A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 3 of 5)

A Manual of Philippine Birds (part 3 of 5)

"Adult female.--Above brown slightly shaded with ashy, the dorsal feathers obsoletely margined with dull rufous; crown and hind neck tawny-buff, paler on the neck, all the feathers mesially streaked with brown; scapulars and wing-coverts margined and barred with tawny or fulvous, the least wing-coverts more conspicuously margined with rufous; quills brown, narrowly tipped with whitish, externally shaded with ashy gray, the secondaries less distinctly, and all barred across with darker brown; under surface of wing white, the dark bars showing very distinctly; lower back and rump brown, the feathers distinctly tipped with pale rufous; upper tail-coverts pure white; tail ashy gray, tipped with fulvous and crossed with five blackish bands, the subterminal one much the broadest, the ashy gray interspaces inclining to or replaced by pale tawny on the outer feathers; lores as well as a distinct eyebrow and ear-coverts buffy white; sides of face and of neck, as well as the facial ruff, rufous-buff streaked with dark brown; under surface of body creamy buff, with central pointed marks of rufous-brown to the feathers, more distinct on the fore neck and under wing- and tail-coverts; flank-feathers and axillars rufous-brown, with large rounded spots of creamy buff on both webs; under wing-coverts and thighs creamy buff, with irregular central streaks of rufous-brown occupying the major part of the greater under wing-coverts. Length, 584; wing, 394; tail, 279; tarsus, 79." (Sharpe.)

"Adult female.--Brown above, the feathers throughout with pale rufous edges; tail-coverts white and rufous; tail with about six dark cross-bands, which disappear in old individuals; lower parts buff, with broad rufous-brown shaft-stripes. The quills are dark brown but become grayish in old birds.

"Young birds so closely resemble those of C. æruginosus as to be indistinguishable at times. The pale head and neck-feathers are always striated in C. spilonotus, but the body, wings, and tail are uniform brown or variegated with buff on the wing-coverts, back, and breast. Generally, though not invariably, traces of bars will be found on some of the tail-feathers of C. spilonotus, but this occasionally happens in C. æruginosus also.

"Length, of male, 508; tail, 235; wing, 394; tarsus, 89; tail of female, 254; wing, 419; tarsus, 94." (Blanford.)

174. CIRCUS MELANOLEUCOS (Pennant).

PIED MARSH HAWK.

Falco melanoleucos Pennant, Ind. Zool. (1769), 2, pl. 2. Circus melanoleucus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 61; Hand-List (1899), 1, 245; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 385; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 237; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 322, pl. 1.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Mearns); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Celestino); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard); Ticao (McGregor). Eastern Siberia and Mongolia; in winter to China, northeastern Indian Peninsula, and Indo-Chinese countries.

"Adult male.--Upper parts glossy black; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the latter with two or three broad cross-bars of black or ashy gray, the former also shaded with gray; wing-coverts silvery gray, margined with white, with a broad band of black feathers extending from the bend of wing parallel with its margin and joining the median coverts, which are also black; primaries black; primary-coverts and secondaries silvery gray, except the innermost, which are black; tail entirely silvery gray, tipped with white, below and on the inner webs white; sides of face and neck, throat, and chest glossy black; rest of under surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, pure white. Bill and cere black; feet yellow; iris yellow. Length, 457; culmen, 25; wing, 356; tail, 216; tarsus, 76." (Sharpe.)

"Adult female.--Above dark brown, the feathers of the crown and neck with rufous edges, those of the nape broadly bordered with white; a well-marked ruff of small white or buffy white feathers with brown shaft-stripes; around eyes whitish; cheeks and ear-coverts dirty white or pale rufous with brown streaks; smaller coverts along forearm white (in younger birds rufous) with blackish brown shaft-stripes, median coverts brown with gray or white spots and bars, larger coverts dusky gray with a broad subterminal blackish band and another near the base; primaries outside blackish brown; secondaries gray, with blackish cross-bands, beneath all are grayish or whitish with dark bands; upper tail-coverts white, sometimes with rufous-brown drops or bands; tail gray with dark brown cross-bands; lower parts white, with dark brown shaft-stripes, broad on the throat and breast, narrower and sometimes disappearing on the abdomen.

"Young birds are more uniform brown above than the adult female, and have no gray on the wings or tail, which are brown with darker bands; the ruff is ill-marked at the sides, but there is a large white brown-streaked nuchal patch and another patch of buff-edged brown feathers on the throat; the lower parts generally are rufous-brown, faintly streaked darker.

"For a long time it was supposed that both sexes in this bird were pied and similar, but the true facts were gradually traced out by Mr. Hume. Still one undoubted case is recorded by Mr. Cripps in which a female assumed the pied livery of the adult male, and other probable cases are indicated by the measurements of pied specimens. Length of male, 432; tail, 216; wing, 349; tarsus, 76; length of female, 470; tail, 228; wing, 368; tarsus, 81; bill from gape, 30." (Blanford.)

The adult male of the pied marsh hawk is a very beautiful and graceful bird; the female and young are dull brown and unattractive. This species is fairly abundant in the lowlands where it frequents open country.

175. CIRCUS ÆRUGINOSUS (Linnæus).

EUROPEAN MARSH HAWK.

Falco æruginosus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 91. Circus æruginosus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 69; Hand-List (1899), 1, 246; Blanford, Fauna Brit. India Bds. (1895), 3, 387; Grant, Ibis (1895), 438; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 239; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41.

Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindoro (Everett). Temperate Europe and Siberia; in winter to northern Africa, Indian Peninsula, and China.

"Adult male.--Head, neck, and breast buff or pale rufous, with dark brown shaft-stripes, broader on the breast; back and most of the wing-coverts dark brown; scapulars still darker, sometimes gray toward the base; smallest coverts along the forearm whitish, with dark brown shafts; outer greater coverts, primary-coverts, and all quills except first six primaries dark silvery gray, remaining coverts and very often the tertiaries dark brown; first six primaries black with the basal portion white; upper tail-coverts white with rufous and brown mixed in various ways; tail gray above, isabelline below; abdomen and lower tail-coverts ferruginous brown, more or less striped darker.

"Females are dark brown except the crown, nape, chin, and more or less of the throat, which are buff with brown stripes. There is sometimes a patch of buff on the breast, the wing-coverts and back have buff edges, and the upper tail-coverts are rufous.

"The young of both sexes resemble the female, except that the buff on the head is sometimes unstreaked and more limited in extent, being confined in some cases to a nuchal patch or even wanting altogether.

"'Bill black; cere and base of bill greenish yellow; iris yellow, brownish yellow in females and young; legs and feet rich yellow.' (Hume.)

"Length of males, 533; tail, 241; wing, 406; tarsus, 86; length of females, 572; tail, 248; wing, 419; tarsus, 89." (Blanford.)

The measurements given by Sharpe are as follows: "Male, length, 571; culmen, 39; wing, 406; tail, 254; tarsus, 86. Female, length, 584; wing, 432; tail, 279; tarsus, 96."

The young of Circus spilonotus and C. æruginosus are similar in plumage and as the size is also nearly the same it is a matter of some difficulty to distinguish between them. Sharpe identified as C. æruginosus a young female collected in the Philippines by Cuming, but he finally referred it to C. spilonotus. Whitehead obtained an immature male in northern Luzon which according to Grant "is undoubtedly referable to the present species [æruginosus]." Concerning the specimen from Calayan Sulu, collected by Mearns, Dr. Chas. W. Richmond writes that "it may prove to be spilonotus." Hartert makes no comment on the specimen collected by Everett in Mindoro.

Some of the numerous brown marsh hawks in the Bureau of Science collection may be of this species but they can not be determined at present.

Genus ASTUR Lacépède, 1799.

Bill small and compressed, upper mandible with a deep notch or a strong sinuation near its tip; first primary short, third or fourth longest; tarsus rather long and with transverse plates in front and behind but the division lines between plates very obscure.

Species.

a1. Larger, length more than 330 mm.; under parts white, barred with brown or pale rufous. ... trivirgatus (p. 216) a2. Smaller; length less than 330 mm.; under parts not barred.

b1. Breast light chestnut. ... soloensis (p. 217) b2. Breast light gray. ... cuculoides (p. 218)

176. ASTUR TRIVIRGATUS (Temminck).

CRESTED GOSHAWK.

Falco trivirgatus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1824), 1, pl. 303. Astur trivirgatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 105; Hand-List (1899), 1, 249; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 243; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41.

Balabac (Everett); Leyte (Everett); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead). Indian Peninsula, Indo-Malayan Islands, Ceylon, Formosa.

"Adult male.--Above slaty gray, the upper tail-coverts blackish and tipped with white; head and neck clearer slaty gray, including a conspicuous occipital crest, the sides of the neck somewhat tinged with rufous; quills browner than the back, primaries with rufescent shafts, barred above with dark brown, much plainer underneath, where the quills are white at the base of the inner web; tail ashy brown, paler at tip, crossed with four bands of dark brown; throat white, with a distinct black moustachial streak on each side and a broad median line; chest clear tawny-rufous; rest of under surface white, broadly banded with pale rufous, each bar of this color having a conterminous brown bar, the thighs thickly barred with ashy brown without any rufous tinge; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts white, spotted with brown or rufous-brown, and the axillars similarly barred. Cere orange-yellow; bill black, lead-color at base; cheeks and orbits orange; feet yellow; iris orange-yellow. Length, 356; culmen, 27; wing, 198; tail, 160; tarsus, 56.

"Adult female.--Similar to the adult male, but much larger. Length, 457; wing, 246; tarsus, 68.

"Young.--Above brown, with a fully developed occipital crest, upper tail-coverts banded with darker brown and tipped with white; quills and tail much as in the adult, the latter with five cross-bands of darker brown; under surface of body white, the throat with the three characteristic streaks like the adult, the breast broadly streaked with pale rufous, inclining to dark brown in the center of the chest, the lower breast and abdomen barred with pale rufous, the bars narrower and darker on the thighs; under tail-coverts white, with a few narrow, nearly obsolete, cross-bars; under wing-coverts buff, spotted and barred with dark brown." (Sharpe.)

177. ASTUR SOLOENSIS (Latham).

HORSFIELD'S GOSHAWK.

Falco soloensis Latham, Gen. Hist. (1821), 1, 209. Astur soloensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 114, pl. 4, fig. 1; Hand-List (1899), 1, 250; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 245; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41.

Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow). China and Indo-Chinese countries; in winter to Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malayan Islands, and Moluccas.

"Adult.--The adult plumage appears to be gained by a gradual mersion of the rufous stripes on the breast. Above light bluish gray, some of the feathers margined with darker gray; sides of face and neck gray like the head, but a little more dingy; under surface of the body pale buffy vinous, the throat, flanks, and thighs, as well as the under wing- and tail-coverts, white, with a slight grayish shade on the sides of the breast; quills black externally, shaded with ashy gray, under surface white at base of inner web, but having no distinct bars above or below; tail dull bluish gray above, ashy white beneath, with four or five indistinct cross-bands of dark brown, a little plainer underneath, but these not strictly continuous. Cere yellow; gape and orbits yellowish; bill black, lead-color at base; feet yellow; iris yellow. Length, 300; culmen, 19; wing, 200; tail, 137; tarsus, 48.

"Observation.--A specimen from the Philippines, nearly adult in every respect, is much deeper slate-color above, and far more ruddy and vinous below, than the one described.

"Young.--Above brown, with rufous edgings to the feathers, a little broader on the upper tail-coverts, the sides of the neck washed with rufous, the nape mottled with white; crown blackish, an ill-defined eyebrow and fore part of the cheeks white, narrowly lined with blackish brown; the ear-coverts brown, slightly washed with dull rufous; throat buffy white, with a moustachial line on each side and a median streak of brown; rest of under surface buffy white, the chest broadly streaked and the breast and flanks barred with pale rufous; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts clear buff, the lowest ones spotted with blackish; quills dark brown, slightly tipped with whitish, very indistinctly barred above with darker brown, underneath buffy white at the base of the inner web, indistinctly barred with dark brown, visible only on the inner webs; tail ashy brown, whitish at tip, crossed with five bars of darker brown, the under surface whitish ashy, the cross-bars more distinct, except on the outer web, where they are almost obsolete." (Sharpe.)

"Met with only in Mindanao, where it is not at all common." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Male specimen from Cagayancillo: Bill black, bluish at base; iris dark brown; cere and legs buffy yellow; nails black. Length, 285; wing, 190; tail, 131; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 41.

178. ASTUR CUCULOIDES (Temminck).

CUCKOO GOSHAWK.

Falco cuculoides Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 1, pls. 110, 129. Astur cuculoides Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 115, pl. 4, fig. 2; Hand-List (1899), 1, 250; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 15; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41.

Cagayancillo (McGregor). China; in winter to the Malay Archipelago.

"Adult.--Above light slaty gray, the margins to the feathers rather darker, the ear-coverts and sides of neck a little paler than the upper surface; lores slightly whitish; under surface of body very pale vinous, somewhat tinged with ashy on sides of breast and throat, the latter being otherwise whitish; lower flanks, abdomen, under tail-coverts, and thighs white; the latter indistinctly dusted with ashy; under wing-coverts and axillars pure white; upper wing-coverts slaty gray like back; quills blackish, shaded above with slaty gray, lower surface of primaries black, all the quills white at base of inner web, more extended on the secondaries, which are ashy gray toward the tips; tail deep slaty gray, nearly uniform above, grayish ash-color below, inclining to white near base of feathers and crossed with five bands of darker brown, the subterminal one broadest. Cere yellow; bill horn-brown; feet yellow, claws black; iris dark brown. Length, 310; culmen, 18; wing, 203; tail, 127; tarsus, 51." (Sharpe.)

A male specimen from Cagayancillo measures: Length, 300; wing, 190; tail, 136; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 40. Iris very dark brown; bill black, greenish at base; cere orange; feet light orange; nails black.

Genus ACCIPITER Brisson, 1760.

This genus is closely related to Astur but the plumage is always more or less mottled or barred and the middle toe is relatively longer; culmen from front margin of cere less than half the middle toe without claw; notch in upper mandible less pronounced.

Species.

a1. Under parts with wide dark bars, with wide shaft-stripes, or with large round drop-like spots; tarsus of male, 42; of female, 44.

b1. Fourth primary considerably longer than fifth. ... gularis (p. 219) b2. Fourth primary but slightly longer than fifth. ... virgatus (p. 220)

a2. Under parts nearly uniform dull chestnut, abdomen, flanks, and thighs narrowly barred with white; tarsus of male, 48; of female, 54. ... manillensis (p. 220)

179. ACCIPITER GULARIS (Temminck and Schlegel).

JAPANESE SPARROW HAWK.

Astur (nisus) gularis Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 5, pl. 2. Accipiter gularis Grant, Ibis (1896), 104; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 254; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41. Accipiter virgatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 150 (part).

Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg). Japan, northern China; in winter to Malay Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.

Adult.--Above including wings, blackish slate, the bases of the feathers pure white with a tendency to show on the nape; ear-coverts and sides of neck slaty gray, the feathers edged with rufous; sides of face slate, lined with white; chin and throat white with blackish shaft-lines; breast and sides vinous-chestnut; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; quills blackish, inner webs white basally; secondaries and inner primaries barred with blackish; under wing-coverts and axillars pale ochraceous; tail ashy brown crossed by five bars of blackish brown, seven bars on outermost pair. Male, length, 273; wing, 190; tail, 124; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 33. Female, length, 295; wing, 205; tail, 148; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 34.

Immature.--Upper parts dark brown, most of the feathers edged with rusty or earthy brown; under parts white with wide bars of light rusty brown. This plumage is followed by one in which the under parts are white with wide shaft-streaks of blackish brown. Specimens occur with the fore breast streaked and the hind breast, sides, and flanks barred and with individual feathers both barred and streaked. The acquisition of adult plumage probably takes some time, two or three years.

The preceding descriptions are taken from birds collected in Calayan Island and while none of them shows the complete adult plumage, one specimen has the breast partly chestnut indicating the adult plumage.

Grant characterizes A. gularis as follows:

"Female adult.--Like A. nisus, being barred transversely up to the throat, which is white, with a more or less well-marked dark line down the middle, formed by the very narrow black or grayish-black shaft-stripes to the feathers. Fourth primary quill longest and considerably longer than the fifth.

"Male adult.--Throat white, the line of feathers down the middle with black shafts, forming a very narrow black central line, absent in the most adult examples. The fourth primary quill longest, and considerably longer than the fifth."

180. ACCIPITER VIRGATUS (Temminck).

INDIAN SPARROW HAWK.

Falco virgatus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 1, pl. 109. Accipiter virgatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 150 (part); Hand-List (1899), 1, 253; Everett, Ibis (1895), 38. Accipiter gularis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41 (part).

Palawan (Everett). Southern India, Ceylon, Andamans, and Greater Sunda Islands.

"Adult male.--Above deep blackish slate-color, the nape slightly mottled with white, the crown and wing-coverts a little darker; quills dark brown, shaded with slate-color, without any bars above, the under surface paler and more ashy, inclining to pale rufous near the base of inner web, with blackish cross-bars; tail ashy gray above, whitish ashy beneath, paler at tip, and crossed with three bars of slaty black; ear-coverts and sides of neck slaty gray, the latter washed with rufous; fore part of cheeks and throat buffy white, with a few indistinct blackish shaft-lines here and there; rest of under surface bright vinous-chestnut, much paler on the thighs; abdomen and under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts rich ocherous, the lower ones and the axillars irregularly barred with brownish. Cere yellow; bill black, lead-color at base; feet pale orange-yellow; iris yellow. Length, 279; culmen, 19; wing, 168; tail, 129; tarsus, 48.

"Adult female.--A little larger than the male. Length, 330; wing, 188; tarsus, 56." (Sharpe.)

181. ACCIPITER MANILLENSIS (Meyen).

PHILIPPINE SPARROW HAWK.

Nisus manillensis Meyen, Beitr. (1834), 694, pl. 9. Accipiter virgatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 150 (part). Accipiter manillensis Grant, Ibis (1897), 212; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 254; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 41. Accipiter stevensoni Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 938, pl. 57.

Cebu (McGregor); Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Everett, Porter); Negros (Steere).

Adult.--Above brown; head, neck, and mantle with an ashy blue wash, basal portion of feathers white or with one or two large white spots; back, rump, and tail-coverts brown without hidden white spots; sides of head brown; chin and throat white with a narrow median brown line; remainder of under parts rich reddish brown or rusty chestnut, most intense and uniform on breast and sides, each feather barred with dark brown and white, the barred portion hidden, more or less, by the wide reddish brown tips; crissum white; wings brown, primaries barred with gray on distal part of inner webs and with ochraceous on basal part; secondaries barred with ochraceous on inner webs; scapulars with two or more large white spots, all concealed; axillars and wing-lining faint ochraceous, barred with brown; tail brown, crossed by five darker brown bars.

Male from Benguet, Luzon.--Length, 254; wing, 156; tail, 114; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 35.

Female from Benguet, Luzon.--Bill black, bluish at base, cere pea-green; iris and eyelids bright yellow; skin about eye and base of bill dull green; nails very dark brown; legs and feet light yellow. Length, 310; wing, 185; tail, 140; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 45.

Breeding female from Cebu.--Bill horn-blue; cere waxy green; iris and eyelids chrome-yellow; legs greenish yellow; nails blackish. Length, 312; wing, 179; tail, 136; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 56; middle toe with claw, 44.

Immature male.--Upper parts earthy brown; head and mantle slightly bluish ash; feathers of wings, mantle, rump, and upper tail-coverts edged with rusty brown; median line on throat incomplete; breast and abdomen white with very wide, seal-brown, shaft-stripes; sides and flanks with some reddish brown cross-bars; thighs white, barred with brown; wing-lining ochraceous with large blackish brown spots.

"Accipiter manillensis is, I think, subspecifically distinct from typical A. virgatus, and Mr. Whitehead having, in addition to the Museum series, now obtained three adult females, we have a fair number of skins for comparison.

"Adult female.--Differs from the female of A. virgatus in having the chest, breast, and sides nearly uniform light red in the most adult birds, while in somewhat younger examples the middle of the breast shows distinct cross-bars of reddish brown and white; the under surface on the quills washed with rufous. Wing, 175 to 178; tail, 137 to 139; tarsus, 52 to 53.

"Adult male.--Like the male of A. virgatus. Wing, 152 to 155; tail, 122 to 124; tarsus, 51." Grant, Ibis, (1896), 109.

I have found considerable difficulty in identifying members of the genus Accipiter from the Philippines and the preceding descriptions will require revision when more specimens shall have been collected. With some hesitation I have placed A. stephensoni as a synonym under A. manillensis instead of under A. gularis.

Subfamily AQUILINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Tail nearly square or slightly forked; or, if decidedly graduated, the wing over 350 mm.

b1. Bill without a distinct tooth on its cutting edge; first primary much shorter than second or third.

c1. Feathers of lores and circumocular region not scale-like; loral bristles present.

d1. Tail not forked.

e1. Tarsus covered to the toes with short thick-set feathers.

f1. Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries much greater than length of tarsus. ... Lophotriorchia (p. 223) f2. Distance between tips of primaries and secondaries much less than length of tarsus. ... Spizaëtus (p. 224)

e2. Tarsus not feathered to the toes.

f1. Nostril a vertical slit; bill extremely compressed; culmen curved throughout its length; size large. ... Pithecophaga (p. 226) f2. Nostril round or oval; bill not greatly compressed.

g1. A full, circular, occipital crest; plumage of under parts with numerous round white spots. ... Spilornis (p. 227) g2. Crest scanty or wanting; plumage not spotted.

h1. Back of tarsus covered with hexagonal scales; wing, 330 to 380 mm.

i1. Tarsus with hexagonal scales in front; wing falling far short of tip of tail; lower plumage whitish, barred or spotted with brown. ... Butastur (p. 230) i2. Tarsus with transverse scutes in front; wing very long, extending beyond end of tail; plumage chestnut and white in adult. ... Haliastur (p. 233)

h2. Back of tarsus with large transverse plates; wing over 500 mm. ... Haliæetus (p. 232)

d2. Tail slightly forked, middle feathers about 10 mm. shorter than outermost; unfeathered portion of tarsus covered with small round scales. ... Elanus (p. 234)

c2. Feathers of lores and large circumocular area short and scale-like; no hairs about the bill; tarsus covered with long feathers for more than half its length, unfeathered portion with small hexagonal scales on all sides. ... Pernis (p. 235)

b2. Bill with one or two well-developed teeth on its cutting edge; first primary nearly as long as second and usually longer than third.

c1. Head crested; tarsus feathered for half its length. ... Baza (p. 236) c2. Head not crested; tarsus feathered at base only and covered with hexagonal scales.

d1. No tubercle in nostril; length less than 200 mm. ... Microhierax (p. 238) d2. A tubercle in center of nostril; length more than 250 mm. ... Falco (p. 239)

a2. Tail distinctly graduated; bill shorter; feet smaller and weaker; middle toe without claw two-thirds to three-fourths of tarsus; wing less than 250 mm. ... Cerchneis (p. 243)

Genus LOPHOTRIORCHIS Sharpe, 1874.

Cutting edge of bill sinuate; a narrow occipital crest about 60 mm. long; wing moderate in length; first primary very short; third and fourth subequal; inner web of first four quills abruptly and deeply cut; legs closely feathered to base of toes which are covered with small hexagonal scales; claws strong and curved.

182. LOPHOTRIORCHIS KIENERI (Geoffroy St. Hilaire).

RUFOUS-BELLIED HAWK.

Astur kienerii Geoffroy St. Hilaire, Mag. de Zool. (1835), cl. 2, pl. 35. Lophotriorchis kieneri Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 255; Hand-List (1899), 1, 262; Grant, Ibis (1895), 438; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42.

Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Celestino); Panay (Steere Exp.); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Celestino). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Lesser Sunda and Indo-Malayan Islands, Indo-Chinese provinces, Ceylon, Celebes.

"Adult.--Above black, with an occipital crest 60 mm. in length; ear-coverts somewhat mixed with whitish; cheeks, throat, and breast pure white, with a few narrow black shaft-lines on the side of the latter; rest of under surface, including under wing- and tail-coverts, tawny rufous, streaked with black shaft-stripes, rather broader on the flanks, where they are more merged; wings black, some of the feathers externally brownish, the inner lining of quills whitish ashy, with a few blackish bars on the inner web of the primaries, the secondaries narrowly tipped with white; tail black, very slightly tipped with whity brown, and with indications of brown cross-bands under certain lights, the lower surface of the tail ashy white, with a subterminal brown bar. Cere yellow; bill leaden blue; feet yellow, claws black; iris brown. Length, 533; culmen, 38; wing, 358; tail, 211; tarsus, 74." (Sharpe.)

Immature male.--Upper parts earthy brown, lighter on crown, the feathers tipped with white; forehead all white; long crest-feathers blackish brown; a black patch in front of and over eye; wing-coverts like the back; primaries and secondaries blackish brown, tipped with white; tail blackish brown, tipped with white and crossed by about nine lighter bars; entire under parts, except a brown patch on each flank, pure white. Wing, 370; tail, 225; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 69; middle toe with claw, 72.

The sexes are similar in color. A male from Sibuyan measures: Wing, 340; tail, 190; culmen from base, 34; tarsus, 72. A female from northern Mindanao measures: Wing, 360; tail, 210; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 66.

Genus SPIZAËTUS Vieillot, 1816.

Bill compressed; culmen rapidly curved from base to tip; edge of upper mandible sinuate; nostril large and oval; occipital crest short and slightly pointed; wings moderate, fourth or fifth quill longest; secondaries long, falling short of primaries by about length of middle toe without claw; tarsus covered to the toes with short thick-set feathers; top of toes covered with small irregular scales.

Species.

a1. Under parts white with bold brown markings on breast; thighs brown with fine white cross-bars. ... philippensis (p. 224) a2. Under and upper parts uniform blackish brown. ... limnæëtus (p. 225)

183. SPIZAËTUS PHILIPPENSIS Gurney.

PHILIPPINE HAWK EAGLE.

Spizaetus philippensis Gurney, in Gould's Birds Asia (1863), pt. 15. Spizaetus philippinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 261 (footnote). Limnaëtus philippensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pt. 2, 141, pl. 24. Spizaëtus philippinensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 264; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Gevers, Heriot, Whitehead); Masbate (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Porter); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp.); Palawan (Platen); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester).

"The general color of the upper surface in this species is a dark umber-brown; but the base of the feathers of the crest is white and the margins of the other occipital feathers are of a light yellowish brown. Some of the scapulars and other alar feathers (especially the latter) are slightly tipped with the same; the tail, which is of a somewhat lighter brown than the back, is tipped with a very narrow edging of white, and is also crossed by seven blackish brown bars, the upper one, however, being somewhat indistinct, and the two lower being separated by an interval which is twice the breadth of the spaces between the other bars. The throat has a broad blackish band running down the center, with two similar and nearly parallel bands proceeding from the corners of the mouth, the three bands all merging in a cluster of dark brown lanceolate marks upon the upper portion of the breast, the intervals between these markings, and also the whole sternal and abdominal regions, being tinged with a yellowish rufous; the under tail-coverts are barred with brown and white, the former bars being much broader than the latter; and the thighs and tarsi are marked throughout their length with narrow, equidistant, transverse bars of the same color. Length, 635; crest, 63; wing, 375; tail, 292; tarsus, 89; middle toe with claw, 76." (Sharpe.)

A rare species found only in forest. A male from Lubang measures: Length, 610; wing, 390; tail, 250; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 97.

184. SPIZAËTUS LIMNÆËTUS (Horsfield).

CHANGEABLE HAWK EAGLE.

Falco limnæëtus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 138. Spizaetus limnaetus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 272. Spizaëtus limnaëtus Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 264; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 274; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Lubang (McGregor); Mindanao (Platen); Mindoro (Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen). Burmese provinces, Malay Peninsula, northeastern Bengal, Greater Sunda Islands, Assam, and the Himalayas.

"Adult.--Above and below deep chocolate-brown, inclining to blackish on the head and back, the quills and tail blackish, the shafts of the latter brownish, the inner webs of the quills clear ashy; tail-feathers below ashy white, brownish toward the tips, the penultimate ones with remains of irregular cross-markings. Cere yellowish; feet pale yellow; iris bright yellow. Length, 635; culmen, 43; wing, 406; tail, 279; tarsus, 104.

"Young (type of species).--Above clear brown, with faint terminal margins of fulvous-brown, the buff-colored bases showing very conspicuously on all the upper parts, but especially distinct on the wing-coverts, which are also broadly margined with buffy white; quills deep brown, the secondaries lighter and more purplish brown, broadly tipped with buffy white, and indistinctly barred with darker brown, plainer on the inner web, especially underneath, where it is ashy white on the primaries and grayish on the secondaries; lower back and rump pale brown, the upper tail-coverts brownish buff; tail brown, tipped with buffy white and crossed with six equidistant bands of darker brown; head and neck whitish buff, the sides of the latter washed with sandy rufous, and mottled with dark brown in the centers of the feathers; under surface of body buffy white, washed with pale fawn-color on the sides of the body and thighs, with a few indistinct spots of the same on the chest; under wing-coverts white, spotted with dark brown, the spots larger on the greater series. Iris brownish. Length, 610; wing, 394; tail (not fully grown), 241; tarsus, 94.

"Another young bird, collected by Mr. Wallace, is rather larger in general bulk than the foregoing example, though having the wing of the same length. It is purer white below, with a shade of dark brown on the lower flanks, and a few distinct oval spots of brown on the breast. The center tail-feather has seven bands of dark brown.

"Nestling.--Covered with snow-white down, the crown of the head inclining to fawn-color, the sprouting feathers blackish brown, the greater wing-coverts tipped with white; the few breast-feathers visible white, with broad blackish cross-bars." (Sharpe.)

A male was taken on Lubang Island. Iris brown, bill, cere, and nails black; feet pale yellow. Length, 610; wing, 400; tail, 260; culmen from base, 37; tarsus, 98. This species is an inhabitant of deep forest and is seldom seen.

Genus PITHECOPHAGA Grant, 1896.

Bill deep, greatly compressed, depth of upper mandible twice its width at edge of cere; culmen greatly curved for its entire length; nostril in a vertical slit near margin of cere; a very full crest of long feathers; wings rounded, rather short; inner webs of primaries slightly narrowed from middle to tip; tarsus slightly feathered in front at base; a row of transverse plates in front, sides and back with small hexagonal scales; feet powerful; tail-feathers wide and slightly graduated.

185. PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI Grant.

MONKEY-EATING EAGLE.

Pithecophaga jefferyi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1896), 6, 17; Ibis (1897), 214, pl. 5, text figs. 1 to 4; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 90; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 265; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 15; Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 297; Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 73; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42. Pithecophaga jefferi Clemens, Condor (1907), 9, 92 (photo).

Leyte? (Whitehead); Luzon (Ickis); Mindanao (Keller, Clemens, Farrel); Samar (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester).

"Top of head pale whitish buff with dark middles to the feathers, which are rather narrow and pointed, especially those on the occiput, which form a long full crest; general color above rich brown, most of the feathers with paler margins, especially the quill-feathers and wing-coverts; tail-feathers dark brown, the two median pairs with wide dark bands; shafts of quills and tail-feathers creamy white; under parts uniform creamy white; thighs and long flank-feathers with reddish brown shaft-stripes. Length, about 840; bill, greatest depth measured from base of cere to ridge of culmen, 38; from base of cere to tip, 38; wing, 525; tail, 381; tarsus, 118; middle toe without claw, 68; claw, measured in a straight line from base to tip, 37; hind toe without claw, 46; claw, 51." (Grant.)

"Iris dull creamy brown, with an outer ring of brownish red, the two colors melting into one another and not sharply defined; face and base of bill dull french-blue, tip of bill black; legs and feet dull yellow; claws black." (Whitehead.)

Grant's original description given above is quite sufficient to identify this remarkable eagle, and agrees with a specimen before me, but in at least two specimens which I have examined there were conspicuous black shaft-lines on the feathers of chin and jaw. This may have been due to a more adult plumage than the one described by Grant. Respecting the size of this bird Grant says in part: "The depth of the bill is greater than that of any known bird of prey, except Pallas's sea eagle (Haliaëtus pelagicus), in which it is sometimes a trifle greater, while such extreme narrowness, compared with the depth, is quite unique in birds of this order. It is also among some parrots, such as the black cockatoo (Microglossus aterrimus), that we find a bill approaching this type, but in none of these is it laterally compressed to the same extent. The high vaulted nasal opening, set almost vertically, is another peculiar character. The naked tarsi and feet approach those of the harpy eagle (Thrasaëtes harpyia) in size and strength, and the scaling of the tarsi is remarkably similar. Strange as it may seem, we have little doubt that the harpy is the nearest known ally of the present species."

Measurements of several specimens have been given by me in the Philippine Journal of Science and they need not be repeated here.

Genus SPILORNIS Gray, 1840.

Culmen straight to edge of cere, from there strongly curved to tip; cutting edge of bill without notch or sinuation; a large nearly naked space between eye and bill; occipital crest full; first primary short, fifth longest and but little longer than secondaries; tarsus feathered in front for a short distance, covered throughout with hexagonal scales.

Species.

a1. Chest uniform brown without white spots. ... bacha (p. 227) a2. Chest brown with numerous large white spots.

b1. Breast and abdomen darker; chin and throat blue-gray. ... holospilus (p. 228) b2. Breast and abdomen lighter; chin and throat light gray. ... panayensis (p. 229)

186. SPILORNIS BACHA (Daudin).

MALAY SERPENT EAGLE.

Falco bacha Daudin, Traité (1800), 2, 43. Spilornis bacha Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 290; Hand-List (1899), 1, 299; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett). Malayan Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands.

"Adult male.--Head largely crested, jet black with white bases to the feathers; upper surface of body brown, the wing-coverts with a few minute spots of white on the margins of the feathers; quills black, primary-coverts and secondaries narrowly tipped with white, the primaries somewhat shaded with ashy gray externally and crossed with two brown bands, one broad and very distinct, the other basal and nearly obsolete, these bars less distinct above on the secondaries, but rather plainer below; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown, slightly tipped with whitish, the latter crossed with a broad median band of pale ashy brown, with indications of a second basal one only visible below; sides of head and throat blackish, cheeks somewhat shaded with ashy gray; remainder of under surface of body brown, the chest uniform, the breast with distinct oval spots of white on both webs, more numerous on thighs and inclining to bars on flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts paler brown, thickly varied with oval spots of white, larger and further apart on the axillars and greater coverts. Cere yellow, bill black, horn-colored at tip; feet orange-yellow; iris yellow. Length, 622; culmen, 48; wing, 406; tail, 254; tarsus, 86.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but larger. Length, 660; wing, 419; tail, 267; tarsus, 95." (Sharpe.)

187. SPILORNIS HOLOSPILUS (Vigors).

PHILIPPINE SERPENT EAGLE.

Buteo holospilus Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 96. Spilornis holospilus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 293; Hand-List (1899), 1, 266; Grant, Ibis (1894), 503; ibid. (1896), 110; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp.); Bongao (Everett); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Everett, Meyer, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Porter); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Above pale brown with a purplish gloss and the feathers irregularly spotted or margined with white at their tips; hind neck and interscapulary region lighter than the rest of the back, the feathers tipped with pale rufous, and ocellated with large rounded spots of white; head much crested, ashy black, the feathers slightly margined with rufous and spotted with white; sides of face and throat ashy gray, the latter varied with oval markings of whitish; under surface of body very light tawny, ocellated all over with spots or half bars of white, the latter more distinct on the under tail-coverts; the thighs and under wing-coverts a little darker and more thickly spotted with white; wing-coverts dark brown, minutely spotted with white; primaries brown, whitish on inner web, black at tip, and crossed with a black bar about the middle of the feather; secondaries pale brown like the back, with white tips and faint indications of obsolete whitish bars on the feathers; upper tail-coverts brown, darker before the tips, which are white, and having remains of rounded white spots concealed or obscured by the brown color of the feathers; tail pale brown, narrowly tipped with whity brown, and crossed with two broad bands of blackish brown, one subterminal and the other about the middle of the tail, a band of light brown before the lower black band, and a broad band of whity brown between the two black bands. Length, 635; culmen, 46; wing, 368; tail, 254; tarsus, 90.

"Young.--Above brown, the feathers tipped with pale rufous, the white bases very conspicuous especially on the wing-coverts, which appear lighter than the back; head, which is largely crested, and hind neck rufous, the feathers buffy white at the base; with a chestnut-brown subterminal spot; ear-coverts and sides of face uniform dark brown; throat white; rest of under surface of body fulvous washed with rufous, more especially on the breast-feathers, which have dark brown shafts; under wing-coverts fulvous, washed with tawny rufous; primaries dark brown, secondaries rather lighter like the back, and tipped with buffy white, all the quills white at base of inner web, and barred with darker brown, showing more plainly underneath, as the interspaces are whitish ashy; tail brown, washed with rufous near the base, and slightly tipped with fulvous, crossed with four or five bars of dark brown, the basal ones indistinct and more or less dissolved into mottlings." (Sharpe.)

From Cape Engaño we have received an immature female, which has the head and upper mantle whitish buff, with brown shaft-spots; there is the beginning of a short deep black superciliary band extending above the eye, while a few feathers of a more adult plumage are beginning to make their appearance on the occiput; these are brownish red, with a white subterminal black tip. (The appearance of this black eyebrow-stripe is very puzzling, as it does not appear in the adult plumage; it may be part of an intermediate plumage or fade with age and wear to the dark brown of the adult.) General color above brown, with irregular, ill-defined reddish white spots on either web; tail dark brown with two wide brownish white bands across the terminal half; chin and throat whitish buff. Sides of the head and under parts pale buff, with brownish red shaft-stripes, widest on the terminal half; thighs buff, with wide chestnut middles, constricted at intervals, so as to form ill-defined buff spots down the sides of the feathers, one or two half grown adult feathers on the left thigh. Wing, 386; tail, 272; tarsus, 86.

"Although somewhat peculiar in plumage and large in size, I have no hesitation in referring this specimen to S. holospilus, and Mr. Whitehead shares the same opinion." (Grant.)

