable to either race. These intermediate birds occur in Basilan, Bohol, Marinduque, Luzon, Tablas, Bohol, and Cebu. In Luzon and Bohol, at least, both varieties and intermediate specimens have been found.

Under these conditions it will be understood that the distribution of the two races of Sarcops, as indicated by islands, is only tentative, while the assignment of the various collectors to their proper places is more or less a matter of guesswork.

Genus GOODFELLOWIA Hartert, 1903.

Bill shorter than head; nostrils overhung by antrorse frontal plumes; bare space around each eye much smaller than in Sarcops; a long crest of decomposed feathers springing from the crown; tail much longer than wing; rectrices graduated; plumage black, glossed with steel-green; a large white patch on rump.

735. GOODFELLOWIA MIRANDA Hartert.

SPECTACLED STARLING.

Goodfellowia miranda Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 11; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 758, pl. 2, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 108.

Tu-ca-ling', Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

Adult (sexes alike).--Black, glossed with dark green; wings and tail blackish brown with little or no gloss; wing-lining and a large patch on lower back and rump white. "Iris dark brown, bare skin round eye yellow; bill yellow, shading into greenish yellow at the base; toes dirty olive or blackish olive; legs olive-yellow." (Goodfellow.) Length, about 300 mm. A male measures: Wing, 116; tail, 156; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 25; crest, 31; difference between longest and shortest rectrices, 90. A female, wing, 114; tail, 162; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 30; crest, 25; difference between longest and shortest rectrices, 92.

This peculiar starling is confined to the highlands of Mindanao.

Genus EULABES Cuvier, 1817.

Bill shorter than head and very stout; culmen strongly curved; nasal feathers antrorse, but short and not concealing the nostrils; feathers on head very short, those of lores and a broad band of feathers on each side of crown and occiput pile-like; a bare space below each eye; a bare space behind each eye ending in a fleshy flap, or wattle, on nape; tail square, less than one-half the wing and not extending beyond the very stout legs and feet; plumage black, glossed with blue and purple; a white bar on the wing.

736. EULABES PALAWANENSIS Sharpe.

PALAWAN WATTLED MYNA. [106]

Eulabes palawanensis Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 202; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 109. Mainatus palawanensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 104.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult (sexes alike).--Black, most of the plumage with a slight green gloss, but the gloss slightly bluish on throat, breast, and hind-neck, purplish on mantle; second to seventh primaries with a wide white band, but on the second confined to the inner web and sometimes indicated by a small white spot on the outer web of the eighth. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 162; tail, 75; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 36. A female from the same locality, wing, 168; tail, 74; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 36.

"This wattled myna is common in Palawan and extremely abundant in the Calamianes Islands. It is a very noisy bird, and some of its cries are astonishingly human. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet bright yellow; nails yellow at base, white at tip; bill orange-red, yellow at tip; bare flesh of head bright yellow. Five males from the Calamianes average: Length, 281; wing, 106; tail, 77; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 36. Four females from the same locality, length, 273; tail, 73; culmen, 30; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 33." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family CORVIDÆ.

Bill large and compressed, longer than head; culmen strongly curved; gonys straight; nostrils completely hidden by stiff antrorse frontal feathers, the longest of which equal nearly one-half the length of bill from base; first primary much shorter than second, but more than one-half the length of wing; second primary much shorter than third, fourth longest, third and fifth nearly equal; rectrices broad; tail slightly or much rounded; feet and tarsi strong, the latter less than culmen from base. Plumage entirely black, glossed with purple and green; sexes alike.

Genera.

a1. Tail much rounded; first primary about equal to the outer secondaries. ... Corone (p. 722) a2. Tail very slightly rounded, the rectrices subequal; first primary shorter than the outer secondaries. ... Corvus (p. 723)

Genus CORONE Kaup, 1829.

First primary about equal in length to the outer secondaries, the latter shorter than some of the more interior ones; tail much rounded and about as long as the longest secondaries.

737. CORONE PHILIPPINA (Bonaparte).

PHILIPPINE CROW.

Corvus philippinus Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1853), 37, 830; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 234 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits). Corone philippina Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 42; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.

Wak, in general use.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Bartsch); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan (Everett); [107] Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Entirely black, the feathers white basally; feathers, of neck at least, more white than black; upper parts including greater part of wing glossed with purple; alula and primary-coverts glossed with dark green; two outer primaries without gloss; under parts with a slight bluish gloss. Length, about 500 mm. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 325; tail, 230; culmen from base, 65; bill from nostril, 47; tarsus, 52. A female from Bohol, wing, 300; tail, 220; culmen from base, 60; bill from nostril, 41; tarsus, 48.

Three eggs of the Philippine crow collected by Steere in Marinduque, May, 1888, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale sea-green, thickly mottled all over, especially towards the larger end, with olive-brown; under-markings faint gray. Measurements 43 mm. by 28 mm. The nest is a loosely constructed platform of fiber, mixed with a few rootlets, etc." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"The Philippine crow is very common throughout the Islands, except in the Palawan group, where it is lacking. It picks into young coconuts, steals young pigeons, and even comes into the kitchens of the native houses to steal. As a natural consequence, the bird is thoroughly detested. Two males measure: Length, 546; wing, 314; tail, 210; culmen, 59; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 52." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CORVUS Linnæus, 1758.

First primary decidedly shorter than the outer secondaries, the latter longer than any of the interior ones; tail very slightly rounded and shorter than the longest secondary.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, about 250 mm.; tail, 140; bill longer and more slender. ... pusillus (p. 723) a2. Smaller; wing, about 220 mm.; tail, 120; bill shorter and stouter. ... samarensis (p. 724)

738. CORVUS PUSILLUS Tweeddale.

LITTLE CROW.

Corvus pusillus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 622; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 234, pl. 6, fig. 5 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 100 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult.--Entirely black, faintly glossed with purple; bases of many of the feathers drab-gray or white; gloss on alula, primaries, and primary-coverts dark green. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 250; tail, 135; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 37; depth of bill at nostril, 18; tarsus, 44. A female from Mindoro, wing, 240; tail, 145; culmen from base, 50; tarsus, 46.

Steere collected a single egg of this species in Mindoro in June, 1888. The egg, taken from the oviduct of female, is thus described: "Shape ovate, rather rounded towards the smaller end. Ground-color pale greenish white, finely spotted and dotted over the entire shell with greenish brown and pale lavender. Measurements 38 mm. by 26 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"The little crow is very common in Mindoro; much rarer in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Unlike Corone philippina, it is a very shy bird. Its note sounds like that of an overgrown 'katy-did.' Iris dark brown; legs, feet, nails, and bill black. A male from Culion measures, 381 in length; wing, 243; tail, 136; culmen, 50; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 45. A female from Palawan, length, 368; wing, 237; tail, 137; culmen, 47; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 43." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

739. CORVUS SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR CROW.

Corvus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 23; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 110.

Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--In color the same as Corvus pusillus, but smaller in size; bill somewhat shorter and deeper. A female from northern Mindanao measures: Length, 340; wing, 220; tail, 120; culmen from base, 47.5; bill from nostril, 34; depth of bill at nostril, 18; tarsus, 38.

"The Samar crow has the shy habits of C. pusillus, but its note is entirely different. We heard its note for a long time without suspecting that it was made by a crow. We occasionally found C. pusillus about the open fields, but never met with C. samarensis except on the sides of well-wooded hills. A male measures: Length, 355; wing, 252; tail, 116; culmen, 52; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 45. Three females average: Length, 338; wing, 215; tail, 118; culmen, 48; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 44. Iris dark brown: legs, feet, nails, and bill black. Food fruit and insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 10: To localities for Megapodius cumingi add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 12: To names of collectors of Excalfactoria lineata, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 14: To localities for Gallus gallus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 27: To localities for Osmotreron axillaris add: Polillo (McGregor); under Negros add: Celestino.

Page 28: To names of collectors of Osmotreron vernans, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 30: To localities for Phapitreron amethystina add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 33: To names of collectors of Phapitreron maculipectus add: Celestino.

