A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 4 of 5)

A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 4 of 5)

f1. Bill slender, curved, and acute; a circle of white feathers around the eye (usually). ... Zosteropidæ (p. 613) f2. Bill stout, conical, and relatively shorter; no circle of white feathers around the eye. ... Fringillidæ (p. 676)

e2. First primary present, sometimes very minute.

f1. First primary slender, acute, and shorter than primary-coverts.

g1. Powder-down patches present on the sides, thighs, and back. ... Artamidæ (p. 589) g2. Powder-down patches wanting.

h1. Bill short and stout; tips of rectrices pointed. ... Ploceidæ (p. 687) h2. Bill moderately long and slender; tips of rectrices square or rounded. ... Sturnidæ (p. 709)

f2. First primary longer than primary-coverts, its tip rounded.

g1. Nostrils not concealed by plumes nor bristles; rictal bristles not conspicuously developed.

h1. Wing rounded, the primaries not greatly exceeding the secondaries in length. ... Timeliidæ (p. 517) h2. Wing pointed, the primaries considerably longer than the secondaries. ... Oriolidæ (p. 693)

g2. Nostrils concealed by antrorse feathers, or by both feathers and long bristles.

h1. Smaller; wing, less than 200 mm.; frontal feathers shorter, never extending far in front of the nostrils; nasal bristles often extending beyond the frontal feathers.

i1. Under tail-coverts shorter, not extending beyond the toes in skins.

j1. Hind toe longer than longest lateral toe, its claw large; outer toe much longer than inner toe; bill slender; culmen nearly straight. ... Sittidæ (p. 609) j2. Hind toe equal to, or shorter than, longest lateral toe, its claw not conspicuously larger than the claws of anterior toes; outer toe slightly longer than inner toe; culmen more or less curved, usually with a notch near the tip of mandible; or else the bill short, stout, and conoid.

k1. Bill much flattened, wide at the base, and with long rictal and nasal bristles; or else bill slender; legs and feet usually weak; wing, not over 95 mm., usually much less. ... Muscicapidæ (p. 430) k2. Bill strong and compressed, or else short and conoid with no notch near the tip; legs and feet stout.

l1. Tail short and square, reaching little if at all beyond the toes; bill short, stout, and conoid; wing, 80 mm. or less. ... Paridæ (p. 604) l2. Tail moderately to very long; bill large and compressed, culmen strongly curved; wing, 85 mm. or more.

m1. Rectrices long, narrow, and graduated; plumage never glossy nor entirely black; upper mandible with a strong notch near the tip. ... Laniidæ (p. 591) m2. Rectrices long and broad, the outermost curved outward; tail slightly to deeply forked; feathers on sides of neck more or less lengthened and pointed; plumage glossy black (abdomen white in one species). ... Dicruridæ (p. 702)

i2. Under tail-coverts longer, extending beyond the toes in skins; bill stout, as wide as deep at nostril; culmen strongly arched; rictal and nasal bristles inconspicuous. ... Campophagidæ (p. 478)

h2. Larger; wing, more than 200 mm.; plumes covering the nostrils numerous and long, extending well beyond the nostrils; no nasal bristles; plumage entirely black. ... Corvidæ (p. 721)

Family HIRUNDINIDÆ.

Bill weak, short, flat, and broad, the edges smooth; a small notch near end of upper mandible; culmen nearly straight, except at tip; nostrils exposed; rictal bristles small and weak; wings long and narrow; primaries nine, the first slightly longer than the second; secondaries very short; tail more or less forked; tarsus and toes slender, moderate in size, usually unfeathered.

Genera.

a1. Toes and tarsus thickly covered with short feathers. ... Chelidonaria (p. 424) a2. Toes, and usually the tarsus, entirely devoid of feathers.

b1. Upper parts dull earthy brown with no gloss; tail but slightly forked. ... Riparia (p. 425) b2. Upper parts glossed with green or steel-blue; tail deeply forked, and sometimes very long. ... Hirundo (p. 426)

Genus CHELIDONARIA Reichenow, 1889.

Plumage of upper parts black, glossed with blue, bases of the feathers white; a white band across rump; tail nearly square; tarsi and toes thickly clothed with short feathers.

387. CHELIDONARIA DASYPUS (Bonaparte).

SIBERIAN SWALLOW. [55]

Chelidon dasypus Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1850), 1, 343; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 91. Chelidonaria dasypus Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 188; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 230; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 33; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 69.

Calayan (McGregor). Japan; Borneo in winter.

"Adult male (type of species).--General color above dull purplish blue, with white bases to the feathers; wing-coverts and quills blackish with a slight blue gloss; rump and upper tail-coverts pure white, with narrow dusky shaft-lines; the long upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers blackish with a faint blue gloss; tail very slightly forked; head like the back; lores and feathers below the eye black; ear-coverts dull purplish blue, as also the sides of neck and sides of upper breast, the latter slightly mottled with white bases; fore part of cheeks and under surface of body creamy buff, washed with smoky brown on the breast and flanks, with a little purer white on the fore neck and abdomen; under tail-coverts smoky brown, broadly edged with whitish, the long coverts blacker with broad whitish edging; axillars and under wing-coverts dark brown, the small coverts near edge of wing edged with pale smoky brown; quills dull ashy brown below. Length, 117; wing, 104; tail, 26; culmen, 7; tarsus, 12." (Sharpe.)

Female.--Above blackish brown, slightly glossed with steel-blue, and the feathers with white bases which show through on the neck and back; a white band across rump, some of its feathers with smoky brown shafts and tips; wings and tail blackish brown; lores, subocular line, and ear-coverts smoky brown; under parts white; chin and breast washed with light smoky brown; under tail-coverts smoky brown with darker shafts and white tips. Length, 117; wing, 104; tail, 46; culmen from base, 7; tarsus, 7.

Very little is known concerning the occurrence of the Siberian swallow in the Philippines where it has been found only during migration.

Genus RIPARIA Forster, 1817.

Plumage dull in color, above brownish black or earthy brown; no band across rump and no light spots on the tail which is but slightly forked; tarsi and toes nearly or quite naked.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, 95 mm. or more; a small tuft of feathers on back of tarsus at base of hind toe; a dark band across breast. ... riparia (p. 425) a2. Smaller; wing, 90 mm. or less; no tuft of feathers on tarsus; no dark band across breast. ... chinensis (p. 426)

388. RIPARIA RIPARIA (Linnæus).

BANK SWALLOW.

Hirundo riparia Linnæus, Syst. Nat. (1758), 1, 192. Cotile riparia Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 96; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 272, fig. 76 (foot). Clivicola riparia Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 189; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 231; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 33; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 69.

Calayan (McGregor). Northern America and Asia; Europe, China; in winter to Central and South America, Africa, Indian Peninsula, and Indo-Burmese countries.

Adult.--Lores and crown blackish brown; remainder of upper parts grayish brown, each feather with a light gray fringe; primaries and coverts blackish brown; tail dark brown, its feathers edged with white; under parts white with a distinct dark brown band across the breast. Length, about 115; wing, 96; tail, 45; depth of fork, 7; bill from nostril, 5; tarsus, 9.

"Young birds have all the feathers of the upper plumage and the wings margined with rufous, the chin and throat fulvous, and the breast broadly brown." (Oates.)

The bank swallow has a very wide range, but occurs in the Philippines as a rare migrant only.

389. RIPARIA CHINENSIS (Gray).

CHINESE BANK SWALLOW.

Hirundo chinensis Gray, in Hardwick's Illustr. Ind. Zool. (1830), 1, pl. 35, fig. 3. Cotile sinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 104; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 236 (nesting). Clivicola sinensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 190; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1901), 190.

Luzon (Whitehead, Mearns, Curran). Formosa and southern China; in winter to Indian Peninsula and Indo-Chinese countries.

Adult.--Above light earthy brown, lighter on the rump; wings and tail darker brown; chin, throat, breast, sides of head and of neck pale gray; abdomen, vent, sides, and under tail-coverts white. Length, about 100; wing, 89; tail, 40; depth of fork, 5; bill from nostril, 4; tarsus, 9.

Young.--"The young bird has all the feathers of the upper plumage and wings broadly margined with rufous, and the chin, throat, and breast are pale rufous." (Oates.)

The Chinese bank swallow is considerably smaller and has a less deeply forked tail than the preceding species. Whitehead found it fairly common in northern Luzon and observed numbers entering their nesting-holes in the high banks of the Abra River in February.

Genus HIRUNDO Linnæus, 1758.

Plumage blackish above, glossed with blue or green, and the feathers with white bases; no white band on rump; tail deeply forked, in some species the outermost feathers attenuated and extending beyond the closed wings.

Species.

a1. Under parts not streaked with blackish lines; rump uniform with the back.

b1. Chin and throat chestnut, but the fore breast crossed by a more or less complete band of glossy black.

c1. Dark pectoral band complete. ... rustica (p. 426) c2. Dark pectoral band more or less interrupted in the middle. ... gutturalis (p. 427)

b2. Chin, throat, and fore breast entirely chestnut with no blackish color on breast. ... javanica (p. 428)

a2. Under parts conspicuously streaked with blackish; rump chestnut. ... striolata (p. 429)

390. HIRUNDO RUSTICA Linnæus.

COMMON SWALLOW.

Hirundo rustica Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 191; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 128; Hand-List (1901), 3, 192; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 277; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 69.

Mindanao (Mearns); Palawan (Whitehead). Europe, northern Asia, Indian Peninsula, Manchuria, China, and Indo-Chinese provinces; in winter to Africa and Malay Peninsula.

"Coloration.--Forehead, chin, and throat chestnut; lores black; upper plumage and wing-coverts glossy purplish blue; quills and tail black, suffused with glossy green; all the tail-feathers, except the middle pair, with a white patch on the inner web; sides of head and neck and a very broad pectoral band glossy black, a few of the feathers of the latter part narrowly fringed with chestnut; lower plumage from the pectoral band downward pale rufous, becoming rather darker on the under tail-coverts. Length, up to 203; tail, up to 114; wing, 127; tarsus, 13; bill from gape, 15; bifurcation of tail, about 68.

"The young bird does not differ very much from the adult, but has the color of its plumage very dull." (Oates.)

391. HIRUNDO GUTTURALIS Scopoli.

EASTERN SWALLOW.

Hirundo gutturalis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 96; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 134; Hand-List (1901), 3, 193; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 236; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 70.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Indo-Chinese provinces; central and eastern Siberia, China, Japan, New Guinea, Australia.

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, chin, and throat dark chestnut, lores black; upper parts dark steel-blue; feathers of hind neck and upper back with much white basally; sides of head and neck, and a broad, more or less interrupted, band on breast steel-blue; rest of under parts white, sometimes tinged with pale salmon-pink; wings and tail black, glossed with green; each of the rectrices except middle pair with a large white spot on inner web. Length, about 175; wing, 118; tail, 90; depth of fork, 47; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 10.

Young birds have the forehead, chin, and throat brown or whitish, and the breast-band and sides of head earthy brown.

Typical specimens of the common and eastern swallows are no doubt very distinct, but the two forms appear to intergrade so that some authors have rejected the latter species, although it seems now to be generally recognized. Sharpe says in part: "If one accepts the broken pectoral collar as the best sign of distinction between H. gutturalis and H. rustica, it will be found to be so only in the majority of specimens, and by no means invariably; in fact there is as much variation with H. gutturalis in the direction of a complete collar on the fore neck as there is in H. rustica in that of a broken collar. Again, although the majority of H. gutturalis have a white under surface, still this is not an unfailing character of the eastern race; for many undoubted examples are rufescent below, although there is never such a decided tint of rufous as in full-plumaged H. rustica."

392. HIRUNDO JAVANICA Sparrman.

ASIATIC SWALLOW.

Hirundo javanica Sparrman, Mus. Carls. (1789), 2, pl. 100; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 142; Hand-List (1901), 3, 194; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 236 (nesting habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 239; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 70.

Lai-ang' lai-ang', Manila.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Southern India, Malay Peninsula, Molucca Islands, islands of Torres Straits, New Guinea, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Ceylon.

Adult (sexes similar).--Lores black; entire forehead, chin, throat, and fore breast chestnut-rufous; upper parts including wings and tail glossy steel-blue, feathers of neck and back with white bases; breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, sides, and axillars ashy brown, whitish on abdomen; longest tail-coverts with white tips and black subterminal bars; rectrices, except middle pair, with white spots on inner webs. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 109; tail, 53; depth of fork, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 9. Female, wing, 107; tail, 51; depth of fork, 7; bill from nostril, 7.

Young birds have the chin, throat, and breast much lighter, upper parts with less gloss, and the forehead black like the crown with no green gloss.

The Asiatic swallow is abundant and widely distributed. It makes a crescent-shaped nest of mud which it fastens to a rock-cliff or to a beam under a building. Three heavily incubated eggs were collected in Bohol in July. They are white, dotted with reddish and blackish brown, and with a few under shell-markings of lavender; they measure 17.7 by 12.4

393. HIRUNDO STRIOLATA (Boie).

MOSQUE SWALLOW.

Cecropis striolata Boie, Isis (1844), 174. Hirundo striolata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 161; Hand-List (1901), 3, 196; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 236 (migration in northern Luzon); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 70; McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 326 (nesting habits).

Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Porter). Formosa, southern China, Burmese provinces, Java, Assam, Flores, Cachar.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above, except rump, dark steel-blue; loral feathers black with gray bases; a more or less triangular patch above and behind ear-coverts chestnut, streaked with black, continued forward over eye and slightly connected across occiput by fine lines of chestnut; feathers of neck and upper back largely white basally, this showing as white lines; under tail-coverts black; remainder of under parts including axillars and wing-lining white, or very pale fawn, with conspicuous blackish shaft-lines producing a very striking appearance; rump rusty chestnut with blackish shaft-lines; tail-coverts, secondaries, and secondary-coverts black, slightly glossed with blue; alula, primary-coverts, primaries, and rectrices black, slightly glossed with dark green. Bill black; legs and nails brown. Length, 190 to 195. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 123; tail, 102; depth of fork, 55; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 14. A female from Cebu, wing, 120; tail, 93; depth of fork, 46; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 14.

Young.--General color pattern as in the adult, but head and back less strongly glossed with blue; chestnut on head and rump much lighter; wings and tail dark brown instead of black, and inner secondaries tipped with white; lower parts heavily washed with fawn, and shaft-stripes shorter, browner, and less sharply defined, very faint or altogether wanting on abdomen and under tail-coverts; axillars, wing-lining, and flanks strongly washed with fawn, shaft-lines faint or wanting.

If the Philippine representatives of the mosque swallow be included with H. striolata, as they must be at present, this species has a considerable range but it appears to be very local in occurrence. It may be found in numbers in one part of an island and be altogether absent a short distance away. It often appears in large flocks and may disappear within a few hours. I found it nesting in Bohol Island in May and in the Island of Batan during June. The nest is a bottle-shaped structure of mud, plastered to a wall in a cave or to a beam beneath a building. The eggs are pure white; three from Bohol measure: 22.6 by 14.7; 22.3 by 14.2; 22.8 by 14.7.

Family MUSCICAPIDÆ.

Edges of mandibles smooth with a small notch near the tip of the upper one; bill moderately broad and flat; nostrils protected by a number of long frontal bristles; frontal feathers more or less antrorse (soft and pile-like in some genera), but not entirely concealing the nostrils; rictal bristles long, numerous, and stiff; wings and tail long, the latter extremely long in some species; first primary, rarely minute, usually from one-half to two-thirds as long as wing; tarsus and feet slender and weak, the former rather short. This family contains a great number of closely related genera the species of which, in many cases, are not easily determined except from adult males.

Typically the bill is broad and flat, but in certain genera it is narrow and scarcely differs from the bill of some Turdine and Silvine birds. The frontal nasal bristles, long rictal bristles, and the weak legs and feet, are the most reliable family characters of this group. In the typical flycatchers the skin is very thin and tender which, taken in combination with their small necks and large heads, makes their preparation as specimens very trying.

Some of the most beautiful birds found in the Philippine Islands belong to this family, but several of the species are plainly colored. The males in a few genera possess greatly lengthened tail-feathers; in some others the head is crested.

Genera.

a1. First primary very small and less than tarsus, equal to about one-fifth of second primary, the latter nearly as long as the third. ... Hemichelidon (p. 431) a2. First primary longer and equal to, or greater than, tarsus; second primary less than three times the first.

b1. Second primary longer, equal to nearly three times the first.

c1. Sexes unlike in colors; bill neither very broad nor flat.

d1. Tarsus about twice the bill from nostril; colors of male yellow, black, and white. ... Zanthopygia (p. 449) d2. Tarsus decidedly less than twice the bill from nostril; colors of male blue, black, and white. ... Cyanoptila (p. 450)

c2. Sexes alike in colors; bill broad and flat. ... Alseonax (p. 435)

b2. Second primary less than two and one-half times, and usually less than twice, the first primary in length.

c1. Tail decidedly shorter than wing; total length usually less than 150 mm.; wing less than 80.

d1. Most of the plumage blue; usually with more or less black on forehead, lores, and chin.

e1. General color azure-blue; head in adult conspicuously crested. ... Camiguinia (p. 453) e2. General color verditer-blue; head uncrested. ... Eumyias (p. 477)

d2. Most of the plumage not blue.

e1. General color bright yellow or olive-green, the under parts at least, yellow or greenish yellow.

f1. Bill greatly flattened, width at base nearly equal to bill from nostril; rictal bristles strong, much longer than bill from nostril; breast and abdomen bright yellow. ... Culicicapa (p. 472) f2. Rictal bristles weak, shorter than bill from nostril; width of bill at base much less than bill from nostril.

g1. Under parts pale yellow; upper parts earthy brown. ... Gerygone (p. 447) g2. Under parts greenish, or else white streaked with pale yellow; upper parts olive-green. ... Cryptolopha (p. 473)

e2. General color neither yellow, olive-green, nor greenish yellow.

f1. Tail relatively longer, three to three and one-half times the tarsus.

g1. Throat and breast orange-buff or blue, never white. ... Cyornis (p. 436) g2. Throat and breast white, never buff nor blue. ... Rhinomyias (p. 467)

f2. Tail relatively shorter, equal to about two and one-half times the tarsus. ... Muscicapula (p. 441)

c1. Tail equal to or longer than wing, sometimes very much longer.

d1. Without a distinct fleshy eye-wattle and without an elongated nuchal crest.

e1. Rictal bristles very strong and conspicuous, the longest equal to bill from base; plumage of crown not soft and velvety. ... Rhipidura (p. 456) e2. Rictal bristles few, small and inconspicuous, the longest less than culmen from base; plumage of head soft and velvety; color mostly bright blue, never chestnut-brown. ... Hypothymis (p. 451)

d2. With a distinct fleshy eye-wattle; and with either a full or a long nuchal crest.

e1. Plumage mostly blue, or else reddish chestnut, never black.

f1. Much smaller; wing less than 80 mm.; feathers of crown scale-like; occipital crest-feathers long and slender; plumage bright blue. ... Cyanomyias (p. 455) f2. Much larger; wing more than 90 mm.; feathers of crown not scale-like; occipital crest full but not greatly lengthened. ... Xeocephus (p. 461)

e2. Plumage of adult male black and white; central tail-feathers very long; in no age of either sex is the plumage either largely blue or chestnut; wing, about 90 mm. ... Terpsiphone (p. 465)

Genus HEMICHELIDON Hodgson 1845.

Bill very broad at base, slightly compressed toward the tip which is pointed; bill from nostril a little more than half the length of tarsus; wings long and pointed, when folded reaching at least half way to tip of tail; first primary short and small, not longer than tarsus; second primary slightly shorter than fourth, the latter nearly as long as third. Sexes similar; plumage mostly brown, gray, or ferruginous.

Species.

a1. Tail uniform blackish brown; upper surface of body dusky or ashy brown; upper tail-coverts like back.

b1. Breast and sides of body smoky brown somewhat streaked with gray. ... sibirica [56] (p. 432) b2. Breast and sides of body white, feathers with wide shaft-streaks of smoky brown or gray ... griseosticta (p. 433)

a2. Tail ferruginous, its feathers with dark brown outer webs; back and rump ferruginous ... ferruginea (p. 434)

394. HEMICHELIDON SIBIRICA (Gmelin).

SIBERIAN FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa sibirica Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 936. Hemichelidon sibirica Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 120; Hand-List (1901), 3, 204; Blasius, Ornis (1888), 10 of reprint; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 5, fig. 3 (head); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 250; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 70.

Palawan (Platen). Eastern Siberia, Altai Mountains, Japan; China in winter.

"Adult male.--General color above brown; least wing-coverts uniform with the back, the greater series dark brown with lighter brown tips to the median series, the greater coverts tipped with whitish; primary-coverts and primaries dark brown, the secondaries edged with pale brown, whitish at the tips; tail dark brown; lores buffy white; in front of the eye a dusky spot; round the eye a ring of buffy white feathers; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts brown like the crown; cheeks white, mottled with brown bases to the feathers; throat white, widening out on the lower part and separated from the cheeks by a broad moustachial line of brown; breast and sides of body ashy brown the former slightly mottled with grizzly white edgings to the feathers; abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white; thighs brown; under wing-coverts light tawny, with dusky bases to the feathers, the quills ashy brown with an edging of light tawny to the inner webs. 'Upper mandible dusky black; lower mandible yellowish brown, tipped with dusky; legs and feet brownish black; iris dark brown.' (Armstrong.) Length, 124; culmen, 10; wing, 80; tail, 56; tarsus, 127.

"Observation.--The description is from a specimen collected by Dr. Radde in Eastern Siberia on the 18th of May, 1856, and therefore in full breeding plumage. Examples from other parts of China and the Himalayas are similar, but great variation takes place in this species as regards the tone and intensity of the brown color both on the upper and under surface, and also in the uniform or mottled color on the breast. The coloration of the throat is very different in individuals, being in some almost uniform brown, succeeded by a jugular spot of white.

"Young (Peking, Sept. 1868, R. Swinhoe).--Ashy brown, mottled with whitish streaks and terminal spots to the feathers, the greater coverts edged and tipped with buffy white, the rest of the coverts spotted with whitish at the tips like the back; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, the inner secondaries edged and tipped with pale rufous; under surface very thickly mottled with brown, the feathers being white with dusky brown edges." (Sharpe.)

The Siberian flycatcher must be considered a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands.

395. HEMICHELIDON GRISEOSTICTA Swinhoe.

GRAY-SPOTTED FLYCATCHER.

Hemichelidon griseosticta Swinhoe, Ibis (1861), 330. Muscicapa griseisticta Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 153; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104 (winter). Hemichelidon griseisticta Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 204; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 71.

Au-á, Cagayancillo.

Bohol (McGregor); Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cuyo (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Schmacker, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Japan, China, Ussuri Land, New Guinea, Celebes, Moluccas.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above dusky brown; centers of feathers and head darker; wings and tail blackish brown; secondaries and wing-coverts fringed with white; below white; breast and sides of throat and of abdomen marked with wide, dusky brown shaft-streaks; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts white; feathers of thighs brown, tipped with white. A male from Benguet measures: Length, 133; wing, 86; tail, 51; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8. A female from Culion measures: Length, 127; wing, 80; tail, 45; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7. The folded wing reaches nearly or quite to the end of the tail.

In the gray-spotted flycatcher there is some variation in the brown streaks of the under parts, but this species is not easily mistaken for any other bird except Piprisoma æruginosum which has a very differently shaped bill. The gray-spotted flycatcher is one of the commonest winter visitants and is found in small numbers throughout the islands.

"Fairly common; often seen perched on some isolated tree in the open, from which it flies now and then in pursuit of insects. Six males average: Length, 132; wing, 83.5; tail, 50; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 128; wing, 81; tail, 49; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15. Iris, legs, feet, and nails almost black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellowish or gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

396. HEMICHELIDON FERRUGINEA Hodgson.

FERRUGINOUS FLYCATCHER.

Hemichelidon ferruginea Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1845), 32; Hume, Oates ed., Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 204; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 71. Hemichelidon ferrugineus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 122.

Mindoro (Mearns); Palawan (Everett). Khasi Hills, southern China, northern Borneo, Burmese provinces, Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Sumatra.

"Adult.--General color above rufous-brown, shading into chestnut on the rump and upper tail-coverts; head and nape sooty brown; least wing-coverts like the back, the remainder of the coverts and the secondaries blackish brown, edged and tipped with chestnut-rufous, paler on the margins of the inner secondaries; primary-coverts and primaries nearly uniform blackish brown, the first primary broadly edged with rufous; two center tail-feathers dusky brown, the remainder rufous, dusky brown along the outer web, the inner web more or less dusky near the tip; round the eye a distinct ring of buffy white feathers; lores rufous; feathers in front of and below the eye and the ear-coverts dusky brown, mottled with whitish shaft-lines or spots; under surface of body orange-rufous, the throat and sides of the breast shaded with dusky brown; center of abdomen white; throat pale rufous-buff, with dusky margins to most of the feathers; the bases of the plumes of the lower throat white, forming a concealed white patch; under wing-coverts deep orange-rufous; quills dark brown below, edged with light rufous along the inner web. 'Bill black, with base of the lower mandible whitish; feet dull gray, with the soles yellow and the nails gray; iris brown.' (David.) Length, 114; culmen, 11; wing, 71; tail, 51; tarsus, 13.

"Observation.--In some specimens the throat is pure white, with a malar streak on each side of dusky black; the outer tail-feathers appear gradually to lose all the dusky markings on the outer web." (Sharpe.)

The ferruginous flycatcher is a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands. A specimen of doubtful sex taken in Mindoro by Doctor Mearns measures: Wing, 69; tail, 48; culmen from base, 10; tarsus, 12.5. The folded wings extend beyond the middle of the tail.

Genus ALSEONAX Cabanis, 1850.

The genus Alseonax is similar to Culicicapa and Hemichelidon, having a very broad bill, but the rictal bristles are fewer and shorter than in Culicicapa; the first primary is pointed and but little longer than the primary-coverts. The sexes are alike in colors, being earthy brown above and white below. The species are migratory.

397. ALSEONAX LATIROSTRIS (Raffles).

BROWN FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa latirostris Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, 312. Alseonax latirostris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 127; Hand-List (1901), 3, 206; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 35, fig. 14 (bill); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 251; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 71. Butalis latirostris Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 284.

Bongao ( [57]); Negros (Everett); Sulu (*). Ceylon, Indian Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Greater Sunda Islands, Moluccas, eastern Siberia, Japan, China.

"Coloration.--Upper plumage ashy brown, the feathers of the crown with darker centers; tail dark brown, the outer feathers very narrowly tipped with whitish; wings and coverts dark brown, all but the primaries broadly edged with ashy white; lores and a ring of feathers round the eye white; sides of head brown; lower plumage white, tinged with ashy on the breast and sides of the body.

"The young have the crown blackish, streaked with fulvous; the upper plumage and wings with large terminal fulvous spots; the lower plumage like that of the adult but mottled with brown. After the autumn molt and till the following spring the young are very rufous.

"Bill black, the base of the lower mandible yellow; mouth orange; iris brown; legs and claws black. The young bird has the whole bill yellow except the tip, which is dusky. Length rather more than 127; tail, 51; wing, 71; tarsus, 13; bill from gape, 18." (Oates.)

"Young.--Differs from the adult in being flammulated above, the feathers having large ovate spots of ochraceous buff in their centers, the wing-coverts and quills being edged with rufous-buff; sides of face light brown, streaked with buff; under surface of body white, mottled with dusky brown edgings to the feathers; upper tail-coverts and edges to the tail-feathers rufous.

"Observation.--Considerable variation takes place in this species, but only as regards the color of the brown upper surface, which differs in intensity, and as regards the brown on the chest; this varies in extent, being sometimes broad, sometimes narrow, and occasionally dissolved into obscure streaks. The edges to the wing-coverts and quills are often rufescent, and this is probably a sign of immaturity." (Sharpe.)

"Included in this list with a good deal of doubt. Sharpe includes the Philippines in the range of this species, but whether he had any other authority for so doing than the Marquis of Tweeddale's identification of a single immature bird from Negros we do not know. We can find no other record of its occurrence in the Philippines, and are inclined to doubt its ever occurring there at all." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CYORNIS Blyth, 1843.

In Cyornis the sexes are slightly different in color; upper parts dark blue or olivaceous; throat and breast some shade of orange-buff or orange-chestnut, or else blue; abdomen light buff or white; bill moderate in size, decidedly, but not conspicuously, flattened; bill from nostril equal to one-half of tarsus and less than middle toe without claw; rictal and nasal bristles moderate; first primary equal to one-half of second; second and third considerably shorter than fourth and fifth, the last two equal and longest; the wing when folded reaching to middle of tail. The young are conspicuously spotted.

Species.

a1. Throat and breast deep blue. ... herioti (p. 436) a2. Throat and breast orange-rufous or buff.

b1. Upper parts blue.

c1. Breast and throat darker and more uniform orange-rufous.

d1. Abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white. ... philippinensis (p. 438) d2. Abdomen and under tail-coverts distinctly washed with chestnut-orange or buff. ... banyumas (p. 437)

c2. Breast lighter orange-rufous; throat much lighter than breast, nearly white (male). ... lemprieri (p. 439)

b2. Upper parts dull brown, more or less washed with an olivaceous tinge; tail and its coverts more or less chestnut or ferruginous brown.

c1. Tail and its upper coverts bright chestnut; no white about eye. ... platenæ (p. 441) c2. Tail and its upper coverts dull rusty brown; a white line above and below eye and extending forward on forehead (female). ... lemprieri (p. 439)

398. CYORNIS HERIOTI Ramsay.

BLUE-BREASTED CYORNIS.

Cyornis herioti Ramsay, Ibis (1886), 159 ([female]); Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1901), 11, 60; Hand-List (1901), 3, 215; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 71. Siphia enganensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 5, 2; Ibis (1896), 112; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 111.

Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Like the male of S. pallidipes, but the sides and flanks are fawn-colored instead of pure white. Length, 152; culmen, 18; wing, 79; tail, 63; tarsus, 22.

"Adult female.--Even more different from the female of S. pallidipes: the lores are rust-colored instead of white, and a short superciliary band of the same color reaches as far as the eye, above this there is a line of pale blue feathers, confluent across the forehead; the basal part of the outer webs of the tail-feathers washed with pale blue instead of reddish chestnut. Sides of the face dark brown, shading gradually into the rust-colored throat, whereas in the female of S. pallidipes the sides of the head are gray, and sharply defined from the bright rust-colored throat. Length, 134; culmen, 16; wing, 74; tail, 55; tarsus, 18." (Grant.)

I have not seen the description of Cyornis herioti so have quoted Grant's description of Siphia enganensis which is the same species. It is evident that we have here a type differing from all the other Philippine species of the genus. The male may be recognized by the blue throat and breast. Heriot's flycatcher is either very rare, or is confined to northern Luzon where it may prove to be abundant.

399. CYORNIS BANYUMAS (Horsfield).

JAVAN CYORNIS.

Muscicapa banyumas Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, 146. Siphia banyumas Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 449; Everett, Jour. St. Br. As. Soc. (1889), 20, 132; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Birds of Celebes (1898), 1, 368; pl. 14, fig. 1. Cyornis banyumas Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 216 (Java); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 71. Cyornis mindorensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 356.

Mindoro (Mearns, McGregor); Palawan (Everett). Java.

"Adult male.--General color above uniform blue, the forehead brighter blue, extending backward over the eye; ear-coverts deep blue; a narrow frontal line from the base of the nostrils, lores, feathers round the eye, chin, and fore part of cheeks black; remainder of under surface of body rich orange-rufous, a little paler and inclining to white on the abdomen; sides of upper breast and thighs blue; wing-coverts blue like the back, the least and median series brighter blue, of about the same color as the forehead and eyebrow; quills dusky brown, externally blue, the inner secondaries entirely blue; tail-feathers dark blue, the outer ones black on the inner web; under wing-coverts and axillars orange-rufous, the edge of the wing blue; quills dusky brown below, lighter on the inner web. 'Bill black; legs pale brownish lead-color; iris dark brown.' (Everett.) Length, 142; culmen, 14; wing, 81; tail, 72; tarsus, 16.5.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but distinguished by the white lores. 'Bill black; legs purplish leaden gray; iris brown.' (Everett.) Wing, 70; tail, 60; tarsus, 16.

"Young.--Robin like. Dusky brown with subterminal spots of orange-buff to all the feathers of the upper surface; wings and tail dusky, externally blue, the secondaries tipped with buff like the coverts; underneath orange-rufous, mottled with dusky margins to the feathers; abdomen whitish." (Sharpe.)

"The existence of this species in Palawan rests upon a single skin collected at Puerto Princesa, which is indistinguishable from the male of S. banyumas as represented by a considerable series in the British Museum." (Everett.)

In the Hand-List Sharpe restricts the distribution of the Javan cyornis to Java, although in the Catalogue of Birds he places in the synonymy of Siphia banyumas, the male collected in Palawan by Everett. Mearns has recently described, under the name of Cyornis mindorensis, two specimens which certainly seem to be distinct from C. philippinensis, but they agree with the description of C. banyumas and with the plate of that species in the Birds of Celebes. Mearns does not compare his species with C. banyumas, and he could not have done so, as there were no authentic specimens of C. banyumas at hand when he wrote his description. Unfortunately such specimens are still lacking. A male from Mariveles, Luzon and a female from Ticao Island differ from ordinary C. philippinensis in having the crissum orange-buff, but the color is not so deep as in the specimens from Mindoro. Cyornis mindorensis may eventually prove to be a distinct species, but for the present I shall consider it to be the same as C. banyumas.

400. CYORNIS PHILIPPINENSIS Sharpe.

PHILIPPINE CYORNIS.

Cyornis philippinensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 325; Hand-List (1901), 3, 216; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72. Siphia philippinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 450; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 111 (habits).

Ca-man-tí-gon, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Jagor, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Everett, Keay); Panay (Steere); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Above dark blue; a narrow band on forehead continued over each eye lighter blue, as also the lesser wing-coverts; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue; shafts of rectrices black, inner webs of all but middle pair black; lores black; ear-coverts and sides of neck very dark blue; a black band across chin continued backward on each side of throat; throat, breast, and sides rich orange-rufous, slightly paler on throat; crissum and middle of abdomen white; thighs blue, some of the feathers tipped with white. Iris brown; bill black; legs pale bluish; nails dark blackish brown. Length of a male from Luzon, 140; wing, 73; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.

Female.--Similar to the male, but lores pale buff; chin and sides of throat orange-rufous instead of black. Length of a female from Sibuyan, 157; wing, 78; tail, 64; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.

"The Philippine cyornis is a common and wide spread species; it is found in deep forest, along wooded streams, and about clumps of bamboo in the open. Iris nearly black; legs, feet, and nails light slaty brown; bill black. Food worms and insects. Breeding in Cebu in July. Twenty males average: Length, 156; wing, 76; tail, 65; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 19. Ten females, length, 146; wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

401. CYORNIS LEMPRIERI Sharpe.

LEMPRIERE'S CYORNIS.

Cyornis lemprieri Sharpe, Ibis (1884), 319; Hand-List (1901), 3, 216; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72. Siphia lemprieri Everett, Jour. Str. Br. Roy. As. Soc. (1889), 20, 133; Ibis (1895), 25.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--General color above dull blue, with half concealed tufts of white on the sides of the rump; lesser wing-coverts brighter cobalt, forming a shoulder-patch; median and greater series blackish, externally like the back; alula, primary-coverts, and quills black, with narrow margins of dull blue, broader on the secondaries; tail-feathers blackish, greenish blue externally; head like the back, the base of the forehead brighter cobalt, extending backward over the eye and forming an eyebrow; lores black; sides of face and ear-coverts and cheeks black, glossed with dull blue; a moustachial line of blue feathers tipped with white; a black chin spot; throat and fore neck orange-buff, extending down the sides of the body, but paler and inclining to whitish below the black chin-spot; center of breast and abdomen white, as also the under tail-coverts, with a slight tinge of buff; lateral breast-feathers tipped with blue, like the back; thighs white, with blackish bases; axillars and under wing-coverts white, slightly tinged with buff; edge of wing blue. Length, 150; culmen, 18; wing, 74; tail, 63; tarsus, 18.

"This species is closely allied to Siphia philippinensis, but is much larger, of a more greenish blue, and is especially distinguished by the white moustache, forming a narrow line down each side of the throat." (Sharpe.)

"Female.--Forehead, crown, and occiput dark plumbeous-gray, washed with olive, each feather with narrow obsolete transverse bars, which are most pronounced on the forehead; sides of neck, mantle, scapulars, and back warm olivaceous-brown, deepening posteriorly into bright ferruginous-brown on the upper tail-coverts; rectrices dark sepia-brown, the exterior webs ferruginous-brown, except on the two central quills, which are wholly ferruginous-brown, and all showing in certain lights close obsolete transverse bars; under surface of the quills hair-brown; primaries dark brown, and all except the first and second margined basally on the outer webs by a thin line of ferruginous-brown; the secondaries and tertials also dark brown, but increasingly margined [with] bright ferruginous-brown until the entire outer webs are of the latter color; under wing-coverts, axillars, and edges of wing white, tinged with buff; major wing-coverts dark brown, with bright ferruginous-brown outer webs; the other coverts broadly tipped with bright ferruginous-brown; a conspicuous line from the nares over the eye and reaching nearly to the posterior angle of the orbit, and a line fringing the lower margin of the orbit, pure white (tinged with buff in some examples); lores black; ear-coverts dark gray, washed with olive; cheeks the same, but rather darker gray; sides and flanks olive-gray, washed with buff; chin white; throat pale buff, passing into deep orange-buff on the breast, on the sides of which some of the plumes show obsolete dusky margins; abdomen and lower tail-coverts white; thigh-plumes dark gray, edged with white. Length, 147; culmen, 17; wing, 73; tail, 60; tarsus, 17.

"In another female from Balabac the dimensions are rather less, but in my original Puerto Princesa specimen they agree very closely. This species is marked by its large bill. The culmen in the type-skin of the male, measured from its insertion in the skull, is 17 mm., and it is the same in a female collected by Mr. Whitehead at Taguso in Palawan." (Everett.)

"Abundant in Palawan and the Calamianes islands. Habits like those of S. philippinensis. Five males average: Length, 149; wing, 75; tail, 64; culmen, 18; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Three females, length, 149; wing, 70; tail, 58; culmen, 17; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown; legs and feet nearly black often tinged with bluish; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The female of this species has been variously identified as Cyornis banyumas, Siphia elegans, and Cyornis herioti. Everett was the first ornithologist to describe it under the name Siphia lemprieri and his description is here quoted.

402. CYORNIS PLATENÆ (Blasius).

PLATEN'S CYORNIS.

Siphia platenæ Blasius, Ornis (1888), 308. Siphia erithacus (not of Blyth), Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 199, pl. 4, fig. 2. Cyornis erithaca Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72. Cyornis paraguæ McGregor, Condor (1906), 8, 29. Cyornis platenæ McGregor, Condor (1907), 9, 162.

Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--General color above rufous-brown, with a slight olivaceous tinge; lesser wing-coverts like the back; median coverts, greater coverts, alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, more or less broadly edged with the same color as the back, a little more rufous on the latter; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers bright chestnut; crown of head like the back slightly washed with olive; lores ashy gray; feathers round the eye dusky; ear-coverts olive-brown, washed with tawny; cheeks, throat, and chest orange-rufous; breast and abdomen pure white, as well as the sides of body and flanks; thighs dusky brown; under tail-coverts pale tawny-rufous; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills below dusky, whitish along their inner edge. Length, 107; culmen, 14; wing, 57; tail, 38; tarsus, 18.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but with the lores more tawny. Length, 107; culmen, 13; wing, 57; tail, 38; tarsus, 7." (Sharpe.)

"Quite rare in the ground collected in by us. Found in thickets in the jungle or forest, and always near the ground. A male measures: Length, 117; wing, 60; tail, 40; culmen, 14; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 19. Two females, length, 111; wing, 57; tail, 39; culmen, 14; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris nearly black; legs, feet, and nails light slate-color; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus MUSCICAPULA Blyth, 1843.

Bill somewhat flattened basally and compressed near the tip; culmen with a decided ridge; rictal bristles moderately developed; wing rather long; first primary equal to about one-half of second; tarsus slender and equal to twice the bill from nostril; length of bird from 100 to 125 mm. This genus is a large group of small flycatchers, the members of which present three distinct types of coloration.

Species.

a1. A conspicuous white patch on wing; upper parts black; lower parts white (male) ... westermanni (p. 442) a2. No white wing-patch.

b1. Above smoky slate-gray (males).

c1. Under parts largely orange-buff.

d1. Chin, throat, and breast orange-buff; abdomen white.

e1. White eye-brow stripe about 10 mm. in length ... luzoniensis (p. 443) e2. White eye-brow stripe reduced to a small patch ... montigena (p. 444)

d2. Chin pure white; throat and breast rich orange-buff ... nigrorum (p. 443)

c2. Under parts mostly white; breast and flanks washed with slate-gray.

d1. Head lighter; tail darker; superciliary stripe smaller. ... basilanica (p. 444) d2. Head darker; tail lighter; superciliary stripe larger. ... samarensis (p. 445)

b2. Above gray, washed with olive-brown; rump and tail washed with reddish brown (females).

403. MUSCICAPULA WESTERMANNI Sharpe.

WESTERMANN'S FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula westermanni Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1888), 270; Hand-List (1901), 3, 224; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 264, pl. 7, fig. 20; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72. Muscicapula maculata Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104 (habits, song).

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow); Negros (Whitehead). Mountains of Celebes, of northwestern Borneo, and of the Malay Peninsula.

Adult male.--Above, including sides of head and neck, deep black; a wide white band over eye, extending from above lores to nape; lower parts white; wing blackish brown; greater coverts and edges of inner secondaries white, forming a conspicuous patch; tail black, all the rectrices, except the middle pair, with their basal halves white. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 115; wing, 59; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Above ashy, washed with olive-brown, the latter color strongest on the rump; tail-coverts and edges of rectrices rusty brown; below white; breast, sides, and flanks washed with ashy brown; wings and tail blackish brown. Wing, 56; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 161.

Young.--Above slate-gray, heavily washed with olive-brown, the feathers with median spots of ochraceous; below white, the feathers fringed with blackish brown; wing-coverts and secondaries edged with light ochraceous; tips of the greater coverts forming a light bar.

Westermann's flycatcher is very common in Benguet Province, Luzon, where it breeds.

404. MUSCICAPULA LUZONIENSIS Grant.

GRANT'S FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula luzoniensis Grant, Ibis (1894), 505; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 105 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 224; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult male.--Entire upper parts and sides of neck dark slate-gray; lores, sides of head, and jaw black; from lores over eye a partly concealed band of pure silky white; wings blackish brown; coverts edged with slate-gray; tail similar but darker; chin, throat, breast, and flanks clear orange-buff, slightly darker on breast; a line of white on each side of throat next to the black of jaw; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; thighs blackish brown. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs white with a slight blue wash; nails light brown. Length of a male from Calayan, 127; wing, 67; tail, 50; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19. In a slightly immature male from Calayan the greater coverts and secondaries are tipped with rusty buff.

Adult female.--Above, including sides of head and of neck, olive-gray, becoming olive-brown on lower back, and ferruginous on tail and its coverts; lores and eye-ring pale ocherous-buff; wings brown; wing-coverts edged with olive-gray; secondaries edged with olive-brown; chin, throat, breast, and flanks very pale orange-buff; abdomen and tail-coverts white. Length of a female from Benguet Province, Luzon, 115; wing, 57; tail, 41; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.

Male in first plumage.--Above dusky brown, each feather with a rusty yellowish buff spot, crown and nape rather streaked; upper tail-coverts rusty; sides of head like crown, with no indication of the adult plumage; wings brown; coverts bluish, each feather with a large buff spot; chin, throat, and upper breast white with a wash of buff; breast more heavily washed with buff and each feather edged with black, producing a striped effect; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; wing-lining, axillars, and flanks yellowish buff.

Female in first plumage.--A young female is very much like the young male, but the upper parts are dull olive and washed rather than spotted with rusty buff.

The Luzon flycatcher breeds in Benguet Province where young were taken in July. Specimens from Calayan Island are indistinguishable.

405. MUSCICAPULA NIGRORUM Whitehead.

WHITEHEAD'S FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula nigrorum Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1897), 6, 43; Ibis (1899), 106 (habits, plumage); Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 224; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Negros (Whitehead).

"Male adult.--Most nearly allied to M. luzoniensis Grant. The general color of the upper parts less gray, but dark slaty blue as in M. hyperythra. The chin is pure white, the rest of the under parts richer orange-buff; belly white.

"Female adult.--General color of the upper parts dull slate-gray, and not grayish olive-brown as in the female of M. luzoniensis; lores and feathers round the eye whiter; breast and under parts as in the male of M. luzoniensis." (Whitehead.)

406. MUSCICAPULA MONTIGENA Mearns.

MOUNT APO FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula montigena Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 8; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

K'rí-kri, or sal-yb-seé-bon, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male (two specimens).--General color of upper parts including lores, eye-ring, and sides of head dark slaty blue; white eyebrow-stripe reduced to small supraorbital patches; rump slightly washed with olivaceous; upper tail-coverts reddish burnt-umber; tail-feathers burnt-umber; wing-coverts like the back; quills grayish brown, edged with reddish brown externally and with fawn-color internally; under parts, except belly and sides, ochraceous, palest on the chin and under tail-coverts, belly whitish; sides bluish slate; lining and edge of wing ochraceous-buff. Length, 128; alar expanse, 208; wing, 65; tail, 51; bill from anterior border of nostril, 8.1; culmen, 10.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 15.5. Iris brown; bill black; feet and claws light gray.

"Adult female (two specimens).--Similar to the adult male except that the slaty blue of the back and rump are more perceptibly washed with olivaceous, and the lores, eye-ring, and touches on the ear-coverts are ochraceous-buff. Length, 125; alar expanse, 197; wing, 62; tail, 47; bill from anterior border of nostril, 7.5; culmen, 10.5; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16.5. Iris brown; bill black; feet and claws grayish flesh-color.

"Immature female.--Similar to adult females, but paler below, with obscure spotting across the chest and on the sides." (Mearns.)

This species was discovered by Mearns on Mount Apo at 1,800 meters altitude.

407. MUSCICAPULA BASILANICA (Sharpe).

BASILAN FLYCATCHER.

Dendrobiastes basilanica Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 332. Muscicapula basilanica Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 224; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72. Muscicapula mindanensis Blasius, Jour. für Ornith. (1890), 147.

Basilan (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Above, including sides of head and of neck, dark slate-gray; upper tail-coverts nearly black; wings and tail dark brown; secondaries and wing-coverts edged with slate-gray; a partly concealed white patch or band on each side of nape; under parts white; breast, sides, flanks, and thighs washed with slate-gray. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 69; tail, 43; culmen from base, 13.5; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 21.

Adult female.--Above, including sides of head and of neck, rich rusty brown, shading into bright chestnut on tail-coverts, tail, and edges of secondaries; wings and tail dark brown; exposed edges of primaries rusty brown; under parts white; breast, sides, flanks, and thighs washed with rusty brown. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 66; tail, 43; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 21.

The female of this species resembles very closely the female of Rhinomyias ruficauda, but differs in having a shorter tail and longer tarsus.

"We obtained a series of eight specimens from Basilan, and a single bird from Mindanao. Not one of the Basilan birds shows a trace of 'yellowish white' on the tail-feathers; otherwise, they agree with Blasius's description. As the Mindanao bird collected by us also lacks all trace of any lighter color on the tail-feathers, we do not feel like separating the birds from the two islands.

"The Basilan flycatcher is found on the ground in the forest and is fairly common in Mindanao and Basilan. Eight males from the latter island average: Length, 127; wing, 68; tail, 43; culmen, 16; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris black; anterior surface of legs and upper surface of feet pale leaden; back surface of legs and bottoms of feet white; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

408. MUSCICAPULA SAMARENSIS Bourns and Worcester.

SAMAR FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapula samarensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 26; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 237, pl. 6, fig. 6 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 105 (habits, plumage); Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 224; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 263; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Top of head, sides of face, ear-coverts, and hind neck nearly black; back, rump, and upper wing-coverts uniform dark slaty blue; quills and tail fulvous-brown, slightly washed with slaty blue; chin and throat white; entire breast bluish gray, lightest on center of breast; abdomen white; flanks washed with bluish gray; under wing-coverts light buff, nearly white at base; sides dark slate-color as are under wing-coverts and axillars, the latter, however, mottled with white; a superciliary stripe of white beginning over eye and extending to nape, then inward, nearly reaching the median line; sexes alike. Iris very dark brown; bill black; legs, feet, and nails very light brown. Measurements from four males: Length, 119; wing, 61; tail, 38; culmen, 15; tarsus, 20.

"The specimens described are in breeding plumage. They were shot close to, or on, the ground in dense thickets in the deep woods.

"This species is closely allied to M. mindanensis Blasius, from which it differs in its darker head, lighter tail, and much larger superciliary stripe. None of our specimens shows a white bar on the rump, but we find the Mindanao-Basilan birds variable in this respect." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Female.--Upper parts rusty brown, darkest on the crown, and shading into chestnut on the upper tail-coverts, the superciliary stripes of the male only represented by a white feather or two on the sides of the occiput; wings and tail dark brown, the exposed parts of the quills mostly chestnut; sides of the head and neck light rusty brown, palest round the eye, and forming a rather marked ring; under parts much like those of the male, but the distinct gray pectoral zone is replaced by one tinged with rusty; thighs brownish buff, under tail-coverts buff. The type measures: Length, 109; culmen, 14; wing, 61; tail, 37; tarsus, 19. A second female measures: Length, 109; culmen, 15; wing, 62; tail, 37; tarsus, 19.

"In general appearance the female of Muscicapula samarensis bears a close resemblance to Rhynomyias ruficauda, the under parts being strangely alike in both. The latter species is, however, easily recognized by its much longer tail. 'Iris and bill black; tarsus bluish white; feet white.--J. W.'

"The Samar white-browed flycatcher is described by Messrs. Bourns and Worcester as having the sexes alike, but a mistake has evidently been made in ascertaining the sex of the slate-colored bird described as a female. Mr. Whitehead obtained two pairs of this species, and the females differ entirely from the males in the color of the upper parts, which are rusty brown, while the strongly marked white eyebrow-stripes are practically absent. There can not be the slightest doubt that the rufous-brown females are fully adult, for one was shot from a nest with four eggs, and that they belong to the same species as the slate-gray males is almost equally certain.