188. SPILORNIS PANAYENSIS Steere.

PANAY SERPENT EAGLE.

Spilornis panayensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 7; Grant, Ibis (1896), 527; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 93; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 266; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 42. Spilornis holospilus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 44 (part).

Si-cub', Bohol.

Bohol (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp.); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Head black, feathers of crest sulphur-white at base, then black, narrowly edged with whitish; rest of upper surface with wings light ashy brown, all the feathers edged with whitish. Tail broadly tipped with white and with two broad whitish bars and part of a third basal one; throat bluish ash, unmarked; rest of under surface pale cinnamon, shaded with ash and spotted and banded as in S. holospilus. Length, 502; wing, 317; tail, 229; tarsus, 71. Distinguished from S. holospilus by its small size and pale coloring." (Steere.)

The validity of this species is somewhat doubtful. Bourns and Worcester consider that it "was founded on differences due to change of season and to individual variation." Grant thinks "that S. panayensis may fairly be recognized as a distinct form."

Genus BUTASTUR Hodgson, 1843.

Bill small, its edge slightly sinuate; wings moderate, primaries cut on inner web; first primary short; secondaries much shorter than primaries; tarsus feathered in front for a short distance, a row of large hexagonal scales in front, rest of tarsus with small hexagonal scales.

189. BUTASTUR INDICUS (Gmelin).

TIC-WEE BUZZARD.

Falco indicus Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 264. Butastur indicus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 297; Hand-List (1899), 1, 266; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 278; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 43.

Lim-bas', Manila and Lubang; tic-weé, in general; cu-yab', Calayan.

Balabac (Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., McGregor); Batan N. (Edmonds [24]); Bohol (Everett, Steere Exp.); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (Meyer); Fuga (Whitehead); Guimaras (Meyer); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Goodfellow); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Verde (McGregor). Ussuri-land; Japan; China to Malay Peninsula; Celebes.

"Adult.--Above brown, inclining to ashy on head and upper back, and to rufous on lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, the latter of which are plainly barred and broadly tipped with pure white; forehead white; sides of face clear ashy gray; sides of neck ashy brown, uniform with the interscapulary region; wing-coverts rufous-brown, mottled with clearer rufous; primary-coverts rufous, externally mottled and broadly tipped with black; quills rufous, narrowly tipped with buffy white, primaries brown externally and toward their tips, also barred with dark brown on their inner webs; the secondaries ashy brown, inclining gradually to whity brown at their tips, washed with rufous and barred with dark brown; the lower surface of the wing creamy white on the inner webs of the quills, somewhat washed with rufous; tail ashy brown, whity brown at tip and crossed with three or four broad bars of blackish brown, the lower surface ashy white, the bars showing more plainly, except on the outermost feather, where they are obsolete; throat white, with a mesial line of ashy brown, as well as two not very distinct moustachial streaks; upper breast ashy brown, washed with rufous, the lower breast and abdomen barred with white and rufous-brown, the latter bars decreasing toward the vent and thighs, and totally absent on the under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts with slight cross-markings of pale rufous. Bill leaden black, yellow at base; cere and feet yellow; iris yellow. Length, 470; culmen, 33; wing, 333; tail, 201; tarsus, 61.

"Adult female.--Larger. Length, 470; wing, 345; tail, 213; tarsus, 62.

"Young.--Considerably different from the adult. Above dark brown, the wing-coverts washed with rufous and tipped with dull white, the greater ones with rufous or rufous-white spots on both webs, giving a mottled appearance to these parts; forehead and eyebrow creamy white; crown and hind neck brown, the feathers margined with creamy white, giving a striped appearance, the latter also slightly washed with rufous; sides of face ashy brown, streaked with darker brown, the fore part of the cheeks white; under surface of body creamy buff, the throat with a central blackish streak on the lower part; center of chest streaked with dark brown, the breast with pale chestnut, becoming spade-shaped spots on the flanks, but narrowing to small streaks on the thighs, and disappearing altogether on the under tail-coverts, which are creamy buff; under wing-coverts creamy buff, with a few rufous-brown marks on the lower series, and bars of the same on the axillars; upper tail-coverts brown, white at the base and at tip, and having the outer margin also white; tail ashy brown, tipped with pale rufous-brown and crossed with five bars of darker brown, the subterminal one broader; quills dark brown, the secondaries paler, the base of the inner web white, with remains of ashy bars on the inner secondaries. Cere and feet yellow; bill black; iris yellow." (Sharpe.)

"Exceedingly common throughout the group. Most abundant about scattering trees in open fields. Breeds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The tic-wee buzzard is the commonest hawk in the Philippines and on Calayan and Batan Islands it occurs in immense flocks during migration.

Genus HALIÆETUS Savigny, 1809.

Bill stout, culmen straight at base, then greatly curved, with a long overhanging hook, edge sinuate; tail rounded, its feathers wide and pointed; tarsus heavy, feathered for a short distance in front; a row of large transverse plates in front, a row of large hexagonal scales behind, sides covered with small hexagonal scales.

190. HALIÆETUS LEUCOGASTER (Gmelin).

WHITE-BREASTED SEA EAGLE.

Falco leucogaster Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, pt. 1, 257. Haliaetus leucogaster Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 307. Haliaëtus leucogaster Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 267; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 279; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 43.

Ma-na-ol', Ticao, Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); East Bolod (Mearns); Fuga (Whitehead); Luzon (Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami (McGregor). Indian Peninsula; Indo-Chinese Provinces; Malay Peninsula to Australia and Oceania.

Adult.--Entire head, neck, and lower parts white, many of the feathers with blackish shafts; tail blackish, its terminal third white; primaries blackish with white bases; axillars and wing-lining white; remainder of wings and upper parts bluish slate-gray, with a slight mixture of brown. Male from Ticao: Iris dark; bill at base and cere horn-blue; bill at tip and nails black; legs and toes white. Length, 685; wing, 550; tail, 230; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 91. The female is said to be slightly larger.

Young.--Head, chin, and throat buffy or pale yellowish white, more or less streaked with light brown; general color brown, darker above, many of the feathers with lighter brown or whitish shaft-lines which widen at the tips; primaries black with whitish bases; end of tail brown, basal two-thirds white mottled with brown.

The white-breasted sea eagle is widely distributed but nowhere in the Philippines is it abundant. In adult plumage it is easily identified by its white under parts. Its nest consists of a mass of sticks and is usually supported by the branches of some large tree. Islets on which there are but a few trees are in particular favor with this species. The eggs are usually spheroidal and white with a few faint markings of reddish brown.

"Common along the seashore. Frequently seen perching on the fish pens of the natives, where it secures abundant food." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus HALIASTUR Selby, 1840.

Bill moderate, compressed, with a long overhanging tip; culmen well curved, cutting edge slightly sinuate; wings long, extending beyond tip of tail; inner webs of primaries abruptly cut; tail nearly square; tarsus feathered in front for about half its length, the lower half with large transverse plates, its sides and back with variously shaped scales; claws strong and well curved.

191. HALIASTUR INTERMEDIUS Gurney.

MALAYAN BRAHMINY KITE.

Haliastur intermedius Gurney, Ibis (1865), 28; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 314; Hand-List (1899), 1, 268; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 282; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 43.

La-uin', Lubang, Manila; ba-nog', Bohol, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Steere Exp., McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Buluan off Mindanao (Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Murray, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Seale); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Murray, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Celebes; Malay Peninsula; Greater Sunda Islands; Indo-Chinese Provinces.

Adult.--Entire head and neck, chin, throat, and breast white, with narrow black shaft-lines; rest of the plumage rich chestnut, the shafts blackish, the chestnut most intense on mantle and back; primaries black with light rufous bases; axillars and wing-lining chestnut; tail chestnut, tipped with gray. Length of male, 470; wing, 410; tail, 210; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 53.

"Young.--Above deep brown, the interscapulary feathers inclining to dull maroon toward their tips, the rest of the feathers of the upper surface tipped with rufous, and most of them externally shaded with ashy gray; head and neck pale rufous, with buffy white centers and tips to the feathers, giving a streaked appearance, as in a young Milvus; forehead, lores, and sides of face white, with narrow black shaft-lines to the feathers; ear-coverts slightly washed with brown; chin whitish; rest of under surface pale rufous-brown, the shaft-stripes distinct, all the feathers with central streaks of buffy white, the chest-feathers darker, and washed with brown on both margins, thighs and under tail-coverts inclining to maroon; under wing-coverts and axillars clear brown, tipped with rufous or maroon, and centered with black shaft-streaks." (Sharpe.)

"Extremely common. Frequently abundant about shipping in the harbors, where it feeds on refuse thrown overboard from the ships. Often seen feeding over surface of fresh-water streams as well. Not infrequently met with hawking over open fields at some distance inland." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"An egg of the Malayan brahminy kite taken in Borneo is of an elongated elliptical form and plain white. Another, taken in the Philippine Islands, is white, minutely speckled all over with dark brown. Neither specimen shows any trace of gloss. They measure respectively: 49.5 by 35.5; 49.5 by 40.6." (Oates.)

The second egg mentioned above was taken in Siquijor by the Steere Expedition.

Genus ELANUS Savigny, 1809.

Bill moderate, edge gently sinuate; culmen strongly curved; wings long, extending beyond tip of tail; primaries not cut on inner webs; tail slightly forked; tarsus feathered in front for half its length, remainder of its surface covered with minute roundish scales.

192. ELANUS HYPOLEUCUS Gould.

PHILIPPINE BLACK-WINGED KITE.

Elanus hypoleucus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1859), 127; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 338; Hand-List (1899), 1, 269; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 291, pl. 13, figs. 3; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Jagor, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Whitehead, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Celebes; Greater Sunda Islands.

Adult.--Above pearl-gray, paler on head and fading to pure white above eyes, on forehead, and sides of neck; lores and a narrow line above eye black; entire lower parts including under surface of wings and tail white; median and lesser coverts black but a few of the inner lesser coverts white; a few small black feathers near edge of wing; primaries and secondaries tipped with white and largely white on inner webs, primary-shafts black; tail-feathers white, except central pair which are gray above.

Male from Bantayan.--Length, 330; wing, 300; tail, 143; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 36.

Female from Manila.--Bill and nails black; iris carmine; cere, gape, and legs chrome-yellow. Length, 355; wing, 300; tail, 138; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 34.

An immature female from Bohol is like the adult but the wing-feathers, including the black coverts, are widely tipped with white, and the feathers of crown and nape are edged with white and a little buff giving the head a streaked appearance. Iris light yellow; bill and nails black; cere waxy yellow; feet bright chrome-yellow.

"Female, not quite adult (type).--Above ashy gray, scapulars and quills plainly tipped with white, and washed with rusty brown, especially on the interscapular region; crown white, the hinder part inclining to ashy gray, plainly streaked with rusty brown; wing ashy gray, primaries darker, all the quills, as well as the coverts tipped with white, the lesser and median coverts black, forming a conspicuous shoulder patch; tail white, shaded with ashy toward the tip, the two center feathers entirely ashy gray; under surface of body entirely white, including the under wing-coverts; under surface of quills deep ashy gray toward the tip, whitish at base. Cere yellow; bill black; feet yellow; iris red. Length, 368; culmen, 28; wing, 305; tail, 157; tarsus, 38." (Sharpe.)

"Quite abundant about the open fields, but difficult to shoot. Iris bright red; legs and feet yellow; nails black; bill black, except cere and gape which are bright yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"The sole egg of the Philippine black-winged kite in the collection is a blunt oval, smooth, and devoid of gloss. It is white, thickly smeared especially at the large end, with two shades of brown. It measures: 41.9 by 31.7 mm." (Oates.)

The egg described above was collected by Everett in Mindoro, December 14.

Genus PERNIS Cuvier, 1817.

Bill small, elongate, the cutting edge regular or slightly sinuate; nostril a narrow slit; side of head covered with short close-set feathers; no bristles nor hairs about base of bill; wings long, primaries obliquely cut on inner webs; tail composed of long wide feathers; tarsus feathered in front for its upper half, its remaining surface covered with small scales.

193. PERNIS PTILORHYNCUS (Temminck).

CRESTED HONEY BUZZARD.

Falco ptilorhyncus Temminck, Pl. Col. livr. 8 (1821), 1, 44. Pernis ptilonorhynchus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 347; Hand-List (1899), 1, 271; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 293, pl. 14, fig. 4; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44. Pernis cristatus Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 406 (part), fig. 98 (head); Grant, Ibis (1897), 213.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Celestino). Indian and Malay Peninsulas, Indo-Chinese countries, Ceylon, Greater Sunda Islands.

Adult.--Upper parts brown, many of the feathers white basally; top of head, neck, and sides of neck light brown with heavy black shaft-lines; long crest-feathers black; scale-like feathers of lores and side of head ashy gray; chin, throat, and breast white with black shaft-lines and many feathers with long wide terminal spots of black or dark brown on the throat, forming a median and two lateral stripes; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts light brown, barred with white; under surface of primaries and secondaries light gray, banded with dark brown, the basal bars broken; axillars and wing-lining tawny-brown, the latter mottled with white; tail from above light brown, with five or six wide bars of dark brown; from below the tail is light gray, crossed by dark brown bars. Bill black, its base bluish; iris bright yellow; legs dull yellow; nails black. A male from Mindoro is 570 in length; wing, 390; tail, 285; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 58.

A breeding female, taken in Mindoro, February 19, 1905, is 610 in length; wing, 395; tail, 290; culmen from base, 36; tarsus, 44.

Genus BAZA Hodgson, 1836.

Bill stout, culmen well curved; cutting edge with two teeth, in young birds there is often a single tooth; cere small; nostrils narrow, slightly oblique; crest long and narrow; wing moderate, third or fourth quill longest; tail square; tarsus short, feathered in front for half its length, naked part reticulate. The key is based on the plumage of the young females; the adult of leucopais is unknown.

Species.

a1. Breast banded with pale rufous; a black streak down center of throat. ... magnirostris (p. 236) a2. Breast not banded; no black streak on throat; entire under parts pure white. ... leucopais (p. 237)

194. BAZA MAGNIROSTRIS Gray.

LARGE-BILLED BAZA.

Baza magnirostris Gray, Cat. Acciptr. Brit. Mus. (1844), 19; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 356, pl. 10, fig. 1; Hand-List (1899), 1, 271; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44.

Luzon (Cuming); Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow).

"Nearly adult female.--Crown and long occipital crest black; feathers over eye, as well as the sides and back of the neck tawny rufous, the latter spotted with black; sides of face grayish washed with rufous; upper surface of body brown, with a gloss of purplish brown, some of the feathers also shaded with greenish in certain lights; quills brown, tipped with whitish, barred with purplish brown, the secondaries very much paler brown, against which the bands of darker brown contrast strongly, especially the subterminal one, which has a distinct purplish gloss; under surface of quills grayish white, with dark brown bands, pure white near the base; tail brown, tipped with whity brown, and crossed by three bands of dark purplish brown, the subterminal one being very broad, and glossed with greenish; under surface of tail grayish white, like that of the wings, the subterminal band distinctly marked, the basal ones very faintly, excepting on the outermost feathers, which have a patch of dark brown on the outer web, extending on to the inner one also; under surface of body whitish, broadly streaked on sides of throat and chest, banded on breast, and spotted on under tail-coverts with pale rufous, darker and more inclining to rufous-brown on flanks, sides of body, and axillars; down the center of the throat extending to the fore neck, a broad black streak; under wing-coverts buffy white, spotted with pale rufous, the lower ones barred with this color. Bill horn-black, browner on lower mandible; feet yellow. Length, 444; culmen, 38; wing, 312; tail, 206; tarsus, 38.

"Adult male (type).--Another specimen in the national collection (British Museum) differs from the foregoing in not having so stout a bill, in the sides of the face being more conspicuously gray, this shade also extending over the throat and breast, the former of which is narrowly streaked with grayish down the center; the crown of the head is blackish, feathers of the forehead being edged with rufous; the sides and hind part of the neck similarly marked, producing a striped appearance; occipital crest black, with a narrow white tip to one or two of the feathers; the bands on the breast very broad and pale rufous. Length, 389; culmen, 34; wing, 292; tail, 190; tarsus, 38. This would apparently be the adult male, and the other perhaps a female not quite adult." (Sharpe.)

195. BAZA LEUCOPAIS Sharpe.

WHITEHEAD'S BAZA.

Baza leucopias Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 195 (error). Baza leucopais Whitehead, Ibis (1890), 43, pl. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 271; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44.

Palawan (Whitehead); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester).

"Young female.--General color above brown, with whitish brown margins to the feathers; lesser wing-coverts brown, the inner ones rufous, with brown centers; median and greater coverts pale rufous, white externally toward the ends and round the tips; alula dark brown, externally rufous; primary-coverts uniform dark brown; quills dark brown fringed with white round the ends, and crossed with blackish brown bars, four in number, one subterminal; secondaries paler brown, externally rufous; upper tail-coverts tawny-rufous, edged with white and with dark brown centers; tail-feathers dark brown, narrowly fringed with white at the ends, and crossed with blackish bands, the subterminal one very broad, but not nearly so wide as the preceding interspace; a crest of white feathers, the long ones freckled with brown; head, nape, and hind neck, lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, sides of neck, and entire under surface of body pure white, slightly washed with rufous on the head and hind neck; the breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts washed with creamy buff; the sides of the body and flanks with slight indications of spots of pale tawny buff; under wing-coverts and axillars like the breast; quills below ashy gray, with blackish bars on the primaries. Length, 394; culmen, 29; wing, 274; tail, 178; tarsus, 35.

"The typical [=type] specimen, though manifestly immature, differs thoroughly from the young of B. sumatrensis, and I feel sure that the adult bird, when discovered, will be markedly distinct." (Sharpe.)

"Rare and shy. Iris, legs, and feet yellow; nails black; bill black, slaty at base; bare flesh of head greenish yellow. One specimen had been eating crabs when shot.

"A male measures 457 in length; wing, 312; tail, 199; culmen, 27; tarsus, 76; middle toe with claw, 40. A female, 457 in length; wing, 305; tail, 208; culmen, 26; tarsus, 64; middle toe with claw, 43." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The adult of this rare species appears to be undescribed.

Genus MICROHIERAX Sharpe, 1874.

Bill strong; edge of mandible with a double notch forming a sharp tooth; cere small; no crest; first primary nearly equal to second and third which are the longest; secondaries short; tarsus and feet strong; plumage black and white; length less than 200 mm.

Species.

a1. Slightly smaller. ... erythrogenys (p. 238) a2. Slightly larger. ... meridionalis (p. 239)

196. MICROHIERAX ERYTHROGENYS (Vigors).

PHILIPPINE FALCONET.

Hierax erythrogenys Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 96. Microhierax erythrogenys Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 369; Hand-List (1899), 1, 273; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44; McGregor, Philippine Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 323.

Bohol (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Porter); Negros (Keay).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above, including wings and tail, black with a dark green gloss; below white; sides, thighs, and under tail-coverts black. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs dark blue. Length of a male from Mindoro, 160; wing, 110; tail, 68; culmen from cere, 11; tarsus, 20. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 110; tail, 63; culmen from cere, 13. A female from Luzon: Wing, 110; tail, 66; culmen from cere, 12.

Young.--The immature male resembles the adult but the inner webs of primaries are barred or mottled with white.

"Extremely local in its habits. Often found perching on a dead limb at the top of some tree, and may be met with in exactly the same place day after day. It feeds on insects and often leaves its perch on short flights in pursuit of its prey, promptly returning, however. When shot at but not killed it usually takes but a short flight, and returns at once to its favorite perch. Small flocks frequently found together.

"Iris brown; legs and feet black; bill black. Nine specimens average, 179 in length; wing, 108; tail, 62; culmen, 13; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

197. MICROHIERAX MERIDIONALIS Grant.

GRANT'S FALCONET.

Microhierax meridionalis Grant, Ibis (1897), 220; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 273; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Celestino, Goodfellow); Samar (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Similar to the male of M. erythrogenys, but considerably larger; the under wing-coverts and inner webs of the primaries uniform black; and belly, vent, and under tail-coverts washed with pale fulvous. Length, 165; wing, 113; tail, 66; culmen (from cere to tip), 13; tarsus, 22. The type of the male is from Zamboanga, southern Mindanao.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but larger. Length, 183; wing, 117; tail, 70; culmen (from cere to tip), 13; tarsus, 22. The type of the female is from the Island of Samar." (Grant.)

Grant's falconet is a species of doubtful validity, but the name may be retained until more specimens have been examined. In M. erythrogenys the white bars on the primaries are due to immaturity and are not characteristic of the typical adult male.

Genus FALCO Linnæus, 1758.

Bill stout, culmen strongly curved from front of cere to tip; a well-marked tooth in edge of upper mandible; wings long and pointed, second primary longest, the first and third but little shorter; first primary with a deep notch near its tip; legs, feet, and claws strong, middle toe long; tarsus covered on all sides with small hexagonal scales. The falcons are powerful birds, strong and rapid in flight, and easily recognized by the rapid motion of the wings.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing more than 300 mm.

b1. Light color from breast extending forward below ear-coverts and partly separating a blackish band on side of throat from black of side of head. ... peregrinus (p. 240) b2. Light color of breast not invading the auricular region, the entire side of head, sides of throat, and ear-coverts being black.

c1. Bars on under parts black and close-set; flanks, thighs, abdomen, and under tail-coverts washed with smoky blue-gray. ... ernesti (p. 242) c2. Less closely barred below; under parts not washed with smoky blue-gray. ... melanogenys (p. 241)

a2. Much smaller; wing less than 250 mm. ... severus (p. 243)

198. FALCO PEREGRINUS Tunstall.

PEREGRINE FALCON.

Falco peregrinus Tunstall, Ornithologia Britannica (1771), 1; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 273; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 415; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 296; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44. Falco communis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 376.

Batan (Edmonds); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Fuga (Whitehead); Luzon (Steere Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Everett); Negros (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, White). Northern America, Europe, Asia; in winter, Africa and Indian Peninsula.

"Adult.--Above bluish gray, darker on the head and nape, pale on rump and upper tail-coverts; feathers of the head and nape, the scapulars and sometimes other parts of the upper plumage dark shafted, and all feathers except those of the head and hind neck with dark cross-bands; forehead whitish; a broad cheek-stripe from beneath eye black; primaries blackish, the inner webs, except near the end, closely barred with white; secondaries ashy gray with darker cross-bands; tail dark gray or blackish, with numerous ashy gray cross-bars, closer together and paler toward the base, extreme tip and borders near tip whitish; lower parts white with a rufous tinge, a few brown or black spots on lower breast and middle of abdomen, and narrow dark bars on flanks, lower wing-coverts, thighs, and under tail-coverts.

"Young birds are very dark brown above, the feathers edged with rufous, the buff bases of the feathers showing about nape; tail-feathers with about six transversely oval rufous spots on each web, forming imperfect cross-bars; primaries as in adults; cheek-stripe narrower; lower parts white, buff, or rufescent, spotted except on the throat, with broad brown elongate median stripes, becoming broad spots on the flanks.

"After the first molt peregrines are brownish gray above and gradually acquire a pure slaty-gray back. The spots and bars on the lower parts are much broader at first and grow smaller and narrower with age, the drops on the breast become narrow lines and ultimately disappear altogether, the bands fade off the under tail-coverts and in very old birds only small scattered specks remain on the abdomen and triangular markings on the thigh-coverts. The general tint of the lower surface varies from almost white to light rufous.

"Bill bluish, black at tip; cere yellow; iris brown; legs and feet yellow. Length of a female, about 483; tail, 190; wing, 368; tarsus, 53; middle toe without claw, 57; bill from gape, 33. Males are considerably smaller, length, about 406; wing, 317." (Blanford.)

An old female, taken in Tarlac Province, Luzon, was 470 in length; wing, 360; tail, 195; culmen from base, 30; tarsus, 55; middle toe with claw, 68. Iris brown; cere, legs, and skin about eyes light lemon-yellow; nails black; bill black, its basal third very pale yellow.

199. FALCO MELANOGENYS Gould.

AUSTRALIAN FALCON.

Falco melanogenys Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), 139; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 385; Hand-List (1899), 1, 274; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 298; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Luzon (Heriot). Australia.

"Adult male.--Head and nape deep black, including the entire sides of face, cheeks, and ear-coverts; interscapulary region blackish, with a few obsolete transverse bars of bluish gray; rest of upper surface bluish ashy, barred all over with blackish, some of the bars, especially of the upper tail-coverts, assuming a triangular form; upper wing-coverts somewhat washed with brown, the gray shade being more perceptible on the greater series; quills black, the primaries outwardly shaded with gray, outer secondaries narrowly tipped with creamy white, the inner ones almost entirely bluish gray, with obscure blackish marblings and cross-bars; tail blackish, with a narrow ashy white bar at the tip, the upper surface shaded with gray, clearer toward the base, bars on center rectrices eleven in number, not including the broad subterminal black band; throat and upper breast deep creamy buff, the latter with a few median black shaft-stripes; rest of the under surface buffy white, closely but narrowly barred across with black, sides of body and thighs shaded with a bluish gray tinge; fore part of breast and under wing-coverts with a strong fawn-colored shade. Bill greenish at base, horny black at tip, under mandible deep orange; feet yellow; claws black; iris dark. Length, 376; culmen, 30; wing, 300; tail, 152; tarsus, 51.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but larger and more richly colored; underneath deep ferruginous, paler on the chest, the cross barring narrow and irregular, sometimes confined to a small subterminal spot. Length, 419; culmen, 37; wing, 338; tail, 168; tarsus, 51.

"Young male.--Above brownish, the feathers edged with fulvous, especially distinct on the wing-coverts and secondaries; hinder neck marked with pale tawny; lower back and rump alternately barred with ashy and dark brown, the subterminal bar being somewhat triangular in shape; tail brown, similarly barred with ashy and tipped with fulvous; quills dark brown, with paler edgings; under surface buffy white, inclining to deep fawn on the breast and abdomen, which are longitudinally streaked with blackish brown, the flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillars barred with the same color. Cere, bill, and feet paler than in the adults.

"Young female.--Brown, head and cheeks blackish; feathers of upper surface spotted and tipped with rufous-fawn; underneath deep buff, inclining to rufous on the abdomen, the streaks on the chest dart-shaped, on the abdomen oval, all very broad and distinct." (Sharpe.)

200. FALCO ERNESTI Sharpe.

ERNEST'S FALCON.

Falco ernesti Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 545; Hand-List (1899), 1, 273; Grant, Ibis (1895), 438; (1896), 530; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 44. Falco atriceps Clarke, Ibis (1895), 476.

Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead); Negros (Keay, Whitehead); Sibuyan (McGregor [25]); Siquijor (Celestino). New Guinea; Greater Sunda and Fiji Islands.

Diagnosis.--Similar to Falco melanogenys but blacker; beneath everywhere shaded with ashy gray; wing-lining and axillars black, crossed with narrow white bars. Length, 394 mm.; wing, 295; tail, 140; tarsus, 48. [26]

"The adult male [collected by Hose at 1,400 meters on Mount Dulit, Borneo] is a remarkably beautiful specimen, and is evidently of the same race of peregrine as Mr. Pretyman's bird from the Lawas River, but is not quite so red on the chest. The closeness of the barring of the under wing-coverts and axillars is remarkable and gives the species a much blacker look than F. melanogenys while no specimen of the last name falcon in the [British] Museum has the under tail-coverts and thighs bluish gray like the sides of the body. Whether Falco ernesti (as I have named the bird, after Mr. Ernest Hose) is confined to Borneo I can not yet tell, but I think that it is very likely to be found to be the resident form of all the Indo-Malayan Islands, as a specimen procured by Mr. Maitland-Heriot in Manila seems certainly referable to it." (Sharpe.)

Grant says: "In adults of F. ernesti, though the breast is occasionally washed with fulvous, the sides, flanks, and belly are dark slate-gray or bluish gray, and the whole of the under surface below the crop is thickly covered with rather wide, close-set black bars, giving these parts a very dark appearance."

201. FALCO SEVERUS Horsfield.

ASIATIC MERLIN.

Falco severus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 135; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 397; Hand-List (1899), 1, 274; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Layard, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Himalayas, Ceylon, southern Indian Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands to New Guinea and New Britain.

"Adult female.--Above black, with a slight slaty gray shade, more distinct on the lower back, rump, and tail, the bars on the latter being obsolete; cheeks and ear-coverts entirely black, like head; under surface of body uniform bright chestnut; throat and sides of neck creamy white, the latter with a slight wash of chestnut; under wing-coverts chestnut like breast, some of the lower ones barred with black; primaries black, with a few rufous bars near the base. Cere, orbits, and feet yellow; bill bluish black, yellow at base; iris dark brown. Length, 343; culmen, 24; wing, 231; tail, 117; tarsus, 36.

"Adult male.--Similar to, but smaller than the female. Length, 297; wing, 216; tail, 114; tarsus, 29.

"Young.--Similar to the adult, but the breast covered with median tear-shaped black spots on each feather, the tail broadly banded and tipped with rufous, as also are the primaries; nape slightly varied with rufous; throat purer white than in adult." (Sharpe.)

"A very rapid flyer and usually seen on the wing. Much detested by Spaniards and natives on account of its depredations on their dovecotes and poultry yards." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CERCHNEIS Boie, 1826.

Smaller than Falco but tail slightly graduated or wedge-shaped and actually longer than in the peregrines; wing pointed, first primary a trifle longer than fourth and decidedly shorter than third, the second longest; tarsus feathered for a short distance in front, the bare portions covered with hexagonal scales, large in front, small on lateral and posterior aspects.

202. CERCHNEIS TINNUNCULUS (Linnæus).

KESTREL.

Falco tinnunculus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 90. Cerchneis tinnuncula Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 425. Cerchneis tinnunculus Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 276; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 308; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Luzon (Whitehead); Palawan (White). Europe and northern Asia; in winter, Africa and the Indian Peninsula.

"Adult male.--Upper parts brick-red, with a few arrow-head markings of black, larger on the inner secondaries; primary-coverts and quills dark brown, the former narrowly margined with rufous, the primaries notched with white for about two-thirds of their length, the inner primaries and outer secondaries narrowly edged and tipped with buffy white; head and neck clear blue-gray, with narrow black shaft-stripes; forehead and narrow eyebrow buffy white; cheeks silvery gray, inclining to blackish below the eye and on the fore part of cheeks, forming a tolerably distinct moustache; lower back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and tail clear blue-gray, the latter tipped with ashy white, before which is a broad subterminal band of black; throat and under tail-coverts buff, unspotted; remainder of under surface rufous-fawn; the chest-feathers mesially streaked with black, these dark centers being larger and more oval in shape on flank-feathers; thighs clear rufous unspotted; under wing-coverts white, spotted with black. Bill bluish horn-color, black at tip, yellowish at base; cere, orbits, and feet yellow; iris brown. Length, 317; culmen, 44; wing, 234; tail, 170; tarsus, 41.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male underneath but not so deeply colored. Upper surface entirely rufous, banded with black, with a faint bluish shade on the rump; upper tail-coverts inclining to buff; head rufous, streaked with black; tail rufous, banded with black, the bars not being strictly continuous, tipped with buffy white, before which is a conspicuous broad band of black; facial features and soft parts as in the male. Length, 317; culmen, 19; wing, 234; tail, 165; tarsus, 41.

"Young male.--Resembling the old female but rather paler and more distinctly striped on the breast. The tail first changes, becoming blue like that of the old male; and thus birds are often seen in partial plumage, having the blue tail of the adult male, but retaining the rufous head of the old female dress." (Sharpe.)

Suborder PANDIONES.

This suborder with a single family of two genera is distinguished from the suborder Accipitres by having the outer toe reversible; in addition to this the claws are very greatly curved and the under side of each claw is rounded instead of being grooved or concave as in the hawks and eagles.

Family PANDIONIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Suborder.

Genera.

a1. Smaller; front of tarsus covered with small imbricated scales. ... Pandion (p. 245) a2. Larger; part of tarsus covered with large transverse plates. ... Polioaëtus (p. 247)

Genus PANDION Savigny, 1809.

Bill slightly compressed; width of upper mandible at nostril more than its depth; primaries abruptly and deeply cut on inner web and exceeding secondaries by more than length of tarsus; back of tarsus covered with small scales like those in front.

Species.

a1. Much larger; wing, about 500 mm. ... haliætus (p. 245) a2. Much smaller; wing, 460 mm. or less. ... leucocephalus (p. 246)

203. PANDION HALIÆTUS (Linnæus).

EUROPEAN OSPREY.

Falco haliætus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 91. Pandion haliaëtus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 449; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 315; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Luzon (Worcester, Whitehead); Mindoro (Everett, McGregor, Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead). Eastern hemisphere.

"Adult.--Above brown, most of the feathers with obsolete margins of paler brown, more distinct on the wing-coverts; primaries black, secondaries brown like the back, the primaries pale, but uniform whity brown below, the secondaries whitish on the inner web, with indistinct bars of ashy brown; tail almost uniform brown, tipped with whity brown, and shaded with ashy externally, the inner web obsoletely barred with ashy brown, a little more distinct below, where the interspaces are whitish; head brown, with white bases to the feathers; a broad white streak from behind the eye running down the sides of the neck; ear-coverts blackish brown; sides of neck uniform with the back; sides of face and entire under parts white, the breast varied with brown centers to the feathers of more or less extent, the chin and fore part of cheeks also slightly streaked with dark brown; axillars and a few of the flank-feathers also marked with rufous-brown like the breast; under wing-coverts buffy white, with dark brown centers, the outermost almost entirely brown, with whitish tips. Cere blue; bill black; feet blue; iris yellow. Length, 610; culmen, 44; wing, 503; tail, 241; tarsus, 61.

"Young.--Glossy chocolate-brown, all the feathers terminally margined with buffy white, these margins somewhat tinged with rufous, and broadest on the secondary quills and upper tail-coverts; crown of head black, with white or fulvous margins to the feathers, giving a distinctly streaked appearance; nape white, not streaked; from behind the eye a broad line of white runs down the side of the neck, slightly streaked with black; below this another line of black feathers, including the ear-coverts, is conterminous; sides of face and entire under parts pure white, somewhat tinged here and there with yellowish buff; under wing-coverts white, the outer ones strongly washed with tawny-buff, and crossed with broad bars of dark brown; primaries black, secondaries chocolate-brown like the back, and tipped in the same manner, all of them whitish at base of inner web, indistinctly barred with pale brown; tail-feathers alternately barred with dark sepia-brown and ashy brown, tipped with whitish, and having whitish shafts; the bars six in number, and more distinct on the inner web, which is buffy white.

"Nestling.--Covered with down of a sooty-brown color, except along the center of the back, along the carpal bend of the wing, on the breast and flanks, where it is dusky white; all the feathers of the back are dark brown, with a broad tip of ochraceous-buff; crown and ear-coverts blackish; eyebrow and throat white.

"Observation.--Ospreys seem to get whiter on the head with age; but the mottling on the breast is at present unintelligible to me. It appears to be strongly marked in all old birds; but the brown centers to the feathers, which give the bird its mottled appearance, are never exactly similar, there being a continued alteration in the pattern of the feather itself. At the same time two young birds, distinguished by the fulvous margins to the upper surface, have not a similar amount of brown on the breast; for in one it is almost entirely absent, while the other has very few markings indeed. The tail becomes more uniform brown with age, so that a strongly barred tail is a sure sign of immaturity." (Sharpe.)

204. PANDION LEUCOCEPHALUS Gould.

AUSTRALIAN OSPREY.

Pandion leucocephalus Gould, Syn. Birds Austr. (1838), pt. 3, pl. 6; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 451; Hand-List (1899), 1, 279; North, Catal. Austral. Bds. ed. 2 (1898), pt. 1, 70; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 317; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Balabac (Everett); Luzon (Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Palawan (White). Australia and Austro-Malayan Islands.

"Similar to P. haliætus, but very much smaller; cere bluish lead-color; bill black; feet pale bluish white; iris primrose-yellow in some, bright orange in others. Length, 508; wing, 414. A specimen killed by Mr. Wallace in New Guinea had the wing 432 long." (Sharpe.)

"Adult.--Upper surface of body, wings, and tail, glossy brown, the feathers mesially shaded with a darker tint, many of the feathers of the interscapular region, back, scapulars, and shoulders margined with white; primaries blackish brown, black at the tip past the notch, the inner web becoming white on the margin toward the base, some showing remains of brown bars; a few of the inner primaries, some of the adjacent secondaries and wing-coverts, narrowly margined with buffy white; under surface of the wings white, the outer series of the under coverts blotched with brown; feathers along the outer margin of the wing from elbow to base of primaries, dark brown margined with white, under surface of the secondaries and of the primaries past the notch ashy brown, the basal marginal portion of the inner webs white, barred down the center portion with brown; head, throat, and back of the neck white, a few feathers on the nape having a streak of blackish brown down the center; lores blackish lead-color; ear-coverts blackish brown, which color extends on to the sides of the neck, where the feathers are brown margined with white; chest, breast, and lower part of hind neck white, much mottled with brown on the tips of the feathers, and occasionally centered with a blackish stripe; the remainder of the under surface, thighs, and tail-coverts white; tail above brown, feathers narrowly margined at the tips with white, the inner webs of a lighter brown, all except the two center quills broadly margined and toothed with white toward the base; under surface of tail ashy white, tips of the feathers ashy margined with white. Bill black; legs and feet lead-blue; iris yellow. Length, 760; wing, 508; tail, 228; tarsus, 63; bill, 43; [27] from nostril, 30; culmen, 49.

"Observation.--In some specimens, apparently fully adult, the whole of breast, chest, and sides of the neck are strongly mottled with brown, and the feathers centered with a blackish stripe; the under wing-coverts are barred with brown; the scapulars, upper wing-coverts, and quills scarcely if at all margined with white; in others the whole of the head and neck, except the ear-coverts and sides of the neck immediately behind them, is white, without any brown markings, and the dull brown of the chest takes no definite form, but is for the most part darkest on the center of the feathers." (North.)

Genus POLIOAËTUS Kaup, 1847.

Bill decidedly compressed, width of upper mandible at nostril less than its depth; primaries obliquely and slightly cut on inner web and exceeding secondaries by less than tarsus; back of tarsus smooth with plate divisions obsolete.