Page 35: To names of collectors of Phapitreron nigrorum, under Negros, add: Celestino. To names of collectors of Phapitreron brevirostris, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 35: Mearns has recently described a small brown pigeon from Samar.

PHAPITRERON SAMARENSIS Mearns.

SAMAR WHITE-EARED PIGEON.

Phapitreron samarensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 436.

"Characters.--Resembling Phapitreron brevirostris, but with forehead, chin, and throat whiter than in P. albifrons McGregor. From P. brevirostris it is readily distinguishable by the white forehead, chin, and upper throat, also by the much greater amount of coppery amethystine reflections on the crown, breast, and upper back, and by the usual absence of green reflections on the side of the hind head below the suborbital white stripe; and the under parts are much paler. From P. albifrons it may be at once distinguished by the different color of the under parts, which lack the olivaceous-gray on the breast, and by its more ochraceous abdomen; also the coppery reflections on the breast and upper back of P. samarensis are entirely absent in P. albifrons.

"Measurements of type (from well-made skin of female).--Total length, 230 mm.; wing, 124; tail, 95; culmen and cere (chord), 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 26. 'Eyes pink. Feet, base of mandible, and around eyes, dark purple. Tip of bill black. Egg taken from ovary.' (Bourns.)

"Measurements of adult male (Samar * * * ).--Wing, 129; tail, 95; culmen and cere (chord), 14.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 27." (Mearns.)

This species, if valid, will probably include all the small-billed brown pigeons from Samar and Leyte.

Page 37: To names of collectors of Leucotreron occipitalis, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 38: To localities for Leucotreron marchei add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 43: To localities for Muscadivores nuchalis add: Lapac (Bartsch); under Luzon add: Bartsch. To localities for Muscadivores chalybura add: Polillo (McGregor); under Negros add: Celestino.

Page 44: To localities for Muscadivores ænea add: Masbate (Bartsch).

Page 45: An imperial pigeon from Palmas Island has been described as--

MUSCADIVORES PALMASENSIS Mearns.

PALMAS ISLAND IMPERIAL PIGEON.

Muscadivores palmasensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 436.

"Characters.--Closely related to Muscadivores pickeringi from Mangsee Island, north of Borneo, on the west side of the Sulu Sea; also to Muscadivores langhornei Mearns, from West Bolod Island, southeast of the Sulu Sea and near the Island of Basilan. From the type of pickeringi (Cat. No. 15,732 U. S. N. M.) it differs in being paler, with much less vinaceous color on the chin, throat, breast, and under tail-coverts. The wing is 10 mm. shorter. From langhornei, which it resembles more closely in the coloration of the under parts, it can be distinguished at a glance by the dark color of the mantle, rump, and upper tail-coverts.

"Adult male (type, killed January 21).--Head, neck, upper back, and upper parts, lilac-gray, purest on the upper side of the neck and upper back, washed with vinaceous on crown, ear-coverts, and breast, fading to whitish around base of bill, and shading to drab-gray on legs and crissum; scapulars, back, rump, and wing-coverts mouse-gray, lustrous in a certain light; wing-quills and upper tail-coverts dark mouse-gray, with subdued reflections of violet, coppery, and green; rectrices lustrous golden green above, smoke-gray below; flanks, axillars, and lining of wings clear gray. An adult male topotype in fresh plumage, shot by Dr. Paul C. Freer, October 7, 1906, only differs from the type in being appreciably darker. The sexes are practically alike in size and color.

"Colors of soft parts.--Two mated pairs, about to breed, had the soft parts colored exactly alike, January 21, 1906: Iris red; eyelids and feet vinaceous; claws dusky purplish gray; bare space surrounding eye, pale plumbeous; bill pale bluish gray at tip, darker plumbeous at base. Testicles functionally enlarged.

"Measurements of two adult males (type and topotype measured fresh by the author).--Total length, 420, 430 mm.; alar expanse, 735, 750; wing, 240, 240; tail, 156, 160; culmen (chord), 20, 20; tarsus, 32, 34; middle toe with claw, 46, 49." (Mearns.)

Page 48: To names of collectors of Zonophaps poliocephala, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 50: To localities for Myristicivora bicolor add: Lapac (Bartsch).

Page 51: To names of collectors of Columba griseogularis, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 52: To localities for Macropygia tenuirostris add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 54: To localities for Streptopelia dussumieri add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 59: To localities for Chalcophaps indica add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 60: To localities for Phlegænas luzonica add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 68: To localities for Hypotænidia torquata add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 87: To names of collectors of Hydrochelidon hybrida, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 90: To names of collectors of Sterna boreotis, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 92: To localities for Sterna sinensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: (Curl).

Page 99: To localities for Arenaria interpres add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 103: To localities for Squatarola squatarola add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 104: To localities for Charadrius fulvus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 106: To localities for Ochthodromus geoffroyi add: Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Bartsch); Tataan (Bartsch).

Page 108: To localities for Ochthodromus veredus add: Luzon (Curl).

Page 109: To names of collectors of Ægialitis dubia, under Luzon and Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 112: To localities for Ægialitis alexandrina add: Sulu (Bartsch).

Page 117: To localities for Numenius variegatus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 119: To localities for Mesoscolopax minutus add: Luzon (Curl).

Page 122: To localities for Totanus eurhinus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 123: To localities for Helodromas ochropus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 125: To localities for Heteractitis brevipes add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 126: To localities for Actitis hypoleucos add: Polillo (McGregor); Sulu (Bartsch); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 129: To localities for Glottis nebularius add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 130: To localities for Rhyacophilus glareola add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch, Curl.

Page 132: To localities for Calidris leucophæa add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 134: To localities for Pisobia ruficollis add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 141: To localities for Tringa crassirostris add: Luzon (Curl).

Page 145: To localities for Gallinago megala add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 149: To localities for Lobipes lobatus add: Luzon (Curl).

Page 154: To localities of Orthorhamphus magnirostris add: Tataan (Bartsch); Palaui, off Luzon (Albatross); Polillo (McGregor).

Page 157: To localities for Plegadis autumnalis add: Luzon (Curl).

Page 162: To names of collectors of Pyrrherodia manilensis, under Luzon, add: Mearns.

Page 160: To localities for Dissöura episcopus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 167: To localities for Egretta garzetta add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 168: To localities for Demigretta sacra add: Polillo (McGregor); under Masbate and Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 170: To localities for Nycticorax nycticorax add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 171: To names of collectors of Nycticorax manillensis, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 175: To localities for Butorides javanica add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Mindanao, and Samar add: Bartsch.

Page 177: To localities for Bubulcus coromandus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao add: Bartsch; under Negros add: Celestino.

Page 179: To names of collectors of Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 187: In fifth line from the bottom for Bantanyan read Bantayan.

Page 188: To names of collectors of Dendrocygna arcuata, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 189: To localities for Anas luzonica add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 196: To localities for Spatula clypeata add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 202: To names of collectors of Anhinga melanogaster, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 223: Cancel ninth line from the bottom of the page.

Page 228: To names of collectors of Spilornis holospilus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 229: To names of collectors of Spilornis panayensis, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 230: To localities for Butastur indicus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 232: To names of collectors of Haliæetus leucogaster, under Bongao, add: Bartsch.

Page 233: To localities for Haliastur intermedius add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 234: To localities for Elanus hypoleucus add: Leyte (Bartsch); under Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 258: Interpolate, after Otus cuyensis:

OTUS STEEREI Mearns.

TUMINDAO SCREECH OWL.

Otus steerei Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 437. Tumindao, off Sitanki (Mearns).

"Characters.--Very similar to the Celebesian Otus menadensis, from which it may be distinguished by being larger, with upper parts darker, with more of the black vermiculations; black centers to the feathers of the under parts much less conspicuous; feathers of tarsus more heavily cross-barred with blackish. Of the Philippine species it is most closely related to Otus cuyensis McGregor, but is darker and much smaller, having the same white, black-tipped scapulars, but with the entire plumage darker and more heavily marked, and the wing 15 mm. shorter. It bears no close resemblance to any other Philippine species.