"I observe that the type of M. mindanensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 147, a gray bird, is said to have been a female, but here probably a mistake has been made. There are two adult gray examples of this flycatcher from the Steere collection, both of which are said to be males, and they agree perfectly with the description of the type." (Grant.)

Whitehead secured two fresh eggs of the Samar white-browed flycatcher near Paranas, Samar, on June 17, 1896. The eggs and nest are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color beautiful sea-green, speckled all over, especially toward the larger end, with pale brown, the over-markings being slightly darker and smaller. Measurements 19 mm. by 13 mm.

"The nest, a remarkably frail structure, was made of roots and lined with broad leaves. It was well concealed, being placed close to the ground in a heap of forest-drift near some rocks. The female bird was snared." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus GERYGONE Gould, 1841.

Bill moderately depressed, depth at nostrils equal to about two-thirds of its width, or two-fifths of bill from nostril; culmen with a slight ridge; rictal and nasal bristles moderate; wing fairly long, covering when folded about two-thirds of the tail; first primary narrow, equal to one-half of second which is considerable shorter than the subequal third, fifth, and sixth; fourth primary slightly the longest; tarsus slender and equal to twice the length of exposed culmen; tail slightly rounded and considerably shorter than wing. The two Philippine species are very similar in colors; upper parts ashy brown, lower part light yellow, lores whitish.

Species.

a1. Crown slightly lighter. (Luzon, Mindoro, and other northern islands.) ... simplex (p. 447) a2. Crown slightly darker. (Mindanao and Sulu Islands.) ... rhizophoræ (p. 448)

409. GERYGONE SIMPLEX Cabanis.

PHILIPPINE GERYGONE.

Gerygone simplex Cabanis, Jour. für Orn. (1872), 316; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 213; Hand-List (1901), 3, 226; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above, including sides of head and neck, ashy gray, with a very slight olivaceous tinge on back; lores and a line over eye whitish; under parts clear straw-yellow, deepest on chin and throat; under tail-coverts white, washed with yellow; thighs slightly ashy; wings and tail brown with light edges to the feathers; wing-coverts and upper tail-coverts like the crown; each of the rectrices except the middle pair with a white spot on inner web near tip and a preceding dusky band; edge and lining of wing pale yellow. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs dark plumbeous. A male from Laguna de Bay measures: Length, 122; wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12.

Young.--Lubang Island, October 25, 1902. A young bird just able to fly, resembles the adult and differs only in having the under parts very much paler yellow.

This little flycatcher closely resembles the species of Zosterops in habits, but it is less common in occurrence. At times small flocks are found feeding in clumps of bamboo or in high mangrove thickets. It has a pleasing note by means of which the members of a flock are kept together. In its active movements from tree to tree it resembles the titmice, but we have never found Gerygone in forest. The type of the species was collected in Luzon by Jagor.

"The Philippine gerygone was common about bamboo clumps in the open fields of Luzon. Five males from Luzon average as follows: Wing, 51; tail, 38; culmen, 12; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 12. Five females, wing, 52; tail, 37; culmen, 12; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris, legs, feet, and nails black; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

410. GERYGONE RHIZOPHORÆ Mearns.

MANGROVE GERYGONE.

?Gerygone flaveola Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 263. Gerygone simplex Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 563 (part). Gerygone rhizophoræ Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 7; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 72.

Bongao (Everett); Mindanao (Mearns); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns and Worcester).

"Adult male and female (seven specimens).--Upper parts, including entire top and sides of head, ashy brown tinged with olive; upper tail-coverts browner; sides of neck yellowish olive; tail-feathers drab, subterminally and broadly banded with blackish, tipped with drab-gray, and with a white spot near the end of the inner web of all [each of] the tail-feathers except the innermost pair; wing-coverts like the back; quills darker brown and narrowly edged with olive; whole under parts straw-yellow except the crissum which is almost white; lining and edge of wing yellowish white; thighs mixed straw-color and olive-brown; inner edge of quills whitish. Measurements of male: Wing, 50; tail, 39; culmen, 10.5; tarsus, 16." (Mearns.)

A female from Zamboanga is the only example of this species examined by me. In this specimen the crown is slightly darker than in specimens of G. simplex from Mindoro, Luzon, and Lubang with which I have compared it. Unfortunately Mearns does not compare his species with G. simplex which is probably its nearest relative. Guillemard records a gerygone from Sulu as G. flaveola, and his specimens were, perhaps, the same as G. rhizophoræ.

Genus ZANTHOPYGIA Blyth, 1847.

Bill at nostril slightly broader than deep, slightly compressed toward the tip; rictal bristles moderate, extending half the length of bill; tarsus twice the length of bill from nostril; wings moderate in length, when folded extending nearly to tip of tail; first primary much less than one-half the length of second, the latter less than third and fourth which are subequal and longest; tail square and equal to two-thirds of wing. Sexes very different in colors, the colors of the male are yellow, black, and white.

411. ZANTHOPYGIA NARCISSINA (Temminck).

NARCISSUS FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa narcissina Temminck, Pl. Col. (1835), 3, pl. 577, fig. 1. Xanthopygia narcissina Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 327; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 249; Hand-List (1901), 3, 238; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.

Calayan (McGregor); Mindanao (Steere). Japan, China; in winter to northern Borneo.

Male (Japan).--Above, including wings and tail, black; a line from bill over eye to nape bright yellow; back and rump darker yellow; upper tail-coverts black; some of the inner greater wing-coverts white, forming a large patch; chin, throat, and breast bright orange-yellow, becoming paler on lower breast and flanks, and gradually disappearing, leaving the crissum pure white; sides of breast, edge of wing, and thighs black; under wing-coverts and axillars white with slate-gray bases. Wing, 78; tail, 53; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 15.

Female (Calayan Island).--Above olive-brown, more greenish on rump; upper tail-coverts and tail dull rufescent brown; wings brown, the primaries narrowly, the secondaries and coverts more widely, edged with dirty white or pale rufous-brown; lores, a line over eye, and eye-circle pale yellowish white; lower parts whitish, washed, more or less, with pale yellow which is brighter on throat; breast more or less mottled with dusky brown. Upper mandible black; lower mandible horn-blue; iris dark reddish brown; legs pale blue; nails gray. Length, 127; wing, 73; tail, 47; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

"The single male specimen obtained by Steere at Dumalon, Mindanao, in 1874, is still preserved in the Museum of the University of Michigan. No others seem to have been obtained since." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

In Calayan on October 30, 1903, McGregor and Celestino took a female flycatcher which is undoubtedly a specimen of this migratory species, but it was not recorded in the report on the Calayan collection. In the field the female might be mistaken for the willow warbler or for one of the little plain-colored flycatchers, but the male would scarcely be overlooked if it were at all abundant. The species must, therefore, be considered a rare winter visitant to the Philippines.

Genus CYANOPTILA Blyth, 1847.

The genus Cyanoptila is not easily distinguished from Zanthopygia. In the former genus the colors of the male are blue, black, and white; the wing formula is the same as that of Zanthopygia; tail equal to nearly three-fourths of wing; tarsus one and one-half times the length of bill from nostril.

412. CYANOPTILA BELLA (Hay).

JAPANESE BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa bella Hay, Madr. Journ. (1845), pt. 2, 158. Xanthopygia cyanomelæna Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 251. Cyanoptila bella Stejneger, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1892), 15, 328; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 238; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 269; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73. Cyanoptila cyanomelæna Everett, Ibis (1895), 24.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan? [58] Japan, China, Indo-Chinese countries, northwestern Borneo.

"Adult male.--General color above blue, the greater coverts uniform with the back, the lesser and median coverts brighter and more cobalt-blue, forming a shoulder patch; head still brighter and more lazuline blue, richest on the forehead; a narrow frontal line, lores, eyelid, sides of face, and entire throat and chest black; rest of under surface of body pure white, the flanks ashy; thighs black; under wing-coverts dusky brown, broadly edged with blue; the edge of the wing bright blue; primary-coverts and quills dusky brown, externally greenish blue; middle tail-feathers dark blue, the remainder blue on the outer web, black on the inner, with conspicuous white bases to the feathers. 'Bill black; legs brown; iris black.' (David.) Length, 140; culmen, 14; wing, 86; tail, 61; tarsus, 15.

"Observation.--A male bird from Japan, in the Leiden Museum, marked Cyanoptila cyanothorax, is a little different from the full-plumaged male, being of a greener cobalt above, and has the throat washed with greenish blue. The blue color on the head is different being brighter cobalt. Specimens from Borneo do not differ from the Japanese bird described in any important particulars; one has a gloss of blue on the throat and chest, another is more greenish blue above, while a Tingchow male has the back greenish blue, with distinct black shaft-streaks.

"Adult female.--Different from the male. Ashy brown, above, washed with pale verditer-blue on the scapulars, lower back, and upper tail-coverts; least wing-coverts bright blue as in adult male, the rest and the quills externally verditer-blue, the outermost of the greater series dull brown, edged with ashy brown and narrowly tipped with whitish; tail as in male, but rather more greenish blue; lores and anterior part of cheeks rufescent buff; ear-coverts ashy brown, with whitish shaft-lines; throat, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white; fore-neck, chest, and sides of body ashy brown; under wing-coverts and axillars ashy brown, the edge of the wing blue. 'Bill blackish brown, legs grayish brown, iris dark brown.' (Swinhoe.) Wing, 89; tail, 61; tarsus, 15.

"Young male.--Similar to old female, but having the back greenish blue, only the head and neck ashy brown, even the crown being slightly shaded with blue; upper tail-coverts with white edgings; wings and tail as in adult, the outer greater coverts tipped with buff; below as in female, but having the throat ochraceous, the breast washed with ocher, as also the sides of the body." (Sharpe.)

The Japanese blue flycatcher is a rare winter visitant to the Philippine Islands.

Genus HYPOTHYMIS Boie, 1826.

Bill flattened and depressed for its entire length, the outline not curved inward toward the tip; depth of bill at nostril nearly two-thirds of the width; bill from nostril more than one-half the tarsus; rictal bristles conspicuous, the longest equal to bill from nostril; wings short, about equal to tail; first primary equal to one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth subequal and longest; seventh greater than third; second primary shorter than the secondaries; tail slightly graduated, outermost feathers shorter than middle pair by about one-third the length of tarsus; feathers of head short and soft, occipital crest short; dominative color blue, abdomen white.

413. HYPOTHYMIS OCCIPITALIS (Vigors).

BLACK-NAPED FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa occipitalis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Hypothymis occipitalis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 274; Hand-List (1901), 3, 248; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 273; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 18, pl. 13 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73. Hypothymis azurea Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 237 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 106.

Pi-pit a-zul, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Nicobar Islands, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Flores, Lombok, Hainan, Formosa.

Male.--General color azure-blue, brighter on head, darker on back and rump and slightly purplish on breast; a narrow line on forehead, another on chin, and a round or oval patch on back of head, velvety black; a narrow crescent of black across breast; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white; thighs washed with blue; wings and tail black, the edges of the feathers washed with dark blue. Iris dark; bill blue, edged and tipped with black; eyelids and feet blue, nails black; inside of mouth pale greenish yellow. Length, about 160; wing, 65; tail, 65; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the back, rump, wings, and tail brown, in lacking the nuchal patch and breast crescent, and in having the blue of head and throat somewhat duller and the breast bluish gray. Length, about 150; wing, 67; tail, 65; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

"We gathered a large series of specimens of this common bird with the purpose of determining whether more than one species occurred in the Philippines. It is our decided opinion, after carefully examining a large series of specimens from all parts of the Archipelago, that there is no ground whatever for attempting to separate the birds from different islands. There is a great deal of individual variation in color, but all the various phases may be found in the birds of any one locality, the coloring changing greatly with the season, as well as with age, and frequently a good deal of variation occurs even among fully adult birds shot at a given time.

"If it be granted that we are dealing with but a single species, and we fail to see how anyone can doubt it who will look over a good series of specimens, it only remains to decide what name belongs to it. Sharpe states, Catalogue of Birds (1879), 4, 276, that as the white belly is the character by which the two species are distinguished, and as this is shown clearly in Daubenton's plate of H. azurea, he has adopted that title for the Indian bird, in spite of the fact that the plate is professedly founded on the 'Goubemouches bleu des Philippines.' In other words, since the bird figured shows a white belly, Doctor Sharpe thinks it must have come from India and not from the Philippines. Now, while in some of our Philippine birds the belly is washed with blue, and in two specimens is decidedly bluish, in the majority of the specimens it is pure white. We are in no position to go into the question as to whether the Indian and Philippine birds are really distinct, not having the necessary material from India for comparison, but there is most certainly no reason for thinking that the subject of Daubenton's plate did not come from the Philippines because it has a white belly. We therefore retain his title for the Philippine bird. It is one of the commonest birds in the islands.

"Ten males average: Length, 156; wing, 69; tail, 71; culmen, 15; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Five females, length, 147; wing, 67; tail, 67; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Bill blue in male, but often black in female; legs and feet bluish, nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A nest of the black-naped flycatcher, containing three eggs, was found in Mindoro in April, it was composed of green moss and soft bits of dry bamboo leaves, and lined with fine blackish fibers. The outside was decorated with cotton-like substance from one of the fulgorid insects. The eggs were white, marked with dots of reddish brown.

A nest and two eggs found by Whitehead near Cape Engaño, Luzon, on May 24, 1895, are described as follows:

"Shape rounded ovate. Ground-color pure white, thickly speckled, especially round the larger end, with small spots and dots of brown-lake and with a few pale lilac under-markings. In general character these eggs resemble those of the tits (Paridæ). Measurements 17 mm. by 14 mm.

"Nest cup-shaped, generally placed in a forked branch among the lower growth in old forests. The structure is made of moss firmly bound together with white spider's-web and lined with fine brown fibers." (Grant and Whitehead.)

The black-naped flycatcher is one of the commonest of Philippine birds and is found wherever there are thickets or forest. It is more or less solitary in habits.

Genus CAMIGUINIA McGregor, 1907.

Bill moderately flattened as in Cyanomyias; culmen less than tarsus and equal to middle toe with claw; rictal bristles longer than bill from nostril; first primary little more than one-half of second, the latter much less than third; fifth longest and slightly longer than fourth and sixth; tail about equal to wing and slightly graduated; feathers of chin, lores, and forehead short, soft, and pile-like; feathers of crown more or less scale-like; occipital crest soft and full.

This genus is intermediate between Cyanomyias and Hypothymis; from the former it differs in lacking the greatly lengthened crest and the antrorse loral plumes, and from the latter it differs in having the feathers of crown and crest scale-like, instead of soft and velvety.

414. CAMIGUINIA HELENÆ (Steere).

HELEN'S MASKED FLYCATCHER.

Cyanomyas helenæ Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 16. Cyanomyias helenæ Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 106; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 249; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73. Camiguinia personata McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 346.

Camiguin N. (McGregor); Mindanao (Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead.)

Adult male.--General color light azure-blue; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter; breast darker; frontal line, chin, lores, and a narrow circumocular line velvety black, forming a mask which is narrowly bordered behind with bright silvery cobalt-blue, widest behind forehead and chin; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, wing-lining, and axillars white; wings and tail black, the exposed edges of feathers dark azure-blue, except first and second primaries; two outermost pairs of rectrices narrowly tipped with white in old birds only. Iris brown; the narrow eyelids light blue; bill blue, except edges and tip which are black; legs and feet blue; nails blackish. Length, 154; wing, 67.5; tail, 67; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16. In the slightly immature, but fully feathered, male the crest is less developed, the feathers of the crown are less scale-like, and the upper parts are darker blue than in the fully adult male.

Adult female.--General color dull verditer-blue; head, neck, and sides of head brighter; forehead dull cobalt; chin whitish, bordered by dull cobalt; throat, breast, and sides grayish, washed with dull azure-blue, shafts white; abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts, and middle of lower breast white; wings and tail blackish brown, edged with dull verditer-blue. Wing, 64; tail, 64; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17.

Young in first plumage.--Above smoky gray; below white; a dusky band across fore breast; wings and tail blackish brown; primaries and secondaries edged with verditer; outer webs of rectrices washed with verditer.

"Rare in Samar. Always found in company with other flycatchers. Four males average: Length, 137; wing, 63; tail, 62; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. A female, length, 130; wing, 59; tail, 55; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris nearly black; legs and feet slaty blue; nails usually black, in one case bluish slate; bill blue, with black tip; eye-wattles blue. Breeding in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The specimens from Camiguin Island, north of Luzon, on which was based Camiguinia personata, are slightly larger than specimens from Mindanao and the latter are probably Cyanomyias helenæ of Steere. There appears to be no ground for retaining C. personata.

Genus CYANOMYIAS Sharpe, 1879.

Bill slightly compressed near tip, depth at nostril two-thirds of width, outline sightly concave toward the tip; rictal bristles conspicuous, the longest more than bill from nostril; wing and tail about equal, wing formula as in Hypothymis; tarsus one and one-half times the bill from nostril; feathers of head stiffish, decomposed basally and conspicuously antrorse on lores; feathers of occipital crest long and narrow.

415. CYANOMYIAS COELESTIS (Tweeddale).

CELESTIAL BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Hypothymis coelestis Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), IV, 20, 536; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 109, pl. 7, fig. 1 ([female]). Cyanomyias coelestis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 278; Hand-List (1901), 3, 249; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.

Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Luzon (McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--General color blue; forehead, lores, and entire head and face clear cerulean blue contrasting strongly with the light cobalt-blue of back, wings, and tail; chin, throat, and fore breast deep azure-blue, becoming gradually fainter and more greenish on lower breast; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts white, washed more or less with turquoise-blue; thighs blue; rectrices black below and their inner webs black above; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue. Iris white; eyelids light greenish yellow; bill dark blue like throat with black tip and edges; legs very dark blue; nails black. Length of a male from Basilan, 165; wing, 75; tail, 76; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16; crest, 36.

Female.--Differs from the male in having a much shorter crest and less intense colors; top of head darker, of nearly the same shade as back and wings; throat and breast cobalt instead of azure. Wing, 73; tail, 70; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 16; crest, 17.

This magnificent flycatcher is very rare; it is found in small numbers, feeding and moving about in the tops of forest trees, associated with species of such genera as Hypothymis, Rhipidura, and Pardaliparus.

"A very rare bird. Found only by accident, and always with other flycatchers. Four males average: Length, 159; wing, 72; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 154; wing, 73; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris dark brown; legs and feet slaty blue, nails black; bill black at tip and along gape, elsewhere blue; eye-wattles greenish yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus RHIPIDURA Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Rictal bristles long and conspicuous, equal to culmen from base or longer; bill wide, depressed for most of its length, slightly compressed near tip; wing shorter than tail; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth nearly equal, fifth longest; tail-feathers graduated, the difference between outermost and middle rectrices equal to or greater than culmen; plumage soft, that of head neither scale-like nor pile-like; colors various.

I can see no good reason why Hypothymis superciliaris Sharpe and H. samarensis Steere should not be placed in the genus Rhipidura; their long graduated tail-feathers, long stiff oral bristles, and lax plumage, as well as the similarity in the coloration of the sexes, certainly unite them with the members of Rhipidura. [59]

Species.

a1. Head, throat, and fore-breast blue or blue-gray.

b1. Entire upper parts blue.

c1. Blue of upper parts lighter, especially on crown; silvery cobalt of forehead more conspicuous. ... superciliaris (p. 456) c2. Blue of upper parts darker, crown nearly black; less silvery cobalt on forehead. ... samarensis (p. 457)

b2. Back, wings, and tail largely chestnut or cinnamon.

c1. Abdomen and flanks white. ... albiventris (p. 457) c2. Abdomen and flanks brown.

d1. Smaller; crown lighter; abdomen and flanks cinnamon-brown. ... cyaniceps (p. 458) d2. Larger; crown darker; abdomen and flanks light chestnut-brown. ... sauli (p. 458)

a2. Top and sides of head black.

b1. Chin and throat black.

c1. Fore breast cinnamon-brown like the rest of breast and abdomen. ... nigrocinnamomea (p. 459) c2. Fore breast white. ... hutchinsoni (p. 460)

b2. Chin and throat white with a black pectoral band. ... nigritorquis (p. 460)

416. RHIPIDURA SUPERCILIARIS (Sharpe).

MINDANAO BLUE FANTAIL.

Hypothymis superciliaris Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. 2d. ser. (1877), 1, 236; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 278; Hand-List (1901), 3, 248; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--Above dark verditer-blue, top of head darker; forehead and a line over each eye silvery cobalt; wings and tail black, the exposed portions of webs mostly bright cobalt; chin, throat, breast, and thighs dull smoky blue; lower breast and abdomen white, washed with blue-gray. Bill, legs, and nails black; iris brown. Length, about 165; wing, 78; tail, 78; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.5.

Female.--Similar to the male, but with the blue lighter and more verditer. Wing, 72; tail, 79; bill from nostril, 8.5.

"Very common in the forests of Basilan; a strictly deep woods form. Seven males average: Length, 164; wing, 78; tail, 82; culmen, 15; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Two females, length, 151; wing, 76; tail, 75; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs, feet, and nails nearly black. Breeding in August in Mindanao and Basilan." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

417. RHIPIDURA SAMARENSIS (Steere).

SAMAR BLUE FANTAIL.

Hypothymis samarensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 16; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 249; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 73. Rhipidura samarensis Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107 (generic position).

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male and female.--Similar to Rhipidura superciliaris, but upper parts more verditer-blue; crown much darker, almost black.

"Fairly common in Samar. Found in deep forest in company with other flycatchers. Four males average 119 in length; wing, 61; tail, 38; culmen, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris, legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill almost black. Breeding in July and August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

418. RHIPIDURA ALBIVENTRIS (Sharpe).

WHITE-BELLIED FANTAIL.

Philentoma albiventris Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 325. Rhipidura albiventris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 324; Hand-List (1901), 3, 257; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head, neck, and upper back grayish blue, streaked with lighter blue on head; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark chestnut or bay; chin, throat, breast, and entire sides of head and neck grayish blue, many of the feathers with white shafts; abdomen white; under tail-coverts light chestnut; feathers of thighs with dusky bases; primaries and secondaries blackish, the latter edged with chestnut, this color covering the entire web of two or three innermost secondaries; wing-coverts mostly grayish blue like the neck, but some of the inner ones chestnut; rectrices chestnut except innermost pair and inner webs of next pair which are blackish. Iris dark brown; bill black; legs and nails dark lead-color. Length of a male, 165; wing, 84; tail, 92; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.

"A very showy bird. Common in the forests of the islands where it occurs. Like R. cyaniceps, it makes the most of itself. It is bold and easily killed. It is particularly abundant in Negros. Five males average 176 in length; wing, 79; tail, 88; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 82; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

419. RHIPIDURA CYANICEPS (Cassin).

RUFOUS-BELLIED FANTAIL.

Muscipeta cyaniceps Cassin, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. (1855), 438; Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 145, pl. 9, fig. 1. Philentoma cyaniceps Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 182, pl. 32, fig. 1. Rhipidura cyaniceps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 323; Hand-List (1901), 3, 257; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 236 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 107 (habits, nest); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 276, pl. 8, fig. 17 (egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

U-li-li-su, Benguet, Luzon.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp., McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Very similar to R. albiventris, but abdomen, flanks, and thighs cinnamon-rufous. A male measures: Wing, 75; tail, 86; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 74; tail, 81; culmen from base, 12; tarsus, 17.

Whitehead collected a nest and two eggs of this species at Cape Engaño, Luzon, April 29, 1895, which are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color rich cream-color. A zone of spots and small blotches round the larger end; the under-markings pale slate-gray, the over-markings darker cream-color. Measurements 19 mm. by 14 mm.

"Nest of the usual cup-shaped type made by all the species of Rhipidura, and placed on a dead bough in an open pathway in a conspicuous position." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"Sharpe mentions a specimen of R. cyaniceps in the British Museum collected in Mindanao by Cuming. It seems to us extremely unlikely that such a bird could have been overlooked by the numerous collectors who have since visited that island, and we do not believe it exists there. Cuming does not seem to have been over particular about recording exact localities in the case of his Philippine collections, and it is not at all improbable that this record is an error." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

420. RHIPIDURA SAULI Bourns and Worcester.

SAUL'S FANTAIL.

Rhipidura sauli Bourns and Worcester, Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Head, crown, and nape dull bluish gray, each of the feathers of crown with a narrow, decidedly lighter, shaft-mark, lacking in feathers of nape and mantle; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, scapulars, and upper wing-coverts chestnut; wing black; tertiaries and secondaries heavily edged with chestnut; primaries lightly edged with same color; central pair of tail-feathers black, faintly edged with chestnut on basal half and with shafts black; next pair with inner webs black, outer webs chestnut, shafts black on inner side, chestnut on outer; rest of feathers of tail including shafts chestnut above and below; sides of face, ear-coverts, chin, throat, and upper breast bluish gray like the mantle; feathers of breast with distinct lighter shaft-markings; feathers of lower breast gradually changing to the chestnut of abdomen; flanks, under tail-coverts, and thighs chestnut; axillars and under wing-coverts bluish gray at base, heavily tipped with chestnut; inner webs of quills tipped with chestnut. Female like male but paler. Iris dark brown; legs and feet vary from light to very dark slaty brown; nails blackish; bill black, except base of lower mandible which is gray.

"Twelve males average 184 in length; wing, 84; tail, 91; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18. Three females, length, 174; wing, 76; tail, 83; culmen, 16; tarsus, 19.

"This is another ornithological puzzle of the Tablas-Romblon-Sibuyan group. It seems to be confined to Tablas where it is common in deep forests. It differs from R. cyaniceps, its nearest ally, in its larger size and darker blue head and in having the ochraceous buff of under parts replaced by deep chestnut." (Bourns and Worcester.)

421. RHIPIDURA NIGROCINNAMOMEA Hartert.

BLACK AND CINNAMON FANTAIL.

Rhipidura nigrocinnamomea Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 12; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 758, pl. 2, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Tá-din, Bagobo.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Waterstradt, Mearns).

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, and throat black, with a white line over each eye; fore breast white; rest of under parts cinnamon-rufous and lighter than the cinnamon-rufous of back and rump; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts chestnut, but primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with chestnut. Wing, 74; tail, 85; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17. "Iris reddish brown; bill all black; feet dark purplish gray; claws black. Length, 177." (Mearns.)

I have not seen the female of the black and cinnamon fantail but the sexes are probably similar in colors. This fine species is found on Mount Apo.

422. RHIPIDURA HUTCHINSONI Mearns.

HUTCHINSON'S FANTAIL.

Rhipidura hutchinsoni Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 357.

Mindanao (Mearns).

Adult.--Similar to R. nigrocinnamomea, but with no white on the breast which is uniform cinnamon-rufous; the white lines over eyes are connected across the forehead by a wide white band.

"Iris dark brown; bill black; feet plumbeous, with claws nearly black. Skin measurements of the type (adult male) are as follows: Length, 155; wing, 78; tail, 95; culmen, 11.7; tarsus, 19.5. Skin measurements of adult female: Length, 153; wing, 73; tail, 84; culmen, 11; tarsus, 20." (Mearns.)

This distinct species was discovered by Mearns on Mount Malindang in northwestern Mindanao.

423. RHIPIDURA NIGRITORQUIS Vigors.

BLACK AND WHITE FANTAIL.

Rhipidura nigritorquis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 334; Hand-List (1901), 3, 261; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 236 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 106 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 277, pl. 8, fig. 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Ba-ling-sa-say-ao, Ticao; ca-la-mang-tí-gon, Bohol; ma-ri-a-ca-pra, Manila; ma-ri-a cong cong, Laguna de Bay; ba-li-á-la, Siquijor.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan, off Mindanao (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Siasi (Guillemard); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above ashy gray; forehead, crown, and sides of face black; a wide white band over each eye, for the most part concealed; below white with a wide white pectoral band; abdomen and crissum washed with pale buff; feathers of thighs black, tipped with pale buff; axillars and wing-lining blackish brown edged with white; rectrices blackish brown, all but middle pair with wide white tips. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black.

"Common throughout the islands. A very showy bird, constantly opening and closing its tail, and dancing about to show its feathers. Three male birds average 190 in length; wing, 87; tail, 110; culmen, 17; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females, length, 190; wing, 81; tail, 99; culmen, 17; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs collected by Steere in Marinduque, May 8, 1888, are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale creamy white, with a rather wide zone round the middle composed of small blotches and spots of pale yellowish brown or lavender-gray; a few scattered spots of the same colors over the rest of the shell. Measurements 18 mm. by 14 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

A set of three eggs, also collected in Marinduque by Steere, are said to be similar to the above but with the markings rather smaller. The measurements are 19 by 15.

"The two nests are of the usual cup-shaped type, constructed of tightly woven fiber and wide dead grass bound together with spiders' webs, and neatly lined with fine grasses and black fiber." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus XEOCEPHUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; depth of bill at nostril about two-thirds of its width; rictal bristles strong; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth, fifth, and sixth subequal; tarsus equal to exposed culmen; rectrices strongly graduated; color nearly uniform, bright reddish brown, or blue.

Species.

a1. Plumage bright chestnut-rufous.

b1. Central rectrices greatly lengthened (northern islands). ... rufus (p. 461) b2. Central rectrices never greatly lengthened (southern islands). ... cinnamomeus (p. 463)

a2. Plumage nearly uniform blue. ... cyanescens (p. 463)

424. XEOCEPHUS RUFUS (Gray).

LONG-TAILED RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.

Tchitrea rufa Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1843), 11, 371. Zeocephus rufus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343; Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; Grant, Ibis (1896), 112; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235, pl. 5, fig. 4 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 279; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Mus-ca-dór ca-né-lo, Manila.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Entire plumage rich chestnut-rufous with inner webs of primaries and secondaries seal-brown near their tips. Iris, eyelids, and bill blue; bill edged and tipped with black; legs and nails lighter blue. Wing, 87; tail, excepting central rectrices, 85; central rectrices, 100 to 190; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 16.

Adult female and immature.--Lighter in color and with lower breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts whitish; central rectrices not greatly lengthened.

"In Jour. für Orn. (1891), 294, Hartert very properly calls attention to the fact that confusion evidently exists as to the distribution of the two rufous species of Zeocephus, and he even seems to question the distinctness of the two species. We have some suggestions to offer, after looking over our series of thirty-one specimens from Luzon, Mindoro, Panay, Negros, Cebu, Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi Tawi. First, the young immature birds of Z. rufus have the white belly and general coloring of Z. cinnamomeus. They are not to be distinguished from birds of the latter species. Second, out of fifteen specimens from the south, seven do not show a trace of white on the belly, and are of a uniform deep rufous color. Third, we have a male bird in breeding plumage from Cebu which is indistinguishable, so far as shade of rufous is concerned, from Basilan birds. The confusion between the two species is thus readily understood. Are they then distinct? We think that they are for the following reasons: The average fully adult bird from the northern islands is very much darker in color than the darkest of the southern birds. The northern birds have the tail much more strongly graduated than that of the birds from the south. None of our specimens from the south show any special elongation of the central tail-feathers. In one specimen from Tablas and another from Sibuyan the central tail-feathers exceed the rest by fully 75 millimeters. Other birds collected at the same time and place do not show nearly so strong a development of these feathers, but the fact remains that nothing even approaching it is shown by our specimens from the south.

"The dark tips of the tail-feathers described by Dr. Sharpe as characteristic of Z. cinnamomeus are simply a sign of immaturity, as is the white of the belly.

"Zeocephus rufus, then, inhabits the northern and central Philippines, and is to be distinguished from Z. cinnamomeus by its darker color when fully adult, and by its more strongly graduated tail, which has the central feathers at least 75 millimeters longer than the others when the birds are in perfect plumage.

"Four males from Cebu average: Length, 223; wing, 93; tail, 116; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Five females, length, 201; wing, 86; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. A male from Sibuyan with elongated tail-feathers measures 283 in length; wing, 94; tail, 162; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris almost black; legs and feet blue; nails black, sometimes showing a little blue; bill and eye-wattles bright blue. Breeding in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A set of three eggs was collected by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 24, 1895. The eggs and nest are described as follows:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, with a decided zone of small blotches and spots round the pole of the larger end; upper-markings brown-lake, and under-markings lilac. Two of the eggs have small dots of the darker color thinly scattered over the whole shell, while in the third these markings are almost entirely confined to the zone. Measurements 22 mm. by 16 mm.

"Nest much like that built by Hypothymis azurea, and placed in similar positions, but within the brown lining is a second lining of fine black fiber taken from the base of the palm-leaves." (Grant and Whitehead.)

425. XEOCEPHUS CINNAMOMEUS Sharpe.

SHORT-TAILED RUFOUS FLYCATCHER.

Zeocephus cinnamomeus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 329; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343; Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Very similar to X. rufus, but lighter in color and with the central rectrices not greatly exceeding the next pair. See also the notes under X. rufus.

Young.--Not distinguishable from the young of X. rufus.

"Both this and Z. rufus are strictly deep woods forms, never seen about open country. Eight males from Basilan and Tawi Tawi average: Length, 187; wing, 87; tail, 85; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. Two females, length, 182; wing, 85; tail, 80; culmen, 23; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris bright slaty blue to black; nails black; bill blue to black; eye-wattles blue." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

426. XEOCEPHUS CYANESCENS Sharpe.

LARGE BLUE FLYCATCHER.

Zeocephus cyanescens Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 328; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 343; Hand-List (1901), 3, 262; Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 49; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--General color grayish cobalt or smalt-blue; chin, lores, a small spot at base of lower mandible, and a narrow frontal line velvety black; primaries and secondaries black, edged with blue; rectrices black below and their shafts black. "Eye black; bill and legs cobalt-blue; inside of mouth bright green." (Whitehead.) Length, about 215; wing, 93; tail, 100; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male, but abdomen and crissum whitish. Wing, 93; tail, 95; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 16.

Young.--Similar to the adult, but lores and forehead blue; back buffy brown; remiges and rectrices largely buffy brown; under tail-coverts white washed with buff.

"Quite common both in Palawan and the Calamianes. A forest form. Four males average: Length, 220; wing, 96; tail, 100; culmen, 25; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 18. Five females, length, 200; wing, 89; tail, 89; culmen, 23; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris black; legs and feet blue; nails black; bill blue, deepest at base, tip sometimes black; eye-wattles blue." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CALLAEOPS Grant, 1895.

"A new genus of Muscicapidæ most nearly allied to Arses, which it resembles in having a disk-like wattle formed by the prolongation of the eyelid, which entirely surrounds the rather large eye. As in Terpsiphone, there is a large, full, occipital crest, and the tarsi and toes are short and slender; but the tail is like that of Rhipidura, wedge-shaped and composed of twelve feathers, the outer pair being two-thirds of the length of the middle pair. The first flight-feather is half the length of the second, which is about equal to the tenth; the fourth being slightly the longest." (Grant.)

427. CALLAEOPS PERIOPTHALMICA Grant.

SHORT-TAILED PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Callaeops periopthalmica Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 18; Ibis (1895), 253; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 108; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 263; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 74.

Luzon (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--General color deep black with a slight purplish gloss, especially on the back and breast; the middle of lower breast and belly white, the under tail-coverts being edged with the same color. Wattle surrounding the eye, bill, and feet said to be pale blue. Length, 216; wing, 89; tail, 114; tarsus, 15. The only specimen sent home by Whitehead was not of his own collecting, but purchased in Manila and, as I understand, said to have been obtained in that vicinity. The color of the soft parts and sex are, I fancy, only given on the authority of the collector from whom the bird was obtained." (Grant.)

Genus TERPSIPHONE Gloger, 1827.

Bill large and depressed; rictal bristles numerous, coarse, and long; head with a full occipital crest; eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; rectrices graduated. The sexes are similar in plumage during the first two years and the birds breed in this immature condition. In the third year the male develops a distinctive plumage and his central rectrices grow to twice the length of the second pair.

Species.

a1. Adult male mostly pure white; rectrices white with black shafts. ... affinis (p. 465) a2. Adult male mostly black; rectrices black. ... nigra (p. 466)

428. TERPSIPHONE AFFINIS (Blyth).

MALAY PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Tchitrea affinis Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1846), 15, 292. Terpsiphone affinis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 349; Hand-List (1901), 3, 263; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 280; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Luzon (Cuming). Malay Peninsula, eastern Himalayas, Indo-Chinese Provinces, Assam, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

"Adult male.--General color pure white, with shaft-lines of black, especially distinct on the greater coverts; quills black, externally edged with white, the inner secondaries white, with longitudinal black centers to the feathers; tail-feathers white, with blackish edges and with distinct black shafts; head, sides of face, and entire throat greenish black, without much metallic gloss; remainder of under surface of body, including the under wing-coverts, pure white; quills blackish below, broadly white along the inner web. Length, 411; culmen, 19; wing, 91; tail, 132; middle tail-feathers, 330; tarsus, 15.

"Adult female.--General color orange-rufous, brown on the mantle and scapulars; rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail chestnut; wing-coverts like the back, the greater series orange-rufous, dusky brown on the inner webs; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries black, with a narrow edging of orange-rufous, the secondaries more broadly margined, the innermost being entirely orange-rufous, with longitudinal blackish centers; crown and a moderate crest glossy steel-blue; sides of face and a narrow collar around the hind neck and entire throat and breast ashy gray; remainder of the under surface yellowish buff, sides of the body washed with orange, as also the under tail-coverts, which are slightly more rufous; under wing-coverts rufescent, whiter at base; quills dark brown below, rufous along the inner web. Length, 198; culmen, 22; wing, 90; tail, 105; tarsus, 15.

"Male in second plumage.--Very similar to the foregoing, but with a longer tail, the gray on the throat and breast darker, and the white on the belly purer and less fulvous. Length, 246; wing, 89; culmen, 22: tail, 102; middle tail-feathers, 208; tarsus, 15." (Sharpe.)

"Included in this list with some doubt on the strength of a specimen mentioned by Hartert." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

429. TERPSIPHONE NIGRA McGregor.

BLACK PARADISE FLYCATCHER.

Terpsiphone nigra McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 340, pls. 1 to 3.

Ti-uay-uay, Batan.

Batan (McGregor).

Adult male (type).--Black, with a slight purplish blue gloss; middle of abdomen white; under tail-coverts black with white bases and with traces of clay-brown along the edges; wings and tail black with some purplish blue gloss on exposed margins. Iris brown; bill, legs, and wide fleshy eye-wattle bright blue; nails paler blue; inside of mouth pale green. Length in flesh, 383; wing, 91; central rectrices, 282; second pair of rectrices, 131; outermost and shortest pair of rectrices, 65; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 15; longest crest-feathers, 15.

Nearly adult male.--Similar to the adult, but some feathers of lower back and a few of the inner remiges edged with chestnut; middle of lower breast, axillars, and wing-lining mottled with white; abdomen white; under tail-coverts terra-cotta yellow with small dusky patches. Length, 376; wing, 90; tail-feathers: longest, 267; second, 127; shortest, 80; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 16.5; middle toe with claw, 16.5; longest crest-feathers, 16.

Male, first year.--Head, neck, throat, and breast glossy black; mantle, back, and rump bright chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut and glossy black (mixed plumage); lower breast gray; abdomen white; flanks dull chestnut; under tail-coverts white washed with terra cotta; alula, primaries and primary-coverts blackish brown; primaries and secondary-coverts edged with chestnut; secondaries edged with rusty brown; rectrices dark brown, slightly chestnut, the outer pair minutely tipped with white. Length, 190; wing, 85; tail, 85; outermost rectrices, 71; culmen from base, 18.5; bill from nostril, 13.

Adult female.--Differs from the adult male, first year, in having mantle, back, tail-coverts, and secondary-coverts reddish brown instead of chestnut. Length, 190; wing, 85; tail, 81; outermost rectrices, 74; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 13. Another female is duller, having the mantle, back, and rump decidedly grayer. Length, 189; wing, 85; tail, 88; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12.

First plumage.--Above dull brown; top of head, back, and tail dull reddish brown; post ocular band dull ocherous; chin, throat, and breast gray, the latter crossed by an ocherous band; lower breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts white, slightly washed with ocherous; wings blackish, primaries edged with dull reddish brown; primary-coverts blackish; secondaries and their coverts edged with dull rusty ocherous taking the form of terminal spots on median coverts. Bill dull brown; legs pale blue; nails white.

Apparently this species breeds in its second year but does not reach its most perfect plumage until its fourth year.

A nest taken in Batan Island, May 29, 1907, was saddled securely in the fork of a small branch. The single egg was heavily incubated and measured 15.4 by 20.3. The egg was dull white, sparsely spotted with dark umber-brown.

The black paradise flycatcher is abundant in Batan. Its flight is easy and graceful but rather slow. The call is harsh and cat-like; the song is simple and of limited range, consisting of several clear notes uttered in rapid succession.

The short-tailed black males of this flycatcher agree with the description of Callaeops periopthalmica, but the identity of the two species has not been established.

Genus RHINOMYIAS Sharpe, 1879.

Tip of bill overhanging, with a notch near the tip; bill depressed at nostril; rictal bristles moderate; first primary little more than one-half of second which is less than third, fourth longest; tarsus slender, equal to less than one-third the length of tail; bill from nostril more than one-half the length of tarsus.

Species. [60]

a1. Without any distinct eyebrow-stripe.

b1. Under parts white, with a wide, strongly marked, pectoral band dividing the throat from the breast and belly; no white patch in front of eye. ... albigularis (p. 468) b2. Under parts whitish with no pectoral band, or with mere traces of one.

c1. No ring of chestnut feathers around eye; a gray patch in front of eye. ... ruficauda (p. 470) c2. A ring of chestnut feathers around eye ... ocularis (p. 470)

a2. With a distinct white eyebrow-stripe.

b1. Crown olive; lores and fore part of cheeks blackish; pectoral band olive, washed with rufous, shading into clear rust-red on sides and flanks. ... insignis (p. 471) b2. Crown dull black; general color above, including wings and tail, dark slate; below whitish ... goodfellowi (p. 469)

430. RHINOMYIAS ALBIGULARIS Bourns and Worcester.

WHITE-THROATED RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias albigularis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 27; Grant, Ibis (1896), 541; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 237, pl. 5, fig. 3 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 282; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead.)

"Adult male.--General color above ochraceous brown, duller on head, much brighter on rump, becoming chestnut on the tips of upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts like back; quills nearly black, washed with rusty brown on outer webs, this wash changing to whitish on the primaries; upper surface of tail dull chestnut, the feathers becoming almost black at tips; lores gray; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck like crown; a ring of feathers round eye slightly lighter; chin and entire throat white; entire breast light olive-brown; flanks washed with same color; abdomen pure white; under tail-coverts white, light brown at tips; under wing-coverts, axillars, and inner webs of quills buffy white; bend of wing olive-brown.

"The white throat contrasts strongly with the brown of neck and breast and at once distinguishes this species from all other Philippine representatives of the genus. R. albigularis is a deep woods form and is extremely rare in the localities visited by us." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"One of the most interesting birds sent from Negros is this white-throated flycatcher, very nearly allied to R. pectoralis, which inhabits the south of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo. The present species may, of course, be distinguished by its considerably larger size and the absence of the white patch in front of the eye, as well as by the more olivaceous brown cheeks and chest-band, which are not so strongly contrasted with the white of the throat. But these differences are really slight, and it seems very curious that the Negros and Guimaras birds should so closely resemble R. pectoralis from Borneo, while we find two distinct but closely allied species, R. ruficauda and R. ocularis, occurring in the intermediate islands. In Prof. Steere's collection we have received the types of R. samarensis as well as two specimens collected at Ayala, Mindanao, which he considers to represent an undescribed species. They apparently differ from his R. samarensis only in having the culmen reddish brown instead of blackish brown; but this difference is due to immaturity, as is further proved by the subterminal buff spots on the innermost secondaries, which are undoubtedly remains of the first plumage. Again, Prof. Steere distinguishes his R. samarensis from R. ruficauda Sharpe, of which we have several examples. He says that the former differs 'in having the cheeks brown, not olive, and in having the under surface washed with fulvous brown, this forming a white band across the chest.' In comparing the type of R. samarensis with typical examples of R. ruficauda from Basilan, we fail to find any difference in the color of the cheeks, and the somewhat indistinct band across the chest, which can hardly be described as 'broad,' is equally well developed in a male from Basilan. There can be no doubt that the birds from Samar (R. samarensis Steere), Mindanao, and Basilan (R. ruficauda Sharpe) belong to one species and must stand as R. ruficauda Sharpe." (Grant.)

Whitehead collected a nest and two eggs of this species in Negros on March 31, 1906. They are described as follows:

"Shape [of eggs] short ovate, one much blunter at the small end than the other. Ground-color very pale dull rufous, indistinctly mottled all over with darker shades of the same color. In general appearance these eggs strongly resemble one type laid by the common robin. Measurements 23 mm. by 17 mm.

"The nest, composed of moss and lined with fine roots, was placed in a hole in an old rotten tree about six feet [two meters] from the ground. The eggs were partially incubated, and the female was snared on the nest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

431. RHINOMYIAS GOODFELLOWI Grant.

GOODFELLOW'S RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias goodfellowi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16, 17; Ibis (1906), 482, pl. 18, fig. 2.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

"Adult female.--General color above, including the wings and tail, dark slate, shading into dull black on top of head and ear-coverts; a narrow white band across the base of bill, continued over lores in a narrow superciliary stripe; lores and feathers surrounding the upper eyelid black; chin, throat, middle of breast, belly, and under tail-coverts whitish; chest, sides, and flanks brownish-buff; axillars, under wing-coverts, and inner edge of quills whitish. 'Iris dark reddish brown; bill black; feet ashy gray.' Length, about 157; culmen, 21; wing, 89; tail, 68; tarsus, 21.

"This fine species appears to be quite distinct from all the members of the genus previously described, being at once recognizable by the dark slate-color of the upper parts." (Grant.)

432. RHINOMYIAS RUFICAUDA (Sharpe).

RUFOUS-TAILED RHINOMYIAS.

Setaria ruficauda Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 327. Rhinomyias ruficauda Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 368; Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75. Setaria samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 16.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above rich olive-brown, darkest on the head; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive-brown; tail-coverts and rectrices ferruginous; lores and ear-coverts pale gray, the latter washed with olive; under parts white, washed on sides of throat and of body with pale gray; thighs brown. Bill black; iris brown; legs light blue. Length of a male from Basilan, 152; wing, 74; tail, 57; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 18.

Adult female.--Similar to the male but lores obscured with brown and ear-coverts olive-brown. A female from Mindanao measures: Length, 152; wing, 71; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.

Immature.--Sides and flanks washed with brown and feathers of breast edged more or less with brown; greater and median wing-coverts tipped with spots of light ocherous brown.

See notes on this species under Rhinomyias albigularis.

"Not rare in deep forest on Basilan. An immature bird has feathers of head with rufous shaft-markings; feathers of back, and upper wing-coverts with large spots of same color edged with black; breast similarly but more faintly spotted.

"Five males from Basilan average: Length, 143; wing, 74; tail, 60; culmen, 17; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 21. Four females, length, 129; wing, 69; tail, 50; culmen, 16; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light slate; nails same; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

433. RHINOMYIAS OCULARIS Bourns and Worcester.

CHESTNUT-EYED RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias occularis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 27 (error). Rhinomyias ocularis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult (sexes alike).--General color above uniform olive-brown, slightly brighter on the rump; tail dark chestnut, much brighter on outer webs of feathers which are very dull at tips; wing-coverts like back; quills brownish black washed with rusty brown, this becoming whitish on first two or three primaries; lores buffy white; ring of short feathers around eye chestnut; ear-coverts and sides of hind neck fulvous-brown, the former with lighter shaft-stripes; center of throat and fore breast white, grayish along sides; breast and flanks washed with light fulvous-brown; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter faintly tipped with brown; thighs olive-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish; inner webs of secondaries edged with buffy white.

"The peculiar ring of feathers round the eye forms a noticeable character by which this species is readily distinguished from other Philippine representatives of the genus. Iris brown; bill light slaty brown." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Fairly abundant in the forests of Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Food usually insects. Two specimens, however, had been eating fruit. Five males from Tawi Tawi measure: Length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 47; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females from Sulu, length, 154; wing, 78; tail, 50; culmen, 17; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails pale slate to light brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

434. RHINOMYIAS INSIGNIS Grant.

LUZON RHINOMYIAS.

Rhinomyias insignis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 442, pl. 12, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 267; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

"Adult male and female.--The sexes of this extremely handsome flycatcher are perfectly similar to one another in plumage, and most nearly resemble R. gularis Sharpe, from Kina Balu, though the differences are remarkably striking. Upper parts olive, washed with sienna on the rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail; the superciliary stripes, chin, and throat-patch, middle of lower breast and belly, and under tail-coverts pure white; lores and fore part of the cheeks blackish; rest of cheeks, ear-coverts, and sides of throat olive washed with rufous, the latter color gradually increasing in intensity on the chest and upper breast, and becoming clear rust-red on the sides and flanks. Quills washed with reddish olive instead of sienna. Adult male, length, 162; wing, 89; tail, 66; tarsus, 28. Adult female, length, 160; wing, 86; tail, 63; tarsus, 28.

"This species is evidently distantly related to R. albigularis from Negros and Guimaras and R. ocularis from Sulu and Tawi Tawi, described by Bourns and Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. (1894), 1, 27, 28. It resembles both these species in having the middle of the throat, belly, and under tail-coverts white, but may be at once distinguished by the strongly marked white superciliary stripes and clear rust-red of the sides and flanks." (Grant.)

A male of this species from Benguet Province was 170 in length. Iris light brown; bill black; legs and feet lead-blue.

Genus CULICICAPA Swinhoe, 1871.

Bill short and depressed, its depth at nostril little more than one-half the width; oral bristles numerous, the longest reaching nearly to tip of bill; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus slender, equal to twice the bill from nostril; plumage largely yellow.

Species.

a1. Head, chin, and throat gray, in contrast with the remainder of the plumage. ... ceylonensis (p. 472) a2. Head, chin, and throat yellow, uniform with the adjacent parts of the body. ... helianthea (p. 472)

435. CULICICAPA CEYLONENSIS (Swainson).

GRAY-HEADED YELLOW FLYCATCHER.