205. POLIOAËTUS ICHTHYÆTUS (Horsfield).

GRAY-HEADED FISH EAGLE.

Falco ichthyætus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 136. Polioaetus ichthyaetus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1874), 1, 452. Polioaëtus ichthyaëtus Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 279; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 217; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 45.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Keay); Samar (Whitehead). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Greater Sunda Islands, Celebes, Ceylon.

"Adult male.--Above brown, paler on the interscapulary region and darker on the wings, primaries blackish; under surface of wing leaden brown, with a whitish spot at base of primaries; tail white, with a broad terminal bar of brown; entire head and neck all round clear ashy gray; breast brown, a little lighter than the back; belly, vent, thighs, lower flanks, and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts uniform ashy brown. Cere and bill blackish; feet dirty yellowish white; iris brown. Length, 660; culmen, 58; wing, 457; tail, 254; tarsus, 95.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male but larger. Length, 737; wing, 518; tarsus, 99.

"Young.--Above brown, glossed with chocolate, most of the feathers of the upper surface with paler brown margins; feathers of the head and hind neck mesially streaked with fulvous; sides of face a little paler than the head, but streaked in the same manner; under surface of body pale brown, inclining to rufous, and longitudinally streaked with whitish down the center; thighs white, much mottled with rufous-brown; lower abdomen, vent, and under tail-coverts pure white; under wing-coverts pale brown, plainly streaked with white, the greater series almost entirely white, with a few brown markings; quills brown, white at base of inner web, the white extending further on secondaries; which have ashy brown cross-bars; tail fulvous brown, mottled all over with dark brown, except at the tip, which is uniform dark brown, forming a very distinct band.

"The bird above described, though full grown, is evidently immature as regards its plumage. The second stage is very similar to the adult, but is by no means so gray on the head and throat." (Sharpe.)

"Less common than Haliæetus leucogaster but frequents the same localities. Quite abundant at Lake Naujan in Mindoro." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A few individuals were seen near the Baco River in Mindoro and Celestino took a pair of young birds in northern Mindanao.

Order STRIGIFORMES.

OWLS.

Head large and round; bill strongly hooked and with a cere which is more or less hidden by stiffish bristles; eyes large, directed forward, each surrounded by a more or less perfect ruff of modified, close-textured feathers; in most species a bunch of elongate erectile feathers above each eye forming the so-called horns or ear-tufts; feet strong, claws curved and sharp; outer toe reversible; plumage soft and fluffy; colors generally various shades of brown, gray, and rufous and in most species vermiculated and streaked, the plumage resembling that of the Caprimulgidæ; habits nocturnal, or crepuscular, and insectivorous; eggs white, nearly globular, usually deposited in a hole in a hollow branch or trunk of a tree, or in a deserted hawk's nest.

Families.

a1. Claw of middle toe not pectinate; middle toe longer than inner toe. ... Strigidæ (p. 249) a2. Claw of middle toe pectinate on inner margin; inner and middle toes about equal in length. ... Aluconidæ (p. 271)

Family STRIGIDÆ.

Characters same as those given in the key to Families.

Subfamilies.

a1. Ear-conch not larger than eye and without an operculum; portion of facial disk below the eye greater than the area above the eye. ... Buboninæ (p. 249) a2. Ear-conch much larger than eye and with a large operculum; facial disk distinct and extending as far above as below the eye. ... Striginæ (p. 270)

Subfamily BUBONINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Toes without bristles.

b1. Larger; wing, 230 mm. or more, but relatively shorter, falling short of the end of tail. ... Pseudoptynx (p. 249) b2. Smaller; wing, 220 mm. or less, but relatively longer, when folded reaching nearly or quite to tip of tail. ... Otus (p. 252)

a2. Toes scantily clothed with rather stiff bristles. ... Ninox (p. 260)

Genus PSEUDOPTYNX Kaup, 1848.

Large; ear-tufts moderate; primaries but little longer than secondaries; plumage full and streaked; legs closely feathered to the toes; toes naked.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, 330 to 380 mm.

b1. Smaller and lighter; wing, about 350 mm. ... philippensis (p. 250) b2. Larger and darker; wing, about 375 mm. ... mindanensis (p. 251)

a2. Smaller and darker; wing, about 235. ... gurneyi (p. 250)

206. PSEUDOPTYNX PHILIPPENSIS Kaup.

LUZON HORNED OWL.

Pseudoptynx philippensis Kaup, Cont. Orn. (1852), 117. Bubo philippinensis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 43. Pseudoptynx philippensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pt. 2, 144, pl. 25, fig. 2; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 284; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46. Bubo philippensis Grant, Ibis (1894), 503.

Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor).

"Adult (type of species).--Above tawny-rufous, the feathers mesially dark brown, giving a closely striped appearance; the wing-coverts rather darker, some of the scapulars and greater-coverts externally creamy buff, forming a kind of longitudinal bar down the latter; entire head and auricular-tufts colored like the back, but somewhat more narrowly streaked; quills dull brown, tipped with fulvous, more plainly on the secondaries, the primaries spotted on the outer and barred on the inner web with pale tawny-rufous, the bars more distinct on the secondaries; tail-feathers dull brown, tipped with fulvous and crossed with a few bars of tawny-buff, the middle feathers nearly uniform, with only one bar and indications of a second, the bars gradually increasing in number toward the outer tail-feather, which has five bars on the inner web, and is externally tawny-buff; lores white, the anterior bristles black toward tip; sides of face tawny, with white shafts; facial disk tawny, with central streaks of brown to the feathers, which are fulvous at base; under surface of body buffy white, longitudinally streaked with dark brown centers to the feathers, each mesial streak having a narrow edging of rufous on each side, and decreasing in width toward the abdomen and under tail-coverts, the tarsal feathers entirely uniform; under wing-coverts buffy white, the outermost longitudinally spotted with dark brown, the greater series whitish at base, brown at tip, resembling the inner lining of the wing. Bill horn-blue at base, yellow at tip; feet fleshy brown, claws light horn-color. Length, 546; auricular-tufts, 33; culmen, 58; wing, 356; tail, 178; tarsus, 68." (Sharpe.)

An adult male was taken near Irisan, Benguet Province, Luzon. Iris yellow; bill pale horn-blue, cere similar but darker; feet pale dingy blue; nails blackish. Length, 483; wing, 350; tail, 185; culmen from base, 47; tarsus, 77.

207. PSEUDOPTYNX GURNEYI Tweeddale.

GURNEY'S HORNED OWL.

Pseudoptynx gurneyi Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 940, pl. 58; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 284; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Mindanao (Everett).

Adult male.--"Sides of face bright pure unmarked rufous; lengthened stiff plumes springing from base of maxilla rufous, mixed with tawny, and many with dark brown shafts and tipped with dark brown; space above front of eyes, uniting on forehead and extending back over eyes, pale tawny-rufous; crown and occiput dark rufous, many of the feathers with a broad dark brown mesial stripe; nape and sides of neck pure rufous; lengthened ear-tufts rufous, some with very narrow brown mesial linear markings near their apices; plumes bordering facial disk albescent tawny, some almost pure white, tipped with dark brown; chin and upper throat tawny-rufous; middle of throat white; breast and remainder of lower surface pure rufous, more dilute on lengthened tibial plumes and under tail-coverts; a few pectoral plumes with large, dark brown, terminal drops; many abdominal plumes, with elongated dark brown, central stripes; back rufous, minutely freckled with brown, each feather with a bold, irregular, dark brown central stripe; scapulars like back, but some of the shorter and outer ones albescent tawny on outer webs; dark brown central marks so arranged that the back, together with the scapulars, appears to have three parallel dark brown stripes running down it; rump and upper tail-coverts rufous brown, with darker shafts; rectrices brown, minutely freckled with pale rufous, and with eight or nine rufous cross-bands; lesser and median wing-coverts brown, freckled with rufous, each with a narrow central brown line; greater coverts brown on inner web, freckled with rufous on outer web; quills brown, alternately banded with freckled brown and pale rufous; tertiaries pure rufous, with traces of dark brown along the shafts; edge of wing white; lining yellowish white; some of the under carpal coverts rufous; thigh and tarsal coverts pale rufous and tawny white. 'Iris warm brown; bill grayish white; feet pale gray; claws white tipped with dark gray.' (Everett.) Wing, 236; tarsus, 46; culmen without cere, 28; middle toe, 35." (Tweeddale.)

This species differs from P. philippensis in its smaller size, more rufous under surface, darker upper surface, and finer dark markings of the mantle.

208. PSEUDOPTYNX MINDANENSIS Grant.

MINDANAO HORNED OWL.

Pseudoptynx mindanensis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1906), 16, 99; Ibis (1906), 496.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

Adult male.--"Nearly allied to P. philippensis, from which it differs in being somewhat larger and in the following points: General color of upper parts much darker, the feathers being brownish black, and rather narrowly margined with sandy rufous, instead of bright tawny-buff; primary quills dark brown, with only faint traces of buff markings; secondaries similar with faintly indicated grayish buff transverse markings; tail-feathers brown, with whitish or whitish buff transverse markings, rather faintly indicated on outer webs; under parts more heavily streaked with blackish. 'Iris light brownish gold; bill whitish toward the tip, bluish gray at base; feet pale gray; nails white at base, gray at tip.' (Goodfellow.) Length, about 495; culmen, 51; wing, 371; tail, 185; tarsus, 76." (Grant.)

Genus OTUS Pennant, 1769.

Small; ear-tufts well developed; primaries not greatly exceeding secondaries; plumage buffy and mottled; tarsus more or less feathered; toes naked in Philippine species.

Species.

a1. Tarsus feathered nearly to the toes.

b1. Plumage without many fine vermiculations.

c1. Darker above.

d1. Above very dark or deep rich brown.

e1. Head and neck not heavily streaked with blackish brown.

f1. Larger.

g1. Wing of male about 165 mm. ... everetti (p. 253) g2. Wing of male about 185 mm. ... whiteheadi (p. 256)

f2. Smaller ... boholensis (p. 260); fuliginosus (p. 254)

e2. Head and neck heavily streaked with blackish brown; wing, 160 mm; tail, 75 ... romblonis (p. 259)

c2. Lighter above.

d1. Above light rufous-fawn. ... megalotis (p. 252) d2. Above bright tawny-rufous. ... rufescens (p. 256)

b2. Plumage with many fine vermiculations.

c1. Smaller, wing about 150 mm. ... sibutuensis (p. 254) c2. Larger, wing about 165 mm. or more.

d1. Head and neck heavily streaked with blackish brown. ... cuyensis (p. 257) d2. Head and neck finely mottled with blackish brown. ... calayensis (p. 258)

a2. Tarsus feathered for proximal half only.

b1. Larger; rictal bristles and ear-tufts longer. ... longicornis (p. 255) b2. Smaller; rictal bristles and ear-tufts shorter. ... mindorensis (p. 256)

209. OTUS MEGALOTIS (Gray).

CUMING'S SCREECH OWL.

Scops megalotis Gray, Cat. Acciptr. Brit. Mus. (1844), 45; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 69; Hand-List (1899), 1, 285. Lempijius ? megalotis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 145, pl. 25, fig. 3. Otus megalotis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Luzon (Cuming).

"Adult (type of species).--Everywhere light rufous-fawn, with separate vermiculations of dull blackish, a little coarser on the auricular-tufts and on the wing-coverts, almost obsolete on the under surface of body; tarsal feathers fulvous, slightly mottled with rufous; greater and primary wing-coverts rufous-fawn color, very coarsely and thickly vermiculated with blackish, forming five or six indistinct bars; quills blackish, with six or seven bars of fawn-color, very distinct on the outer primaries, but gradually becoming more and more obscured with blackish frecklings till the bands are obsolete on the secondaries; tail blackish, with six or seven bars of fawn-color, more or less obscured with frecklings of blackish, which are plentifully distributed over the whole tail; under wing-coverts uniform fulvous; the under surface of the wing ashy brown, with bands of fulvous. Bill pale horn-color, yellowish on under mandible; feet yellowish brown. Length, 279; culmen, 33; auricular tufts, 37; wing, 165; tail, 89; tarsus, 37." (Sharpe.)

The type, secured by Cuming in "Manila," is the only known specimen.

210. OTUS EVERETTI (Tweeddale).

EVERETT'S SCREECH OWL.

Scops everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 492; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 287. Otus everetti McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Basilan (Everett); Mindanao (Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen); Samar (Steere Exp.).

Description.--"May be described as being a large form of Scops [=Otus] lempiji as it occurs in Java. Above it has the deep rich brown coloring of the Javan species; the same broad dark brown mark in the form of a parallelogram on the head and nape; the same pale colored forehead, stripe above each eye and round the nape, and the broad dark stripe leading from behind the eye, and including most of the ear-tufts; there are no pale uniform tawny or fulvous scapulars. Underneath, the markings differ from those of the Javan bird by being more confused, and by the absence of regular dark brown cross-markings on the abdominal plumes. The general coloring of the under surface is of a ruddier brown. Male: 'Iris deep brown; feet whitish.' (Everett.) Wing, 165; tail, 89; tarsus, 30; culmen, 16. Female: 'Iris warm brown; bill pale greenish leaden, nearly white; feet whitish gray; claws dark gray.' (Everett.) Wing, 171; tail, 92; tarsus, 30; culmen, 17." (Tweeddale.)

"A single male specimen, secured in Palawan, measured 203 in length; wing, 137; tail, 73; culmen, 15; tarsus, 29; middle toe and claw, 26. Bill pale horn, darkest at base; feet dirty white; nails black at tip, gray at base; food insects. This specimen started within a meter of the head of the collector, and flew less than three meters before alighting.

"If S. everetti is a smaller race of S. lempiji it is hard to understand the above measurements. We were at first inclined to identify our Palawan specimen with the latter species, but after comparison with Dr. Steere's specimen of S. everetti from Samar, find ourselves unable to do so." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

211. OTUS FULIGINOSUS (Sharpe).

PALAWAN SCREECH OWL.

Scops fuliginosa Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 197; Hand-List (1899), 1, 287. Scops everetti Whitehead, Ibis (1893), 44. Otus fuliginosus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Palawan (Whitehead).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Otus umbratilis but much smaller, and entirely rich brown; vermiculated and spotted as in typical Otus but auricular region uniform rufous-brown; and with frontal and cervical bands pale and obsolete. [28]

Whitehead, who collected the type, refers this species to Scops (=Otus) everetti and says: "I find that Mr. Sharpe has not much faith in his Scops fuliginosa, which in all probability is only the young of S. everetti." Sharpe retains the species in his "Hand-List" and therefore it is given here.

212. OTUS SIBUTUENSIS (Sharpe).

SIBUTU SCREECH OWL.

Scops sibutuensis Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 2, 9; Ibis (1894), 244; Hand-List (1899), 1, 287. Otus sibutuensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Sibutu (Everett).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Otus mantananensis but upper side of wings scarcely spotted with white and quills but faintly banded below. "Bill blackish brown; feet brown; iris yellow." (Everett.) Length, 203; wing, 152. [29]

Everett collected an adult male and female and a young bird in Sibutu. Sharpe makes the following observations: "This race is intermediate between S. menadensis [from Celebes] and S. mantananensis [from Mantanani Island, Borneo] which I described last year; the white wing markings, however, are altogether smaller and not so distinct, the under surface of the quills being almost devoid of markings. From S. menadensis the Sibutu bird differs in having all the markings of the upper surface very fine and not all over as in that species. The quills have also more bars in the Celebean bird than in the species from Sibutu."

213. OTUS LONGICORNIS (Grant).

LONG-HORNED SCREECH OWL.

Scops longicornis Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1894), 3, 51; Ibis (1894), 504; (1895), 439; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 287; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 3, 7. Otus longicornis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Bang-aó, Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

Adult male.--Upper parts bright rufous, the feathers with streaks and irregular bars of blackish brown, mostly near their tips; forehead, line over each eye, and complete collar white, the feathers blackish at their tips; collar narrow but distinct on hind neck, wider on breast; loral plumes with white bars and black tips, the longest plumes about 28 mm.; ear-tufts colored like the head, longest feathers 31 mm.; ear-coverts barred with white, blackish brown, and rufous; chin whitish; throat and sides of throat white, each feather with a black tip and subterminal rufous line; breast rich rufous boldly mottled with black and less white; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts largely white, the feathers mottled with blackish and rusty brown; thighs rufous; wings blackish, mottled and speckled with fulvous and rusty brown, tail similar. Bill dingy dull green, tip and cutting edge dark brown; cere dirty flesh at base but dull yellowish green over nostrils; legs whitish flesh; nails gray; iris bright yellow. Length, 184; wing, 145; tail, 72; culmen from base, 17; tarsus, 33.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. Length, 190; wing, 153; tail, 71; culmen from base, tip broken, 18; tarsus, 30.

Downy young.--The natal down is pure light gray; this soon gives place to a soft gray plumage barred with brown, darker on head and upper parts. A nest with three downy young was found in Benguet, Luzon, on May 26.

"A single male specimen of this remarkable little owl was obtained. It most nearly resembles Scops pennatus, but may be instantly recognized by having the basal half of the tarsi entirely devoid of feathers, as well as by the length of the horn-like feathers on the head, which measure 38 mm., whereas in S. pennatus the longest are only 23. The markings on the feathers of the head are coarse and form black bands, and the whole of the markings on the back and under parts are coarser and less neat. Length, 203; wing, 142; tail, 74; tarsus, 29; of which 15 is naked and covered with small octagonal scales." (Grant.)

The subject of Grant's remarks, quoted above, was a long-horned screech owl collected by Whitehead in "North Luzon." The same collector secured specimens in Lepanto and I have seen a living example which was reported as having come from Nueva Ecija.

214. OTUS MINDORENSIS (Whitehead).

MINDORO SCREECH OWL.

Scops sp. inc. Grant, Ibis (1896), 462. Scops mindorensis Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 98. Otus mindorensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Mindoro (Whitehead).

Adult female.--Similar to Otus longicornis but smaller; hair-like feathers on each side of mandible shorter, the longest less than 25 mm.; forehead and space above eyes almost uniform pale buff; ear-tufts shorter, the longest feather about 30 mm.; white nuchal band obsolete; lower parts mostly buffy, and almost entirely devoid of white. Length, 183; wing, 135; tail, 63; tarsus, 29. Male unknown. (Whitehead.)

This species is known from the type only, a badly damaged skin obtained by Whitehead.

215. OTUS WHITEHEADI (Grant).

WHITEHEAD'S SCREECH OWL.

Scops whiteheadi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1895), 4, 40; Ibis (1895), 440; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 97; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 287. Otus whiteheadi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Luzon (Whitehead).

Description.--"This remarkably fine new species is most nearly related to Scops everetti of Tweeddale, from the Island of Mindanao, but it is very much larger, and is, in fact, the largest Scops at present known to inhabit the Old World. The feathering on the tarsi extends over the basal joints of toes; the light cross-bars on the inner webs of the quills are much less conspicuous; and the middle of the lower breast and belly is uniform whitish buff, in marked contrast to the sides. Both the gray and rufous phases of plumage are represented. Adult male. Length, 241 to 254; wing, 185 to 188; tail, 91 to 94; tarsus, 42. Adult female. Length, 279 to 289; wing, 195 to 203; tail, 99 to 102; tarsus, 42 to 48." (Grant.)

"Iris golden brown; bill brownish white, tipped with white; feet dull white, nails white." (Whitehead.)

Known from Whitehead's specimens only, which were collected in Lepanto, northern Luzon.

216. OTUS RUFESCENS (Horsfield).

RUFOUS SCREECH OWL.

Strix rufescens Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 140. Scops rufescens Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 102; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 314; Hand-List (1899), 1, 287. Otus rufescens McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Sulu (Burbidge). Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands.

Adult.--"Everywhere bright tawny-rufous, browner on the head and upper parts generally, these also varied with small triangular cross-bars of fulvous, which become larger and more distinct on the wing-coverts; the outer margin of the scapulars paler and more inclining to tawny-fulvous; ear-coverts 25 mm. long, and colored like the head; lores and forehead clear fulvous, with little black spots along the shaft of the feathers; sides of face rufous; inclining to dark brown around the eye; behind the ear-coverts a line of black feathers running down the sides of the neck; under surface of body tawny-rufous, paler on the lower parts, and varied with little tiny spots of black along the shafts, less distinct toward the abdomen, and absent on thighs and under tail-coverts, which are uniform tawny-buff; quills dark brown, barred across with fulvous, paler on the outer margin of primaries, but less distinct on the secondaries, which are almost uniform rufous like the back, but with indistinct bars of dark brown on the inner web; tail rufous, mottled with dark brown vermiculations, making it look darker than the back, with remains of five or six, more or less plainly indicated, fulvous bars; under wing-coverts buffy white, more tawny on outer edge, and having a line of dark brown feathers near the outer margin. Length, 239; culmen, 229; wing, 132; tail, 66; tarsus, 27." (Sharpe.)

This species is included in the Philippine list because of the single specimen collected by Burbidge which, however, may really represent an undescribed species. Sharpe says: "This bird seems to me to differ slightly from Bornean and Malaccan examples in having a much darker face, the ear-coverts shaded with black. I do not, however, propose to found a new species on a single example, and must wait for more specimens. The measurements of the Sooloo [=Sulu] bird are as follows: Length, 178; culmen, 18; wing, 122; tail, 66; tarsus, 22."

217. OTUS CUYENSIS McGregor.

CUYO SCREECH OWL.

Otus cuyensis McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Bu-caó, Cuyo.

Cuyo (McGregor).

Adult male, light phase, type.--Feathers of head and neck heavily streaked with blackish brown, the edges more or less notched with whitish and light rufous; ear-tufts also blackish, but edges rufous; back dark rufous, finely speckled with blackish, clearer rufous on upper tail-coverts; each outer scapular with a large white spot on outer web followed by a blackish spot on tip and bordered toward base by a dark brown line; chin and upper throat whitish with narrow brown shaft-stripes, the webs marked more or less with cinnamon; remainder of under parts dark cinnamon, more or less cross-barred with white and dark brown, each feather with a blackish brown shaft-stripe; the coloration heaviest across upper breast because of the greater width of the shaft-stripes and reduction of the white areas; middle of abdomen almost pure white; flank-feathers with narrow shaft-lines and wide white bars; thighs rufous-brown; wings mostly sandy cinnamon more or less mottled with brown; outer webs of primaries regularly notched with five or six spots of white or whitish cinnamon, bordered with dark brown; similar notches on secondaries but less prominent owing to darker color of spots; quills below brownish with slightly lighter, irregular, and almost obsolete bars; alula with similar light notches on outer webs, on the first feather the notches are white; coverts generally uniform, but some feathers of median series with large white patches on outer webs; tail similar to the back with about eight irregular and nearly obsolete cross-bars; short plumulaceous feathers below and behind the eye finely mottled with pale cinnamon, brown, and whitish; behind ear, feathers of the incomplete ruff broadly tipped with blackish brown forming a prominent dark band on side of head; bristle-like feathers of lores with bases whitish, tips blackish brown, the longest about 20 mm.; anterior bristles pale cinnamon; tarsus feathered to base of toes. Bill, cere, and feet dirty brown; nails horn-brown; iris yellow. Length, 235; wing, 170; tail, 82; culmen, 23; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 33.

Adult female, light phase.--Not greatly different from the male, but white notches on primaries and alula with a cinnamon wash. Length, 235; wing, 175; tail, 88; culmen (tip broken), 21; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 32.

Red phase.--The pattern of coloration is the same as in the light phase; white and whitish markings nearly all replaced by rufous; chin and upper throat and modified feathers below and behind eye almost clear rufous; blackish brown markings on breast very wide; a few whitish bars on abdomen and flanks.

218. OTUS CALAYENSIS McGregor.

CALAYAN SCREECH OWL.

Otus calayensis McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Cok-cok bá-buy, Calayan.

Calayan (McGregor).

Adult male, light phase; type.--Lower parts dark cinnamon finely mottled with brown and white, a few feathers on throat and breast with dark brown shaft-stripes or spots; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts extensively white with very little cinnamon and the brown mostly reduced to fine speckles; thighs and tarsi cinnamon with cross-lines of dark brown; upper parts dark rufous finely mottled with blackish brown, producing a rather uniform coloration; lores, continuous with a line above eyes, white; tips of nasal and loral bristles dusky brown or cinnamon, the longest about 20 mm.; modified feathers of ear-coverts and below eye finely speckled with white and dark brown; behind this the incomplete ruff forms a conspicuous rufous band along side of head, but most of the feathers tipped with dusky brown; feathers of ear-tufts dark rufous with irregular blackish spots toward tips; wing-coverts and scapulars about same as back, some of the latter with a large white area on outer web; exposed surface of quills and tail similar and a little lighter than back; tail crossed by several irregular lighter bars; quills dusky brown; outer webs of outer primaries notched with pale cinnamon; inner webs of quills crossed by pale cinnamon bars which become very wide on secondaries; tarsi feathered nearly to toes. Bill, feet, and nails brown, the feet with a slight green wash; iris bright yellow. Length, 216; wing, 169; tail, 85; culmen, 21; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 29.

Female.--In every way similar to the male. Length, 203; wing, 164; tail, 81; culmen, 21; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 28. In the red phase, the white markings, except a few bars and freckles on abdomen and flanks, are replaced by rufous.

219. OTUS ROMBLONIS McGregor.

ROMBLON SCREECH OWL.

Otus romblonis McGregor, Publ. Gov. Labs. Manila (1905), 25, 12; Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 768; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 46.

Banton (Celestino); Romblon (McGregor).

Adult female, type.--Feathers of upper parts rufous with median black stripes on head, neck, and back, heaviest on head; ear-tufts colored like neck and inconspicuous; white spots on scapulars washed with pale fulvous; lower parts and wings patterned as in O. cuyensis but more rufescent; black band on side of head narrower and less marked than in cuyensis. Length, 222; wing, 158; tail, 76; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 28.

This species is similar to Otus cuyensis from which it differs in having shorter wings and tail.

220. OTUS BOHOLENSIS McGregor.

BOHOL SCREECH OWL.

Otus boholensis McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 323.

Bohol (McGregor).

Female, type.--Crown, nape, and interscapular area, conspicuously blackish, the feathers sparingly vermiculated and notched with sandy buff; basal portion of a few feathers sandy buff forming a narrow and hidden nuchal band; forehead whitish, the whitish marking continued as a wide band over each eye to tips of ear-tufts on inner webs, outer webs blackish spotted with fulvous, these white bands more or less broken by fine vermiculations of dark brown; loral plumes whitish with blackish tips; ear-coverts grayish, shaded with fulvous and narrowly barred with dark brown, the hinder ear-coverts tipped with black forming a short band; side of neck whitish with fine blackish cross-lines and wide blackish tips to the feathers; behind ear-coverts an imperfect ruff of whitish feathers with wide terminal or subterminal black bars; chin whitish; feathers of throat somewhat modified in continuation of the ruff; breast, sides, and abdomen rufescent cinnamon with fine vermiculations and irregularly shaped median stripes of blackish brown, each feather with one or two rounded spots of light buff on each web; under tail-coverts light sandy buff with a few wavy blackish lines near their tips; legs sandy buff crossed by distinct wavy blackish lines; feathering of tarsi extending nearly to basal joints of toes; primaries dark brown; the outer webs with large clear and distinct spots of sandy buff, six in number on short first primary, and corresponding faint bars on inner webs; secondaries dark brown with sandy buff bars somewhat obscured by darker vermiculations; the primary-coverts resemble the secondaries, and first quill of alula is marked like the primaries; secondary-coverts, scapulars, and back vermiculated with sandy buff, light buff, and blackish brown and marked with large irregular blackish brown spots; under wing-coverts nearly white, inner ones uniform, the outer buff mottled with blackish; edge of wing white; tail dark brown, mottled with sandy buff and with seven or eight poorly defined bars of sandy buff. Wing, 155; tail, 82; tarsus, 30; culmen from base, 24; culmen from anterior margin of cere, 16; ear-tuft, 29.

This owl is clearly allied to Strix lempiji Horsfield, and doubtless it is closely related to Scops everetti Tweeddale, with which it should be compared. The type was taken in the interior of Bohol and is the only specimen known.

Genus NINOX Hodgson, 1837.

Usually larger than Otus; neither ruff nor ear-tufts present; tarsus more or less feathered; toes sparsely covered with stiff bristles; primaries much longer than secondaries.

Species.

a1. Breast streaked, each feather broadly centered with darker color.

b1. Wing-coverts uniform with no rows of white spots.

c1. Belly white, streaked or largely spotted with brown.

d1. Head grayer, much lighter than back, which is browner; tail clear gray tipped with white, the black bands in strong contrast; axillars barred with brown and white; wing, 200 to 220 mm. ... lugubris (p. 261) d2. Head browner, generally uniform with the back, seldom grayer; tail dark brown with blackish brown bars.

e1. Smaller; wing, 197 to 210 mm. ... scutulata (p. 262) e2. Larger; wing, 218 to 235 mm. ... japonica (p. 263)

b2. Wing-coverts spotted with white; outer edge of primaries with distinct rows of white spots.

c1. Top of head uniform ... philippensis (p. 264) c2. Top of head more or less spotted.

d1. Larger; wing, 195 mm. ... everetti (p. 265) d2. Smaller; wing, 162 to 175 mm. ... spilocephala (p. 266); reyi (p. 267)

a2. Breast spotted or transversely barred with fine lines.

b1. Much larger; wing, about 240 mm. ... spilonota (p. 266) b2. Much smaller; wing, 160 to 170 mm. ... mindorensis (p. 268); plateni (p. 268)

221. NINOX LUGUBRIS (Tickell).

TICKELL'S HAWK OWL.

Strix lugubris Tickell, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1831), 2, 573. Ninox lugubris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 154; Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 329; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Basilan (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere Exp.); Negros (Keay); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester). Himalayas, Indian Peninsula, Burmese countries.

"Adult female.--Above ashy brown, the head very much grayer, the sides of the face and neck being decidedly light gray; forehead, lores, fore part of cheeks and chin very conspicuously white, the loral plumes with hair-like black shaft-lines; feathers round the eye grayish; scapulars marked externally with large bars of white, not very distinct, and often half concealed; upper wing-coverts ashy brown like the back, the outer median-coverts and the primary-coverts deeper and more inclining to sepia-brown; quills dark brown, a little deeper than the back, barred across with light ashy or grayish brown, inclining to whitish on the outer web of some of the primaries and inner secondaries, most of which are narrowly tipped with white; tail very pale grayish brown, inclining to white at the base, and also tipped with white, crossed with six blackish brown bands; under surface of body white, the throat yellowish buff, streaked longitudinally with grayish brown, the chest broadly streaked with rufescent brown, the abdomen spotted, and each feather subterminally barred with the same; under tail-coverts pure white, the basal ones with a few brownish bands; leg-feathers rufous-brown, very slightly mottled with whitish cross-markings; under wing-coverts white, barred across with dark brown, the outermost almost entirely brown, the edge of the wing white; the greater series dusky grayish brown, barred with buffy white, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is grayish brown, barred with buffy white on the inner web, these bars inclining to fulvous near the base. Cere and bill green, the tip of the latter dusky; feet grayish or reddish yellow; iris bright golden yellow. Length, 343; wing, 232; tail, 145; tarsus, 34.

"Adult male.--Smaller than the female, and having only five blackish bands on the tail. Length, 292; wing, 216; tail, 142; tarsus, 29." (Sharpe.)

"The two specimens collected measure 294 in length; culmen, 15; wing, 222; tail, 123; middle toe with claw, 30; tarsus, 28. Iris yellow; legs and feet yellow; bill black along gape, elsewhere dirty greenish. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

222. NINOX SCUTULATA (Raffles).

RAFFLES'S HAWK OWL.

Strix scutulata Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, pt. 2, 280. Ninox scutulata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 156 (part); Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 329; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Palawan (Platen). Southern India, Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands, Ceylon, Tenasserim.

"Adult (type of Athene malaccensis [30]).--Above deep chocolate-brown, the head slightly darker, the scapulars with concealed white bars; wing-coverts exactly like the back and equally uniform, the primary-coverts blackish, quills dark brown, slightly washed externally with ocherous, the primaries inclining to rufous-ocherous toward their tips, all the wing-feathers nearly uniform, with no lighter cross-bands, the inner secondaries barred with white, but these bars entirely concealed; upper tail-coverts uniform chocolate-brown like the back; tail-feathers ashy brown, rather paler at tips, and crossed with five blackish bands (one basal and concealed); sides of face chocolate-brown, as also the sides of the neck, the latter slightly washed with rufous; forehead and lores whitish, the latter obscured by blackish shaft-lines; chin whitish, slightly streaked with brown; rest of under surface rufous-chocolate, the throat washed with buff, the breast varied with white, generally as if streaked, the margins to the feathers being whitish; on the abdomen the white predominating and cutting across the feather, so as to form an oval spot of brown at the tips of the abdominal plumes, leg-feathers brown; under tail-coverts whitish; under wing-coverts rufous-chocolate, the inner feathers washed and barred with ochraceous-buff, the edge of the wing whitish; the greater series sepia-brown, nearly uniform, excepting for a few ochraceous bars near the base, thus resembling the inner lining of the wing, which is sepia-brown, with a few ochraceous bars near the base of the quills. Length, 317; wing, 213; tail, 122; tarsus, 28." (Sharpe.)

223. NINOX JAPONICA (Temminck and Schlegel).

JAPANESE HAWK OWL.

Strix hirsuta japonica Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1850), 29, pl. 9 B. Ninox scutulata Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 156 (part). Ninox scutulata japonica Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. of Celebes (1898), 1, 96. Ninox japonica Grant, Ibis (1896), 111; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 330; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 283.

Cuá-go, Manila; cok-cok, Calayan; ngi-ngi-aó, Cuyo.

Basilan (Mearns, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (Whitehead). China, Japan, Indo Malayan islands; in winter to Celebes, Ternate, and Sangi Islands.

Adult.--"Above vandyke-brown, washed on the head with grayish, and with rufous on the back, sides of neck, throat, and wings; wing-coverts unspotted, the outer ones dark purplish brown, the inner ones like back, scapulars with concealed white spots; outer web of primaries light cinnamon-rufous with two or three partially obliterated yellowish bars; tail reddish brown crossed with five dusky bars and terminally margined with buff; under parts white with long oval light chestnut-brown spots; under side of wing banded on the inner webs of the feathers with yellowish isabelline except on the ends of the primaries. 'Iris golden yellow; bill dark lead-gray; feet light yellow.' (Platen). Wing, 218 to 235; tail, 115 to 136; tarsus, 25 to 29; culmen from cere, 13 to 17." (Meyer and Wiglesworth.)

"A male of the Japanese hawk owl was obtained on the Island of Fuga. It differs from the typical N. japonica from Japan and the Loo Choo Islands in having the predominating color of the under parts white instead of reddish brown, all the feathers being white, with an oblong reddish brown spot, about 15 mm. long, at the end of each. Examples from Luzon and Mindanao, however, approach the Fuga Island bird, having less reddish brown and more white on the under parts.

"N. japonica appears to be perfectly distinct from the Indian N. scutulata, the markings on the sides and flanks in the latter species taking the form of wide bars with a detached heart-shaped spot or bar at the tip of each feather. The sides and flanks thus appear spotted, not longitudinally streaked, as in N. japonica." (Grant.)

The Japanese hawk owl is a common species. In Calayan Island I killed a number of specimens on the beach and in both Fuga and Camiguin I found it common in the forest. The number of bars on the wings and tail is by no means invariable and must not be depended upon in identifying this species.

224. NINOX PHILIPPENSIS Bonaparte.

PHILIPPINE HAWK OWL.

Ninox philippensis Bonaparte, Compt. Rend. (1855), 41, 654; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 144, pl. 25, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 167; Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; Grant, Ibis (1896), 531; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Bu-caó, Ticao and Masbate.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

"Adult.--Above brown, the head slightly darker and more chocolate-brown, the scapulars with large oval marks on the outer webs, some of the inner ones barred with ochraceous; wing-coverts dark brown, slightly washed with ochraceous, all of them distinctly spotted with white or ochraceous white, those on the median and greater series large and oval in shape; quills brown, margined narrowly with ochraceous, and barred across with paler brown, almost obsolete on the inner web, but indicated on the outer one by a distinct white spot, very plain, and producing a checkered appearance; upper tail-coverts rather more ochraceous brown than the back; tail-feathers sepia-brown, crossed with six narrow bands of pale ochraceous, the last one subterminal; frontal plumes whitish at base, but this color not visible; sides of the face brown like the head, the ear-coverts rather more dusky; under surface of body ochraceous brown, the chin whitish, and the throat marked with a few blackish streaks; the abdomen whiter, the centers to the feathers being ochraceous-brown, producing a broadly streaked appearance; under tail-coverts white; leg-feathers ochraceous-brown; under wing-coverts ochraceous, the edge of the wing white, those coverts nearest the margin being marked with dark brown; the lowest series sepia-brown, barred with pale ocher on the inner web, thus resembling the inner lining of the quills. Length, 216; wing, 176; tail, 102; tarsus, 51.

"Young.--Above rufous-chocolate, the upper surface almost entirely uniform, with the exception of a few buffy white bars on the outer scapulars; wing-coverts uniform like the back, and only a little darker, the greater series distinctly spotted on the outer web with ochraceous or white; primary-coverts uniform dark brown; quills dark brown, notched on the outer web with ochraceous or buffy white; tail darker brown than the back, with a fulvous tip and crossed with six narrow bars of fulvous-brown; forehead whitish, with long hair-like black bristles over the lores; side of face uniform rufous-chocolate like the head; under surface of body fawn-color, the feathers of the chest margined narrowly with whitish, causing a slightly streaked appearance, the abdominal plumes white, with broad fawn-colored centers, causing this part to appear very broadly streaked; thighs fawn-color; under tail-coverts white; under wing-coverts fawn-color excepting the lower series, which are brown, spotted with fulvous on the inner web, exactly resembling the inner lining of the quills. Length, 203; wing, 164; tail, 86; tarsus, 30." (Sharpe.)