"Measurements.--Wing, 157 mm.; tail, 84; culmen from cere (chord), 15; tarsus, 33. Iris yellow; bill and feet greenish (from fresh specimen). The stomach of the type contained insects." (Mearns.)

Page 274: To localities for Cacatua hæmaturopygia add: Polillo (McGregor); Siasi (Bartsch); under Masbate and Samar add: Bartsch.

Page 278: To names of collectors of Prioniturus discurus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 279: Mearns describes a parrakeet from Misamis Province, Mindanao as--

PRIONITURUS MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.

MALINDANG RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 437.

"Characters.--Closely related to Prioniturus waterstradti Rothschild, from Mount Apo, southeastern Mindanao, from which it may be distinguished by its larger size, much yellower coloring of under side, greener, less brownish back and scapulars, longer tail, but much shorter naked shafts to the central pair of feathers.

"Adult female (type and only specimen).--Upper parts green, with slight touches of bluish on forehead, and a light greenish brown rump, as in P. waterstradti; wings bright green above, with concealed inner webs blackish, and outer webs narrowly edged with yellow; edge of wing yellow; rectrices green above tipped with dull black, beryl-green on under side, the shafts and spatules of the central pair dull black, with webs all green to the naked shafts; entire under parts golden green; axillars and lining of wings oil-green; under side of primaries dull black, broadly bordered on the inner webs with beryl-green. Iris dark brown; bill pale horn-color, faintly plumbeous at base and tip of mandibles; feet and claws plumbeous (from fresh specimen).

"Measurements of type (female).--Wing, 153 mm.; tail, 79 (to end of lengthened central pair, 126); culmen from cere (chord), 20; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 25.

"Measurements of adult female topotype of P. waterstradti ( * * * ).--Wing 145 mm.; tail, 75 (to end of lengthened central pair, 151); culmen from cere (chord), 18; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25 (skin)." (Mearns.)

Page 281: To localities for Tanygnathus lucionensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Lapac, Masbate, and Romblon add: Bartsch; under Negros add: Celestino.

Page 283: To localities for Tanygnathus everetti add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 289: To names of collectors of Loriculus regulus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 290: To localities for Loriculus philippensis add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 294: To names of collectors of Loriculus bonapartei, under Sulu, add: Bartsch.

Page 302: To localities for Eurystomus orientalis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Masbate, Mindanao, and Samar add: Bartsch.

Page 304: To localities for Pelargopsis gouldi add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 306: To localities for Alcedo bengalensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 308: To localities for Alcyone cyanopectus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 312: To localities for Ceyx melanura add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 316: To names of collectors of Ceyx bournsi, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 320: To localities for Halcyon gularis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Samar add: Bartsch.

Page 322: To localities for Halcyon winchelli add: Papahag (Bartsch).

Page 323: To localities for Halcyon chloris add: Lapac (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Masbate, and Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 326: To names of collectors of Halcyon moseleyi add: Celestino.

Page 332: To names of collectors of Penelopides panini, under Negros, add: Celestino; under Masbate add: Bartsch.

Page 333: To localities for Penelopides manillæ add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 333: In fourth line from the bottom for manillæ read manilæ.

Page 336: To names of collectors of Penelopides affinis, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 338: To names of collectors of Craniorrhinus waldeni, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 338: To names of collectors of Craniorrhinus leucocephalus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 340: To names of collectors of Merops americanus, under Masbate, add: Bartsch.

Page 341: To localities for Merops philippinus add: Bongao (Bartsch); under Luzon and Masbate add: Bartsch.

Page 346: In the last line for manillensis read manilensis.

Page 350: Interpolate, before Hemiprocne major:

HEMIPROCNE COMATA (Temminck).

SUMATRAN WHISKERED SWIFT.

Cypselus comatus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1824), 268 (Sumatra). Macropteryx comata Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 517 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89. Hemiprocne major McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58 (part).

Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester). Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Natunas.

Diagnosis.--Smaller than Hemiprocne major, the wing about 127 mm.

Under H. major cancel: Mindanao, Samar, Sibutu, and Sulu.

Page 355: To names of collectors of Collocalia troglodytes, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 356: To localities for Collocalia marginata add: Mindanao (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 360: To localities for Tachornis pallidior add: Negros (Celestino); Polillo (McGregor).

Page 362: To localities for Pyrotrogon ardens add: Polillo (McGregor); under Leyte add: Bartsch.

Page 364: In key to genera under g1 for length read width.

Page 367: To names of collectors of Surniculus velutinus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 374: To names of collectors of Cacomantis merulinus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 379: To names of collectors of Eudynamys mindanensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch.

Page 383: To localities for Centropus viridis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon, Masbate, and Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 384: To names of collectors of Centropus javanicus, under Leyte, add: Bartsch.

Page 386: To localities for Centropus unirufus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 388: To localities for Dasylophus superciliosus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 390: To names of collectors of Xantholæma hæmacephalum, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 391: To names of collectors of Xantholæma roseum, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 393: To names of collectors of Yungipicus validirostris, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 394: To names of collectors of Yungipicus maculatus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 397: To localities for Yungipicus ramsayi add: Papahag, off Tawi Tawi (Bartsch).

Page 397: Interpolate, after Yungipicus ramsayi:

YUNGIPICUS SIASIENSIS Mearns.

SIASI PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Yungipicus siasiensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 438.

Siasi (Bartsch).

"Adult male (type).--Similar to the male of Y. ramsayi, but with a smaller bill and without white markings on the upper surface of the primaries or secondaries except a small concealed white spot on inner webs of several secondaries, and with much less white on the inner margins of the inner webs on under side of wing; and the orange-yellow of the under parts is much more restricted, being confined to a narrow band across the chest.

"Adult female ( * * * ).--Similar to the male, but lacking the elongated scarlet feathers on the edge of the posterior half of the crown and occiput, the entire upper surface of head and neck being dark brown. The white markings of the upper and under sides of the wings are restricted to the same extent as those of the type, and tend to form a very narrow brownish white margin to the inner webs of the innermost secondaries, below, instead of forming squarish detached white spots as in Y. ramsayi; the orange-yellow pectoral band as in the male.

"Measurements of Yungipicus siasiensis.--Adult male (type): Wing, 83 mm.; tail, 47; culmen, 19.5. Adult female ( * * * ): Wing 85 mm.; tail, 49; culmen, 20.2." (Mearns.)

Page 400: To localities for Chrysocolaptes hæmatribon add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 401: To names of collectors of Chrysocolaptes montanus, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

"This is a species of eastern Mindanao, intergrading with lucidus at Pantar, western Mindanao, instead of being a mountain form." (Mearns.)

Page 402: To names of collectors of Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 403: To localities for Lichtensteinipicus funebris add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 409: To names of collectors of Thriponax hargitti, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 410: In second line for BROAD BILLS read BROADBILLS.

Page 414: To localities for Pitta erythrogastra add: Negros (Celestino).

Page 426: To localities for Hirundo rustica add: Negros (Celestino).

Page 427: To localities for Hirundo gutturalis add: Negros (Celestino); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 428: To localities for Hirundo javanica add: Polillo (McGregor); under Romblon add: Bartsch.

Page 429: To names of collectors of Hirundo striolata, under Luzon, add: McGregor.

Page 431: In the key to genera of Muscicapidæ the genus Callaeops should be inserted near Terpsiphone.

Page 433: To localities for Hemichelidon griseosticta add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 438: To localities for Cyornis philippinensis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 442: To names of collectors of Muscicapula westermanni, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 447: To names of collectors of Gerygone simplex, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 448: To localities for Gerygone rhizophoræ add: Tataan (Bartsch).

"This specimen is doubtfully referred to this species on account of its darker coloration and larger size than Gerygone simplex. The sides of the head are nearly as dark as G. rhizophoræ from Mindanao, and, like it, the crissum is pale and the under tail-coverts white; but the upper parts are much paler, and the bill smaller than in typical rhizophoræ." (Mearns.)