Platyrhynchus ceylonensis Swainson, Zool. Illustr. (1820), ser. 1, 1, pl. 13. Culicicapa ceylonensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 369; Hand-List (1901), 3, 268; Oates, Faun. Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 38, fig. 16 (bill); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 283, pl. 9, fig. 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Palawan (Platen). Khasi Hills, Indian Peninsula, mountains of northwestern Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Ceylon, Java.

Adult male.--Top of head smoky gray; lores and sides of head lighter; remainder of upper parts light greenish yellow, rump a trifle lighter; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, edges of secondaries lighter and more yellowish; chin, throat, and fore breast ashy gray; remainder of lower parts including axillars and wing-lining bright yellow. "Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale fleshy; feet olive-brown; soles yellow." (Abbott.) "Iris dark hazel; bill brown, paler at the base and gape; mouth yellow; legs yellowish brown; claws horn-color." (Oates.) Length, about 125; wing, 60; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 12. Here described from a specimen collected by Abbott in Trong, Lower Siam.

436. CULICICAPA HELIANTHEA (Wallace).

YELLOW FLYCATCHER.

Muscicapa helianthea Wallace, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1865), 476. Xantholestes panayensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 327. Culicicapa panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 371. Culicicapa hilianthea Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 109 (habits). Culicicapa helianthea Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 268; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Celebes, Banggai and Saleyer Islands.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above greenish yellow; feathers of crown with dusky centers; lores and sides of head lighter; a circle of feathers around eye bright yellow; under parts uniform bright yellow; wings and tail brown, the edges of the feathers greenish yellow, those of secondaries more yellowish. Upper mandible black; lower mandible pale yellowish, dusky along the edge; legs and nails dark brown. Length, 115. A male from Palawan: Wing, 59; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 13. Female, wing, 55; tail, 48; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 13.

Young.--Three nestlings collected in Benguet Province, Luzon, on June 1, 1903, resemble the adults, but the upper parts are darker and more greenish; rump and edges of secondaries and coverts pale yellow and entire lower parts pale yellow, brightest on the abdomen.

"The nine specimens collected by us in Tawi Tawi have the back slightly greener and show rather less yellow on the rump than do typical birds from the central Philippines. A deep woods bird with rather a pleasant song. Quite easy to obtain when once seen, as it is not at all shy.

"Three males from Tawi Tawi average: Length, 118; wing, 59; tail, 48; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 11. Seven females, length, 113; wing, 54; tail, 44; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 11. Iris nearly black; legs and feet dirty yellowish brown; upper mandible black, lower yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CRYPTOLOPHA Swainson, 1837.

Bill slender, depth and breadth equal at nostril; nasal and rictal bristles few and weak; wing longer than tail by less than length of tarsus; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus slender and more than twice the bill from nostril. Small, inconspicuous birds with olive and yellowish green plumage; sexes similar. Some of the species resemble the members of the genus Acanthopneuste, but the very short first primary in the latter genus serves to distinguish it.

Species.

a1. Top of head olive-green, more or less streaked with ashy gray.

b1. Lower parts white, more or less streaked and washed with pale yellow.

c1. Chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow. ... olivacea (p. 474) c2. Chin and throat uniform light yellow. ... cebuensis (p. 474)

b2. Lower parts nearly uniform greenish yellow.

c1. Smaller, wing and tail shorter; lower parts lighter yellow. ... nigrorum (p. 475) c2. Larger, wing and tail longer; lower parts darker yellow. ... mindanensis (p. 476)

a2. Top and sides of head chestnut. ... xanthopygia (p. 476)

437. CRYPTOLOPHA OLIVACEA (Moseley).

OLIVACEOUS FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Abrornis olivacea Moseley, Ibis (1891), 47, pl. 2, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 276; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. [61] Cryptolopha olivacea Grant, Ibis (1896), 543; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult, male and female.--Entire upper parts olive-green; top of head and neck streaked with ashy gray; lores dusky, surmounted by a line of light greenish yellow; eyelids bright yellow; postocular band dusky, surmounted by a narrow whitish line; cheeks and ear-coverts yellowish green, streaked with pale yellow; under parts whitish, streaked with pale yellow; flanks washed with light olive-green; feathers of thighs dusky, tipped with light yellow; under tail-coverts uniform light yellow; wing-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; edge of wing and axillars clear light yellow; rectrices olive-green, the inner webs of two outermost pairs edged with light yellow. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 127; wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female from Mindanao, wing, 52; tail, 42; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18.

"Young birds have the crown olive-green like the rest of the upper parts, the chin and throat pale yellow, and the outer webs of the outer primaries olive-green like the rest of the quills." (Grant.)

"Not uncommon; met with by us in several islands in company with flocks of Phylloscopus. Seven males from various localities average: Length, 121; wing, 59; tail, 49; culmen, 15; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15. Two females, length, 114; wing, 52; tail, 44; culmen, 15; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown to black; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible dark brown to black; lower mandible yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

438. CRYPTOLOPHA CEBUENSIS Dubois.

CEBU FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha flavigularis (not of Austen), Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23. Cryptolopha cebuensis Dubois, Syn. Av. (1900), 286; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 274; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 75.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Similar to Cryptolopha olivacea, but uniform olive-green above with no gray lines on head; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; chin and throat clear light yellow; cheeks and ear-coverts light greenish yellow; a band of olive-green from lores through eye to occiput, bordered above by a line of greenish yellow. Iris dark gray; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible pale yellow; legs pale blue. Male: Length, 127; wing, 58; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19. Female: Wing, 54; tail, 45; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.

"Only a single specimen collected, but it is so distinct from the allied forms that we have no hesitation in forming a species on the strength of it. Legs, feet, and nails very light brown; upper mandible dark brown, lower mandible light brown; breeding in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

439. CRYPTOLOPHA NIGRORUM Moseley.

GREEN FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha nigrorum Moseley, Ibis (1891), 47, pl. 2, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110 (habits). Abrornis nigrorum Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 276; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. [62]

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead); Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dull olive-green, darkest on crown, lightest on rump and tail-coverts; wings and tail brown, the feathers edged with olive-green; two outermost pairs of rectrices edged with white on inner webs; greater coverts tipped with greenish yellow forming a bar; lores and post-ocular band dark brown, surmounted by a greenish yellow line; cheeks and ear-coverts greenish yellow; below nearly uniform greenish yellow or light olive-green, lightest on abdomen and crissum; feathers of throat and breast with white shafts. Length of a male from Benguet Province, Luzon, 114; wing, 57; tail, 40; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 52; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11; tarsus, 19.

Young.--An immature bird has the upper parts slightly duller and the line over the eye much paler than the adult; throat and breast very pale yellow; abdomen and crissum light yellow; the sides more dusky than the center of breast and abdomen; pale yellow tips of wing-coverts well-marked.

440. CRYPTOLOPHA MINDANENSIS Hartert.

MINDANAO FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha mindanensis Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76; Grant, Ibis (1906), 481.

Behr-riss behr-riss, Bagobo (Mount Apo).

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

Male.--Above rich olive-yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of two outermost pairs of rectrices white; no light bar on wing-coverts; lores bright greenish yellow; no dark line through eye and no light line above eye; under parts rich greenish yellow as in the female. Wing, 61; tail, 44; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20. This description is taken from a specimen in poor condition, collected on Mount Apo by Mearns. The description of the type is added.

"Female.--Upper surface olive-green; remiges blackish brown, outwardly edged with the color of the back, inwardly with yellowish white; middle rectrices dusky brown, edged with olive-green, outermost pair with the inner webs white, except a brown patch near the base; basal half of outer webs pale sulphur-yellow, distal half, except a line near the shaft, dusky brown; the next pair similar, but with little more brown near the base, and the outer web throughout with dusky patches, the third pair from outside with an irregular white stripe near the shaft on the inner web and a narrow white border; a narrow brownish buff superciliar line, not very conspicuous; under side sulphur-yellow; fore neck and breast tinged with olive-green; under wing-coverts white, yellow near the edge of the wing; under tail-coverts yellow. Wing, 59.5; tail, 45; bill, 10; tarsus, about 18; (not quite certain, because both damaged by shot)." (Hartert.)

441. CRYPTOLOPHA XANTHOPYGIA Whitehead.

PALAWAN FLYCATCHER WARBLER.

Cryptolopha xanthopygia Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 1, 31; Exped. Kina Balu (1893), pl. 16, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 275; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. Cryptolopha montis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 275 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Palawan (Whitehead).

Adult.--Top and sides of head, ear-coverts, and hind neck chestnut; a broad band of black on crown from above eye to side of neck; lores yellowish; eyelids white; cheeks bright yellow, becoming rufous posteriorly; rest of upper parts dull olive-green; rump yellow; wings and tail brown, edged with olive-green; median and greater wing-coverts tipped with yellow, forming a double wing-bar; under parts, including under wing-coverts and axillars, bright yellow with a wash of rufous on sides of upper breast.

I have not seen a specimen of this flycatcher and no good description of it is available. [63] The above description is compiled from that of C. montis. By an oversight C. montis has been credited to Palawan by Sharpe and by McGregor and Worcester; as the only specimen of flycatcher warbler from Palawan is the type of C. xanthopygia, the former species must be stricken from the list of Philippine birds.

Genus EUMYIAS Cabanis, 1850.

Bill broad and depressed; width at nostril nearly twice the depth; rictal bristles moderate; the wing exceeds the tail by less than length of tarsus; first primary more than one-half of second and less than one-half of third; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; tarsus twice the bill from nostril. This genus is similar to Cyornis, but in Eumyias the sexes are alike in colors and nearly the entire plumage is verditer-blue.

Species.

a1. Forehead and chin verditer-blue to base of bill.

b1. Feathers of lores with black bases, the tips blue; wing longer. ... panayensis (p. 477) b2. Feathers of lores entirely black; wing shorter ... nigriloris (p. 478)

a2. Forehead and chin black ... nigrimentalis (p. 478)

442. EUMYIAS PANAYENSIS Sharpe.

PANAY VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Eumyias panayensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 326; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. Stoparola panayensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 440; Hand-List (1901), 3, 286; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110 (habits).

Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panay (Steere).

"Adult (type of species).--General color above dull verditer-blue, rather brighter on the forehead and over the eye, forming an indistinct eyebrow; least wing-coverts resembling the back, the greater series and the quills blackish brown, externally edged with dull verditer-blue; tail feathers blackish, also edged with verditer on the outer web; sides of face dull verditer, as also the whole of the throat and breast, shading off into white on the abdomen and flanks, the latter washed with blue; fore part of cheeks and throat slightly varied with silvery tips to the feathers; thighs and under wing- and tail-coverts buffy white. Bill black; feet dark brown. Length, 152; culmen, 14; wing, 75; tail, 62; tarsus, 18." (Sharpe.)

"The Panay verditer flycatcher seems to be a mountain form. A single specimen was collected by the Steere Expedition on an expedition into the mountains back of Sibulan, Negros." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

443. EUMYIAS NIGRIMENTALIS (Grant).

BLACK-MASKED VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Stoparola nigrimentalis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 50; Ibis (1894), 507, pl. 14, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 110; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 286. Eumyias nigrimentalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult (sexes alike).--General color verditer-blue, darker above; silvery on forehead, over eyes, and on under parts; forehead, lores, jaw, chin, and line around eye black, forming a mask; abdomen and crissum white, the latter washed with pale ocherous; thighs black, the feathers tipped with white; wings and tail brownish black, the outer webs of the feathers verditer-blue. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 145 to 150. A male measures: Wing, 73; tail, 62; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 71; tail, 60; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.

Nestling.--Above blackish, each feather tipped with rusty yellowish brown; below ocherous or dark buff, the feathers edged with black; middle of abdomen white; the slightly developed primaries, secondaries, and rectrices brownish black edged with blue, as in the adult; wing-coverts like the back.

444. EUMYIAS NIGRILORIS (Hartert).

MINDANAO VERDITER FLYCATCHER.

Stoparola panayensis nigriloris Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 80. Eumyias nigriloris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

"Similar to St. panayensis panayensis, but the wing is about 5 mm. shorter, the feathers on the lores black to the tips, not only at the bases; the feathers on the chin and upper throat less squamiform, the bases not so blackish; the lower abdomen and under tail-coverts creamy buff, not buffy white." (Hartert.)

A male collected on Mount Apo by Mearns measures: Length, 168; wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.

Family CAMPOPHAGIDÆ.

Bill strong, as wide as deep at nostril, or slightly wider; culmen and cutting edge gently curved throughout their length; a small notch near tip of bill; nostrils covered by short close-set feathers; rictal and nasal bristles short and weak; wing rather long and pointed; first primary short, equal to about one-half the length of wing; second primary considerably shorter than third or fourth; tarsus moderately developed; feathers of rump with thickened shafts. In this family the bill, legs, and nails are black. The nests are built in trees, and the eggs are usually greenish blue, spotted with brown and gray.

Genera.

a1. Bill larger and stronger; culmen from base longer than tarsus; wing more than 150 mm.; parts of the body-plumage usually more or less barred with black and white. ... Artamides (p. 479) a2. Bill smaller and more slender; culmen from base equal to, or less than, tarsus; wing less than 140 mm.; body-plumage of the adult never barred with black and white.

b1. Much larger; wing more than 125 mm.

c1. Wing shorter, about equal to tail; a black collar, incomplete behind. ... Malindangia (p. 485) c2. Wing considerably longer than tail; no black collar. ... Edolisoma (p. 486)

b2. Much smaller; wing less than 125 mm.

c1. Tarsus shorter and weaker, less than middle toe with claw; rectrices long, slender, and strongly graduated. ... Pericrocotus (p. 490) c2. Tarsus longer and stouter, more than middle toe with claw or than culmen from base; rectrices shorter and wider. ... Lalage (p. 494)

Genus ARTAMIDES Hartlaub, 1865.

Bill large and strong; wing considerably longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half of second, fourth longest; tarsus strong, longer than bill from nostril; tail nearly square, but outermost pair of rectrices decidedly shorter than the others. The Philippine species of Artamides are very much alike; the wings and tail are black, and the greater part of the remaining plumage is gray, but certain parts are barred with black and white in nearly all the species. The sexes are unlike and the male is slightly larger than the female. The length is usually more than 260 mm. The key to the species of Artamides is modified from the key given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 535.

Species.

MALES.

a1. Under parts uniform gray.

b1. Lores and space in front of eyes deep black.

c1. Tail less than 140 mm.

d1. Feathers covering the nostrils deep black like the lores.

e1. Feathers of the rump gray, fringed with whitish; tail, 120 mm. ... striatus (p. 482) e2. Feathers of the rump uniform gray; tail, 122 to 124 mm. ... mindorensis (p. 483)

d2. Feathers covering the nostrils gray like the crown; tail, 132 mm. ... cebuensis (p. 484)

c2. Tail more than 140 mm.; feathers covering the nostrils deep black like the lores and the space in front of eyes; tail, 144 mm. ... guillemardi (p. 481)

b2. Lores and space in front of eyes pale gray like the crown; general color pale gray. ... difficilis (p. 480)

a2. Throat and breast gray; belly and rest of under parts barred with black and white.

b1. Lores and space in front of eye deep black; under tail-coverts white, barred with black, the black bars extending right across the feathers and being about two-thirds of the width of the white interspaces. ... panayensis (p. 483) b2. Lores and space in front of eye gray like the crown; under tail-coverts uniform white; or white with rather narrow wide-set black bars, which are generally confined to the middle of the feathers. ... kochi (p. 482)

FEMALES.

a1. Entire upper and under parts uniform gray.

b1. Smaller; wing, 157 mm.; tail, 119. ... mindorensis (p. 483) b2. Larger; wing, 170 mm.; tail, 142. ... guillemardi (p. 481)

a2. Upper and under parts not entirely uniform.

b1. Throat and breast uniform gray; belly and under parts barred with black and white.

c1. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts barred with black.

d1. Feathers of rump dark gray, barred with black and fringed with whitish; general color of upper parts and breast darker gray; black bars on the belly and flanks as wide as, or wider than, the white interspaces, giving these parts a much blacker appearance; under tail-coverts with wide bars of black and white, the former being rather wider. ... striatus (p. 482) d2. Feathers of rump white, barred with black; general color of upper parts and breast paler gray; black bars on the belly and flanks much narrower than the white interspaces, giving these parts a whiter appearance; under tail-coverts white, with one or two narrow wide-set black bars. ... difficilis (p. 480)

c2. Lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray like the back. ... cebuensis (p. 484)

b2. Entire under parts barred with black to the throat; rump and upper tail-coverts barred with black.

c1. Under tail-coverts widely barred with black and white, the black bars being as wide as the white interspaces; patch of feathers covering the nostrils gray like the rest of the crown; general color of the throat and breast gray, barred with black, contrasting with the black and white belly; black bars on the belly and under parts very wide. ... panayensis (p. 483) c2. Under tail-coverts either pure white, or white with some black bars; patch of feathers covering the nostrils whitish; general color of throat and breast white, barred with black like the rest of the under parts; black bars on the belly and under parts narrower. ... kochi (p. 482)

445. ARTAMIDES DIFFICILIS (Hartert).

PALAWAN ARTAMIDES.

Artamides sumatrensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 12 (part). Graucalus sumatrensis difficilis Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1895), 2, 470. Artamides difficilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 287. Artamides dificilis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76 (error).

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult male.--Except wings and tail, nearly uniform pale gray, palest on uropygium and crissum, much lighter gray than in A. striatus or A. mindorensis; no black on forehead, lores, and chin. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 158; tail, 115; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 25.

Adult female.--General color pale gray like the male; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black; black bars on under parts narrower than the white spaces, and under tail-coverts with only one or two bars on each feather. An immature female from Palawan measures: Wing, 145; tail, 108; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 25.

Young.--The young male is barred like the young female and the young of both sexes have white fringes on the rectrices, remiges, and wing-coverts.

"Fairly common; frequents high trees. Three males average: Length, 282; wing, 155; tail, 121; culmen, 32; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 26. A female, length, 279; wing, 150; tail, 114; culmen, 30; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris pale yellow; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

446. ARTAMIDES GUILLEMARDI Salvadori.

GUILLEMARD'S ARTAMIDES.

Artamides pollens Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 258. Artamides guillemardi Salvadori, Ibis (1886), 153; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 288; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Bongao (Everett); Lapac (Guillemard); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Under parts uniform gray; feathers covering nostrils, lores, and space in front of eye deep black. Tail, about 144.

Female.--Entire upper and under parts uniform gray as in A. mindorensis. Wing, 170; tail, 142.

In naming this species Salvadori compares it with A. schistaceus from the Sula Islands and does not state in what way it differs from the previously described Philippine species, but the diagnoses given above are sufficient to distinguish it.

"Fairly common; frequents high trees in the forest. Three males average: Length, 307; wing, 172; tail, 137; culmen, 34; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 30. Four females, length, 316; wing, 168; tail, 137; culmen, 35; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris very dark brown; legs, feet, nails, and bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

447. ARTAMIDES STRIATUS (Boddaert).

LUZON ARTAMIDES.

Corvus striatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 38. Graucalus striatus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 175, pl. 30, fig. 1. Artamides striatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 18 (part); Hand-List (1901), 3, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76.

Ba-búy ba-búy-an, Manila.

Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--General color, except remiges and rectrices, dark gray; feathers of rump fringed with white; feathers in front of eyes and covering nostrils, a narrow line above eye, a small patch on jaw, and a few feathers on chin black. Iris straw-yellow; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 280; wing, 163; tail, 120; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 25. From a Lubang specimen.

Female.--General plumage dark gray; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts with white tips and subterminal black bars; abdomen, crissum, wing-lining, and axillars black with narrow white bars; lores and feathers around eyes blackish. Wing, 170; tail, 125; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 26. From a Luzon specimen.

448. ARTAMIDES KOCHI Kutter.

KOCH'S ARTAMIDES.

Artamides kochii Kutter, Orn. Centralbl. (1882), 183; Journ. für Orn. (1883), 19 of reprint; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 76. Artamides mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 14. Artamides kochi Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102.

Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Jacquinot, Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Nipa (Everett); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast and abdomen barred with black and white, posteriorly the white bars wider than the black bars; under tail-coverts white, each feather with two or three narrow incomplete black bars. Iris pale yellow. Length, about 280; wing, 162; tail, 122; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 23; tarsus, 25.

Female.--Above similar to the male; lores and feathers over nostrils mottled with white; outermost rectrices tipped with white, and each with a small subterminal black spot; next pair of rectrices slightly tipped with white; entire under parts barred with black and white, the black bars narrow and incomplete as in the male. Wing, 155; tail, 115; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22; tarsus, 25.

This species is similar in markings to A. difficilis, but the general gray color is much darker. The measurements given are taken from specimens collected in Basilan.

"Two males average: Length, 265; wing, 150; tail, 106; culmen, 32; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 27. Four females, length, 273; wing, 149; tail, 109; culmen, 27; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris usually pale yellow, but in two cases brownish red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food insects and fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

449. ARTAMIDES PANAYENSIS Steere.

VISAYAN ARTAMIDES.

Artamides panayensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 14; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Ca-ri-ac'-ri-ac', Ticao.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Keay, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Banks); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw, and chin black; rump and tail-coverts barred with black and white; lower breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts heavily barred with black and white. Iris plum-color; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 290; wing, 168; tail, 120; culmen from base, 30.

Female.--Similar to the male, but lores, feathers over nostrils, jaw, and chin gray; fore breast narrowly barred. Wing, 165; tail, 120; culmen from base, 28.

"The Visayan artamides is quite common and occurs in small flocks; it is called 'guia-guia' by the natives from its note. Often found in open country. It is bold, and does not fly away when shot at. Four males from Masbate average: Length, 286; wing, 157; tail, 118; culmen, 33; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 30. Four females, length, 289; wing, 156; tail, 117; culmen, 31; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

450. ARTAMIDES MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO ARTAMIDES.

Artamides mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 14; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 289; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 19 (nest and egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Libagao (Porter); [64] Mindoro (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Lores, nasal plumes, line around eye, jaw, and chin black; rest of plumage gray with no bars; very similar to the male of A. striatus, but feathers of uropygium not fringed with white. Iris pale yellow. Wing, 160; tail, 118; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Uniform gray, similar to the male but no black about eye, lores, etc.; similar to female of A. guillemardi, but slightly larger. Wing, 160; tail, 120; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 24.

"The differences between A. guillemardi and A. mindorensis are very slight. Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 254, states that the latter is lighter gray in color than the former. On comparing specimens of these two species we are unable to perceive the slightest difference so far as the general color of the body is concerned. The feathers of the throat and crown in the male of A. mindorensis are, however, lighter gray than in the male A. guillemardi, so that the black markings on the side of the head stand out more sharply.

"We have a large series of birds from Tablas. In nearly all of them the under wing-coverts are barred with black and white. This we consider to be a sign of immaturity, however, and we do not regard them as specifically distinct from the Mindoro birds, though their general color is slightly darker, and the black head-marking less distinct." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A nest and one egg were taken in Mindoro on April 26, 1905. The nest is composed of mosses, small leaves, lichens, and fine rootlets; the outside is covered with cobwebs which serve to hold the materials together and to fasten the nest to the fork in which it was built. The nest is about 115 mm. across the top and its outside depth is about 50. The ground-color of the egg is light gray with a slightly greenish tinge; a heavy and continuous wreath of spots and blotches encircles the shell near the plane of its short diameter; a few small spots are scattered about over the entire surface; the deep shell-markings vary from pale to dark lavender; the surface spots and blotches are reddish brown; measurements, 30.7 by 21 mm.

451. ARTAMIDES CEBUENSIS Grant.

CEBU ARTAMIDES.

Artamides cebuensis Grant, Ibis (1898), 535; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Lores and line of feathers around eye black; general plumage gray; similar to A. mindorensis, but chin and nasal plumes gray. Wing, 170; tail, 130; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 23; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Upper parts, throat, and breast gray; abdomen and crissum closely barred with black and white. Wing, 166; tail, 130; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 22; tarsus, 25.

Genus MALINDANGIA Mearns, 1907.

"Wing and tail about equal; wing-feathers as in Edolisoma, third, fourth, and fifth quills longest; tail forked, fourth quill longest, third subequal, outer quill shortest; webs of outer pair of rectrices sharply pointed; in form and pattern the tail resembles that of Campochæra, but has the webs more pointed; bill with culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus, narrower at gape than length of outer toe without claw; stiffened shafts of rump-feathers very pronounced." (Mearns.)

452. MALINDANGIA MCGREGORI Mearns.

MCGREGOR'S CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Malindangia mcgregori Mearns, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 355.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male and female.--Upper parts including crown, mantle, rump, upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of tail-feathers uniform light gray; forehead, chin, throat, breast, and sides of head to above eyes black; innermost secondaries, scapulars, and least wing-coverts gray like the back; middle and greater wing-coverts and a broad external band on innermost pair of secondaries white; remaining wing-quills black externally, broadly white on inner webs at base; alula all black; axillars and under wing-coverts white; three outer rectrices tipped with grayish white on both webs, the innermost of the three narrowly, the next broadly, and the outermost for more than one-third of its length; chest, flanks, and thighs gray like the back, this color fading to whitish on the abdomen and becoming pure white on the under tail-coverts. Iris red or reddish brown; bill all black; feet plumbeous-black, with under side of toes yellow. Three adult males measure: Length, 236 to 240; alar expanse, 335 to 342; wing, 110 to 113; tail, 108 to 117; culmen, 19 to 19.5; tarsus, 23 to 24; middle toe with claw, 20 to 21. Female: Length, 230; alar expanse, 330; wing, 108; tail, 111; culmen, 19; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21.

"Remarks.--The black of the under side of the head extends around the neck and forms an incomplete black neck-collar which in the oldest males is but narrowly interrupted in the median line above. The sexes are colored alike, but one female (No. 14,177), probably immature, has the black areas of the head and neck replaced by a dark gray color. The plumage otherwise differs from that of the adult only in having scarcely discernible fulvous edgings and wavy cross-bands to the feathers of the abdomen. This species was abundant on Mount Malindang. Fifteen specimens were collected, ten of them males and five females." (Mearns.)

Genus EDOLISOMA Jacquinot and Pucheran, 1853.

This genus is similar to Artamides, but its members are smaller and the bill is decidedly more slender. The plumage is unbarred in the adult and the male has the chin, throat, forehead, and face masked in black, or else the whole plumage is black. The young have the under parts barred. The following key to species is modified from the one given by Grant, Ibis (1896), 538.

Species.

a1. Crissum and tips of rectrices black or gray; no white wing-band.

b1. Plumage nearly uniform glossy black or blackish gray (males).

c1. Plumage entirely glossy black.

d1. Back glossed with blue ... cærulescens (p. 486) d2. Back slightly glossed with green ... alterum (p. 487)

c2. Plumage nearly uniform blackish or dark gray (females).

d1. Darker; under parts uniform dull smoke-gray ... cærulescens (p. 486) d2. Lighter; under parts uniform slate-gray ... alterum (p. 487)

b2. Plumage not entirely uniform in color; wings-and tail mostly black; under parts mostly light gray.

c1. Band across forehead, lores, sides of face, and throat black (males).

d1. Rump and upper tail-coverts whitish gray, much paler than the back. ... mindanense (p. 488) d2. Rump and upper tail-coverts gray, uniform in color with the back.

e1. Smaller; wing, 123 mm ... everetti (p. 488) e2. Larger; wing, 130 mm ... elusum (p. 489)

c2. Entire head and throat gray, uniform with back and breast (females).

d1. Rump and upper tail-coverts whitish gray, much paler than the back. ... mindanense (p. 488) d2. Rump and upper tail-coverts gray, uniform in color with the back.

e1. Smaller; wing, 117 mm ... everetti (p. 488) e2. Larger; wing, 125 mm ... elusum (p. 489)

a2. Crissum, tips of rectrices, and wing-band pure white.

b1. Forehead, lores, cheeks, throat, and breast black, slightly glossed with greenish (male) ... panayense (p. 487) b2. Entire head, throat, and breast gray like back and abdomen (female). ... panayense (p. 487)

453. EDOLISOMA CÆRULESCENS (Blyth).

LUZON CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Ceblepyris cærulescens Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1842), 11, 463. Volvocivora (?) cærulescens Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 178, pl. 30, fig. 2. Edoliisoma cærulescens Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 44; Hand-List (1901), 3, 294; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 235, pl. 6, fig. 3 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 102 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 295; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Whitehead, Steere Exp., McGregor).

Male.--Entire plumage black; head, neck, back, and under parts slightly glossed with blue; wings very faintly glossed with dark green. Iris dark; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; measurements of four males, wing, 127 to 136; tail, 109 to 127; bill from nostril, 18 to 20; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8.1 to 8.4.

Female.--Under parts uniform dull smoke-gray; above darker and nearly black; upper tail-coverts edged with smoke-gray; wings and tail black, slightly glossed with green. Wing, 125; tail, 115; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 21.

The single egg secured by Whitehead in Benguet Province, Luzon, March 14, 1894, was taken from the bird. The egg is thus described:

"Shape ovate. Ground-color pale blue, spotted and dotted over the entire shell. Under-markings gray and grayish lilac; over-markings dark brown. Measurements 29 mm. by 21 mm." (Grant and Whitehead.)

454. EDOLISOMA ALTERUM Ramsay.

CEBU CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliosoma alterum Ramsay, Ibis (1881), 34. Edoliisoma alterum Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 294; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Very similar to the male of E. cærulescens being entirely black; all the plumage slightly glossed with dark green. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; measurements of four males, wing, 126 to 136; tail, 110 to 120; bill from nostril, 18 to 19; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8 to 9.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. cærulescens, but much lighter; head, neck, and body slate-gray, somewhat darker above than below; two or three pairs of outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Wing, 130; tail, 117; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 22.

"This cuckoo shrike is fairly common in Cebu; it usually frequents high trees in forest where it may be found in small flocks. Seven males average: Length, 260; wing, 129; tail, 120; culmen, 28; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Four females, length, 249; wing, 120; tail, 113; culmen, 28; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Food in one case large caterpillars." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

455. EDOLISOMA PANAYENSE Steere.

VISAYAN CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma (Graucalus) panayensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 14. Edoliisoma panayense Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 294; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

"Male.--Above lead-black, lighter and washed with ashy on rump and upper tail-coverts; throat, breast, wings, and tail clear black; flanks and thighs plumbeous black; under wing- and tail-coverts white; wing-coverts and outer edges of secondaries forming a white wing-bar as in Lalage; feathers of tail tipped with white.

"Female.--Plumbeous gray above and below; wings and tail as in male. Legs and beak black. Length, 264; wing, 133; tail, 127; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22." (Steere.)

"Four males average as follows: Wing, 128; tail, 120; culmen, 30; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, wing, 118; tail, 108; culmen, 28; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Common in the woods of Panay and Negros. Always found by us in flocks and usually in very high trees." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

456. EDOLISOMA EVERETTI Sharpe.

EVERETT'S CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, 10; Hand-List (1901), 3, 297; Grant, Ibis (1896), 538; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Forehead, lores, sides of face and throat black; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray; breast, abdomen, and crissum gray. Wing, 123.

Female.--Entire head and throat gray; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts uniform gray.

I have seen neither a specimen nor a detailed description [65] of this species, but there should be little difficulty in identifying it.

"A male from Sulu measures: Length, 236; wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen, 26; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. A female, length, 229; wing, 117; tail, 98; culmen, 26; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Quite rare and seems to be confined to the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

457. EDOLISOMA MINDANENSE (Tweeddale).

MINDANAO CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Volvocivora mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 947. Edoliisoma mindanense Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 470; Hand-List (1901), 3, 297; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett).

Male.--Above bluish gray, becoming lighter on lower back, and pearl-gray on rump and tail-feathers; frontal band, lores, sides of face to above eyes, chin, throat, and fore breast glossy black; rest of under parts slate-gray; wings and tail mostly black; secondaries and wing-coverts broadly edged with ashy gray; a few of the primaries narrowly edged with ashy gray; two middle rectrices gray for three-fourths of their length and some of the outer ones tipped with gray. Length, about 230; wing, 122; tail, 100; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21.

Female.--Wings and tail as in the male, remaining plumage ashy gray or light slate-gray, becoming delicate pearl-gray on rump, abdomen, and upper and under tail-coverts. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 117; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 22.

"Average length of three males, 218; wing, 115; tail, 92; culmen, 25; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females, length, 227; wing, 115; tail, 91; culmen, 24; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris, bill, legs, and nails black; food fruit and seeds in the individuals examined. This species is very similar to E. everetti." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

458. EDOLISOMA ELUSUM McGregor.

ELUSIVE CUCKOO SHRIKE.

Edoliisoma elusum McGregor, Bureau Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 34, 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of E. mindanense, but rump and upper tail-coverts bluish slate-gray like the back and not lighter pearl-gray.

Description of type.--General color bluish slate; chin, throat, fore breast, forehead, and sides of head, including lores and a wide line over eye, jet-black; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries black; inner primaries and inner feathers of alula narrowly edged with gray; secondaries black with wide edges of blue-gray, which cover nearly the entire outer web; secondary-coverts gray; inner webs of quills partly dark blue-gray, this begins as a small basal area on the short first primary, becomes greater on each succeeding quill, and reaches nearly to the tips of inner quills; a narrow edging of white on inner webs of first four quills; tail black; from below outermost pair of rectrices tipped with blue-gray (20 mm. in length); on second pair the gray tip much less, and only a trace on some of the other rectrices; central pair blue-gray above, with a subterminal black area. Length, 236; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 16; wing, 127; tail, 106; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Similar to the female of E. mindanense, but rump and upper tail-coverts slate-gray like the back; abdomen and crissum gray like the breast, not lighter as in E. mindanense. Length of female type, 236; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 15; wing, 126; tail, 106; tarsus, 23.

The elusive cuckoo shrike seems to be closely related to E. everetti, but no direct comparison can be made as the latter species is not represented in the Bureau of Science collection.

Genus PERICROCOTUS Boie, 1826.

Bill short and slightly flattened; wing and tail nearly equal in length, or wing shorter than tail; rectrices very narrow and strongly graduated, the outermost pair being less than one-half the middle pair. Length usually less than 200 mm. Excepting the gray and white P. cinereus which is migratory, the Philippine species are glossy black and some shade of bright yellow, red, or orange.

Species. [66]

a1. Under parts bright red or yellow.

b1. Breast and abdomen yellow or orange.

c1. Breast, abdomen, and crissum bright egg-yellow ... marchesæ (p. 490) c2. Breast, abdomen, and crissum orange.

d1. Rump and tail-coverts pompeian-orange.

e1. Bill longer and wider ... leytensis (p. 492) e2. Bill shorter and narrower ... novus (p. 491)

d2. Rump, tail-coverts, and under parts lighter orange ... johnstoniæ (p. 492)

b2. Breast and abdomen fiery vermilion ... igneus (p. 493)

a2. Under parts white; no red nor yellow on any part of the plumage. ... cinereus (p. 493)

459. PERICROCOTUS MARCHESÆ Guillemard.

MARCHESA MINIVET.

Pericrocotus marchesæ Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 259, pl. 18, fig. 1; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester).

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, throat, and anterior half of back glossy blue-black; lower back, rump, tail-coverts, and all of the under parts, except chin and throat, bright egg-yellow; wings glossy black; a diagonal yellow band begins on middle of fifth primary and extends on to the secondaries where it becomes wider; inner greater secondary-coverts widely tipped with yellow; four or five secondaries each with a yellow spot near tip; rectrices black, all but the central pair with wide yellow tips. Wing, 77; tail, 80; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

"This fine bird was several times found in flocks in Sulu, both in the forest and in the open. Iris, bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Six males average, 170 in length; wing, 77; tail, 84; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 171; wing, 77; tail, 84; culmen, 16; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 14." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

460. PERICROCOTUS NOVUS McGregor.

RAMSAY'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus novus Ramsay, Ibis (1886), 161 (no description); Grant, Ibis (1895), 109; (1896), 539 (Negros); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 3, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead).

Adult male (type).--Chin, throat, neck, sides of neck, head, and mantle black with a faint dark blue gloss; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich pompeian-orange; lower parts, except chin and throat, rich orange, becoming more intense on under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; wings black, crossed by two bars formed by orange-colored areas on primaries, secondaries, and greater coverts; on the quills these markings have corresponding spots on the inner webs which form a diagonal band of dark buff, seen when inside of wing is examined; lining of wing pale orange; tail from above mostly black, from below mostly fiery orange; this results from the fact that the short outer rectrices are black on the basal half only, while the long central feathers are black for their whole length, the outer webs only being orange near the tips. Length, 184; wing, 80; tail, 90; culmen from base, about 14; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Markings somewhat as in the adult male, but the orange replaced by rich lemon-yellow, which extends over the throat, sides of neck, and chin, and also forms a narrow frontal band, the latter extending backward on each side to over center of eye; top of head and mantle black but without gloss. Wing, 79; tail, 89; culmen from base, 15; tarsus, 15.

Immature male.--Resembles the adult female in having the yellow frontal band and in having chin and throat yellow; under parts pale orange mixed with pale lemon-yellow, the under tail-coverts altogether of the latter color; rectrices pale orange, tipped with lemon-yellow, the central pair totally black. On the head and mantle there are many blackish brown feathers tipped with pale buff and other glossy black feathers of the new plumage; lower back and rump orange with a mixture of lemon-yellow; wing-markings very light orange.

Immature female.--Almost exactly like the adult female, but many feathers of head, mantle, sides of neck, and wings brown with buff margins.

461. PERICROCOTUS LEYTENSIS Steere.

STEERE'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus leytensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 15; Grant, Ibis (1897), 224; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 300 and 301, nos. 8 and 16; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead), Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Mearns).

Male.--"An adult male has the general coloring of P. igneus, but is larger and the central tail-feathers are tipped with vermilion. The four outer primaries are black, and at least seven of the secondaries have vermilion markings on the outer webs toward their tips, as well as the broad vermilion bars across their bases. Length, 178; wing, 76; tail, 89." (Steere.)

Young.--A young female (Mearns collection) from Samar closely resembles the corresponding plumage of P. novus from Luzon, but the bill is decidedly longer and wider in the former specimen. Wing, 78; tail, 86; culmen from base, 15; width of bill at middle of nostril, 7.

462. PERICROCOTUS JOHNSTONIÆ Grant.

MRS. JOHNSTONE'S MINIVET.

Pericrocotus johnstoniæ Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16, 18; Ibis (1906), 480, pl. 19.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns, Clemens).

"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to P. croceus Sharpe, from the south of the Malay Peninsula, but differs in having an oblong orange-yellow mark on the terminal portion of the outer web of the six median secondary quills; the chin and throat glossy black like the crown and mantle, and the breast and under parts deep yellow, less tinged with orange. The tail-feathers are black, tipped with orange, increasing in width, so that the outer pairs have the terminal half orange. 'Iris, bill, and feet black.' (Goodfellow.) Length, 165; wing, 84; tail, 81; tarsus, 15.

"Adult female.--Differs considerably from the female of P. croceus in having a narrow bright yellow band across the forehead, continued backward over the lores in a short superciliary stripe; the chin, throat, and all the yellow parts of the plumage bright yellow instead of orange; the six median secondary quills with an oblong yellow mark on the terminal half of the outer web. From the female of P. leytensis Steere it is easily distinguished by the narrower and much brighter yellow band across the forehead, as well as by the shining blackish gray crown and mantle." (Grant.)

The male of Mrs. Johnstone's minivet is very similar to P. novus, but the under parts, especially the tail-coverts, are more yellowish and the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are orange-red instead of pompeian-orange. A male from Lake Lanao, Mindanao, measures, wing, 81; tail, 83; culmen from base, 15; width of bill at middle of nostril, 6.

463. PERICROCOTUS IGNEUS Blyth.

FIERY MINIVET.

Pericrocotus igneus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1846), 15, 309; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 301; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Western China, Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult male.--Entire head, chin, throat, and upper back glossy blue-black; lower back, rump, tail-coverts, and under parts bright pompeian-orange or fiery red; base of each feather white with a wash of pale yellow between the white base and red tip; thighs black; wings black; primaries, except four outermost, and secondaries crossed by a diagonal band of bright orange-red; on inner webs the band is yellow; inner greater coverts tipped with orange-red and forming part of the wing-patch; four middle rectrices glossy black, the other rectrices black with apical one-third to one-half red. Iris dark brown; bill and feet black. Length, 162; wing, 77; tail, 76; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16.

"Adult female.--General color above dull ashy gray, the lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts fine vermilion; four median tail-feathers black, the remainder vermilion with black bases, gradually increasing in extent toward the inner ones; quills black, with a broad bar of orange near the base of the quills, extending along the outer web of some of the inner primaries; ear-coverts gray; lores, feathers round the eye, cheeks, and under surface of body bright yellow, inclining to orange on the flanks and under tail-coverts; thighs blackish; under wing-coverts and edge of wing yellow. Length, 140; culmen, 13; wing, 70; tail, 70; tarsus, 15." (Sharpe.)

"Two males from Palawan average, 154 in length; wing, 72; tail, 74; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Palawan in December. Usually keeps to the tops of high trees in the forest but occasionally comes out into the mangrove swamps." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

464. PERICROCOTUS CINEREUS Lafresneye.

ASHY MINIVET.

Pericrocotus cinereus Lafresneye, Rev. Zool. (1845), 8, 94; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 83; Hand-List (1901), 3, 302; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103 (migrant); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 298, pl. 9, fig. 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 77.

Basilan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Leclancher, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White). China and eastern Siberia; in winter to Pegu, Borneo, and Malay Peninsula.

Male.--Nasal plumes, lores, crown, and nape black; forehead white; cheeks and ear-coverts white, the latter tipped with black; rest of upper parts ashy gray; under parts entirely white; thighs gray; wings blackish brown; secondaries with a narrow white bar across the middle of their length and some of their edges gray; primaries with white patches near middle of inner webs, and some with a white spot on outer web; rectrices black, all but the middle pair with long white tips. Length, about 200; wing, 98; tail, 95; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male but crown, nape, and post-ocular area gray like the back; sides of breast mottled or obsoletely barred with gray. Wing, 97; tail, 98; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

This plain-colored species appears in the Philippines during migration only and is, as a rule, very rare. At times, however, it is found in considerable numbers.

"We shot a single specimen in Palawan. Length, 190; wing, 96; tail, 100; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 15. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LALAGE Boie, 1826.

Bill moderate in length and rather slender, as deep as wide at nostril; wing decidedly longer than tail; rectrices moderately broad; tarsus strong. Plumage black, white, and gray; tail black, tipped with white; wing black with a large white patch on secondaries and on greater and median coverts.

Species.

a1. Forehead black; no white band over eye; larger; length, about 200 mm.

b1. Larger; wing, about 120 mm.; tail, 86 ... melanoleuca (p. 494) b2. Smaller; wing, about 105 mm.; tail, 82 ... minor (p. 495)

a2. Forehead and a wide band over eye white; length, about 180 mm. ... niger (p. 495)

465. LALAGE MELANOLEUCA (Blyth).

BLACK AND WHITE LALAGE.

Pseudolalage melanoleuca Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1861), 30, 97; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 178, pl. 29, fig. 2. Lalage melanoleuca Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 91, 471; Hand-List (1901), 3, 303; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Luzon (Martens, Heriot, Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere Exp., McGregor); Semirara (Worcester). [67]

Male.--Forehead, crown, sides of head to lower border of eye, hind neck, and mantle black, glossed with green; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts white, the back grayish; entire under parts white; wings and tail black, glossed with green; inner secondaries and greater coverts with wide edges of white; inner median coverts entirely white; quills, except first primary, edged with white on inner web; two outermost pairs of rectrices tipped with white. Length, about 210. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 119; tail, 90; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Above light ashy gray, nearly white on tail-coverts; feathers of head and mantle with dusky shaft-lines; below white; breast obscurely barred with gray; thighs gray with darker shaft-lines; wings and tail as in the male but with less white on median coverts. A female from Mindoro, wing, 112; tail, 85; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 23.

466. LALAGE MINOR (Steere).

STEERE'S LALAGE.

Pseudolalage minor Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 15. Lalage minor Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 103; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 303; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Celestino); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--In color exactly like the male of L. melanoleuca, but distinguished by its smaller size. Length, about 200. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 104; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20.

Female.--Differs from the female of L. melanoleuca in having the chin, throat, and breast plumbeous gray with somewhat obscure gray bars.

"Steere's lalage is not very common; a pair shot in Samar had been feeding on fruit and insects. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails black; upper mandible black, lower nearly so. The male measures, 197 in length; wing, 107; tail, 81; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, length, 203; wing, 106; tail, 82; culmen, 26; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 18." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

467. LALAGE NIGER (Forster).

PIED LALAGE.

Turdus dominicus (not of Linnæus, 1766) P. L. S. Müller, Natursyst. Suppl. (1776), 145. Turdus niger Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. Turdus terat Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), pl. 17. Lalage terat Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 95; Hand-List (1901), 3, 303; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 300. Lalage niger McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Ca-hu-raó hu-raó, Ticao; sa-lac-sá-can, Cagayancillo; bu-ga-ung-ón, Siquijor; ibong-pá-re, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Malay Peninsula, Nicobar Islands, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Male.--Very similar to L. melanoleuca, but much smaller and with a broad white line from forehead over eye to nape. Length, about 180; other measurements from a male taken in Bohol are: Wing, 92; tail, 73; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.

The immature male resembles the adult female.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the upper surface bluish gray with blackish shaft-lines, the white band over eye less distinct, and the breast, sides, and flanks closely barred with narrow gray lines. A female from Bohol measures: Wing, 92; tail, 72; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.

Nestling.--Two nestlings from Banton, June 30, 1905, have the feathers of upper parts dark ashy brown with wide tips of light earthy buff; under parts white with spots and longitudinal lines of blackish brown, the wings are similar to those of the adult, but the white areas are washed with buff.

The pied lalage is widely distributed and abundant; the other two Philippine species are comparatively rare.

Family PYCNONOTIDÆ.

Bill slender and compressed; culmen gently curved and having a decided keel; a notch near the tip of upper mandible and, in some genera, another notch near tip of lower mandible; nostrils pierced in the anterior part of a membrane the base of which may be covered with short plumes, but the nostrils always exposed except in Irena; wing longer than tail; first primary little more than one-half the second, the latter shorter than third; fourth and fifth usually forming the tip of the wing; tail square, or slightly rounded, rarely decidedly graduate; tarsus short, nearly always less than culmen from base, and seldom greater than middle toe with claw. In some genera there are a number of hairs springing from the nape, but these are not greatly developed, except in Irena and Trichophorus.

Genera.

a1. A tuft of long white silky feathers on each side of lower breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than one-half the tarsus; colors yellow and black. ... Ægithina (p. 497) a2. No tuft of long silky feathers on side of breast; primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than one-half the tarsus.

b1. Primaries exceeding the secondaries by less than the length of tarsus.

c1. Tail-coverts very long, nearly two-thirds as long as the tail; colors black and yellow, tail tipped with yellow. ... Microtarsus (p. 513) c2. Tail-coverts shorter, equal to less than two-thirds of tail.

d1. Hairs on nape short or wanting; if present, less than the tarsus in length.

e1. Eye not surrounded by a wattle; tail without a light tip.

f1. Head uncrested; plumage mostly bright green. ... Chloropsis (p. 498) f2. Head slightly crested; culmen from base less than tarsus; with no green in the plumage. ... Pycnonotus (p. 515)

e2. Eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; tail with a wide white tip. ... Poliolophus (p. 512)

d2. Hairs on nape very long, their exposed portions longer than one-half the tarsus. ... Trichophorus (p. 514)

b2. Primaries exceeding the secondaries by more than length of tarsus.

c1. Feathers of crown and nape rounded; hairs on nape well developed, extending beyond the feathers for more than two-thirds the length of bill from nostril; plumage entirely blue and black. ... Irena (p. 499) c2. Feathers of crown and nape pointed; hairs on nape usually shorter; plumage usually brown or gray, mottled with whitish; plumage rarely yellow.

d1. Rictal bristles less than one-half the tarsus in length. ... Hypsipetes (p. 502) d2. Rictal bristles more than one-half the tarsus in length. ... Iole (p. 504)

Genus ÆGITHINA Vieillot, 1816.

Wings short and curved to the body; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; a large tuft of long, white, silky feathers on each side of lower breast; tarsus slightly greater than culmen from base; lower parts bright yellow; wings black, barred with white.

468. ÆGITHINA VIRIDIS (Bonaparte).

BLACK-WINGED IORA.

Jora viridis Bonaparte, Consp. Genera Avium (1850), 1, 397. Ægithina viridis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 11; Hand-List (1901), 3, 306; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 302; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White). Sumatra and Borneo.

Male.--Forehead, lores, supercilia, sides of face, and under parts golden yellow, becoming slightly paler on abdomen and tail-coverts; above yellowish green; upper tail-coverts, wings, and tail black; outer webs of inner primaries narrowly edged with pale yellow; inner webs, except that of first primary, broadly edged with white; secondaries edged with white on both webs; lesser wing-coverts black; median coverts with wide white tips forming a bar; greater coverts edged with white near their tips forming a second bar. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 66; tail, 51; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.

Female.--Above similar to the male, but forehead more greenish, and tail and coverts green like the back; under parts lighter yellow than in the male; wings blackish and the tail-markings more or less washed with yellowish green. A female measures: Wing, 62; tail, 51; culmen from base, 17.5; tarsus, 18.

"Very common in Palawan but not found by us in the Calamianes. Five males average: Length, 146; wing, 63; tail, 50; culmen, 19; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females, length, 138; wing, 60; tail, 52; culmen, 18; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris light yellow to grayish white; legs and feet slate-blue; nails darker than feet; upper mandible black, gray along gape; lower mandible grayish white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHLOROPSIS Jardine and Selby, 1826.

A distinct notch near the tip of each mandible; tarsus slightly less than culmen from base; difference between the length of primaries and of secondaries equal to about two-thirds of tarsus. Plumage nearly all bright grass-green, the difference between the sexes very slight.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat bright yellow. ... palawanensis (p. 498) a2. Chin and throat light green, the chin slightly washed with yellow. ... flavipennis (p. 499)

469. CHLOROPSIS PALAWANENSIS (Sharpe).

PALAWAN LEAFBIRD.