"Five specimens average, 206 in length; wing, 177; tail, 89; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 35; culmen, 14. Iris yellow; legs and feet light yellow; bill yellow at tip, greenish at base. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Mr. Whitehead's Negros collection contains three adult examples of a little hawk owl, and I am in considerable doubt as to whether this form should not be separated from typical examples of N. philippensis from Luzon. I have before me at the present time nine examples from Luzon, two from Guimaras, four from Negros, and one from Siquijor. All seven birds from the last three mentioned islands differ very considerably from Luzon specimens. The latter have the chest and breast mostly tawny brown, shading into pale tawny toward the edges of the feathers, and the belly and flanks whitish, with rather ill-defined brownish red middles. In Negros birds, as well as those from the other central islands already mentioned, the feathers of the breast and chest are chocolate-brown edged with white, and the rest of the under parts are white, with fairly wide and clearly defined shaft-stripes of a dark brownish red color.

"The general impression conveyed is, that the Luzon birds have the under parts tawny brown, suffused with white on the belly and flanks, while in birds from the central islands, the chest and breast, as well as the rest of the under parts, are white, clearly striped with reddish brown. These birds remind one of small examples of Ninox japonica, though of course the latter has the stripes on the underparts of a much darker color. It is quite possible that it may be found necessary to separate the birds from Negros, etc., under some distinctive name, but before doing this I should like to have more material from the adjacent islands." (Grant.)

225. NINOX EVERETTI Sharpe.

EVERETT'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox everetti Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1897), 6, 47; Ibis (1897), 449; Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Siasi (Everett).

Diagnosis.--Similar to Ninox reyi but pale spots of primaries few, fulvescent, very slightly spotted with white; and abdomen, flanks, and thighs ocherous-fulvous, not white spotted with brown. Length, 241; wing, 195. [31]

This is a little-known species of which more specimens should be examined and compared with Rey's hawk owl.

226. NINOX SPILOCEPHALA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox spilocephala Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 940; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult.--Very similar to Ninox philippensis from which it differs in having the head and neck spotted with rufous or tawny brown and the white spots on primary- and secondary-coverts larger; decomposed feathers below eye unusually long and entirely covering the true ear-coverts. A male from Basilan is 230 in length; wing, 177; tail, 83; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 26. Female, length, 230; wing, 158; tail, 82; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 28.

"Very common in the islands where it occurs. Hides among thick vines or bushes during the day. Feeds on beetles, grasshoppers, and the like. Iris yellow; legs and feet dirty, light yellow; bill pale greenish horn-color. Ten specimens average, 214 in length; wing, 162; tail, 76; culmen, 15; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 22." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

227. NINOX SPILONOTA Bourns and Worcester.

SPOTTED HAWK OWL.

Ninox spilonotus Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 8. Ninox spilonota Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 290; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Platen, Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

"Sexes alike.--General color of upper surface fulvous-brown; feathers of head, nape, interscapulars, and wing-coverts spotted with light rufous-brown giving the parts in question a decidedly speckled appearance; rump fulvous-brown, upper tail-coverts faintly spotted with pale rufous-brown; tail nearly black with nine narrow transverse bands of light rufous-brown; quills like tail but spotted, instead of barred, with light rufous-brown; scapulars like back, some of them with large nearly white spots on outer webs; a few of greater series of wing-coverts also spotted with white on outer webs; chin and throat whitish, almost pure white in one specimen, in others light rufous-brown, the feathers always with black shaft-stripes; auriculars fulvous-brown somewhat mixed with light rufous-brown; sides of neck like head; breast, abdomen, flanks, thighs, under wing-coverts, and axillars rufous-brown, the depth of the color subject to great individual variation, many feathers of breast and abdomen with fulvous-brown spots and all with blackish bases; under surface of wing fulvous-brown. Inner webs of feathers, especially of secondaries, spotted and barred with light rufous-brown; a spot of white on bend of wing; tarsus feathered for rather more than half its length. Iris yellow; legs and feet pale yellow; bill black at tip, gray at base. Two females measure, 241 in length; culmen, 13; tarsus, 31; wing, 181; tail, 102.

"A single specimen of this species was secured in Cebu by Mr. Worcester in 1888. Its curious mottled back and under surface were suggestive of immaturity, and Dr. Steere thought it to be the young of some undescribed species. We have altogether too much material now to make such a theory tenable." (Bourns and Worcester.)

A rusty brown male was taken in Sibuyan. Iris yellow; bill and legs pale dirty greenish; cere a little darker; nails gray, blackish at tips. Length, 285; wing, 210; tail, 114; culmen from base, 23; tarsus, 32.

A male from Cebu is in the light phase. Chin, throat, and forehead mostly white; rictal bristles with white bases; scapulars spotted with white; abdomen and flanks very largely white and with no fulvous nor rusty brown wash.

228. NINOX REYI Oustalet.

REY'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox reyi Oustalet, Bull. Assoc. Sc. France (1880), No. 39, 206; Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 245; Hand-List (1899), 1, 291; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Montano & Rey, Marche).

Diagnosis.--Distinguished at once from the common species (Ninox philippensis) by its greater length (290 mm.), by its much longer wings passing even the tip of the tail, and finally by its reddish brown plumage and transverse brown bars on head and on shoulders. [32]

"A female from Bongao. 'Iris light yellow; bill greenish plumbeous; feet greenish yellow.' The specimen now sent appears to be not quite adult, but it shows the distinctness of the species from Ninox philippensis in the barred upper surface. The upper breast is barred with white and dark brown, and the flanks are white, with longitudinal pear-shaped mesial streaks of pale rufous-brown. The tail has likewise ten dark bands, much narrower than in N. philippensis, which has six broad bands of dark brown." (Sharpe.)

229. NINOX MINDORENSIS Grant.

MINDORO HAWK OWL.

Ninox mindorensis Grant, Ibis (1896), 463; Sharpe, Hand-List (1899), 1, 291; McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Mindoro (Whitehead, McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--In color and color pattern very similar to Ninox spilonota but very much smaller; it also resembles N. spilocephala in size and pattern of upper parts but differs from the latter in having the breast and abdomen cross-barred instead of boldly striped. Both rufous and light phases occur in this species.

Male.--Iris yellow; bill, cere, and legs greenish; nails dark brown. Length, 225; wing, 167; tail, 88; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 30.

Female.--Length, 220; wing, 158; tail, 78; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 23.

"An adult female of this little Mindoro hawk owl was obtained in the lowlands, and is nearly allied to N. spilocephala Tweeddale, from Mindanao and Basilan, resembling that species in having the top of the head and nape barred with buff. It may, however, be at once recognized by having the whole of the under parts, including the belly and flanks, tawny-buff, transversely barred with brown, while in the female of N. spilocephala, though the breast is generally like that of the present species, the belly and flanks are always white, with longitudinal reddish brown shaft-stripes. Length, 203; wing, 152; tail, 76; tarsus, 28.

"I have of course carefully compared this species with Bourns and Worcester's description of N. spilonotus, specimens of which were obtained in Mindoro, but the much smaller size of this bird serves to at once distinguish it." (Grant.)

230. NINOX PLATENI Blasius.

PLATEN'S HAWK OWL.

Ninox plateni Blasius (in litt.), Hartlaub, Abh. Nat. Ver. Bremen (1899), 16, 271; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Mindoro (Platen).

Adult female.--Above reddish brown, slightly shaded with olive; top and sides of head, hind neck, sides of neck, and mantle lighter, pale reddish, and narrowly banded; on lower back and rump the bands inconspicuous so that these parts appear nearly uniform; chin light; throat-feathers light fawn-color with dark shaft-stripes, ground color of chest and belly bright red-brown, with narrow blackish stripes; bend of wing white; scapulars and greater wing-coverts with some larger opaque white spots on outer webs; primaries with inner webs uniform black, outer webs with broad dark brown and smaller pale reddish band spots; on the tertials appear very inconspicuous, broad, darker bands, and on the whole length of the edges of the outer webs, pale fawn spots; tail-feathers with darker brownish bands of equal width; under tail-coverts light fawn; inner wing-coverts light reddish brown with darker spots. Legs light yellowish; iris yellow. Length, 250; wing, 169; tail, 80.

Male.--Differs only in the following that the bands on the lower belly and thighs are on a lighter background; and the reddish brown ground-color of chest and epigastrium is somewhat lighter. Wing, 168; tail, 80.

Another female.--The brownish red of abdomen very fiery with irregular and less distinct bands. Wing, 168 mm.; tail, 78. [33]

I doubt very much if this species is really distinct from Ninox mindorensis; the size is nearly the same and specimens of the two do not seem to have been actually compared.

Subfamily STRIGINÆ.

Genus STRIX Linnæus, 1758. [34]

Large; without ear-tufts; secondaries nearly as long as primaries; plumage compact; barred below, spotted above; legs and toes closely feathered.

231. STRIX WHITEHEADI (Sharpe).

PALAWAN BARRED OWL.

Syrnium whiteheadi Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 196, pl. 3; Hand-List (1899), 1, 294; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 47.

Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

"Adult male.--General color above chocolate-brown, spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs, the one on the inner web often fulvescent; scapulars forming a light patch of tawny-buff, covered with narrow bars of chocolate-brown; lesser wing-coverts dark chocolate-brown, with scarcely any white spots; median and greater coverts more reddish chocolate-brown, transversely barred with white, slightly tinged with tawny-buff; alula and primary-coverts uniform blackish brown; quills brown, crossed with lighter and more rufous-brown bars, whiter near the edge, especially of the secondaries, which are slightly freckled externally; the innermost secondaries spotted with white, like the back; upper tail-coverts like the back, but barred with tawny-buff or whitish; tail-feathers dark chocolate-brown, barred with tawny-buff or creamy white, with which the tail is conspicuously tipped, the light bars, seven in number, on the center feathers, broader and coalescing on the remainder; crown of head like the back, thickly spotted with white, the spots arranged in pairs; feathers of the hind neck with concealed bases of tawny-buff; the mantle somewhat more uniform brown; sides of face chestnut, deeper about the eyes and on the ear-coverts, which are whiter posteriorly; ruff dark chocolate-brown, barred across with rufous; chin rufous, followed by a broad white patch, narrowly barred with black; remainder of under surface of body tawny-rufous, narrowly barred across with blackish brown including the thighs and under tail-coverts; fore neck with broad bands of white and chocolate-brown; under wing-coverts and axillars like the breast; quills below dusky brown, barred with yellowish buff, these bars broader toward the base of the inner web. Length, 444; wing, 330; tail, 190; culmen, 34; tarsus, 58.

"Of this fine owl Mr. Whitehead obtained several specimens. Its nearest ally is Syrnium sinense, but it is easily distinguished from that species by its rufescent under surface, with the absence of white bars." (Sharpe.)

Female.--In colors similar to the male, but size slightly greater. "Iris brown; eyelids dark carmine; bill and nails black." (Celestino.) Length, 460; wing, 340; tail, 200; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 50.

"We heard a large owl, in all probability of this species, hooting at night in the Calamianes Islands; a single specimen was secured in Palawan; it measured, 432 in length; wing, 202; tail, 186; culmen, 26; tarsus, 61; middle toe with claw, 48." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family ALUCONIDÆ.

Middle toe pectinate; ruff around eyes and across throat fully developed; primaries much longer than secondaries; proximal half of tarsus fully feathered, distal half covered with much shorter, more hair-like plumes; toes sparsely covered with hairs; plumage very soft and fluffy.

Genus ALUCO Fleming, 1822.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

232. ALUCO LONGIMEMBRIS (Jerdon).

GRASS OWL.

Strix longimembris Jerdon, Madras Jour. (1839), 10, 86. Strix candida (not of Latham, 1801) Tickell, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1833), 2, 572; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1875), 2, 308; Hand-List (1899), 1, 302; Oates, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 342; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48. Aluco longimembris McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1908), 3, sec. A, 283.

Cua-gong ta-lá-hib, Manila.

Batan (McGregor, Edmonds); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett); Luzon (Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Mearns); Siquijor (Steere Exp.). Indian Peninsula, Burmese provinces, northern Australia, Fiji, Formosa, Celebes.

Adult male (Benguet, Luzon, May 10, 1903).--Feathers of upper parts dark brown, the bases and edges, more or less, yellowish buff, this color forming a collar on hind neck; many of the feathers of back and wing-coverts each with a small white spot near the tip; a blackish spot in front of each eye; face white slightly tinged with buff; stiff ruff-feathers white, the outer ones with black shafts and blackish brown tips; sides of neck light tawny-buff with large brown spots; under parts white with a few small black spots on breast and flanks; breast faintly washed with buff; wing-lining and axillars white with larger black spots; primaries and secondaries, above light buff, with dark brown bars and whitish tips, below white, the tips of primaries dark brown; primary-coverts orange-buff basally; rectrices white with four blackish brown bars, the bars obsolete on outermost pair. Bill white, legs dirty brown; nails brown. Length, 395; wing, 355; tail, 135; bill from anterior border of nostril, 19; tarsus, 85; middle toe with claw, 55.

Female (Batan Island, June, 1907).--Similar to the male from Benguet but darker; under parts heavily washed with ocherous-buff; face washed with vinaceous-brown; the blackish spots of under parts more numerous. Length, 406; wing, 368; tail, 130.

The difference in color between the male and female, as described above, is not due to either age or sex and occurs in many, if not in all, of the members of this genus.

Nestling (Laguna Province, Luzon, February 15, 1906).--Wings and tail, as far as developed, like those of the adult; body and legs thickly covered with yellowish buff down.

Order PSITTACIFORMES.

COCKATOOS AND PARROTS.

Bill short, extremely strong; upper mandible movable, cered and strongly hooked as in the birds of prey; toes four, the outer toe permanently reversed; tarsus short and stout, covered with small scales. Eggs pure white, seldom with any gloss; oval, or rarely spheroidal; deposited in hollow trees.

Families.

a1. Hook of bill underneath nearly smooth or with very superficial longitudinal ridges, but with no distinct file-like surface. ... Loriidæ (p. 272) a2. Hook of bill underneath with a series of transverse ridges more or less bent along the median line and producing a file-like surface.

b1. Head crested; plumage nearly all white. ... Cacatuidæ (p. 273) b2. Head without crest; plumage nearly all green, or green and blue, never white. ... Psittacidæ (p. 275)

Family LORIIDÆ.

"Bill much compressed, generally longer than deep, not notched, and smooth; culmen rounded and narrow; lower mandible rather long, with the gonys narrow, straight, and obliquely slanting upward, not flattened in front and with no keel-like ridge; upper mandible with no file-like surface on the under surface of the hook; tongue brushy; cere broader over the culmen and gradually becoming narrower along the sides of the bill; * * * wing acute, with the three first quills generally the longest." (Salvadori.) In the single Philippine species the forehead is "dark rosy red."

Genus TRICHOGLOSSUS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

233. TRICHOGLOSSUS JOHNSTONIÆ Hartert.

MRS. JOHNSTONE'S LORIKEET.

Trichoglossus johnstoniæ Hartert, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1903), 14, 10; Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 755; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48; Grant, Ibis (1906), 495; Goodfellow, Avicult. Mag. (1906), 4, 83 (plate).

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Waterstradt).

Adult.--"Forehead dark rosy red, in the male obscured by greenish tips to the feathers; narrow loral line and broad line from the eyes backward meeting (in the female indistinctly) on the nape, dark brownish purple (not quite as dark as 'prune-purple', Ridgway's Nomenclature of Colors, pl. 8, fig. 1); rest of crown and whole upper surface grass-green, the inner webs of remiges and first primary on both webs black, all, with the exception of the first three, with a large sulphur-yellow patch in the middle of inner webs; feathers round the mandible to ear-coverts dark rose-red, those toward the ear-coverts, with yellowish-green tips; feathers of under surface dull sulphur-yellow, with gray bases and broad green tips; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts more greenish yellow, the green tips less distinct; under wing-coverts yellowish green, those near edge of wing dark green and some of the longest ones pale yellow; tail from below greenish brownish-yellow. Wing, 106 to 108; tail, 71 to 74; bill from cere to tip, [male], 14.5; [female], 12; metatarsus about 13. 'Bill yellowish red.'" (Hartert.)

Known only from specimens collected on Mount Apo, Mindanao.

Family CACATUIDÆ.

Bill very strong; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate; lower mandible with the lower face wide and slightly rounded; a large unfeathered space about the eye; head crested; tail moderate and square; plumage nearly all white in the single Philippine species.

Subfamily CACATUINÆ.

Genus CACATUA Vieillot, 1817.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

234. CACATUA HÆMATUROPYGIA (P. L. S. Müller).

PHILIPPINE COCKATOO.

Psittacus hæmaturopygius P. L. S. Müller, Natursyst. Suppl. (1776), 77. Cacatua hæmaturopygia Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 130; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.

Ca-ta-la, Manila; a-bú-cay, Ticao and Bohol; ca-lang'-ai, Lubang.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Whitehead); Nipa (Everett); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Burbidge); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes alike).--White; under tail-coverts vermilion edged with white; inner webs of remiges and rectrices sulphur-yellow much deeper on the latter and in some specimens tinged with red; sexes similar. Length, 300 to 350; three specimens measure, wing, 210 to 218; tail, 112 to 117; culmen from cere, 25 to 27; tarsus, 19 to 20. Iris bright red; naked skin around eyes, pale pink; bill dirty white; legs and nails bluish.

The ear-coverts are usually tinged with vermilion and the bases of crest-feathers are suffused with sulphur-yellow but both of these characters are variable. Bourns and Worcester killed two specimens in Panay in which "the plumage showed a peculiar faint pinkish tinge."

The "catala" is usually met with in small flocks either in forest or fields; its presence is proclaimed by the conspicuous white plumage and harsh note. In the island of Ticao we observed this species nesting in holes in dead trees but we secured only young birds; these resembled the adult. Bourns and Worcester took nestlings in Masbate in May, 1888.

"Iris of females usually blood-red, sometimes brown. We are inclined to think red the normal color in fully adult females. Iris in males very dark brown to black; bare skin around the eye creamy white; bill drab, with white tip. Three females measure, 315 in length; wing, 206; tail, 110; culmen, 25; tarsus, 18; middle toe and claw, 38." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family PSITTACIDÆ.

Bill with a series of transverse ridges under the hook; head uncrested; colors green and blue, or green, blue, and red; never white.

Subfamily PALÆORNITHINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Larger; length, more than 250 mm.; wing, more than 125 mm.

b1. Smaller; wing, about 150 mm.; middle pair of rectrices elongated and racket-tipped. ... Prioniturus (p. 275) b2. Larger; wing, about 200 mm.; rectrices graduate. ... Tanygnathus (p. 281)

a2. Smaller; length, less than 190 mm.; wing, less than 115 mm.

b1. Larger; bill heavier; culmen exceeding width of bill but little. ... Bolbopsittacus (p. 284) b2. Smaller; bill more slender; culmen twice the width of bill. ... Loriculus (p. 286)

Genus PRIONITURUS Wagler, 1832.

Length, 280 to 300 mm.; bill moderate, edge of upper mandible nicked; tail moderate, rectrices equal, except middle pair which are nearly twice as long as the others and racket-tipped; colors blue, green, and greenish yellow; in two species the male has a red crown-patch. Rectrices below verditer-blue; inner web of remiges below with a wide edge of verditer-blue; first primary above edged with blue on outer web. The key is based on male birds. The name parrakeet (the same as parrokeet, parakeet, paroquet, etc.) is applied to any of the smaller parrots, more particularly to those that have long tails.

Species.

a1. Wing, 160 to 173 mm.

b1. A bright red patch on vertex.

c1. "Hind neck yellowish green". ... verticalis (p. 276) c2. Hind neck grass-green. ... montanus (p. 276)

b2. No red patch on vertex.

c1. Rump green like the back.

d1. Forehead green. ... discurus (p. 277) d2. Forehead and crown blue. ... suluensis (p. 277)

c2. "Rump light greenish brown". ... waterstradti (p. 279)

a2. Wing, 142 to 155 mm.

b1. Upper parts not uniform in color.

c1. Top of head violet-blue. ... mindorensis (p. 279) c2. Top of head verditer-blue; throat and breast blue. ... cyaneiceps (p. 280)

b2. Upper and under parts nearly uniform; general color more yellowish. ... luconensis (p. 280)

235. PRIONITURUS VERTICALIS Sharpe.

EVERETT'S RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus verticalis Sharpe, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1893), 3, 10; Ibis (1894), 248, pl. 6; Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.

Bongao (Everett); Sibutu (Everett); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Crown light blue with a small scarlet patch in the center; forehead, nape, and sides of head grass-green; neck and sides of neck yellowish green; remainder of upper parts, including exposed edges of wing- and tail-feathers, dark grass-green; lower parts greenish yellow, breast clearer yellow, abdomen, flanks, and crissum more greenish. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 180; tail with rackets, 150; culmen from front margin of cere, 21.

Female.--"Differs from the male in being emerald-green all over, and wanting the verditer-blue on the head as well as the scarlet spot on the latter." (Sharpe.)

"Discovered by us in October, 1891; it is the finest of the Philippines representatives of the genus. Found in deep forest, but especially abundant in the high mangrove trees south of Tataan. The amount of red on its head is exaggerated in the plate in The Ibis, and it is too light in color.

"Eight males from Tawi Tawi measure, 268 in length; wing, 171; tail, exclusive of racket, 90; culmen, 22; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 29. Four females measure, length, 255; wing, 165; tail, 96; culmen, 21; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris varies from pale yellow to hazel; legs and feet gray; nails gray to black; bill gray to white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

236. PRIONITURUS MONTANUS Grant.

MOUNTAIN RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus montanus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 41; Ibis (1895), 466; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 397; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 48.

U-lis', Benguet.

Luzon (Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor, Mearns.)

Male.--Forehead, lores, and face blue, bases of the feathers largely green; a large red spot on vertex, surrounded by blue; hind head, neck, and sides of neck grass-green; mantle, back, and rump duller and more yellowish green; wings, upper tail-coverts, and middle pair of rectrices grass-green; lower parts green, slightly yellowish. Iris gray; bill, legs, and nails light horn-blue. Whitehead gives the iris as "dark brown." Length, including rackets, 305 to 317; two males measure, wing, 164 to 166; tail, without rackets, 84 to 85; culmen from cere, 20 to 21; tarsus, 15 to 16.

Female.--Much like male but red and blue of head and face replaced by dark green; a slight trace of blue on forehead and around eyes. Colors of soft parts as in the male. "Differs from the female of P. verticalis in having the head dull grass-green, the forehead, lores, sides of the crown, and feathers round the eyes being washed with blue. The under parts are like those of the male and never yellow-green as in the Sibutu female." (Grant.) One female measures, wing, 158; tail without rackets, 83; culmen from cere, 20; tarsus, 17.

Young.--Immature birds of each sex resemble the adult female.

The mountain racket-tailed parrakeet was discovered by Whitehead in the mountains of Abra and Lepanto Provinces. At San Jose a live bird was purchased. The natives said it "had been snared in their maize-fields and that it was common enough when the cereal was ripe." We collected a number of specimens in Benguet Province where it was not uncommon though somewhat difficult to secure; the species is well known to the Igorot by the name "u-lis." It is improbable that this beautiful parrot occurs below the pine belt but with our meager knowledge of the vertical distribution of birds in the Philippines it is better to follow this statement with a large interrogation mark. This species is very noisy and does not differ in habits from lowland members of the genus.

237. PRIONITURUS DISCURUS (Vieillot).

PHILIPPINE RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Psittacus discurus Vieillot, Gal. des Ois. (previous to 1823), 1, 7, pl. 26. Prioniturus discurus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 417; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29, McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49. Prioniturus discurus suluënsis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 140. [35]

Pa-lé-ta, Manila; ma-ná-guin, Ticao; ca-gak', Bohol.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Cuming, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Keay); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Sulu (Burbidge, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--General color green, vertex verditer-blue changing with the light; rest of head, neck, and face bright grass-green; rest of upper parts and wings dark green; below uniform yellowish green; spatules black, sometimes tinged with green or with blue; short rectrices blue along shaft, bordered with green and tipped with black. Sexes alike. Iris dark; cere very dark blue; bill light horn-blue; feet and nails darker blue. Length, including rackets, 292 to 317; four specimens from Ticao measure, wing, 160 to 169; tail without rackets, 76 to 85; culmen from cere, 21 to 23; tarsus, 15 to 17.

"A common and widely spread species. P. discurus, as well as the other five Philippine representatives of the genus, is usually met with in the forest or in fruit trees in the open, where it has gone to feed. At certain seasons it frequents the mangrove swamps. All the Philippine species are birds of very rapid flight, and scream almost constantly when on the wing. They usually fly in small flocks. In the forest they make the most of their protective coloring, and one may pass within ten feet of one without seeing it.

"Measurements are given exclusive of rackets. Four males from Basilan measure, 232 in length; wing, 149; tail, 66; culmen, 21; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 28.

"Sibuyan birds are slightly larger, and have a light yellowish green area on back, but we do not feel warranted in separating them. Three females from Sibuyan measure, 257 in length; wing, 161; tail, 134; culmen, 22; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris brown; legs and feet leaden; nails blackish; bill grayish white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

238. PRIONITURUS WATERSTRADTI Rothschild.

WATERSTRADT'S RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus waterstradti Rothschild, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1904), 14, 72; Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 756; Grant, Ibis (1906), 495; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Mindanao (Waterstradt, Goodfellow).

Male.--"Forehead to the eyes pale blue, the feathers being green at base; lores and sides of face greenish blue; sinciput and nape grass-green; scapulars and back green with a slight brownish tinge; rump light greenish brown; wings outwardly bright green, inner webs of remiges, blackish from above, pale bluish from below; upper wing-coverts grass-green, slightly tinged with blue near bend of wing; rectrices, bright green from above, bluish from below, tipped with dull black for about 12 to 14 mm., the central pair quite green except the shaft and spatules, which are dull black; entire under side uniform yellowish green. Bill (in skin) whitish with leaden-gray base; feet dark gray. Wing, 152 to 157; tail, about 66, with lengthened central pair, 120 to 140; culmen from cere, 22; metatarsus, 15. One specimen marked '[female]' is similar to the male." (Rothschild.)

This species is known from specimens collected by Waterstradt on Mount Apo at 900 meters elevation, and by Goodfellow at 2,500 meters.

239. PRIONITURUS MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus mindorensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 419; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter).

Male.--Most nearly related to P. discurus but distinguished by the crown patch which in mindorensis is blue with a slight violet tinge and is sharply defined in front against the green forehead; the bill is larger and the rackets are never so long as in adult specimens of discurus. Length, including rackets, 317; wing, 165; tail without rackets, 90; culmen from front margin of cere, 22.

Female.--Similar to female of discurus but often with traces of the violet crown patch. Length, including rackets, 300; wing, 160; tail without rackets, 90; culmen from front margin of cere, 21.

"Three males average, 268 in length, exclusive of rackets; wing, 162; tail, 135; culmen, 20; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 28. A female measures, 261 in length; wing, 154; tail, 118; culmen, 21; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 27. Iris light straw-yellow, nearly white; legs, feet, and nails light leaden; bill pale horn-color." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

240. PRIONITURUS CYANEICEPS Sharpe.

BLUE RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus cyaneiceps Sharpe, Ibis (1888), 194; Hand-List (1900), 2, 29; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 419; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--All of head, neck, and under parts bright verditer-blue, a little duller below where the feathers are yellowish at base, this when specimen is held toward the light, away from the light the blue parts become light bluish green; under tail-coverts bright greenish yellow and tipped with green; wings, back, and rump grass-green; tail-spatules black, touched with green; short rectrices green, deep blue along the shaft, tip black. Bill bluish white; legs blackish. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 150; tail without rackets, 77; culmen from front margin of cere, 19.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the blue restricted to top and sides of head and in having the lower parts uniform light green with traces of blue; under tail-coverts deeper yellow than in the male.

Young.--"Green, with no verditer-blue shade on the head and neck; greater wing-coverts and secondaries edged with yellowish green; under parts yellowish green; under tail-coverts yellow, washed with greenish; middle tail-feathers longer than the lateral ones, narrow towards the point and entirely webbed." (Salvadori.)

"Ten males from Busuanga measure, 238 in length (exclusive of rackets, which may attain a length of 60 to 75); wing, 154; tail, 77; culmen, 19; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 26. Seven females average, 233 in length; wing, 150; tail, 76; culmen, 19; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 26." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

241. PRIONITURUS LUCONENSIS Steere.

LUZON RACKET-TAILED PARRAKEET.

Prioniturus luconensis Steere, List Birds and Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 420; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49. Prioniturus luzonensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 29.

Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--General color bright yellow-green, very slightly darker on back and rump; alula, primaries, and coverts dark green; short rectrices green above, with wide dark tips; spatules black and dark blue. Iris dark brown; bill and feet light blue; nails horn-blue. Sexes alike? Length, with rackets, about 305; two males from Mariveles, Bataan Province, measure, wing, 140 to 143; tail without rackets, 67 to 73; culmen from cere, 17 to 18; tarsus, 13 to 14.

"Immature.--Differs from the adult in having the middle tail-feathers with the shaft not naked and with no developed spatula, although the webs become narrower before the end; the tips of the two middle tail-feathers are blue; the lateral tail-feathers have, towards the end, less blue than in the adult bird." (Salvadori.)

"We found this beautiful species common about the foot of Monte Arayat, in central Luzon, though we failed to meet with it in Albay or Catanduanes. In north Luzon it was abundant in the maize fields, feeding on the flower at the top of the plant. Young were obtained in the month of May in Isabella." Whitehead, Ibis, (1899), 397.

Genus TANYGNATHUS Wagler, 1832.

Bill very heavy and strongly curved; edge of mandible but slightly nicked; tail long; rectrices graduated, about 25 mm. difference between longest feathers and shortest; colors green and yellowish green; wing-coverts variegated; length, 300 mm.

Species.

a1. Top of head bright blue; back green. ... lucionensis (p. 281) a2. Top of head green; back blue.

b1. Median upper wing-coverts edged with pure golden yellow. ... megalorhynchos (p. 283) b2. Median and greater upper wing-coverts edged with yellowish green.

c1. Wing about 195 mm.; head darker green. ... everetti (p. 283) c2. Wing about 225 mm.; head lighter, more yellowish green. ... burbidgei (p. 284)

242. TANYGNATHUS LUCIONENSIS (Linnæus).

PHILIPPINE GREEN PARROT.

Psittacus lucionensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 146. Tanygnathus luconensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 424; Grant, Ibis (1896), 561 (critical notes). Tanygnathus luzonensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30. Tanygnathus lucionensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Pi-coy', Bohol and Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Doherty, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Layard, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Forehead, lores, and sides of face grass-green connecting with the grass-green collar of hind neck; [36] crown and occiput bright blue; rest of upper parts green, yellowish on the mantle and more or less mixed with light blue on the back; below yellowish green, becoming clear green on abdomen and under tail-coverts; primaries blackish on inner web, dark green on outer web, tips of shorter ones blue; secondaries mostly blue with light green edges; tertials green with blue tips; alula and primary-coverts dark blue, black along the shafts and more or less washed with green; distal greater and median coverts bright blue with yellow-green margins; proximal greater and median coverts with the middle black, surrounded by a narrow line of bright blue followed by a wide edge of old gold; lesser coverts black, some of the proximal ones bordered with blue and old gold; tail grass-green above, dark golden yellow below.

Iris very pale straw, a narrow inner ring of darker yellow; upper mandible bright scarlet, except tip which like the lower mandible is dull yellow, cere black; legs dull green; nails dark horn. Length, 300 to 330 mm. Specimens from different parts of the Archipelago vary greatly in measurements and colors. The sexes do not differ except that the female is a little the smaller. Four males from Ticao average: Wing, 195; tail, 132; culmen from cere, 33; tarsus, 18. Two females from Ticao average: Wing, 187; tail, 126; culmen from cere, 28; tarsus, 18.

Young.--Differs from the adult in having little or no blue on the head and face which are green; back largely sky-blue; blue of wings and coverts largely replaced by green; the coverts bordered with light yellowish green.

"The Philippine green parrot is the common cage bird of the natives, who have doubtless aided in its dispersal. Escaped cage birds were shot by us on several occasions. Called 'picoi' by the natives. Occurs in deep forest, but is also very common in the open, especially about dead trees, where it nests in natural cavities or in deserted holes of the great woodpeckers (Thriponax).

"Iris of male birds has an outer ring of white and an inner of brown; iris of females light yellow; legs and feet drab, nails black; bill scarlet, yellowish at tip. Fully adult specimens show very great variability as to size, running from 300 to 395. Fourteen males from Tawi Tawi measure 325 in length; wing, 191; tail, 126; culmen, 29; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 29. Two females from Masbate measure, length, 311; wing, 180; tail, 124; culmen, 30; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 35." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Grant finds some very considerable differences among specimens of this species from various islands but evidently he considers them to be of less than even subspecific value. Possibly this species will eventually be split into several subspecies or races.

243. TANYGNATHUS MEGALORHYNCHOS (Boddaert).

LARGE-BILLED PARROT.

Psittacus megalorhynchos Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 45. Tanygnathus megalorhynchus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 426; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30.

Balut (Mearns). Western New Guinea, Papuan and Molucca Islands, Sangi, Talaut, and Togian Islands.

"Adult.--Green, underneath yellowish green; sides yellow; feathers of the interscapular region green, edged with light blue; lower back and uropygium light blue; scapulars black, edged with blue; quills and greater upper wing-coverts blue, edged with green; smaller and median upper wing-coverts black, the last edged with bright yellow; under wing-coverts and axillars yellow; tail above green, with yellow tip, underneath golden yellow, duller towards the base. 'Iris yellowish, with an outer ring white; bill coral-red; feet lead-color.' (D'Albertis.) Length, 432; wing, 238 to 254; tail, 150 to 160; bill, 45 to 51; tarsus, 21.

"Female.--Has the bill smaller than the male.

"Young.--Has the scapulars and the upper wing-coverts not so black and more greenish, and the yellow edges of the same paler." (Salvadori.)

244. TANYGNATHUS EVERETTI Tweeddale.

BLUE-BACKED PARROT.

Tanygnathus everetti Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, (4), 533; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 432, pl. 10; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 30; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 398; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino); Negros (Whitehead); Panay (Steere Exp.).

Male.--General color green; entire head and neck grass-green, the neck with a yellow tinge; mantle grass-green, each feather edged with dark blue; back and rump dark blue; tail-coverts green, some of them edged with blue; wings green, some of the smaller coverts edged with yellowish green; under parts green, some feathers on abdomen and sides of breast slightly edged with blue; tail-feathers above green with yellowish tips, below golden yellow. Bill bright red, feet blackish in skin. Length, 330; wing, 196; tail, 136; culmen from cere, 31.

Female.--Like the male but the bill white. Wing, 195; tail, 138; culmen from cere, 31.

"Rare about Zamboanga. Only one specimen obtained. Mr. Moseley, of the Steere Expedition, killed one specimen in Panay, and Mr. Worcester saw another so near that there was no room for doubt as to its identity. Two specimens in the Jesuit Museum at Manila are marked 'Negros.' We searched for it in vain in Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"This parrot may prove to have a much wider distribution in the Philippines than is at present known, our discovery of the bird in north Luzon being a mere chance. * * * Male, iris orange; bill rosy red; feet dull olive-brown; female, iris orange; bill creamy white; feet dull olive-brown." (Whitehead.)

245. TANYGNATHUS BURBIDGEI Sharpe.

BURBIDGE'S PARROT.

Tanygnathus burbidgei Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 313; Hand-List (1900), 21, 30; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 432, pl. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Burbidge, Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Dark green; head and neck bright yellowish green; lower back and uropygium deep turquoise-blue; upper wing-coverts with very narrow yellowish green edges; tail above dark green; underneath dull golden olive. Iris red; bill vermilion; tarsus dull olive-brown." (Guillemard.) Length, 406; wing, 223; tail, 157; bill, 38; tarsus, 19.

"Young.--A little smaller than the adult, the head somewhat darker and the bill whitish.

"This is a very distinct species, resembling T. everetti, but much larger and with the head lighter than the body, and no blue edgings to the feathers of the interscapular region." (Salvadori.)

"Common in Sulu but very shy, and seemed to be shot-proof. Unfortunately, too, it was molting at the time of our stay, and but two good specimens were secured. Readily distinguished from T. lucionensis by its cry alone. Found in deep forest, and in fruit trees in the open.

"Two males average, 375 in length; wing, 213; tail, 150; culmen, 33. Less common in Tawi Tawi, and observed only in the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus BOLBOPSITTACUS Salvadori, 1891.

Bill short and very broad; edge of upper mandible strongly sinuate but not toothed; the short, nearly equal, rectrices extend but little beyond the tail-coverts; colors green, yellow, and blue; length, 140 to 165 mm.

Species. [37]

a1. Cheeks blue.

b1. Cheeks and collar pale blue. ... lunulatus, [male] (p. 285) b2. Cheeks and collar bright blue. ... intermedius, [male] (p. 285)

a2. Cheeks green.

b1. Collar deep blue. ... mindanensis, [male] (p. 286) b2. Collar yellow, with crescent-like black bands. ... lunulatus, [female] (p. 285); mindanensis, [female] (p. 286) b3. Collar faint orange-yellow. ... intermedius, [female] (p. 285)

246. BOLBOPSITTACUS LUNULATUS (Scopoli).

LUZON GUAIABERO.

Psittacus lunulatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 86. Bolbopsittacus lunulatus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 504; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Bo-bó-toc, gua-ya-bé-ro, Luzon.

Luzon (Cuming, Möllendorff, Steere, Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--General color green, lighter below; lores, orbit, cheeks, a narrow line on forehead, and a narrow collar on hind neck pale blue; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts light greenish yellow; the longest coverts clear green; primaries, primary-coverts, and alula blue on outer webs, inner webs black; ends of primaries more or less green; on under side of wing a pale yellowish band across inner webs of secondaries and shorter primaries; rectrices green above, blue below. Iris brown, cere black; bill black, with base white; legs dull green; nails horn-brown. In the female all of the lower mandible is dirty white. Three males and three females from Bataan Province average, wing, 98; tail, 36; culmen from cere, 18; tarsus, 13.