Page 451: To localities for Hypothymis occipitalis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Mindanao add: Bartsch.

Page 455: To localities for Cyanomyias coelestis add: Negros (Celestino).

Page 457: To names of collectors of Rhipidura albiventris, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 458: To names of collectors of Rhipidura cyaniceps, under Luzon, add: Bartsch.

Page 460: To localities for Rhipidura nigritorquis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Tataan add: Bartsch.

Page 461: To names of collectors of Xeocephus rufus, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 470: Mearns has described as a subspecies, the Rhinomyias from the lowlands of Mindanao; if this form is valid it may stand as--

RHINOMYIAS MINDANENSIS (Mearns).

MINDANAO RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias ruficauda mindanensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 439.

"The series of this genus in the U. S. Nat. Mus. shows that there are three geographical forms of the rufous-tailed flycatcher, from the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, and Samar respectively.

"Compared with the Samar and Mindanao forms the Basilan form, Rhinomyias ruficauda ruficauda, has the under parts whiter, middle of chest grayer, sides of chest and flanks a grayer brown, with entire side of head slate-gray.

"R. mindanensis and samarensis both have brown cheeks and differ from each other in size the Mindanao form being larger. The upper surfaces are of a lighter, more olivaceous, and less rufescent color." (Mearns.)

Page 470: To localities for Rhinomyias ocularis add: Pangamian (Bartsch).

Page 474: To names of collectors of Cryptolopha olivacea, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 476: Interpolate, after Cryptolopha mindanensis:

CRYPTOLOPHA MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.

MALINDANG FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 440. Mount Malindang, Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Similar to Cryptolopha mindanensis Hartert, from Mount Apo, Mindanao, but smaller, less yellow above and below, and with a distinct yellowish white postocular streak extending to the occiput; bill flesh-color instead of yellow on base of mandible; feet grayish flesh-color instead of plumbeous.

"Adult male.--Upper parts olive-green, darkest on the crown; wings and tail dark brown, broadly bordered with olive-green on the outer webs, but with outer rectrix white to the base, edged with pale yellow basally and with olive-brown terminally on outer web; second rectrix dark brown at base of inner web, white on terminal two-thirds, yellow on basal half of outer web and olive-brown on terminal half; third rectrix edged with white at tip of inner web and yellow on outer web at base; loral and postocular streak yellowish white; entire under parts sulphur-yellow, obscured by pale olive-green centers to the feathers; under tail-coverts plain sulphur-yellow; sides of chest and flanks olive-green, streaked with yellow; axillars and lining of wings pale sulphur-yellow; cheeks pale sulphur-yellow, mottled with very pale olive-green. Iris hazel; bill brownish black, flesh-color at base of mandible; feet grayish flesh-color, claws brown (from fresh specimen).

"Comparative measurements of Cryptolopha mindanensis and C. malindangensis.--Adult males (from skins): Wing, 58, 56 mm.; tail, 48, 46; bill from nostril, 7, 7; tarsus, 21, 21." (Mearns.)

Page 482: To names of collectors of Artamides kochi, under Samar, add: Bartsch.

Page 482: To localities for Artamides striatus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 483: To names of collectors of Artamides panayensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch; under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 487: To names of collectors of Edolisoma panayense, under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 488: To names of collectors of Edolisoma everetti, under Lapac, add: Bartsch.

Page 490: To names of collectors of Pericrocotus marchesæ, under Sulu, add: Bartsch.

Page 493: To localities for Pericrocotus cinereus add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 495: To localities for Lalage niger add: Polillo (McGregor); under Luzon and Masbate add: Bartsch.

Page 500: To localities for Irena cyanogastra add: Polillo (McGregor).

Page 506: To names of collectors of Iole everetti, under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 508: To localities for Iole gularis add: Polillo (McGregor); under Leyte and Luzon add: Bartsch.

Page 509: To names of collectors of Iole guimarasensis, under Masbate, add: Bartsch; under Negros, add: Celestino.

Page 511: To names of collectors of Iole cinereiceps, under Romblon, add: Bartsch.

Page 512: To localities for Poliolophus urostictus add: Polillo (McGregor); under Mindanao, add: Bartsch.

Page 718: Interpolate after the sixth line:

Species.

a1. Back uniform silvery gray ... calvus (p. 718) a2. Back more or less black in the center ... melanonotus (p. 719)

A recently described subspecies of stork-billed kingfisher is based upon a male collected by Bartsch in the Island of Masbate. The citation is:

Rhamphalcyon capensis smithi Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909) 36, 466.

This subspecies is said to be intermediate in color between Pelargopsis gouldi and P. gigantea and larger than either of them. The type measures: "Wing, 157 mm.; tail, 96; exposed culmen, 80; tarsus, 17."

I regret that a copy of the fifth and final volume of Sharpe's Hand-List of Birds was received in Manila too late for citation in the Manual.

NOTES

[1] The most important of these lists are the following:

Martens, E. V.: [Title not seen] Jour. für Ornith. (1866), 8-31. Walden, Viscount: A List of Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine Archipelago. Trans. Zool. Soc. London (1875), 9, pt. 2, 125-252, pls. 23-34. Ramsay, R. G. W.: Revised List of the Birds Known to Occur in the Philippine Islands, Showing their Geographical Distribution. Appendix, pp. 653-660, to the Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale. London (1881). Elera, R. P. Fr. Casto de: Aves. Catalogo Sistematico de toda la Fauna de Filipinas. Manila (1895), 1, 52-398. Worcester, D. C. and Bourns, F. S.: A List of the Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine and Palawan Islands, Showing their Distribution within the Limits of the Two Groups. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1898), 20, 549-566. McGregor, R. C. and Worcester, D. C.: A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1906), No. 36, 1-121.

[2] Very full references to literature may be found in Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum and in Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History).

[3] Sharpe, R. B.: A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. London (1899-1903), 1-4, Vol. 5 in press.

For other systems of classification the following may be consulted:

Huxley, T. H.: On the Classification of Birds; and on the Taxonomic Value of the Modifications of Certain of the Cranial Bones observable in that Class. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1867), 415-472. Stejneger, L.: Standard Natural History. Boston (1885), 4, Birds (part). An outline of Stejneger's scheme of classification may be found in the Zoological Record (1885), 22, pt. Aves. 14-18. Fürbringer, M.: Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der Vogel, Zugleich ein Beitrage zur Anatomie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane. Royal Zoological Society, Amsterdam (1888). For reviews of Fürbringer's classification see Gadow, Nature (1888), 39, 150-152; 177-181, and Evans, Zool. Record, Aves (1888), 25, 14-16. Evans, A. H.: Cambridge Natural History, Birds. New York and London (1900), 9, XI-XVI (Scheme of Classification). Gadow, H.: On the Classification of Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1892), 229-256. Dubois, A.: Synopsis Avium. Brussels (1899-1904), 1-1339, pls. 1-16. Ridgway, R.: The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1901), No. 50, pt. 1, 1-12. Clark, H. L.: The Classification of Birds. Auk (1901), new ser., 18, 370-381. Shufeldt, R. W.: An Arrangement of the Families and Higher Groups of Birds. Am. Naturalist (1904), 38, 833-857.

[4] It is a matter of difficulty to distinguish between the soft short tail-feathers and the long, overhanging coverts; in this species, therefore, it is more convenient to measure from base of tail to tip of longest covert.

[5] The status of Gallus stramineicollis, described from a specimen collected in Sulu by Burbidge, is somewhat doubtful; Grant considers it a domestic bird. The original description follows:

"General color above black, shot with green and purple; wing-coverts like the back, the innermost and the scapulars with a slight subterminal shine of coppery brown; primary-coverts and primaries black, the secondaries externally green; feathers of the lower back and rump straw-yellow, with darker longitudinal centers of black or green; upper tail-coverts and tail glossy oil-green; crown of head and nape black; hind-neck and neck-hackles, as well as sides of neck, straw-yellow, deeper on the hind-neck, with green longitudinal centers to the feathers; remainder of under surface of body black with a green gloss; comb short and rounded; sides of face and entire throat bare. Total length 34.5 inches [876 mm.], culmen 1.1 [28], wing 9.0 [229], tail 17.5 [445], tarsus 3.4 [86]."