Phyllornis palawanensis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 333, figs. 1 and 2. Chloropsis palawanensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 33; Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Grass-green, much darker above than below; lores and a small patch at base of lower mandible light blue, behind the latter a moustachial line of lilac, above this and below eye a band of golden yellow; eye surrounded by a circle of purple feathers; chin and throat golden yellow; lesser wing-coverts on bend of wing bluish purple; remainder of secondary-coverts and secondaries edged with green; alula and primary-coverts blue, slightly washed with purple; primaries black, edged with light blue on outer webs and with white on inner webs; rectrices, below dark gray; above blue, washed with green, shafts black. A male from Palawan measures: W0ing, 89; tail, 72; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14.5; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Scarcely differs in color from the male, but the moustachial streak dark purplish blue. A female measures: Wing, 82; tail, 65; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 17.

"Common in Palawan and in the Calamianes, but difficult to see on account of its color. Found in the forests, second growth, and mangrove swamps. Seven males average: Length, 189; wing, 90; tail, 67; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 23. Four females, length, 182; wing, 83; tail, 63; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris brown; legs and feet slate-gray; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

470. CHLOROPSIS FLAVIPENNIS (Tweeddale).

YELLOW-QUILLED LEAFBIRD.

Phyllornis flavipennis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 761; pl. 77, fig. 1. Chloropsis flavipennis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 34; Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 78.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Celestino).

Male and female.--Nearly the entire plumage leaf- or grass-green, much darker above than below; lores, ring about eye, ear-coverts, and chin washed with light yellow; outer webs of some primaries and inner webs of all the remiges and rectrices, edged with chamois-yellow; lower thighs chamois-yellow; shafts of flight-feathers black. Three males from Cebu measure: Wing, 91 to 96; tail, 74 to 76; bill from nostril, 16 to 17. Three females, wing, 89 to 91; tail, 72 to 76; bill from nostril, 15 to 16.

This species, which is very distinct from C. palawanensis, is rare in the only islands where it has been found.

"Found only in the forest and breeding in June. Nine males average: Length, 200; wing, 92; tail, 75; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Four females, length, 183; wing, 86; tail, 70; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown to black; upper mandible almost black, lower drab." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus IRENA Horsfield, 1821.

Nuchal hairs well developed, their exposed portions equal to about two-thirds the length of bill from nostril; nostrils hidden by short close-set feathers; a notch near the tip of each mandible; primaries longer than secondaries by much more than tarsus; tarsus less than bill from nostril; tail slightly rounded. Colors blue and black. In the thin and tender skin and hidden nostrils this genus shows some affinity to the Campophagidæ; the well-developed nuchal hairs and short tarsus indicate a close relationship to the bulbuls.

Species.

a1. Mantle and back blue.

b1. Chin and throat black.

c1. Crown and nape cobalt; mantle and back navy-blue. ... cyanogastra (p. 500) c2. Crown, mantle, and back bright turquoise-blue (male). ... tweeddali (p. 502)

b2. Chin and throat and nearly the entire plumage dull verditer-blue (female). ... tweeddali (p. 502)

a2. Mantle and back velvety black. ... melanochlamys (p. 501); ellæ (p. 500)

471. IRENA CYANOGASTRA Vigors.

LUZON FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena cyanogastra Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 266; Grant, Ibis (1896), 116; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits). Irena cyanogaster Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino).

Male.--Forehead, lores, a wide band over eye, entire sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and fore breast velvety black; rest of under parts deep blue; tail-coverts tipped with cobalt and the black bases of feathers showing through the blue to some extent; crown and nape bright cobalt; mantle, back, and rump deep blue, the black bases showing through to some extent as on the under parts; upper tail-coverts tipped with cobalt; wings black; lesser coverts tipped with dark blue; median and greater coverts with wide tips of cobalt, forming two bands; alula-feathers and primary-coverts narrowly edged with dark blue; inner secondaries broadly edged with cobalt; rectrices black below; above, outermost pair all black, the middle pair all blue, the others blue on outer webs. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 260; wing, 135; tail, 112; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 21.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the black on head and throat duller and extending for a less distance on the breast; blue of under parts slightly lighter. Wing, 135; tail, 113; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18.

472. IRENA ELLÆ Steere.

ELLA'S FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena ellæ Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18; Ibis (1891), 313 (fig.), pl. 8; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Leyte (Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Crown of head and nape deep cobalt-blue as in I. cyanogastra; sides of neck, back, and scapulars velvety black; lower back washed with cobalt, this becoming rich cobalt on upper tail-coverts; tail black, washed with deep cobalt; wings marked with cobalt much as in cyanogastra; under surface deep velvety black, feathers of abdomen slightly washed with blue; under tail-coverts deep cobalt.

"Adult female.--Chin and throat velvety black; breast, abdomen, and flanks purplish blue. Size that of cyanogastra. I. ellæ can be readily distinguished from I. cyanogastra, its nearest ally, by its black back." (Steere).

"This fine Irena was discovered by Bourns the first time that we succeeded in reaching the woods back of the town of Catbalogan in Samar, in 1888. Three males average, 252 in length; wing, 125; tail, 102; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, length, 257; wing, 123; tail, 103; culmen, 31; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 23. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black; iris red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

473. IRENA MELANOCHLAMYS Sharpe.

BLACK-MANTLED FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena melanochlamys Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 266; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334, pl. 51, fig. 2; Hand-List (1901), 3, 309; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Very similar to Irena cyanogastra, but the upper back and mantle black instead of deep blue. Iris cherry red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 230. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 121; tail, 102; culmen from base, 27; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18. A female measures: Wing, 118; tail, 98; culmen from base, 28; tarsus, 20.

"This fairy bluebird is a strictly deep woods form and a very fine singer; it is rather shy, but can readily be procured, as it never remains silent for any length of time. It is often difficult to distinguish from Dicrurus striatus when seen at a little distance, unless its tail is in plain view. All of the Philippine Irenidæ are difficult to collect in good condition. They have very thin skins and loose feathers, and frequently ruin themselves in falling. They all feed on fruit. Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 236; wing, 120; tail, 98; culmen, 30; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 22. Eleven females, length, 229; wing, 116; tail, 96; culmen, 30; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 22." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

474. IRENA TWEEDDALI Sharpe.

TWEEDDALE'S FAIRY BLUEBIRD.

Irena tweeddalii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1877), 3, 268; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 333, pl. 51, fig. 1; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79. Irena tweeddalei Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 309.

Balabac (? [68]); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Crown, nape, hind neck, entire back, rump, upper and under tail-coverts, lesser and median wing-coverts, and tips of inner greater coverts light turquoise-blue; rest of plumage, including forehead, lores, a wide line over eye, and entire sides of head and neck deep black. Length, 240; wing, 127; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Very different from the male, being dull verditer-blue; feathers of rump and upper and under tail-coverts tipped with brighter blue; primaries dark brown; secondaries and rectrices dark brown, their exposed edges washed with verditer-blue. Wing, 120; tail, 99; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 18.

"Tweeddale's fairy bluebird was fairly common about fruit trees in the forest and was found abundantly on Mount Pulgar at an elevation of about 750 meters. Five males from Palawan average: Length, 245; wing, 123; tail, 95; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 23. Four females, length, 243; wing, 122; tail, 92; culmen, 31; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 24. Males and females from the Calamianes average slightly less in length. Iris red; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus HYPSIPETES Vigors, 1831.

Longest rictal bristles about one-half the length of tarsus; nuchal hairs moderate in length; bill slender and compressed; a notch near tip of upper mandible, none in lower mandible; tarsus much less than culmen from base; difference between length of primaries and secondaries greater than length of tarsus; tail slightly rounded; plumage brown and gray, under parts sparsely spotted with white.

Species.

a1. Smaller; bill and tail shorter; flanks more rufescent or fulvescent.

b1. Smaller; forehead cinereous ... fugensis (p. 503) b2. Larger ... batanensis (p. 503)

a2. Larger; bill and tail longer; flanks grayer ... camiguinensis (p. 504)

475. HYPSIPETES FUGENSIS Grant.

FUGA RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes fugensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 5, 2; Ibis (1896), 113; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 310; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 31; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Sa-mot', Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns).

Male and female.--Top of head and crest dark brown, the feathers edged with slate-gray; back, rump, and tail-coverts warm brown or light seal-brown, the feathers edged with olive-gray; wings and tail dark brown; rectrices edged with olive-gray; chin, fore part of throat, and cheeks hoary gray; a band of dark reddish brown across ear-coverts and lower throat, many of the feathers of throat with white spots on the tips of the shafts; rest of under parts ashy brown, becoming fulvous on flanks and thighs; feathers on median part of breast tipped with white; middle of abdomen white. Iris reddish brown; bill, legs, and nails dark brown. Five males from Fuga measure: Wing, 123 to 126; tail, 119 to 124; culmen from base, 27 to 29; bill from nostril, 16.5 to 18; tarsus, 19 to 23.

"Adult male and female.--Most nearly allied to H. squamiceps and H. pryeri, having the chestnut ear-coverts united by a band of the same color extending across the throat, but the top of the head, which is almost devoid of a crest, and the neck are brown, like the back, instead of dark slate-gray; and the white tips to the feathers of the breast and belly are almost entirely absent, or only faintly indicated along the middle line of the under parts. Length, 267; culmen, 29; wing, 123; tail, 117; tarsus, 21.5." (Grant.)

476. HYPSIPETES BATANENSIS Mearns.

BATAN RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes batanensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 357; McGregor, Ibid, 342.

Pi-uc', Batan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Batan (Mearns, McGregor).

Diagnosis.--"Exactly like topotypes of Hypsipetes fugensis Grant, but larger, and with the forehead rufescent instead of cinereous. Measurements.--Type (skin of adult male).--Length, 262; wing, 130; tail, 127; culmen (chord), 28; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, about 27. Average of three adult males including the type: Length, 264; wing, 128; tail, 127; culmen (chord), 28; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 26; middle toe with claw, about 27. Adult female: Length, 245; wing, 116; tail, 112; culmen (chord), 25; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 17.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, about 25.5." (Mearns.)

Five males measure as follows: Wing, 124 to 129; tail, 116 to 123; culmen from base, 30 to 32; bill from nostril, 18 to 19; tarsus, 22 to 25.

Other than the size there appears to me to be no appreciable difference between H. fugensis and H. batanensis. The Batan red-eared bulbul is very abundant in Batan Island where it was found breeding in May and June. The eggs are salmon-pink, spotted with shades of umber-brown. Six eggs measure from 30.2 to 32.7 mm. in length and from 20 to 22 mm. in width.

477. HYPSIPETES CAMIGUINENSIS McGregor.

CAMIGUIN RED-EARED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes camiguinensis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 347.

Camiguin N. (Worcester, McGregor).

Diagnosis.--Similar to H. fugensis and to H. batanensis but larger; bill and tail longer; flanks less rufescent. Male, type: Length in flesh, 295; wing, 136; tail, 124; culmen from base, 33; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 21; tarsus, 25.

The specimens of Hypsipetes obtained in Camiguin Island are in such poor condition that it is impossible to give color characters, but I believe adults in good plumage will be found to differ considerably from both H. fugensis and H. batanensis.

Genus IOLE Blyth, 1844.

This genus differs from Hypsipetes in having longer rictal bristles, the longest being decidedly more than one-half as long as the tarsus, and in having the nuchal hairs more strongly developed. The three yellow plumaged species, Iole striaticeps, everetti, and haynaldi, approach Criniger (=Trichophorus) both in color and in the development of nuchal hairs, but in the latter genus the bill is relatively shorter and the culmen is more curved.

Species.

a1. Under parts bright yellow or strongly tinged with yellow; nuchal hairs longer.

b1. Above olive-brown with whitish shaft-streaks; below ashy white with a strong tinge of yellow. ... striaticeps (p. 505) b2. Above olive-yellow with darker shaft-streaks; under parts mostly bright yellow.

c1. Larger; above brighter and clearer olive-yellow; under parts brighter. ... everetti (p. 506) c2. Smaller; above duller olive-yellow; under parts not so bright. ... haynaldi (p. 506)

a2. Under and upper parts neither yellow nor tinged with yellow; general color brown or gray.

b1. Chin and throat reddish brown or gray, narrowly streaked with white or without streaks; smaller, culmen from base usually less than 28 mm.

c1. No white shaft-lines on chin and throat. ... rufigularis (p. 507) c2. White shaft-lines present on chin and throat.

d1. Chin and throat rufous-brown; shaft-lines wider.

e1. Smaller; chin and throat slightly darker. ... gularis (p. 507) e2. Larger; chin and throat slightly paler. ... guimarasensis (p. 508)

d2. Chin and throat pale rufescent brown; shaft-lines much narrower and less conspicuous. ... mindorensis (p. 509)

b2. Chin and throat gray with wide streaks of white, or chin nearly all white; larger, culmen from base usually more than 30 mm.

c1. Top of head uniform seal-brown without lighter margins to the feathers; wing of male, about 135 mm. ... siquijorensis (p. 510) c2. Top of head lighter brown or dull olive-brown; feathers on forehead tipped with slate-gray; wing shorter.

d1. Top of head lighter; feathers on nape tipped with ashy or slate-gray; wing, about 125 mm.; tail, 115. ... cinereiceps (p. 511) d2. Top of head darker; feathers on nape with no gray tips; wing, about 120 mm.; tail, 105. ... monticola (p. 511)

478. IOLE STRIATICEPS Sharpe.

PALAWAN BULBUL.

Iole striaticeps Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 200; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Palawan (Whitehead).

"Adult female.--General color above olive-brown, with narrow whitish shaft-streaks to the feathers of the mantle and back; the lower back and rump uniform, the feathers of the latter very loose and fluffy and with pale tips; lesser wing-coverts brown, with a wash of olive; alula and primary-coverts dusky brown, with a reddish tinge and washed with olive externally; quills dark brown, externally pale olive-brown, rather more rufous toward the base of the secondaries; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers light reddish brown with a slight edging of olive; crown of head brown, slightly contrasting with the back, all the feathers with narrow ashy white shaft-streaks; lores white, with a yellowish tinge; feathers below the eye and ear-coverts light brown, washed with yellow and having narrow whitish shaft-streaks; cheeks and under surface of body ashy white, with a strong tinge of yellow, the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts clearer yellow; sides of body and flanks washed with olive-brown; thighs pale yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow; quills below dusky brown, yellowish along the edge of the inner web. Length, 168; culmen, 18; wing, 81; tail, 70; tarsus, 19." (Sharpe.)

479. IOLE EVERETTI (Tweeddale).

EVERETT'S YELLOW BULBUL.

Criniger everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 535; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 827, pl. 84. Iole everetti Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 57; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above bright olive-yellow; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices mostly dark brown, their exposed webs olive-yellow; shafts of the rectrices light yellow below; sides of face faintly washed with brown; feathers on jaw with black shafts; chin yellow, the shafts of the feathers black and extending beyond the webs; throat and fore breast light rufescent brown, washed with yellow; rest of under parts yellow; sides, flanks, and upper thighs darker; middle of abdomen, lower thighs, crissum, axillars, and wing-lining light egg-yellow. Length of a male, 198; wing, 116; tail, 105; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 20. The female is similar to the male.

"Everett's yellow bulbul is a deep-woods bird, and a hill bird as well. In Samar I. philippinensis [=gularis] is found about the open fields and in the forests of the lowlands, but as soon as one goes a few hundred feet up on the hills I. everetti takes its place. Three males average, 248 in length; wing, 112; tail, 96; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 24; culmen, 27. A female measures, 229 in length; wing, 96; tail, 89; culmen, 27; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden; upper mandible nearly black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

480. IOLE HAYNALDI (Blasius).

HAYNALD'S YELLOW BULBUL.

Criniger haynaldi Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 143. Iole haynaldi Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 253; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Similar to Iole everetti, but smaller and the upper parts darker and browner; wings much darker, their exposed webs olive-brown; edges of rectrices darker; under parts lighter yellow; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow. A male measures: Wing, 109; tail, 100; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 104; tail, 100; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 21.

"Haynald's yellow bulbul is extremely abundant in Sulu and Tawi Tawi. It is a woods bird which does not seem to come out into the open. Fifteen males average: Length, 240; wing, 108; tail, 99; culmen, 27; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. Twelve females average, length, 232; wing, 106; tail, 98; culmen, 27; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown to slaty brown; upper mandible black, lower leaden gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

481. IOLE RUFIGULARIS (Sharpe).

RUFOUS-THROATED BULBUL.

Hypsipetes rufigularis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 335. Iole rufigularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 57, pl. 3; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp.).

Adult.--Forehead, crown, and occiput dark brown, shafts of the feathers blackish and their edges slate; rest of upper parts lighter brown, the feathers with olivaceous edges and ashy or slate-gray tips; wings dark brown, the outer webs of the feathers lighter and narrowly edged with olivaceous; tail similar; lores and sides of head dull brown; chin, throat, and fore breast tawny or light tan-brown, darker on breast; sides of breast washed with olive; shafts of chin-feathers black and produced beyond the webs; shafts of breast-feathers a trifle lighter than their webs; rest of the under parts white, the feathers edged with pale yellow, producing a streaked appearance; flanks more or less washed with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts white, washed with pale yellow. The sexes are similar in colors. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 255; wing, 123; tail, 105; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 21. A female from Basilan, wing, 117; tail, 114; culmen from base, 25; bill from nostril, 16; tarsus, 21.

"The rufous-throated bulbul is common in Mindanao and Basilan; it is found along edges of forest, in second growth, and in guava bushes. Two males average: Length, 238; wing, 111; tail, 98; culmen, 26; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, length, 241; wing, 106; tail, 95; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dark brown; legs and feet brown to nearly black; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

482. IOLE GULARIS (Pucheran).

PHILIPPINE BULBUL.

Turdus philippensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 814 (not of Müller, 1776, nor of Boddaert, 1783). Philedon gularis "Cuvier," Pucheran, Arch. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat. [Paris], (1855), 7, 344, pl. 18. Iole philippensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit Mus. (1881), 6, 58; Hand-List (1901), 3, 313 (part); Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 307; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Tug-bi-á, Bohol; pa-nu-cá, Lubang; tam-si, Manila.

Banton (Celestino); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Kittlitz, Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Similar to Iole rufigularis, but smaller, and easily recognized by the more rufescent chin and throat and the very distinct white, or whitish, shaft-lines on these parts. The sexes are similar in colors. Extreme and average measurements of ten males from Mariveles, Bataan Province, Luzon, are as follows: Wing, 96 to 104 (100); tail, 88 to 90 (89); exposed culmen, 20 to 22 (20.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16 (15.5); tarsus, 18 to 21 (20). Ten females from the same locality measure: Wing, 91 to 100 (94); tail, 81 to 89 (85); exposed culmen, 19 to 22 (19.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16 (15.5); tarsus, 19 to 22 (20).

"Found about fruit trees in the forest, but more abundant in the open country, so far as our observation goes. Masbate birds are larger than those from the other islands, as the following measurements will show.

"Six males from Masbate average: Length, 229; wing, 106; tail, 92; culmen, 46; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 23. Six females, length, 226; wing, 99; tail, 88; culmen, 27; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 21. [The Masbate bulbul is I. guimarasensis].

"Four males from Cebu, length, 219; wing, 100; tail, 90; culmen, 51; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 21. Four females from the same place, length, 205; wing, 94; tail, 83; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 21.

"Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black, lower mandible sometimes dark brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs of the Philippine bulbul collected by Whitehead at Cape Engaño, Luzon, in May, 1895, are described thus: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, thickly speckled all over with brown, lake, and pale violet under-markings. Measurements 29 mm. by 20 mm. The nest which is constructed of fine roots, like that of other bulbuls, was placed in a bush in the vicinity of the forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

483. IOLE GUIMARASENSIS Steere.

STEERE'S BULBUL.

Iole guimarasensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Grant, Ibis (1896), 546; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; McGregor, Pub. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 32; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79. Iole philippinensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 60 (part). Iole philippensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 313 (part).

Pá-la-go, Ticao, used for Pycnonotus also.

Bantayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Iole gularis from which it differs only in being slightly larger and in having the throat and breast paler. Ten males from Masbate and Ticao yield the following extreme and average measurements: Wing, 102 to 111 (107); tail, 86 to 94 (90); exposed culmen, 22 to 25 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 19.5 to 23 (21). Nine females from the same localities measure: Wing, 98 to 106 (99); tail, 87 to 99 (88); exposed culmen, 20.5 to 25 (21); bill from nostril, 15 to 17 (16); tarsus, 18 to 22 (20).

"Doctor Steere separates the Iole from Panay, Guimaras, and Negros from the Luzon, Samar, Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, and Mindanao birds. He states that I. guimarasensis has the 'size and general coloring of I. rufigularis, with the light shaft-streaks of I. philippinensis.' The latter differences would not seem to be of special value in differentiating it from I. philippinensis and we can find nothing in the size or color of our large series of specimens from the central Philippines to warrant us in separating them from typical I. philippinensis [=gularis].

"Steere mentions the very different note of the Cebu birds. We were unable to perceive the slightest difference in the notes of the birds in question and incline to the opinion that the Doctor must have heard the note of I. monticola when he crossed over into Cebu." (Bourns and Worcester.)

484. IOLE MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO BULBUL.

Iole mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, fig. 2 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 307; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 20 (nest and egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Semirara (Worcester).

Adult.--Very much like Iole gularis, but chin and throat light drab-brown; whitish shaft-streaks less conspicuous than in either I. gularis or I. guimarasensis; sides of breast and flanks grayer; under parts with fewer streaks of pale yellow. Ten males measure: Wing, 102 to 107 (105); tail, 90 to 99 (95); exposed culmen, 21 to 24 (23); bill from nostril, 15 to 18 (17); tarsus, 18 to 21 (20); Four females, wing, 98 to 99 (98.5); tail, 91 to 95 (92); exposed culmen, 21 to 22 (21.5); bill from nostril, 15 to 16.5 (16); tarsus, 19 to 20 (19.8).

"Quite common in Mindoro. Two males average: Length, 222; wing, 100.5; tail, 91; culmen, 26; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 22. A female, length, 235; wing, 97; tail, 90; culmen, 27; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris chocolate-brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails leaden." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

On April 2, 1905, I collected, in Mindoro, a nest with three eggs of this species. The ground-color of the eggs is white, under shell-markings faint lavender, and entire surface thickly and uniformly marked with elongated and twisted spots of reddish brown. The eggs measure: 26.1 by 18.2, 25.4 by 18, and 25.1 by 19.

The nest was composed of several leaves which were held in place by threads of a black hair-like fungus; cobweb and green moss in small quantities also entered into the construction. The lining consisted of a quantity of long slender fibers.

485. IOLE SIQUIJORENSIS Steere.

SIQUIJOR BULBUL.

Iole siquijorensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Tig-ba-ya, Siquijor.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Forehead and entire top of head seal-brown; rest of upper parts, wings, and tail lighter brown, the feathers edged with dark olivaceous; tips of greater and median wing-coverts whitish, or light brown, forming two wing-bars; sides of head and neck light brown; chin, throat, and breast brown with a slight olivaceous wash, the feathers with white shaft-streaks, the streaks on chin and throat very wide; middle of lower breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, axillars, and wing-lining white, faintly washed with pale yellow; sides, flanks, and thighs light drab-brown. A male measures: Wing, 133; tail, 121; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 23. A female measures: Wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 31; bill from nostril, 20; tarsus, 23.

This distinct species may be recognized by its entirely seal-brown head.

"The Siquijor bulbul is found about low bushes in open fields, often in flocks. Twelve males average: Length, 279; wing, 132; tail, 118; culmen, 31; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females, wing, 121; tail, 109; culmen, 30; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails brown, bottoms of feet yellowish; upper mandible black, lower black to dark brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

486. IOLE CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester.

ASHY-HEADED BULBUL.

Iole cinereiceps Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Entire top of head slate-gray, bases of the feathers olive-brown, the shafts nearly black; chin and throat white, streaked with pale yellow; otherwise very similar to Iole siquijorensis. A male measures: Wing, 126; tail, 115; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 122; tail, 111; culmen from base, 30; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 24.

"The ashy-headed bulbul occurs in the open, but is far more abundant in the woods. Eleven males from Romblon measure: Length, 288; wing, 131; tail, 115; culmen, 35; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females from the same locality, length, 274; wing, 122; tail, 109; culmen, 33; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Males and females from Tablas average slightly less in length, but are otherwise identical with Romblon birds. Iris, legs, feet, and nails very dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

487. IOLE MONTICOLA Bourns and Worcester.

MOUNTAIN BULBUL.

Iole monticola Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 314; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Iole siquijorensis but smaller; top of head lighter seal-brown; forehead washed with slate-gray; mantle and back more ruddy; ear-coverts tawny; chin and fore throat almost solid white. A male measures: Wing, 127; tail, 117; culmen from base, 32; bill from nostril, 21; tarsus, 22.

"Iole monticola differs from Iole siquijorensis, its nearest ally, in its more ruddy upper surface, its lighter head with a wash of ashy gray on front of crown, in its lighter ear-coverts and tawny throat, and in its lighter under wing- and tail-coverts. So far as our observation goes it is a highland form. It was invariably met with by us in the forest on the tops and sides of the hills in central Cebu and was never seen in open or flat country." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Three males average: Length, 267; wing, 121; tail, 111; culmen, 31; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 24. A female measures, 260 in length; wing, 115; tail, 102; culmen, 31; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris, legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill nearly black. Breeding in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus POLIOLOPHUS Sharpe, 1877.

Occipital crest short and pointed; eye surrounded by a narrow wattle; bill from base about equal to tarsus; rictal bristles long, the longest much more than bill from nostril; rectrices graduated and tipped with white; difference between lengths of outermost and middle tail-feathers more than length of bill from nostril.

488. POLIOLOPHUS UROSTICTUS (Salvadori).

WATTLED BULBUL.

Brachypus urostictus Salvadori, Atti R. Accad. Sc. Torino (1870), 5, 509. Pycnonotus urostictus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pl. 32, fig. 2. Poliolophus urostictus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 63 (text figure of head); Hand-List (1901), 3, 315; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 308, pl. 10, fig. 9 (egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 79. Poliolophus basilanicus Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 19.

Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Steere Exp., McGregor, Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Top of head dark brown, shaft-lines seal-brown; rest of upper parts dark olive-green, the shafts of the feathers darker; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, forming a bunch which covers the feathers of the rump; the long feathers with dark brown subterminal spots and some of the lateral ones tipped with white washed with pale yellow; rectrices brown, each with a subterminal blackish area and a distinct white tip; sides of head dark drab; chin and throat drab-gray; breast ashy brown, this color, faintly washed with olivaceous, extends onto sides of neck and breast and onto flanks; rest of under parts white with some streaks of pale yellow on breast; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with light yellow. Iris gray; eyelids lemon-yellow; bill and feet black. Length, about 185. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 80; tail, 75; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 16. A male from Bohol, wing, 78; tail, 73; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17. A male from Basilan, wing, 80; tail, 80; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 17.

In specimens from Basilan the bill is slightly longer and the white spots on the rectrices occupy more space than in specimens from Luzon.

"The wattled bulbul is fairly common about fruit trees in the forest and in open fields. A male measures: Length, 187; wing, 78; tail, 81; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. A female, length, 174; wing, 78; tail, 80; culmen, 16; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails brown; bill black; eye-wattles yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus MICROTARSUS Eyton, 1839.

The Philippine species of the genus Microtarsus is characterized by its long tail-coverts, which are two-thirds the length of tail and nearly as long as the outermost pair of rectrices; rectrices graduated, and tipped with bright yellow; the colors are black and yellow.

489. MICROTARSUS MELANOCEPHALOS (Gmelin).

BLACK-HEADED BULBUL.

Lanius melanocephalos Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 309. Micropus melanocephalus Sharpe, Cat. Birds, Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 65; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 294, fig. 91 (tail). Microtarsus melanocephalus Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 315; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.

Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White). Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces, eastern Bengal, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Entire head, chin, and throat black, faintly glossed with green and purple; mantle and back olive-yellow, gradually becoming citron-yellow on rump and tail-coverts; feathers of lower back long and thick-set, overhanging the rump, each feather with a subterminal black band; breast and sides olive-yellow, becoming lighter posteriorly and bright egg-yellow on middle of abdomen and on under tail-coverts; wings mostly black, but the secondaries and their coverts broadly edged with citron-yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow; basal part of tail olive-green, followed by a wide black subterminal bar; tips of rectrices bright egg-yellow. The sexes are similar in colors, but the female is a little the darker. Length, about 165. A male measures: Wing, 77; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 75; tail, 67; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 12.

"The black-headed bulbul is fairly common in Palawan. It is usually seen about trees and bushes in the open, but is occasionally met with in the forest, above the tree tops. Seven males average: Length, 170; wing, 76; tail, 68; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 16. Three females, length, 167; wing, 75; tail, 69; culmen, 15; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris bright blue; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus TRICHOPHORUS Temminck, 1821.

This genus resembles Irena in having long nuchal hairs and a rather short, slightly compressed, bill, but in Trichophorus the nostrils are exposed and the wings are relatively short and rounded, the primaries exceeding the secondaries by about the length of tarsus; head slightly crested; the colors are olive-yellow, light yellow, brown, and gray.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat clear gray; much larger; wing, more than 95 mm. ... frater (p. 514) a2. Chin and throat gray, streaked with yellow; much smaller; wing, less than 90 mm. ... palawanensis (p. 515)

490. TRICHOPHORUS FRATER (Sharpe).

GRAY-THROATED HAIRY BULBUL.

Criniger frater Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 334; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 79, pl. 5; Hand-List (1901), 3, 317; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus frater Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.

Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult.--Top of head dark tan-brown; back and rump olive-green; upper tail-coverts and rectrices tan-brown, edged with tawny olive; lores, sides of face, a narrow supercilium, and ear-coverts light gray, the last streaked with white; chin, throat, and breast clear light gray with white shaft-lines; feathers of breast edged with yellow; rest of under parts yellow, darker on crissum and slightly olivaceous on sides and flanks; wings brown, quills edged with ruddy olive on outer webs and with ocherous-white on inner webs; axillars and wing-lining pale yellow. Sexes similar in colors. Length, about 230. A male measures: Wing, 108; tail, 97; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 100; tail, 92; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 20.

"This bulbul is very common and feeds always in the woods, so far as our observation goes. Four males average: Length, 213; wing, 104; tail, 92; culmen, 23; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 21. A female, length, 209; wing, 100; tail, 88; culmen, 23; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris reddish to chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; bill brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

491. TRICHOPHORUS PALAWANENSIS (Tweeddale).

PALAWAN HAIRY BULBUL.

Criniger palawanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 618; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 83, pl. 6, fig. 2; Hand-List (1901), 3, 318; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Trichophorus palawanensis Oberholser, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 48, 152.

Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Above scarcely different from T. frater, except that the feathers on top of head have light shaft-lines; ear-coverts olive-green with whitish shaft-lines; lores white, mixed with olive-green; cheeks, chin, throat, and breast pale yellow, streaked with white; rest of under parts pale lemon-yellow, olivaceous along the sides and flanks; crissum light ocherous-yellow. The sexes are similar; length, about 190. A male measures: Wing, 82; tail, 76; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 81; tail, 72; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18.

"Common in Palawan; feeds about bushes in the open, frequently in good sized flocks. Four males measure: Length, 185; wing, 84; tail, 73; culmen, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Three females, length, 174; wing, 81; tail, 74; culmen, 19.8; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18. Eyes usually straw-yellow; in one case light hazel; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PYCNONOTUS Boie, 1826.

Bill short, when measured from base, less than tarsus; rictal bristles usually less than bill from nostril; wing short and rounded; the primaries exceed secondaries by less than length of tarsus; a short crest which is not very evident in dry skins.

Species.

a1. Legs and feet black; supercilium white, contrasting with the black lores; ear-coverts brown. ... goiavier (p. 516) a2. Legs and feet light brown; supercilium and lores dull olive-brown like the crown; ear-coverts with white shaft-lines. ... cinereifrons (p. 517)

492. PYCNONOTUS GOIAVIER (Scopoli).

GUAVA BULBUL.

Muscicapa goiavier Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 96. Pycnonotus goiavier Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 141; Hand-List (1901), 3, 330; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 239; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 215; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 316; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80. Pycnonotus goiavier suluensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 470 (Sulu, Mindanao, and Basilan). [69]

Pá-la-go, Ticao; this name also used for Iole. Luc-lac, Manila; cul-cul, in general.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Whitehead, Bartsch); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Nipa (Everett); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Middle of forehead and crown seal-brown, bordered on each side by a band of white extending from base of bill over eyes to sides of occiput; lores and a ring around eye black; above including wings and tail dark brown, the feathers fringed with earthy or ocherous brown; ear-coverts brown; spot below eye, jaw, and most of the under parts white; breast and sides with distinct brown shaft-streaks; flanks and thighs brown; abdomen washed with pale yellow; crissum lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Sexes similar in color. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 76; tail, 73; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 20. A female from Basilan, wing, 78; tail, 77; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20.

"The guava bulbul is one of the commonest of Philippine birds; it is called 'cul-cul' by the natives. Very abundant about fruit trees and bushes in the open fields, and in scrub and second growth; much rarer in deep forest. Four male birds average: Length, 189; wing, 84; tail, 84; culmen, 19; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and feet black; one specimen had been eating insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Two eggs were collected by Whitehead near Paranas, Samar, on June 24, 1896. Steere took three eggs at Dumaguete, Negros, February 11, 1888, and four eggs in Marinduque, May 12, 1888. The two eggs from Samar are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pale pinkish white, very thickly mottled all over with light red and underlying grayish lavender blotches. Measurements 21 mm. by 15 mm.

"Nest cup-shaped, built of fine roots, and placed in a low tree about five feet [1.5 meters] from the ground in an open situation." (Grant and Whitehead.)

493. PYCNONOTUS CINEREIFRONS (Tweeddale).

ASHY-FRONTED BULBUL.

Brachypus cinereifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 617. Pycnonotus cinereifrons Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 6, 153; Hand-List (1901), 3, 332; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Celestino, White).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dull olive-green; feathers on top of head with dark centers and gray edges; ear-coverts brown with distinct whitish shaft-lines; cheeks brown, streaked with gray; chin and throat whitish; breast and sides ashy brown, slightly washed with olivaceous; abdomen buffy white; flanks brown; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown, most of the feathers edged with dull olive-green; wing-coverts entirely olive-green; axillars and wing-lining light yellow. Length, about 190. A male measures: Wing, 84; tail, 76; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female, wing, 80; tail, 73; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.

"Four males from Calamianes average: Length, 190; wing, 86; tail, 78; culmen, 22; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Three females, length, 189; wing, 83; tail, 79; culmen, 20; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Both males and females from Palawan average slightly less in length; other measurements are about the same. Bill nearly black; iris, legs, feet, and nails brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family TIMELIIDÆ.

Bill slender, rarely decidedly strong, never broad; culmen more or less ridged, curved at tip; a slight notch near tip of upper mandible; gonys slightly to somewhat strongly curved; culmen from base less than tarsus; nostril opening covered by a flat scale or partly closed by a membrane; rictal bristles evident, but seldom greatly developed; wings short, rounded, and curved to the body; first, second, and third primaries very unequal and much shorter than longest quill; tarsus and toes long; tarsus booted or with obsolete divisions.

Subfamilies.

a1. Male and female similar in colors; plumage, especially of back and rump, lax and decomposed; tarsus stouter. ... Timeliinæ (p. 518) a2. Male and female very unlike in colors; plumage not noticeably decomposed; tarsus more slender. ... Brachypteryginæ (p. 538)

Subfamily TIMELIINÆ.

Tarsus rather stout; plumage of back, rump, and flanks lax and decomposed, the feathers of the back often lengthened and overhanging the rump and tail-coverts.

Genera.

a1. Tail much longer than wing; rectrices pointed, their shafts stiff, and their webs decomposed. ... Pseudotharrhaleus (p. 518) a2. Tail shorter than wing; rectrices usually not pointed, their shafts not very stiff, and their webs not decomposed.

b1. Tail very short, only one-half to two-thirds as long as wing; tarsus long, the outstretched feet reaching beyond the end of tail.

c1. Tail but little longer than tarsus; wing twice the tarsus. ... Anuropsis (p. 525) c2. Tail equal to tarsus and middle toe without claw; wing one and one-half times the tarsus. ... Ptilocichla (p. 522)

b2. Tail not very short, more than three-fourths as long as wing; outstretched feet not reaching end of tail.

c1. Bill very much deeper and stronger, the tip decidedly hooked; rictal bristles well developed, longer than bill from nostril. ... Turdinus (p. 521) c2. Bill more slender, the tip but slightly hooked; rictal bristles shorter.

d1. A tuft of lengthened feathers above each eye. ... Dasycrotapha (p. 526) d2. No lengthened feathers above eye; plumage soft and more or less decomposed.

e1. Feathers of back not greatly lengthened; nostril with an overhanging membrane ... Zosterornis (p. 527) e2. Feathers of back greatly lengthened, decomposed, and overhanging the tail-coverts; nostril opening without an overhanging membrane.

f1. Long feathers of back without greatly stiffened shafts. ... Mixornis [70] (p. 533) f2. Long feathers of the back with shafts conspicuously stiffened. ... Macronous (p. 534)

Genus PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS Grant, 1895.

Bill slender, rictal bristles short and weak; wing very short, rounded, and curved to the body; fifth to eighth primaries nearly equal and longest; tarsus and feet strong; tarsus one and one-half times the culmen from base; hind toe with claw about equal to culmen; tail long; rectrices graduated, pointed, and with stiff shafts and decomposed webs.

Species.

a1. Smaller; wing, 61 to 63 mm.; tail, 70 to 80.

b1. Chin and throat gray.

c1. Tail longer, about 88 mm. ... caudatus (p. 519) c2. Tail shorter, about 70 mm. ... griseipectus (p. 519)

b2. Chin and throat light brown tinged with buff; tail, about 75 mm. ... unicolor (p. 519)

a2. Larger; wing, 66 mm.; tail, 90; feathers of chest heavily marked with black centers. ... malindangensis (p. 520)

494. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS CAUDATUS Grant.

LUZON WOOD ACCENTOR.

Pseudotharrhaleus caudatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 448, pl. 13; Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 222, (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above rich umber or dark brown, a grayish line on each side above lores and eye; lores brown; cheeks and ear-coverts brown with narrow whitish shaft-lines; chin and throat whitish, bordered on each side with gray; breast gray; sides of neck and breast gray with a faint olivaceous wash; flanks and thighs dark brown like upper parts; crissum lighter; middle of abdomen gray. Iris light brown; bill black; lower mandible whitish; legs dark brown; feet and nails lighter brown. Length, about 190. Two males measure: Wing, 61, 62; tail, 85, 88; culmen from base 17, 17; bill from nostril, 11, 10; tarsus, 26, 27.

495. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS UNICOLOR Hartert.

MINDANAO WOOD ACCENTOR.

Pseudotharrhaleus unicolor Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 74; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 80; Grant, Ibis (1906), 479.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

"Female.--Of exactly the same structure as P. caudatus Grant, from Luzon, but the tail much shorter, the upper side deeper rufous-brown, the whole under side rufous-brown with an olive tinge, only the upper throat lighter and somewhat tinged with buff. Wing, 92.5 [62.5?]; tail, 75; culmen from forehead, 16; metatarsus, 26." (Hartert.)

496. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS GRISEIPECTUS Mearns.

GRAY-BREASTED WOOD ACCENTOR.

Pseudotharrhaleus griseipectus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult female (type and only specimen).--Size similar to that of the female of P. unicolor Hartert, assuming that the measurement 'wing 92.5' is a typographical error for 62.5, but the bill appears to be 2 mm. shorter. Coloration similar to that of the male and female of P. caudatus Grant, from which it may be readily distinguished by the shortness of the tail, 81 mm. in the female of P. griseipectus and 86.36 in the female of P. caudatus. The outermost tail-feather is slender and abortive, measuring 32 mm. in length; tarsus with six scutes; rictal bristles scarcely discernible; plumage soft and loose, the feathers of the back and rump 35 mm. in length, with gray bases and fluffy aftershafts; webs of rectrices decomposed and abraded apically; general color above burnt umber, washed with vandyke-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker; wing-quills brownish black, the outer webs margined with the same color as the upper parts and extending to the outer webs of the under side of wing; head darker, inclining to sepia, with a dirty grayish supraorbital stripe; sides of throat, breast, and a wash down center of abdomen mouse-gray; chin and middle of throat white, each feather with a grayish middle; sides, crissum, and under tail-coverts like the back; breast tinged with gray. Iris hazel; bill with maxilla black; mandible grayish horn-color; feet and claws sepia-brown (from fresh specimens). Length, 176; alar expanse, 200; wing, 63; tail, 81; bill, measured from base of mandible, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 23." (Mearns.)

497. PSEUDOTHARRHALEUS MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.

MALINDANG WOOD ACCENTOR.

Pseudotharrhaleus malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 441.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--The largest known species of Pseudotharrhaleus; gray of cheeks and supraorbital stripe obscured by heavy markings of brown; feathers of chest heavily marked with black centers.

"Adult male (type and only specimen).--General color above burnt umber, washed with vandyke-brown on rump and upper tail-coverts; tail darker; wing-quills brownish black, with outer webs broadly margined with the same color as the upper parts and extending to the outer webs of the under side of wing; head sepia above, without an appreciable supraorbital stripe; sides of head grayish brown, maculated with bister; chin and upper throat dirty whitish; much obscured by dusky macules occupying the centers of the feathers; middle of chest gray, heavily marked with blackish centers to the feathers; sides, crissum and under tail-coverts, axillars, and lining of wings like the back, this color shading to wood-brown on middle of belly. Iris brown; bill plumbeous-black; feet and claws brown (from fresh specimen). The following measurements were taken from the type specimen, freshly killed, by the writer: Total length, 196; alar expanse, 212; wing, 66; tail, 90; culmen (chord), 16.5; bill from nostril, 10.3; from occiput to tip of bill, 42; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 25.

"This bird was usually found in hollows under mossy logs. Its note resembles the alarm call of the American Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus." (Mearns.)

Genus TURDINUS Blyth, 1844.

Bill stout and deep; tip of upper mandible strongly curved and forming an overhanging hook; rictal bristles well developed, the longest nearly as long as bill from nostril; wing moderate in length, not greatly curved, longer than tail by about one-half the tarsus; tarsus strong and slightly longer than culmen from base.

498. TURDINUS RUFIFRONS (Tweeddale).

RUFOUS-HEADED BABBLER.

Trichostoma rufifrons Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 616, pl. 38 (Trichostomus on plate). Turdinus rufifrons Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 546; Hand-List (1903), 4, 33; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Above fulvous-brown, the feathers of head more rufous and with dark shafts and tips; back more ashy, rump more rufous; lores, line under eye, and line over eye to occiput ashy gray; cheeks and ear-coverts fulvous; under parts white; chin and throat with a few dusky shaft-lines; fore breast, sides of breast, and under tail-coverts washed with ocherous; flanks and thighs light brown; wings brown, edges of primaries and secondaries lighter and slightly olivaceous; rectrices bark-brown, the edges rusty brown. Length, 185 to 200. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 86; tail, 81; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 25. A female, wing, 82; tail, 73; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.

"Common in the deep woods of Palawan, where it is found in the tops of low trees and in tangled vines. It hides cleverly and is difficult to see. It is a great whistler, and can be readily called up by imitating its note.

"Six males average: Length, 204; wing, 85; tail, 78; culmen, 23; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 191; wing, 82; tail, 64; culmen, 21; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris pale straw-color; legs and feet light slate; nails lighter than feet, their tips white; upper mandible black, lower light slate." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PTILOCICHLA Sharpe, 1877.

Bill moderate in size; culmen from base contained one and one-half times in tarsus; no bristles anywhere about the mouth; wings rounded and short; tarsus and feet stout, the outstretched toes extending to, or beyond, the end of tail; plumage lax and decomposed; feathers of the back long and overhanging the rump. Chin and throat white; breast and abdomen streaked with white.

Species.

a1. Back blackish brown; larger; wing, about 80 mm.; tail, 60. ... falcata (p. 522) a2. Back reddish brown; smaller.

b1. Shaft-lines on upper parts less prominent; wing, about 75 mm.; tail, 50.

c1. Above slightly darker and more reddish brown. ... mindanensis (p. 523) c2. Above lighter and slightly olivaceous. ... basilanica (p. 523)

b2. Shaft-lines on upper parts more prominent; wing, about 70 mm.; tail, 42. ... minuta (p. 524)

499. PTILOCICHLA FALCATA Sharpe.

PALAWAN GROUND BABBLER.

Ptilocichla falcata Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 332, pl. 50, fig. 3; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 586; Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Top of the head and nape rufous-brown; sides of the forehead and a stripe behind the eye fawn-rufous; lores narrow and white; spot before the eye and ear-coverts black; cheeks and throat white, with a narrow malar streak of blackish; entire back blackish brown, the feathers broadly centered with fulvous; the feathers of the lower back long, but somewhat sickle-shaped and hanging over on each side, brown or black in color, broadly streaked with white; wings rufous-brown, the quills internally blackish; tail entirely rufous-brown; under surface of body blackish, the feathers broadly streaked with white down the middle; thighs, under wing-coverts, and under tail-coverts brown, streaked with fulvous. Bill yellowish horn-color, the mandible more yellow; feet dark brown. Length, 173; culmen, 24; wing, 81; tail, 61; tarsus, 33." (Sharpe.)

"Not rare in Palawan, but difficult to see, as it is shy and protectively colored. It seems to be a very pugnacious bird, and the males can be readily called by imitating their note. They come apparently prepared to do battle. We found P. falcata at a height of 760 meters on Mount Pulgar.

"A male measures: Length, 203; wing, 86; tail, 70; culmen, 26; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet dark gray; upper mandible black, lower gray; breeding in January." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

500. PTILOCICHLA BASILANICA Steere.

BASILAN GROUND BABBLER.

Ptiocichla (?) basilanica Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18 (error). Ptilocichla basilanica Steere, Ibis, (1891), 312, pl. 7; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Above dark or reddish brown, most of the feathers with lighter shafts, feathers of head darker and with blackish brown margins; lores white, some of the feathers tipped with black; line under eye white; line over eye extending to nape white; ear-coverts brown with light shafts, bordered below by a narrow white line which is separated from the white chin and throat by a black line; feathers of breast, abdomen, and tail-coverts with wide median white stripes and black edges; sides and flanks reddish brown with lighter shafts; thighs brown; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices blackish brown, their shafts black, and outer edges reddish brown; wing-coverts reddish brown with light shafts. A male measures: Wing, 70; tail, 47; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27. A female, wing, 70; tail, 46; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27.

"Common in Basilan. Lives on the ground, or near it, and sometimes perches on stones, fallen trees, or roots. Note not in the least like that of P. falcata. Ptilocichla basilanica always seems loth to take flight, and one can readily secure it by following it carefully as it runs along the ground, uttering its complaining note at frequent intervals. Sooner or later one is sure to catch sight of it in some little open place, though the protective coloring makes it hard to see.

"Twenty-two males average: Length, 155; wing, 73; tail, 48; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Fifteen females, length, 150; wing, 71; tail, 45; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 25. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower ashy gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

501. PTILOCICHLA MINDANENSIS Steere.

MINDANAO GROUND BABBLER.

Ptilocichla (?) mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 18. Ptilocichla mindanensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81. Ptilopyga mindanensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 146.

Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Above fulvous-brown; feathers of head narrowly edged with black; feathers of back showing indistinct shaft-stripes; below much as in P. basilanica which it equals in size also. It is readily separated by the fulvous-brown of the head and the uniform fulvous of the back." (Steere.)

"Habits similar to those of P. basilanica. Our specimens all show the differences pointed out by Dr. Steere between the Mindanao and Basilan birds, and we consider the two birds to belong to distinct species.

"A male from Mindanao measures: Length, 174; wing, 75; tail, 51; culmen, 22; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27. A female, length, 152; wing, 69; tail, 46; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris light yellow or nearly white; legs, feet, and nails drab; upper mandible black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

502. PTILOCICHLA MINUTA Bourns and Worcester.

LESSER GROUND BABBLER.

Ptilocichla minuta Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Paper (1894), 1, 24; Grant, Ibis (1897), 230; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 40; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Leyte (Whitehead).

"Sexes alike.--Feathers of the head and nape black, with heavy rufous-brown shaft-lines; feathers of back and upper wing-coverts bright reddish brown, with conspicuous, nearly white shaft-markings for their entire length; tips of feathers black; the elongated feathers of back, which reach to tail-coverts, with white shafts and white shaft-markings broad at base and narrowing at tip, edges and extreme tips of feathers being dark rich fulvous-brown; upper tail-coverts rufous-brown; tail-feathers fulvous-brown edged with rufous-brown; lores white; superciliary line white, extending as far as hind neck; ear-coverts fulvous with light shaft-stripes, the latter becoming rufous on hind neck, malar stripe black; chin and throat pure white; feathers of breast and abdomen have very broad white shaft-stripes, giving a streaked appearance to the under surface; feathers of flanks much elongated, light fulvous-brown with distinct white shaft-stripes, broadest at base; under tail-coverts colored like flanks; under surface of wing fulvous-brown, brighter on coverts.

"Readily distinguished from P. basilanica by having all the feathers of back, head, rump, and upper wing-coverts with prominent shaft-lines, by the darker color of the long feathers of the back, and by its much smaller size. Exceedingly rare. Length, 136; wing, 69; tail, 42; culmen, 19; tarsus, 24." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Iris dark reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"'This bird is always found on the ground; when moving it does not hop like the thrush-tribe, but has a most decided walk like the starlings. Its note is a 'chic-chic-chic'; it is most shy and very difficult to obtain. Iris dark brown, tip of upper mandible black, lower light gray; feet brown.'--J. W." (Grant.)

Genus ANUROPSIS Sharpe, 1883.

Bill from nostril less than one-half the tarsus; nostril with an overhanging membrane; rictal bristles weak, the longest less than bill from nostril; wing very short and rounded; tail very short and soft, not more than one-half the wing; legs and feet very large, when outstretched extending well beyond the end of tail; tarsus about equal to tail; body plumage soft and decomposed.

503. ANUROPSIS CINEREICEPS (Tweeddale).

ASHY-HEADED WOOD BABBLER.

Drymocataphus cinereiceps Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 617. Anuropsis cinereiceps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 590; Hand-List (1903), 4, 41; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Top of head and hind neck ashy gray, lighter on lores and ear-coverts; remainder of upper parts fulvous-brown, more rusty on outer webs of primaries and secondaries: chin, throat, and middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and crissum light tan or ocherous-brown, extending faintly across fore-breast. Length, 114; wing, 61; tail, 30; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27.