Female.--Differs from the male in having the lower parts lighter green; blue of head confined to feathers of lower cheeks overhanging chin on each side; a narrow ring of light green around eye; collar on hind neck yellow, each feather with two narrow crescentic lines of blackish green; lower back and rump green, with blackish crescentic marks. Same size as the male.

Young.--"Young male resembles the female." (Salvadori.)

247. BOLBOPSITTACUS INTERMEDIUS Salvadori.

INTERMEDIATE GUAIABERO.

Bolbopsittacus intermedius Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 505; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49.

Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--"Similar to the male of B. lunulatus, from which it differs in having the face of a deeper blue with a purple tinge, and a blue collar on the lower part of the hind neck brighter and like that of B. mindanensis; the under parts are of a deeper and brighter green than either in B. lunulatus or in B. mindanensis; bill black; feet greenish. Length, 147; wing, 99; tail, 33; bill, 19; tarsus, 10." (Salvadori.)

Female.--"It differs from the male in having the blue of the head confined to the throat, the cheeks being light green. Around the eye a ring of green lighter than that of crown. The blue collar is replaced by an indistinct collar of faint orange-yellow. Rump only slightly lighter than back and green, not yellow as in male. Under surface slightly lighter and more yellowish. Thighs green instead of yellow.

"A young male is like the female but has less blue on sides of throat." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"A male measures 168 in length; wing, 98; tail, 33; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 22. Two females measure: Length, 168; wing, 95; tail, 35; culmen, 19; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light olive-green; nails black; bill blackish at tip, gray at base; cere black. Food guavas. All of the specimens obtained were shot from a flock found in a mangrove swamp the day before our departure from Samar." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

248. BOLBOPSITTACUS MINDANENSIS (Steere).

MINDANAO GUAIABERO.

Cyslopsitta mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6. Bolbopsittacus mindanensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 506; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 34; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 49; Grant, Ibis (1906), 494.

Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Panaon (Everett).

"Adult male.--Differs from that of B. lunulatus in having the cheeks green, the blue round the eyes separated by the green cheeks from the blue of the throat; the collar on the lower hind neck is of a brighter and deeper blue; the green of the head has a yellowish tinge, contrasting with the purer green color of the back. Iris dark brown; bill black, the base of the maxilla light gray; feet greenish." (Everett.) Length, about 152; wing, 96 to 99; tail, 33; bill, 18; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Exactly similar to the female of B. lunulatus." (Salvadori.)

"Two males average, 159 in length; wing, 97; tail, 39; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Six females, length, 154; wing, 96; tail, 41; culmen, 18; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris brown; legs and feet light olive-green. Called by the natives 'guayabero' from its habit of eating guavas. On the few occasions when we met with this species it occurred in flocks. It is a common cage bird in Mindanao. We searched in vain for it in Basilan, but are by no means satisfied that it does not exist there." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LORICULUS Blyth, 1849.

Length, about 150 mm.; bill compressed; tail short, rectrices slightly graduated and extending a little beyond tail-coverts; general color grass-green, more yellowish below; forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts scarlet; tail green above, blue below; under surface of primaries black, widely edged with blue on inner webs; adult males with a large, oval scarlet spot on throat and breast; bases of the feathers yellow; adult females and immature males with blue cheeks; young in first plumage with scarlet rump and tail-coverts, but neither blue nor red on head.

Species. [38]

a1. Bill orange red.

b1. No blue on crown.

c1. Red on head confined to the forehead.

d1. Rectrices dark green above, with very little if any blue.

e1. Interscapular region golden yellow, more or less tinged with orange; in the adult male a red patch on throat and cheeks green; in female no red patch on throat; cheeks and chin bluish. ... chrysonotus (p. 288) e2. Interscapular region green, with no golden orange tinge; cheeks green in the male, bluish in the female.

f1. A golden-orange band on hind neck, more or less orange-yellow on the crown.

g1. Vertex bright orange-yellow, sharply defined in the male; slightly tinged with orange and cheeks blue in female.

h1. Orange crown-patch larger. ... regulus (p. 288) h2. Orange crown-patch smaller. ... bournsi (p. 289)

g2. Vertex and hind neck with a very slight yellow tinge, both in males and females; female like that of regulus. ... philippensis (p. 290)

f2. No orange band on hind neck or at most only a trace; red of forehead ending sharply against bright green of crown. ... mindorensis (p. 290)

d2. Rectrices dark green above, lateral rectrices deep blue toward the tips. ... siquijorensis (p. 291)

c2. Red on head continuous from forehead to nape and becoming orange on nape.

d1. Crown-patch wider, spreading out posteriorly and ending broadly.

e1. Back less heavily washed with golden yellow. ... apicalis (p. 292) e2. Back more heavily washed with golden yellow. ... dohertyi (p. 292)

d2. Crown-patch narrower, tapering sharply to a point posteriorly. ... worcesteri (p. 293)

a2. Bill black.

b1. A deep blue spot on middle of crown. ... galgulus (p. 294) b2. No blue on crown. ... bonapartei (p. 294)

249. LORICULUS CHRYSONOTUS Sclater.

CEBU COLASISI.

Loriculus chrysonotus Sclater, Ibis (1872), 324, pl. 11; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 522; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-lan'-si, Toledo, Cebu.

Cebu (Meyer, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult male (type).--Green, underneath yellowish green; forehead, rump, and upper tail-coverts red; vertex, occiput, nape, and upper back golden yellow; an obsolete spot in the middle of the nape, also the upper back, tinged with orange; cheeks, sides of the head and of the neck grass-green; a large patch on the throat orange-red, the yellow color of the base of the feathers showing through; sides of the lower back tinged with blue; quills and tail above dark green; inner web of the quills and tail beneath blue; tail-feathers tipped with light green. 'Iris brown; bill orange-red; feet orange.' (Everett.) Length, 157; wing, 99; tail, 51; bill, 15; tarsus, 11.

"Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the anterior part of the cheeks and throat tinged with blue; no red patch on the throat; the golden yellow tinge on the head and nape not so bright; the upper back, or interscapular region, green, slightly washed with golden orange, and the blue tinge on the sides of the lower back paler." (Salvadori.)

"This was the only Loriculus which we failed to find abundantly in coconut-trees where the trees themselves were accessible. In 1888 several days of hard work in the great coconut-groves near Carmen, Cebu, brought us but a single specimen. In 1893, however, we found it quite abundant in the woods near Toledo. It is possible that its disappearance from the coconut-groves of the east coast is due to the lack of suitable breeding ground near by. The forest has been almost entirely cleared from the island, and the little which remains will soon be gone.

"Five males average, 154 in length; wing, 96; tail, 54; culmen, 14; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 19. Five females, length, 157; wing, 97; tail, 55; culmen, 13; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange-red; nails black; bill usually scarlet, may be pale red or even yellow." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

250. LORICULUS REGULUS Souancé.

CENTRAL ISLAND COLASISI.

Loriculus regulus Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 222; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 523; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50. Loriculus panayensis Tweeddale, Challenger Report (1881), 2, Zool. pt. 8, pl. 1.

Có-si, Ticao and Masbate.

Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult male.--A wide band of golden yellow across vertex, touching the scarlet forehead; a narrow band of golden orange on nape; mantle and back grass-green. A male from Ticao measures: Length, 145; wing, 93; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 16.

Adult female.--Vertex green, tinged with yellow; a narrow band of golden orange on nape; cheeks tinged with light blue; throat and breast yellowish green. A female from Ticao measures: Length, 150; wing, 93; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 14.

"Exceedingly abundant in the central Philippines, especially in Masbate. Though a large series of specimens was obtained from Tablas, Romblon, and Sibuyan, none of the males show so much yellow on the crown as in typical L. regulus. Specimens of L. philippensis from Marinduque collected by the Steere Expedition show a decided wash of yellow on the crown, and it seems quite possible that other intermediate forms between L. philippensis and L. regulus may eventually be discovered in Banton and the other islands which connect the Tablas-Romblon-Sibuyan group with Luzon.

"Ten males from Masbate measure, 149 in length; wing, 90; tail, 47; culmen, 14; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 19. Thirteen females from the same locality, length, 147; wing, 91; tail, 47; culmen, 13; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris brown; legs and feet orange to brown or yellow; nails nearly black; bill deep orange-red to brownish red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

251. LORICULUS BOURNSI McGregor.

BOURNS'S COLASISI.

Loriculus regulus Worcester and Bourns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Wash. (1898), 20, 557, no. 265 (part). Loriculus bournsi McGregor, Bur. Govt. Laboratories, Manila (1905), 25, 16; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Male.--Similar to L. regulus but the yellow patch on crown much smaller. Wing, 97; tail, 46; culmen from front margin of cere, 14.

Female.--Similar to the female of L. regulus.

This form which is merely a subspecies of Loriculus regulus is abundant in Romblon, Tablas, and Sibuyan.

252. LORICULUS PHILIPPENSIS (P. L. S. Müller).

LUZON COLASISI.

Psittacus philippensis P. L. S. Müller, Syst. Nat. Suppl. (1776), 80. Loriculus philippensis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 524; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-la-sí-si, Manila.

Banton (Celestino); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Adult male.--Forehead red, bordered behind by a narrow line of yellow; crown faintly tinged with yellow; a narrow golden orange band or spot on nape. Length, 160; wing, 92; tail, 42; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the cheeks blue and under parts yellowish green with no red breast-patch. Length, 152; wing, 93; tail, 45; culmen from cere, 13.

"The habits of the Philippine representatives of this genus agree so closely that a description of one species will suffice for all. The eight Philippine species at present known are all peculiar to the group. They are common in the deep forests of the wilder islands, but are most readily observed and easily obtained in the coconut groves near and in the native villages, where they feed on the young blossoms and drink the 'tuba.' The latter article of diet is the palm juice which the natives obtain by cutting off the blossom stalks of the coconut trees and fitting a joint of bamboo over the cut ends. The Loriculi are inordinately fond of this juice, and many of our specimens were shot from the 'bombons' (bamboo tubes), as they drank it. They are by all odds the commonest cage birds of the Islands, and are frequently carried by the natives from place to place. The various native names 'colacici,' 'cucci,' 'culanci' are all attempts to imitate the note. They have the peculiar undulating flight of woodpeckers, and give their shrill whistle at frequent intervals when on the wing. Usually very shy in the woods, but exceedingly bold in the coconut groves. Almost never seen in flocks." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

253. LORICULUS MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO COLASISI.

Loriculus mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 526; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Co-la-sí-si, Mindoro.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Everett, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter).

Adult male.--Red of forehead sharply defined against the bright green of crown; no yellow band on nape or with a faintly indicated spot. Length, 152; wing, 99; tail, 46; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Similar to the male but cheeks slightly blue, throat and breast yellow. Length, 152; wing, 97; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 14.

"Abundant both in the forests of the interior and the coconut groves along the coast. Six males measure, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 47; culmen, 15; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 18. A female measures, 159 in length; wing, 92; tail, 52; culmen, 15; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange to dirty yellow; nails nearly black; bill scarlet, black at tip." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

254. LORICULUS SIQUIJORENSIS Steere.

SIQUIJOR COLASISI.

Loriculus siquijorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 526; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Forehead bright scarlet, ending sharply against the green of crown; no yellow on the head and no yellow neck-band; rump and upper tail-coverts dark poppy-red; red throat-patch small; all rectrices, except central pair, tipped with light blue. Length, 165; wing, 100; tail, 55; culmen from base, 16; tarsus, 11.

Female.--Similar to the male; red spot on forehead smaller and sides of forehead, lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat sky-blue; no red on the breast. "Eyes brown; feet yellow; nails black." (Celestino.) Wing, 100; tail, 55; culmen from base, 14; tarsus, 12.

Young birds resemble the adult female but the red of forehead is much reduced and the red breast-patch is wanting in very young males.

"The Siquijor colasisi is a well-marked species which seems to be strictly confined to the little island of Siquijor. There is but little forest on this island, and L. siquijorensis is found in the coconut groves, fruit trees, and bamboo clumps. It is sharply distinct from L. chrysonotus and L. regulus, and more resembles L. apicalis. The female shows more blue about the head than does that of any other Philippine species, having the cheeks, lores, a line over the eye, and entire throat heavily washed with the color.

"Measurements of two males: Wing, 94; tail, 46; culmen, 14; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 18. Six females: Length, 162; wing, 98; tail, 52; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 20. Bill scarlet to orange; legs and feet pale yellow to orange, nails nearly black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

255. LORICULUS APICALIS Souancé.

MINDANAO COLASISI.

Loriculus apicalis Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 220, 221; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 528; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50. Loriculus hartlaubi Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 819, pl. 82.

Bazol (Everett); Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow, Waterstradt).

"Adult male.--Green; crown red, changing into orange on the nape; back and scapulars washed more or less with golden; rump and upper tail-coverts rich crimson; sides of the rump tinged with bluish; cheeks and under parts yellowish green; a red patch on the throat, with the base of the feathers yellow; quills black, dark green on the outer web, blue on the inner web below; tail above green, the lateral feathers blue toward the tip, and tipped with pale bluish green; tail underneath blue. 'Iris brown, bill red-orange, cere and feet orange.' (Everett.) Length, 147; wing, 91; tail, 43; bill, 15; tarsus, 10.

"Female.--Differs from the male in having the lores, cheeks, chin, and upper throat pale blue, and no red patch on the lower throat and upper breast.

"Young.--Crown-feathers green at the base and tipped with orange instead of red; the back pure green, not suffused with yellow, the uropygium less intense crimson, mixed more or less with green; cheeks, chin, and throat green, but in a second stage these parts become more and more tinged with blue." (Salvadori.)

"Abundant in Zamboanga. The Panay record made by Count Salvadori for this species on the strength of a specimen collected by Mr. Worcester and marked from that island is certainly an error, probably due to the misplacing of a label, as Mr. Worcester never shot L. apicalis in Panay." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

256. LORICULUS DOHERTYI (Hartert).

DOHERTY'S COLASISI.

Loriculus apicalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 528 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50 (part). Loriculus philippensis dohertyi Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1906), 13, 757.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult.--Three males and three females from Basilan show at a glance a much stronger and more reddish golden yellow wash on the back than in the specimens from Mindanao. In the old males the whole back appears to be golden orange, about the apical half of the feathers being golden orange. In the females it is as strong, or nearly so, as in the males, or in some specimens less developed, though always evident." (Hartert.)

Male.--Length, 152; wing, 94; tail, 47; culmen from cere, 15.

Female.--Wing, 94; tail, 51; culmen from cere, 12.

"The Basilan birds differ from Mindanao birds in having the nape scarlet, not golden, and in having the feathers of the back broadly tipped with orange. The back shows nearly as much color as in L. chrysonotus. The species is very rare in Basilan however, and while we think it probable that the Mindanao and Basilan birds may eventually be separated, we do not feel warranted in establishing a new species with so small an amount of material at our disposal.

"Two males average, 159 in length; wing, 89; tail, 44; culmen, 14; tarsus, 97; middle toe with claw, 15. Four females, length, 144; wing, 83; tail, 45; culmen, 13; tarsus, 12; middle toe with claw, 17. Legs and feet orange; nails black; bill scarlet." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

257. LORICULUS WORCESTERI Steere.

WORCESTER'S COLASISI.

Loriculus worcesteri Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 6; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50. Loriculus apicalis Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 528 (part).

Co-si, Bohol.

Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Entire forehead and crown red, tinged with orange on occiput where it tapers to a point; back and mantle slightly tinged with yellow; red throat-patch much smaller than in L. philippensis and mindorensis. Length, 152; wing, 88; tail, 45; culmen from cere, 15.

Adult female.--Top of head similar to that of the male; cheeks and upper throat light blue; throat and breast yellowish green. Length, 152; wing, 94; tail, 48; culmen from cere, 13.

"L. worcesteri is scarce about Catbalogan, and as there are no coconut groves near the town, we had great trouble in securing a good series of specimens, being less fortunate in this respect than was the Steere Expedition. Measurements from two males: Wing, 91; tail, 43; culmen, 15; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 18. Iris dark brown; legs and feet orange; bill red; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

258. LORICULUS GALGULUS (Linnæus).

BLUE-CROWNED COLASISI.

Psittacus galgulus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 103. Loriculus galgulus Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 531; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 17; Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 90; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Cagayan Sulu (Mearns). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Banka, Nias.

"Adult male.--Green; a deep blue spot on middle of crown; a golden yellow triangular spot on interscapular region; a bright yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts scarlet-red; a large scarlet-red patch on throat; wings and tail above green; greater under wing-coverts, inner web of quills underneath, and tail below verditer-blue; tail tipped with yellowish green. 'Bill and cere black; iris deep brown; feet buffy brown.' (Davison). Length, about 132; wing, 84; tail, 36; bill, 11; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Green of under parts duller and more yellowish; blue crown-spot duller; orange patch nearly obsolete; no yellow band across lower back; rump and upper tail-coverts duller red, the coverts shorter than in the male; no red patch on throat.

"Young.--Dull green, all the feathers with narrow dusky edges; forehead gray, with a bluish tinge on the sides; no blue spot on crown; no orange patch on interscapulars; rump green, with edges of feathers dull red. 'Bill, cere, legs, and feet dull yellow; bill shaded dusky.' (Davison.)" (Salvadori.)

This species is included in the list of Philippine birds on the evidence of a pair of cage birds obtained by Mearns, in Cagayan Sulu. These were probably brought from Borneo.

259. LORICULUS BONAPARTEI Souancé.

BONAPARTE'S COLASISI.

Loriculus bonapartei Souancé, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. (1856), 222; Salvadori, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 20, 53; Ibis (1891), 48, pl. 3; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 36; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

"Adult male.--Green, under parts a little lighter; head above red, scarlet on the forehead, shading off into a rich orange on the occiput; rump and upper tail-coverts red; a large patch on the throat also red; outer web of the primaries and tail-feathers dark green, the last tipped with lighter green; inner webs of the quills underneath and under surface of the tail-feathers verditer-blue. Bill horny black; feet in the dried skin dusky, nearly black. Length, about 152; wing, 94; tail, 49; bill, 15; tarsus, 11. (Museum Rothschild.)

"Female.--No gular red patch, lores and cheeks blue. (Museum Rothschild.)" (Salvadori.)

"Common in the scattering trees between the town of Sulu and the hills back of it. Found about flowering trees in Tawi Tawi. Bill of adult birds coal black.

"Seven males from Tawi Tawi measure, 148 in length; wing, 90; tail, 49; culmen, 14; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 17. Six females from Sulu measure, length, 144; wing, 93; tail, 50; culmen, 13; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 19. Iris black; legs and feet light to dark brown; nails black; bill black in adults, yellow in immature birds." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order CORACIIFORMES.

FROGMOUTHS, ROLLERS, KINGFISHERS, HORNBILLS, BEEBIRDS, GOATSUCKERS, AND SWIFTS.

Claw of hind toe shorter than that of third toe; two toes united for their basal joint; or, if toes are free, then the feet small and weak and gape deeply cleft. Toes usually three in front, one behind; in some, two in front and one behind; rarely, four in front and in pairs. Bill large and with a horny crest, often bright red in color, when not red the surface more or less sculptured (Bucerotes); or, bill long, straight, tapering, and sharp, usually red or black (Halcyones); or, bill slender and gently curved, tail long (Meropes); or, bill stout, gape wide (Coraciæ and Podargi); or, bill minute and weak, gape wide and deeply cleft (Caprimulgi and Micropodii). This order is an extremely unsatisfactory one as its members have few external characters of ordinal value. The suborders Caprimulgi and Micropodii seem to be particularly out of place.

Suborders.

a1. Bill large and strong, or very broad at base, or long and sharp; culmen greater than tarsus.

b1. Bill very large, crested, or sides plicated, or both; birds of large size. ... Bucerotes (p. 326) b2. Bill long or broad, neither crested not plicated.

c1. Bill long and tapering to a sharp point.

d1. Middle tail-feathers not greatly prolonged; culmen straight or nearly so. ... Halcyones (p. 303) d2. Middle tail-feathers greatly prolonged; culmen gently decurved for its entire length. ... Meropes (p. 339)

c2. Bill short and wide; width at base more than half of culmen.

d1. Nostrils exposed; colors black, blue, and bluish green in large masses. ... Coraciæ (p. 301) d2. Nostrils hidden by stiff feathers; colors white, blackish brown, and rufous-brown in spots and vermiculations. ... Podargi (p. 296)

a2. Bill small and weak, deeply cleft; culmen much less than tarsus (except in Hemiprocne).

b1. Wings when folded not reaching tip of tail; wings mottled and spotted with black and shades of reddish brown. ... Caprimulgi (p. 342) b2. Wings when folded reaching beyond tip of tail; wings blackish or steel-blue, never mottled nor spotted. ... Micropodii (p. 350)

Suborder PODARGI.

Family PODARGIDÆ.

Bill very broad and flat; ten tail-feathers; middle toe-nail not pectinate; plumage mottled.

Genus BATRACHOSTOMUS Gould, 1838.

Bill extremely broad and short; culmen strongly curved; nostrils covered by long hair-like plumes; eyes rather large; a bunch of elongated feathers behind each eye; tarsus short, feet weak; outer and middle toes united for half of their basal joint; tail moderately long, outermost rectrices very short, the next pair considerably shorter than third; plumage lax, in color reddish brown, buff, or gray, with spots of white or creamy fawn, barred and vermiculated with blackish brown. Birds of this genus fly at night feeding upon insects and remain concealed in dense forest during the day. Their capture is extremely uncertain and difficult. The nest is a small pad-like structure saddled on a branch of a tree; the single egg is white.

Species.

a1. A white or buff band across chest; another similar band across lower breast.

b1. Bill larger; culmen from base, 25 mm. or more.

c1. Wing longer, 155 mm. or more. ... septimus (p. 296) c2. Wing shorter, 140 mm. or less. ... menagei (p. 298)

b2. Bill shorter; culmen from base, about 20 mm.; wing, about 130. ... microrhynchus (p. 297)

a2. No light band across under parts; throat and abdomen much mottled with cream-color or light buff.

b1. Wing more than 130 mm. ... javensis (p. 300) b2. Wing less than 125 mm. ... affinis (p. 301)

260. BATRACHOSTOMUS SEPTIMUS Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus septimus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 542; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 2; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 638; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Basilan (Celestino); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--General color rufous-brown; wings and upper parts chestnut-rufous mixed with fine lines of lighter brown and blackish brown, taking the form of obsolete bars on rectrices; a narrow white band across mantle, bordered on each side with blackish brown; outer webs of scapulars whitish, each feather with a black spot near its tip; a wide creamy band across the fore breast, each feather tipped and double barred with narrow lines of blackish brown, the double bars concealed; another light band about 30 mm. posterior to this with blackish tips but without the double bars; crissum buffy; primaries and secondaries blackish, mixed with chestnut-rufous on outer webs; primary-coverts nearly totally black, each of the secondary-coverts with a large white spot at tip, preceded by a smaller black spot; axillars buff. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 160; tail, 121; culmen from base, 29; width of bill at gape, 41; tarsus, 16.

Female.--Similar to the male but colors less rufescent; white collar less sharply defined and the light webs of scapulars washed with rufous. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 150; tail, 114; culmen from base, 27; width of bill at gape, 38; tarsus, 14.

This species is easily distinguished from B. javensis by its larger size and comparatively much shorter tail, and by the sexes being similar in their general coloration.

261. BATRACHOSTOMUS MICRORHYNCHUS Grant.

SMALL-BILLED FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus microrhynchus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1895), 4, 41; Ibis (1895), 463; (1896), 121; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 384; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 50.

Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor).

"Adult male in very dark plumage.--Crown brownish black marked and mottled with buff, nuchal band of the same color; mantle and back very similar to the crown, but with more buff finely intermixed; scapulars mostly clear buff, with mottled black barrings on the inner webs and a black subterminal spot; wing-coverts black mottled with rufous, most of the median and greater with a whitish spot at the extremity of the outer web; sides of head, chin, and throat finely mottled and barred with black and buff, darker on the hinder cheek; bands above and below the chest whitish, edged with black; chest whitish buff, finely mottled with black; belly rather paler and more coarsely marked.

"Adult female.--General color uniform chestnut, with scarcely a trace of any black markings except on the secondary quills; in other respects very similar in plumage to the female of B. septimus. The outer webs of the scapulars rufous-buff, each with a small subterminal black spot; greater and median wing-coverts with a terminal white spot on the outer web, edged internally with black; nuchal and pectoral bands white, edged with black." (Grant.)

Another male specimen was taken by Whitehead near Cape Engaño, northern Luzon. "It is an interesting specimen in the chestnut phase of plumage, the upper parts being like those of the female type described [above], but the outer webs of the scapulars are pale buff, as in the dark-colored male type, though the subterminal black spots are small, as in the female. The feathers of the throat and of the chest between the white bands are paler chestnut than in the female, and have white middles irregularly edged and barred with black; belly, flanks, and under tail-coverts brownish white, with a few faint reddish brown mottlings.

"As will be seen, the length and width of the culmen are slightly greater than in the types. There can not be the slightest doubt that these three differently plumaged birds all belong to one species, though Mr. Whitehead was inclined to believe that the dark and rufous forms represented distinct species." (Grant.)

Grant's measurements of the three specimens described above, reduced to millimeters, are as follows: Male and female from Lepanto: Wing, 127 to 132; tail, 99 to 102; tarsus, 17 to 18; length of culmen, 19; width at gape, 29. Male from Cape Engaño: Wing, 131; tail, 104; tarsus, 18; length of culmen, 22; width of gape, 32.

In a female from Irisan, Benguet Province, the iris was pale yellowish; bill light horn-brown, basal half of cutting edge dull pea-green; inside of mouth brighter pea-green; legs and nails dirty white; edge of eyelids brown. Wing, 132; tail, 104; culmen from base, 20; width of bill at gape, 30; tarsus, 17.

262. BATRACHOSTOMUS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 11; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51. ? Batrachostomus sp. inc. Clarke, Ibis (1900), 355.

Cow-cow, Negros.

Negros (Keay); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Top of head rich dark-brown, slightly washed with black; feathers of forehead buff, tipped with fulvous brown, forming a distinct buff stripe reaching back to the eye; feathers of crown lighter fulvous with spots of rufous-brown on the edges, each spot being surrounded with black; some of the feathers tipped with rufous, and having black subterminal bands; occiput and nape with less black; elongated auriculars tawny-buff, with black spots and bars, the tips being black; sides of face tawny-buff streaked with black, lighter below; a distinct buffy white nuchal collar formed by white subterminal bars on feathers of neck, the bases of which are dark buff thickly vermiculated with black; their tips are black, and a black band intervenes between the white subterminal band and the buffy bases of the feathers; feathers of back dark brown, thickly vermiculated with black; feathers of rump fulvous-brown, spotted with black and reddish brown toward their tips, these colors assuming the form of irregular bands on upper tail-coverts; a few of the shorter scapulars almost black with irregular bars of dark rufous-brown; outer webs of longer scapulars light buff, the two outermost feathers entirely of this color; the next scapulars have inner webs thickly vermiculated with black; inner and longest scapulars have both webs marked in this manner, their inner webs being the darker; last of the longer scapulars with an irregular terminal spot of black; lesser wing-coverts nearly black, tipped with chocolate-brown; bases of primary-coverts fulvous brown, their outer webs heavily spotted with rufous-brown, inner webs less so, and a subterminal bar of black crossing entire outer web and half of inner web, all the feathers tipped with prominent spots of creamy white; secondary-coverts like primary-coverts but the black bar and white spot confined to outer web; primaries fulvous-brown when held toward light, changing to smoky brown when held away from light; outer webs spotted with buffy white throughout their entire length, the spots being much lighter on the second and third primaries; tips of feathers mottled with rufous-brown; general color of secondaries same as primaries, their outer webs and tips being spotted with rufous-brown and these spots in turn being speckled with fulvous-brown; inner three secondaries speckled with fulvous-brown, rufous-brown, and creamy white, each feather with a terminal spot of fulvous; general color of tail rufous-brown, distinctly barred with lighter rufous-brown, each of these bars succeeded by a narrow irregular bar of black, the entire feather thickly speckled with black and each feather having a small black terminal spot; throat and fore breast like sides of face; a buffy white pectoral band continuous with nuchal collar and succeeded by a second creamy white band, the feathers between the two bands being brown, thickly vermiculated with black and creamy white; abdomen lighter; flanks and under tail-coverts ashy, slightly tinged with pinkish, some of the feathers with dark black shaft-stripes, others with small terminal spots of black; under surface of tail much like coverts, the black markings of upper surface showing only faintly; shafts of tail-feathers creamy white; under wing-coverts fulvous-brown, tipped with white; axillars white. Eyes pale yellow; legs, feet, and nails nearly white; upper mandible brown, lower dirty green. Culmen, 27; wing, 139; tail, 105; tarsus, 15.

"Food, beetles. Native name 'cow-cow.' The single specimen obtained is a fully adult male; its rich and complicated markings are very difficult to describe. We have named it in honor of Mr. Menage." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Female.--"Head and hind neck a fine mixture of black and fulvous, the feathers terminally barred with broader bands of these tints, producing a spotted appearance; an indistinct buff band from the forehead over the eye; elongated auriculars fulvous, banded and tipped with black; nuchal collar banded with buff, fulvous, and black; mantle and lower back reddish brown, closely vermiculated with black and darker than the head; upper tail-coverts similar, but more coarsely vermiculated; scapulars plain cinnamon on the outer webs, vermiculated with black on the inner webs, each feather with a subapical spot of black; wing-coverts like the back; some of the feathers with conspicuous apical spots of white; primary-coverts chiefly black; primaries cinnamon, barred with dusky on the outer webs, dusky on the inner webs; secondaries cinnamon, irregularly barred and mottled with black on the outer webs, dusky in the center and on the inner webs; tertials cinnamon, vermiculated with black; tail cinnamon-rufous, with transverse bands of a dark tint, which are narrowly margined with black; chin, throat, and breast tawny, finely banded with black, the concealed portions of the feathers of the upper breast being white, subterminally and mesially banded with black; feathers of the lower breast and abdomen chiefly whitish, margined with tawny slightly vermiculated with dusky; thighs and under tail-coverts buff. Wing, 140; tail, 106; tarsus, 18; culmen, 25." (Clarke.)

There can be little doubt that the specimen described above is really the female of B. menagei. Birds of this genus are so complex in colors and so scarce in collections that it is very difficult to arrive at a satisfactory understanding of their plumages and relationships.

263. BATRACHOSTOMUS JAVENSIS (Horsfield).

JAVAN FROGMOUTH.

Podargus javensis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 141. Batrachostomus javensis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 640; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.

Palawan (Whitehead, Everett, Steere Exp.). Borneo, Java, and Sumatra.

"Rufous phase.--Deep reddish brown, with numerous fine black vermiculations; an indistinct white band across the neck, and large white spots on the scapulars; under surface deep reddish brown below, with a broad pure white band across the upper breast, the feathers of this part being white with dark terminal cross-bars, one distinct and one generally obsolete, the bases being dark. Many feathers of the breast have very large central spots of white, margined with a black line; abdomen mingled with blackish, brownish, and a good deal of isabelline.

"Brown phase.--Above dark brown, with many pale bars and vermiculations; a broad distinct band of whitish across the hind neck and much white on the scapulars; a good deal of creamy white on the lower surface.

"Blackish phase.--Several specimens from Borneo are black or blackish in color, the vermiculations white or whitish.

"The reddish specimens are probably females, the brown and the black ones being probably males in different phases or perhaps representing different ages.

"The size of all is about the same, the total length being about 229 to 254; wing, 135; tail, 132; tarsus, 14; culmen, 20; width of gape, 33 to 35.

"The specimens described above are all from Borneo. Two females in the British Museum from Sumatra, in reddish plumage, are lighter than those from Borneo, being rather of a cinnamon-rufous color. The patches on the lower throat are cream-colored, with a cinnamon-rufous border and a blackish subterminal bar, but without any further blackish bars.

"These differences, however, seem to me not constant after comparing the material in the Leyden Museum; nevertheless, I have not yet heard of any blackish specimens from Sumatra, and it must therefore be left open to question at present whether it is possible to separate the Sumatran and Bornean specimens specifically or subspecifically." (Hartert.)

264. BATRACHOSTOMUS AFFINIS Blyth.

ALLIED FROGMOUTH.

Batrachostomus affinis Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1847), 1180; Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 426, pl. 45; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 643; Everett, Ibis (1895), 38; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 43; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.

Palawan (Everett, White). Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Borneo, Sumatra.

Adult.--In plumage somewhat similar to B. javensis, but of smaller size. Hartert gives the measurements of the male as follows: "Length, about 216; wing, 114; tarsus, 13; width of gape, 25 to 30; culmen, 18 to 20."

Female.--A specimen recently collected in Palawan by White resembles the brown phase of B. javensis as described under that species. The specimen was taken near Iwahig on July 10, 1908, with its nest and two small nestlings. The adult bird measures: Wing, 115; tail, 113; culmen from base, 20; width of gape, 33; tarsus, 15.

Suborder CORACIÆ.

Family CORACIIDÆ.

Bill broad and slightly depressed; twelve tail-feathers; pectination of middle claw not comb-like; plumage not mottled, colors gaudy.

Subfamily CORACIINÆ.

Genus EURYSTOMUS Vieillot, 1816.

Bill short and broad; width of gape about equal to culmen; no rictal bristles and the bristles about bill very short; tail square.

265. EURYSTOMUS ORIENTALIS (Linnæus).

BROAD-BILLED ROLLER.

Coracias orientalis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 159. Eurystomus orientalis Hume, Oates ed., N. & E. Ind. Birds (1890), 3, 57; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 33, pl. 2, fig. 1; Hand-List (1900), 2, 47; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 107, fig. 30 (head); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.

Lo-ro in'-chic, Manila; lan-gac, Cagayancillo; ta-ga-tac, Calayan; Sa-lac-sá-can, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Cuyo (Meyer); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Everett, Whitehead); Libagao (Porter); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino), Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor). Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces, Cachar, Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Andamans, and Nicobars.

Adult.--Forehead, crown, and sides of face black becoming dark brown on occiput, neck, ear-coverts, and sides of neck; back, rump, tail-coverts, scapulars, inner secondaries, and secondary-coverts brown, washed with dull oily green; chin black with a small white spot in the center; throat deep purplish blue with bright blue mesial streaks; remainder of under parts greenish blue, becoming more intense on crissum; primaries, outer secondaries, and rectrices glossy black, marked more or less on both webs with deep purplish blue; a wide band of light blue across middle of primaries; alula and primary-coverts black, edged with deep purplish blue. Bill and legs bright red; nails and tip of bill black. Length of a male, 280; wing, 180; tail, 96; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 17. Length of a female, 266; wing, 190; tail, 104; culmen from base, 34; middle toe with claw, 29.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in being duller in color and in having a black bill, and in wanting the bright blue patch on the throat, which is greenish, a little duller than the abdomen." (Sharpe.)

"Sixteen specimens measure as follows: Length, 352; wing, 181; tail, 109; culmen, 24; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 26. Usually seen perching on some dead limb from which it flies in pursuit of insects, soon returning to its perch. Often seen flying about actively just after dark, like a night hawk." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

This roller is easily identified by its gaudy plumage, bright red bill, and peculiar jerky flight; there is no other Philippine species resembling it.

Suborder HALCYONES.

Family ALCEDINIDÆ.

Bill long, strong, and pointed, never hooked; culmen rounded or slightly flattened, straight or nearly so; nostrils small, reached by frontal feathers; wings and tail moderate, the latter slightly rounded; tarsus short; feet weak; front toes more or less united. The two subfamilies will not be considered here as their differences are very slight.

Genera.

a1. Tail longer than culmen.

b1. Bill compressed; culmen flattened; a groove on each side from nostril parallel to culmen; length of bird, 350 mm. or more. ... Pelargopsis (p. 303) b2. Bill little if at all compressed; culmen rounded; groove parallel to culmen shallow or absent; length of bird, 300 mm. or less. ... Halcyon (p. 318)

a2. Tail shorter than culmen.

b1. Toes four. ... Alcedo (p. 305) b2. Toes three; forest inhabiting.

c1. Bill more slender and more compressed; the species usually found near streams. ... Alcyone (p. 308) c2. Bill stouter and less compressed; the species usually found away from water in forest or in thickets. ... Ceyx (p. 311)

Genus PELARGOPSIS Gloger, 1842.

Large, length 300 mm. or more; bill bright red, very large and strong; culmen flattened and perfectly straight; a well-marked groove on each side of bill from nostril to near tip of bill, back and rump pale blue, lower parts buff, tail much longer than bill.

Species.

a1. Back and wings deep ultramarine blue; lower back rich cobalt. ... javana (p. 303) a2. Back and wings bluish green; lower back greenish cobalt.

b1. Head, neck, and under parts rich deep ocherous. ... gouldi (p. 304) b2. Head whitish; hind neck and under parts pale ocherous-buff. ... gigantea (p. 305)

266. PELARGOPSIS JAVANA (Boddaert).

BORNEAN STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo javana Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 47. Pelargopsis leucocephala Steere, List Bds. & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 9; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 98; Hand-List (1900), 2, 48; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 51.

Mindoro (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Whitehead, Steere Exp.). Borneo.

"Adult male.--Head and back of neck deep ochraceous, the latter rather deeper in color; upper part of the back, scapulars, and lesser wing-coverts rich blue; the median and greater coverts and the outer aspect of the primaries rich ultramarine, inner secondaries entirely of this color; tail ultramarine above, black beneath; under surface of body deep rich ochraceous, a little lighter on throat and sides of face. 'Bill and feet coral-red; iris chocolate.' (Everett.) Length, 330; culmen, 76; wing, 147; tail, 84; tarsus, 11." (Sharpe.)

"Included in this list chiefly on the authority of Dr. Sharpe, who identifies a bird collected by Dr. Steere as P. leucocephala (=javana). Mr. Whitehead speaks of 'two specimens' secured by himself, and refers to the fact that the bird was discovered by Dr. Steere in the Island. It is our opinion that the Mindoro bird is P. gouldi, and we doubt the correctness of Dr. Steere's identification of the bird collected by the Steere Expedition in Palawan. It might well happen that an occasional specimen of P. javana should find its way into Palawan, but there is little doubt that P. gouldi is the common species there." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

267. PELARGOPSIS GOULDI Sharpe.

GOULD'S STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Pelargopsis gouldi Sharpe, Ibis (1870), 63; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 100; Hand-List (1900), 2, 49; Grant, Ibis (1896), 470; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 12, pl. 9 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., White).