[6] Birds from some of these localities may be M. langhornei.

[7] It is possible that all the records of Ptilocolpa for Mindanao should be referred to P. mindanensis.

[8] Whitehead's diagnosis is as follows: "Similis P. griseipectori (Bp.), sed plaga præpectorali nigra, nec cinerea, facile distinguenda. Long. tot. 13.0 poll., alæ 8.3, caudæ 4.8, tarsi 0.85."

[9] The order Colymbiformes as used here is equivalent to order VIII Podicipedidiformes of Sharpe's Hand-List and not order IX Colymbiformes of that work. Tachybaptus Reichenbach is to be used for the genus or subgenus Podiceps Latham. Cf. Stone, Auk (1907), 24, 190; Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 24.

[10] Mr. W. Eagle Clarke informs me that he has received a specimen of the Philippine grebe from Panay.

[11] As the Bureau of Science collection contains very few specimens belonging to the order Lariformes and as these are winter specimens only, the greater part of the specific descriptions of Philippine gulls and terns are copied from Saunders's excellent work, in volume 25 of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum.

[12] Cf. Bureau, Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Ouest France (1904), 14, 227-256.

[13] While I have examined specimens of nearly all the species in this order which are known to occur in the Philippine Islands the material available to me is unsatisfactory as a basis for specific descriptions. This is due to the fact that most of the species under consideration are migrants and can be taken in the Philippines in non-breeding plumage only. Rather than present descriptions based upon inadequate material I have included here numerous quotations from Sharpe's monograph of the Limicolæ (Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, volume 24) and from other standard works.

[14] The Ticao specimen was listed as Numenius arquata, McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, p. 24; it is really a specimen of N. variegatus.

[15] "Ocrophus" is said to be a misprint.

[16] Cf. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 20.

[17] See also footnote under Ixobrychus cinnamomeus, p. 179.

[18] Cf. Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. (1907), 24, 36.

[19] Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1887), 10, 289, places this species in his subgenus Nannocnus and gives the following key:

a1. Tibiæ feathered nearly to the heel-joint; longest tail-feathers longer than middle toe without claw (Ardetta). ... A. sinensis a2. Tibiæ naked at the lower end, longest tail-feathers shorter than middle toe without claw (Nannocnus).

b1. Quills and tail-feathers blackish. ... A. eurhythma b2. Quills and tail-feathers cinnamon-rufous. ... A. cinnamomea

The characters of Nannocnus seem to be, as stated by Stejneger, of no more than subgeneric value.

[20] All of the species of ducks here enumerated, except Marila marila, are represented in the Bureau of Science collection by specimens taken in the Philippine Islands, but with the exception of the abundant Dendrocygna arcuata these are adults only, in winter plumage. I have constructed keys and diagnoses from this material but for detailed descriptions I have depended almost entirely upon Salvadori's monograph in volume 27 of the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum.

[21] The white-faced tree duck, Dendrocygna viduata (Linnæus), has been recorded as a Philippine species; I believe it should be omitted from our list.

[22] Mr. W. Eagle Clarke informs us that he has received a specimen of this duck from Negros.

[23] The Phæthontidæ have the nostrils open and the interramal space feathered. No member of this family has been reported from the Philippine Islands.

[24] Through the interest of Mr. William Edmonds, teacher in the Batanes, a specimen of the tic-wee buzzard from Batan has been sent to the Bureau of Science. We are under obligations to Mr. Otto Sheerer for two live specimens of this species which were caught in Batan. Still another tic-wee buzzard was captured on board the U. S. S. Albatross in the vicinity of Camiguin Island, north of Luzon.

[25] The Sibuyan specimen was recorded as Falco peregrinus in Publ. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 11.

[26] Sharpe's diagnosis is as follows: "F. similis F. melanogeni, sed nigricantior, subtus ubique cinereo adumbratus, et subalaribus axillaribusque nigris, lineis parvulis albis transfasciatis. Long. tot. 15.5 poll., alæ 11.6, caudæ 5.5, tarsi 1.9."

[27] "The length of the bill varies considerably, some specimens, measured from the anterior margin of the cere, being only 30, others 34."

[28] Sharpe's diagnosis and remarks on this species are as follows: "S. similis S. umbratili, sed multo minor et omnino saturate brunnea, modo Scopino vermiculata et notata, sed regione auriculari rufo-brunnea concolore, et fasciis frontalibus et cervicalibus pallidis obsoletis.

"The above diagnosis well expresses the relations of this dark-colored Scops owl, which is more dingy in color than any species I know."

[29] Sharpe's diagnosis is as follows: "S. similis S. mantananensis sed alis extus vix albo notatis, et remigibus intus vix fasciatis distinguenda. Long. tot. 8.0 poll., alæ 6.0."

[30] "This bird is described as being most probably the same as the typical Sumatran N. scutulata (Raffl.)."

[31] Sharpe's diagnosis of this species follows: "Similis N. reyi, sed maculis pallidis primariorum paucis fulvescentibus, minime albo quadratim notatis, et abdomine, hypochondriis, et tibiis ochrascentifulvis, nec albis brunneo maculatis distinguenda. Long. tot. 9.5 poll., alæ 7.7."

[32] "Quant a la Chouette qui provient du meme [Sulu] archipel, on peut la distinguer immédiatement de l'espèce commune des Philippines (Ninox philippensis) par sa taille plus forte (o m. 29), par ses ailes beaucoup plus longues et depassant même l'extrémité de la quene, et enfin par son plumage roux, rayé transversalement de brun sur la tete et sur les épaules. Par ce dernier caractère, la chouette des îles Sooloo, que pourra être appelée Ninox Reyi, ressemble en peu au Glaucidium ou Athene cuculoides de l'Indo-Chine, espèce dont les ailes sont, du reste, beaucoup moins developpées." (Oustalet.)

[33] The descriptions given above are from a copy of the original, the essential part of which follows:

"Ich beschreibe ein altes vollausgafärbtes Weibchen dieser Eule wie folgt: Oberher rötlichbraun, schwach ins Olive spielend. Oberkopf, Kopfseiten, Hinterhals, Halsseiten und Mantel heller fahlrötlich schmal gebändert; auf Unterrücken und Bürzel wird diese Bindenzeichnung undeutlich, so dass diese Teile nahezu einfärbig erscheinen. Kinn hell. Kehlfedern hellfahl mit dunklen Schaflstrichen. Brust und Bauch auf lebhaft rotbraunem Grunde schmal schwärzlich gebändert. Flügelbug weiss. Skapularen und grosse Flügeldeckfedern mit einigen grösseren mattweissen Flecken auf der Aussenfahne. Schwingen erster Ordnung: Innenfahne einfärbig schwärzlich, Aussenfahne mit breiteren dunkelbraunen und schmaleren rötlichfahlen Bindenflecken. Auf den Tertiärschwingen erscheinen sehr undeutlich breite, dunklere Binden und längs des Randes der Aussenfahne hellfahle Fleckenspuren. Schwanzfedern mit gleichbreiten bräunlichen und dunkleren Binden. Untere Schwanzdecken hellfahl. Innere Flügeldecken hellbraunrötlich mit dunklerer Fleckung. Beine hellgelblich. Iris gelb. Ganze Länge circa 250 mm, Flügel 169 mm, Schwanz 80 mm.

"Ein zweites Exemplar gez. [male] unterscheidet sich nur dadurch, dass die Binden des Unterbauchs und der Hosen auf hellerem Grunde stehen. Auch auf Brust und Epigastrium ist die rotbraune Grundfarbe etwas heller. Flügel 168 mm, Schwanz 80 mm.

"Ein drittes Exemplar gez. [female]. Das Braunrot des Abdomen sehr feurig mit unregelmässiger und weniger deutlicher Bindenzeichnung. Flügel 168 mm, Schwanz 78 mm.