"Adult female.--(Puerto Princesa, Palawan, January, 1878; A. Everett; type of species). General color above dark fulvous-brown, with faintly indicated pale shaft-stripes to the feathers of the mantle; the plumage of the lower back and rump very full and lax, with dusky or silvery gray bases; lesser and median wing-coverts like the back, with the same pale shaft-lines; greater series dark fulvous-brown; quills dark brown internally, externally dark fulvous-brown, somewhat ashy on the outer webs of the primaries; tail-feathers dark fulvous-brown; crown of head dark ashy gray, the hind neck and sides of neck lighter ashy gray; lores and feathers round the eye ashy whitish; ear-coverts light ashy gray with whitish shaft-lines; cheeks white, with a narrow line of black along their upper margin; entire throat pure white, as also the entire abdomen; breast and sides of the body, thighs, and under tail-coverts light fulvous-brown, with paler shaft-lines on the feathers of the breast; axillars fulvous with white bases; under wing-coverts fulvous; quills dusky brown below, ashy fulvous along the edge of the inner web. 'Bill brownish gray, the mandible white; legs pallid, the front of the tarsi tinged brown; iris burnt sienna-orange.' (A. H. Everett.) Length, 144; culmen, 18; wing, 60; tail, 27; tarsus, 28. (Mus. R. G. Wardlaw-Ramsay)." (Sharpe.)

"Rare in the region collected in by us; a single male obtained. It measures: Length, 127; wing, 61; tail, 27; culmen, 20; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails pale flesh-color; upper mandible black, lower nearly white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus DASYCROTAPHA Tweeddale, 1878.

"Base of maxilla densely clothed with short feathers, space behind the eye naked; bill about the length of head, and formed as in Mixornis; wing lengthened, longer than tail; first primary half the length of the second, which is a fifth shorter than the third; third a little shorter than the fourth, which is equal to fifth and sixth; tail moderate and square; tarsus strong; hallux with claw stout and long; digits short and slender; outer a little longer than inner." (Tweeddale.)

504. DASYCROTAPHA SPECIOSA Tweeddale.

BEAUTIFUL ROUGHTEMPLE.

Dasycrotapha speciosa Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 114, pl. 9; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 574; Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 81.

Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--"Head crested; forehead with dense short plumes covering the base of the maxilla; circle round the eye, whole space before the eye, tuft on the side of the base of mandible, chin and uppermost part of throat pure lemon-yellow; crown of the head black; post occipital plumes yellow; nape yellowish green tipped with black; a lengthened tuft of plumes springing from above the eye bright orange; a line immediately below this tuft black; a tuft of stiff decomposed feathers springing from below the eye and extending over the ears white or grayish white; an irregular band across the throat black; dorsal feathers gray with light olive-green tips and white shafts; uropygium yellowish green; upper tail-coverts the same, tinged with rufous; lower throat and upper breast bright yellow, most of the feathers with black terminal drops; lower breast and rest of under plumage duller yellow tinged with green on the flanks; quills brown margined with yellowish olive-green, inner margin of quills pale yellow; wing-coverts dull olive-green, carpal edge and wing-lining yellow; tail dull rufous. 'Iris crimson; bill orange-yellow.' (Everett.) Wing, 66; tail, 60; tarsus, 22; culmen, 19." (Tweeddale.)

"Only three specimens of this rare bird were obtained by us. They were all secured in the deep forest, where they were feeding among the leaves of low trees. We feel quite confident that we saw D. speciosa in Panay on one occasion, but the one individual observed escaped us. Three specimens average as follows: Wing, 66; tail, 57; culmen, 17; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet olive-yellow, nails nearly white; bill yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ZOSTERORNIS Grant, 1894.

Bill slender and pointed; rictal bristles small, less than bill from nostril; nasal opening oval with a large overhanging membrane; wing pointed, not greatly curved, and slightly exceeding the tail; rectrices well developed; tarsi and feet slender, and moderate in length; tarsus about twice the bill from nostril. Some species in this genus resemble species of Mixornis, but in the latter there is no flap above the nasal opening and the feathers of the back are long and fluffy.

"This genus is most nearly allied to Cyanoderma, but there is no naked space around the eyes, which, on the contrary, are encircled by a ring of short white feathers perfectly similar to that of a true Zosterops. From Mixornis it differs in having the nostrils long and covered by a large membrane. The tail is composed of twelve feathers. The fifth primary is slightly longer than the fourth and sixth; first, short, half the length of the second." (Grant.)

Species.

a1. Outer tail-feathers not tipped with white.

b1. Under parts heavily streaked with black. ... striatus (p. 527) b2. Under parts not heavily streaked with black.

c1. Larger; wing, 60 mm. or more; forehead and sides of head chestnut; crown gray; under parts light yellow. ... whiteheadi (p. 528) c2. Smaller; wing, 56 mm. or less; forehead and sides of face not chestnut; under parts white.

d1. Forehead and crown brown with pale shaft-stripes; upper parts olive-brown with indistinct pale shafts; throat and chest gray with white shaft-stripes; rest of under parts white. ... pygmæus (p. 529) d2. Head, neck, and breast reddish brown with white shaft-stripes. ... plateni (p. 530)

a2. Outer tail-feathers widely tipped with white.

b1. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat not uniform in color.

c1. Forehead and crown red-brown or auburn. ... capitalis (p. 530) c2. Forehead and crown black.

d1. Chin and throat lemon-yellow with a patch of dull reddish brown on each side. ... nigrocapitatus (p. 531) d2. Chin and throat lemon-yellow, washed with reddish brown. ... affinis (p. 532)

b2. Forehead, crown, chin, and throat golden yellow; back and under parts washed with lighter yellow. ... dennistouni (p. 529)

505. ZOSTERORNIS STRIATUS Grant.

STRIPED TREE BABBLER.

Zosterornis striatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 4, 2; Ibis (1895), 111, pl. 4, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 222 (habits). Zosterornis striata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Luzon (Whitehead).

"Male and female adult.--In general appearance this new species resembles Mixornis montana Sharpe, from Mount Kina Balu, but it is readily recognizable as forming a second species of the genus Zosterornis by the shape of the nostrils and the peculiar ring of white feathers which surrounds the eye, as well as the absence of rufous-brown or dark chestnut on the wings so characteristic of the genus Mixornis.

"The general color of the upper parts is dull olive, tinged with brownish on the upper tail-coverts: quills dark brown, edged on the outer web with olive, and on the inner with yellowish white. A marked ring of white plumes surrounds the eye; lores and fore part of cheeks whitish, tinged with yellow; a well-marked black eyebrow stripe from the nostril to the posterior margin of the orbit, and a second less distinct band below the eye; hind cheek and ear-coverts dull olive like the crown; chin and throat uniform white, tinged with yellow and bordered on either side by a black malar stripe; rest of the under parts yellowish white, each feather with a wide black shaft-stripe; tail-feathers brown, margined with olive towards the edges of the outer webs.

"Types of the species.--Male adult: Length, 140; wing, 60; tail, 52; tarsus, 18; culmen, 16. Female adult: Length, 140; wing, 61; tail, 52; tarsus, 18; culmen, 16." (Grant.)

The striped tree babbler is known only from the mountains of northern Luzon.

506. ZOSTERORNIS WHITEHEADI Grant.

WHITEHEAD'S TREE BABBLER.

Zosterornis whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 40; Ibis (1894); 510, pl. 15, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 222 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--Forehead, chin, entire side of head, and superciliary stripe cinnamon-rufous; a ring of white around eye; top of head dark gray; remainder of upper parts dull olive-green; under parts greenish yellow; middle of abdomen lemon-yellow; wing- and tail-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; inner webs of quills ocherous fawn; wing-lining pale yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs dull greenish; nails light flesh-color. Length, about 155. A male measures: Wing, 66; tail, 59; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 23. A female, wing, 64; tail, 65; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22.

Young.--Similar to the adult, but the colors duller and the gray of crown passing gradually into the olive of back; flanks and crissum washed with cinnamon.

Whitehead's tree babbler is very abundant in the vicinity of Baguio, Benguet Province, Luzon.

507. ZOSTERORNIS DENNISTOUNI Grant.

YELLOW TREE BABBLER.

Zosterornis dennistouni Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 5, 2; Ibis (1896), 118, pl. 3, fig. 2; (1897), 234 (key to species); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223, (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Luzon (Whitehead).

"Adult male and female.--Forehead and crown shining golden yellow, shading into yellowish gray on the back and sides of the head and neck, and greenish gray on the back and rest of the upper parts, all the feathers with narrow whitish shaft-stripes; wings dark brown, the quills margined with yellowish brown; chin and throat golden yellow, but paler than the crown, and shading into whitish yellow on the breast and rest of under parts; sides and flanks washed with greenish gray; tail-feathers brownish black, margined on the outer webs with yellowish brown, the five outer pairs tipped with white, the tips increasing in width towards the outer pair, which has also the greater part of the outer web white.

"Immature birds resemble the adult, but the golden yellow forehead is represented by yellowish brown feathers with pale middles, the quills are edged with rufous, and the under parts are white slightly tinged with yellow." (Grant.)

Grant's measurements of the types, converted to millimeters, are: Male, length, 140; wing, 68; tail, 61; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19; female, length, 135; wing, 66; tail, 56; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19.

The yellow tree babbler is resident in the vicinity of Cape Engaño, northern Luzon.

508. ZOSTERORNIS PYGMÆUS Grant.

PYGMY TREE BABBLER.

Mixornis plateni Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 58, (not of Blasius). Zosterornis pygmæus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 18; Ibis (1897), 233, pl. 6, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 223 (habits). Zosterornis pygmæa Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male and female.--General color above brownish olive, brownest on the crown, each feather of which has a narrow whitish shaft-stripe; lores whitish; feathers above and below the eye blackish with white shafts; chin whitish; throat, fore neck, and chest gray with white middles to the feathers, most marked on the throat; breast and belly white, shading into grayish on the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts. 'Iris bicolored, outer ring red, inner pale yellow; bill slate-blue, black at tip; feet slate-gray.' (Whitehead.) Length, 102; culmen, 13; wing, 53; tail, 39; tarsus, 16.5." (Grant.)

509. ZOSTERORNIS PLATENI (Blasius).

PLATEN'S TREE BABBLER.

Mixornis plateni Blasius, Journ. für Orn. (1890), 147. Zosterornis plateni Grant, Ibis (1897), 233, (key to species); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Mindanao (Platen).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Zosterornis capitalis, but noticeably smaller.

Description of female.--Above olive-brown; rump and tail-coverts more rust-colored; upper back with white shaft-stripes; entire head above and on sides, neck, and breast red-brown, with fine white shaft-stripes; chin and throat more blackish with broad white shaft-stripes; tail-feathers uniformly brown, washed with olive-brown on the outer webs; tail-feathers above and upper wing-coverts similar; under wing-coverts and axillars whitish. Length, 120; wing, 55; tail, 47; culmen, 10; tarsus, 15. [71]

510. ZOSTERORNIS CAPITALIS (Tweeddale).

RUFOUS-CROWNED TREE BABBLER.

Mixornis capitalis Tweeddale, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 535; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 110, pl. 7, fig. 2; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 582. Zosterornis capitalis Grant, Ibis, (1897), 233, (key to species); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett).

Adult (male and female).--Forehead and crown rufous-chestnut or reddish auburn, some of the feathers with yellowish shaft-stripes; occiput, back, and lesser and median wing-coverts dark brown with pale yellow shaft-stripes; rump and tail-coverts slightly olivaceous and without shaft-stripes; lores, ear-coverts, and cheeks ashy with whitish shaft-stripes; chin and throat chestnut, washed with light yellow; remainder of under parts very pale yellow; sides and flanks gray; wings brown, the outer webs edged with lighter brown, inner webs edged with white; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white which increases on each pair toward the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. A male from Mindanao measures: Length, 147; wing, 69; tail, 60; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 67; tail, 60; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 18.5.

"Not uncommon in the deep forest of Basilan, where it is usually found in company with Macronous, Hypothymis, and other birds. Seventeen males average: Length, 143; wing, 67; tail, 61; culmen, 18; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Eleven females, length, 141; wing, 67; tail, 60; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 16; culmen, 16. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet drab, with a greenish tinge; feet and nails yellowish; bill almost black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

511. ZOSTERORNIS NIGROCAPITATUS (Steere).

BLACK-CROWNED TREE BABBLER.

Mixornis nigrocapitatus Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17. Zosterornis nigrocapitatus Grant, Ibis (1897), 232; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223 (habits). Zosterornis nigrocapitata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 51; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82 (part).

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult (male and female).--Forehead, lores, and crown black, on each side behind eye a small patch of dark chestnut; remainder of upper parts ashy gray with lighter shaft-stripes; tail-coverts slightly olivaceous; ear-coverts and sides of head and neck like the back; chin and throat clear saffron-yellow, extending faintly onto fore breast; a short stripe of dark chestnut on each side of throat; middle of lower breast and abdomen and tail-coverts white; sides, flanks, and thighs gray; quills brown, externally edged with dull olivaceous, internally with white; median and lesser coverts like the back; rectrices brown, all but the middle pair tipped with white which increases on each pair toward the outermost, the outer webs of which are entirely white. Length, about 145. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 68; tail, 62; culmen from base, 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 65.5; tail, 59; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 17.

"Professor Steere originally described this bird as a Mixornis, but the structure of the nasal opening, as well as the shape of the wing, clearly shows that it is a species of Zosterornis, most nearly allied to Z. dennistouni Grant from Luzon. Young birds have the top of the head brownish and the interscapular region darker than in the adult, and both these parts have well-defined whitish shaft-stripes; the color of the chin and throat is also paler than in the adult, while the outer webs of the primary-quills are pale sandy.

"(The black-headed babbler is common in Samar and Leyte, and frequents the higher branches of the undergrowth. Iris two-colored, having an outer ring of red and an inner one of pale yellow; bill black; legs dull lead-blue.--J. W.)" (Grant.)

"Fairly common in the deep forest of Samar. Never seen in any other locality by us. Seven males average: Length, 140; wing, 66; tail, 59; culmen, 17; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Five females, length, 139; wing, 67; tail, 57; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris varies from light brown to brick-red, in young birds it is dull yellow; legs and feet light olive-brown, often with a wash of yellow; nails brown to yellow; bill black. Breeding in July and August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

512. ZOSTERORNIS AFFINIS McGregor.

RUFOUS-CHINNED TREE BABBLER.

Zosterornis nigrocapitata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82, (part). Zosterornis affinis McGregor, Phil. Journ. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 292.

Luzon (Celestino).

Male (type).--Forehead and crown black, the shafts obscurely whitish; a small patch of chestnut behind each eye next to the black crown; general color above dull olive-gray, feathers of neck and mantle with conspicuous, narrow, whitish shaft-lines; rump uniform; a narrow ring around eye, ear-coverts, and cheeks gray with pale yellow shaft-lines; chin, throat, and fore breast pale lemon-yellow, the chin heavily washed with chestnut-rufous which becomes gradually less on throat and disappears on breast; middle of breast and abdomen very pale yellow, their sides gray, overlaid with a faint yellow wash; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wings blackish brown, outer edges of quills lighter and inner edges whitish; median and lesser coverts with light shaft-lines; upper tail-coverts dull olive-brown; rectrices dark brown, except the outermost feathers, their outer webs edged with olive-brown, all but the center pair tipped with white, increasing in extent toward the outermost feather which has its outer web almost entirely white. Length, 152; wing, 68; tail, 61; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 19.

This species is similar to Z. nigrocapitatus, but is slightly larger and the back is distinctly olivaceous; the reddish brown of chin and upper throat are diffused over these parts instead of forming a patch on each side. The only known specimen, a male, was taken in Bataan Province, Luzon, December 3, 1904.

Genus MIXORNIS "Hodgson" Blyth, 1842.

Rictal bristles nearly as long as bill from nostril; culmen from base a little shorter than tarsus; nasal opening oval and with no overhanging membrane; feathers of lower back long, decomposed, and hair-like, without stiff shafts, the longest reaching to tips of tail-coverts; entire body plumage soft and decomposed.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat light yellow, narrowly striped with black. ... woodi (p. 533) a2. Chin and throat white, broadly striped with black. ... cagayanensis (p. 534)

513. MIXORNIS WOODI Sharpe.

PALAWAN TIT BABBLER.

Mixornis woodi Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 577; Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 49, pl. 2, fig. 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, White, Celestino).

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, lores, cheeks, ear-coverts, and feathers around eye ashy gray, more or less streaked with black; crown dark chestnut; occiput, nape, sides of crown behind eye, sides of neck, and back olive-gray; long feathers of lower back dark ocherous brown; chin white; throat and fore breast light sulphur-yellow with narrow black shaft-lines; remainder of under parts light olive-gray, more yellowish along middle of breast and abdomen; wings, tail, and upper tail-coverts rusty chestnut; primaries and secondaries edged with white on inner webs; rectrices with narrow obsolete bars. Length, about 140. A male measures: Wing, 60; tail, 55; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 62; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 21.

"Very common in the vines and thickets of forest and second growth in Palawan. Not found by us in the Calamianes. Four males average: Length, 137; wing, 61; tail, 56; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Seven females, length, 133; wing, 58; tail, 52; culmen, 16; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 17." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

514. MIXORNIS CAGAYANENSIS Guillemard.

CAGAYAN SULU TIT BABBLER.

Mixornis cagayanensis Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 419, pl. 25; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard).

Male.--"Above grayish olive; the forehead grayish, with black shafts to the feathers, the occipital region with a tinge of chestnut; feathers round the eye and in the parotic region ashy; throat and chin pure white, broadly striped with black; breast pale yellow, also broadly striped, shading off below into the yellowish olive-gray of the crissum and under tail-coverts; thighs with a slight reddish tint; under wing-coverts white; wings chestnut; tail brown with traces of dark barring. Iris pale yellow; bill and feet lead-colored. Length, about 145; wing, 64; tail, 60; bill from gape, 18; tarsus, 20.

"This species, which was common in low bushes in the more open situations in the island, is at once distinguishable from M. bornensis by the upper surface being of an ashy olive-brown instead of chestnut. It has a loud note of alarm, is very restless in its movements, and apparently rarely flies far off the ground." (Guillemard.)

Genus MACRONOUS Jardine and Selby, 1835.

Rictal bristles about as long as bill from nostril; nasal opening oval and not protected by a flap; culmen from base less than tarsus; long feathers of the back reaching to or beyond the tips of tail-coverts, their shafts stiff and usually white; feathers on sides of body long, decomposed, and hair-like; most of the plumage loose and decomposed. Macronous resembles Mixornis in its long dorsal feathers, but differs from the latter in having the shafts of these feathers thick and stiff. Zosterornis differs from both of these genera in having shorter dorsal plumes and in having a flap above the nasal opening.

Species.

a1. Entire top of head black with conspicuous white shaft-stripes.

b1. Throat and breast white, edges of the feathers ocherous buff or brown. ... striaticeps (p. 535) b2. Throat and breast washed with ocherous brown or sparrow-brown.

c1. Slightly larger; lighter in color and with lighter markings. ... mindanensis (p. 535) c2. Slightly smaller; much darker and with heavier markings throughout. ... montanus (p. 536)

a2. Entire top of head brown with a few narrow shaft-stripes of white. ... kettlewelli (p. 537)

515. MACRONOUS STRIATICEPS Sharpe.

BASILAN TIT BABBLER.

Macronus striaticeps Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 331; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 584; Hand-List (1903), 4, 53; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 50; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult (male and female).--Entire top and sides of head and neck black, streaked with white; lores white; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, rusty tan-brown; feathers of mantle and back with lighter shafts; chin and throat white; feathers of breast and abdomen white with gray or brown edges, slightly olivaceous on fore breast; flanks and tail-coverts ocherous buff with lighter shafts; thighs ocherous buff; wing-lining and inner edges of quills dark buff. Length, 140 to 144. A male measures: Wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.

"The sexes are alike in size and color. Young birds are rather more rufescent below and have the streaks on the head tinged with rufous. Both specimens collected by Doctor Steere had the iris hazel, but Mr. Everett gives the iris as white in all those obtained by him." (Sharpe.)

"This species seems to be confined to the Island of Basilan, where it is extremely common in the forest and second growth. It works about the dense tangle of vines, and usually keeps within five to ten meters of the ground. Thirteen males average: Length, 134; wing, 60; tail, 54; culmen, 16; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 18. Eight females, length, 130; wing, 58; tail, 53.5; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Iris very dark brown; upper mandible black, lower drab; legs and feet drab." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

516. MACRONOUS MINDANENSIS Steere.

MINDANAO TIT BABBLER.

Macronus mindanensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 17; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 223 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 54; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino, Clemens); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Similar to Macronous striaticeps, but throat, breast, and sides of head washed with ocherous buff or fulvous giving these parts a soiled appearance. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 60; tail, 53; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20. A female from Bohol, wing, 59; tail, 53; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 19.

"Common in Mindanao and Samar. Habits exactly like those of M. striaticeps. Four males average: Length, 144; wing, 60; tail, 56; culmen, 16.5; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Four females, length, 135; wing, 55; tail, 54; culmen, 14.7; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18.5. Iris light yellow-white; legs, feet, and nails drab; bill nearly black, the lower mandible slightly lighter than upper.

"It is remarkable that the differences between M. striaticeps and M. mindanensis should have escaped the notice of naturalists until they were pointed out by Doctor Steere. The two species are quite distinct, and can be distinguished with absolute certainty." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Mr. Whitehead found a nest of this species [near Paranas, Samar, June 15, 1896] containing three eggs. These were in such an advanced stage of incubation that the young birds hatched out a few hours after the eggs were placed in his room. Eggs pure white, thickly speckled towards the larger end with dark red. The nest, a large ball of bamboo leaves and loosely constructed, was placed close to the ground in old forest." (Grant and Whitehead.)

517. MACRONOUS MONTANUS (Mearns).

MOUNTAIN TIT BABBLER.

Macronous mindanensis montanus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 4. Macronus montanus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Tah-gó-saa or tah-go-say'-ahn, Bagobo; tar-man'-op, Moros of Pantar and Lake Lanao.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male and female.--Similar to Macronous mindanensis mindanensis, but very much darker with heavier markings throughout; the dark shaft-streaks are increased in area and intensity; the blackish feathering of the upper side of the head occupies more of the nape; and the back and rump are prout's brown instead of raw umber; the under parts are dark from the throat backward, the flanks being dark isabella instead of clay-color. This mountain form (from Pantar at 610 meters and Mount Apo at 1,220 meters) is slightly smaller than the subspecies mindanensis. It is still farther removed from Macronous striaticeps Sharpe from the Island of Basilan." (Mearns.)

518. MACRONOUS KETTLEWELLI Guillemard.

KETTLEWELL'S TIT BABBLER.

Macronus kettlewelli Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 262, pl. 18, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 54; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 82.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Differs from the other Philippine species in having the upper parts nearly uniform brown; shafts whitish; forehead blackish with narrow white shaft-lines; tail and upper tail-coverts pale chestnut; under parts nearly uniform pale fawn; sides of throat and body faintly lined with white; webs of the long dorsal feathers partly white next to the white shafts. Length, about 140; wing, 63; tail, 70; bill, 15; tarsus, 24. [72]

"Rare in Sulu, very common in Tawi Tawi. Found in the forest working in tangled herbage, like the other Philippine members of the genus. Fifteen males average: Length, 150; wing, 64; tail, 61; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Eight females, length, 155; wing, 62; tail, 59; culmen, 18; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris green; legs and feet light brown, washed with yellow; nails light brown; upper mandible black, lower gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LEONARDINA Mearns, 1905.

"Bill somewhat depressed, broader than high at base, higher than broad at anterior border of nostrils, equal in height and breadth at posterior edge of nostrils; culmen strongly ridged, curved from base; maxilla with a subterminal notch; nostrils apparently elongate-oval; distance between anterior angle of nostril and tip of bill equal to the length of the hind toe without claw; rictal bristles strongly developed; length of skull equal to that of tarsus; length of tarsus contained two and one-third times in that of wing; tarsus booted; hind toe with claw less than half the length of tarsus; wing and tail about equal; wing rounded, the first primary half as long as the third; tail moderate, graduated, with feathers somewhat pointed, and webs not decomposed; plumage full and soft." (Mearns.)

519. LEONARDINA WOODI Mearns.

WOOD'S BAGOBO BIRD.

Leonardia woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 2. Leonardina woodi Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Doo-roogh-bah-long, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Type (adult male).--Third primary equal to ninth; fifth, sixth, and seventh subequal and longest. Upper parts bistre, washed with burnt umber on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; tail blackish seal-brown; the feathers of the rump, which are very long and soft, have concealed white spots; sides of head and neck (including lores and ear-coverts), breast, and abdomen slate-gray, the latter washed with white; sides gray washed with burnt umber, particularly on the flanks, some of the feathers with concealed white spots; thighs gray washed with burnt umber; under tail-coverts tawny olive, the longest ochraceous; chin and throat white. Iris reddish brown; bill black; feet and claws plumbeous. Length, 205; alar expanse, 280; wing, 90; tail, 87; bill, measured from nostril, 10; culmen, 16; tarsus, 38; middle toe and claw, 27." (Mearns.)

The type and only known specimen was taken on Mount Apo, Mindanao, at 1,220 meters altitude.

Subfamily BRACHYPTERYGINÆ.

Tarsus slender; plumage normal, the feathers of back not lengthened; sexes unlike in colors.

Genus BRACHYPTERYX Horsfield, 1821.

Bill small and slender; rictal bristles weak; wing and tail moderate; tarsus long and slender, equal to more than one-half the tail and to about three times the bill from nostril. Sexes very unlike in colors; male with a concealed eyebrow-patch; female with head and neck brown.

Species.

a1. Head, neck, and throat slate-blue like the rest of the plumage (males).

b1. Smaller; throat and top of head dark slate. ... poliogyna (p. 539) b2. Larger; throat and top of head black.

c1. Smaller. ... brunneiceps (p. 539) c2. Larger; no grayish white on abdomen.

d1. White spot above the eye larger and not entirely concealed. ... mindanensis (p. 540) d2. White spot above the eye minute and wholly concealed. ... malindangensis (p. 540)

a2. Head, neck, and throat rusty brown, contrasting with the rest of the plumage (females).

b1. Crown lighter; chin and throat lighter. ... poliogyna (p. 539) b2. Crown darker; chin and throat deeper in color; belly not paler than breast.

c1. Smaller, tail shorter. ... brunneiceps (p. 539) c2. Larger, tail longer; abdomen washed with brownish gray.

d1. Color much lighter. ... mindanensis (p. 540) d2. Color much darker; russet of front of head intensified to almost a burnt umber and not extending backward beyond the eyes. ... malindangensis (p. 540)

520. BRACHYPTERYX POLIOGYNA Grant.

GRANT'S SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx poliogyna Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 446, pl. 12, fig. 1; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 216 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Male.--Most of the plumage dark slate-blue; middle of abdomen washed with gray; forehead, lores, ring around eye, jaw, and chin black; above each eye a concealed patch of soft silky white feathers; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with slate-blue; bend of wing white. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 140; wing, 67; tail, 49; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22.

Female.--Entire head, neck, chin, and throat umber or rusty brown, much darker on crown, lighter on chin and throat; remainder of plumage slaty blue, similar to the male, but lighter on the under parts and much grayer on abdomen. Length, 127; wing, 63; tail, 42; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 21.

521. BRACHYPTERYX BRUNNEICEPS Grant.

NEGROS SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant, Ibis (1896), 457; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 56; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Negros (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--"The Negros shortwing is closely allied to B. poliogyna, which Mr. Whitehead discovered in the highlands of Lepanto, Luzon. The males in fact, are, as one would expect, very much alike, but the Negros bird has the top of the head and throat washed with black instead of dark slate. Between the females the differences are much more marked; the crown of the head in B. brunneiceps is much darker brown, much less strongly washed with sienna on the forehead; the chin and middle of the throat are much deeper in color, very little paler than the sides; and the general tone of the under parts is darker slate-blue, the belly being in no way paler than the breast. Adult male: Length, 127; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29. Adult female: Length, 132; wing, 67; tail, 48; tarsus, 29." (Grant.)

522. BRACHYPTERYX MINDANENSIS Mearns.

MINDANAO SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 3; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Boor-roo-win'g, Bagobos of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Similar to the male of B. brunneiceps, but larger and apparently less heavily washed with black on the top of the head and throat. Belly without a trace of grayish wash present in B. poliogyna from the Island of Luzon. Measurements of No. 192,256, U. S. National Museum, from Mount Apo at 1,920 meters, July 4, 1904. Total length, 158; alar expanse, 220; wing, 70; tail, 62; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws gray-black, darker than plumage.

"Adult female.--Similar to the female of B. brunneiceps, but differs in addition to its larger size and relatively longer tail, in having the abdomen washed with brownish gray. The wing-quills and spurious wing are brown. Measurements of type: Length, 158; alar expanse, 212; wing, 70; tail, 56; bill from base of culmen, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and claws dark gray.

"Young male in first plumage.--Slate-colored feathers of the adult plumage are present in the greater wing-coverts and pectoral region of the specimen (No. 192,257, U. S. National Museum, from Todava, at 1,220 meters, on Mount Apo, July 11, 1904). General color clove-brown, the feathers slaty at base, all but the quills with russet shaft-spots, which are small and triangular on the back, and so extended as to give a general russet tone to the abdomen. Iris brown; bill and feet gray-black. Length, 155; alar expanse, 218; wing, 70; tail, 50; bill from base of culmen, 13; bill from nostril, 8.6; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 22.

"The name 'boor-roo-wi'ng,' used by the native Bagobos, is in imitation of the lisping notes of this bird, which suggest sounds of the winds." (Mearns.)

523. BRACHYPTERYX MALINDANGENSIS Mearns.

MALINDANG SHORTWING.

Brachypteryx malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 441.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Most closely related to Brachypteryx brunneiceps Grant and B. mindanensis Mearns. Smaller than brunneiceps, about equaling mindanensis; coloration very dark; russet of front of head intensified to almost a burnt umber, and not extending backward beyond the eyes; edge and lining of wings, slate-color, instead of rusty.

"Adult male * * *.--Uniformly slate-black, becoming practically black on the whole head, except a minute and wholly concealed supraorbital white spot. Iris dark reddish brown; bill all jet-black; feet and claws plumbeous-black (from fresh specimen).

"Adult female (type).--Front of the head back to the eyes rusty burnt umber, with eye-ring of same color; hind half of head, neck all round, and all of body except abdomen, blackish slate; abdomen washed with brownish gray; wings and tail brownish black, washed with slate-color; edge and lining of wings slate-color, not russet. The colors of the iris, bill, and feet were noted as exactly like those of the male topotype.

"Measurements.--Adult male * * *: Total length, 160; alar expanse, 222; wing, 70; tail, 60; culmen (chord), 14.5; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 24. Adult female (type): Total length, 148; alar expanse, 213; wing, 66; tail, 53; culmen (chord), 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 24.5." (Mearns.)

Family TURDIDÆ.

Bill slender; moderate to small in size; culmen curved near the tip; a slight notch in the cutting edge of bill; bristles about the bill usually reduced; wing flat and pointed; first primary not more than one-half of second, and often much less; tarsi and feet moderate to large, the former entire in front except for the lower part; young in first plumage spotted. [73]

Subfamilies.

a1. Much larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; tail square or slightly rounded. ... Turdinæ (p. 541) a2. Much smaller; wing, 95 mm. or less, usually much less; tail rounded, or rectrices slightly graduated.

b1. Upper tail-coverts black, brown, or gray. ... Ruticillinæ (p. 556) b2. Upper tail-coverts white. ... Saxicolinæ (p. 564)

Subfamily TURDINÆ.

Birds of this subfamily are nearly all much larger than any of the Ruticillinæ or Saxicolinæ. The wing is long, pointed, and flat, the first primary very short; tail nearly square; plumage uniform, spotted, or bicolored; habits either arboreal or terrestrial.

Genera.

a1. Without blue anywhere in the plumage.

b1. Axillars and wing-lining uniform in color; bill more slender.

c1. Plumage black and dark brown; four primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Planesticus (p. 542) c2. Plumage of under parts white, and chestnut or gray, never black; three primaries with outer webs emarginate. ... Turdus (p. 547)

b2. Axillars and under wing-coverts of two colors, the arrangement of colors on one reversed on the other; bill stouter.

c1. Bill moderate in length; rictal bristles not greatly developed, few and lateral.

d1. Under parts marked with crescent-shaped black bands. ... Oreocincla (p. 553) d2. Under parts marked with fan-shaped spots. ... Geokichla (p. 550)

c2. Bill long and strongly curved near the tip; rictal bristles numerous and long, the anterior ones extending over the nostrils as in the flycatchers; throat, breast, and flanks with fan-shaped spots. ... Zoothera (p. 552)

a2. With more or less blue in the plumage; axillars and wing-lining nearly uniform chestnut, or else ocherous barred with black; feathers of under parts usually fringed with gray or black. ... Petrophila (p. 554)

Genus PLANESTICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Four primaries, third to sixth, with the outer webs emarginate; bill somewhat stouter than in Turdus; otherwise the two genera are very similar in structure. The Philippine members of Planesticus are resident, mountain species, and may be easily recognized by the colors, smoky brown and blackish slate, with no white on the breast and abdomen.

Species. [74]

KEY BASED ON ADULT MALES.

a1. Wing less than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks chestnut. ... mindorensis (p. 543) a2. Wing more than 115 mm.; sides of lower breast and flanks not chestnut.

b1. Chest, head and neck all round nearly uniform broccoli-brown (slightly darkest on crown).

c1. Wing, about 120 mm.; body uniform blackish; under tail-coverts longitudinally striped with white.

d1. Larger; length, 225; wing, 121; bill from nostril, 14.7; body dark brown. ... thomassoni (p. 544) d2. Smaller; length, 215; wing, 120; bill from nostril, 13; body practically black. ... mayonensis (p. 544)

c2. Wing less than 120 mm.; body, including tail-coverts and crissum, uniform clove-brown. ... kelleri (p. 545)

b2. Chest paler, contrasting strongly with the dark color of crown.

c1. Smaller; wing, 124.5 mm.; tail, 96.5; chin, throat, and chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on breast, flanks, and belly; median area of under surface dark, except at vent; under tail-coverts dark brown with pale, whitish brown tips. ... nigrorum (p. 545) c2. Larger; wing, 127 mm.; tail, 115; chin, throat, and chest pale drab-gray; flanks and breast similar in color to the upper surface of body; median area of under surface spotted with white anteriorly, all white posteriorly; under tail-coverts sooty-brown, with broad, longitudinal white stripes. ... malindangensis (p. 546)

524. PLANESTICUS MINDORENSIS (Grant).

MINDORO BLACK THRUSH. [75]

Turdus mindorensis Grant, Ibis (1896), 465; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213 (habits). Merula mindorensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 125; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Mindoro (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Top and sides of the head and nape grayish brown, shading into brownish black on the rest of the upper parts and tail; chin whitish; throat and upper breast brownish gray, but considerably paler than the crown; sides of the lower breast and flanks rich chestnut; middle of the breast and belly pure white; under tail-coverts dark gray, tinged with rufous and with wide white middles, widest toward the extremity. Length, 229; wing, 108; tail, 88; tarsus, 30.

"Adult female.--Only differs from the male in having the brownish black upper parts washed with dark olive, most conspicuous on the rump and upper tail-coverts. Length, 221; wing, 108; tail, 82.5; tarsus, 30.

"In the immature male the upper parts resemble those of the female, but most or many of the feathers on the top of the head are brownish black and similar in color to the back of the adult male.

"In a slightly older example the head is mixed with the brownish gray feathers of the adult plumage; in a younger bird the crown is uniform brownish black, and the feathers of the mantle have rufous shaft-stripes. Both these birds have the chest and upper breast mixed with rust-colored feathers spotted with black at the extremity, and perfectly similar to those found in the young of the common blackbird (T. merula).

"An immature female has the top of the head and nape warm dark brown, and the rest of the upper parts dark brown washed with olive, as in the adult female, but few of the feathers of the mantle and wing-coverts have narrow rufous shaft-stripes, and the throat and chest are mostly clad in the rust and black-spotted immature plumage. The nearly adult female differs only from the adult in having the crown blackish brown." (Grant).

525. PLANESTICUS THOMASSONI (Seebohm).

LUZON BLACK THRUSH.

Merula thomassoni Seebohm, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 41; Grant, Ibis (1894), 508; (1895), 445; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 120; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83. Turdus thomassoni Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212.

Bul-it, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Mearns).

Adult.--Entire head, neck all round, chin, throat, and chest light smoky brown, darker on forehead and crown; remainder of plumage black; some of the feathers at sides of abdomen tipped with white; under tail-coverts with white shaft-streaks and narrow rusty brown tips. Bill, legs, and nails yellow. Length of a male, plumage somewhat worn, 240; wing, 116; tail, 92; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 31. A female, wing, 118; tail, 93; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 33. Even in adult birds there is some variation in the amount of white on the under tail-coverts, and rusty brown fringes on the feathers of the abdomen seem to indicate immaturity. A young male has the head and neck black instead of chocolate-brown and the feathers of lower breast and abdomen are liberally marked with rusty brown, this coloring the shafts of some feathers.

526. PLANESTICUS MAYONENSIS (Mearns).

MAYON BLACK THRUSH.

Merula mayonensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 358.

Luzon (Mearns).

"Characters.--Pattern of coloration similar to that of Merula thomassoni Grant, but darker, with less contrast between the coloration of the head and that of the body. Smaller, with relatively stouter bill; preanal feathers not tipped with white.

"Description of type (adult male).--Upper surface except head and neck all black; under surface of body black perceptibly washed with brown on feather edges; head and neck very dark brown, almost black on crown; entire under surface of wings and tail dull black; under tail-coverts black with narrow median white stripes involving the shafts. Iris very dark brown; eyelids, bill, feet, and claws all yellow. Female exactly like the male. A younger male than the type differs only in having the feathers of the under side of the body edged with yellowish brown. Length, 215; wing, 120; tail, 101; culmen (chord measured from true base), 22; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 13; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 32.5.

"Female.--Length, 210; wing, 117; tail, 99; culmen, 20.5; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 32." (Mearns.)

527. PLANESTICUS KELLERI (Mearns).

KELLER'S BLACK THRUSH.

Merula kelleri Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 6; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Pó-lo, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Goodfellow).

Adult.--This species is almost exactly like P. thomassoni in colors, but is considerably smaller in size. A male collected by Mearns measures: Length, 246; wing, 110; tail, 94; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 31.

A female, wing, 110; tail, 89; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 30.

528. PLANESTICUS NIGRORUM (Grant).

NEGROS BLACK THRUSH.

Turdus nigrorum Grant, Ibis (1896), 544; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 238, pl. 5, figs. 8 and 9 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213 (nest). Merula nigrorum Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 119; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, pl. 5, fig. 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 83.

Negros (Whitehead).

"Adult male and female.--Above rich dark umber, darkest on the top of the head; wings and tail brownish black; chin, throat, and chest pale sooty brown, rather lighter on the breast, flanks, and belly; a band of white feathers across the vent; under tail-coverts dark brown, with pale whitish-brown tips. Bill and feet yellow. Male: Length, 241; wing, 124; tail, 96.5; tarsus, 34. Female: Length, 223.5; wing, 119; tail, 91; tarsus, 31.5.

"An immature male has the upper parts much like those of the adult, but the feathers of the back have indistinct margins of darker color, the chin and middle of the throat are buff, and the breast and under parts spotted with black and washed with rufous, shading into tawny buff on the middle of the belly.

"The Negros blackbird is resident on the volcano of Canloon at an altitude of from 1,600 to 2,000 meters, and both young birds and eggs were obtained." (Grant.)

A nest containing two "much incubated" eggs was taken by Whitehead on April 12, 1896, and another nest with two young birds was found on the 21st of the same month. The eggs are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale green; one egg very thickly mottled with brick-red, almost hiding the ground-color; the second blotched toward the larger end and more thinly marked over the rest of the shell showing the very pale red-lilac clouded under-markings. As compared with eggs of the common blackbird, the above are very much redder, and closely resemble those of Turdus simillimus." (Grant and Whitehead.)

529. PLANESTICUS MALINDANGENSIS (Mearns).

MALINDANG BLACK THRUSH.

Merula malindangensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 357.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Largest of the Philippine species of Merula. Breast and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color extending to the throat and chin and forming an indistinct collar around the hind neck; middle of abdomen and crissum nearly white; mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; wings and tail dark sooty-brown.

"Adult male.--Upper side of head, mantle, back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light sooty-brown; flanks slightly paler and browner; wings and tail dark sooty-brown, more fuliginous on under surface; chest and under side of neck light drab-gray, a darker shade of this color encircling the neck and extending to the chin and throat, where the feathers have dark shaft-streaks; sides of head pale sooty-brown; feathers of the median area from chest to crissum, with broad, white edges and a dark central area inclosing a sagittate white spot, giving a spotted appearance to the middle of the under surface of the body; crissum with this light area expanded and practically all white; under tail-coverts sooty-brown, longitudinally striped with white or pale buff.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but slightly smaller and dingier in color with a slight rufescence on sides of lower breast and flanks.

"Immature male.--Sides of lower chest and flanks more strongly washed with raw-umber than in adult females; chest and throat darker.

"First plumage (male).--Upper surface dusky, washed with raw-umber, especially on the head, neck, upper back, and wing-coverts; scapulars with pale rusty shaft-streaks, and some of the lesser wing-coverts edged with the same; under surface sepia-brown strongly mixed with reddish brown and spotted with brownish black, the rufescence covering the middle of the throat and much of the chest, the blackish cordate spots being confined to the tips and the rusty bands crossing the middle of the feathers; whitish median stripe distinct but with pale rufescent edging to the feathers except on lower abdomen; under tail-coverts sepia-brown with rusty edging and broad, white, median stripes.

"In other specimens taken at the same season, the molt was nearly finished, leaving a few feathers with rusty bands and black spots and with a stronger rusty washing to the flanks than in adults." (Mearns.)

Genus TURDUS Linnæus, 1758.

Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; wing strong, flat, and pointed; third, fourth, and fifth primaries emarginate on outer webs; first primary very short, less than primary-coverts; tail nearly square; tarsus slightly less than one-third of tail and about equal to middle toe with claw. Upper parts olive-brown, russet-brown, or gray; chin and throat light with dusky streaks; chest, sides, and flanks dull chestnut or gray; crissum and middle of breast and abdomen white. This color pattern is characteristic of the three migratory species which have been found in the Philippine Islands.

Species.

a1. Without a white superciliary stripe.

b1. Chest, sides, and flanks gray or drab-gray ... pallidus (p. 547) b2. Chest, sides, and flanks chestnut ... chrysolaus (p. 548)

a2. With a well-marked, white, superciliary stripe extending from above lores to above ear-coverts ... obscurus (p. 549)

530. TURDUS PALLIDUS Gmelin.

PALE THRUSH.

Turdus pallidus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 815; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 128; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 118, pl. 6, fig. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula pallida Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 273.

Calayan (McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; Formosa and Southern China in winter.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is rich russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; no trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula wing-feathers with the outer webs slate-gray, the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with the outer webs russet-brown; tail dark brown, the outer webs of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of outside tail-feathers white for half an inch [13 mm.] at the tip; inner web of second outside tail-feather on each side with rather less white at the tip; more or less white at the tip of the third outside tail-feather on each side; throat and cheeks, breast and flanks slate-gray, shading into white on the belly and the center of the breast, and more or less irregularly shaded with brown on the lower throat, sides of breast, and flanks; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third, fourth, and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, bastard primary 19 to 12.7 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 129.5 to 119; tail, 99 to 84; culmen, 29 to 23; tarsus, 30 to 29.

"The female differs from the male in having the parts which are slate-gray replaced by russet-brown, and in having the center of the throat grayish white, and the cheeks and sides of the throat with brown fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year have the plumage of the female, and the greater wing-coverts with more or less conspicuous pale tips. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 122; tail, 87; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 30.

531. TURDUS CHRYSOLAUS Temminck.

JAPANESE BROWN THRUSH.

Turdus chrysolaus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1831), 2, 537; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 213; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 139; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119, pl. 6, figs. 15 and 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula chrysolaus Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 275.

Pir-pi-rú-ca, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead). Japan, Hainan, and Eastern Siberia; in winter to Formosa and China.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is russet-brown, tinged with gray on the head; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts brown; scarcely a trace of eye-stripe; wings brown, the primaries, primary-coverts, and alula feathers with the outer webs slaty brown; the secondaries, greater, median, and lesser wing-coverts with outer webs russet-brown; tail brown, the outer web of each feather margined with olive-brown; inner web of the outside tail-feathers narrowly margined with white; throat and cheeks sooty brown, shading into chestnut-brown on the breast, and into deep rich chestnut on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with the basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts edged with pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale slaty brown. Bill dark brown, yellow at the base of the under mandible. Wings with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, or fifth and sixth, bastard primary 18 to 16.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 117; tail, 91 to 79; culmen, 22.6 to 19; tarsus, 33 to 29.

"The female has no gray on the head or wings, the upper throat is nearly white, and the feathers of the cheeks and the center of the throat are white, with dark brown, fan-shaped terminal spots. Males of the year resemble females. Young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

532. TURDUS OBSCURUS Gmelin.

DARK THRUSH.

Turdus obscurus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 816; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212 (migration); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 119; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84. Merula obscura Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 5, 273.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Cuming, Othberg, Whitehead); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Negros (Whitehead). Eastern Siberia, Japan, Eastern Himalayas and Malay Peninsula; in winter to China, Borneo, and Burma.

"In the adult male the general color of the upper parts is olive-brown, tinged with gray on the crown and nape; lores very dark brown; ear-coverts slaty brown; eye-stripe white, extending nearly to the nape; wings, wing-coverts, and tail brown, the outer web of each feather olive-brown, grayer on the margins of the primaries and primary-coverts; outside tail-feathers obscurely tipped with white on the inner web; throat and cheeks slaty brown, shading into olive-brown on the breast and into pale chestnut-brown on the flanks, leaving the belly white; under tail-coverts white, with basal half edged with brown; axillars and under wing-coverts pale slate-gray, obscurely tipped with white; inner margin of quills pale brown. Bill with upper mandible dark brown; under mandible pale yellow, darker toward the tip. Wing with the third primary longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth, bastard primary, 15 to 13 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale brown. Wing, 127 to 112; tail, 91 to 76; culmen, 22 to 20; tarsus, 32 to 28.

"The female differs from the male in not having the slaty tint on the crown, nape, and sides of the head; the throat is white, obscurely streaked with brown, and the flanks are very slightly suffused with pale chestnut-brown. In spring the general color of the upper parts has faded from russet-brown into a grayer brown, which becomes still more gray during summer.

"Birds of the year do not entirely lose the marks of immaturity until their second autumn molt; the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries frequently retain the pale tips, though these are white rather than ochraceous; the throat and eye-stripe of the female are much suffused with ochraceous, and the throat of the male resembles that of the adult female.

"Young in first plumage have most of the feathers of the upper parts with pale ochraceous shafts, the feathers of the back have traces of dark-brown terminal bars, and the wing-coverts and innermost secondaries have pale ochraceous tips to the outside webs; on the under parts the feathers of the cheeks and breast have dark-brown tips, which become less conspicuous on the flanks; the throat and eye-stripe are suffused with ochraceous." (Seebohm.)

A male from Apo Island, near Mindoro, measures: Wing, 126; tail, 97; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.

Genus GEOKICHLA "Boie" S. Müller, 1835.

Bill short and stout; bristles about bill short and weak; first primary a little shorter than primary-coverts; third to sixth primaries with outer webs emarginate; inner webs of quills light colored at base; axillars bicolored, the colors reversed on the under wing-coverts; tail short, about twice the tarsus. Under parts white, spotted with black.

Species.

a1. Head brownish chestnut; chin, throat, and chest black ... interpres (p. 550) a2. Head ashy gray; chin and throat white, spotted or barred with black.

b1. Median and greater wing-coverts with white tips forming two bars. ... cinerea (p. 551) b2. No white spots on any of the upper wing-coverts ... mindanensis (p. 552)

533. GEOKICHLA INTERPRES (Temminck).

KUHL'S GROUND THRUSH.

Turdus interpres "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1828), 2, no. 458. Geocichla interpres Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 166; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 132; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Sulu (Platen); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Malay Peninsula, northwestern Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Lombok, Sumbawa.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the head is brownish chestnut, shading into orange-chestnut on the nape; the rest of the upper parts slate-gray; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; ear-coverts and cheeks black, the feathers of the former with white bases; innermost secondaries and quills dark brown; wing-coverts nearly black; median wing-coverts white; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; unemarginated portion of outside web of primaries pale slate-gray; tail brown, the outside feather on each side broadly tipped with white, and the next narrowly so; chin, throat, and upper breast black; rest of the under parts white, suffused with ochraceous on the flanks; the feathers of the lower breast with conspicuous fan-shaped black terminal spots, which become obscure on the flanks; axillars, basal portion white, terminal portion dark slate-gray; lower under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal portion of inner web of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill dark brown above and below. Wing with the fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the seventh and eighth, bastard primary, 24 to 21.5 mm. Legs, feet, and claws flesh-color. Wing, 108 to 102; tail, 61 to 53; culmen, 19.5 to 18; tarsus, 29 to 28. The adult plumage of the sexes appears to be alike, nor is it known that any important change takes place by abrasion.

"Young in first plumage appear to have the whole of the upper parts dull chestnut, each feather having a pale shaft and obscure pale center; the white bars on the wings are suffused with chestnut, and the black on the under parts is confined to two moustachial lines on the cheeks, the rest being dull chestnut. This plumage is immediately molted to the adult plumage in the first autumn, except that certain birds, which I take to be females, have the slate-gray of the upper parts replaced by dark olive-brown." (Seebohm.)

534. GEOKICHLA CINEREA Bourns and Worcester.

MINDORO GROUND THRUSH.

Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 133; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.

Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Above black; feathers of head, neck, back, rump, and scapulars edged with ashy gray; lores white, the hair-like tips of the shafts black; eye-circle white, broken above and below center of eye by a black spot; feathers of jaw and ear-coverts white with black tips, between these areas the cheeks are black; chin feathers white, their shafts with black hair-like tips; remainder of under parts white, the feathers of throat, chest, and sides of body and abdomen with large fan-shaped black tips, forming an almost solid black pectoral patch, but posteriorly becoming gradually smaller; crissum and middle of abdomen without spots and washed with ocherous buff, most heavily on the longer tail-coverts; a dusky wash on flanks; wing-feathers blackish; outer webs of primaries edged with gray; inner webs of quills, except first two, with a diagonal band of light buff or white; alula and primary- and secondary-coverts black; greater and median coverts tipped with white forming two bars; edge of wing white; axillars white, tipped with blackish, these colors reversed on under wing-coverts; tail blackish, outermost rectrices each with a terminal white spot on inner web. Length, about 200 mm. A male measures: Wing, 115; tail, 70; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 29.