"Adult (type of species).--Entire head and neck, as well as the whole of the under surface of the body, rich ochraceous; upper part of back, scapulars, wing-coverts, upper tail-coverts, and tail bluish green; quills and tail-feathers rather more blue; entire back and rump silvery cobalt. Length, 330; culmen, 81; wing, 152; tail, 89; tarsus, 13." (Sharpe.)

Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright scarlet; nails dark brown; eyelids scarlet. A male from Mindoro is 343 in length; wing, 143; tail, 89; culmen, 85; tarsus, 15.

Individuals of this species are often found near the seashore where they feed on small crabs; at other times they are fairly common in mangrove swamps. A nest found in Mindoro on April 18, 1905, was excavated in a deserted termites' nest which was fastened to a tree at about 9 meters from the ground. The three incubated eggs were glossy white and measured 37.8 by 27.6; 39.8 by 28.9 and 39.6 by 28.9.

"In Volume XVII of the Catalogue of Birds, P. gouldi is recorded from Panay, the specimen having been collected by the Challenger expedition. This specimen seems to have been identified with some doubt as P. gigantea by Lord Walden, Proceedings of the Zoological Society (1877), 536. It would seem altogether probable that this identification was correct, as P. gigantea has since been repeatedly found in the central Philippines." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

268. PELARGOPSIS GIGANTEA Walden.

PHILIPPINE STORK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Pelargopsis gigantea Walden, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1874), (4), 13, 123; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 100; Hand-List (1900), 2, 49; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Ba-rí-ta, Ticao.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lapac (Guillemard); Leyte (Everett); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Celestino); Malanipa (Murray); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Murray, Bourns & Worcester); Salok (Meyer); Samal (Goodfellow); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Burbidge, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult male.--Back, rump, wings, and tail as in P. gouldi, but head, neck, and entire under parts very much lighter in color, being pale ochraceous-buff. Wing, 155; tail, 92; culmen from base, 82; bill from nostril, 69.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. Bill bright scarlet, blackish at tip; iris brown; eyelids and legs scarlet; nails dark horn-brown. A specimen from Ticao measures: Length, 370; wing, 159; tail, 93; culmen, 88; tarsus, 18.

Immature.--Differs from the adult in having buff of lower parts darker and the breast-feathers narrowly edged with dark brown forming crescentic marks. The bill and legs are much duller than those of the adult.

"Abundant along the seashore and the banks of large fresh-water streams in the islands indicated. P. gigantea is a very tough bird, and will carry off a pretty good-sized load of shot. Ten specimens measure 379 in length; wing, 153; tail, 93; culmen, 83; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 35. Iris dark brown; feet red to dark red; bill dirty red to dark red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ALCEDO Linnæus, 1758.

Small, length less than 200 mm.; bill long; culmen slightly curved and rounded, not flattened, a slight groove on each side; tail shorter than bill; toes four.

Species.

a1. Wings dirty green; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts greenish cobalt; head and wing-coverts spotted with greenish blue. ... bengalensis (p. 306) a2. Wings black; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts cobalt-blue; head and wing-coverts spotted with purplish blue. ... meninting (p. 307)

269. ALCEDO BENGALENSIS Gmelin.

ASIATIC KINGFISHER.

Alcedo bengalensis Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 450; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52. Alcedo ispida Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 141 (part); Hand-List (1900), 2, 50 (part); Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 122, fig. 35 (head); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 33 (part).

Su-sul'-bot, Manila; ma-min-dí-ta, Calayan; sa-cal', Lubang.

Balabac (Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor), Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Lempriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Verde (McGregor). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Moluccas and Greater Sunda Islands, China, Hainan.

Adult male.--Upper parts, including wings, dark greenish blue; back, rump, and tail-coverts light cobalt-blue; feathers of head banded with cobalt; median wing-coverts tipped with cobalt; lores and a band to ear-coverts deep ferruginous, followed by a white patch on side of neck; a wide band from lower mandible to below white patch, greenish blue, spotted with cobalt; lower parts deep ferruginous or orange-rufous but chin and throat buffy white; under wing-coverts and axillars similar to breast but slightly paler. Bill black, dusky red along base; feet bright red; nails dark brown; iris dark brown. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 168; wing, 71; tail, 32; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 9.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. A specimen from Mindoro measures: Length, 170; wing, 75; tail, 34; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 9.

Young.--Similar to the adult but duller; lower parts with little or no ferruginous; throat and chin white; breast and abdomen ashy or dusky brown.

"Probably occurs abundantly on every island of the group. Found along the seashore, in mangrove swamps, and along banks of fresh-water streams in the open. Much less commonly met with along streams in the forest." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

270. ALCEDO MENINTING Horsfield.

MALAYAN KINGFISHER.

Alcedo meninting Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 172; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 157; Hand-List (1900), 2, 51; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 33; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Balabac (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Sulu (Guillemard); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett). Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Java, Borneo.

"Adult male (type of species).--Above rich purplish blue; the entire back brilliant cobalt, changing to deeper blue on the lower rump and upper tail-coverts; wing-coverts black, washed with purplish blue, with a small spot of brighter blue near the end of each feather; quills black, secondaries externally purplish blue like the scapulars; tail black, washed with purplish blue; crown black, barred with purplish blue rather brighter than the shade of the back; hind neck beautiful purplish blue, with the black cross-bars more or less obsolete; lores blackish, with a rufous supra-loral streak; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks purplish blue like the crown, the feathers mottled with black bases; behind the ear-coverts a broad band of white, tinged with ocherous-buff; throat white with a rufous wash; rest of under surface of body from the lower throat downwards chestnut-rufous, with a patch of purplish blue, lilac-tinged feathers on each side of the upper breast; under wing-coverts chestnut-rufous, a little paler than the breast. 'Bill blackish brown; feet coral-red; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 135; culmen, 42; wing, 65; tail, 27; tarsus, 9.

"Adult female.--Exactly resembles the male in color, and has even the cheeks blue like the male. It appears, however, always to have the bill more, or less red, and generally the greater part of the lower mandible is rufous. Length, 140; culmen, 42; wing, 66; tail, 27; tarsus, 6." (Sharpe.)

"Found chiefly along banks of fresh-water streams in forest. More rare in mangrove swamps and never seen by us along the seashore. Iris dark brown; legs and feet deep scarlet; bill black, reddish at base of lower mandible. In a single case the bill was deep scarlet except base and culmen black. Seven birds average as follows: Length, 155; wing, 64; tail, 28; culmen, 37; tarsus, 8." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ALCYONE Swainson, 1837.

The Philippine species here placed in Alcyone are scarcely separable generically from those of the next following genus. They feed along small forest streams wherein they differ from the members of the genus Ceyx which are always found away from water in forest or in thickets.

Species.

a1. Back and upper tail-coverts cobalt-blue; head spotted with cobalt-blue; chin and throat orange-buff.

b1. Lower mandible dark red; spots on crown smaller. ... cyanopectus (p. 308) b2. Lower mandible black; spots on crown larger. ... nigrirostris (p. 311)

a2. Back and upper tail-coverts black, more or less spotted with white; chin and throat white.

b1. Breast and sides dark greenish blue. ... argentata (p. 309) b2. Breast and sides purplish blue. ... flumenicola (p. 310)

271. ALCYONE CYANOPECTUS (Lafresnaye).

BLUE-BREASTED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx cyanopectus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool. (1840), 33; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 13, pl. 10. Ceyx cyanipectus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 185; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Ibis (1895), 404; Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 48. Ceyx steerii Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187. Alcyone cyanipectus Grant, Ibis (1895), 112, 464; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 385. Alcyone cyanopectus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Sal-pac', Ticao and Masbate.

Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Möllendorff, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Lores orange-chestnut; sides of face, crown, and occiput deep blue, the feathers tipped with silvery cobalt; back, rump, and tail-coverts silvery cobalt; scapulars black, widely edged with dark blue; wings black, secondaries edged with dark blue; secondary-coverts dark blue, each feather with a spot of silvery cobalt; a large spot of orange-chestnut on side of neck; throat orange-chestnut, much paler on chin; middle of abdomen and a large spot on center of breast orange-chestnut; rest of under parts deep ultramarine-blue and forming two bands across the breast; axillars and wing-lining orange-chestnut; tail dark blue. A male from Mindoro measures: Length, 145; wing, 60; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35.

Female.--Similar to the male, but all the lower parts deep orange-chestnut except the pale throat and a single dark blue band across the breast. A female from Mindoro measures: Length, 152; wing, 61; tail, 23; exposed culmen, 35.

"We found A. cyanopectus abundantly in Masbate. In Sibuyan it was much more rare. It is to be found along the banks of small fresh-water streams, which it is extremely loath to leave. In Sibuyan one specimen was seen in a mangrove swamp. We never met with it away from water. Legs, feet, and nails scarlet; upper mandible black, lower red; food (in one case) fish.

"Eight males average, 138 in length; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17. Seven females average, 142 in length; wing, 60; tail, 22; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 39." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

272. ALCYONE ARGENTATA (Tweeddale).

SILVERY KINGFISHER.

Ceyx argentata Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, (4), 533; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), pl. 6, 108; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53. Alcyone argentata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 52.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Adult.--Sexes similar; upper parts, wings, and sides of head black; bases of loral feathers white; sides of crown from above eyes to nape with small white spots; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, resulting from the wide tips to the feathers; white tip of each feather preceded by a light blue bar which is more or less concealed; a large white patch on each side of neck; chin, throat, and fore breast pure white, forming a well-defined patch; thighs and middle of abdomen white; remainder of under parts black, the breast and sides of abdomen strongly washed with blue; greater secondary-coverts with white tips; edge of wing and most of wing-lining white; axillars black. "Eyes black, feet red; nails and bill black." (Celestino.) A male from northern Mindanao is 152 in length; wing, 64; tail, 27; culmen from base, 41; tarsus, 10. A female from the same region is 150 in length; wing, 60; tail, 22; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 10.

In some specimens the white patch behind ear-coverts is washed with buff and some of the median secondary-coverts are tipped with pale blue. These characters are probably due to immaturity.

"We obtained four specimens in Mindanao and one in Basilan; it is extremely rare in the latter island, at least in the portion over which we collected. Like A. cyanopectus and A. nigrirostris it is invariably found along the banks of wooded streams."

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet scarlet, much darker in some specimens than in others; nails red to black. Three males from Mindanao measure, 145 in length; wing, 59; tail, 21; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 15. A female from Basilan measures, 143 in length; wing, 61; tail, 28; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

273. ALCYONE FLUMENICOLA (Steere).

STEERE'S RIVER KINGFISHER.

Ceyx flumenicola Steere, List. Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 10. Ceyx fluminicola Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 187; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53. Alcyone fluminicola McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Similar to C. argentata, but differing in having the breast and sides of body black, washed with ultramarine or purplish blue. 'Bill black; legs and feet scarlet, the nails brown; iris brown.' (Worcester.) Length, 127; culmen, 37; wing, 61; tail, 23; tarsus, 10.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male in color. Length, 140; culmen, 37; wing, 58; tail, 22; tarsus, 9.

"The specimen from Leyte is more ultramarine on the breast than those from Samar, which incline to purplish blue; but Steere unites the birds from the two islands, and thus the Leyte specimen in the Museum may be immature, especially as it has the throat and abdomen tinged with buff. This last character Steere considers to be specific, but I feel sure that it is a sign of immaturity." (Sharpe.)

"We had scant faith in Steere's C. flumenicola before our return to the Philippines. But one specimen of C. argentata was collected by the Steere Expedition, and that was so shot to pieces that the differences between it and C. flumenicola were not in evidence to any great extent. The examination of a good series of specimens from Mindanao and Basilan has, however, convinced us that the Samar-Leyte birds are quite distinct.

"The blue of the under parts affords the best means of distinguishing the species, being much darker in the northern birds. The under wing-coverts in the southern birds are white; in the northern birds they are almost invariably light buff. All of our specimens from the south have pure white throats, while the northern birds usually have the white of the throat washed with buff. This last character is not of a very satisfactory nature, however, as the northern birds show a great deal of individual variation in this respect. This variation is independent of the sex; nor does it seem to be, as Dr. Sharpe thinks, a sign of immaturity, young birds in some cases having very little of the color. C. flumenicola is always found along the wooded banks of streams where it perches over the water.

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet bright scarlet; nails usually blackish; bill black. Food, in one case, small crabs. Eight males measure, 136 in length; wing, 56; tail, 23; culmen, 36; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 20. Five females measure, 139 in length; wing, 57; tail, 23; culmen, 34; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

274. ALCYONE NIGRIROSTRIS (Bourns and Worcester).

BLACK-BILLED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx nigrirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 13; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 54. Alcyone nigrirostris Mcgregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay (Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Back and upper tail-coverts bright cobalt-blue, slightly lighter than in C. cyanipectus; crown and nape blue-black, thickly spotted with bright cobalt, the spots being much wider and slightly lighter than in C. cyanipectus; spots much larger on hind neck, causing it to appear nearly uniform cobalt; scapulars black, heavily washed with dark verditer-blue; wing-coverts washed with verditer-blue, each feather with a bright spot or stripe of cobalt-blue; wing black, the outer webs of secondaries heavily washed with light verditer-blue; tail black, the central pair of feathers washed with verditer-blue on both webs, the others on outer webs only; loral spot reddish buff; a spot of same color on sides of neck; chin and throat white, washed with buff; fore neck, breast, and abdomen uniform buff; flanks, sides of breast, and a complete band across the breast dark verditer-blue; a half band of same color behind this; under tail-coverts buff, the larger ones tipped with verditer-blue; under wing-coverts like the breast, with a spot of verditer-blue at end; basal portion of inner webs of primaries and secondaries washed with pale buff; bill black. Average measurements from ten males: Culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; wing, 56; tail, 22. Length of a single male measured in the flesh, 165.

"Female like male, but has only a half band of verditer-blue across the breast, this being more imperfect than in C. cyanipectus. Average measurements from three females: Culmen, 37; tarsus, 8; wing, 59; tail, 24. Length of single female measured in the flesh, 143.

"A well-marked species easily distinguished from C. cyanipectus, its nearest ally, by the heavy markings on crown and nape, by its black bill and by the entirely different color of its under surface. Like the former species, it is strictly confined to the banks of fresh-water streams and it is usually found in the woods." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Genus CEYX Lacépède, 1799.

Bill intermediate in form between Alcedo and Halcyon, less compressed than in the former, not grooved; culmen straight and slightly flattened; only three toes, the inner or second toe wanting; tail very short and rounded; plumage very bright, red often predominating. (Blanford.)

Species.

a1. Lower parts lilac and rufous.

b1. Smaller; wing and tail shorter.

c1. A bright blue spot behind ear-coverts. ... melanura (p. 312) c2. No bright blue spot behind ear-coverts. ... mindanensis (p. 312)

b2. Larger; wing and tail longer. ... samarensis (p. 313)

a2. Lower parts yellow, or yellow washed with rufous.

b1. Above rufous, or black and rufous, washed with more or less lilac. ... euerythra (p. 314) b2. Above silvery cobalt to deep ultramarine-blue but with no rufous. ... bournsi (p. 316); goodfellowi (p. 318)

275. CEYX MELANURA Kaup.

KAUP'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx melanura Kaup, Fauna Eisv. (1848), 15; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 180 (part); Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 46; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Luzon (Heriot, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Adult.--Above lilac-rufous, washed with lilac; edge of wing rufous; scapulars rufous like the back, with a broad band of black on each side of mantle; wing-coverts black, spotted minutely with bright blue; alula, primary-coverts, and quills black; tail-feathers rufous like the back, the lateral ones blackish; crown lilac-rufous, with faint but distinct spots of brighter lilac; lores pale orange; eyelid and a mark in front of eye blackish; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks lilac-rufous, succeeded by a band of white on the sides of the neck, above which is a spot of bright blue; throat white; fore neck, breast, sides of body, and flanks bright lilac-rufous; abdomen white; thighs and under tail-coverts rufous, as well as the under wing-coverts and axillars and the inner edge of the quills. Length, 127; culmen, 30; wing, 53; tail, 18; tarsus, 9.

"Young.--Exactly similar to the adults, but with a shorter and paler bill, the latter being horny whitish." (Sharpe.)

276. CEYX MINDANENSIS Steere.

MINDANAO KINGFISHER.

Ceyx mindanensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 181 (foot note); Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 47; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53. Ceyx basilanica Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 10. Ceyx platenæ Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (1890), 141.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow).

"Above rufous; head, cheeks, and back thickly spotted with bright lilac; wings black, secondaries edged with rufous; coverts black, broadly tipped with rufous, these rufous tips carrying faint lilac spots; breast rufous washed with bright lilac." (Steere.)

"With a very large series of specimens from Mindanao and Basilan at our disposal we are unable to detect the slightest difference between the birds from the two islands and we therefore unite them under the name C. mindanensis, as the Mindanao birds were obtained and described first. Frequents forest or low second growth away from water." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Since Steere has attempted to separate the Mindanao and Basilan birds, we give measurements from all our specimens:

"Eight males from Basilan measure, 134 in length; wing, 58; tail, 21; culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16.

"Eighteen females from the same place measure, 135 in length; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 14.

"Four males from Mindanao measure, length, 135; wing, 58; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 15.

"Two females from same island measure, 143 in length; wing, 59; tail, 23; culmen, 39; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 16.

"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails scarlet to orange-red. Usually keeps near ground. Occasionally alights 5 to 10 meters above ground. Food, insects and their larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

277. CEYX SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR KINGFISHER.

Ceyx samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 10; Grant, Ibis (1897), 243; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53. Ceyx melanura Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 180 (part).

Leyte (Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Upper surface deep rufous; interscapulars forming two broad black bands; wings black, coverts black and spotted with cobalt; sides of the head rich lilac; breast and upper abdomen lilac, fainter behind. Length, 147; tail, 30; bill, 30; wing, 66; middle toe with claw, 15. Differs from true C. melanura of Luzon in its larger size, in coloring of cheeks and breast, and in amount of coloring on the lower surface." (Steere.)

"We obtained a fine series of specimens in Samar which agree in every detail with the description of C. melanura. The specimens secured by us were found among the hills in deep forest and invariably away from water." (Bourns and Worcester.)

278. CEYX EUERYTHRA Sharpe.

RED-BACKED KINGFISHER.

Ceyx euerythra Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 179; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 45; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53.

Balabac (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, Schmacker, McGregor); Palawan (Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult.--Above red, washed with lilac, heaviest on head and rump; below deep yellow, strongest across the breast; chin and upper throat white, washed with yellow; wing-coverts like the back; primaries and secondaries black; first primary and the secondaries edged with rufous; wing-lining yellow. "Iris dark brown; bill and feet red." (Celestino.) Male, length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 23; culmen from base, 40. Female, length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 24; culmen from base, 40.

"We have fourteen specimens from Tawi Tawi, Palawan, and the Calamianes Islands and they show some interesting plumage changes which were for some time a puzzle to us.

"An adult pair in high plumage from the Calamianes have entire upper surface of body red, washed with lilac, most heavily on head and rump. Wing-coverts and scapulars like back. Secondaries rufous with broad black shaft-stripes. Primaries black, the first rufous for entire length of outer web and most of the others showing a small amount of rufous at their tips. Under surface of primaries washed with rufous on inner webs. Chin and throat white faintly tinged with lemon-yellow. Remainder of under surface deep golden-yellow, darkest on sides of breast and flanks. A yellowish white patch behind ear. Under tail-coverts golden yellow, tipped with rufous. Tail uniform bright rufous above and below. Under wing-coverts and axillars golden yellow. Bend of wing rufous.

"This plumage we take to be typical for fully adult birds in fine feather. Two females from Palawan agree with this description except that in one the secondaries show rufous only on under surface of inner webs, and that the primaries show no rufous except on basal half of outer web of first. The under wing-coverts, axillars, and bend of wing are light rufous instead of yellow.

"Sharpe, Ibis (1894), 246, reports an adult male of this species from Bongao and a female from Tawi Tawi. We note certain differences shown by our Tawi Tawi specimens, of which we have twelve. Of these four agree with the Calamianes birds except that the scapulars show more or less black at their bases and that the secondaries show more of black. Among the remaining specimens, however, there are some curious variations.

"First it is to be noted that in three fully adult birds beginning to molt the under surface is pale dirty yellowish, the throat white.

"In two of the birds a few scattered yellow feathers are appearing in the white of the throat. This then is the worn-out plumage of old birds.

"A male with rich yellow under surface and white throat has some of the scapulars entirely black, tipped with blue, the remainder being tipped with lilac. Some of the wing-coverts are black, tipped with blue. No rufous on primaries except on outer web of first.

"Another bird has chin and throat pure white, the breast mottled with golden yellow and light cinnamon-rufous. Feathers of abdomen nearly white, tips washed with rufous. Under wing-coverts and axillars cinnamon-rufous. A little more black in the scapulars than the preceding. Tail with broad black shaft-stripes on apical half of under surface of feathers.

"Another specimen has chin and throat pure white. Sides of face, breast, flanks, under wing-coverts, and axillars cinnamon-rufous, deepest on the breast. Abdomen nearly white. A few golden-yellow feathers appearing on breast, flanks, and abdomen. Scapulars, except a few of the smallest, black quite broadly tipped with blue; tail with tips of all its feathers black.

"Finally, a single specimen has under surface as in preceding except that yellow feathers have not begun to appear. Scapulars and inner third of inner secondaries black, the former tipped with blue, the latter with rufous washed with lilac. Tail with apical two-thirds of feathers black washed with rufous on edges of webs. The bill of this last bird shows signs of immaturity, being blackish toward the tip instead of clear scarlet.

"We were at first greatly puzzled by these birds, as the black scapulars with their blue tips form a striking marking and with a single exception the bills of our specimens showed no sign of immaturity. After carefully examining the whole series, however, we are convinced that the cinnamon-rufous under surface, tail-feathers tipped with black, and black scapulars tipped with blue are themselves signs of immaturity, the black gradually disappearing with age, and yellow feathers appearing on the outer surface until the plumage first described by us is reached. This finally becomes worn and soiled giving the dirty yellowish under plumage already noted. Our Tawi Tawi birds were shot late in October and early in November, Palawan birds in December, and Calamianes birds in January and February." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Usually found along the banks of fresh-water streams in the forest, not, however, strictly confined to banks of streams, but sometimes met with in the woods away from water.

"Iris very dark brown; bill, legs, and feet scarlet. Food shrimps and insects, in one case small lizard and crabs. Eighteen specimens average as follows: Length, 140; wing, 58; tail, 24; culmen, 37; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

279. CEYX BOURNSI Steere.

BOURNS'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx bournsi Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (July, 1890), 10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 185; Hand-List (1900), 2, 53; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 47; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 53. Ceyx malamaui Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 10; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 184. Ceyx suluensis Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (August, 1890), 141. Ceyx margarethæ Blasius, Jour. für Orn. (August, 1890), 141.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Adult (sexes similar).--Above, sides of head and neck, and wings ultramarine to silvery cobalt-blue; having a more or less spotted appearance on head; lores and under parts orange-rufous, but chin, throat, and middle of abdomen white or with a pale yellow wash; alula, primaries, and primary-coverts black; edge of wing and outer web of first alula-quill and of first primary rufous; tail blue, darker than back and coverts. In a male from Banton the wing is 68; tail, 26; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 10.

"Young.--Similar to the adult, but less brilliant and with a duller red bill; the head, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, with blue ends to the feathers; the blue of the back lighter than in the adult, and inclining to cobalt on the lower back; loral spot as large as in the adult." (Sharpe.)

This species exists under a number of plumages some of which have been described as separate species. Bourns and Worcester have collected a great number of specimens which show that these variations can not be specific. In part they say:

"We find that we must either multiply the number of small blue woods Ceyces from the Philippines indefinitely or reduce the above-mentioned species [C. bournsi, malamaui, suluensis, and margarethæ] to one. It would be an almost endless task to describe the different phases of plumage shown and we will only say that we have a practically unbroken series between a bird with a magnificent deep blue upper surface and a bird with a fine silvery white upper surface which has not a blue feather on it. In the latter specimens the white occupies exactly the position of the blue in the specimens first mentioned.

"Our series shows that these extraordinary differences of color are independent of sex, age, or locality, some young birds are very light, others very dark. In one case where parent and offspring were killed at one discharge of the gun they exhibited marked differences in color.

"The amount of blue or white is, however, dependent on age to some extent, the young birds always showing much more black on the upper surface than do adults. In the young the bill is at first black tipped with pale horn and the legs and feet are pale flesh-color.

"Ceyx bournsi is a strictly woods form and its shy habits doubtless explain its having been so generally missed by collectors." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Found in precisely the same locality as C. mindanensis and in company with it in the Islands of Mindanao and Basilan. Food the same as that of C. mindanensis.

"When one has learned its note and habits it may be secured without great trouble. It always gives a shrill 'cheep' just before taking wing, and repeats the same note at frequent intervals during flight. It flies with great rapidity, but usually for a short distance, when it alights on some branch, stump, or stone, where it sits perfectly still. It is a bird of extremely local habits, and displays great reluctance to leave the thicket to which it is accustomed. If pursued it usually flies in a circle, soon returning to the place from which it started, continuing to follow about the same course until the hunter either shoots it or gives up the attempt. When its route has been once learned, two men can easily bring it down, one driving it while the other waits near one of its favorite resting places. In this way we secured a considerable number of our specimens. We believe that this species never 'fishes' in the streams.

"Iris dark brown; bill, legs, feet, and nails scarlet in adults, growing paler in immature birds. Very young birds have the bill black, with a whitish horn tip. Food, insects, larvæ and worms.

"Six males from Tawi Tawi measure as follows: Length, 140; wing, 64; tail, 25; culmen, 38; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 16. Four females from Tawi Tawi: Length, 141; wing, 64; tail, 24; culmen, 37; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17.

"Five males from Tablas measure: Length, 146; wing, 65; tail, 25; culmen, 36; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 17. Four females from Tablas: Length, 145; wing, 66; tail, 25; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 22; culmen, 36.

"We have given measurements of birds taken at the extremes of the range of the species. It will be seen that the northern birds are slightly longer. As stated in our preliminary notes, the color of the dorsal surface of this bird varies from deep indigo-blue to pure silvery white, and this variation is independent of age, sex, or locality." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

280. CEYX GOODFELLOWI Grant.

GOODFELLOW'S KINGFISHER.

Ceyx goodfellowi Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club. (1905), 16, 17; Ibis (1906), 6, 492.

Mindanao (Goodfellow).

"Adult male.--Most nearly allied to C. malamaui Steere [=bournsi], but the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts are of a brilliant ultramarine-blue, tinged with cobalt on the middle of the lower back and rump; the feathers of the crown and nape are also tipped with much of the same brilliant color; the wing-coverts and scapulars like those of C. malamaui, are of a deep purplish blue. 'Iris dark brown; bill, feet, and nails bright vermilion.' (Goodfellow.) Length, 127; wing, 63; tail, 22; culmen, 39; tarsus, 10." (Grant.)

This species, described from a single specimen, is doubtfully distinct from Ceyx bournsi.

Genus HALCYON Swainson, 1821.

Bill large; culmen from base less than tail, rounded not flattened; birds of medium size and various bright colors. The species here included in Halcyon are by some authors assigned to at least three genera but, other than their style of coloration, the genera Sauropatis and Callialcyon seem to have no tangible characters. Halcyon hombroni, lindsayi, and moseleyi stand apart from the other Philippine species of the genus because of their short stout bill, longer tail, and peculiar spotted plumage. The genus Actenoides might be used for these three species.

Species.

a1. Scapulars and wing-coverts unspotted.

b1. Bill entirely red.

c1. Crown uniform in color with wings and tail; above dark rufous-brown washed with lilac. ... coromandus (p. 319) c2. Crown not uniform in color with wings and tail.

d1. Crown chestnut-rufous; lower back bright greenish blue. ... gularis (p. 320) d2. Crown black; lower back ultramarine-blue. ... pileatus (p. 321)

b2. Bill mostly black.

c1. Collar and spot in front of eye rufous-brown. ... winchelli (p. 322) c2. Collar and spot in front of eye white. ... chloris (p. 323)

a2. Scapulars and wing-coverts more or less spotted.

b1. Crown and back blue. ... hombroni (p. 324) b2. Crown and back green.

c1. Breast-feathers edged with green. ... lindsayi (p. 325) c2. Breast-feathers edged with black. ... moseleyi (p. 326)

281. HALCYON COROMANDUS (Latham).

RUDDY KINGFISHER.

Alcedo coromanda Latham, Ind. Orn. (1790), 1, 252. Halcyon coromandus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 217; Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 37; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Sa-luc-sac, Calayan.

Batan (Edmonds); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, White); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Sangi and Liu Kiu Islands, Indo-Chinese countries, Malay Peninsula, eastern Himalayas, China, Japan, Korea, Formosa, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

Adult male.--Above, including wings and tail, dark rufous, heavily washed with violet; on lower back, rump, and tail-coverts a narrow stripe of silvery white, slightly washed with blue; below dark cinnamon-buff, chin whitish; throat, breast, and under tail-coverts washed with violet. Bill, legs, and nails bright coral-red; iris brown. Length of a specimen from Camiguin, 250; wing, 116; tail, 72; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Much less violet wash on upper parts and very little or none on lower parts. Length of a specimen from Calayan, 270; wing, 119; tail, 74; culmen from base, 55; tarsus, 15.

Young.--Lower parts lighter, chin more extensively whitish, violet wash less, and feathers of throat and breast edged with blackish brown forming numerous small crescents.

"Probably ranges throughout the Philippines, but is as yet noted from but few of the islands. It is sometimes found in deep woods away from water, but more commonly along the banks of wooded streams and in mangrove swamps. It is usually shy and hard to shoot, but in Sibuyan two individuals of this species took up their abode in the bamboos in our back yard, apparently attracted by the flesh of land shells thrown out as we cleaned our specimens. In several islands where we met with this species we obtained but a single specimen.

"Bill, legs, and feet scarlet; nails bright red or orange-red; iris very dark brown. Food crabs, in four cases. Seven males measured, 258 in length; wing, 111; tail, 63; culmen, 58; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25. Four females: Length, 253; wing, 109; tail, 64; culmen, 56; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

282. HALCYON GULARIS (Kuhl).

WHITE-THROATED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo gularis Kuhl, Buffon and Daubenton, Fg. Av. Col. Nom. Syst. (1820), 4. Halcyon gularis Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 227; Hand-List (1900), 2, 56; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 38; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 13, pl. 11; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54.

Til-ma-ma-noc', Manila.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Libagao (Porter); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Layard, Keay, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Panay (Murray, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Entire head, neck, and sides of face deep chestnut; scapulars bright blue; back and rump more silvery cobalt-blue; a large patch on chin and upper throat pure white; remainder of under parts chestnut, a little lighter than crown; basal part of primaries blue on outer web, white on inner web; distal part black; alula and primary-coverts blue; secondary-coverts black; edge of wing and axillars chestnut; tail blue above and black below. When the specimen is held away from the light the blues become green. Iris dark brown; bill and legs bright red; nails black. A male from Bohol measures: Length, 280; wing, 124; tail, 80; culmen from base, 62; tarsus, 15. A female from Mariveles measures: Length, 286; wing, 124; tail, 83; culmen from base, 63; tarsus, 14.

"Steere states that neither this species nor H. coromandus nor even H. chloris frequents streams. We can not agree with him. All three of the species are frequently found along streams, and H. gularis is usually found along fresh-water streams. It sometimes feeds in dry open country, however. Several nests of this species were found by us at various times. They were invariably placed in the mud nests of white ants, and consisted of mere tunnels, without lining of any sort. The eggs are pure white and highly polished. Two eggs before us are nearly spherical, measuring 28.5 by 26.4 and 28.9 by 26.9, respectively. Six others, while nearly as broad as long, are quite abruptly pointed at the smaller end. They measure, 30.9 by 27.6; 31.4 by 28.7; 30.9 by 25.9; 32.5 by 28.9; 30.9 by 27.9.

"H. gularis has the legs and feet red, bill red, nails black, iris dark brown. Six males measure, 282 in length; wing, 122; tail, 81; culmen, 64; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 25." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A large number of white-throated kingfishers nested in the banks of the Baco River, Mindoro, during our stay at Balete in April, 1905, while other pairs excavated holes in masses of earth held among the roots of overturned trees.

283. HALCYON PILEATUS (Boddaert).

BLACK-CAPPED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo pileata Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 41. Halcyon pileatus Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 229; Hand-List (1900), 2, 57; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 38; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54. Halcyon pileata Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 132, fig. 37 (head).

Balabac (Steere, Steere Exp., Everett); Basilan (Steere Exp.); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, southern India to Canara, Indo-Chinese countries to China and north to Korea, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--General color above purplish blue on the mantle and scapulars, the center of the back and rump brighter and more purplish cobalt; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers purplish blue, the latter blackish along the inner webs and having black shafts; wing-coverts black; alula, primary-coverts, and outer aspect of quills purplish blue, the latter blackish at the ends, and with broad white bases to the inner webs; crown, sides of face, and ear-coverts black, as well as the base of the cheeks; round the hind neck a broad white collar; cheeks and throat white, extending down the center of the breast; sides of the latter, flanks, abdomen, and under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars rich orange-buff; quills below black, with a broad white band across the base. 'Bill deep red; mouth pale red; eyelids pinkish plumbeous, covered with white feathers, except on the edges, where they are black; feet dark red, brownish in front of the tarsus; claws dark horn-color; iris dark brown.' (Oates.) Length, 279; culmen, 61; wing, 127; tail, 86; tarsus, 14.

"Adult female.--Does not differ in color from the male. Length, 279; culmen, 61; wing, 130; tail, 76; tarsus, 13.

"Young birds have dusky blackish fringes to the feathers of the breast." (Sharpe.)

"Common in Balabac, but very rare in Tawi Tawi and Basilan. The single Tawi Tawi specimen obtained was shot in the banana trees about our house on the very day of our departure, and must have been a straggler. Bill scarlet; iris very dark brown; legs and feet dark red; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

284. HALCYON WINCHELLI Sharpe.

WINCHELL'S KINGFISHER.

Halcyon winchelli Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1876), 1, 318, pl. 47; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 255; Hand-List (1900), 2, 58; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 54. Halcyon alfredi Oustalet, Le Natur. (1890), 62.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Celestino); Negros (Whitehead); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above, including wings and tail, deep blue; lores and a narrow collar on hind neck chestnut; a band of light blue extending backward from above eye and joining its fellow across nape; back, rump, and central tail-coverts light silvery blue; sides of head and a small patch on each side of breast dark blue; lower parts white; primaries and alula black, remainder of wing-feathers edged with blue; tail blue above, black below. Bill black, except under part of lower mandible which is white near base; feet greenish drab; nails black. Length of a male from Basilan, 255; wing, 103; tail, 75; culmen from base, 57; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Above similar to the male but blacker because of the greater restriction of blue on each feather; chestnut collar much wider; below white, washed to a greater or less extent with fawn, heaviest on breast, usually wanting on middle of abdomen. Length of a female from Basilan, 255; wing, 102; tail, 75; culmen from base, 54; bill from nostril, 46.

Young.--A specimen taken in Sibuyan indicates that the young male resembles the adult female.

"A deep-woods form, usually seen perching in trees at a considerable distance from the ground, though it goes to the ground to feed. On being surprised when feeding it flies up into the trees at once. This kingfisher seems to be fully possessed of the idea that it can sing, and may often be seen at early morning or dusk, perched 15 meters above the ground, and squawking away as if life depended on it.

"Familiarity with its habits and its note enabled us to procure it in many islands where it was not previously known. It is, however, a difficult bird to shoot at the best.

"Iris dark brown; legs and feet light greenish olive, sometimes yellowish olive; nails black; bill black except base of lower mandible which is usually white; tip of bill sometimes white; food, beetles, grasshoppers, spiders, and grubs.

"Eight males average, 247 in length; wing, 98; tail, 74; culmen, 51; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 23. Thirteen females, length, 250; wing, 100; tail, 74; culmen, 52; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

285. HALCYON CHLORIS (Boddaert).

WHITE-COLLARED KINGFISHER.

Alcedo chloris Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 49. Halcyon chloris Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 273, pl. 7, fig. 3; Hand-List (1900), 2, 60; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 41; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55. Sauropatis chloris Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 135, fig. 38 (head).

Ti-ca-rol', Bohol; ba-ca-ca, Cagayancillo; tac-ca-rit, Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Camiguin S. (Murray); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Murray, Meyer, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Maestre de Campo (McGregor & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor, Porter), Negros (Layard, Steere, Everett, Keay, Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibay (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor); Verde (McGregor); Y'Ami (McGregor). Aru, Molucca, Tenimber, Lesser Sunda, and Sula Islands, Sumatra, Java, Celebes, Mysol.

Adult.--Forehead and crown greenish blue, set off by a black line which begins at lores, passes under eye to ear-coverts and meets its fellow on hind neck; this followed by a white collar; a spot of white behind each nostril; wings, back, rump, and tail blue; scapulars greenish blue like crown; rump and upper tail-coverts lighter and bluer; tail, primaries, and secondaries deeper blue; under parts all white; tail and wings blackish; wing-lining and axillars white; sexes alike in color. Iris dark brown; bill black except a wedge-shaped space on lower mandible which is pale yellow or dirty white. A male from Cagayancillo measures: Length, 240; wing, 105; tail, 70; culmen from base, 50; tarsus, 13. A female from Bohol: Length, 246; wing, 107; tail, 71; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 27.

Young.--Immature birds have the feathers of breast, sides of neck and breast, and sometimes the white collar, edged with black or dusky brown forming crescentic marks on the breast.