"Ein viertes Exemplar. Nestjunges Weibchen. Oberher olivenbräunlich. Nur auf dem Scheitel Bindenzeichnung. Unterher rotbräunlich mit Spuren von Binden auf der Brust. Die Federn des Bauches zeigen dunkle Schaftstriche. Untere Schwanzdecken hellfuchsrötlich. Die dunklen Flecken auf den Aussenfahnen der grösseren Schwingen stehen auf hellfahlem Grunde.

"Vergleicht man die vorstehende Beschreibung von Ninox Plateni Blas. mit den Beschreibungen von Ninox spilonotus und Ninox mindorensis so ist das Ergebniss ein unsicheres, wenig befriedigendes. Der Umstand, dass in der Beschreibung von Ninox spilonotus nur von Flecken und an keiner Stelle von Bindenzeichnung die Rede ist, sowie, dass die Innenfahnen der grösseren Schwingen als 'spotted and barred with light rufous brown' beschrieben werden, genügt vollkommen, um jeden Gedanken an Gleichartigkeit von N. Plateni und N. spilonotus auszuschliessen."

[34] Cf. Auk (1908), 25, 371.

[35] The validity of the following species is doubtful:

Prioniturus suluensis W. Blasius; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29. Prioniturus discurus var. suluënsis Blasius, Jour. für Ornith. (1890), 140. Prioniturus suluensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 419.

Adult.--"Very much like P. discurus, from which it differs in being larger and in the greater extension of the blue color on the crown, where it begins from the anterior edge of the forehead and extends to the occiput; also lores bluish green; on the nape and upper part of the back there is a very distinct olive patch, of the same color as the under parts. Length, 343; wing, 163; central tail-feathers, 165; lateral tail-feathers, 76; bill, 23; tarsus, 17." (Salvadori.)

"The Sulu bird (P. suluensis Blasius) has been separated on account of its larger size and the blue on the crown being more extended, beginning at the anterior edge of the forehead and extending to the occiput. Its larger size (wing 165 mm.) one can appreciate, but the supposed difference in the blue on the crown and other minor characters mentioned are equally found in birds from Basilan, Mindanao, etc., so that P. suluensis can only be considered a rather larger insular race of P. discurus, which it absolutely resembles in plumage." Grant, Ibis (1895), 263.

The blue on the crown and forehead seems to be a variable quantity in Prioniturus discurus and its allies and the status of suluensis and waterstradti can only be determined when good series from various localities are studied.

[36] In many specimens otherwise in adult plumage, the cheeks are green, but this seems to be invaded by extension of blue from the crown as the birds become older.

[37] The key is that of the Catalogue of Birds with slight changes.

[38] The status of the following is doubtful:

Loriculus sp. Salvadori.

Loriculus sp. Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 530 (foot note); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Mindanao (Cuming).

"It is about the size of L. siquijorensis; in coloring it comes near the female of L. apicalis, but has the red of the crown not reaching the occiput; the tail above shows much blue towards the tip of the lateral feathers. I add the description of the specimen, which is not in very good condition: Green; forehead and vertex red; nape with a slight tinge of orange; cheeks and throat blue; rump and upper tail-coverts red; tail green above, the lateral feathers blue towards the tip; tail underneath deep blue; bill orange. Length, 165; wing, 98; tail, 44." (Salvadori.)

[39] The description of the male, as given by Dr. Finsch, is as follows:

"Altes Männchen. Oberseite des Kopfes, Hals und alle unteren Theile (einschliesslich der unteren Schwanzdecken) rostgelblichweiss; Wangen und Ohrgegend, von letzterer in einem breiteren Bande um die nackte Kehle sich herumziehend, braunschwarz; alle oberen Theile (einschliesslich der oberen Schwanz- und unteren Flugeldecken) dunkelbraun, mit schwach grünlichem Metallschimmer, der auf den dunkleren Schwingen deutlicher hervortritt (keine hellen Schwingensäume); Schwanzfedern schwarzbraun mit grünlichem Metallschimmer, die zwei mittelsten Federn (etwas unterhalb der Mitte) mit einer (25 mm.) breiten rostfarbenen Querbinde, die auf der folgenden nur halb so breit ist, auf der nächstfolgenden nur an der Innenfahne kleine hellrostfarbene Querflecke, die keine eigentliche Binde bilden; die zwei äussersten Schwanzfedern jederseits einfarbig braunschwarz; Schnabel schwarz, etwas rothbraun durchscheinend, der Aufsatz in ein röthliches Hornbraun übergehend, das gegen die Basis zu viel heller und etwas durchscheinend ist; auf der Basishälfte des Oberschnabels machen sich vier schwach vertiefte Furchen bemerkbar, die von der Mitte bis zum Schneidenrande herablaufen und sich als senkrechte gelbliche Streifen abheben; Unterschnabel mit drei schief nach vorn laufenden Längsrillen, von denen die basale röthlichbraun gefärbt ist; der nackte Augenkreis schmutzig fleischröthlich; die nackte Basis des Unterschnabels, wie die Nacktheit an Kinn und Kehle, schmutzig gelblich; Fusse hornschwarz.

"(Im Leben: 'Iris braunroth, Schnabel braunroth mit gelben Streifen an der Wurzel, Füsse dunkelgrau beinahe schwarz'; Eingeborenen-Name 'Talisi': van der Valk)."

[40] Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington (1906), 19, 68.

[41] The name Salangana Saint-Hilaire, 1837, proposed by Richmond to replace Collocalia, proves to have been used in a vernacular sense and therefore is not available. Cf. Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia (1906), 58, 178.

[42] The late Mr. H. M. Ickis, geologist, Bureau of Science, found this species breeding in the Island of Polillo and collected nests and eggs as well as specimens of the bird.

[43] Some authors prefer Apus Scopoli, 1777, for this genus; Dr. Sharpe uses Cypselus Illiger, 1811. Cf. Hartert, Das Tierreich (1897), 1, 83; Sharpe, Hand-List, (1900), 2, (introduction); Allen, Auk (1901), 18, 121.

[44] The young in several genera are more or less barred and can not be determined by this key; the females in the genus Eudynamys have the entire plumage barred and spotted.

[45] The key is modified from that given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 471.

[46] In Sharpe's Hand-List, Calayan is given as one of the localities for this species, a slip for Catanduanes; no woodpecker is known from Calayan.

[47] Cf. references to Clarke under Thriponax hargitti.

[48] Cf. Grant, Ibis (1896), 473, under Thriponax mindorensis.

[49] Apart from the characters presented by the tarsal envelope, this division into suborders is fully justified by internal structures, but as these can not be examined in skins they are omitted above.

Key to the suborders of Passeriformes based upon internal characters.

a1. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the middle of the bronchial semirings, the muscles simple, small, and few. ... Mesomyodi a2. Intrinsic muscles of the syrinx fixed to the ends of the bronchial semirings, the muscles complex and numerous. ... Acromyodi

[50] The pittas are known to some authors as "ant thrushes" but the latter name belongs properly to certain members of the South American family Formicariidæ. The name "ground thrush" appears to have greater validity as the English name for the Pittidæ, but the use of the name "thrush" in connection with this family is misleading and unnecessary.

[51] See also the remarks on Pitta propinqua under the next preceding species.

[52] Cf. Pitta rothschildi, page 420.

[53] Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331.

[54] The validity of this species appears to me very doubtful; the original description follows:

"Völlig abweichend aber präsentiert sich ein anscheinend männliches stück aus Marinduque (Philippinen), dessen Unterseite derartig stark mit Blau übertönt erscheint, dass von der grünen Farbe kaum noch eine Spur sichtbar bleibt. Das Weiss der Flügels in den Schwingen erscheint bei diesem interessanten Vogel, der zudem stärker ist wie die beiden anderen Philippiner, in ganz exzessivem Masse entwiekelt; der Brustfleck dagegen ist relativ klein. Das Kolorit des Steissgefieders ist in prächtiges Karsisinrot (nicht Zinnoberrot)." (Parrot.)