Female.--The only female examined is very similar to the male, but the ocherous wash of the under parts is lighter and the outer webs of the primary-coverts are marked with white forming a short band. Bill black, base of lower mandible whitish; iris very dark brown; legs and nails white. Wing, 112; tail, 63; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 30.

535. GEOKICHLA MINDANENSIS Mearns.

MINDANAO GROUND THRUSH.

Geocichla mindanensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 359.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Description of type (and only specimen).--Upper surface, including head, dark ashen gray closely resembling the shade of the same parts in Geocichla cinerea Bourns and Worcester; feathers of the back edged with black; scapulars with black spots occupying the tip of the web on the upper side; wing and tail-feathers shaded with brown and crossed by obsolete, wavy bars of darker; lores, eyelids, ear-coverts, and cheeks cinereous finely mixed with pale fawn-color, the malar region being cross-banded with black and fawn and the ear-coverts longitudinally striped with white; chin and throat white, narrowly cross-banded with black and bordered by black stripes; pectoral region plain cinereous-ash with pale shafts to the feathers; lower chest and flanks black and white, each feather heavily margined with jet-black inclosing a sharply pointed white spot; middle of abdomen white; crissum white, faintly washed with buff which is strongest on the lower tail-coverts; under side of wing-quills broadly white on inner border at base; edge of wing white; axillars white at base, broadly black at tip; under wing-coverts black, tipped with white and pale cream-color; upper wing-coverts without white spots. Length, 230; wing, 125; tail, 78; culmen (chord), 35; bill from nostril, 19; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 30.

"This species was occasionally seen as it darted through the mossy forest or alighted upon the ground; but it was so shy that only a single specimen was shot, although its loud, sweet song was frequently heard at morning and evening." (Mearns.)

Genus ZOOTHERA Vigors, 1831.

"In the genus Zoothera the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars of two colors, the colors in the one part transposed or reversed in the other, the lower plumage squamated, not distinctly barred nor spotted, and the rictal bristles very long and numerous. The anterior or supplementary bristles extend over the nostrils as in the flycatchers, and Zoothera is the only genus of thrushes in which this feature is present. The bill is very long and strongly curved near the tip, and the edges of the mandible are frequently serrated by wear and tear, but never originally so." (Oates.)

536. ZOOTHERA ANDROMEDÆ (Temminck).

JAVAN GROUND THRUSH.

Myiothera andromedæ "Kuhl MS," Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 2, no. 392. Geocichla andromedæ Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 163. Zoothera andromeda Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 138. Geocichla andromeda Grant, Ibis (1906), 477.

Mindanao (Goodfellow). Java, Sumatra, Lombok.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is dark brown, approaching black on the head and on the margins of the feathers of the back; feathers of lores and ear-coverts with pale centers; no trace of eye-stripe; wings and tail not quite so black as the back; chin and upper throat white, with narrow transverse terminal black bands; cheeks pale slate-gray with broad terminal black bands; lower throat and breast pale slate-gray; center of belly and under tail-coverts buffish white; flanks black with large diamond-shaped white centers; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; lower under wing-coverts, basal half black, terminal half white; basal portions of the inner webs of the secondaries and many of the primaries white. Bill abnormally long, dark brown above and below; wing with the fourth primary slightly the longest, second primary about equal to the sixth; bastard primary, 32 to 28 mm. Legs, feet, and claws dark brown. Wing, 124 to 122; tail, 77 to 71; culmen, 29 to 28; tarsus, 34 to 33.

"It is not known that there is any difference of plumage attributable to either sex or season. Young in first plumage have pale ochraceous shafts to most of the feathers of the upper parts and fan-shaped, ochraceous terminal spots to the wing-coverts. The under parts are also much suffused with ochraceous and the breast and flanks barred with black, the diamond-shaped pale centers being irregular in shape." (Seebohm.)

Genus OREOCINCLA Gould, 1838.

"In the genus Oreocincla the sexes are alike, the under wing-coverts and axillars are each of two colors, those on the axillars being transposed or reversed in order on the under wing-coverts, the lower plumage is distinctly barred or spotted, never squamated, and the rictal bristles are few and confined to the gape. The tail is typically short and the upper tail-coverts very ample. There is a distinct pattern on the under side of the wing." (Oates.)

537. OREOCINCLA VARIA (Pallas).

VARIED THRUSH.

Turdus varius Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-As. (1811), 1, 449. Geocichla varia Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 151; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 212. Oreocichla varia Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 136; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 84.

Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Porter). Japan and Siberia, accidental in Europe; China and Burma in winter.

"In the adult male in spring plumage the general color of the upper parts is ochraceous brown, each feather having a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band; most of the feathers have pale shafts and a more or less distinct ochraceous transverse subterminal band, very conspicuous on the head and neck; lores grayish white; no trace of eye-stripe; wing-coverts and innermost secondaries shading from dark olive-brown on the inside webs to ochraceous brown on the outside webs, but, with the exception of the primary-coverts, wanting the black terminal bands; quills brown, the outside webs ochraceous brown; four central and terminal portion on two outside tail-feathers on each side ochraceous brown, the remaining three on each side very dark olive-brown; five outside tail-feathers on each side more or less distinctly tipped with white, and all more or less obscurely barred; under parts white, with a more or less distinct tinge of ochraceous on the breast, each feather with a transverse terminal crescent-shaped black band, nearly obsolete on the chin, center of belly, and under tail-coverts; axillars, basal half white, terminal half black; under wing-coverts, basal portion black, terminal portion white; basal half of inner web of secondaries and basal portion of many of the primaries pale buff. Bill dark brown above, basal half of under mandible pale yellowish brown. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest, second primary between the fourth and fifth; bastard primary, 26.6 to 23 mm. Legs, feet, and claws pale yellowish brown. Length of wing, 162.5 to 150; tail, 114 to 105; culmen, 33 to 28; tarsus, 35.5 to 33.

"It is not known that there is any difference in the color of the plumage of the sexes, or in consequence of the autumn molt. Birds of the year and young in first plumage are unknown." (Seebohm.)

Genus PETROPHILA Swainson, 1837.

Rictal bristles weak, less than bill from nostril; first primary slender, equal to primary-coverts; outer webs of third, fourth, and fifth primaries sinuate; tarsus little longer than middle toe with claw; tail three times the tarsus. Males largely blue and chestnut; females dull gray or brown, barred with blackish brown; under parts washed with ocherous buff.

538. PETROPHILA MANILLENSIS (J. R. Forster).

EASTERN ROCK THRUSH.

Turdus manillensis J. R. Forster, Ind. Zool. (1781), 41. [76] Turdus manilla Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 39. Monticola cyanus solitaria Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 318. Petrophila solitaria Oates, Fauna Brit. India (1890), 2, 145. Monticola solitarius Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214 (winter migration). Petrophila manilla Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 144; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 130; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 85.

Sol-i-tá-ri-o, in general use; yu-ta-yú-ta, Siquijor.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp.); Batan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Schmacker, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami (McGregor). Japan and eastern Siberia; in winter to southern China, Burmese Provinces, and Malay Archipelago.

Male.--Upper parts, sides of head and neck, chin, throat, and chest blue, this color much obscured by gray, brown, and blackish tips to the feathers; lower breast, abdomen, crissum, and thighs deep chestnut, obscured by whitish tips and blackish subterminal bars; axillars and wing-lining chestnut; wings and tail black, the feathers edged with blue and tipped with white. Length, about 215; wing, 125; tail, 81; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 27.5. This plumage is the one usually found in winter birds in the Philippines. "At the end of winter the white fringes and subterminal black bars on the blue parts of the plumage are entirely lost, and the marks on the chestnut parts are also removed by abrasion in great measure, but never entirely." (Oates.)

"The female much resembles the autumn plumage of the male, except that the blue of the upper parts is much duller and the whole of the under parts are pale whitish brown, suffused with pale buffish brown on the axillaries and under wing- and tail-coverts; each feather on the under parts has a dark brown subterminal transverse band, which on the throat is continued on the margins of the feathers; the axillars and the under tail-coverts have several transverse dark bars. After the autumn molt the only perceptible difference in the female is that the pale brown margins of the feathers are somewhat longer. Males of the year scarcely differ from adult females, excepting in having the ground-color of the under parts, especially on the breast and belly, tinged with blue. Females of the year have the ground-color of the upper parts brown, only slightly tinged with blue on the wing-coverts, rump, and upper tail-coverts. Young in first plumage differ very slightly from the females of the year, but have scarcely a trace of blue." (Seebohm.)

A young female from Calayan is brown, slightly washed with dull blue on mantle and back; feathers of mantle, back, and tail-coverts with subterminal blackish bars and gray tips; under parts ocherous buff the feathers with subterminal blackish bars; wings black, the feathers tipped with white and edged with gray, tail similar; wing-lining, axillars, and crissum richer ocherous barred with black.

"Curiously enough this bird is called 'solitaria' by the natives of Negros on account of its habits. Always seen singly or in pairs. Common in the villages, especially about old churches. Also abundant on the rocks along the seashore and in open country in general; never found in the forest. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black; food, insects.

"Six males average, 210 in length; wing, 111; tail, 85; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 26. Four females, length, 210; wing, 111; tail, 84; culmen, 23; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 27." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A specimen from Bataan Province, Luzon, appears to be much nearer Petrophila cyanus (Linnæus) than P. manillensis; the under parts are blue with the chestnut restricted to the axillars, wing-lining, crissum, and a few feathers in the middle of abdomen.

Subfamily RUTICILLINÆ.

Nearly all the members of this subfamily are considerably smaller than any of the Turdinæ. There is much diversity in the color pattern as well as in the length and shape of the tail. The species are mostly terrestrial.

Genera.

a1. Tail rounded and decidedly shorter than wing.

b1. Without a white eyebrow; plumage dark blue and chestnut. ... Chaimarrornis (p. 557) b2. With a distinct white eyebrow; chin and throat bright red in the male, white in the female, forming a conspicuous patch ... Calliope (p. 558)

a2. Tail-feathers strongly graduated, the longest equal to or longer than the wing; plumage mostly black, or black and white.

b1. Lesser and median wing-coverts mostly white, forming a large patch; abdomen and crissum white ... Copsychus (p. 558) b2. Lesser and median wing-coverts black; outer tail-feathers tipped with white, or else entire plumage black ... Kittacincla (p. 560)

Genus CHAIMARRORNIS Hodgson, 1844.

Bill small and slender; culmen from base about equal to hind toe with claw; first primary about one-half of second and a little shorter than tarsus; tail rounded, about two-thirds as long as wing, and scarcely exceeding the outstretched legs and feet. Colors dark blue and chestnut.

539. CHAIMARRORNIS BICOLOR Grant.

BICOLORED REDSTART.

Chimarrhornis bicolor Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 44; Ibis (1894), 509, pl. 15, fig. 2; (1895), 446; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 217 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 150; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 85.

U-li-si-u, Irisan, Benguet Province.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--General color slate-blue, throat darker; chin, jaw, and lores black; abdomen, crissum, flanks, rump, and upper tail-coverts rich chestnut; thighs slate-gray, tail chestnut; wing-feathers dark brown, their edges slate-blue. Bill and nails black; legs and feet very dark brown. Length, 152; wing, 77; tail, 58; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.

Female.--Similar to the male but duller in color; rump, tail-coverts, and tail brown, very slightly chestnut. Length, 152; wing, 75; tail, 55; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 21.

Young.--A young male taken in June, 1903, has the plumage dark smoke-gray, almost black, the feathers of throat, breast, and wing-coverts faintly tipped with gray; wings and tail as in the adult and a few new feathers of head, neck, breast, and abdomen indicating the adult colors.

Genus CALLIOPE Gould, 1837.

Bill slender; culmen from base nearly equal to hind toe with claw; wing long and pointed; first primary more than one-half second and longer than tarsus; tail rounded, about three-fourths as long as wing. Throat white or bright red.

540. CALLIOPE CALLIOPE (Pallas).

SIBERIAN RUBYTHROAT.

Motacilla calliope Pallas, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 697. Erithacus calliope Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 305. Calliope camtschatkensis Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 102, fig. 29 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 214 (habits). Calliope calliope Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 155; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 149; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1900), 85.

Pi-lóy, Manila.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Whitehead); Negros (Whitehead). Siberia and northern China; in winter to southern China, Burmese Provinces, northern and central India; accidental in Europe.

Male.--Above olive-brown, at times more or less ashy; line over lores and over eye white; lores and line under eye black, below this a broader white line; base of jaw black; chin and throat-patch bright strawberry-red surrounded by a narrow line of black; chest ashy gray; middle of breast and abdomen white; sides of abdomen and flanks light buff-brown; tail-coverts white, washed with buff. Iris brown; bill dusky brown, nearly black with its base whitish; legs and nails dark flesh-color. Length, about 160 mm. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 80; tail, 64; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 24.

Female.--Differs from the male in having black lines on sides of head and throat replaced by brown; loral feathers with brown tips; throat-patch white; no ashy gray on breast. A female from Calayan measures: Wing, 78; tail, 63; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 29.

"Birds of the year have the brown of both the upper and under parts more ochraceous, and the male resembles the female, except in having traces of red on the throat. Young in first plumage appear to be unknown." (Seebohm.)

Genus COPSYCHUS Wagler, 1827.

Bill moderately stout, when measured from nostril less than hind toe with claw; rictal bristles small; wing pointed, slightly concave, and less than tail in length; first primary more than one-half the second, and much longer than tarsus; rectrices long, narrow, and strongly graduated; outstretched feet not reaching tips of shortest pair of rectrices. Colors black and white, the tail entirely black in the only Philippine species. Sexes somewhat unlike in colors.

541. COPSYCHUS MINDANENSIS (Boddaert).

DOMINICO.

Turdus mindanensis Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 38. Turdus mindanænsis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 823. Copsychus mindanensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 194, pl. 33, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 60; Hand-List (1903), 4, 159; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

A-ni-ní-hol, Siquijor; do-mi-ní-co, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Lapac (Bartsch); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor); Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara? (Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Male.--Upper parts and entire head, throat, and breast glossy blue-black; axillars, under wing-coverts, and feathers of thighs black, tipped with white; remainder of under parts white; wings and tail black, outer webs of the feathers glossy; inner wing-coverts entirely white (but one of the greater coverts occasionally half black); two secondaries with outer webs white. Length, about 185 mm. A specimen from Siquijor measures: Wing, 92; tail, 90; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 25.

Female.--Similar to the male, but upper parts duller; forehead, lores, chin, throat, and breast ash-gray; flanks and crissum washed with pale fulvous. A female measures: Wing, 83; tail, 83; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12.

Young.--Colors similar to adult in pattern, but upper parts dull black; chin, throat, and breast dark smoke-gray, spotted with white and pale buff.

"A showy bird, commonly seen in low bushes and about clumps of bamboo, close to the ground, or on it. The male is constantly opening and closing his tail, and seems to be a vain fellow, well aware of his good looks, and disposed to make the most of them. He is a fine singer as well. Seven males average 203 in length; wing, 107; tail, 105; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24. Four females, length, 199; wing, 84; tail, 83; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris and bill black; legs and feet nearly black. Breeding in Mindanao in the month of May." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus KITTACINCLA Gould, 1836.

Bill slender, hind toe with claw longer than bill from nostril; rictal bristles small; feathers about bill and chin with the shafts stiff, produced, and slightly recurved; wing pointed; first primary more than one-half the second; rectrices wide and strongly graduated. Colors largely black and white. In the type of the genus (Kittacincla tricolor) the tail is nearly twice as long as the wing, but in none of the Philippine species is the tail so greatly developed. Kittacincla may be distinguished from Copsychus by its more slender bill and wider rectrices.

Species.

a1. Wing slightly longer than tail; superciliary stripe white; breast and abdomen white.

b1. Rump and tail-coverts orange-chestnut ... luzoniensis (p. 560) b2. Rump and tail-coverts black ... superciliaris (p. 561)

a2. Wing decidedly shorter than tail; superciliary stripe wanting; throat, breast, and abdomen nearly all, or entirely, black.

b1. Tail partly white ... nigra (p. 562) b2. Tail all black ... cebuensis (p. 563)

542. KITTACINCLA LUZONIENSIS (Kittlitz).

LUZON SHAMA.

Turdus luzoniensis Kittlitz, Kupf. der Vögel (1832), 7, pl. 11, fig. 2. Cittocincla luzoniensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 91; Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; Grant, Ibis (1895), 447; (1896), 116; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 239, pl. 6, fig. 4 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits, eggs); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 156, pl. 7, fig. 15; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Kittlitz, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor).

Male.--Head, neck, back, chin, and throat black, the upper parts with a slight blue gloss; on each side of head from above lores to nape a broad superciliary band of white, connected across forehead by a narrow white band; rump and tail-coverts orange-chestnut; breast, abdomen, and crissum white; flanks washed with orange-buff; feathers of thighs brown with white tips; wings black; some of the primaries narrowly edged with white, some of the greater coverts broadly tipped with white; axillars and wing-lining white; rectrices black, the four outer pairs broadly tipped with white. Iris and bill black; feet and nails light flesh-color. Length, about 180 mm. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 82; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23.

Adult female.--"Top of the head, mantle, and upper back olive-brown; lores, sides of the head and neck, and the chest dull gray, the chin and middle of throat being somewhat paler, almost whitish; wings washed and edged on the outer web with brown; the rest of the plumage is very similar to that of the male. Length, 183; wing, 76; tail, 81; tarsus, 27.

"An immature female is similar to the above, but the middle of the chin and throat is mostly white, in somewhat marked contrast to the gray chest and sides of the head and neck." (Grant.)

Two eggs of the Luzon shama collected at Cape Engaño, Luzon, on April 27, 1895, are thus described:

"Shape short ovate. Ground-color pale sea-green, profusely spotted and blotched all over, especially toward the larger end, with reddish brown and with some indistinct lilac under-markings. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm." Two eggs collected in the same locality on May 26, are "rather more oval in shape than the above and more richly marked. Measurements 23 mm. by 16 mm.

"One nest was placed in the hollowed-out stem of a dead palm broken off by the wind, the other in a hollow stump close to the ground; in both cases the nest was composed of moss and dry grass." (Grant and Whitehead.)

"In Marinduque we shot this species about bamboo clumps in the open. In Luzon we invariably found it in the deep woods. A male from Luzon measures as follows: Wing, 75; tail, 79; culmen, 18; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 22. Bill black; legs, feet, and nails flesh-color." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

543. KITTACINCLA SUPERCILIARIS Bourns and Worcester.

WHITE-EYEBROWED SHAMA.

Cittocincla superciliaris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 23; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903) 1, 162; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86. Cittocincla nigrorum Grant, Ibis (1896), 547; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 218 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--General color glossy black; a broad superciliary line from above lores to nape white; breast, abdomen, and crissum white with a faint buff wash on flanks; feathers of thighs brown with white tips; wings black; axillars and wing-lining white; tail black, outer pairs of rectrices with narrow white tips, wanting in one specimen. Iris dark; bill black; legs light flesh-color; nails light brown. Length, 165 mm. A male from Masbate measures: Wing, 84; tail, 73; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 23. A male from Ticao, wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 22.

"A young male, nearly adult, has a few white feathers on chin and throat and a faint wash of light buff on the flanks. A much younger bird has many of the feathers of the back tipped with rusty brown and the greater wing-coverts and quills washed with the same color; chin and throat almost pure white; an ill-defined black collar; the entire under surface washed with light buff, deeper on the flanks.

"This well-marked species is extremely rare in Masbate. It feeds in dense thickets in the deep woods and we never heard it utter a note. The Luzon bird, C. luzoniensis, has a superciliary stripe, but this stripe is not nearly so broad as in this species, and as the strongly marked superciliary line is one of the most noticeable characters of the Masbate bird we have named it accordingly." (Bourns and Worcester.)

544. KITTACINCLA NIGRA Sharpe.

PALAWAN BLACK SHAMA.

Cittocincla nigra Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 335, pl. 52; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 90; Hand-List (1903), 4, 161; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Celestino, White).

Adult male and female.--Almost entirely glossy blue-black; some feathers of lower abdomen, flanks, and sides of back with white shafts, or with subterminal white spots which are more or less concealed; under tail-coverts black, broadly tipped with white; four central rectrices black, the others white with concealed black bases; wings black, most of the feathers edged with glossy blue-black. Length, 215 to 220 mm. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 88; tail, 105; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23. A female, wing, 81; tail, 98; culmen, from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.

Young.--Similar to the adult but throat and breast less glossy; abdomen, flanks, and crissum entirely white, thighs brown; the flanks slightly washed with earthy brown. In more nearly adult plumage the throat and breast become glossy and the white of the abdomen is reduced in extent and broken up; the thighs become black.

"Quite common in Palawan, where we found it skulking in thickets in the deep woods, usually near or on the ground, though it would fly up into the trees if followed. In the Calamianes Islands we found it abundantly in bamboo thickets.

"Four males from Palawan average: Length, 205; wing, 87; tail, 107; culmen, 21; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females, length, 230; wing, 90; tail, 105; culmen, 20; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 22. Iris dark brown to black; legs, feet, and nails brown to black; bill black. Called by natives of Palawan 'tam-be-lad-nun'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

545. KITTACINCLA CEBUENSIS Steere.

CEBU BLACK SHAMA.

Cittocincla cebuensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 58; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 307.

Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Glossy blue-black; wings black; coverts, alula, and some of the secondaries edged with glossy blue-black; axillars and wing-lining similar; tail black. Two adult males measure: Wing, 90, 95; tail, 105.6, 99 (imperfect); culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 27, 26; middle toe with claw, 24, 23.

An immature male from Toledo, Cebu, October 13, differs from the adult as follows: Feathers of crown and nape tipped with dull rusty brown; wings dull seal-brown; each feather of alula and greater coverts with a subterminal spot of ocherous brown; lesser coverts black, fringed with silvery gray; lower parts dull blue-gray, tips of feathers ocherous, becoming more rusty on flanks.

"An immature female is slaty black above, tail dull black; wing-coverts brown, tipped with distinct spots of rufous-brown, these spots forming two irregular bars; quills fulvous-brown; primaries faintly washed on outer webs with rufous-brown; forehead brownish; lores, ring round eye, sides of face and chin light rufous-brown; center of throat and upper breast slaty gray, a few of the feathers still retaining brownish centers; rest of under surface slaty black washed with brown; under tail-coverts black with brown shaft-stripes." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Apparently confined to the island of Cebu where it is very rare. Invariably found in the forest and in dense thickets close to the ground. It is both quiet and shy. We never heard it utter a note.

"Two males from Cebu average: Length, 205; wing, 90; tail, 100; culmen, 20; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24. Iris very dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown, almost black; bill black. Breeding in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Subfamily SAXICOLINÆ.

The two species representing this subfamily in the Philippines are small; the upper tail-coverts are white, which is not true of the other Philippine Turdidæ; the bill is slender and the feeding habits are Muscicapine.

Genera.

a1. First primary about one-half the second in length; tail uniform in color. ... Pratincola (p. 564) a2. First primary less than one-third the length of second; tail bicolored, the basal part light ... Saxicola (p. 565)

Genus PRATINCOLA Koch, 1816.

Bill stout; rictal bristles strong, equal to or longer than bill from nostril; wing moderate; first primary more than one-half second and longer than tarsus; tail moderate in length and rounded.

546. PRATINCOLA CAPRATA (Linnæus).

PIED CHAT.

Motacilla caprata Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 335. Pratincola caprata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1879), 4, 195; Hand-List (1903), 4, 173; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 59, fig. 24 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 104 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 161; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

Si-páo, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp.); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor). Persia, India Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Java, Borneo.

Adult male.--Most of the plumage glossy black; inner series of secondary-coverts white, forming a conspicuous patch; rump, upper tail-coverts, and crissum pure white; some feathers of flanks, lower abdomen, and thighs tipped with white; extreme bases of outer rectrices white. Bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 130 mm. Wing, 68; tail, 50; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 20. In winter the male has many feathers of head, back, breast, abdomen, and sides of body fringed with buff.

Adult female.--In fresh plumage (April); upper parts ashy gray with dark brown centers to the feathers; rump and tail-coverts rusty buff; lower parts brown; feathers of chin edged with pale whitish buff; crissum pale whitish buff; remainder of under parts ocherous brown, the feathers with darker centers; feathers of wing dark brown with lighter margins; rectrices blackish brown. In worn plumage (September) the upper parts, except uropygium, become seal-brown; wing-feathers similar from the wearing away of the light margins; under parts darker than in the fresh plumage. A female measures: Wing, 64; tail, 50; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 20.

Young.--A young male (May) resembles the female in worn plumage, but the under parts are richer and more mottled; chin and throat buff with blackish edges to feathers; breast and abdomen rusty ocherous, the feathers of breast fringed with dull black; head, neck, and back smoky black, most of the feathers marked with small buff spots; secondaries, alula, and secondary-coverts broadly edged with rusty ocherous; edging of alula-feathers lighter; bases of inner greater coverts pure white.

Genus SAXICOLA Bechstein, 1802.

Bill slender; rictal bristles weak, the longest less than bill from nostril; wing long, flat, and pointed; first primary short and slender, less than one-third of second; tail rounded, extending very little beyond the folded wings.

547. SAXICOLA OENANTHE (Linnæus).

WHEATEAR.

Motacilla oenanthe Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 186. Saxicola oenanthe Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 391; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 175; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 165; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 86.

Calayan (McGregor). Europe and northern Asia to Alaska; in winter to the Indian Peninsula and eastern Africa.

"Adult male in breeding plumage.--General color of the upper parts pale slate-gray; forehead and eye-stripe, which extends to the nape, white; lores and upper part of the ear-coverts black; wings and wing-coverts nearly black, a few traces of the autumnal buff margins to the feathers generally left; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail white except the terminal three-fifths of the two center feathers, and the terminal fourths of the others, which are nearly black; under parts very pale buff, slightly darker on the throat and breast; axillars and under wing-coverts white with dark centers; inner margin of quills brown. Bill, legs, feet, and claws black. Wing with the third and fourth primaries nearly equal and longest; second primary sometimes as long as the fourth; bastard primary, 19 to 14 mm. Wing, 106.6 to 89; (females, 94 to 87.6); tail 62 to 51; culmen, 18 to 16; tarsus, 30 to 27.

"Adult female in breeding plumage.--General color of the upper parts dull brown; forehead and eye-stripe buffish white, much narrower than in the male; lores and upper part of the ear-coverts brown; wings and wing-coverts not so dark as in the male; rump and upper tail-coverts white; tail as in the male, but the dark parts not quite so dark; under parts as in the male. After the autumn molt both sexes have a buffish brown margin to every feather, so that they are scarcely distinguishable, and resemble the adult female in breeding plumage except that the quills and tail-feathers are margined with buffish brown at the tip, and the innermost secondaries and wing-coverts are similarly margined, not only at the tip but along the outside webs; the under parts are also darker in color. It is not known that birds of the year differ from adults.

"Young in first plumage resemble the female, but have obscure transverse terminal dark bars and pale centers to most of the feathers of the upper and under parts." (Seebohm.)

The only specimen of the wheatear recorded from the Philippines, a male from Calayan, measures: Wing, 97; tail, 57; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 27.

Family SYLVIIDÆ.

Bill slender, short or moderately long; upper mandible with a small notch; culmen slightly curved near the tip; nostrils exposed; rictal bristles usually inconspicuous; wing rounded and curved to the body, tertials much shorter than secondaries; tarsus slender, longer than bill from gape; tail rounded, wedge-shaped, or graduate. Nearly all the members of this family are plainly colored and the sexes closely resemble each other. The young birds are unspotted; they either resemble the adults, or else they are more highly colored. Some of the genera of flycatchers are very similar to certain genera which are here placed in the Sylviidæ.

Characteristic species of the Turdidæ, Muscicapidæ, and Sylviidæ are easily recognized and distinguished, but the three families intergrade through intermediate genera so that even the highest authorities on classification are by no means agreed as to the respective limits of these three families.

Genera.

a1. Tail with twelve rectrices.

b1. Tail wedge-shaped, or at least decidedly rounded, the rectrices usually pointed.

c1. Wing longer than tail.

d1. First primary shorter than primary-coverts and more or less pointed.

e1. Rictal bristles minute ... Locustella (p. 567) e2. Rictal bristles strong ... Acrocephalus (p. 569)

d2. First primary longer than primary-coverts, equal to one-half the second primary or more.

e1. Bill much longer; hind toe with claw less than exposed culmen. ... Orthotomus (p. 572) e2. Bill much shorter; hind toe with claw more than culmen from base. ... Cisticola (p. 579)

c2. Wing shorter than tail.

d1. Rictal bristles minute; tail rounded ... Tribura (p. 571) d2. Rictal bristles moderate, the longest more than one-half the bill from nostril; rectrices strongly graduated ... Megalurus (p. 582)

b2. Tail square; the rectrices not pointed; first primary about equal to primary-coverts; third and fourth primaries equal and longest; rictal bristles moderate ... Acanthopneuste (p. 584)

a2. Tail with ten rectrices; rictal bristles well developed; first primary more than one-half the second; tail rounded or slightly graduate.

b1. Front of tarsus scutellate; feathers of forehead and chin with their shafts stiff and extending beyond the webs ... Horornis (p. 586) b2. Front of tarsus entire; feathers of forehead and chin normal. ... Phyllergates (p. 588)

Genus LOCUSTELLA Kaup, 1829.

Bill small and slender; rictal bristles minute; wing flat and pointed, somewhat longer than tail; first primary narrow and pointed, less than primary-coverts; second primary nearly as long as third which is longest; rectrices graduated and slightly pointed, the outermost feather nearly as short as, or shorter than, under tail-coverts; tarsus and toes well developed, reaching nearly to tip of tail. Plumage obscure, spotted in the smallest species.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing more than 60 mm.; plumage without spots or streaks.

b1. Slightly larger; bill, tarsus, and toes decidedly heavier; bill from nostril about 11 mm.; rectrices uniform in color, the outermost pair slightly longer than the under coverts ... fasciolata (p. 567) b2. Slightly smaller; bill, tarsus, and toes decidedly more slender; bill from nostril about 10 mm.; rectrices with pale tips and subterminal blackish bars, the outermost pair slightly shorter than the under coverts. ... ochotensis (p. 568)

a2. Smaller; wing less than 60 mm.; feathers of upper parts with conspicuous, dark, median streaks; chest, sides, and flanks usually marked with elongate dark spots ... lanceolata (p. 569)

548. LOCUSTELLA FASCIOLATA (Gray).

GRAY'S GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.

Acrocephalus fasciolatus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1860), 349. Locustella fasciolata Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 109, pl. 5; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (habits, migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 185; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.

Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, Celestino); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Porter); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Talaut, Sangir, and Molucca Islands, eastern Siberia, China, and Japan; in winter to Batchian, Halmahera, and Morotai.

Male (Batan Island, May).--Above dark russet-brown; wings and tail seal-brown, edged with russet-brown; second primary edged with gray; a distinct line over lores, eye, and ear-coverts ashy gray; lores and upper ear-coverts dusky; chin and fore throat white, becoming ashy or drab-gray on cheeks, ear-coverts, sides of throat, and breast; breast ashy gray, becoming white on middle of abdomen; sides, flanks, and thighs light olive-brown; crissum yellowish olive-brown. Wing, 76; tail, 68; outermost rectrix, 45; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 24.

In winter the upper parts, especially the head, are lighter; the superciliary stripe, cheeks, and under parts are washed with buff and the gray is entirely obscured. The male and female are very similar if not identical in colors. A female from Calayan in fresh winter-plumage measures: Wing, 72; tail, 66; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 26. A female in somewhat worn plumage, wing, 72; tail, 68; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 25.

549. LOCUSTELLA OCHOTENSIS (Middendorf).

YELLOW GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.

Sylvia (Locustella) ochotensis Middendorf, Sib. Reise (1853), 2, 185. Locustella ochotensis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 113; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 186; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.

Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Mindoro (Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor). Kurile Islands, northeastern Siberia, Greater Sunda Islands, Kamtchatka, Japan; Borneo in winter.

Adult.--Above russet-brown; feathers of head and back with darker centers; lores and a line over eye to nape ashy; cheeks and ear-coverts brown with a buff wash; jaws white; loral and malar feathers with shafts extending beyond the webs, the produced portions black; sides of the neck brown; under parts white; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum buffy brown; a faint buff wash across fore breast; wings and tail similar to the back, the latter with obsolete, narrow bars on upper surface; rectrices dark gray below, each with a dark bar just anterior to the whitish tip. Upper mandible dusky, lower mandible light flesh-color, dusky at tip; legs and nails pale flesh-color. Length, about 165; male, wing, 74; tail, 60; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 23. Female, wing, 65; tail, 54; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21.

Young.--In young birds the sides of the head and the entire under parts are strongly suffused with yellowish buff.

550. LOCUSTELLA LANCEOLATA (Temminck).

STREAKED GRASSHOPPER WARBLER.

Sylvia lanceolata Temminck, Man. d'Orn. (1840), 4, 614. Locustella lanceolata Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 118; Oates, Fauna Brit. India Birds (1889), 1, 354; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 186; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 180, pl. 9, fig. 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.

Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, McGregor). Russia, Siberia, and central Asia; in winter to China, Andaman Islands, Indian Peninsula, and Burmese provinces.

Adult (sexes similar).--Above olivaceous russet-brown, each feather with a wide seal-brown shaft-streak; primaries and secondaries seal-brown edged with russet-brown, second primary edged with whitish; secondary-coverts similar to back; tail nearly uniform brown; sides of head and ear-coverts brown; a yellowish buff line above, and another below, eye; cheek and jaw buff, traversed by a narrow blackish brown line; under parts whitish, washed with buff on fore breast, sides, flanks, and crissum; feathers of these parts more or less marked with blackish brown shaft-lines. Bill dusky above, flesh-color below; legs and nails pale yellowish flesh-color. Length, 120 to 125. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 57; tail, 45; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 53; tail, 43; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 19.

"The streaks on the lower surface become reduced in aged birds. The bird least marked in my series has a few streaks only on the middle of the breast and on the flanks, with one or two faint marks on the under tail-coverts. In this state it is very like the Indian L. straminea. The majority of the birds are densely streaked from the chin to the tail-coverts, except on the abdomen; and all these are characterized by a richer tone of coloring beneath. The tail-coverts vary in the most extraordinary manner. In many of the birds they are entirely unmarked; in others densely streaked, and this apparently quite independently of the amount of streaking on the other parts of the lower plumage." (Oates.)

Genus ACROCEPHALUS Naumann, 1811.

Bill comparatively long and stout; from three to five large rictal bristles on each side of bill; wing long, flat, and pointed; first primary minute, narrow, and pointed; third primary longest, second a little shorter; tail decidedly rounded; tarsus and feet well developed.

Species.

a1. Much smaller; wing, about 60 mm.; a blackish stripe on each side of crown. ... sorghophilus (p. 570) a2. Much larger; wing, about 90 mm.; no blackish stripes on the crown. ... orientalis (p. 571)

551. ACROCEPHALUS SORGHOPHILUS (Swinhoe).

LITTLE REED WARBLER.

Calamodyta sorghophila Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 92 and 293.

Acrocephalus sorgophilus Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 94; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 187; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.

Luzon (McGregor). China.

Male.--Above tawny olive, uniform and more ocherous on rump and tail-coverts; head and back distinctly streaked with dark brown; lores, sides of head, and a line above each eye yellow-buff; on each side of crown a long blackish stripe bordering the superciliary line below; a dark line on upper border of ear-coverts; under parts pale buff, flanks and thighs darker; wings and tail brown and much worn. Rectrices twelve; iris dark brown. Wing, 55; tail, 49; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18; hind toe with claw, 14. Bill comparatively broad and flat.

The specimen described above was killed in a bed of reeds on the border of Laguna de Bay, January 19, 1902. The only other specimen known was taken near Amoy, China, in May, 1861. The original description follows:

Type.--"Upper mandible of bill blackish brown, edge of upper and whole of lower yellow-ocher; rictus and inside of mouth yellow; iris ocherous brown; legs and toes plumbeous, with paler soles; upper parts ocherous olive, with a few rather faint streaks of blackish brown; eyebrow and cheeks ocherous, more buff-colored on the lores; over the eyebrow a black streak marks each side of the head; under parts yellowish buff, much paler on the throat, under neck, and center of belly; wing-coverts and tertiaries deep hair-brown, margined with ocherous olive; quills hair-brown edged with light chestnut-brown; tail pale hair-brown margined with reddish olive which color also tinges the rump; inner edges of the under wing edged with very pale rusty ocher. Length, 116.8; wing, 56.6; tail, 47.7; tarsi, 17.7; bill along culmen, 10.6.

"First quill very small, narrow, and pointed, about 8.6 mm. long; second quill 7 mm. shorter than the third and fourth, which are equal and longest, the fifth quill 3.8 mm. shorter than the third and fourth; the sixth 5.5 mm. shorter than the fifth. Tail much graduated, the rectrices being narrowed at their tips; tarsi thick; toes and claws strong, the hind toe and claw especially so." (Swinhoe.)

552. ACROCEPHALUS ORIENTALIS (Temminck and Schlegel).

ORIENTAL REED WARBLER.

Salicaria turdina orientalis Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 50. Acrocephalus orientalis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 97; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 187; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 183; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 87.

Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Steere Exp., McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Platen). Japan, northern China, and eastern Siberia; in winter to Burmese provinces and the Malay Archipelago.

Adult male and female.--Above nearly uniform olive-brown; feathers of back, tail-coverts, and wing-coverts somewhat fringed with ocherous buff; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices dark brown, edged with olive-brown; second primary with a whitish outer web; below white, washed with buff; chin and throat nearly pure white; breast pale buff; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum considerably darker; lores and spot behind eye brown; eyelids pale buff; a line from nostril over lores and eye to occiput pale buff; feathers of lores and jaws with produced black shaft-tips. The obscure dusky streak on throat and the pale tips to the rectrices, frequently seen in Philippine specimens, are said to be characteristic of birds of the year. Length, about 190. A male in fresh plumage from Calayan measures: Wing, 85; tail, 77; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 26. A female from Calayan, wing, 80; tail, 68; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 24.

This species is resident in Bohol and specimens from that island are smaller than those taken in Calayan and in Luzon during migration.

Genus TRIBURA Hodgson, 1845.

"Bill to gape equal to head or less, straight, cylindric, compressed; at base higher than broad, and having the ridge raised and keeled between the oval apert nares; tip of upper mandible scarcely inclined but distinctly notched; rictus smooth; wings short and feeble but not much or equally gradated; first two quills conspicuously gradated, three next subequal and longest; tail more or less elongated and gradated throughout, rather cuneate than fan-shaped and somewhat rigid or worn; tarsi stout, smooth, longer than the mid toe and nail; toes and nails simple, compressed, inner fore with its nail exceeding the outer fore, central elongate, hind least; nails acute." (Hodgson.)

553. TRIBURA SEEBOHMI (Grant).

SEEBOHM'S GRASS WARBLER.

Lusciniola seebohmi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 443; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (habits). Tribura seebohmi Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 191; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Luzon (Whitehead).

"Seebohm's grass warbler belongs to the section of the genus Lusciniola in which the first primary is half or more than half the length of the second, the sides of the head and ear-coverts brown, the throat pure white and devoid of spots, and the tail considerably longer than the wing.

"Clearly the nearest allies to this species are L. luteiventris and L. mandellii. In these three species the wing-formula is as follows:

"L. luteiventris. Fourth quill slightly longer than, rarely subequal to, the fifth; third intermediate between fifth and sixth.

"L. mandellii, L. seebohmi. Fifth somewhat longer than the fourth and sixth, which are subequal, and distinctly longer than the third.

"The present species differs from both its allies in having the general color of the upper parts browner, the white on the chin and throat more extensive and shading into grayish on the sides of the neck; while the sides and flanks are more grayish brown in tint and but slightly washed with buff; the lower mandible appears to have been yellowish white, as in L. luteiventris. Length, 147; wing, 51; tail, 63.5; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 19." (Grant.)

Genus ORTHOTOMUS Horsfield, 1821.

Bill long, depressed basally, compressed near the tip, with no notch at tip of mandible; rictal bristles few and moderate in length; no bristles on forehead; chin-feathers without lengthened shafts; wing short, rounded, and curved to the body; first primary less than one-half second, the latter considerably shorter than the fourth; fifth, sixth, and seventh subequal and longest; secondaries but little shorter than primaries; rectrices long, narrow, strongly graduated, and their tips rounded; tarsus about equal to culmen from base; outstretched feet usually reaching to, or beyond, the tip of tail; colors largely green, chestnut, gray, and white; or green, black, and gray or yellow.

Species.

a1. Top of head, or the forehead at least, chestnut.

b1. Chin, throat, and ear-coverts white, or gray streaked with white.

c1. Back bright olive-green.

d1. Chestnut of head confined to frontal and circumocular regions, not extending to occiput.

e1. Chestnut of forehead sharply defined posteriorly; crown gray. ... frontalis (p. 573) e2. Chestnut of forehead not sharply defined, but merging into dull olive-gray on crown ... mearnsi (p. 574)

d2. Chestnut of head covering the entire forehead, crown, and occiput. ... chloronotus (p. 575)

c2. Back gray.

d1. Outer webs of rectrices green ... castaneiceps (p. 574) d2. Outer webs of rectrices dull chestnut, gray basally.

e1. Wing-feathers edged with green; throat and breast white, streaked with gray ... derbianus (p. 575) e2. Wing-feathers edged with gray; throat and breast white. ... ruficeps (p. 576)

b2. Chin and ear-coverts, as well as forehead and crown, cinnamon-rufous. ... cineraceous (p. 576)

a2. Top of head smoky gray or black; throat black in the adult.

b1. Thighs green; middle of breast and of abdomen black or smoky gray.

c1. Ear-coverts white forming a conspicuous patch; top of head dark smoky gray cinereiceps (p. 577) c2. Ear-coverts black; top of head black; eyebrow and eye-circle white. ... nigriceps (p. 578)

b2. Thighs chestnut; entire breast and abdomen bright yellow. ... samarensis (p. 578)

554. ORTHOTOMUS FRONTALIS Sharpe.

SHARPE'S TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus frontalis Sharpe, Ibis (1877), 112, pl. 2, fig. 1; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336 (part); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 220 (part); Hand-List (1903), 4, 192 (part); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88 (part).

Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino, Clemens, Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Forehead, lores, and ring around eye rufous-chestnut, sharply defined against the ashy gray crown; ear-coverts, sides of neck, and hind neck ashy gray like the crown; back, rump, tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices bright olive-green, the last with a dusky subterminal band; under parts white, more or less streaked with cinereous on throat and breast; sides ashy; flanks and under tail-coverts washed with light yellowish green; thighs chestnut. Length, about 115. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 44; tail, 35; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female from Bohol, wing, 41; tail, 34; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.

Specimens in fresh plumage have the occiput more or less washed with green; the dusky spots at end of tail are variable.

555. ORTHOTOMUS MEARNSI McGregor.

MEARNS'S TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus frontalis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88 (part). Orthotomus mearnsi McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 289.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Orthotomus frontalis, but the chestnut of forehead extending on crown to, or nearly to, posterior border of eye, not ending abruptly; the whole crown and nape slightly suffused with chestnut, the crown never clear slate-gray as in O. frontalis; behind eye the chestnut extends over the sides of nape. The type measures: Length, 114; wing, 47; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11.5; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 47; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.

556. ORTHOTOMUS CASTANEICEPS Walden.

CHESTNUT-HEADED TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus castaneiceps Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 252; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 223; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88. Orthotomus panayensis Steere, List Bds. & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20.

Sa-gua-ti, Ticao; ta-gua-ti, Masbate and Bantayan.

Bantayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head from bill to neck, lores, a broad line under eye, and upper part of ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts slate-gray; the rump and tail-coverts green in some specimens; wing-feathers and rectrices edged with bright olive-green; tail with a dusky band near its tip; under parts white; throat and breast streaked with slate-gray; sides and flanks more or less washed with ashy gray; thighs chestnut, flanks and crissum washed with green in some specimens. Length, about 150. A male from Bantayan measures: Wing, 57; tail, 55; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 23. A female, wing, 50; tail, 46; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 22.

"Steere has attempted to separate the Panay tailorbird from that of Guimaras and Negros, but after a most careful examination of a large series of specimens from Panay, Negros, and Masbate we are compelled to say that there is not the slightest difference between the birds from the three islands. Their size is the same. The wash of olive-green on the back, on which Doctor Steere relied to separate the Panay birds, is a variable character present in some birds, absent in others shot at the same season. It occurs in birds from Negros and Masbate as well as those from Panay. The presumptive evidence against finding one species of Orthotomus in Panay and another in Guimaras is of course very strong. Guimaras is to all intents and purposes a part of Panay and there are no other known differences between the birds of the two islands. Masbate is a new locality for the species." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"The chestnut-headed tailorbird frequents low bushes in open country, also the mangrove swamps; less common in the woods. A noisy bird, its note being very similar to that of O. frontalis." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

557. ORTHOTOMUS DERBIANUS Moore.

DERBY'S TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus derbianus Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1854), 309, pl. 76; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 224; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head from bill to nape, lores, narrow line under eye, and upper parts of ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts cinereous; wing-feathers brown, edged with olive-green; tail dull chestnut, edged with gray at base; under parts light gray, streaked with white on throat and breast; thighs chestnut; iris and legs tan-brown; nails flesh-color. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 50; tail, 50; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20.

"Habits similar to those of O. frontalis. A male measures as follows: Wing, 47; tail, 47; culmen, 18; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 18. A female, wing, 46; tail, 41; culmen, 19; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 17.5." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

558. ORTHOTOMUS CHLORONOTUS Grant.

GREEN-BACKED TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus chloronotus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 3, 2; Ibis (1896), 117, pl. 3, fig. 1; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 191, pl. 9, fig. 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Pi-pit ma-na-ná-hi, Manila.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Differs from Orthotomus derbianus in having the entire back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and crissum olive-green and the rectrices edged basally with olive-green. A male measures: Wing, 49; tail, 47; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 21. A female, wing, 50; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 19.

Three eggs of the green-backed tailorbird from Isabela Province, Luzon, collected by Whitehead on May 29, 1894, are described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color pure white, thinly spotted and dotted all over with brown-lake over-markings and a few pale reddish lilac under-markings. Measurements 16 mm. by 13 mm.

"The nest of the green-backed tailorbird is of the ordinary type, being a pocket formed by two leaves sewn together. It was placed among the herbage by the side of a path about 8 inches [20 cm.] from the ground. On the 19th of May a second nest was found on a small islet in a stream where a few slender large-leaved plants were growing just above the water. This nest contained two young birds." (Grant and Whitehead.)

559. ORTHOTOMUS RUFICEPS (Lesson).

RUFOUS-HEADED TAILORBIRD.

Edela ruficeps Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1830), 309. Orthotomus ruficeps Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 224; Hand-List (1903), 4, 193; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, White, Celestino); Sibutu (Everett); Sitanki (Bartsch). Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult.--Top of head, lores, and upper ear-coverts chestnut; back, rump, and tail-coverts ashy gray; wing-feathers blackish, edged with ashy gray; rectrices chestnut, basal one-third or more ashy gray or brown; under parts including cheeks, and lower part of ear-coverts, silky white; breast, sides, flanks, and crissum washed more or less with pale buff. Length, about 125. Male, wing, 48; tail, 42; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 20. Female, wing, 45; tail, 40; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19.

In certain individuals (young?), each rectrix, except the two outer pairs, has a large black spot near its tip.

"This tailorbird is often found in the deepest forest; its habits are like those of the species already described. Birds from the Calamianes Islands average larger than those from Palawan. Four females from Palawan average: Length, 114; wing, 44; tail, 37; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 15. Seven males from the Calamianes Islands, length, 130; wing, 50.5; tail, 46; culmen, 19; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris light brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; upper mandible light brown, lower nearly white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

560. ORTHOTOMUS CINERACEUS Blyth.

ASHY TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus cineraceus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1845), 14, 489; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 225; Hand-List (1903), 4, 193; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, Mearns). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Male (Cagayan Sulu).--Forehead, crown, chin, entire sides of face, and ear-coverts chestnut-rufous; back dark gray; under parts gray, lighter on abdomen; wings dark brown, edged with lighter brown; tail with an indistinct, dark subterminal band.

"Adult male.--General color above clear ashy gray; the crown, sides of head, including the cheeks, ear-coverts, and chin bright cinnamon-rufous, the hinder crown and occiput gradually shading off into brown as they approach the hind neck; throat, neck, and under parts generally ashy gray; the center of the abdomen and under tail-coverts pure white; thighs deep cinnamon-rufous; under wing-coverts washed with rufous, as also is the edge of the wing; lower surface of quills dark brown, edged along the inner web with rufous-white; wings above brown, somewhat washed with olive and not so gray as the back, the primaries narrowly edged with whity brown; tail light brown, with paler brown margins, the outer feathers tipped with white, before which is a tolerably distinct subterminal bar of dark brown; bill in skin light horn-brown, the under mandible paler and more yellowish. 'Legs pale warm brown; iris naples-yellow.' (Everett). Length, 119; culmen, 14; wing, 47; tail, 44; tarsus, 19.

"Female.--Differs from the adult male in being white below, without the gray throat, although indications of the latter are generally seen in the grayish shade more or less observable on the lower throat and sides of breast. The cinnamon-color of the chin is also difficult to trace, being so faintly pronounced.

"Young.--General color above olive-brown; quills brown, externally washed with olive-green; tail brown, tipped obscurely with whity brown, with a subterminal shade of black, scarcely forming a spot; ear-coverts pale rufescent; under surface of body dull yellowish white, the thighs obscure fawn-color; center of the body pale yellowish, the sides of the breast and flanks obscurely washed with greenish." (Sharpe.)

561. ORTHOTOMUS CINEREICEPS Sharpe.

ASHY-HEADED TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus cinereiceps Sharpe, Ibis (1877), 113, pl. 2, fig. 2; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 337; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 222; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Entire top of head, lores, and hind neck dark ashy gray; a large white patch on ear-coverts; remainder of upper parts olive-green, lighter on tail-coverts; wing-feathers blackish, edged with green; rectrices olive-brown, edged with green; cheeks, chin, and throat black; fore breast ashy gray; center of lower breast and abdomen white; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum washed with yellow. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 47; tail, 55; culmen from base, 16.5; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.