"The commonest of Philippine kingfishers. Frequently observed perching on native houses in villages and very common in coconut groves. Not infrequently found fishing along small fresh-water streams in the open, less common along wooded streams. Especially abundant in mangrove swamps and along the seashore. The usual native name is 'tick-a-rool'." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

286. HALCYON HOMBRONI (Bonaparte).

HOMBRON'S KINGFISHER.

Actenoides hombroni Bonaparte, Consp. Gen. Avium (1850), 1, 157. Halcyon hombroni Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 284; Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Mindanao (Hombron & Jacquinot, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Head and nape bright blue, more brilliant on the sides of the head, above the eye, and on the nape; round the latter a narrow line of deep black; ear-coverts chestnut; along the lower line of the lores a streak of black, reaching below the eye, and widening behind the latter, being here washed with blue; cheeks bright blue, forming a broad band; sides of neck and hinder part of the latter deep tawny, varied with narrow black edgings to the feathers; mantle blackish, mottled with spots of tawny-buff, these being subterminal, with a narrow fringe of black; center of back, scapulars, and wing-coverts green, with a slight shade of verditer, each feather having a distinct subterminal spot of ochraceous-buff; quills blackish, externally washed with greenish, the primaries edged with ochraceous, the secondaries with the same subterminal spot of ochraceous as on the wing-coverts; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts bright silvery cobalt, the sides of the back and the lateral coverts blackish, washed with blue; tail-feathers deep blue, with black shafts; throat white, slightly washed with tawny; rest of the under surface deep tawny, whiter on the center of the abdomen; breast-feathers with narrow, nearly obsolete, blackish margins; thighs externally blackish, internally deep tawny; feathers at side of vent, adjoining the sides of the lower back, deep blue, the outer web more or less ochraceous; under wing-coverts and axillars deep tawny; quills blackish below, edged with pale tawny-buff along the inner web. Length, 287; culmen, 51; wing, 126; tail, 105; tarsus, 19." (Sharpe.)

Female.--Similar to the male but crown and cheek-band greenish; the greenish wash on wings very faint; tail faintly washed with green instead of blue.

"A strictly woods form, never met with in the open. Quite common in Mindanao, and so far as is at present known, confined to that island.

"Iris very dark brown; legs and feet dirty greenish olive; culmen black; bill along gape dirty red, darker at base. Food, beetles and small snails. Measurements from seven males: Length, 283; wing, 123; tail, 94; culmen, 46; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 26. Six females, length, 278; wing, 120; tail, 94; culmen, 48; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 28." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

287. HALCYON LINDSAYI (Vigors).

LINDSAY'S KINGFISHER.

Dacelo lindsayi Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Halcyon lindsayi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 286; Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Luzon (Lindsay, Eydoux & Souleyet, Möllendorff, Cuming, Everett, Heriot, Steere Exp., Bridges).

"Adult male.--Above green, a little brighter on the center of lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts; lateral upper tail-coverts and sides of lower back and rump dingy green, the scapulars, mantle, and wing-coverts each having a distinct spot of ocherous-buff; quills brown, externally edged with fulvous, secondaries greener, and terminally spotted with ocherous like the scapulars; tail-feathers dull greenish brown, fringed with sandy buff at the ends, the penultimate feather notched with buff on the inner web, the outermost one on both webs, producing a banded appearance; head green, the forehead with a few cinnamon feathers; lores black, surmounted by a streak of pale cinnamon-buff reaching above the eye and continued into a line of bright cobalt, which encircles the hinder crown and nape; feathers round the eye black, continued into a band which encircles the hind neck, and is followed by a band of cinnamon feathers, fringed with black; sides of face and ear-coverts cinnamon; throat pale cinnamon, separated from the band on the sides of the face by a broad band of bright cobalt, which occupies the cheeks and lateral margin of the throat; fore neck and breast mottled, the feathers being white, margined with green, the green edges diminishing in size on the lower breast, till they gradually disappear on the abdomen, which, with the under tail-feathers, is pure white; sides of body like the breast; thighs blackish, tipped with ocherous; under wing-coverts, axillars, and quill-lining fawn-buff. 'Bill black, the culmen and under mandible yellow; feet light green; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 241; culmen, 47; wing, 106; tail, 79; tarsus, 16.

"Adult female.--Resembles the male, but the band encircling the crown is green instead of blue; the broad band on the cheeks is also green, not blue; the throat is white; and the green edgings to the breast-feathers are less pronounced. 'Bill black, the culmen and mandible chrome-yellow; feet light green; claws horn-yellow; iris brown.' (Everett.) Length, 249; culmen, 47; wing, 109; tail, 89; tarsus, 16.

"Young male.--Like the adult male, but with smaller ocherous spots on the upper surface; the band round the crown and the cheek-stripe not so blue as in the adult, but not so green as in the female; under surface as in adult, but with a fulvescent tinge throughout.

"Young female.--Duller than the adult female, and with smaller ocherous spots; otherwise like the old female, and having a green band round the crown." (Sharpe.)

288. HALCYON MOSELEYI (Steere).

MOSELEY'S KINGFISHER.

Actenoides moseleyi Steere, List. Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 11. Halcyon moseleyi Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 288; Hand-List (1900), 2, 61; Grant, Ibis (1896), 557; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Immature female (type of species).--Similar to H. lindsayi, but distinguished by the edgings of the breast-feathers, which are black and not green. 'Bill black, culmen and lower mandible yellow; legs and feet greenish.' (Moseley.) Length, 264; culmen, 46; wing, 109; tail, 86; tarsus, 14." (Sharpe.)

"Moseley's kingfisher, a truly splendid species, is represented by three fully adult males. The only example previously known is the immature female originally described by Prof. Steere. From this female type the male birds before me appear to differ in the following points: The lower ear-coverts are chestnut instead of buff, the moustachial stripes cobalt-blue, like the band round the crown of the head, and there is a small triangular green patch in the middle of the black interscapular region. From the adult male of H. lindsayi they are easily distinguished by the generally black ground-color of the mantle and scapulars, as well as by the black margins to the feathers of the breast and flanks, only those in the middle of the breast being tinged with greenish. Length, 254; wing, 107; tail, 80; tarsus, 18." (Grant.)

"Discovered by Mr. E. L. Moseley after whom it was named by Dr. Steere. But one specimen was secured by him. We searched diligently for this fine Halcyon on our return to Negros, but failed to find it. It is undoubtedly extremely rare there. So far as we know at present this species is confined to Negros, and no closely related species is known from any island nearer than Luzon." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Suborder BUCEROTES.

Family BUCEROTIDÆ.

Bill very large; culmen curved, its basal part expanded into a hollow casque, or else the sides of the bill deeply chiseled; eyelids with large lashes; wings short and rounded; tail-feathers long and broad; outer and middle toes united for basal two-thirds, inner and middle toes united for basal joint; plumage harsh and rough; large noisy birds of heavy flight. The Philippine species are all well-marked and easily identified.

Genera.

a1. Tail uniform, white, dirty buff, or yellowish brown, with no black bar.

b1. Bill bright red for its basal half at least; body plumage not all black. ... Hydrocorax (p. 327) b2. Bill not red; plumage, except tail, all black.

c1. Bill entirely black. ... Anthracoceros (p. 330) c2. Bill nearly all white. ... Gymnolæmus (p. 331)

a2. Tail not uniform in color, a wide black or blackish bar at its end.

b1. Bill not bright red. ... Penelopides (p. 332) b2. Bill bright red. ... Craniorrhinus (p. 338)

Genus HYDROCORAX Brisson, 1760.

Bill and casque very large, the latter flat on top, overhanging on each side and its posterior border overhanging and extending to above the ear; bill smooth except for a few shallow furrows on base of lower mandible; chin and throat feathered; a small bare space about the eye.

Species.

a1. Upper outline of casque straight, its anterior end forming a projection which overhangs the culmen in front.

b1. Casque and bill entirely bright red. ... hydrocorax (p. 327) b2. Casque and basal half of bill bright red, terminal half of bill whitish. ... mindanensis (p. 328)

a2. Upper outline of casque not straight, its anterior end sinking to the culmen and not forming an anterior overhanging projection. ... semigaleatus (p. 329)

289. HYDROCORAX HYDROCORAX (Linnæus).

LUZON CALAO.

Buceros hydrocorax Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 153. Hydrocorax hydrocorax Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 358; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Ca-lao, Manila; reloj del monte, Spanish name.

Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Adult.--Chin, upper throat, a band from throat to eye, and feathers above eye, all black, followed on throat by a white space which shades gradually into the dull chestnut-brown of lower throat and sides of neck and head; breast and sides black; abdomen, thighs, and crissum dull chestnut; back, rump, and wings brown, the rump lighter; primaries and most of the secondaries black, some of the latter edged with pale buff; tail-feathers pure white when fresh but soon becoming yellow or dirty buff. Entire casque and bill bright red. "Naked skin round eye yellow; iris red; feet brownish red; nails black." (Everett.) Length of male, about 950; wing, 410; tail, 350; bill from nostril, 160; greatest length of casque, 160; greatest width of casque, 52; tarsus, 60.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male. Length, 914; wing, 381; tail, 295; tarsus, 56.

"Young.--Cheeks and upper parts of head blackish; rest of head and neck, rump, thighs, crissum, and under tail-coverts yellowish white mixed with rufous; breast and belly yellowish white mixed with blackish gray; back, wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries reddish brown, the wing-coverts tipped and the scapulars and secondaries margined with buff; primaries and rest of secondaries brownish black, margined on the outer web and tipped with buff; basal two-thirds of tail-feathers reddish brown, margined in all except the middle pair with black. Bill and casque dark black, except the base of the lower mandible and the extreme tip of the bill, which are blood-red." (Grant.)

The three Philippine species of Hydrocorax do not differ in colors but they are easily distinguished by the color and shape of the bill and its casque. These large hornbills frequent forest, where they feed on fruits, usually in high trees. Their call is loud and penetrating and may be heard at a great distance. Their flight is rather labored and produces a great noise.

290. HYDROCORAX MINDANENSIS (Tweeddale).

MINDANAO CALAO.

Buceros mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 543; Challenger Report, Zool. (1881), 2, pt. 8, pl. 3. Hydrocorax mindanensis Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 359; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Adult.--Plumage as in H. hydrocorax but casque much narrower and bill with distal two-thirds white. "Naked skin round eye sooty black, yellow just before the eye, gular skin yellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish gray." (Everett.) Length of male, about 915; wing, 390; tail, 300; bill from nostril, 155; greatest length of casque, 136; greatest width of casque, 42; tarsus, 52. Length of female, 863; wing, 365; tail, 290; bill from nostril, 136; greatest length of casque, 124; greatest width of casque, 39; tarsus, 48.

"Young.--Upper part of head and cheeks black; feathers on chin and breast white, blackish gray at base; rest of head, neck, rump, belly, flanks, and tail-coverts white mixed with rufous; back, upper wing-coverts, scapulars, and outer secondaries brown, the three latter widely tipped, and the last named also widely margined on both webs with white; rest of secondaries and primaries blackish brown, with a white margin on the outer web, gradually increasing in width on the outer secondaries; under wing-coverts brownish buff; middle feathers of tail have basal two-thirds brown, and the rest the basal half dull chestnut; the remainder of the feathers white; casque rudimentary. Bill black, yellowish at the tip; naked skin round eye and on gular region yellow; legs gray-green (in skin)." (Grant.)

"Habits like those of H. semigaleatus. Eyes yellow to brown in female, light bluish gray in male; legs and feet red; bill scarlet on basal half, rest yellowish white; bill of young birds black. A male measures 927 in length; wing, 393; tail, 312; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 66." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

291. HYDROCORAX SEMIGALEATUS (Tweeddale).

INTERMEDIATE CALAO.

Buceros semigaleatus Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 279. Hydrocorax semigaleatus Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 360; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Cao, Bohol.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult.--Colors of plumage as in the two preceding species, colors of bill as in H. mindanensis, but the casque abruptly contracted in front and its upper outline, in front, continuous with that of the culmen. "Naked skin round eye darkest sepia, almost black; gular skin dark indian-yellow; iris light yellow (light green in living bird); feet coral-red; nails dark brownish gray." (Everett.) Length of male, about 890; wing, 400; tail, 320; bill from nostril, 153; greatest width of casque, 53; tarsus, 53.

"Adult female.--Does not differ in plumage from the male. Length, 787; wing, 350; tail, 279; tarsus, 53.

"Young.--Similar to that of H. mindanensis, except that the outer tail-feathers have not the basal half chestnut, although the middle feathers are the same.

"In older examples of both sexes, when the adult plumage has been nearly attained the bill is jet-black, the yellow tip of the young having disappeared, and the anterior part of the casque is distinctly raised above the line of the culmen." (Grant.)

"Extremely abundant on the hills back of Catbalogan in Samar. Sometimes comes down into the mangrove swamps near the town. In damp weather its hoarse cry can readily be heard a mile. Usually frequents very lofty trees, but may be readily called down by imitating its note. We secured a fine series of specimens in this way. In a few cases we observed H. semigaleatus feeding in low brush, and even on the ground. This species has a highly developed oil-gland the secretion from which is gamboge-yellow. When the feathers are well oiled the color of the whole bird is changed. Feeds on fruit.

"Two males measure, 883 in length; wing, 385; tail, 305; tarsus, 57; middle toe with claw, 74. Six females, length, 830; wing, 361; tail, 298; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 71." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus ANTHRACOCEROS Reichenbach, 1849.

Casque small, compressed and rounded on top, its outline gently curved, rounded and vertical behind, and continuous with culmen in front; very fine striæ near base of bill; chin and upper throat partly feathered.

292. ANTHRACOCEROS MONTANI (Oustalet).

MONTANO'S HORNBILL.

Buceros montani Oustalet, Bull. Hebd. Assoc. Scien. Fr. (1880), 205. Anthracoceros montani Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 370; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 64; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 55.

Sulu (Montano & Rey, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult (sexes alike).--Tail white; remainder of plumage black; back and wings slightly glossed with green. A female measures: Wing, 290; tail, 260; bill from nostril, 101; tarsus, 52. This species has been described as having the tail entirely white but in a female specimen collected in Tawi Tawi, November 2, 1891, by Bourns and Worcester, two rectrices on one side have the outer web black for about three-fourths of the distance from base to tip and one feather on the other side of the tail has the outer web black to a less extent; the inner webs, also, are black for a short distance on two of these feathers. More specimens are necessary to determine whether this is an individual variation or a normal character, perhaps dependent upon age, which has been previously overlooked.

"We were fortunate enough to secure a series of fourteen specimens of this rare hornbill from Sulu and Tawi Tawi. The tail is pure white; all other parts black, the feathers of the back and wings glossed with dark green. The bill in adult birds is coal-black; all of our adult males had the iris nearly white, while in the adult females it was dark brown; legs and feet dull leaden, nails black. Young birds have the tip of the bill white or pale horn.

"Common on the hills back of the town of Sulu, and very abundant in Tawi Tawi where it occurs in great flocks, but very wild and extremely difficult to approach. The cry of this bird is the most peculiar bird-note we have ever heard. It begins with a series of notes precisely like the 'song' of a common hen magnified about fifty-fold, and ends with an indescribable combination of cackles and shrieks.

"Two males from Tawi Tawi measure, 717 in length; wing, 293; tail, 243; tarsus, 52; middle toe with claw, 59. Six females from same locality measure: Length, 672; wing, 268; tail, 224; tarsus, 51; middle toe with claw, 55. A male and two females from Sulu are slightly smaller. Eyes vary from nearly white to nearly black, the females usually having the darker eyes; bare skin of head black; bill black. Food fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus GYMNOLÆMUS Grant, 1892.

Casque large, compressed, and fairly smooth, its top rounded, outline gently curved, overhanging behind and abruptly truncated in front; no chiseling on sides of bill; chin, upper throat, and large space around eye entirely nude.

293. GYMNOLÆMUS LEMPRIERI (Sharpe).

PALAWAN HORNBILL.

Anthracoceros lemprieri Sharpe, Nature (1885), 32, 46 (desc. nulla); Proc. Zool. Soc. (1885), 446, pl. 26; Everett, Ibis (1895), 30. Anthracoceros marchii Oustalet, Le Naturaliste (1885), 108. Gymnolæmus marchii Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 370. Gymnolæmus lemprieri Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Marche, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Celestino).

Adult male.--Rectrices pure white, their shafts pale yellow; remainder of plumage black, glossed with dark green. A male from Palawan measures: Length, about 710; wing, 290; tail, 240; bill from nostril, 111; greatest length of crest, 106; tarsus, 52.

"Adult female.--Resembles the male, but the casque is less developed and the size smaller. Length, 610; wing, 264; tail, 216; tarsus, 53." (Grant.)

"We saw this bird on several occasions in Palawan, but always in very high trees, and it was so extremely wild that we did not succeed in securing any specimens from that island. In the Calamianes Islands we found it both common and tame. On several occasions we saw it feeding in low fruit trees within a few feet of the ground.

"Iris brown; legs and feet leaden; nails black; bill white except base of lower mandible; bare skin of head white. A female measures, 610 in length; wing, 263; tail, 204; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 58." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus PENELOPIDES Reichenbach, 1849.

Casque small, compressed, ridged on top, its outline curved, posteriorly falling away gently to the culmen; abruptly or obliquely truncate in front; basilateral portion of both mandibles with deep oblique chiseling; part of chin naked but feathered in the middle.

Species.

a1. Abdomen rufous; thighs chestnut. ... panini, [male] (p. 332) a2. Abdomen and thighs neither chestnut nor rufous.

b1. Breast and abdomen white.

c1. Base of both mandibles with deep grooves; tail black with a wide band of white or rufous across the middle. ... manillæ, [male] (p. 333) c2. Base of upper or lower mandible, but never both, with deep grooves.

d1. Base of upper mandible only with grooves; no black band at base of tail; sexes alike in plumage. ... mindorensis (p. 335) d2. Base of lower mandible only with grooves; tail with some black at the base.

e1. Upper tail-coverts black.

f1. A black patch on basal half of upper mandible. ... affinis, [male] (p. 336) f2. No black patch at base of upper mandible which is flesh-colored. ... basilanica, [male] (p. 337)

e2. Upper tail-coverts white, tinged with buff. ... samarensis, [male] (p. 337)

b2. Breast and abdomen black.

c1. Tail black with a rufous band about 25 mm. wide across the middle; base of each mandible with deep grooves. ... manillæ, [female] (p. 333); talisi, [female] (p. 334) c2. Tail rufous, widely tipped with black and with more or less black at base.

d1. Base of each mandible grooved; black at base of tail almost obsolete. ... panini, [female] (p. 332) d2. Base of lower mandible only grooved; black at base of tail well-marked. ... affinis, [female] (p. 336); basilanica, [female] (p. 337); samarensis, [female] (p. 337)

294. PENELOPIDES PANINI (Boddaert).

PANAY TARICTIC.

Buceros panini Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 48. Penelopides panini Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 166, pl. 28; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 372; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 25, 25, pl. 9 (nest); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Ta-ric'-tic, Ticao; ta-ric', Masbate.

Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Head, neck, and breast pale buff; cheeks, ear-coverts, and a band across neck black; back and wings black, glossed with dark green; abdomen rufous; crissum, thighs, and upper tail-coverts chestnut; tail light rufous, terminal third black, slightly glossed with green. Iris red; bare skin of face white; legs dark brown; bill and casque dull red, base of upper mandible with six or seven vertical ridges, separated by pale yellow grooves; base of lower mandible with several oblique grooves. Length, 650; wing, 290; tail, 275; bill from nostril, 97; tarsus, 48.

Female.--Black; neck, wings, and back glossed with dark green; tail as in the male but outer web of outermost feather entirely black and inner web black at base; next feather with outer web black at base. Iris red; bare skin of head bluish; legs and nails black; bill black, casque dark red; grooves on upper mandible light yellow. Length, 600; wing, 260; tail, 245; bill from nostril, 78.

"Young female (without casque and only one ridge developed on the base of the upper mandible).--Differs from the adult in having the upper tail-coverts chestnut and the middle of the basal part of the tail-feathers with more black. 'Naked skin round eye and on throat white, faintly tinged with bluish; iris dull chestnut-brown; feet dark lead-gray with faint greenish cast, nails black; bill brown, with olive-green tinge.' (Everett.)" (Grant.)

"Very common in many parts of Panay, Guimaras, Negros, and Masbate, but curiously enough absent in Cebu. A very noisy bird, called 'ta-ric-tic' by the natives from its note. Food fruit and occasional beetles. Iris brownish red; legs and feet slate-color; nails black; bare skin of head white.

"Four males from Masbate measure, 652 in length; wing, 260; tail, 228; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 52. Four females from same locality, length, 607; wing, 252; tail, 216; tarsus, 44; middle toe with claw, 47." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

A set of three eggs of the Panay tarictic taken in Ticao, May 9, 1902, measure: 48.5 by 32.5; 46.7 by 33.7; 45.7 by 33. In color they are dull white with no markings except a few nest stains; their surface is chalky with occasional minute lumps. The eggs were deposited in a cavity in the trunk of a large tree. The entrance was plastered up by the birds, leaving but a narrow slit through which the female was fed by her mate. The female remains within the cavity during the whole period of incubation. As she molts at this time she is probably unable to fly even if liberated.

295. PENELOPIDES MANILLÆ (Boddaert).

LUZON TARICTIC.

Buceros manillæ Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 54. Penelopides manillæ Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 373; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56. Penelopides manillæ Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65.

Ta-lic-tic, native name in vicinity of Manila.

Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Heriot, Marche, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

"Adult male.--Top of the head and neck yellowish white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and feathered part of throat black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings brown, more or less glossed with dull green, most of the primaries, the secondaries, and their coverts narrowly margined with buff on the outer web; breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, tinged with buff; basal half of tail dark brown, succeeded by a wide white band (stained rufous) followed by a terminal black band glossed with green; the outer web of the outer tail-feathers is uniform black; naked skin round eye and on chin and throat white. Iris crimson; feet and nails dull black; casque transparent horn-brown; bill dark brown; the base of the upper mandible with five transverse ridges, that of the lower with about four oblique ridges separated by ocher-colored grooves. Length, 525; wing, 233; tail, 188; tarsus, 43.

"Young male differs from the adult in having the upper tail-coverts chestnut and the buff edges to the quills and coverts much wider.

"Adult female.--Head and neck very dark brown; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings dark brown, glossed with dull green; under parts brownish gray, tinged with buff on the breast; tail as in the male adult; naked skin round eye and on chin and throat purplish. Iris brown; legs and feet dull black; bill and casque as in the male. Length, 483; wing, 221; tail, 185; tarsus, 41.

"Young female with half developed casque differs from the adult in having the under parts buff, edges of both the webs of the tail-feathers margined with brown, and the upper tail-coverts and the ends of the feathers suffused with bright buff." (Grant.)

296. PENELOPIDES TALISI Finsch.

NORTHERN TARICTIC.

Penelopides talisi Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus. (1903), 23, 190; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Talisi, native name.

Luzon (van der Valk).

Adult male.--Appears to differ from P. manillæ in having no light edges to the primaries and in the banding of the tail-feathers which is as follows: Middle pair with a rust-colored cross-band, 25 mm. wide; on the pair next to the middle the band only one-half as wide; on the third pair only the inner web with small light rust-colored spots which form cross-bands; two outermost tail-feathers on each side uniform brownish black; upper mandible with four basal grooves. Length, 500; wing, 243; tail, 220; bill, 95. [39]

This species was described from an adult male collected in Cagayan Province, Luzon, February 23, 1892; if it is distinct from P. manillæ, as seems quite probable, we have the interesting case of two species of Penelopides resident in the same island. I have not examined birds referable to P. talisi and the diagnosis is taken from Finsch's description which will be found in the footnote.

A hornbill collected in Albay Province, Luzon, and recorded by Grant as the young of P. manillæ, Ibis (1895), 261, is believed by Finsch to be P. talisi.

297. PENELOPIDES MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO TARICTIC.

Penelopides mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 13; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 374; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Ta-ric-tic, Mindoro.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter).

Male.--Crown, sides of neck, and under parts whitish; ear-coverts and band across throat black; hind neck, back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings black, glossed with dark green, some of the wing-feathers edged with pale buff; tail chestnut, its terminal third black, outermost feather with entire outer web and most of the inner web black. Wing, 235; tail, 205; bill from nostril, 74.

Female.--Similar to the male but forehead blackish and black band on upper throat wider. Wing, 235; tail, 210; bill from nostril, 77.

"Adult male.--Is most nearly allied to P. panini, but differs from that species in having the belly and under tail-coverts white, the rump and upper tail-coverts black glossed with green, like the rest of the back, and the upper mandible only with transversely grooved basal plates. From P. manillæ and affinis it differs (and resembles P. panini) in having no black at the base of the tail. Length, 565; wing, 246; tail, 203; tarsus, 43." (Grant.)

"Similar to P. manillæ, but black with bronze-green gloss instead of brown as in P. manillæ. The whole base of the tail is light ferruginous instead of this color being limited to a narrow bar as in P. manillæ, and the lower mandible is plain instead of being chiseled as in that species. The female of P. mindorensis has the feathers of the head white as in the male, thus differing from the other Philippines species, in all of which the females are black-headed.

"The males and females of P. mindorensis differ chiefly in the color of the bare skin about the eye and base of the beak, this in life being dark blue in the female and flesh-colored in the male." (Steere.)

"Habits like those of P. manillæ. All the Philippine representatives of this genus have the peculiar undulating flight of woodpeckers when going for any considerable distance. P. mindorensis is exceedingly abundant in Mindoro." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

298. PENELOPIDES AFFINIS Tweeddale.

ALLIED TARICTIC.

Penelopides affinis Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), (4), 20, 534; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 375; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Goodfellow, Clemens, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Top of the head and neck yellowish white; cheeks, ear-coverts, and feathered part of throat black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings black, glossed with dark green; breast, belly, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, tinged with buff; tail white (stained rufous), with a wide terminal black band and some black at the base of the feathers, sometimes a band nearly as wide as at the extremity. 'Naked skin round eye and on chin and throat white; iris crimson; feet greenish lead; nails grayish black; basal half of bill and casque dark brown, rest of bill pale brown; base of the lower mandible with three or four obliquely transverse yellow ridges separated by dark brown grooves.' (Everett.) Length, 500; wing, 236; tail, 195; tarsus, 41.

"Young male (with undeveloped casque) differs from the adult in having the upper tail-coverts chestnut and the black band across the end of the tail suffused with rufous.

"Adult female.--Head, neck, and under parts dull black; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, and wings black, glossed with dark green; tail resembles that of the male. 'Naked skin round eye and on chin and throat dark blue: iris crimson, feet dark greenish leaden.' (Everett.) Bill and casque brown, base of lower mandible with indistinct obliquely transverse grooves. Length, 500; wing, 218; tail, 175; tarsus, 41.

"Young female (with undeveloped casque) differs from the adult in having chestnut upper tail-coverts and the black band across the end of the tail suffused with rufous." (Grant.)

299. PENELOPIDES BASILANICA Steere.

BASILAN TARICTIC.

Penelopides basilanica Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 13; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 375; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Much like P. affinis of Mindanao, but differs from it in having the rufous upon the tail reaching to and beneath the upper tail-coverts, so that the whole base of the tail appears rufous, though some specimens show some black at the bases of the feathers when they are uncovered. The sides of the mandible are also flesh-colored to their bases instead of being black behind as in P. affinis." (Steere.)

"The differences enumerated by Steere between this species and P. affinis, though slight, occur in all the specimens secured by us. A male measured, 610 in length; wing, 231; tail, 205; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 46. A female, length, 559; wing, 211; tail, 183; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 45. Eyes red to umber-brown; legs and feet greenish slate-color; nails black; bill white at tip, black on crest, remainder mottled with reddish brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

300. PENELOPIDES SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR TARICTIC.

Penelopides samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 13; Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 376; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Tao-sí, Bohol.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Very similar to the male of P. affinis but upper tail-coverts very pale buff. Wing, 260; tail, 230; bill from nostril, 90.

Female.--Like the female of P. affinis. Wing, 235; tail, 225; bill from nostril, 72.

"A well-marked species. Five males average, 606 in length; wing, 232; tail, 208; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 52. Eyes reddish brown; legs and feet slaty black; nails brown to black; bill dark brown, reddish at the tip and around grooves.

"It seems probable that Everett's Dinagat birds were of this species, but they can, of course, be placed here only provisionally." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CRANIORRHINUS Cabanis and Heine, 1860.

Jaw, entire chin, and a large space around eye naked and bright red; base of lower mandible deeply and obliquely chiseled, upper mandible smooth; casque high, greatly compressed, its outline gently rounded behind and abruptly truncated in front; in the female the casque is smooth and has a sharp ridge above, in the male it is somewhat rounded above, and the sides are distorted by deep vertical plications.

Species.

a1. Tail white with a black band at tip. ... leucocephalus (p. 338) a2. Tail white, stained rufous, the basal third and the tip black. ... waldeni (p. 339)

301. CRANIORRHINUS LEUCOCEPHALUS (Vieillot).

WHITE-HEADED HORNBILL.

Buceros leucocephalus Vieillot, Nov. Dict. d' Hist. Nat. (1816), 4, 592. Craniorrhinus leucocephalus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 165, pl. 27. Cranorrhinus leucocephalus Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 378; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Camiguin S. (Cuming); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Clemens, Goodfellow, Celestino).

"Adult male.--Occiput, nape, and back of neck deep chestnut; rest of head, neck, and upper chest buff; tail white, with a terminal black band; rest of plumage black, glossed with dark bluish green. Naked skin round eye and on chin and throat fiery orange-red; iris crimson; feet dull black; bill and casque deep red; lower mandible crossed at the base by four or more obliquely transverse ridges, the basal one being dark red, the rest whitish and separated from one another by brown grooves; casque with numerous transverse folds. Length, 737; wing, 335; tail, 244; tarsus, 51."

"Adult female.--Differs from the male in having the plumage of head and neck dark shining black, and the casque smooth. Length, 597; wing, 302; tail, 22; tarsus, 46." (Grant.)

"Common in Mindanao. Seems not to occur in Basilan. Frequents the highest trees and feeds on fruit. Eyes red; legs black; tops of feet black, bottoms yellowish; bill dark scarlet. A male measures, 711 in length; wing, 319; tail, 232; tarsus, 50; middle toe with claw, 54." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

When new the tail-feathers are white but they soon turn light buff. The male is much larger than the female and has a larger casque. A male from northern Mindanao is 762 in length; wing, 360; tail, 235; bill from nostril, 126; length of casque at base, 76; tarsus, 50. A female is 620 in length; wing, 290;, tail, 220; bill from nostril, 89; length of casque at base, 57; tarsus, 49.

302. CRANIORRHINUS WALDENI Sharpe.

WALDEN'S HORNBILL.

Craniorrhinus waldeni Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1877), 1, 322. Cranorrhinus waldeni Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 380; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 65; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Negros (Steere Exp., Keay, Whitehead); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult male.--Head, neck, and chest dark chestnut, the feathers next the naked parts of the face and throat inclining to buff; tail white (stained rufous), the basal third and the tips of the feathers black; rest of the plumage black, the upper parts glossed with dark green; naked skin round the eye and on the throat yellow; iris red; legs and feet black; bill and casque red, except toward the end; base of the lower mandible covered by a plate with dark-colored oblique grooves; casque transversely folded. Length, 724; wing, 345; tail, 254; tarsus, 51.

"Adult female.--Differs from the male in having all the plumage of the head and neck black, and the casque without transverse folds; naked skin appears to have been black mixed with yellow. Length, 673; wing, 310; tail, 218; tarsus, 48." (Grant.)

"Hornbills, almost certainly of this species, were seen by the Steere expedition in Negros, but no specimens were obtained." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Suborder MEROPES.

Family MEROPIDÆ.

Bill long, slender, pointed, and gently curved downward for its entire length; a well-defined ridge on culmen; tarsi short and unfeathered; fourth and third toes united to last joint; second toe united to middle toe for basal joint only; eggs white, deposited in holes in sandy ground, the birds usually nesting in colonies.

Genus MEROPS Linnæus, 1758.

Tail moderate, composed of twelve feathers, middle pair slender and prolonged beyond the others; wing moderately long and pointed, first primary very short, second longest.

Species.

a1. Mantle and crown chestnut; throat pale green. ... americanus (p. 340) a2. Mantle and crown green; throat largely chestnut. ... philippinus (p. 341)

303. MEROPS AMERICANUS P. L. S. Müller.

CHESTNUT-HEADED BEEBIRD.

Merops americanus P. L. S. Müller, Natursyst. Suppl. (1776), 95; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 56. Merops bicolor Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl. (1783), 15; Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 150, pl. 26, fig. 1; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 60; Hand-List (1900), 2, 73; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 49.

Pe-ric', Manila; pi-ley pi-ley, Lubang.

Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cresta de Gallo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult (sexes alike).--Above, from bill to and including mantle and sides of neck, bright chestnut; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clear sky-blue; a band from corner of mouth through eye to ear-coverts black, bordered below by sky-blue; below apple-green, lighter posteriorly and more or less mixed with blue; under tail-coverts light blue; wings and coverts dark green; primaries and secondaries with dusky tips and dark ocherous-buff inner webs; long tertials tipped with dark blue; tail above dark cerulean-blue, the lateral feathers darker than middle pair which are broadly tipped with black; shafts black, tail brown below. Iris bright red; bill and nails black; legs dark flesh. Length, including long tail-feathers, about 300. Three males from Mariveles, Luzon, measure: Wing, 117 to 118; tail, without long feathers, 87; bill from nostril, 34 to 36.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in being duller and greener, the red of the head being overshaded with green and the mantle and upper back green; the under surface is paler, the throat and abdomen pale blue and the breast light green." (Sharpe.)

"Nest.--Nests in level sandy strips of ground. The tunnel is some 50 mm. in diameter at its mouth and at first runs sharply downward. When a depth of 60 to 90 cm. has been reached it turns and slopes gradually upward for 120 to 150 cm. of its length, ending in an enlarged chamber in which the eggs are deposited on the bare sand. The eggs are pure white and highly polished. They are frequently nearly spherical. They vary from 21 to 24 in length by 18 to 20 in breadth.

"Sometimes feeds singly, but is more usually found in small flocks, and at times very large flocks gather, apparently attracted by swarms 36; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Eight females, length, 267; of bees. Six males average, 282 in length; wing, 114; tail, 100; culmen, wing, 112; tail, 91; culmen, 34; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

304. MEROPS PHILIPPINUS Linnæus.

GREEN-HEADED BEEBIRD.

Merops philippinus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 183; in errata; Sharpe, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 71; Hand-List (1900), 2, 74; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 111, fig. 31 (head); Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. Celebes (1898), 1, 253, pl. 8, fig. 2 (tail); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 51.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Bazol (Everett); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cebu (Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Meyer, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Indo-Chinese Provinces, Ceylon, Celebes, Malayan islands.

Adult (sexes alike).--Above dark green mixed with a little dull chestnut; occasional touches of blue on head; rump and upper tail-coverts cerulean-blue; a narrow line of blue across forehead, ending on each side over posterior border of eye; a broad black band from nostril through eye to and including ear-coverts; chin light yellow; a wide chestnut band on throat; breast, sides, and abdomen green, mixed with ocherous-buff and touches of pale greenish blue; vent and under tail-coverts delicate sky-blue; wings and tail nearly as in Merops americanus. Iris red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length, with a full-grown tail, about 305. Measurements of three males from Luzon: Wing, 126 to 133; tail, without central pair of feathers, 89 to 93; bill from nostril, 35 to 36. Three females from Luzon: Wing, 124 to 125; tail, without long feathers, 89 to 91; bill from nostril, 31 to 33.

Young.--"Much duller in color generally, with the blue tail and rump of the adult, but without the blue eyebrow, this being replaced by a little lighter green shade than on the crown; cheeks pale green; throat pale brownish." (Sharpe.)

"We can not agree with Dr. Steere that M. philippinus feeds only singly or in pairs, having repeatedly seen it feeding in large flocks, and even in company with M. americanus.

"Iris red; legs and feet dark brown; nails and bill black. Six males average, 255 in length; wing, 122; tail, 94; culmen, 36; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 20. Eight females, length, 240; wing, 124; tail, 94; culmen, 35; tarsus, 11; middle toe with claw, 18." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Suborder CAPRIMULGI.

Ten primaries and ten rectrices; wing long and pointed; gape very wide; bill small and weak; legs and feet moderate and rather weak; middle toe-nail pectinate; toes with slight webs at base; plumage soft and mottled; in habits crepuscular and probably nocturnal, feeding largely on moths and large beetles. The two mottled eggs are deposited on the bare ground.

Family CAPRIMULGIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Suborder.

Subfamily CAPRIMULGINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Rictus without conspicuous bristles; feathers on sides of occiput elongated, forming ear-tufts; larger, wing more than 250 mm. ... Lyncornis (p. 342) a2. Rictus armed with strong bristles; no elongated feathers on head; smaller, wing less than 230 mm. ... Caprimulgus (p. 344)

Genus LYNCORNIS Gould, 1838.

Similar to Caprimulgus but rictal bristles wanting; a conspicuous ear-tuft on each side of head; no large white spot on primaries.

305. LYNCORNIS MACROTIS (Vigors).

PHILIPPINE EARED NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus macrotis Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 97. Lyncornis mindanensis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 945. Lyncornis macrotis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 605; Grant, Ibis (1894), 519; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 383; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 81; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 284.

Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Luzon (Lindsay, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Celestino); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter).

Adult (sexes alike).--Head light chocolate-brown, very finely vermiculated with gray and buff; along middle of head and on ear-tufts a number of large black spots; lower feathers of ear-tufts pure black; a rusty collar on neck continued on sides of neck and connected with the white spot on each side of throat; sides of face and ear-coverts black, vermiculated with cinnamon; wings, coverts, and back variously mottled and splotched with black, ocherous-buff, and cinnamon; scapulars with large black terminal spots; primaries, secondaries, and lesser coverts black with dark cinnamon vermiculations; a few of the median coverts with buff spots on tips; rectrices black with a few irregular mottled bars of dark buff; feathers of lower parts black, on chin and crop with narrow cross-lines of cinnamon, on breast tipped with wide bands of dark buff, on abdomen and sides tipped with narrower bands of light buff; under tail-coverts largely buff with irregular black cross-lines. "Iris brown; bill clear brown, tip black; feet clear brown, their scales darker brown." (Celestino.)