[55] Some species of the swallow family are known to European authors as sand martins, while other species are called house martins, but as, in the United States, the name martin is closely associated with the genus Progne, I prefer to retain the name swallow for all the species of Hirundinidæ known from the Philippine Islands.

[56] Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 204, recognizes H. fuliginosa as distinct from H. sibirica and gives Palawan as one of its localities. A flycatcher collected by Platen in Palawan is recorded by Blasius as H. sibirica and I have met with no reference to H. fuliginosa from that Island except as given by Sharpe.

[57] The islands of Bongao and Sulu are given here on the authority of Sharpe's Hand-List.

[58] Sharpe, Hand-List, gives the locality "Palawan (winter)" for this flycatcher; I have not found that it is recorded from Palawan.

[59] See also Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107.

[60] This key is slightly modified from the one given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 542.

[61] Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 276, assigns the species C. nigrorum and C. olivacea to Abrornis. Oates says: "Abrornis resembles Cryptolopha in everything except the tail, which has ten feathers instead of twelve." As the species mentioned above have twelve rectrices I have put them in Cryptolopha.

[62] Cf. footnote under Cryptolopha olivacea, p. 474.

[63] Whitehead's diagnosis is as follows: "Similis C. montis sed rostro crassiore et uropygio sulphureo destinguenda."

[64] There is some doubt as to the species of Artamides found in Libagao, but it is in all probability A. mindorensis.

[65] Sharpe's diagnosis reads:

"Mas a mari E. morionis ex insula Celebensi vix diversus. Foem. tamen gastraeo toto cinereo concolore facile distinguenda." Sharpe should have compared the male with E. mindanense as well as with E. morio.

[66] This key can be used with adult birds only.

[67] No specimen of L. melanoleuca was collected on Semirara but "a bird, probably of this species, was seen."

[68] Cf. Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309. I find no record of this Irena having been taken in Balabac.

[69] Mearns gives the following characters for this subspecies: "Similar to the Luzon guava bulbul (Pycnonotus goiavier goiavier), but smaller, with relatively shorter tail, broader supraorbital white stripes, and a paler auricular patch." The comparative measurements given by Mearns are not convincing and I am not prepared to admit the validity of this subspecies.

[70] Leonardina (p. 537) probably belongs near Mixornis and Macronous; I have not seen it.

[71] The original description of Mixornis (=Zosterornis) plateni follows:

"Mixornis plateni, bedeutend kleiner als M. capitalis, mit welcher Form die Art, besonders von der Oberseite gesehen, eine gewisse Aehnlichkeit in der Färbung besitzt.

"Oberseite olivenbraun, Bürzel und Schwanzdeckfedern mehr rostfarben, am Vorderrücken weisse Schaftstriche. Ganzer Kopf, oben und an den Seiten, Nacken und Brust rothbraun mit feinen weissen Schaftstrichen. Kinn und Kehle mehr schwärzlich mit breiteren weissen Schaftflecken. Schwanzfedern einfarbig braun, an der Aussenfahne olivenfarben verwaschen. Ebenso die schwanz federn oberseits und die oberen Flügeldeckfedern. Untere Flügeldeckfedern und Achselfedern weisslich. Masse: [female] Long. tot. 12 cm. Ala 5.5 cm. Caud. 4.7 cm. Culmen 1.0 cm. Tarsus 1.5 cm. Type: Museum Brunsvicense."

[72] The original description of Macronous kettlewelli follows: "Brunneus; dorsi plumis filiformibus, elongatis, versus basin nigricantibus; rachide, et partibus plumæ rachidi adjacentibus, albidis; alis fulvescenti-brunneis, exterius pallidioribus; supracaudalibus caudaque pallide castaneis; pileo dorso concolori, rachidibus plumarum albidis; fronte nigricante, magis distincte striata; superciliis, loris et regione parotica nigricantibus, albo lineatis; genis et corpore toto subtus pallide cervinis; hypochondriis brunnescentibus; gula summa et abdomine medio albicantibus; gutture et corporis lateribus vix albido lineatis; subalaribus pectori concoloribus; iride smaragdinea; rostro et pedibus brunneis. Long. tot. circa 0.140 m; al. 0.063 m; caud. 0.070 m; rostr. 0.015 m; tars. 0.024 m." (Guillemard.)

[73] For detailed characters of the Turdidæ the reader is referred to Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 2; and to Birds of North and Middle America, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1907), 50, pt. 4, 1 to 4.

[74] This key to the Philippine species of Planesticus is taken from a paper by Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 359.

[75] Birds of the genus Planesticus are called "blackbirds" in Europe and "robins" in the United States; as both of these names are in common use for birds of entirely different genera I have employed the name "black thrush" for the Philippine species of Planesticus.

[76] I use Forster's name for this rock thrush on the recommendation of Dr. C. W. Richmond.

[77] Cf. Grant, Ibis (1896), 117.

[78] I follow Sharpe in alloting Lanius validirostris and L. nasutus to Cephalophoneus. The type of this genus is said to be Lanius bucephalus, a species resembling Lanius validirostris in length of tail and turgidity of bill. These two species appear to be congeneric. In L. nasutus, however, the tail is much longer; the rectrices are more strongly graduated and relatively narrower. Possibly another genus should be recognized for nasutus and suluensis.

[79] Philippine specimens of this genus have usually been referred to Lanius (Otomela) lucionensis, but both O. cristata and O. superciliosa are credited to the Philippines in Sharpe's Hand-List and for this reason they are included here. Having no specimens of undoubted identity I am unable to determine many of the specimens of shrikes in the Bureau of Science collection. Of the last two species mentioned I give the distribution and short descriptions on the authority of Dresser.

The following paragraphs may be of use in distinguishing the three species.

"L. superciliosus Latham * * * has the entire upper surface very bright uniform rufous, a very broad frontal band, a very broad superciliary stripe, and the throat pure white; the inner webs of the basal parts of the primaries white underneath, which shows through on the upper surface of the quills at their insertion, almost forming a white, yet concealed alar bar; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white.

"L. cristatus Linnæus has the head, nape, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail rufous, but less bright and browner than in L. superciliosus. The back is colored with the same tint, but paler or less rufous. The chin and upper part of the throat are white; but the tawny hue of the breast extends higher up than in either L. superciliosus or in L. lucionensis; and all the throat is usually washed with tawny.

"The white frontal band is narrow and ill-defined; and the white supercilium is much less prominent than in L. superciliosus. The quills at their insertions show indications, although slight, of a rudimentary alar bar. The shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts are tawny. The female is colored as the male, but has the subocular stripe brown and not black and the sides of the breast and flanks more or less striated and freckled with faint brown marks.

"L. lucionensis Linnæus has the forehead and crown delicate pale pearl-gray, no pure white whatever on the forehead. A narrow white supercilium commences above the eye, becoming somewhat broader behind, and shading off into the gray of the head. The occiput, nape, and back are ashy liver-brown. The rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail are washed with rufous, most marked on the upper tail-coverts; the chin and throat pure white, as in L. superciliosus; shoulder-edge and under shoulder-coverts pure white; indications of a concealed white alar bar, as in L. cristatus; and the female has the sexual distinguishing characters of that species. The almost entire absence of rufous in the plumage of the adult Philippine species suffices to distinguish it at a glance from L. cristatus and L. superciliosus." Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 171, 172.

[80] "Adult male.--Similar to typical Hyloterpe apoensis, but paler throughout, with crown brownish instead of grayish; under parts canary-yellow instead of lemon-yellow; slightly smaller. Wing, 78; tail, 67; culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9.2; tarsus, 17.5. 'Iris brown. Bill black.'

"Adult female * * *.--Paler and dingier than the male; under parts pale canary-yellow from throat backward. Wing, 71; tail, 61; tarsus, 17.5.

"Remarks.--Specimens in the U. S. National Museum, collected on the Island of Siquijor, Philippine Islands, by F. S. Bourns and D. C. Worcester, are exactly like Basilan specimens taken in February, 1888, and must be included as belonging to this species. Lowland birds from Mindanao Island connect the forms apoensis and basilanica." (Mearns.)