Young.--The immature bird resembles the corresponding plumage in O. nigriceps, having more or less white on the chin and throat.

"Very common in Basilan. Eight from Basilan measure: Length, 126; wing, 47; tail, 76; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 17.5. Six females, length, 111; wing, 45; tail, 41; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 16. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown, in some cases almost white; upper mandible nearly white, lower very light brown. Breeding in Basilan in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

562. ORTHOTOMUS NIGRICEPS Tweeddale.

BLACK-HEADED TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus nigriceps Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 828, pl. 85; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 222; Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Mindanao (Everett, Celestino).

Adult.--Loral feathers white with black tips; ring around eye and superciliary stripe to above ear-coverts white; remainder of head, hind neck, sides of neck, chin, throat, and chest black; back, rump, and tail-coverts olive-green; wing-feathers blackish, edged with green, brighter and more yellow on greater coverts and bend of wing; rectrices brown, edged with green; middle of breast and abdomen smoky gray; sides, flanks, thighs, and crissum olive-green. Length, about 125. A male from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 46; tail, 45; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.

Young.--In immature birds the cheeks, chin, throat, and breast are white.

563. ORTHOTOMUS SAMARENSIS Steere.

YELLOW-BREASTED TAILORBIRD.

Orthotomus samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 20; Grant, Ibis (1897), 228; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 220 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 192; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 88.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and middle of fore breast black; back and rump dull olive-green brighter around the neck; rump and tail-coverts dull russet-brown; wing-feathers blackish, edged with olive-green, the bend of wing and tips of greater median coverts yellow; rectrices brown, edged with russet; breast, sides of breast, and of neck, and abdomen lemon-yellow becoming olivaceous on sides, flanks, and crissum; thighs dull chestnut. The black of fore breast is sharply defined against the yellow, and does not extend over the sides of the chest as it does in O. nigriceps, but is confined to the central parts of the chest, its posterior outline being rounded. All the specimens known have more or less white on the chin and malar region, but this is variable in extent and is probably a sign of immaturity as it is in O. nigriceps. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 127; wing, 44; tail, 39; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.

The female is unknown.

"Iris light brown; bill brownish black, mandible pinkish brown; legs yellowish flesh-color. This bird has a sweet and powerful song and in this respect it differs from the other species. It is very shy and difficult to obtain." (Whitehead.)

"The yellow-breasted tailorbird is extremely rare. A single specimen was secured by the Steere Expedition, and we were able to secure but one more. Both birds were shot in deep forest close to the bank of a stream. Our specimen, a male, measures: Length, 114; wing, 42.6; tail, 40; culmen, 19; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails very light brown; bill black. Breeding in August." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CISTICOLA Kaup, 1829.

Bill small, slender, and sharply pointed; culmen gently curved in its terminal half; bill from nostril equal to hind-toe without claw; wing somewhat rounded and flat; difference between the length of primaries and of secondaries less than first primary; first primary slender, much less than one-half the second, the latter nearly as long as third; fourth and fifth equal and longest; rectrices long, much graduated, their tips rounded; the tail is similar to that of Orthotomus, but the feathers are much wider; tarsus and feet well developed, the outstretched toes reaching to or beyond tip of tail. Birds of this genus present puzzling seasonal changes of plumage. The tail is longer in the winter than in the breeding season, and the female is somewhat smaller than the male. The seasonal variation in color is great and has led ornithologists to name several species which do not exist. It is not certain that the smaller species found in the Philippines is really C. exilis, and it may be either C. erythrocephala Jerdon or C. semirufa Cabanis. [77]

Species.

a1. Larger, wing and tail longer; breeding male with top of head ocherous-buff, streaked with blackish brown, and with tail about 40 mm. ... cisticola (p. 580) a2. Smaller, wing and tail shorter, breeding male with top of head golden buff or tawny, and tail about 30 mm. ... exilis (p. 581)

564. CISTICOLA CISTICOLA (Temminck).

TEMMINCK'S CISTICOLA.

Sylvia cisticola Temminck, Man. d'Orn. (1820), 1, 228. Cisticola cisticola Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 259; Hand-List (1903), 4, 197; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 191; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.

Gug-nás, Batan; Tic-tic-ru-bo, Calayan.

Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bartsch); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bartsch). Indian and Malay Peninsulas, southern Europe, Indo-Chinese countries, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Ceylon, China, Africa, Celebes.

Male, in worn plumage (Batan Island, June).--Above earthy brown; head and neck nearly uniform, much faded; feathers of back and tail-coverts with wide blackish brown centers; lores and superciliary line white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and under parts white; flanks and thighs ocherous-buff; wing-feathers dark or blackish brown with whitish edges; rectrices dark brown basally, followed by a wide ocherous-buff space, subterminal band blackish brown, wide tip white. Wing, 53; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.

Male and female in fresh plumage (Calayan Island, November).--Similar to the male described, but feathers on head blackish brown, edged with buff; neck, rump, and edges of dorsal feathers dark buff, more rusty buff on rump; edges of wing-feathers wider and more rusty than in the worn plumage; middle pair of rectrices dark buff with blackish shaft-streaks, the shafts light; outermost pair of rectrices with outer webs and wide tips white, the greater part of inner webs blackish; remaining rectrices with wide white tips and subterminal black bands, the latter fading into dark brown toward base of tail; under part of body white; breast and crissum washed with buff; flanks and thighs rusty buff. Male, wing, 56; tail, 53; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 48; tail, 46; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 20.

On the authority of Colonel Legge, Sharpe says that in the male the inside of the mouth is black, while in the female it is fleshy.

"Common in the deep grass of the open fields. The habits of the various species of this genus found in the Philippines are practically the same. They live in the grass, and when flushed fly in a curious, jerky way for a short distance, and then drop back into the grass where they instantly disappear. They sometimes perch on tall grass stems or low bushes, and make a series of noises more like the notes of some great grasshopper than those of a bird. We several times found them perched in trees and singing. Four females from Mindanao measure: Length, 105; wing, 46; tail, 38; culmen, 12; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17. Legs, feet, and nails pale reddish brown; upper mandible nearly black, lower pale at tip, black at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

565. CISTICOLA EXILIS (Vigors and Horsfield).

GOLDEN-HEADED CISTICOLA.

Malurus exilis Vigors and Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1825), 15, 223. Cisticola exilis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 7, 269; Hand-List (1903), 4, 198; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 194; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.

Pí-rot, Bohol, Siquijor; pi-pit co-gon, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Southern China, India Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, Australia, Formosa.

Adult male (May to August).--Top of head golden buff becoming dusky on hind neck; back ashy gray heavily streaked with black; lower back, rump, and tail-coverts dark tawny buff; under parts heavily washed with tawny buff, most heavily on sides and thighs; middle of breast and thighs lighter and nearly white; wing-feathers blackish brown, more or less edged with ashy gray or rusty buff; tail blackish, tipped with dark buff. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 42; tail, 31; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 29.

Female.--Similar to the male, but top of head fulvous-brown, heavily streaked with black.

Male in non-breeding plumage resembles the female, having a streaked crown and the under parts mostly white.

Young, in first plumage, resemble the adult in non-breeding plumage, but the under parts, especially the face, throat, and breast, are washed with pale lemon-yellow.

"Three males from Sulu measure: Length, 90; wing, 40.6; tail, 35.5; culmen, 11.6; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 14. Two females, length, 97; wing, 40; tail, 36.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus MEGALURUS Horsfield, 1821.

Bill small and slender, culmen gently curved; bill from nostril a little less than hind toe without claw; rictal bristles few and small; first primary more than one-half second, the latter considerably exceeded by third; fifth and sixth equal and longest; rectrices long, pointed, and much graduated, the inner ones usually considerably abraded; tail much longer than wing; tarsus long and heavy; toes short; tarsus about two-fifths of wing.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing, about 100 mm.; tarsus, about 38; top of head earthy brown. ... palustris (p. 582) a2. Much smaller; wing, about 70 mm.; tarsus, about 28; top of head rusty brown. ... tweeddalei (p. 583)

566. MEGALURUS PALUSTRIS Horsfield.

STRIATED MARSH WARBLER.

Megalurus palustris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1820), 13, 159; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 123; Hand-List (1903), 4, 202; Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 383, fig. 122 (head); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 199; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89.

Su-nód ca-la-bao, Manila.

Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Kittlitz, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Mearns); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Ticao (McGregor). Manipur, Burmese provinces, southeastern New Guinea, northern and central India to Bhutun and Buxa Doars, Assam, Java.

Adult.--Above sandy buff; back heavily streaked with black; top of head and tail-coverts faintly streaked with brown; superciliary line white; ear-coverts and space behind eye sandy brown; lores and cheeks whitish; under parts white; sides of breast, flanks, thighs, and crissum washed with buff; lower throat, sides, and crissum with dark brown shaft-lines; wing-feathers blackish, edged with pale sandy buff; basal portion of primaries and secondaries edged with light rusty buff; rectrices brown, edged with lighter brown. Iris brown; upper mandible brown, lower mandible horn-blue; legs and feet brown. In worn plumage the upper parts appear much blacker and the shaft-streaks on under parts are more prominent. A male from Luzon measures: Wing, 100; tail, 142; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 36. A female in worn plumage, wing, 85; tail, 113; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 33.

Young.--Immature birds are distinguished by having sides of head and under parts washed with pale lemon-yellow. In Benguet Province, Luzon, this species was found breeding during April and May.

"The striated marsh warbler is found about the open fields. It runs rapidly on the ground and skulks in bamboo thickets and patches of tall grass and weeds. It soars and attempts to sing while on the wing; also perches at the very top of bamboo clumps, and 'sings' vigorously." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

567. MEGALURUS TWEEDDALEI McGregor.

TWEEDDALE'S MARSH WARBLER.

Megalurus ruficeps, not Megalurus ? ruficeps Sykes, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1832), 91, Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 695, pl. 72; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 7, 125; Hand-List (1903), 4, 202; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 240, pl. 5, fig. 7 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 219 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 200, pl. 9, fig. 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 89. Megalurus tweeddalei McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A, 283.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire top of head rufous-brown; sides of neck and back olive-gray, the latter heavily streaked with blackish brown; lower back and rump olive-brown; tail-coverts olive-gray with narrow brown shaft-lines; lores, superciliary line, cheeks, and ear-coverts ashy gray; a rufous line behind eye; under parts whitish; sides ashy gray, flanks browner; thighs and crissum buff; wings and tail brown with lighter brown edges. A male from Mindanao measures: Wing, 69; tail, 107; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 28. A female from Luzon, wing, 66; tail, 114; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.

"Five males average: Length, 225; wing, 71; tail, 109; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Five females, length, 211; wing, 68; tail, 104; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 27.6; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; legs and feet light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Three eggs of Tweeddale's marsh warbler, collected by Steere in Marinduque, May 8, 1888, are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale pinkish white, sparingly marked all over with small blotches and minute dots of light red and pale violet-gray under-markings, the latter forming a more or less distinct zone round the larger pole. Measurements 21 mm. by 16 mm. Nest of the bulbul type, lined with fine wiry grasses and fiber." (Grant and Whitehead.)

Genus ACANTHOPNEUSTE Blasius, 1858.

Bill slender and acute, a slight notch near its tip; rictal and nasal bristles short; wing long and pointed; first primary very short, slender and acute, usually little more or less in length than primary-coverts; third and fourth primaries longest; tail moderate in length and square; tarsus and toes slender; bill from nostril less than one-half tarsus and equal to hind toe with half its claw; divisions between tarsal scutes obsolete. Upper parts dull olive-green, under parts pale yellow or white. The birds of this genus resemble some of the small flycatchers (Cryptolopha), but are distinguished by their short first primary.

Species.

a1. Second primary equal to or greater than the sixth.

b1. First primary shorter, from 7.5 to 11.5 mm. in length, equal to or less than the primary-coverts; under parts grayer ... borealis (p. 584) b2. First primary longer, from 12.5 to 15 mm. in length, and longer than primary-coverts; under parts yellower ... xanthodryas (p. 585)

a2. Second primary equal to or greater than the ninth, and from 17 to 20 mm. in length; under parts grayish yellow ... lugubris (p. 586)

568. ACANTHOPNEUSTE BOREALIS (Blasius).

NORTHERN WILLOW WARBLER.

Phyllopneuste borealis Blasius, Naumannia (1858), 313. Phylloscopus borealis Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 210 (migration). Acanthopneuste borealis Oates, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1889), 1, 412; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 216; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 227; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp.); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere Exp.); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Northern Europe, northern Asia, Alaska, Commander Islands; in winter to China, Formosa, Indo-Chinese provinces, Malay Peninsula, and Borneo.

"Coloration.--Upper plumage olive-green, lighter on the rump; wings brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; wing-coverts brown on the inner and olive-green on the outer webs; the median and greater coverts with yellowish white tips forming two bars; tail brown, the outer webs edged with olive-green; a broad and well-defined eye-streak, reaching to the nape, yellowish white; lores brown; ear-coverts olive mingled with yellowish; under plumage white, suffused with yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars pale yellow.

"As the summer goes on the wing-bars get worn away and the upper one is sometimes absent. The lower plumage gets whiter and the upper plumage duller. After the autumn molt the wing-bars are very conspicuous and the under parts become suffused with deeper yellow.

"Upper mandible dark brown, the edges and tip yellow; gape and basal half of the lower mandible orange-yellow, terminal half dusky; mouth bright orange-yellow; iris dark brown; legs flesh-color tinged with yellow; claws yellowish horn-color. Length, 122; tail, 51; wing, 68.5; tarsus, 20; bill from gape, 17; the second primary is intermediate in length between the fifth and sixth, and is sometimes equal to the sixth; the first primary is very small, measuring from 7.6 to 11.4 in length." (Oates.)

The arctic willow warbler is the commonest species of the genus and is found in the Philippines during the winter months. Most of the specimens taken at this time have the under parts but faintly suffused with yellow and in this plumage the wing-bar is indicated by light spots on the outer webs of some of the greater coverts. This plainly colored species is usually seen flitting among the branches of forest trees and at such heights that it can not be distinguished from other species of similar habits.

569. ACANTHOPNEUSTE XANTHODRYAS (Swinhoe).

YELLOW WILLOW WARBLER.

Phylloscopus xanthodryas Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1863), 296; Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 42. Acanthopneuste xanthodryas Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Apo (Celestino); Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Celestino); Mindanao (Celestino); Palawan (Everett). Mongolia, Japan, Kamtchatka, and the Kurile Islands; in winter to southern China and Borneo.

"Spring plumage.--General color of the upper parts olive, slightly yellower on the rump; eye-stripe well defined, narrow, yellowish white, extending to the nape; lores and the feathers behind the eye to the nape dark olive; wing-coverts olive, the median wing-coverts with narrow, and the greater wing-coverts with broad yellowish white tips, forming an obscure upper wing-bar and a conspicuous lower wing-bar; quills brown, narrowly tipped with grayish white, the outside web edged with green and emarginated as in the preceding species; tail-feathers brown, the outside web margined with green, and the inside web with a narrow well defined grayish white margin; general color of the under parts greenish yellow, grayer on the breast and flanks; axillars, under wing-coverts, and thighs pale yellow; inner margin of quills grayish white. Bill acrocephaline; upper mandible dark brown, under mandible pale; legs, feet, and claws brown; third and fourth primaries longest; second primary usually intermediate in length between the sixth and fifth, sometimes slightly shorter than the sixth; bastard [first] primary measuring 12.7 to 15.2 mm. Length of wing, male, 72.1 to 68.5; female, 68.5 to 66; tail, male, 53.3 to 49.5; female, 49.5 to 45.7; culmen, 12.9 to 13.9; tarsus, 20.3.

"The changes of plumage in this species are similar to those of the preceding species, but at all seasons of the year the general color of the under parts is much paler in color in P. borealis (Blasius). The smaller size and smaller first primary of the latter species serve, however, to distinguish even birds of the year from the present species, though they approach each other very closely." (Swinhoe.)

The yellow willow warbler is undoubtedly much rarer in the Philippines than the next preceding species, but upon a careful examination of available material I find it necessary to refer to this species a number of specimens which were previously recorded as A. borealis. These changes will be found in the list of localities under each species.

570. ACANTHOPNEUSTE LUGUBRIS (Blyth).

MOURNING WILLOW WARBLER.

Phyllopneuste lugubris Blyth, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1843), 12, 98. Phylloscopus lugubris Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 48. Acanthopneuste lugubris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Steere); Samar (Steere Exp.). Western China to Chuan-che, eastern Himalayas; in winter to eastern Bengal and Burmese provinces.

"Coloration.--Very similar to A. magnirostris, but rather darker and smaller, and differing also in the proportions of the primaries. Upper mandible dark brown, lower one yellowish, somewhat dusky on the terminal half; iris brown; mouth yellow; legs brown; claws horn-color. Length, 127; tail, 53; wing, 66; tarsus, 19; bill from gape, 15.7; the second primary is intermediate in length between the ninth and tenth, and sometimes equals the tenth; the first primary is very long, being sometimes 20.3 mm. in length." (Oates.)

I have not seen a full description of this species; it is usually compared with A. magnirostris, but its very long first primary would seem to be a character sufficient to prevent its being mistaken for either of the other species found in the Philippine Islands.

Genus HORORNIS Hodgson, 1845.

Bill short and stout with a small notch near the tip; rictal bristles few and well developed, a few short bristles in front of them; some feathers of forehead and chin with long bristle-like shafts; wing moderate to short, somewhat pointed, or else rounded, either shorter or longer than tail; first primary well developed but much (one-third to one-half) shorter than second, the latter considerably shorter than third; tail strongly rounded; tarsus and feet strong, hind toe and claw heavy; bill from nostril, less than one-half the tarsus, and equal to the hind toe without claw. Colors earthy brown, buff, and white; spots and bars entirely wanting.

Species.

a1. Larger, wing more than 70 mm. ... canturians (p. 587) a2. Smaller, wing less than 65 mm.

b1. Fourth and fifth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing longer and about equal to tail. ... minutus (p. 587) b2. Fifth and sixth primaries nearly equal and longest; wing shorter and much shorter than tail ... seebohmi (p. 588)

571. HORORNIS CANTURIANS (Swinhoe).

CHINESE BUSH WARBLER.

Arundinax canturians Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52. Cettia canturiens Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (winter). Horornis canturians Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 238. Horornis canturiens McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Apo (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor). Southern Ussuri Land to Lake Chanka, Formosa; in winter to Cachar and southern China.

Adult.--Above nearly uniform wood-brown; lighter on rump and tail-coverts; a dusky spot before and behind eye; eyelids white; a whitish line from bill over eye to nape; cheeks and ear-coverts buffy brown; under parts white, washed with buff on sides, flanks, crissum, and across fore breast; thighs slate-gray; wings brown, the feathers edged with russet; tail brown; axillars, wing-lining, edge of wing, and inner edges of quills white. Iris brown; bill dark brown above and light below; legs light horn. A male from Calayan measures: Length, 170; wing, 77; tail, 75; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 27.

572. HORORNIS MINUTUS (Swinhoe).

LITTLE BUSH WARBLER.

Arundinax minutus Swinhoe, Ibis (1860), 52. Cettia minuta Seebohm, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1881), 5, 141. Horornis minuta Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor, Bull. Phil. Mus. (1904), 4, 30; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Calayan (McGregor). Hainan, Askold Island, southern China.

Adult.--This species differs from H. canturians in being much smaller, and the tail-feathers appear to be less pointed. Length, about 145. A male from Calayan measures: Wing, 62; tail, 61; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 22. A female, wing, 62; tail, 60; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 22. Exposed portion of first primary little more than one-half of second; fourth and fifth equal and longest.

In the Philippine Islands the little bush warbler is known only as a winter visitant to Calayan Island.

573. HORORNIS SEEBOHMI (Grant).

PHILIPPINE BUSH WARBLER.

Cettia seebohmi Grant, Ibis (1894), 507; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 211 (habits, note). Horornis seebohmi Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 236; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 90.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Above dusky wood-brown, slightly olivaceous on the back and more russet-brown on the rump, tail-coverts, and margins of the rectrices; wings brown, the quills edged with russet; the first three primaries, however, fringed with much lighter brown; wing-coverts olivaceous; eyelids and eye-stripe whitish or pale buff; a dusky spot before and behind eye; under parts whitish; sides of neck and breast washed with olivaceous; flanks and crissum yellowish buff; thighs brown. Iris light brown; upper mandible dusky, lower mandible, legs, and nails flesh-color. Length, about 140. Male, wing, 55; tail, 63; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 24. Female, wing, 52; tail, 60; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 23.

Although this species resembles H. minutus both in size and color, it might be placed in another genus. The tail is decidedly longer than the wing, the latter rounded and weak; the first primary is equal to two-thirds of second and one-half of third; the fifth and sixth are nearly equal and longest. The plumage is somewhat decomposed and is less compact than in H. minutus.

Genus PHYLLERGATES Sharpe, 1883.

In size and superficial appearance Phyllergates resembles Orthotomus, but the two genera are really very distinct. In Phyllergates the bill is much wider and more depressed at the base, and blunter at the tip; the rictal bristles are slightly longer; the wing is longer; the tarsus and feet are more slender; the rectrices are much wider, nearly uniform in length, except the short outermost pair, and but ten in number.

Species.

a1. Chin and throat white ... philippinus (p. 589) a2. Chin and throat cinnamon ... heterolæmus (p. 589)

574. PHYLLERGATES PHILIPPINUS Hartert.

LUZON TAILOR WARBLER.

Phyllergates cinereicollis (not of Sharpe) Grant, Ibis (1894), 510; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 221 (habits). Phyllergates philippinus Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1897), 4, 517; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Forehead and crown cadmium-yellow; occiput and neck slate-gray; a line of lemon-yellow over eye; remainder of upper parts, including edges of the wing-feathers and rectrices, olive-green; (rump lemon-yellow in the male); inner webs of primaries edged with white; lores and band behind eye dusky gray; ear-coverts, cheeks, chin, throat, and fore breast silky white; remainder of under parts, including edge of wing, axillars, and wing-lining, bright lemon-yellow. Bill dusky brown; base of lower mandible lighter; legs pale yellow; nails light brown. Length, about 115. Male, wing, 44; tail, 42; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18. Female, wing, 42; tail, 37; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.

The Luzon tailor warbler is abundant in the Province of Benguet; its habits are similar to those of the lowland tailorbirds which it seems to replace in the mountains.

575. PHYLLERGATES HETEROLÆMUS Mearns.

MINDANAO TAILOR WARBLER.

Phyllergates heterolæmus Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, (1906), 91.

Mindanao (Mearns).

Adult (sex?).--"Whole top and sides of head cinnamon-rufous; chin, throat, and sides of neck cinnamon; upper parts olive-green, yellower on upper tail-coverts; upper wing-coverts and wing-quills brownish black, edged with olive-green on outer webs; tail-feathers drab, edged with olive-green; breast and belly canary-yellow; thighs and crissum olive-yellow; axillars and under wing-coverts yellow; quills edged with white on inner webs. Iris brown; bill with maxilla brown; mandible yellow, tipped with red; feet pale yellowish brown. Length, 121; alar expanse, 150; wing, 50; tail, 47; culmen, 14; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 13.5." (Mearns.)

Family ARTAMIDÆ.

Bill stout, conical, and pointed; culmen and cutting edge gently curved; nostril about half way between base and tip of upper mandible; wings very long and pointed; tarsus short, its anterior face with about five plates; powder-downs present.

Genus ARTAMUS Vieillot, 1816.

Mandible with a slight notch near tip; rictal bristles much less than bill from nostril; first primary very small and slender, not longer than culmen from base; second primary longest, the wings when folded reaching beyond the middle of tail; tail short and square, the rectrices broad and square; plumage compact. Colors white and gray.

576. ARTAMUS LEUCORYNCHUS (Linnæus).

WHITE-BELLIED SWALLOW SHRIKE.

Lanius leucorynchus Linnæus, Mantissa (1771), 524. Artamus leucogaster Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 13, 3; Hand-List (1903), 4, 260; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 240 (habits); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 257. Artamus leucorynchus McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 34, 22, pls. 16 to 18 (nesting habits). Artamus leucorhynchus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Git-git, Ticao, Lubang, and Manila; it-it, Bohol.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Papahag (Bartsch); Polillo (McGregor); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Bartsch); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Australia, Papuan and Andaman Islands, Malay Archipelago.

Adult (sexes alike).--Upper tail-coverts pure white; remainder of upper parts with wings and tail slate-gray; mantle and back decidedly browner; primaries and rectrices blacker; loral and nasal plumes black; sides of head and neck slate-gray; chin, throat, and fore part of chest blackish slate; remainder of under parts, axillars, and wing-lining pure white. Iris dark; bill light blue, its tip black; legs and nails black. Length, 190 to 200. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 136; tail, 67; culmen from base, 21; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 16.5. A female from Luzon, wing, 137; tail, 66; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 15.

Young.--Four large nestlings taken in Benguet, Luzon, April 19, 1903, resemble the adult in having the breast, abdomen, and crissum white. but the throat is light gray; chin, cheeks, and jaw dark smoky gray; upper parts light seal-brown with some ocherous-colored fringes to the feathers of back and inner wing-coverts; upper tail-coverts white; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices slate-blue with wide edges of gray or white. Iris brown; bill brown, yellowish along cutting edge; legs and feet blackish; nails black.

The nestling down is light buff.

"The swallow shrike is one of the commonest Philippine birds and it seems probable that this species occurs on every island of the group. It hawks after insects during the day, and may sometimes be seen hunting in great flocks just at sundown. Hundreds often roost together on the leaves of coconut trees. Called 'git-git' and 'ala-git-git' by the natives. We found it nesting in the coconut trees as a rule, but a nest in Negros was placed on the broken top of the trunk of a cotton-tree. The nest is composed of small grass-stems, twigs, and similar materials loosely woven together, and is lined with fine grass and with fibers from the bark of the cabo negro palm. The cavity of the nest is broad and shallow, measuring 75 to 100 mm. in width and 25 to 40 mm. in depth. The exterior dimensions vary greatly in different nests. Three or four eggs are deposited. Their ground-color is pale creamy white, usually very heavily marked with spots and blotches of very pale lilac and light chocolate-brown. These markings are usually more numerous at the larger end where, in rare cases, they almost entirely conceal the ground-color, while in others they are replaced by fine dots and small spots. The eggs are remarkably uniform in shape. They vary from 22.8 to 24.8 mm. in length and from 17.2 to 18 mm. in breadth." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This attractive species was found breeding in abundance along the Baco River, Mindoro, in April, 1904. The nests were usually placed among the upturned roots of fallen trees which had become stranded in the river.

Family LANIIDÆ.

Bill strong, either compressed or at least as high as broad at nostril, never depressed; upper mandible with a notch, or with a notch and a tooth near tip; nostrils partly hidden by antrorse frontal plumes, the shafts of which are produced; wing moderate in length, flat, and somewhat rounded; first primary one-half of third or less, the second falling between the first and third; rectrices twelve, either long, or else moderate in length; front of tarsus covered with distinct plates; hind toe with claw less than culmen from base.

Subfamilies.

a1. Bill strongly compressed except near base and with a strong tooth and a deep notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers not produced ... Laniinæ (p. 592) a2. Bill as high as broad, a slight notch near its tip; shafts of chin-feathers produced ... Pachycephalinæ (p. 599)

Subfamily LANIINÆ.

Bill strongly compressed, hooked, and with a strong tooth and deep notch on each side of upper mandible; inner webs of primaries slightly emarginate; rectrices graduated, usually as long as, or longer than, wing.

Genera.

a1. Mantle barred ... Enneoctonus (p. 592) a2. Mantle not barred.

b1. Forehead black; crown dark slate or black ... Cephalophoneus (p. 593) b2. Forehead gray or white in adults, more or less dull brown, earthy brown, or cinnamon-rufous in young birds, but never black; crown gray or brown ... Otomela (p. 596)

Genus ENNEOCTONUS Boie, 1826.

The only species of Enneoctonus known to occur in the Philippine Islands may be recognized by its barred mantle.

577. ENNEOCTONUS TIGRINUS (Drapiez).

TIGER SHRIKE.

Lanius tigrinus Drapiez, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. (1828), 13, 523; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 289; Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 139. Enneoctonus tigrinus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 91.

Sulu (Platen). Korea, China, Malay Peninsula, Java, Sumatra, and Borneo.

"Adult male (summer plumage).--Crown of head, hind neck, and upper part of the mantle clear bluish gray; mantle, scapulars, the whole back and the upper tail-coverts reddish brown, each feather with several transverse black bars; lesser wing-coverts like the back, the rest and the secondary quills chestnut-brown with submarginal black lines; primary quills uniform brown, with no white at the base whatever; tail uniform chestnut-brown, with faint subterminal bars and whitish tips to the outer rectrices; a frontal band, the loral and ocular region, and the ear-coverts deep black; all the under parts white, washed with cream-color, especially on the throat, breast, and edge of wings; some of the under wing-coverts with submarginal blackish brown bars. 'Bill bluish black; feet pale leaden, with a fleshy tinge; iris blackish brown.' (Swinhoe.)

"Winter plumage.--The gray of the head and neck is washed with brownish; the frontal band and ear-coverts are brownish black, so that the head has lost its beautiful appearance; cheeks, sides of breast, and flanks with a few subterminal brown vermiculations; bill and feet horny brown. Length, 168; culmen, 19; wing, 81; tail, 76; tarsus, 22.8.

"Adult female.--Very similar to the adult male in winter plumage, but generally with 'a large creamy patch on the lores, and a white half-eyebrow in rear of the eye-line' (Swinhoe); bill bluish black. The measurements are the same as in the male.

"Observation.--Consul Swinhoe observes 'that the sexes are alike, the males being more richly colored.' This, however, holds good only with old females in breeding plumage, since in winter (as proved by all the specimens from Malacca and Borneo) the female closely resembles the young and immature birds, the black frontal band and the gray of the head and neck being replaced by the reddish brown black-barred coloration of the back, while the region above the ear-coverts and above the eye is creamy instead of reddish brown.

"Immature bird.--General color of the whole upper surface of the body reddish brown, which color is more fulvous and grayish on the head and neck, passing into chestnut-brown on the rump and upper tail-coverts; each feather has several very distinct black or dark-brown cross-bars, and is mottled with small creamy or almost white spots; again, the shafts of the feathers being white, the upper parts of the body, especially the mantle and neck, exhibit a rather densely spotted aspect, thus differing from the adult female in summer plumage; no frontal band; the forehead, the region round the eye, and ear-coverts whitish mottled with brownish; throat, middle of abdomen, under tail- and under wing-coverts uniform cream-color; all the rest of the under parts and sides of the neck densely marked with blackish brown vermiculations. Bill pale horny brown; feet more bluish." (Gadow.)

"The tiger shrike is included in this list solely on the authority of Blasius. As it occurs in Borneo its presence in the Sulu group would not be surprising, but we failed to find it." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CEPHALOPHONEUS Fitzinger, 1863.

Forehead black; crown either black or dark slate-gray; without a white eyebrow. [78]

Species.

a1. Tail much shorter, less than 100 mm.; crown, neck, and back nearly uniform slaty gray ... validirostris (p. 594) a2. Tail much longer, more than 120 mm.; crown and neck black, back light gray.

b1. Scapulars, back, and rump darker; abdomen white ... nasutus (p. 594) b2. Scapulars, back, and rump lighter; abdomen pinkish vinaceous. ... suluensis (p. 595)

578. CEPHALOPHONEUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Grant).

STRONG-BILLED SHRIKE.

Lanius validirostris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 512; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits). Cephalophoneus validirostris Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 286; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult male.--Upper parts slate-gray, pale gray on forehead and over eye; frontal band, lores, ear-coverts, and line above and below eye black, forming a broad band to side of neck; under parts white; flanks cinnamon-buff, crissum faintly washed with buff; thighs black; wings blackish; inner secondaries margined with white on outer webs; rectrices blackish, the two or three outer pairs narrowly tipped with white. Bill and nails black; legs blackish brown; iris dark brown. Length, about 210; wing, 87; tail, 97; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 24.

"Adult female.--Differs slightly in having the black on the sides of the face paler and absent on the forehead, which is whitish gray; the whitish gray margins to the superciliaries are more marked; the margins to the secondaries are rufous-buff, and the thighs are gray. Length, 200; wing, 86; tail, 89; tarsus, 25; culmen, 23." (Grant.)

Young.--Young birds, in first plumage, have the upper part smoky gray; frontal band, lores, and band through eye black; chin, throat, and middle of abdomen white; thighs black; remainder of under parts tawny-buff; breast and malar region speckled with smoky brown, but no bars on the under parts; wings and tail blackish brown; greater secondary-coverts, inner secondaries and nearly all the remiges edged with tawny-buff.

The strong-billed shrike is fairly abundant in Benguet Province, Luzon.

579. CEPHALOPHONEUS NASUTUS (Scopoli).

LARGE-NOSED SHRIKE.

Lanius nasutus Scopoli, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 85; Oates, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1883), 1, 248; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits). Lanius cephalomelas Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 269. Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 289; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Ta-rat San Diego, Manila.

Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino). Northern Borneo.

Adult.--Entire top and sides of head, hind neck, and sides of neck black; mantle light gray shading into ocherous buff on scapulars, back, rump and tail-coverts; under parts white; sides and flanks ocherous buff; crissum light buff; thighs white; wings and tail black; inner webs of wing-quills edged with white; fifth to eighth primaries with a small white spot near base of outer webs; inner secondaries more or less edged and tipped with pale buff or white; edge of wing, of first alula quill, and of first and second primaries white; rectrices narrowly tipped with pale buff or white, two outermost pairs edged with pale buff or white; all the rectrices fringed with pale buff at base. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, 240 to 245. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 88; tail, 125; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26. A female, wing, 88; tail, 124; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 26.

"Quite common in some localities, especially in Siquijor, but less abundant than O. lucionensis. Habits the same, and frequents precisely the same localities. Three males from Mindanao average: Length, 240; wing, 88; tail, 120; culmen, 21; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 23. Two females from Culion, length, 228; wing, 87; tail, 113; culmen, 20; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown to black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

580. CEPHALOPHONEUS SULUENSIS Mearns.

SULU SHRIKE.

Lanius cephalomelas Guillemard, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 257. Lanius nasutus Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1898), 20, 561, no. 391 (part). Cephalophoneus nasutus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 287 (part). Cephalophoneus suluensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Mearns.)

Adult male.--"Whole top [of head] and sides of neck, and hind neck black; mantle gray (No. 10 Ridgway), fading to pale cream-buff on back; scapulars pale cream-buff, broadly bordered with white; rump and upper tail-coverts pinkish buff; primaries black with an exposed spot of white, formed by white bands crossing the external webs of third to seventh primaries opposite the end of the alula; secondaries black, tipped and edged externally with white; tail black, with outer feathers gray at base, tipped with grayish white; chin, throat, breast, thighs, axillars, and lining of wings pure white; side buff; abdomen pinkish vinaceous; under tail-coverts buffy white. Length (of skin), 240; wing, 95; tail, 135; culmen, 17; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 8.7; tarsus, 28.

"In size and color pattern this species closely resembles Lanius nasutus Scopoli from which it may be distinguished by the pale color of the scapulars, back, and rump, as well as by the pinkish vinaceous color of the abdomen." (Mearns.)

The long-tailed shrikes collected in Sulu by Bourns and Worcester and by Guillemard were probably of this species. I have not seen a specimen from Sulu.

Genus OTOMELA Bonaparte, 1853.

The Philippine species of Otomela may be recognized by the nearly uniformly colored upper parts, narrow, white or pale buff, superciliary stripe, and short tail; wing and tail about equal in length. [79]

Species.

a1. Forehead pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the crown and back. ... lucionensis (p. 597) a2. Forehead not gray, the upper parts reddish brown.

b1. Upper parts duller brown. ... cristata (p. 598) b2. Upper parts brighter, reddish or fox-brown. ... superciliosa (p. 598)

581. OTOMELA LUCIONENSIS (Linnæus).

GRAY-HEADED SHRIKE.

Lanius lucionensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 135; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 171, pl. 29, fig. 1; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 274; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226. Otomela lucionensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Ta-ga-pa-ri, Ticao; ti-cong, Cagayancillo; te-ti-bi-as, Bantayan; ti-ba-las, Siquijor; ta-rat or ca-bi-so-te, Manila.

Agutaya (McGregor); Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Bartsch); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Möllendorff, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Everett, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino, Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Mongolia, northern China, Korea, Formosa, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Malay Archipelago; southern India in winter.

Adult male (Bohol, April).--Lores, a narrow frontal line, and a broad band through eye to side of neck black; forehead delicate pearl-gray, shading gradually into earthy brown on the back and becoming more reddish brown on the lower back and rump; chin, throat, jaw, and middle of abdomen white; thighs pale gray; remaining under parts buff; wing-feathers blackish; primaries whitish at their bases; axillars and inner edges of wing-quills white; rectrices earthy brown, narrowly tipped with whitish and obsoletely barred. Bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 88; tail, 87; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 23.

Most of the specimens taken in the Philippines, autumn and winter, have the under parts whitish with varying amounts of dusky vermiculations. This plumage appears to be characteristic of both young and winter specimens.

Young birds differ from the adults in the color of the upper parts, which are "brownish rufous, brighter on the upper tail-coverts; no gray on the head; loral region and a superciliary streak dingy white or cream-color; head, hind neck, mantle, and upper tail-coverts showing faint dark vermiculations; wing-coverts and secondary quills brown, broadly edged with rufous, each feather with a dark brown submarginal line; ear-coverts and a small spot in front of the eye dark brown; chin, throat, middle of abdomen, and the under wing-coverts, axillars, and edge of wing pale creamy white; all the rest of the under parts more strongly washed with creamy or even with rufous, and marked with numerous dark brown cross-vermiculations; bill brown, lighter at base." (Gadow.)

"One of the commonest of Philippine birds. Doubtless occurs on every island of the group. Found in open fields, where it perches on stones, weeds, bushes, etc. It is a very noisy, quarrelsome bird, and a vicious fighter when snared or wounded. Five males average: Length, 186; wing, 85; tail, 84; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 22. Five females, length, 188; wing, 86; tail, 82.5; culmen, 20; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

582. OTOMELA CRISTATA (Linnæus).

BROWN SHRIKE.

Lanius cristatus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 93; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 271; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds. (1902), 1, 240. Otomela cristata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 92.

Asia, from the Yenesei to Kamchatka and Dauria, and from Yarkand to the east coast of China; wintering in India, Ceylon, the Andamans, Burma, the Malay Peninsula, and as far south as Java. (Dresser.) Borneo and Philippine Islands in winter. (Sharpe.)

"Male adult (Dauria).--Upper parts reddish brown, more rufous on the crown; wings dark brown margined with rufous, the lesser wing-coverts like the back; no white alar speculum; tail reddish brown, paler at the tip; lores and a patch passing through the eye and extending over the ear-coverts black; forehead, supercilium, cheeks, chin, and throat white; rest of the under parts rufous-buff. Bill pale plumbeous, the upper mandible from the nostril, and the tip of the lower mandible dark horn; legs bluish brown; iris dark brown; eyelids plumbeous. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 91; tarsus, 25.4.

"The female has the supercilium creamy white, the under parts isabelline, the flanks rufous-buff, these and the breast faintly vermiculated, and the young have the upper parts distinctly barred and the under parts vermiculated with dark brown." (Dresser.)

583. OTOMELA SUPERCILIOSA (Latham).

WHITE-FRONTED SHRIKE.

Lanius superciliosus Latham, Ind. Ornith. (1801), suppl. 20, No. 4; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 273; Dresser, Man. Palæarctic Bds. (1902), 1, 241. Otomela superciliosa Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 288; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

The Island of Sagahalien, Askold and Japan; wintering in the Malay Peninsula, Philippines, and Java. (Dresser.)

"Male adult (Japan).--Differs from L. cristatus in having the upper parts much brighter, usually rich fox-red, the forehead and fore crown and a broad supercilium pure white; wings blackish, externally margined with rufous; tail fox-red tipped with dull white. Culmen, 17.7; wing, 89; tail, 94; tarsus, 21." (Dresser.)

Subfamily PACHYCEPHALINÆ.

Bill at nostril as broad as it is high, compressed toward the tip; a well-marked notch near tip of bill; feathers of chin and jaw with their shafts produced and hair-like; rectrices nearly uniform in length; tail decidedly shorter than wing.

Genus HYLOTERPE Cabanis, 1847.

Characters same as those given for the Subfamily.

Species.

a1. Upper parts olive-green.

b1. Breast, abdomen, and crissum lemon-yellow, or at least washed with yellow.

c1. Breast and abdomen bright lemon-yellow.

d1. Larger; bill longer; back duller olive-green. ... philippinensis (p. 599) d2. Smaller; bill shorter; back brighter olive-green. ... apoensis (p. 600)

c2. Breast, sides, and abdomen washed with yellow.

d1. Smaller; breast and sides less strongly washed with yellow. ... fallax (p. 601) d2. Larger; breast and sides more strongly washed with yellow. ... illex (p. 601)

b2. Breast olivaceous gray; abdomen white; crissum pale yellow. ... albiventris (p. 602)

a2. Upper parts brown.

b1. Smaller; wing, about 80 mm.; tail, 62; upper parts hair-brown, slightly olivaceous. ... whiteheadi (p. 602) b2. Larger; wing, 84 mm. or more; tail, 66 or more.

c1. Larger; upper parts mars-brown. ... winchelli (p. 603) c2. Smaller; upper parts dark walnut-brown; auriculars vinaceous cinnamon. ... homeyeri (p. 603)

584. HYLOTERPE PHILIPPINENSIS Walden.

LUZON THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe philippinensis Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 252; Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 8, 179, pl. 31, fig. 2; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225 (habits, nest); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93 (error in locality list). Pachycephala philippinensis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 221.

Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head and hind neck olive-brown, shading into dull olive-green on back; lighter olive-green on rump, tail-coverts, and edges of wing-feathers and rectrices; lores and ear-coverts drab; chin, throat, and malar region white; chin-feathers with black shafts; throat with obscure drab shaft-lines; sides of fore breast olive-yellow; remainder of under parts bright lemon-yellow. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, about 150. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 19. A female from the same locality, wing, 81; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20.

585. HYLOTERPE APOENSIS Mearns.

MOUNT APO THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe philippinensis Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 241, pl. 5, fig. 1 (egg); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313 (part); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1905), 4, 299, pl. 13, fig. 18. Hyloterpe apoensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 86; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93; Grant, Ibis (1906), 475 (critical); McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 329 (Bohol). Hyloterpe apoensis basilanica Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 442. [80]

Pbe'a-oi-toi, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Mearns); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Mearns, Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Similar to H. philippinensis, but the bill decidedly smaller and the back bright olive-green. A male topotype measures: Wing, 82; tail, 68; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.5. Specimens from Bohol differ in having larger bills. A male measures: Wing, 75; tail, 62; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 84; tail, 69; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11.

Whitehead found a set of two eggs of the Mount Apo thickhead near Paranas, Samar, in June, 1896. The eggs are thus described: "Shape ovate. Ground-color brownish cream-color, shading into a zone of deeper color round the larger end; the zone is ornamented with spots of pale sienna-brown and larger underlying markings of bluish gray. Measurements 23 mm. by 17 mm.

"Nest cup-shaped, very similar to that constructed by Iole philippensis, and composed of similar materials--fine roots and dead leaves. It was situated in the undergrowth of old forest in a small tree about three meters from the ground, and the female bird was obtained." (Grant and Whitehead.)

586. HYLOTERPE FALLAX McGregor.

CALAYAN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe fallax McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Sa-mot ba-sit, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head hair-brown washed with olive-green; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, dark olive-green; ear-coverts drab; chin and throat white with distinct dusky shaft-lines, bordered posteriorly by a crescentic, dusky band of drab, washed posteriorly with olive; breast, abdomen, and crissum yellow, pale for the greater part, but bright lemon-yellow on crissum; sides of breast and flanks dusky olive-green; feathers of thighs gray, tipped with yellow; edge of wing, under wing-coverts, and axillars white washed with yellow; inner webs of quills edged with white. Bill black; legs plumbeous; nails flesh-color. Measurements of male cotype: Length, 152; wing, 83; tail, 64; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female cotype, wing, 79; tail, 67; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21.

Immature.--Sides of face and pectoral band washed with faint reddish brown; edges of wing-quills reddish brown. Bill dark brown, lower mandible lighter.

587. HYLOTERPE ILLEX McGregor.

CAMIGUIN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe illex McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 348.

Camiguin N. (McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Hyloterpe fallax, but slightly larger; breast and flanks more strongly suffused with yellow. Male type, length, 183; wing, 93; tail, 75; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 21. Female, wing, 86; tail, 67; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 22.

Young.--A young bird taken in June has most of the head and body covered with vinaceous-cinnamon down, darker on the back; under tail-coverts pale yellow; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown, edged with olive-green; innermost secondaries and secondary-coverts washed with vinaceous-cinnamon.

588. HYLOTERPE ALBIVENTRIS Grant.

HIGHLAND THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe albiventris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (June 30, 1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1894), 511; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe mindorensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (December 8, 1894), 1, 22; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Mindoro (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Above dull olive-green, brighter on the rump, wings, and tail; sides of head and ear-coverts slightly washed with olive; chin, throat, and chest hair-brown streaked with white and slightly washed with olive; abdomen white faintly washed with yellow; sides and flanks more dusky; crissum pale lemon-yellow; axillars and wing-lining white faintly washed with yellow. Length, about 165. Male, wing, 82; tail, 70; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 22. Female, wing, 79; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9.5; tarsus, 22.

Young.--A very young bird taken in April resembles the young of H. illex. Above dark walnut-brown; below vinaceous-cinnamon; three or four outer primaries edged with pale gray; the inner primaries edged with olive-green, some of them washed with reddish brown.

"Very rare in Mindoro. But a single female specimen obtained. It measures 165 in length; wing, 78; tail, 66; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

589. HYLOTERPE WHITEHEADI Sharpe.

PALAWAN THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 311; Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe plateni Blasius, Ornis (1888), 311.

Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Celestino, White).

Adult.--Upper parts hair-brown; edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices slightly more ashy brown; auriculars and sides of neck hair-brown; throat white with faint drab-gray streaks; chest drab-gray; remainder of under parts white. Male, wing, 79; tail, 62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 19. Female, wing, 78; tail, 65; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18.

"Quite rare in the localities collected in by us. A male measures, length, 149; wing, 80.5; tail, 60; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 18.8; middle toe with claw, 16. A female, length, 159; wing, 82; tail, 62.7; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 17.5; culmen, 22. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails light slate; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

590. HYLOTERPE WINCHELLI Bourns and Worcester.

WINCHELL'S THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe winchelli Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 21; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; Grant, Ibis (1896), 549; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 225; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93. Hyloterpe major Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1884), 1, 22.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Top of head vandyke-brown; back, rump, and edges of wing-feathers and of rectrices reddish brown (near mars-brown of Ridgway); auriculars slightly lighter; sides of neck and of breast similar to the back; under parts white; chest, flanks, and thighs washed with hair-brown. Iris brown or dark red; bill black; legs and nails pale blue or slate-gray. Length, about 170 mm. A male from Cebu measures: Wing, 94; tail, 74; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 23. A male from Ticao, wing, 88; tail, 68; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20. A female from Sibuyan, wing, 86; tail, 68; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 22.

"Quite common in the forests of the islands named. Rather a shy bird. Has a pleasant whistling note, and may be readily called up. Three males from Negros measure as follows: Wing, 82; tail, 69; culmen, 18.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 19. Three females from Panay, wing, 81; tail, 66.5; culmen, 17.5; tarsus, 20.5; middle toe with claw, 18. Length measurement not taken in the flesh on any of the above. Two males from Masbate average 165 in length, and a female from same place measures 162. Bill black; iris brown; legs, feet, and nails light slate." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

591. HYLOTERPE HOMEYERI Blasius.

HOMEYER'S THICKHEAD.

Hyloterpe homeyeri Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 143; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 313; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Upper parts, including margins of wing-feathers and rectrices, reddish brown (walnut-brown of Ridgway); head slightly darker; sides of neck like the back; auriculars vinaceous-cinnamon; under parts white; chin, throat, and fore breast streaked with cinnamon; sides of breast and flanks cinnamon; crissum washed with pale canary-yellow. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 84; tail, 66; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 20. A female, wing, 74; tail, 62; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 20.

"Common in Tawi Tawi, less so in Sulu. A deep woods bird; tame and easily shot. Feeds on insects, and usually keeps some distance above the ground. Six males average: Length, 157; wing, 81; tail, 64; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 19.5; middle toe with claw, 18. Four females, length, 150; wing, 77; tail, 63; culmen, 17.8; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 17.8. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails light brown; bill black. Breeding in Tawi Tawi in the month of September." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family PARIDÆ.

Bill conoidal and stout, shorter than head; no notch in cutting edge, and tip not hooked; nostrils slightly oval, hidden by the antrorse frontal plumes; rictal bristles short and inconspicuous; wing flat and somewhat pointed; first primary less than one-half of second, the latter less than the third; fourth and fifth longest; third and sixth about equal in length; rectrices broad with nearly square tips; tail much shorter than wing; tarsus stout, less than twice the bill from nostril, distinctly scutellate in front; basal joints of anterior toes more or less united.

Genera.

a1. Breast and abdomen yellow; rectrices tipped with white or with pale yellow. ... Pardaliparus (p. 604) a2. Breast and abdomen black, or dull brown, nearly uniform in color with the back; rectrices without white or light-colored tips. ... Penthornis (p. 608)

Genus PARDALIPARUS Selys-Longchamps, 1884.

Chin, throat, and much or all of the head black; breast and abdomen yellow; rectrices and many of the wing-feathers with wide tips of white or of pale yellow.

Species.

a1. A broad yellow band from below eye across auriculars to side of neck, separating the black of chin and throat from the black of head.

b1. Larger; bill longer; spots on wing-coverts larger and more nearly white.

c1. Bill much smaller; spot on hind neck and stripe on side of head and neck bright canary-yellow.

d1. Back and scapulars more olive-green. ... elegans (p. 605) d2. Back and scapulars white. ... albescens (p. 606)

c2. Bill much larger; spot on neck and stripe on side of head and neck very pale yellow. ... edithæ (p. 606)

b2. Smaller; bill shorter; spots on wing-coverts smaller and washed with yellow. ... mindanensis (p. 607)

a2. No yellow band on side of head and neck, which are entirely black. ... amabilis (p. 607)

592. PARDALIPARUS ELEGANS (Lesson).

ELEGANT TITMOUSE.