Specimens from Siquijor, although larger than true H. apoensis, seem to be nearly like this species in color.

[81] The titmouse of Sulu and Tawi Tawi is probably not true Parus elegans.

[82] The construction of a key to the species of silvereyes is rendered very difficult by the nature of the characters upon which a number of the species are based. Some of the species can be determined only by the actual comparison of specimens in fresh plumage. Immediately following the molt, the colors are bright and yellowish, but after a few months the feathers become much abraded and the colors become duller, dingier and greener.

[83] The identity of Porter's Caluya specimen with Zosterops aureiloris is somewhat doubtful.

[84] Gould's type came from "Manila," its collector is unknown and Dicæum retrocinctum has not been found in Luzon by any recent collector. It seems probable that the type was not collected in Luzon.

[85] Steere did not record this species from Marinduque, but in Bourns and Worcester's MS. notes I find the remark: "Doubtless also Marinduque." Cf. also Worcester and Bourns, Distribution List, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1898), 20, 560, no. 361.

[86] Sharpe's original diagnosis of Dicæum sibutuense is as follows: "D. simile, D. trigonostigmati, sed gutture saturate schistaceo, macula dorsale aurantiaca distinguendum. Long. tot. 3.2 poll., culm. 0.45, alæ 2.0, caudæ 0.85, tarsi 0.5."

[87] The original diagnosis and description of Dicæum flaviventer, from which the above description is taken, are as follows:

"Dicæum D. rubriventri Less. similis, sed parte media pectoris abdominisque cadmiumino-flava, capite supra dorsoque virescentibus et uropygio obscure ardesiaco distinguendum.

"Long. al. 55, caud. 30, tars. 12, culm. 10.5 mm. ([male]).

"Hab. Insula Philippinarum Cebú.

"Kopf, Oberrücken und Flügeldecken grünlich schwarz mit etwas Glanz. Schwingen schwärzlichbraunn, die Secundaren mit grünlich glänzenden Rändern auf der Aussenfahne. Unterrücken und schwanzdecken, dunkel schieferfarbig. Schwanz schwarz. Kehle vorn und an den Seiten weiss, untere Kehle und Brust, sowie die Seiten des Unterkörpers hell aschgrau, in der Mitte desselben ein schöner cadmiumgelber, bis 6 mm breiter Streif (Ridgway: cadmium-yellow Pl. VI, 6), nach dem After zu in Weiss übergehend; untere Schwanzdecken, Axillaren und untere Flügeldecken weiss, die äusseren mit einem schwärzlichen Fleck in der Mitte. Hosen aussen weiss, hinten terminal schwärzlich. Füsse braun. Schnabel schwarz, kräftig."

[88] Celestino's specimens were recorded by mistake as Dicæum papuense, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 907.

[89] I have not seen the females of C. guimarasensis and C. flagrans.

[90] "Characters.--Most closely resembling Cyrtostomus jugularis jugularis of Luzon, but slightly larger, with the upper parts olive-green instead of brownish olive-gray; under parts nearly uniform lemon-yellow instead of canary-yellow." (Mearns.)

[91] "Characters.--Smaller than Cyrtostomus jugularis aurora, C. jugularis jugularis, or C. jugularis dinagatensis, old males differing from all three in the metallic reflections on the middle of the dark metallic plastron, which are bluish and violet instead of green-blue; under parts shading very gradually from rich orange, adjoining the dark metallic plastron, to clear yellow on the crissum and under tail-coverts; back a more golden olive-green than in the other Philippine forms; forehead, lores, and superciliary stripe solid metallic violet purple." (Mearns.)

[92] Hartert's remarks on Anthreptes malaccensis wiglesworthi are as follows: "Kopfseiten fast so roth wie bei rhodolaema, Unterseite wie bei chlorigaster (siehe oben). (Meinem zu früh verstorbenen ornithologischen Freunde Wiglesworth gewidmet, der mit A. B. Meyer zusammen in den 'Birds of Celebes' interessante Notizen über diese Gruppe gab.) Sulu Inseln. Typus Tring Museum, Sulu I. v. '83, Powell coll. Alle Stücke von den Sulu Inseln, die ich sah, sind ohne Zweifel zur gleichen Form zu rechnen."

[93] Philippine specimens of this genus may be the recently described Budytes flavus alascensis but no specimens of that race are available for comparison. Cf. Ridgway, Bds. North and Middle America (1904), 3, 8 and 10.

[94] Cf. Richmond, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1903), 26, 504.

[95] In the Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum this species falls under "a. With the hind claw decidedly shorter than the hallux." but in the figures of the foot in the Catalogue and in the Fauna of British India the claw is decidedly longer than the hallux, and Sharpe (p. 565) says: "Hind claw long and straight, a trifle shorter than hind toe, but sometimes longer."

[96] Coues describes this, the most important character of the family, in the following words: "But the most tangible characteristic of the family [Fringillidæ] is angulation of the commissure. The commissure runs in a straight line, or with a slight curve, to or near to the base of the bill, and is then more or less abruptly bent down at a varying angle--the cutting edge of the upper mandible forming a reëntrance, that of the lower mandible a corresponding salience. In familiar terms, we might say that the corners of the mouth are drawn down--that the finches, though very merry little birds, are literally 'down in the mouth.' In the great majority of cases this feature is unmistakable, and in the grosbeaks, for example, it is very strongly marked indeed; but in some of the smaller-billed forms, and especially those with slender bills, it is hardly perceptible."

[97] This species is called "tree sparrow" by some authors.

[98] Chlorura Reichenbach, 1863, is preoccupied by Chlorura Sclater, 1862.

[99] Grant's diagnosis of Chlorura brunneiventris follows: "C. similis C. borneensi, Sharpe, sed abdomine quoque rufescente, pectore concolore; pectoris lateribus caeruleo lavatis; fronte caerulea laetiore et minus extensa. Long. tot. 4.2 poll., alae 2.3."

[100] "Characters.--Slightly larger than Dicrurus balicassius from Luzon Island; also differing in having the metallic reflections of the upper parts and breast greenish blue instead of bluish green.

"Measurements of type (adult male).--Wing, 148; tail, 130; culmen, 27; tarsus, 25." (Mearns.)

[101] Wrongly given as "Mindanao" in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List, p. 107.

[102] This recently published description is based upon one specimen and the species is compared with neither Chibia borneensis nor C. pectoralis. Mearns's description follows:

"Characters.--Very similar to Chibia palawanensis, differing only in its somewhat larger size, shallower forking of the tail, the narrower and very much smaller spangles on the breast, and in the absence of metallic green on the upper tail-coverts.

"Measurements of skin (type and only specimen).--Length, 260; wing, 136; tail, 126; emargination of tail, 16; culmen (chord), 28.5; tarsus, 24.5." (Mearns.)

[103] The description of Chibia borneensis follows: "C. similis C. pectorali ex insulis Sulaensibus, sed plumis lanceolatis colli lateralis metallice chalybeo-viridibus nec purpurascentibus, et maculis jugularibus et praepectoralibus valde minoribus et conspicue metallicis chalybeo-viridibus distinguenda. Long. tot. 10, culm. 1.3, alae 5.9, caudae, 4.5, tarsi 0.85." (Sharpe.)

[104] The name myna is restricted by Jerdon, and other writers on Indian ornithology, to the species of Acridotheres and Temenuchus, while the species of Eulabes are called hill mynas. Mina, maina, and minor are merely variants of myna.

[105] The status of "Sarcops lowii" is doubtful; the description follows: "This species appears to be distinguished from the ordinary Sarcops calvus by its gray mantle, which resembles the rest of the back, and by the color of the under surface, which is silvery gray with a narrow blackish line down the center of the body, whereas in S. calvus the mantle is black, and the under surface also, only the flanks being gray." (Sharpe.)

[106] See note under crested myna.

[107] The Philippine crow is given in Table II of Everett's paper on the birds of Palawan, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1889), 225, and this record is repeated in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List (1906), 110, but there appears to be no other evidence of the occurrence of the Philippine crow in Palawan.

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