Parus elegans Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1831), 456; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 224 (habits). Pardaliparus elegans Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 328; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part).

Pi-pít mó-tas, Manila.

Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp.); Luzon (Cuming, Everett, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Mearns, Bartsch); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); [81] Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).*

Male.--Entire top of head and hind neck glossy black; in the center of hind neck a large irregular yellow spot; upper back mostly black, but with some large spots of pale yellow; scapulars, lower back, and rump olive-green; tail-coverts black; chin, throat, chest, and sides of chest glossy black, separated from the black of head and neck by a broad lemon-yellow stripe which begins under the front of the eye and ends on side of neck; remainder of under parts lemon-yellow; wings black; inner webs of quills edged with white; most of the primaries white toward the tips of outer webs; secondaries and some of the primaries tipped with white; greater and median secondary-coverts with broad white tips, forming two wing-bars; rectrices black, tipped with white, three outer pairs with white on outer webs. Iris and bill black; feet and nails plumbeous. Length, about 120; wing, 65; tail, 42; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Duller, the chin and throat dark brown instead of glossy black. An adult breeding female from Benguet Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 62; tail, 37; culmen from base, 11.5; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18.

Young.--Birds of the year have the entire upper parts olive-green, but the yellow nuchal patch is always indicated; under parts gray to pale yellow, somewhat washed with olive; chin and throat more or less uniform with the abdomen, but the black patch beginning to show in older individuals; wings and tail marked as in the adult.

"The habits of the elegant titmouse are like those of P. amabilis; it feeds in leaves at the ends of branches, often back downward. Ten males average: Length, 110; wing, 63; tail, 37.5; culmen, 12; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females, length, 101; wing, 59; tail, 35; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15; culmen, 11. Iris dark brown; legs and feet slaty blue to black; bill black; nails gray. We found this species breeding in Cebu in the month of June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

593. PARDALIPARUS ALBESCENS McGregor.

WHITE-BACKED TITMOUSE.

Parus elegans Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22 (part); McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 11. Pardaliparus elegans Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 328 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part). Pardaliparus albescens McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 293.

Masbate (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor).

Specific characters.--Similar to P. elegans Lesson, but with little or no olive-green on upper parts, and the white on scapulars and back much more extensive, to a large extent replacing the black. Male (type), wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.

594. PARDALIPARUS EDITHÆ McGregor.

EDITH'S TITMOUSE.

Pardaliparus elegans McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (part). Pardaliparus edithæ McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 294.

Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor).

Male.--Top of head, sides of neck and mantle glossy blue-black; an irregular white patch in center of nape; a number of large white spots on mantle; back and rump gray, washed with olivaceous; upper tail-coverts glossy black; chin, throat, and fore breast dead black, forming a large triangular patch, bounded above by a broad band of white, slightly washed with yellow, which extends under eye across ear-coverts onto side of neck; rest of lower parts pale lemon-yellow, washed with olivaceous on sides of neck and abdomen and on flanks; wings glossy black; primaries narrowly edged with gray on their outer webs and with white on the inner; greater and median coverts with white spots at tips (much smaller than in P. elegans and not forming bands as in that species); secondaries tipped with white; tail black with white markings as in P. elegans, but the white tips much smaller and white on outer webs of two outer pairs of rectrices. Bill black except basal third which is horn-blue; legs dull blue; nails horn-brown. Length, 122; wing, 67; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male, but somewhat duller and upper parts more olive-green. Wing, 63; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 18.

595. PARDALIPARUS MINDANENSIS (Mearns).

MINDANAO TITMOUSE.

Pardaliparus elegans mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 8. Pardaliparus mindanensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Kah-too-reé-nay, Bagobo of Mount Apo.

Mindanao (Mearns, Clemens).

Adult male.--"Similar to Pardaliparus elegans elegans, but smaller with a relatively smaller bill; coloration heavier and yellower, the black of chin and throat extending to the chest; whitish spots of upper wing-coverts and tail-feathers washed with yellow. Length, 117; alar expanse, 210; wing, 67; tail, 41; culmen, 9.5; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15." (Mearns.)

The Mindanao titmouse differs from the species found in more northern localities in the characters given by Mearns. A male from Lake Lanao measures: Wing, 63; tail, 37; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 62; tail, 36; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.

596. PARDALIPARUS AMABILIS (Sharpe).

PALAWAN TITMOUSE.

Parus amabilis Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 338, pl. 5, fig. 2; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 22. Pardaliparus amabilis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 327; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 93.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult male.--Entire head, neck, chin, throat, and chest glossy blue-black; neck bordered behind by a mantle of clear canary-yellow; back and rump lavender-gray; tail-coverts black; breast and remainder of under parts bright lemon-yellow; wings and tail black; greater and median coverts and primary-coverts broadly tipped with white; primaries with small white tips or marks on outer webs; secondaries with wider white tips and pale gray edges; inner webs of quills edged with white; rectrices broadly tipped with white and all but the center pair with outer webs white, but this much reduced in pair next the center pair. Wing, 72; tail, 46; culmen from base, 10.5; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Black of head and throat much duller than in the male; yellow of the mantle reduced to a narrow band; remainder of the back olive-green, somewhat mixed with lavender-gray on rump; white marks on wings and tail much smaller than in the male. Wing, 70; tail, 44; culmen from base, 10.5; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

"Young.--Very different from the adult. It is brown above with an olive-greenish tinge, the head and face browner. Below it is yellow, duller than in the adult, the throat olive; wings and tail browner than in the adult, with the same white spotting, but not so pronounced." (Sharpe.)

Genus PENTHORNIS Hellmayr, 1901.

The genus Penthornis is distinguished from Pardaliparus by its nearly uniform black plumage and white frontal band.

Species.

a1. Wings uniform black with no white bar. ... semilarvatus (p. 608) a2. Wings black, but with a conspicuous white bar near the base of primaries and secondaries. ... tessacourbe (p. 608)

597. PENTHORNIS SEMILARVATUS (Salvadori).

WHITE-FACED BLACK TITMOUSE.

Melaniparus semilarvatus Salvadori, Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat. (1865), 8, 375; Ibis (1879), 300, pl. 9. Parus semilarvatus Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 38; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 224 (habits). Penthornis semilarvatus Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 333; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.).

Adult male.--Greater part of plumage glossy black, the following parts white: Forehead to opposite center of eye, lores, line under eye, fore part of cheeks; a concealed patch on hind neck formed by the white bases of the feathers; part of the inner webs of wing and quills, wing-lining, axillars, and outer webs of under tail-coverts white. In one specimen before me, probably immature, the tail-coverts are entirely black. Iris light brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 130; wing, 75; tail, 50; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 17.

Female.--A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, has the under parts mostly seal-brown but this is probably because of immaturity. Wing, 71; tail, 59; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 15.

598. PENTHORNIS TESSACOURBE (Scopoli).

WHITE-WINGED BLACK TITMOUSE.

Muscicapa tessacourbe Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 95 (based on Sonnerat's figure). Muscicapa luzoniensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 942 (same basis as Scopoli's name). Micropus nehrkorni Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 147. Penthornis luzoniensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 333; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Mindanao (Sonnerat?, Platen).

Male.--Similar to Penthornis semilarvatus, but with a broad white band across the inner primaries and outer secondaries near their bases. "Length, 140; wing, 78.5; tail, 53; culmen, 12.5; tarsus, 15." (Blasius.)

Muscicapa tessacourbe Scopoli and M. luzoniensis Gmelin were both based upon Sonnerat's plate. The species was unrecognized until Platen collected a male in Mindanao. Blasius described this specimen under the name Micropus nehrkorni, suggesting the probability that it was the same as Muscicapa luzoniensis. Sonnerat's figure does not look much like a Penthornis.

Family SITTIDÆ.

Bill slender and pointed, about as long as head; neither notched nor toothed; culmen but very slightly curved; nostrils oval, nearly hidden by the antrorse frontal plumes; shafts of the latter hair-like and extending beyond the nostrils; rictal bristles very small; wing long, pointed and somewhat curved; first primary equal to about one-third of second; fourth and fifth nearly equal and longest; second between fifth and sixth in length; tail square, very short, scarcely more than one-half the wing; tarsus distinctly scutellate, equal to culmen from base; three anterior toes with their basal joints united; outer toe much longer than inner toe; hind toe with claw much longer than tarsus and nearly equal to middle toe with claw.

Genus CALLISITTA Bonaparte, 1850.

Upper parts of body blue, forehead black; under parts, buff or cinnamon, more or less washed with lilac.

Species.

a1. Lores entirely black; mantle uniform blue like the back. ... palawana (p. 609) a2. Lores not entirely black, the lower part white or buff; mantle somewhat lighter than the rest of the back.

b1. Breast and abdomen lighter, with little or no lilac wash.

c1. Larger; under parts much darker; breast vinaceous-cinnamon. ... oenochlamys (p. 610) c2. Smaller; under parts much lighter; breast cream-buff. ... mesoleuca (p. 610)

b2. Breast and abdomen darker, and heavily washed with lilac. ... lilacea (p. 611)

599. CALLISITTA PALAWANA (Hartert).

PALAWAN NUTHATCH.

Sitta frontalis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 358 (part). Dendrophila frontalis Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 53; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351 (part). Sitta frontalis palawana Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16, 11. Callisitta frontalis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Palawan (Steere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, Celestino, White).

Adult male.--Above french-blue; lores and forehead velvet-black; a black stripe over eye, extending from the black frontal patch to nape; under parts vinaceous-buff, chin and throat considerably paler; abdomen and sides slightly washed with lilac; sides of head vinaceous-buff, slightly washed with violet; a blue line under eye; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries mostly black, some of the feathers narrowly edged with blue; secondaries and secondary-coverts mostly blue; rectrices blue, each feather with a large black mark which occupies much of the inner web and part of the outer web. A male from Puerto Princesa, Palawan, measures: Length, 127; wing, 75; tail, 42; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 17.

Adult female.--Like the male, but with no black line over eye and ear-coverts, although there is an indication of the line. Wing, 72; tail, 41; culmen from base, 15.5; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

"Eye straw-yellow; bill vermilion; orbital skin gray; legs light brown." (Whitehead.)

600. CALLISITTA OENOCHLAMYS (Sharpe).

LOWLAND NUTHATCH.

Dendrophila oenochlamys Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 338, pl. 53, fig. 3; Hand-List (1903), 4, 351; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227 (distribution). Sitta oenochlamys Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 359. Callisitta oenochlamys McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94 (error in locality list).

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Adult male.--A small white spot on lower part of lores; very similar to Callisitta palawana, but slightly darker blue above, bases of mantle feathers vinaceous-buff forming an ill-defined patch; under parts slightly darker than in C. palawana and more strongly washed with lilac; ear-coverts washed with blue. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 127; wing, 75; tail, 41; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 11; tarsus, 17.

Adult female.--Similar to the male, but lacking the black line over eye and auriculars.

601. CALLISITTA MESOLEUCA (Grant).

HIGHLAND NUTHATCH.

Dendrophila mesoleuca Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1894), 3, 49; Ibis (1895), 450, pl. 4, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899); 227 (habits, plumage); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351. Callisitta mesoleuca McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Ta-ká, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester, Mearns, Bartsch).

Adult male.--A small white spot on lower part of lores; middle of mantle with the bases of feathers pale vinaceous-buff to whitish, forming a patch; under parts pale buff with no lilac wash; throat and chin very pale, almost white. Iris yellow; bill and bare skin around eye greenish yellow; legs and nails dark green. Length, about 140; wing, 75; tail, 43; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10.5; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in having no black line over the eye to nape. Wing, 72; tail, 40; culmen from base, 17; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 16.

Callisitta mesoleuca is very abundant in the mountains of Benguet Province, while C. oenochlamys inhabits the forests of the lowlands.

602. CALLISITTA LILACEA (Whitehead).

LILAC-FACED NUTHATCH.

Dendrophila lilacea Whitehead, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1897), 6, 49; Ibis (1899), 228; Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 351; Grant, Ibis (1906), 474. Callisitta lilacea McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 94.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Spot on lower part of lores buff; hind neck, mantle, and sides of neck vinaceous-buff, washed with lilac; throat vinaceous-buff deepening to vinaceous-cinnamon on chest, and on the rest of under parts which are heavily washed with lilac. A male from Basilan measures: Length, 120; wing, 73; tail, 39; culmen from base, 15; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 16.

Adult female.--Similar to the male, but lacking the black line over eye to nape. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 70; tail, 40; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 15.

Family CERTHIIDÆ.

Bill gently curved, moderate in length, slender, decidedly compressed beyond nostril, and with an obsolete notch in cutting edge near tip; culmen with a distinct ridge; nostril-opening linear, exposed, and overhung by an operculum; rictal bristles few and very short; no frontal bristles; a number of long retrorse hairs springing from among the feathers of forehead; wing moderate in length, flat, and somewhat pointed; first primary slender and less than one-third of second, the latter nearly equal to third, fourth, and fifth which are subequal and longest; tail square, little more than one-half of wing; divisions between tarsal scutes obsolete; tarsus, longer than bill from nostril, and equal to, or shorter than, middle toe with claw. The characters detailed above are taken from Rhabdornis, a genus not typical of the family, but the only Philippine representative of the Certhiidæ.

Genus RHABDORNIS Reichenbach, 1853.

Characters the same as those given for the Family. Upper parts brown or gray, and black, streaked with white; under parts white, sides streaked with brown or black.

Species.

a1. Head and nape heavily streaked with white.

b1. Bill longer, about 16 mm. from nostril; upper parts grayer. ... mystacalis (p. 612) b2. Bill shorter, about 14 mm. from nostril; upper parts browner. ... minor (p. 612)

a2. Head and nape uniform dull brown or else dark gray. ... inornatus (p. 613)

603. RHABDORNIS MYSTACALIS (Temminck).

PHILIPPINE CREEPER.

Meliphaga mystacalis Temminck, Pl. Col. (1825), pl. 335, fig. 2. Climacteris mystacalis Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1883), 8, 339. Rhabdornis mystacalis Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 226 (habits, anatomy); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Top of head and hind neck with broad white shaft-streaks; back and rump drab-gray, the shafts of the feathers white; wings like the back; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices blackish brown; inner webs of wing-quills edged with light buff; stripe under eye, on ear-coverts, and on side of neck black; under parts white; feathers of sides, flanks, and crissum bordered with black, producing a streaked appearance; under wing-coverts and axillars pale buff. Length, about 155. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 49; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 18.

Female.--Top of head, nape, and ear-coverts brown.

"This creeper feeds in deep woods, but is more common in second growth; it is nowhere very abundant. Very variable in size and in length of bill. Three males average as follows: Culmen, 26; wing, 80; tail, 28; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 20.5. A female, length, 149; wing, 80; tail, 49; culmen, 23; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 19.5. Bill, legs, and feet black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

604. RHABDORNIS MINOR Grant.

LESSER CREEPER.

Rhabdornis minor Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 17; Ibis (1897), 234; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Basilan (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Samar (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Differs from Rhabdornis mystacalis in having the back brown (near prout's brown of Ridgway) instead of gray, and in having the bill decidedly shorter. Length, about 142. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 78; tail, 45; culmen from base, 19; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 19.

Female.--Differs from the male in having general color of crown, ear-coverts, and sides of neck brown instead of black. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 77; tail, 43; culmen from base, 18; bill from nostril, 12; tarsus, 18.

605. RHABDORNIS INORNATUS Grant.

PLAIN CREEPER.

Rhabdornis inornatus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 18; Ibis (1897), 235, pl. 6, fig. 2; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 227. Rhabdornis inornata Sharpe, Hand-List (1903), 4, 356; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Mindanao (Clemens); Samar (Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Easily distinguished from R. mystacalis and R. minor by having the bill altogether stouter and stronger, the top of the head and nape uniform dull grayish brown; mantle brown with whitish shafts only to the feathers; the lesser and median wing-coverts with well-marked white shaft-stripes; chin, throat, and fore neck grayish white; the margins of the sides and flank-feathers narrower and browner. 'Iris dark brown; bill and feet black.' (Whitehead.) Length, 157; culmen, 19; wing, 81; tail, 51; tarsus, 20." (Grant.)

Female.--Similar to the male, but top of head browner. Wing, 89; tail, 57; exposed culmen, 16; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 23.

Family ZOSTEROPIDÆ.

Bill curved and pointed, very similar to the bill of Dicoeum, but without serrations in the cutting edges; nostril opening beneath an opercle or scale; rictal bristles inconspicuous; eye usually surrounded by a ring of short white feathers of a silky texture; wing with nine primaries; tail square, moderate in length and extending beyond the toes.

Genera.

a1. Upper parts nearly uniform olive-green or greenish yellow; length rarely more than 125 mm. ... Zosterops (p. 613) a2. Upper parts uniform cinnamon-rufous; length more than 150 mm. ... Hypocryptadius (p. 621)

Genus ZOSTEROPS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Culmen decidedly ridged; eye, except in Z. goodfellowi, surrounded by a ring of white feathers; general color yellow and yellowish green, the abdomen in some species white, gray, or drab.

Species. [82]

a1. Eye surrounded by a circle of white feathers; chin and throat, at least, bright lemon-yellow; much smaller in size; wing less than 60 mm.

b1. Under parts not entirely yellow; sides of breast and of abdomen whitish, ashy gray, or plumbeous.

c1. Median yellow line on breast and abdomen obsolete or wanting; breast and abdomen white or very pale gray.

d1. Smaller; wing, 53 mm. or less; culmen from base, 12 or less; forehead duller and less extensively yellow.

e1. Lighter and more yellow above; ear-coverts lighter and more yellowish. ... meyeni (p. 615) e2. Darker and less yellow above; ear-coverts darker and more greenish olive.

f1. Smaller.

g1. Smaller, with no dusky shade under the eye. ... whiteheadi (p. 615) g2. Larger, with a dusky shade under the eye. ... vulcani (p. 616)

f2. Larger. ... halconensis (p. 616)

d2. Larger; wing, about 58 mm.; culmen from base, 14; forehead much brighter yellow. ... batanis (p. 616)

c2. Median yellow line on breast and abdomen well developed; sides cinereous or ashy gray.

d1. Without a distinct blackish line under the eye; upper parts more yellowish.

e1 Smaller; sides of breast lighter gray; forehead more yellow. ... siquijorensis (p. 617) e2. Larger; sides of breast darker gray; forehead less yellow. ... boholensis (p. 617)

d2. With a distinct dusky line under eye; upper parts more greenish.

e1. Lores yellow. ... everetti (p. 618) e2. Lores dusky. ... basilanica (p. 618)

b2. Under parts entirely yellow.

c1. Greatest width of white eye-ring 3 mm. ... meyleri (p. 618) c2. Greatest width of white eye-ring about 1.5 mm.

d1. Upper parts yellower; under parts brighter and yellower.

e1. Larger; wing, about 55 mm.; a distinct black line under eye to base of bill. ... richmondi (p. 619) e2. Smaller; wing, about 50 mm.; dusky line under eye less distinct and not reaching the base of bill.

f1. General color duller. ... luzonica (p. 619) f2. General color brighter; lores and frontal band brilliant golden yellow. ... aureiloris (p. 619)

d2. Upper parts greener; under parts paler and, except on chin and throat, slightly greener; eye-circle interrupted in front by a small black spot. ... nigrorum (p. 620)

a2. Eye without a circle of white feathers; chin and fore throat very pale cream-buff; wing more than 65 mm.

b1. Larger; bill more slender; front half of head olive-green. ... goodfellowi (p. 620) b2. Smaller; bill stouter; front half of head grayish brown. ... malindangensis (p. 621)

606. ZOSTEROPS MEYENI Bonaparte.

MEYEN'S SILVEREYE.

Zosterops meyeni Bonaparte, Consp. Genera Avium (1850), 1, 398; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 180; Grant, Ibis (1895), 452; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 231 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Cu-sil-sil, Benguet; ti-tit, Calayan.

Banton (Celestino); Calayan (McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyen, Steere Exp., Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Bartsch); Verde (McGregor).

Male.--Above olive-yellow, brighter and yellower on forehead and tail-coverts; rectrices and wing-feathers brown and, except first alula feather and first primary, edged with olive-yellow on outer webs; primaries, secondaries, and rectrices edged with white on inner webs; a narrow ring around eye silky white, below this slightly dusky; lores olive-yellow; sides of head and neck like back; chin, throat, chest, and crissum light lemon-yellow; breast and abdomen white, very faintly drab-gray on sides and with a wash of yellow on median line; thighs, lining of wing, and axillars white faintly washed with yellow. A male from Manila measures: Length, 100; wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male. A female from Nueva Ecija Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16.

"Shot in great numbers in bamboo clumps in the open fields. Four males average as follow: Wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 13.7. Three females, wing, 51; tail, 37; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14.7; middle toe with claw, 14.4. Iris light brown; legs, feet, and nails leaden." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

607. ZOSTEROPS WHITEHEADI Hartert.

WHITEHEAD'S SILVEREYE.

Zosterops whiteheadi Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor, Mearns, Bartsch).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Zosterops meyeni from the vicinity of Manila, but male and female "differ conspicuously in being darker above and not so yellow, especially on the crown and forehead, in having darker and more greenish olive ear-coverts, all the feathers of the upper side having much darker gray bases, more greenish flanks, and a black loral patch which is not developed in Z. meyeni. Wing [male] [female], 52 to 53.5; tail, 36; bill, 9." (Hartert.)

608. ZOSTEROPS VULCANI (Hartert).

MOUNT APO SILVEREYE.

Zosterops whiteheadi vulcani Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 14. Zosterops vulcani McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

Diagnosis.--"Entirely like Z. w. whiteheadi but larger and with a dusky shade under the eye. Wing, 58.8; tail, 40; bill, 10.5." (Hartert.)

A male from Mount Apo measures: Wing, 55; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18. A female, wing, 54; tail, 37.5; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 7.5.

This subspecies appears to be very slightly different from Zosterops meyeni.

609. ZOSTEROPS HALCONENSIS Mearns.

MOUNT HALCON SILVEREYE.

Zosterops halconensis Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 360.

Mindoro (Mearns).

"Characters.--Sexes alike. Similar to Zosterops vulcani, but slightly larger. Wing, 56 against 55 millimeters; tail, 42 to 41; culmen, 12 to 11.5. Color yellower, but without a longitudinal yellow stripe on middle of abdomen; sides more whitish gray; cheeks and ear-coverts paler and yellower, but the yellow confined to the chin and throat not suffusing the upper chest; upper surfaces of a more golden green. From Zosterops whiteheadi the Mindoro form is easily distinguished, when similar seasonal plumages are compared, by its greater size and more yellow coloration." (Mearns.)

610. ZOSTEROPS BATANIS McGregor.

BATANES SILVEREYE.

Zosterops batanis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 343.

Da-ti-ú, Batan.

Batan (McGregor).

Male (type).--Above yellowish green or light olive-yellow, brighter on crown, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lores and frontal band bright yellow; eye surrounded by a ring of silky white feathers, interrupted in front by a small dusky spot; an indistinct dusky line below eye-circle; auriculars and sides of neck light yellowish green like the crown; chin, throat, breast, and under tail-coverts bright yellow like the forehead; a faint yellow wash on middle of breast and abdomen; wing-coverts olive-yellow like the back; quills blackish and, except first primary, edged with olive-yellow, inner webs margined with white; edge of wing light yellow; axillars and wing-lining white, faintly washed with yellow; rectrices blackish edged with olive-yellow. Iris light brown; upper mandible black; lower mandible and legs leaden blue; nails brown. Length, 127; wing, 58; tail, 43; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 18. Iris pale brown; upper mandible black; lower mandible and legs lead-blue; nails brown.

Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 55; tail, 40; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 18.

A nest containing four fresh eggs of the Batan silvereye was taken on June 1, 1907. The nest, compactly made of plant fibers, was situated in the fork of a small tree; its inside diameter is 63 mm.; inside depth, 33. The eggs are pale blue and unmarked; they measure from 16.5 to 17.5 mm. in length, and from 12.1 to 12.9 mm. in breadth. Two nests containing young birds were found on the 5th of June.

611. ZOSTEROPS SIQUIJORENSIS Bourns and Worcester.

SIQUIJOR SILVEREYE.

Zosterops siquijorensis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 21; Grant, Ibis (1896), 551; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits, distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Bu-lai-og', Siquijor.

Negros (Whitehead, Celestino); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male and female.--Above bright olive-yellow similar to Z. meyeni, but with a well-marked, yellow, frontal band; lores yellow; a faint dusky line under eye; below similar to Z. meyeni, but with a well-developed median line of lemon-yellow; sides of breast and of abdomen pale ashy gray. A male from Siquijor measures: Wing, 54; tail, 42; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17. A female, wing, 54; tail, 39; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 16.

612. ZOSTEROPS BOHOLENSIS McGregor.

BOHOL SILVEREYE.

Zosterops læta (not of De Vis) McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 329. Zosterops boholensis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A, 283.

Bohol (McGregor).

Male and female.--Similar to Z. siquijorensis, but the sides of breast and abdomen darker ash-gray or cinereous; white eye-circle interrupted in front by a small dusky spot. The type measures: Length, 119; wing, 60; tail, 43; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.

613. ZOSTEROPS EVERETTI Tweeddale.

CEBU SILVEREYE.

Zosterops everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 762; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 163; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 57 (critical notes); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult.--Very similar to Z. basilanica, but the lores dusky; from Z. siquijorensis and boholensis it differs in having a distinct blackish line under the eye. A male measures: Wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12.5; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female, wing, 51; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.

614. ZOSTEROPS BASILANICA Steere.

STEERE'S SILVEREYE.

Zosterops basilanica Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 21; Grant, Ibis (1896), 552 (critical notes); (1897), 238; (1906), 473; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Papahag (Bartsch); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Resembles Z. everetti, but the lores dusky; from Z. boholensis and siquijorensis it differs in having a distinct dusky line under the eye and the upper parts more greenish; sides of breast and of abdomen dark cinereous. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 51; tail, 39; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 16. A female, wing, 51; tail, 40; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 15.

615. ZOSTEROPS MEYLERI McGregor.

CAMIGUIN SILVEREYE.

Zosterops meyleri McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, Sec. A, 348.

Camiguin N. (McGregor).

Male (type).--Above bright olive-yellow, lighter on rump; forehead and lores golden yellow; ear-coverts and sides of neck like the back; a wide circle of short, silky, white feathers about the eye bordered below by a dusky line; below bright lemon-yellow; sides slightly dusky; wing-feathers and rectrices dark brown edged with olive-yellow. Iris brown; bill black, but basal two-thirds of lower mandible leaden blue; legs and nails flesh-color. Length, 114; wing, 53; tail, 38; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male in color. Wing, 51; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.

In color this species is similar to Z. richmondi, but it lacks the black line under the eye and has the white eye-ring much wider than in any other Philippine species.

616. ZOSTEROPS RICHMONDI McGregor.

CAGAYANCILLO SILVEREYE.

Zosterops flavissima (not of Hartert), McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 26. Zosterops richmondi McGregor, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1904), 17, 165; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Tam-mig, Cagayancillo.

Cagayancillo (McGregor).

Adult male (type).--Resembles in general color the male of Z. meyleri, but has a distinct black line under the eye, a small dusky spot in front of the eye, and a narrow eye-ring. Length, 114; wing, 56; tail, 44; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.

Female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 54; tail, 40; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 17.

617. ZOSTEROPS LUZONICA Grant.

LUZON SILVEREYE.

Zosterops luzonica Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 22; Ibis (1895), 257; (1896), 120; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits, distribution); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Luzon (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--"Most nearly allied to Z. nigrorum from Negros, but distinguished by having no black spot in front of the eye, the upper parts brighter olive, and the yellow of the throat and middle of the under parts more golden with no greenish tinge. Length, 96.5; wing, 46; tail, 35.5; tarsus, 15." (Grant.)

618. ZOSTEROPS AUREILORIS Grant.

GOLDEN-LORED SILVEREYE.

Zosterops aureiloris Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 453; (1896), 468; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Caluya (Porter); [83] Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Whitehead).

"This beautiful species is most nearly allied to Z. luzonica Grant, from the Mayon Volcano, in the Albay district, but is distinguished by its altogether brighter plumage above and below, and by the brilliant golden yellow frontal band, which forms a conspicuous patch on the lores and in front of the eyes.

"Adult male.--Length, about 114; wing, 47 to 52; tail, 35.5 to 38; tarsus, 15.

"Adult female.--Length, about 114; wing, 49.5 to 52; tail, 35.5 to 38; tarsus, 15." (Grant.)

A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 50; tail, 35; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15.

619. ZOSTEROPS NIGRORUM Tweeddale.

NEGROS SILVEREYE.

Zosterops nigrorum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 286; Gadow, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1884), 9, 186; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232 (habits); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 95.

Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay, (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Z. aureiloris. Above dark olive-yellow; frontal band and lores bright lemon-yellow; a black line under eye; eye-ring interrupted in front by a small black spot; sides of head and neck like the back; chin and throat lemon-yellow, becoming more greenish on breast and abdomen. In general color this species is much greener than Z. aureiloris or other related species. Iris greenish white; bill dark above, bluish horn-color below; legs plumbeous; nails light horn-color. A male from Masbate measures: Length, 114; wing, 53; tail, 37; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 15. A female from Masbate, wing, 52; tail, 36; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 15.

"Found in abundance about flowering trees in the forest together with sunbirds and Dicæidæ. Ten males average: Length, 114; wing, 55; tail, 40; culmen, 14; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 14.4. Nine females, length, 111; wing, 53.5; tail, 39; culmen, 13.7; tarsus, 14.4; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris light brown; legs and feet pale slaty; bill same color. Breeding in Negros in the month of January." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

620. ZOSTEROPS GOODFELLOWI Hartert.

GOODFELLOW'S SILVEREYE.

Zosterops goodfellowi Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

Male.--Above olive-green; forehead and line over eye drab; ear-coverts dull green; lores blackish; no white eye-ring; chin and fore throat buffy white; remainder of under parts light green, becoming light sulphur-yellow on middle of breast and abdomen; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown edged with olive-green. "Iris reddish brown; bill all plumbeous black; feet and claws pale olive." (Mearns.) Length, 158; wing, 72; tail, 56; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 20. The male is described from a specimen collected by Mearns.

"Female.--Above olive-green, crown and ear-coverts tinged with brown; remiges deep brown with greenish outer edges and pale sulphur-yellow inner margins; tail brown with olive-green outer webs; under side sulphur-yellow; chin and upper throat pale buff; fore neck and sides of breast and abdomen strongly tinged with olive-greenish. No indication of white orbital ring. Wing, 71 to 75; tail, 58; bill from feathers, 12.5; tarsus, 21." (Hartert.)

Goodfellow's silvereye is a very distinct species of entirely different coloration from any of the preceding species. It is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.

621. ZOSTEROPS MALINDANGENSIS (Mearns).

MALINDANG SILVEREYE.

Zosterops goodfellowi malindangensis Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1909), 36, 443.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Characters.--Smaller than typical Zosterops goodfellowi, with stouter bill, front half of head grayish brown instead of olive-green; nape greenish gray instead of olive-green; auricular patch more sharply defined and less greenish; malar region washed with brown instead of being dirty white; throat and upper breast more distinctly washed with brown. The iris is reddish brown in both; bill black in malindangensis, plumbeous-black in goodfellowi; feet and claws pale olive, yellowish on under side of toes in both." (Mearns.)

Genus HYPOCRYPTADIUS Hartert, 1903.

Bill similar to that of Zosterops, but somewhat stouter and ridge of culmen rounded; colors very different from Zosterops; entire upper parts cinnamon-rufous and no white eye-ring.

The characters of Hypocryptadius as given by Hartert follow: "Bill rather higher and comparatively short, the culmen distinctly curved; nasal groove less than one-third of the length of the exposed portion of the culmen; culminal ridge more rounded. Wing as in Zosterops (i. e., 'nine primaried'), the first (developed) primary only 5 mm. shorter than the next and at least 1 1/2 cm. longer than the secondaries. Larger than Zosterops, coloration different from all Zosteropidæ. Sexes alike. Feet very strong, but structurally similar to those of Zosterops."

622. HYPOCRYPTADIUS CINNAMOMEUS Hartert.

CINNAMON HYPOCRYPTADIUS.

Hypocryptadius cinnamomeus Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 13; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96; Grant, Ibis (1906), 473, pl. 18, fig. 1.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Mearns).

Male.--Above bright cinnamon-rufous; wing-feathers and rectrices blackish brown with most of the outer webs cinnamon-rufous; inner webs of primaries and secondaries cinnamon; under parts buff, tinged with cinnamon on breast, and becoming lilac-gray on lower breast and abdomen, and nearly white on crissum; thighs darker. Wing, 90; tail, 54; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 10; tarsus, 21.

The female is similar to the male. This species is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.

Family DICÆIDÆ.

Bill short, rather broad at the base; cutting edges of both mandibles finely serrated for at least the distal third; first primary usually wanting; tail short and square. Birds of this family resemble the Nectariniidæ and differ from all other Passeriformes in the finely serrated tomia. The species are all small resident birds. Some are brightly marked with red or yellow, while others are plainly colored. They feed about flower or fruit trees or vines in the manner of the sunbirds.

Genera.

a1. Bill longer and more slender; width of upper mandible at base not greater, usually much less, than bill from nostril; tail shorter, not extending beyond the toes.

b1. Bill more slender, the terminal half decidedly compressed; outline of gonys nearly straight; culmen from base at least twice the greatest width of upper mandible; short first primary wanting ... Dicæum (p. 622) b2. Bill stouter, and decidedly broad nearly to the tip; outline of gonys convex; culmen from base less than twice the width of upper mandible. ... Prionochilus (p. 637)

a2. Bill shorter and stouter; width of upper mandible at base greater than length of bill from nostril; tail longer, its tip reaching beyond the toes. ... Piprisoma (p. 641)

Genus DICÆUM Cuvier, 1817.

The genus Dicæum is distinguished by the slender and sharply pointed bill, by the comparatively short tail, and by always lacking the first primary. The shape of the bill alone is enough to distinguish Dicæum from either Prionochilus or Piprisoma, for while the base of the bill is stout in all three genera, in Dicæum its distal portion is much compressed, slender and sharply pointed, and the outline of the gonys is but very slightly convex.

Species.

a1. Adults brightly colored with a large area, or at least a stripe, of red, orange, or yellow on under parts.

b1. Bright color of under parts red; no orange on the back; male and female similar in colors.

c1. A red collar on hind neck; chin and throat black with a red spot in center of throat and a red line on middle of abdomen. ... retrocinctum (p. 624) c2. No red on the upper parts.

d1. Throat white; a red streak on middle of breast and abdomen.

e1. Chest black ... hæmatostictum (p. 625) e2. Chest light gray like the sides and flanks ... papuense (p. 626)

d2. Throat and chest red; middle of abdomen black; crissum light yellow.

e1. Larger; wing, 53 to 55 mm.; upper parts with a more steel-green gloss.

f1. Sides of head slaty black; under tail-coverts duller yellow. ... luzoniense (p. 626) f2. Sides of head glossy greenish black; under tail-coverts brighter yellow ... apo (p. 627)

e2. Smaller; wing, 47 mm.; upper parts with more steel-blue gloss. ... bonga (p. 627)

b2. Bright colors of under parts orange or yellow, or both, in males; females much plainer than the males.

c1. Entire breast, abdomen, and crissum yellow, or orange and yellow; in some species the entire under parts yellow.

d1. Under parts entirely bright yellow and orange.

e1. No yellow band on rump.

f1. Fore breast cadmium-orange much brighter than the remaining under parts ... dorsale (p. 628) f2. Fore breast orange in the center not strongly contrasting with the yellow of remaining under parts ... pallidius (p. 628)

e2. A bright yellow band on rump ... xanthopygium (p. 629)

d2. Under parts not entirely yellow and orange; throat, or throat and chin, gray or blackish slate.

e1. Chin not distinctly yellow; center of breast washed with orange.

f1. Throat decidedly lighter gray.

g1. Smaller; chin and throat faintly washed with yellow; rump faintly washed with olive ... intermedium (p. 629) g2. Larger; chin and throat clear gray; rump with a decided wash of olive-green ... sibuyanicum (p. 630)

f2. Throat decidedly darker gray or even blackish slate-color.

g1. Chin and throat ashy gray, lighter than sides of face; rump heavily washed with yellow ... assimile (p. 630) g2. Chin and throat blackish slate, nearly uniform with top and sides of head; rump slightly washed with olive. ... sibutuense (p. 631)

e2. Chin decidedly light yellow in contrast with the gray throat; breast bright orpiment-orange.

f1. Smaller; gray of throat faintly washed with yellow; no olive wash on rump; breast brighter ... cinereigulare (p. 631) f2. Larger; throat gray; rump faintly washed with olive; breast duller orange ... besti (p. 632)

c2. Entire under parts white and ashy gray, except a wide stripe of bright cadmium-yellow on middle of breast ... flaviventer (p. 632)

a2. Adults dull colored, black and white, or at least without red, orange, or bright yellow in any part of the plumage; the sexes alike in colors or similar.

b1. Upper parts nearly uniform in color, or the head and mantle, at least, of one color.

c1. Smaller; bill from nostril, 7 mm.; wing, 40 to 45.

d1. Sides of head and neck ashy or slate-color; rump and tail-coverts washed with yellow ... pygmæum (p. 633) d2. Sides of head and neck black; rump and tail-coverts glossy green like the head and back ... davao (p. 634)

c2. Larger; bill from nostril, about 9 mm.; wing, 53 to 55.

d1. Under parts white or whitish.

e1. Upper parts black with a slight green gloss ... hypoleucum (p. 634) e2. Upper parts dark brown.

f1. Above sooty brown washed with olive; below white; fore neck, breast, and flanks washed with ashy ... mindanense (p. 635) f2. Above dark olive-brown; throat and fore neck ashy gray tinged with olive-yellow; breast and abdomen white tinged with yellow. ... everetti (p. 636)

d2. Under parts dull olive-gray; upper parts washed with olive-green. ... obscurum (p. 636)

b2. Upper parts not uniform in color; head, rump, and tail-coverts olive-green; mantle smoky brown ... nigrilore (p. 637)

623. DICÆUM RETROCINCTUM Gould.

RED-COLLARED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum retrocinctum Gould, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1872), 10, 114; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 35; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Luzon (?); [84] Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor).

Male and female.--Upper parts, including wings and tail, black with a slight blue gloss; a collar of scarlet-vermilion on hind neck; lores dead black; sides of head, chin, throat, and breast dull black with a small scarlet-vermilion patch in center of upper throat on line with the eyes; abdomen, flanks, thighs, crissum, and sides of breast white, mixed with gray on the sides; in the middle of lower breast an oblong scarlet-vermilion patch which is surrounded by black. A male measures: Length, 100; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.5. A female, wing, 50; tail, 26; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14.

"Fairly abundant in Mindoro. Found both in the forest and in the coconut groves. Three males average: Length, 91; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12.7; middle toe with claw, 13.4. A female, length, 97; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen, 15; tarsus, 14.4; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark reddish brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Mindoro in the month of April." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

624. DICÆUM HÆMATOSTICTUM Sharpe.

WHITE-THROATED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum hæmatostictum Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 336; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 35; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243, pl. 6, fig. 2 (egg); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 233 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Guimaras (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Upper parts, including wings and tail, black with a slight blue gloss; cheeks, sides of head and of neck black; no red on the neck; under parts white; sides and flanks washed with ashy; a slate-black band or patch across fore breast; a broad band of scarlet-vermilion on middle of breast and abdomen. A male from Panay measures: Wing, 53; tail, 29; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 14.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in being slaty gray above, the wings and tail being blacker, with grayish margins to the feathers; under surface of body ashy whitish, washed with yellowish on the abdomen and with grayish on the sides of the body." (Sharpe.)

"Found in deep woods, also in coconut groves and about flowering trees in the open. Frequently found feeding side by side with D. dorsale. Fourteen males average: Length, 94; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Thirteen females, length, 93; wing, 53; tail, 27; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Whitehead collected one fresh egg of this species at the base of Canlaon Volcano, Negros, on March 19, 1896. It is described as follows: "Shape ovate. Ground-color very pale greenish white, profusely spotted towards the larger end with rather heavy clouded lilac under-markings and olive-brown specks, which are distributed sparingly over the rest of the shell. Measurements 17 mm. by 12 mm. The only nest found was suspended from the end of a branch some distance from the ground." (Grant and Whitehead.)

625. DICÆUM PAPUENSE (Gmelin).

PHILIPPINE FLOWERPECKER.

Pipra papuensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 2, 1004. Dicæum rubriventer Lesson, Traité d'Orn. (1831), 303; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 36; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 233 (habits). Dicæum schistaceum Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 111, pl. 8, fig. 1 (young). Dicæum papuense McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Pi-pit pu-ña-la-da, Manila.

Basiao, off Samar (Bartsch); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Male and female.--Above black with a slight slate-blue gloss; lores and ear-coverts black; chin, throat, and crissum white; remainder of under parts cinereous, whitish on middle of lower abdomen; a wide scarlet-vermilion line down center of breast and abdomen. Iris red; bill, legs, and claws black. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 56; tail, 31; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 14. A female from Lubang, wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 14.

Young.--Upper parts and sides of head and of neck dull smoky brown; under parts dirty cinereous, slightly lighter on throat and tail-coverts.

"The occurrence of this species in Masbate is somewhat surprising. We should naturally expect to find D. hæmatostictum there. D. papuense is, however, abundant, and D. hæmatostictum apparently does not occur. Habits similar to D. hæmatostictum, and never occurs in the same island with it so far as known. Eight males average: Length, 93; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Five females, length, 93; wing, 52; tail, 27; culmen, 13; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 13.4. Bill, legs, feet, and nails black. Breeding in Samar and Mindanao in August; in Cebu in June." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

626. DICÆUM LUZONIENSE Grant.

LUZON FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1894), 3, 1; Ibis (1897), 238; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 235; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cu-si-ti, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult male.--Upper parts, including exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices, glossy steel-green; lores black; sides of head and of neck black slightly glossed with green; chin very pale yellow; throat and chest scarlet-vermilion; breast and abdomen white, washed with pale yellow and with a slaty black line down the middle; sides and flanks olivaceous; thighs black mixed with white; crissum saffron-yellow; rectrices and wing-feathers black; wing-lining white. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, about 95; wing, 56; tail, 29; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 12.

"The female resembles the female of D. ignipectus, but the top of the head and back are very distinctly glossed with metallic green as in the male, though the gloss is much less pronounced. In some females of D. ignipectus the head is slightly glossed, but the back is always olive-green. Length, 86; wing, 46.5; tail, 28; tarsus, 12; culmen, 11.4." (Grant.)

Young.--Above mouse-gray washed with olive-green; under parts gray washed with dull olivaceous; abdomen, crissum, and middle of breast washed with light yellow. The first indication of the adult plumage consists of a few red feathers on the throat.

The Luzon flowerpecker is abundant in the mountains of Benguet Province and appears not to occur in the lowlands.

627. DICÆUM APO Hartert.

MOUNT APO FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum apo Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 79; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Mindanao (Waterstradt).

Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense Grant in having the sides of the head glossy greenish black, instead of slaty, the vent and under tail-coverts brighter yellow, and the sides of abdomen darker olive-green." (Hartert.)

This species is known only from Mount Apo, Mindanao.

628. DICÆUM BONGA Hartert.

SAMAR FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum luzoniense Grant, Ibis (1897), 238 (Samar). Dicæum bonga Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 80; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Samar (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--"Differs from D. luzoniense and D. apo in being smaller (wing only 47 mm. instead of 53 to 55 mm.). The sides of the head as dark or even darker than those of D. apo, while the upper surface seems to have a more steel-blue gloss." (Hartert.)

629. DICÆUM DORSALE Sharpe.

SHARPE'S FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum dorsale Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 298; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 340; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 232; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Celestino); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above dark plumbeous or slate-blue; wing-feathers and rectrices black, edged with slate-blue; a patch of feathers in the middle of upper back orpiment-orange; sides of head and neck slate-blue; lores black; under parts bright lemon-yellow, becoming cadmium-yellow on abdomen and orpiment-orange on breast; inner webs of quills white; axillars and wing-lining white, washed with yellow. Iris light brown; bill and nails black; legs dark slate-blue. A male from Masbate measures: Wing, 50; tail, 23; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Female.--Different from the male; above olive-green, the rump more yellowish; sides of the face uniform with the head; under surface of body bright yellowish; breast and under wing-coverts richer in color. Length, 94; culmen, 12.7; wing, 48; tail, 22.8; tarsus, 14." (Sharpe.)

"True D. dorsale is confined to Panay, Negros, and Masbate, where it is abundant both about flowering and fruiting trees in the forest, and in coconut groves. Five males average: Length, 89; wing, 49; tail, 24; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Six females, wing, 48; tail, 24; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12.4; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

630. DICÆUM PALLIDIUS Bourns and Worcester.

PALER FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum pallidior Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to D. dorsale, but the upper parts and sides of head and of neck lighter, nearly indigo-blue; feathers of occiput and neck fringed with olivaceous; under parts more uniform in color and the orange of breast less rich. Males with the appearance of maturity have the base of the bill dull yellow. Length, about 90; wing, 50; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 7.5; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above olive-green; below tea-green; chin, middle of breast and of abdomen, and crissum bright lemon-yellow. Wing, 48; tail, 22; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8; tarsus, 13.

"Measurements of eleven males: Length, 89; culmen, 14; wing, 49; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. Of four females: Length, 84; wing, 48; tail, 25; tarsus, 12." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black. Breeding in July." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

631. DICÆUM XANTHOPYGIUM Tweeddale.

YELLOW-RUMPED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum xanthopygium Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 95; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 698, pl. 73, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant, Ibis (1895), 454 (critical notes); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Luzon (Everett, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.?) [85] Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Polillo (McGregor).

Male.--Rump bright lemon-yellow, otherwise scarcely different from the male of D. dorsale. A male from Mindoro measures: Wing, 47; tail, 19; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 7; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Rump pale lemon-yellow, otherwise similar to the female of D. dorsale. A female from Mindoro, wing, 46; tail, 20; culmen from base, 10; bill from nostril, 6; tarsus, 11.

"Two males average: Length, 82; wing, 47; tail, 21; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 13. Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

632. DICÆUM INTERMEDIUM Bourns and Worcester.

INTERMEDIATE FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum intermedium Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 775; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Upper parts, including sides of head and of neck, and exposed edges of wing-feathers and rectrices slate-blue, or dark indigo-blue; patch on center of back orpiment-orange; rump faintly washed with olive-green; lores black; chin and throat light ashy gray faintly and uniformly washed with pale yellow; remainder of under parts bright yellow inclining to orange on middle of breast. Iris brown; bill, legs, and nails black. Wing, 51; tail, 25; culmen from base, 11; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above mouse-gray faintly washed with dull olive-green; below tea-green, becoming pale yellow on middle of breast and abdomen and on crissum. Base of bill whitish. Wing, 51; tail, 24; culmen from base, 12; bill from nostril, 8.5; tarsus, 14.

"Four males average: Length, 94; wing, 52; tail, 26.5; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 15. Three females, length, 92; wing, 49; tail, 26; culmen, 14; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 14. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill brown to black, yellowish at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

633. DICÆUM SIBUYANICUM Bourns and Worcester.

SIBUYAN FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum sibuyanicum Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 18; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories (1905), 25, 18; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Male.--Similar to the male of D. intermedium, but the rump more heavily washed with olive-green; chin and throat clear ashy gray without the yellow wash. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails dark steel-blue. Wing, 56; tail, 26; culmen from base, 14; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of D. intermedium. Wing, 52; tail, 24; culmen from base, 13; bill from nostril, 9; tarsus, 14.

"Average measurements from nine males: Length, 99; culmen, 15; wing, 53; tail, 26; tarsus, 13. From two females: Length, 97; culmen, 15; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 14." (Bourns and Worcester.)

634. DICÆUM ASSIMILE Bourns and Worcester.

SULU FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum assimilis Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 19; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 96.

Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Above exactly like D. sibutense, but chin, throat, and fore breast very much lighter than sides of face, being clear ashy gray, as in D. trigonostigma. As Dr. Sharpe expressly states that this is not the case in S. sibutense, but that the latter species has the throat like the sides of the face and head, it is evident that the Sulu and Tawi Tawi (?) birds belong to a distinct species having the back of D. sibutense and the under surface of D. trigonostigma.

"Adult female like that of D. sibutense, but with the throat, upper breast, and sides of face light ashy gray, uniformly washed with yellow. The plate in Ibis seems to show a faint orange mark on the back of the female of D. sibutense, though no such marking is described in the text. If this is the case, the female of D. sibutense differs from that of every other Philippine representative of the genus.

"A male from Sulu measures 89 in length; culmen, 13; wing, 52; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 13.4. Two females from the same locality measure 84 in length; culmen, 12.7; wing, 50; tail, 24.6; tarsus, 12. We have only females from Tawi Tawi and can not be quite sure of the identification." (Bourns and Worcester.)

635. DICÆUM SIBUTUENSE Sharpe.

SIBUTU FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum sibutuense Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, no. 12, 10; Ibis (1894), 251, pl. 7, figs. 1 and 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Sibutu (Everett).

"This is an interesting species, new to science. Like D. trigonostigma, it has a slate-colored throat, but the latter is blackish slate-color, like the sides of the face and head, and not lighter gray as in D. trigonostigma. The Sibutu bird, moreover, resembles D. dorsale in having an orange patch in the center of the back, the lower back and rump being slaty gray, slightly washed with olive, and not orange-yellow as in D. trigonostigma. The female, as might be expected, closely resembles that of D. trigonostigma, but is tinted with olive-green on the rump, and has not the orange shade of the hen of the last-named species." (Sharpe.) [86]

The figure of the female of D. sibutuense in The Ibis has a pale yellow patch on the back, a character which is found in no other Philippine species of the genus.

636. DICÆUM CINEREIGULARE Tweeddale.

ASHY-CHINNED FLOWERPECKER.

Dicæum cinereigulare Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 829; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1885), 10, 40; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 243 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 234 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 97.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

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