Length of a male from Mindoro, 348; wing, 275; tail, 170; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 29. Length of a female from Bataan Province, Luzon, 368; wing, 290; tail, 180; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 29.

The crown is often largely rufous, again it may be ochraceous and the variations involve other portions of the plumage. The bars of the tail are variable, sometimes fairly regular and at other times much broken.

"We obtained a single male specimen of this fine goatsucker in Basilan. Iris very dark brown; bill black at tip, lighter at base; eyelids black; legs flesh-color, shading to dark brown on the toes; nails dirty grayish. Length, 343; wing, 276; tail, 223; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 29; culmen, 13." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"If these two forms [L. macrotis and L. mindanensis], the types of which are before me, are really distinct species, then both occur in north Luzon, for out of four specimens of Lyncornis sent by Mr. Whitehead, three are typical L. macrotis, perfectly similar to Vigors's bird, and the fourth agrees perfectly with Tweeddale's types of L. mindanensis. Personally I am inclined to believe that the latter are merely younger examples of the same species. The darker head and shorter wing may be characteristic of youth, as it seems unlikely two closely allied forms should occur in the same locality." (Grant.)

Whitehead thus describes the habits of this species: "Fairly common in the lower valleys in the mountainous districts of north Luzon. This species has the pretty habit of its Malay cousin L. temmincki. Just at the last moment of the tropical day, when the highest heavens are tinged with the soft light of the setting sun, Lyncornis leaves its bed among the dead leaves and grass and flies high into the air, rising and descending with vertically held wings, uttering every now and then its pretty whistle, 'tet-a-bow, tet-a-bow.' But soon when the last rays have ceased to gild the sky, it descends to mother earth to feed on winged insects, its pretty note being then exchanged for a frog-like croak. Toward sunrise Lyncornis once more rises to the heavens and utters the same 'tet-a-bow,' but it shortly dives to the ground, and rests unseen until the evening light again tempts it from its concealment."

Genus CAPRIMULGUS Linnæus, 1758.

Wings long and pointed, first primary shorter than second; rictal bristles conspicuous, no ear-tufts on sides of head; males generally distinguished by having large white spots on wings and tail.

Species.

MALES.

a1. White spot on first primary smaller and not reaching the shaft.

b1. White spot on outer rectrix subterminal. ... jotaka (p. 349) b2. White spot on outer rectrix terminal.

c1. Spot on outer rectrix on inner web only; spot on second primary not reaching the shaft. ... manillensis (p. 346) c2. Spot on outer rectrix involving both webs; spot on second primary reaching shaft on both webs. ... macrurus (p. 348)

a2. White spot on first primary larger and reaching the shaft. ... griseatus (p. 344); mindanensis (p. 346)

FEMALES.

a1. A large terminal white spot on tail.

b1. Larger, length about 290 mm.; a larger terminal white spot across both webs of outer rectrix; spot on first primary white and larger, on second primary extending to the shaft. ... macrurus (p. 348) b2. Smaller, length about 250 mm.; a smaller terminal white spot across inner web of outer rectrix; spot on first primary buff and smaller; on second primary not extending to the shaft. ... manillensis (p. 346)

a2. No terminal white spot on tail which is barred and mottled.

b1. Smaller; wing less than 180 mm.; spots on primaries much larger, whitish and unspeckled. ... griseatus (p. 344); mindanensis (p. 346) b2. Larger; wing more than 190 mm.; spots on primaries much smaller, buffy and speckled with brown. ... jotaka (p. 349)

306. CAPRIMULGUS GRISEATUS Walden.

PHILIPPINE NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus griseatus Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pt. 2, 160; Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 691; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 550; pl. 11; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 245, pl. 6, fig. 7 (egg); Clarke, Ibis (1900), 353; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 86; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 67; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57; Worcester, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 271, pls. 1 & 2.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Negros (Keay); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult male.--Upper parts finely vermiculated with blackish brown, pale buff, and gray, more heavily marked with blackish brown on top of head and on scapulars, some of the latter with wide edges of fulvous or buff on outer web; an obsolete collar of buff on hind neck; lower parts finely marked with blackish brown, buff, and whitish buff; a large white patch on each side of throat; some of the breast-feathers with rather large, pale buff, terminal spots; lower breast, flanks, and abdomen buff, rather narrowly barred with brown, less closely barred posteriorly; under tail-coverts very pale buff or white and unbarred; inner primaries, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries strongly barred with rich fulvous; first primary with a large white spot reaching shaft; second, third, and fourth primaries each with a buff-margined white spot crossing both webs and involving the included section of shaft; exposed portion of each of the two outer pairs of rectrices with a large terminal white area, a dusky wash near the tip; rectrices barred basally with buff and dark brown. A male from Mariveles measures: Length, 228; wing, 170; tail, 103; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 25.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in lacking the terminal white area on tail-feathers which are barred and mottled with pale buff and dark brown; on the outer feather there is an ill-defined light buff area at tip of inner web. A female from Mariveles measures: Length, 228; wing, 164; tail, 100; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 26.

Young.--Upper parts blackish brown, very finely vermiculated with white and lacking the black blotches and fulvous edges to scapulars which are present in the adult plumage; under parts about the same shade of gray as in the adult but more finely and more uniformly mottled and barred and without fulvous or buff spots on breast; white spots on throat just indicated; wings and tail similar to the adult.

Eggs.--Whitehead took two eggs of this species at Cape Engaño, Luzon, May 26, 1895, which he described as follows: "Shape elliptical oval; ground-color pale creamy white, with very pale lavender-gray under-markings and very pale brownish over-markings; the blotches and markings, none of which are very large, are unevenly distributed over the whole surface; measurements 31 by 22 mm. The eggs were placed on the sand just above high water mark among sea drift, which, in this instance, consisted of huge tree trunks. Both birds were seen and identified beyond doubt." (Grant and Whitehead.)

The gray nightjar appears to be confined to the vicinity of sandy or shingle beaches and while abundant in the localities where it has been discovered the species has been recorded from but few islands and the female and young have been but recently described. The description of the eggs was published two years before that of the female.

Clarke says with feeling that the female "is not an easy specimen to describe," but it is much easier to describe a single specimen than to write anything that will apply to the variations which occur in the species. In using the descriptions given above considerable allowance must be made for variation in the shade of buff or fulvous; this refers particularly to the scattered spots on breast, the broad edgings of scapulars, and the rusty bars on primaries, primary-coverts, and secondaries, all of which vary from a light buff (even almost white on edges of scapulars) to rich fulvous. These variations are probably due to age, the parts becoming darker with successive molts. In two females from Mariveles, Luzon, the buff spot on first primary does not reach the shaft.

307. CAPRIMULGUS MINDANENSIS (Mearns).

MINDANAO NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus affinis mindanensis Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 85. Caprimulgus mindanensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57.

Mindanao (Mearns).

"Adult male.--Similar to Caprimulgus affinis but differing as follows: General coloration darker. Upper parts hair-brown, finely vermiculated and dotted with clove-brown, light gray, and black; scapulars marked with broken spots of cinnamon; first four primaries barred across their middle with pure white except the outer web of the first primary, this band varying from 12 to 24 mm. in width on the differing feathers, widest on the fourth; outer tail-feather white only on the terminal half, the basal half being cinnamon, clouded and irregularly cross-banded with brownish black, and the tips of both webs clouded with brownish black; second feather similar, but with much less of the dusky clouding at tip; lower abdomen and thigh-coverts cross-banded with pale sepia-brown; under tail-coverts and anal region buff, without cross-bands; upper third of tarsus feathered. Length of skin, 205; wing, 163; tail, 100; culmen, 8; tarsus, 19.

"Individuals vary greatly in the character and size of the punctate and vermiculate markings of the upper surface. The vague black cross-bands of the middle pair of tail-feathers are somewhat V-shaped (open apically), numbering about eight.

"In true affinis, adult males have the outer tail-feather all white, and the lower abdomen, thigh-coverts, and under tail-coverts 'uniform pale fulvous buff.' In C. affinis griseatus the bars are spread over the whole of the lower abdomen, thighs, and lower tail-coverts, and the color is more grayish rufescent than in C. affinis mindanensis, which appears to be closest to the form of C. affinis inhabiting Celebes." (Mearns.)

308. CAPRIMULGUS MANILLENSIS Walden.

MANILA NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus manillensis Walden, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, pt. 2, 159; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 246 (eggs); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 86; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 68, pl. 11, fig. 9; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57. Caprimulgus manillensis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 544.

Tuc-ca-ró, Masbate and Ticao.

Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett); Bohol (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Masbate (McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Negros (Keay); Palawan (Platen); Romblon (McGregor); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--General coloration and pattern very much as in C. macrurus; post-auricular area and band on hind neck light buff; white area on throat divided, forming two patches; fore breast darker with no rufous; barring on abdomen and under tail-coverts broken, resulting from the larger light tips. The following characters are diagnostic; white spot on first primary washed with buff, small and reaching but half way to shaft; spot on second quill a little larger, not reaching shaft and a narrow line indicates spot on outer web; spots on third and fourth quills reaching shaft on both webs and on the fourth the included section of shaft nearly all white; outer pair of rectrices with white area about 32 mm. in length and on inner web only; second pair with white area across both webs. A male from Romblon measures: Length, 255; wing, 170; tail, 125; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 24.

Female.--Spots on first and second primaries dark fulvous; spot on third primary not reaching shaft; otherwise like the male. A female from Romblon measures: Length, 255; wing, 167; tail, 115; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 24.

Young.--Upper parts very much as in the adult, but the blackish brown spots on head and scapulars greatly reduced in size; as a whole the upper parts are dark silvery gray; white throat patches wanting, being indicated by two small buff areas; feathers of breast vermiculated with light brown and light buff with lighter buff tips; abdomen and flanks light fulvous, distinctly barred with brown; the partially developed wings and tail with markings as in the adult.

Eggs.--A set of two eggs collected May 22, 1895, by Whitehead near Cape Engaño, Cagayan Province, Luzon, are described as follows: "Shape elliptical oval; ground-color pale cream; under-markings pale lavender-gray; irregularly blotched over-markings pale brown, but darker than in C. griseatus. In one egg the over-markings are almost wanting, being reduced to one or two blotches. Measurements 29 mm. by 22." (Grant and Whitehead.)

The Manila nightjar is the most common species of its genus in the Islands and has a considerable vertical range, being found in the pine woods of Benguet Province as well as in the lowlands and near the sea. Its food consists largely of moths and beetles which it takes on the wing. During the day it rests in dark thickets and comes out to feed only after sunset. Its presence in a locality may be detected by hearing its peculiar note which has given it the Tagalog name "tucaroc."

309. CAPRIMULGUS MACRURUS Horsfield.

HORSFIELD'S NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus macrurus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 142; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 537; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 87; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 68, pl. 1, fig. 8.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Papuan Islands, northeastern Australia, Greater Sunda Islands, Java.

Male.--Forehead, crown, and nape grayish brown, finely vermiculated with buff and brown, producing a nearly silvery appearance; down the center of head to nape the feathers conspicuously marked with blackish brown; an indistinct fulvous band across hind-neck connecting with a bright fulvous patch on each side behind ear-coverts; back and rump mottled with dark brown and a little fulvous; a large white patch on throat, the longer feathers tipped with black, subterminally marked with fulvous; sides of face, ear-coverts, chin, and a small area posterior of white patch rich rufous with fine irregular black lines; lower throat rufous, mottled with black; breast finely marked with blackish brown and pale fulvous, a few feathers with large patches of fulvous; abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts barred with brown; wing-coverts blackish, each with a light fulvous terminal spot; scapulars with black terminal spots and narrow fulvous subterminal bars; white spot on first primary moderate and not reaching shaft; on second, third, and fourth the white crosses both webs; secondaries notched with dark rufous; tail-feathers blackish brown, outer webs notched with fulvous; two outer pairs each with a large white terminal area about 38 mm. long, involving both webs. A male from Puerto Princesa, Palawan, measures: Length, 265; wing, 180; tail, 140; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 24.

"Female.--Differs from the adult male in having the outer web of first primary spotted with rufous, in having pale rufous marks on the primaries instead of white ones, in the white tips to the outer rectrices being less in extent and tinged with buff or rufous, speckled with brown on the tip of outer web.

"Young.--The markings are less developed in younger individuals; the young male has the white patches on the primaries and rectrices tinged with rufous and less in extent. The nestling is covered with buffy down." (Hartert.)

"Iris dark brown, bill nearly black; legs and feet brown; nails black. A male from Busuanga measures, 263 in length; wing, 184; tail, 135; culmen, 13; middle toe with claw, 22. A female from Palawan, length, 250; wing, 222; tail, 135; culmen, 13; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 22." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

310. CAPRIMULGUS JOTAKA Temminck and Schlegel.

JAPANESE NIGHTJAR.

Caprimulgus jotaka Temminck and Schlegel, Fauna Japonica, Aves (1847), 37, pl. 12; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 552; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 88; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 57; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 74, pl. 1, fig. 14.

Calayan (McGregor); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Northeastern Siberia, China, Japan, Indo-Chinese provinces; in winter to New Guinea, Malay Peninsula, Greater Sunda Islands.

"Adult male.--Above gray, finely penciled with brown, with broad black stripes along the top of the head, back, and rump; scapulars with velvety black centers or spots and buff or rufous-buff spots or bar-like markings; wing-coverts with roundish buff spots speckled with brown; some longitudinal buff spots on the hind neck; a golden buff spot on each side of neck, just behind ear-coverts; primaries deep blackish brown, outer webs with some minute rufous spots, inner web of first primary with a round white spot, not reaching shaft, a white band across both webs of next three; central pair of rectrices deep blackish brown, with broad pale grayish brown, dark speckled bars, the others with narrower bands, becoming more rufous on the outer ones, and all, except central pair, with a broad subterminal white bar; a white band across throat, interrupted at center and variegated on lower edge with ferruginous buff and blackish spots; throat pale rufous-buff with brown cross-markings; chest and upper breast pale grayish brown, with dark markings and some more or less developed larger buff spots; abdomen buff, barred with dark brown, the bars becoming broader and less numerous on lower tail-coverts which are sometimes nearly uniform; rictal bristles dark toward the base. Length, 279; wing, 203 to 221; tail, 140 to 147; tarsus, 16; feathered in front.

"Adult female.--Similar to the male, but a little smaller on the average; spots on primaries buff and speckled, band on second primary always interrupted; spots on throat buff; tail-feathers without a distinct white band.

"Young.--Young individuals are paler above and below, the dark markings less developed, and pervaded with a sandy rufous tinge; the young male shows already the white spots of the adult male, but they are shaded with buff and that on the second quill is a little interrupted." (Hartert.)

Worcester and Bourns took a male of this species in Palawan in December, 1891. It was 260 in length; wing, 212; tail, 128; culmen, 12; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 22. The second Philippine specimen was shot by my assistant in Calayan Island, the last day of 1903. This specimen measures: Length, 260; wing, 210; tail, 127; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 21. Bill and legs brown; nails black; the stomach contained several beetles and a large mantis.

The species appears to be a migrant from Asia and although not uncommon in Calayan we secured but one specimen. The male is distinguished from the other Philippine species by having a subterminal white tail-band; the female is distinguished from the females of C. manillensis and C. macrurus by the lack of a large white tail-spot and from C. griseatus by the much darker plumage and larger size.

Suborder MICROPODII.

Bill small and weak, the gape deeply cleft; rictal bristles not obvious; legs and toes small and weak; middle toe-nail not pectinate; tarsus very short; tail short to moderately long, either square or forked, and not reaching the tips of the folded wings. Diurnal in habits; eggs pure white, two in number; nest composed of sticks and moss, or else wholly or in part of a salivary secretion.

Families.

a1. Culmen equal to tarsus or greater; tufts of elongated feathers above and below eye. ... Hemiprocniidæ (p. 350) a2. Culmen decidedly less than tarsus; no elongated feathers anywhere on head. ... Micropodidæ (p. 351)

Family HEMIPROCNIIDÆ.

Swift-like; wings long and pointed, tail deeply forked; feet stout; tarsus shorter than middle toe without claw; colors largely blue and brown with a slight metallic gloss; plumage of the sexes dissimilar; at once distinguished from any nearly related family by the elongated white feathers above and below eye. Habits more flycatcher-like than swift-like.

Genus HEMIPROCNE Nitzsch, 1829. [40]

Characters same as those given for the Family.

311. HEMIPROCNE MAJOR (Hartert).

PHILIPPINE WHISKERED SWIFT.

Macropteryx comata Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 517 (part). Macropteryx major Hartert, Novit. Zool. (1897), 4, 11; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58.

Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Luzon (Meyer, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, Keay, Whitehead); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult male.--Lores deep black; ear-coverts chestnut; a broad white stripe from base of culmen, continued over eye and running out in elongated feathers to nape; a similar white line under ear-coverts, continued from the large white chin-patch; remainder of head and throat dark metallic blue; back, rump, upper tail-coverts, breast, and sides of body bronze-brown; middle of abdomen and under tail-coverts white; wings and tail dark metallic blue; innermost secondaries white. Iris dark brown; bill and legs black. A male from Mariveles, Luzon, measures: Wing, 140; tail, 80; tarsus, 6.

Adult female.--Like the male but ear-coverts metallic blue instead of chestnut. A female from Irisan, Benguet, Luzon, measures: Wing, 140; tail, 81; tarsus, 6.

"Curiously local in its habits. Perches in the same place day after day, taking short flights from time to time in pursuit of insects. The ground under its favorite perch is usually covered with excrement. Five males average, 148 in length; wing, 129; tail, 73; culmen, 6; tarsus, 7; middle toe with claw, 12. Two females are somewhat larger, measuring 160 in length; wing, 136; tail, 81; culmen, 6; tarsus, 7; middle toe with claw, 13." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Family MICROPODIDÆ.

Wing long, pointed, and when closed extending far beyond the end of tail; bill small and weak but gape very wide; legs and feet very small and weak; plumage mostly black or dark brown, slightly glossy, often with patches or mottlings of white; small birds capable of long continued flight; nests usually placed in caves or fastened to cliffs or houses; eggs two, white and unspotted. Certain species of the genus Collocalia vel Salangana make the edible nests of commerce and nest in great colonies. Birds of this family are wide ranging and one or more species may be expected to occur in any island of the Philippine group. Of the genera, Tachornis may be recognized by its deeply forked tail; Chætura by its sharp, stiff tail-feathers; Collocalia by its square, or nearly square, tail without spines; Micropus by its white throat and tail without spines.

Subfamilies.

a1. Tarsi unfeathered or with a few feathers only; tail square or but slightly forked; toes arranged normally, three in front one behind. ... Chæturinæ (p. 352) a2. Tarsi distinctly feathered; tail decidedly or even deeply forked; all the toes directed forward. ... Micropodinæ (p. 360)

Subfamily CHÆTURINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Shafts of rectrices ordinary and without spinous tips; wing less than 140 mm. ... Collocalia (p. 352) a2. Shafts of rectrices stiff and extending in a sharp point beyond the web; wing more than 150 mm. ... Chætura (p. 357)

Genus COLLOCALIA Gray, 1840. [41]

Hind toe directed backward and only partially reversible; tail short, square or but slightly forked; shafts of rectrices normal, not extending beyond the webs. This genus includes numerous small swifts, several of which build the edible nests of commerce.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, 115 mm. or more; under parts brown; no white on abdomen.

b1. Without whitish or grayish band across rump.

c1. Tail square; tarsi unfeathered. ... lowi (p. 352) c2. Tail slightly forked.

d1. Tarsi entirely devoid of feathers.

e1. Above lighter and more brownish; below lighter, throat paler. ... whiteheadi (p. 353) e2. Above darker, and more blackish; below darker and more uniform. ... origenis (p. 353)

d2. Tarsi sparsely feathered. ... fuciphaga (p. 354)

b2. A whitish or grayish band across rump. ... germani (p. 355)

a2. Smaller; wing, 106 mm. or less; lower parts mottled with white; middle of belly extensively white.

b1. A white band across the rump. ... troglodytes (p. 355) b2. Without white band on rump.

c1. Upper tail-coverts margined with white. ... marginata (p. 356) c2. Upper tail-coverts concolorous with back. ... isonota (p. 357)

312. COLLOCALIA LOWI (Sharpe).

LOW'S SWIFTLET.

Cypselus lowi Sharpe, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 333. Collocalia lowi Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 498; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 75; Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 190. Salangana lowi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58.

Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Steere Exp.). Northern Borneo, Anamba Islands, accidental in Sumatra and on Nias Island.

Adult.--"Upper surface sooty black with a little greenish gloss, somewhat purplish on the tail; lower surface brownish gray, with somewhat darker shaft-stripes; feathers in front of eye white, broadly tipped with black; under wing-coverts blackish. Length, about 127; bill at base, 5; wing, 135; tail, 51; nearly quite even; tarsus, 102; thinly but obviously feathered if not abraded by the string of the label." (Hartert.)

Young.--Similar to the adult.

Everett found nesting colonies of Low's swiftlet in Palawan and in northern Borneo during the month of October; the nests were made of moss and were fastened to the walls of caves with dry saliva.

313. COLLOCALIA WHITEHEADI Grant.

WHITEHEAD'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia whiteheadi Grant, Ibis (1895), 459; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89; Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 192. Salangana whiteheadi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58. Collocalia unicolor amelis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 193.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Sibuyan (McGregor); Palawan (Whitehead, White); Verde (McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Collocalia lowi in coloration but slightly larger with the tail distinctly forked and the tarsi entirely devoid of plumes. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs dark reddish brown. Measurements from ten skins of each sex from Irisan, Benguet Province, are: Males, wing, pressed flat against the rule, 119 to 125; tail, 46 to 51; depth of fork, 5 to 8. Females, wing, 118 to 125; tail, 48 to 56; depth of fork, 6 to 9.

Young.--Nestling; similar to the adult but more sooty above and lacking the green gloss; lower parts grayer. Iris dark brown; bill and nails black; legs pale flesh.

Nest.--In Benguet Province, Luzon, eggs and nestlings were found in June. The nests were made of green moss and placed in a water-worn cave. The eggs are pure white. Two specimens measure, respectively, 22.3 by 13.9 and 23.6 by 14.2.

314. COLLOCALIA ORIGENIS Oberholser.

MINDANAO SWIFTLET.

Collocalia origenis Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 191.

Mindanao (Mearns, Celestino).

Adult.--"Upper surface uniform brownish black, the rump not lighter but wings and the distinctly forked tail more brownish, their feathers paler along the inner margins; entire ventral surface uniform smoky hair-brown, the throat not paler; sides of head and neck darker brown than the under parts; a blackish spot in front of the eye; lining of wing blackish brown.

"In its large size, deeply emarginate tail, and lack of tarsal feathering Collocalia origenis agrees with Collocalia whiteheadi, but is readily distinguishable by the dark colors, particularly on the upper parts which are even more blackish than in Collocalia fuciphaga from the Philippines."

Oberholser gives measurements of two males as follows: Wing, 129, 138; tail, 53, 60; exposed culmen, 6, 5.5; tarsus, 13, 14. Two females: Wing, 134, 130; tail, 51, 54; exposed culmen, 5.5; tarsus, 12.5, 14.

"This new species was discovered by Doctor Mearns during his recent trip to the Island of Mindanao, the four adults obtained having been brought by natives who had found them in a cave on Mount Apo." (Oberholser.)

315. COLLOCALIA FUCIPHAGA (Thunberg).

THUNBERG'S SWIFTLET.

Hirundo fuciphaga Thunberg, K. Vet. Acad. Nya Handl., (1812), 33, 153, pl. 4. Collocalia fuciphaga Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 498; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 89; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 75. Salangana fuciphaga McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58. Collocalia fuciphaga fuciphaga Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 185.

Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Palawan (Whitehead, Steere Exp.); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester). Nias, Java, Borneo, Natuna Islands, Mariana and Caroline Islands, New Guinea, Duke of York, Friendly and Loyalty Islands.

Adult.--Very similar to Collocalia whiteheadi but the tarsi distinctly feathered. Hartert gives the following description and measurements: "Upper surface dark sooty brown with very little gloss; head, wings, and tail darker and more glossy; feathers in front of the eye whitish with dark brown tips; lower surface brownish gray with darker shaft-stripes; under wing-coverts blackish brown. Total length, about 114; bill at base, 4; wing, 112 to 119; tail, 56. The young bird is like the adult in plumage." (Hartert.)

"Two males measure, 120 in length; wing, 107; tail, 46; culmen, 6; tarsus, 7; middle toe with claw, 9. Two females: Wing, 116; tail, 48; culmen, 6; tarsus, 10; middle toe with claw, 7. Bill, feet, and nails black, legs light brown." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

316. COLLOCALIA GERMANI Oustalet.

OUSTALET'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia germani Oustalet, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (1876), 1-3. Collocalia francica Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 503 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90 (part); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 76 (part). Salangana francica McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 58. Collocalia francica inexpectata Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 90. Collocalia francica germani Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 201.

Ca-li-pat'-pat, Cuyo; sa-lin-ba-bá-tang, Cagayancillo.

Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor, Mearns); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Steere Exp.); Cuyo (McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp.); Panay (Bourns & Worcester). Mergui Archipelago; Tenasserim; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Candore Island; Cochin China.

Adult.--Similar to Collocalia whiteheadi but easily recognized by the whitish or smoky gray band across rump; shafts of rump-feathers darker; tarsi unfeathered.

Young.--Probably the young bird is much like the adult, as with other species of the genus.

"Four males from Culion measure, 112 in length; wing, 115; tail, 50; culmen, 5; tarsus, 9; middle toe with claw, 9. Iris dark brown; legs and feet light brown; bill and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

317. COLLOCALIA TROGLODYTES Gray.

PYGMY SWIFTLET.

Collocalia troglodytes Gray, Gen. Birds (1845), 1, 55, pl. 19; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 507; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90; Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 202. Salangana troglodytes McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Bú-ta bú-ta and sai-aó, Bohol, also used for Salvadori's swiftlet.

Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Jagor, Bourns & Worcester); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere, Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Bourns & Worcester); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Above glossy black, bases of feathers smoky brown; across the rump a white band 5 mm. wide, the shaft of each feather dusky; chin and sides of face and neck dusky brown; feathers in front of eye white with dusky tips; feathers of throat, breast, and abdomen with white tips and dusky bases and shaft-lines, producing a mottled appearance, the white predominating on the abdomen; under tail-coverts glossy black.

"Very common throughout the Islands. Builds edible nests. Nests always in caves, and composed chiefly or entirely of secretion from the mouths of the birds. When the birds are persistently robbed, however, they seem to become discouraged, and mix in grass, stems of small plants, moss, etc. Two or three white eggs are deposited. They measure: 15.2 to 17.7 by 10.1 to 10.9. Fourteen males from Siquijor average, 92 in length; wing, 92; tail, 41; culmen, 4; tarsus, 8; middle toe with claw, 9. Bill, legs, and feet black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

318. COLLOCALIA MARGINATA Salvadori.

SALVADORI'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia marginata Salvadori, Atti. R. Acad. Sci. Torino (1882), 17, 448; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 508; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90; Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 203. Collocalia cebuensis Kutter, Jour. für Orn. (1882), 171. Salangana marginata McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Ni-do and sa-lum-pi-ping-ao, Calayan.

Babuyan Claro (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Koch, McGregor); Luzon (Othberg, McGregor); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (McGregor); Polillo (Ickis [42]); Sibuyan (McGregor); Tablas (Celestino).

Adult.--Above very dark glossy green, short upper tail-coverts margined with pure white; feathers in front of eye white with dusky tips; sides of head, neck, and chin mouse-gray; feathers of throat with narrow white edges, posteriorly the white edges gradually increase in width so that the abdomen is almost entirely white; under tail-coverts dark glossy green with narrow white margins; under wing-coverts narrowly edged with white. Iris, bill, toes, and nails black; tarsi dark flesh. Length, about 96. Five specimens of each sex from Calayan measure: Males, wing, 102 to 107; tail, 40 to 46; females, wing, 102 to 105; tail, 41 to 42.

Young.--Two nestlings from Sibuyan are like the adult in plumage except that the white edges to the upper tail-coverts are but just indicated. Bill and nails black; legs pale flesh.

Nest.--Nests in small colonies, fastening the nests to the face of a rock. The nest is composed of blackish brown hair-moss and held together by the characteristic glutenous saliva. The eggs do not differ from others of this genus being two in number and pure white in color. The eggs of a set collected in Sibuyan, June 11, 1904, measure 18.2 by 10.9 and 17 by 11.6 mm.

This species has been very rare in collections; the only specimen in the British Museum in 1892 was a skin of doubtful locality collected by von Othberg. We have met with it on several islands; in Sibuyan and Calayan it was extremely abundant.

319. COLLOCALIA ISONOTA (Oberholser).

OBERHOLSER'S SWIFTLET.

Collocalia linchi Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 90 (part); Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 77 (part). Salangana linchi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59. Collocalia linchi isonota Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. (1906), 58, 208.

Pi-ping-aú, Benguet.

Bongao (Everett); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--About the size of and very much like Collocalia marginata but without white margins to tail-coverts, and with more white on the abdomen.

Young.--The young bird resembles the adult in plumage but the tarsi are flesh-color.

Nest.--Composed of moss or lichens and placed on the ground in the protection of grass or ferns. Two eggs measure 22.3 by 13.9 and 21.5 by 13.9.

Genus CHÆTURA Stephens, 1826.

Size large, length 100 to 200 mm. or even more; shafts of tail-feathers very stiff and extending a short distance beyond the webs; claws strong and curved. Birds of this genus are very strong and steady in flight and usually feed high in the air.

Species.

a1. Much larger; length, over 200 mm.; chin and throat black.

b1. No white spot on side of forehead. ... gigantea (p. 357) b2. A large white spot on each side of forehead.

c1. Under wing-coverts uniform dark brown. ... celebensis (p. 358) c2. Under wing-coverts edged with white. ... dubia (p. 359)

a2. Much smaller; length, less than 120 mm.; chin and throat white. ... picina (p. 359)

320. CHÆTURA GIGANTEA (Temminck).

GIANT SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Cypselus giganteus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1825), 364. Chætura gigantea Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 475; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 91; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Calamianes (Worcester, Celestino); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Forehead, crown, nape, sides of head and neck, wings and tail black with very dark steel-blue gloss; lores deep black; remainder of plumage deep smoky brown, except under tail-coverts and a patch on lower flank which are white; shafts of under tail-coverts dark brown. A male from Palawan measures: Length, 239; wing, 203; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 10; tarsus, 17. A female from Culion measures: Length, 229; wing, 200; tail, 68; exposed culmen, 9; tarsus, 16.

Worcester and Celestino collected a large series of giant swifts in Culion and Palawan. I have seen large swifts in Benguet Province and in Calayan, and Worcester observed a large flock in northern Luzon which may have been either C. gigantea or C. dubia.

321. CHÆTURA CELEBENSIS (Sclater).

CELEBES SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura gigantea var. celebensis Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1865), 608. Chætura celebensis Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 467; Meyer and Wiglesworth, Bds. Celebes (1898), 1, 329, pl. 12; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 91; Clarke, Ibis (1894), 533; Mearns, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 185; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Basilan (Mearns); Negros (Keay). Celebes.

Adult.--"Deep steel-blue, back and rump with purple gloss; two white spots on the sides of the forehead; sides of the abdomen and under tail-coverts white. In size similar to C. gigantea." (Hartert.)

Clarke gives the following notes on a specimen obtained in Negros: "The back is an admixture of dark brown, or brownish black, and deep steel-blue, each feather having a broad subterminal band of blue with an edging of dark brown, which conceals the blue to a considerable extent, so that the brown predominates. The tail and secondaries are glossed with green and blue in about equal proportions. Length, 241; wing, 216; tail, 73; tarsus, 18."

"Female.--A specimen in the Sarasin Collection marked '[female] juv.' (but we can not see any signs of immaturity) answers to Mr. Hartert's description of the species, except that the lores are reddish brown not white. Wing, 208; tail, 63; tarsus, 16; bill from nostril, 6." (Meyer and Wiglesworth.)

Mearns gives the following measurements of two males from Basilan: "Length, 240, 255; wing, 215; tail, 75; bill from frontal feathers (chord), 8.5, 9.6; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 6.1, 7.1; tarsus, 19, 20; middle toe with claw, 22.5."

But six specimens of this large swift are known, three from Celebes, one from Negros, and two from Basilan.

322. CHÆTURA DUBIA McGregor.

PHILIPPINE SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura dubia McGregor, Bur. Govt. Lab. Manila (1905), 34, 15, pl. 12; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Mindoro (McGregor).

Adult.--General color blackish brown; back and rump noticeably lighter, being light seal-brown, each feather with a subterminal, more or less concealed area or band of bluish violet; head and body shot with bluish violet gloss, strongest on chin, throat, breast, and sides of head and neck; a large white patch on each side between nostril and lores; crissum white, each feather blackish brown at its base, the long tail-coverts with edges also blackish brown except near tip; extending diagonally upward and forward on each flank, a wide white stripe connected with the white crissum behind as in Chætura gigantea; exposed edges of wing-feathers black, inner webs of primaries largely light brown; inner webs of alula, primary- and secondary-coverts shot with greenish blue gloss; tertiaries greenish blue; lining of wing brown, each feather bordered with dirty white which has its greatest extent on innermost feather; axillars dark brown, shot with bluish violet gloss, exposed portion of tail blackish, the concealed basal portion glossed with green and blue. Bill black; iris brown; legs and feet reddish flesh; nails light brown.

Male: Length, 229; wing, 220; tail, 64; bill from frontal feathers, 10; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 7; tarsus, 18. Female: Length, 234; wing, 218; tail, 64; bill from frontal feathers, 10; bill from anterior margin of nostril, 7; tarsus, 18.

This fine species is known from the type specimens, a pair taken on the Baco River, Mindoro. It requires comparison with Chætura celebensis. The following notes probably refer to Chætura dubia:

"We think it probable that C. gigantea will eventually be found in Mindoro. We repeatedly saw a very large swift in that island, but it always kept well out of range. We thought it to be C. gigantea but could not, of course, be at all sure. On our first trip we found C. gigantea flying low over the mangrove swamps in Palawan and had no special difficulty in securing specimens. On our second trip, however, we were less fortunate, as the few individuals that we saw kept out of range." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

323. CHÆTURA PICINA Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S SPINE-TAILED SWIFT.

Chætura picina Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 944, pl. 59; Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 487; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 92; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett).

Adult.--"Black with a blue gloss, greenish in some lights; chin, throat, and larger under wing-coverts pure white. Wing, 161; tail, 32." (Tweeddale.) "Iris dark brown; bill black; legs lead-gray." (Whitehead.)

This species is known only from the type, a female collected near Zamboanga, Mindanao, and from three specimens taken in Leyte by Whitehead.

Subfamily MICROPODINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Smaller; toes all directed forward, but in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line; plumage nearly uniform brown. ... Tachornis (p. 360) a2. Larger; toes all directed forward and at equal intervals; chin, throat, and rump white. ... Micropus (p. 361)

Genus TACHORNIS Gosse, 1847.

Toes all directed forward, in pairs, two toes on each side of the median tarsal line, none of them reversible; tail deeply forked, its feathers narrow; plumage nearly uniform in color without white markings.

324. TACHORNIS PALLIDIOR McGregor.

PALER PALM SWIFT.

Tachornis infumatus McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1903), 1, 5. Tachornis pallidior McGregor, Bur. Govt. Lab. (1904), 25, 27; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 59.

Bohol (McGregor); Cebu (McGregor); Luzon (McGregor); Mindanao (Celestino); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Upper parts dark brown; nearly black on head, neck, and back which have a faint green gloss; feathers of rump and upper tail-coverts lighter brown and narrowly fringed with gray in unworn plumage, the tail-coverts with dark shafts; wing-feathers blackish brown, glossy on outer webs; short primaries narrowly edged with white on inner webs; tail of the same color as wings; sides of head brown; chin and throat light drab-gray, merging gradually into the dark drab-gray of the lower breast and abdomen where the feathers are narrowly edged with whitish; stiff feathers in front of eye white with brown tips. Length in flesh, 114; wing, 119; lateral rectrices, 50; central rectrices, 31.

This species is easily recognized by the deeply-forked tail and peculiar paired toes; it is a near relative of Tachornis infumata from which it differs chiefly in having a paler chin and throat. It has been found in small numbers in the islands from which it is recorded.

Genus MICROPUS Meyer and Wolfe, 1810. [43]

Tarsus well feathered in front; outer toes more or less reversible; claws strong; tail decidedly forked; rectrices pointed but not stiff; nostril opening oval with a median septum which is not plainly seen in the dry specimen.

Species.

a1. Larger; wing, more than 160 mm.; feathers of breast tipped with white. ... pacificus (p. 361) a2. Smaller; wing, less than 150 mm.; feathers of breast uniform blackish. ... subfurcatus (p. 362)

325. MICROPUS PACIFICUS (Latham).

WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT.

Hirundo pacifica Latham, Index Orn. Suppl. (1801), 58. Micropus pacificus Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 448. Cypselus pacificus Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 96; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 339 and 346, pls. 4 & 5, fig. 1; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 81.

Batan (McGregor, Mearns); Camiguin N. (McGregor). Eastern Siberia, China, Japan, Formosa, Burmese provinces, Assam, Manipur; in winter to Australia.

Adult.--General color blackish brown; a broad rump-band white, its feathers with brown shafts; upper parts with a slight oil-green gloss; loral feathers white with black tips; chin and throat white with narrow dusky shaft-lines; sides of head and neck light dingy brown; under parts and under wing-coverts brown, each feather with a wide white fringe and a deep brown subterminal band; under tail-coverts narrowly fringed with white. Iris brown; bill and nails black; feet blackish brown. Length, 184 to 190. A male measures: Wing, 182; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; bill from frontal feathers, 7. A female measures: Wing, 178; tail, 77; depth of fork, 29; bill from frontal feathers, 8.

This handsome swift was observed in large numbers on Batan Island and all of our specimens were killed within the town of Santo Domingo de Basco. Near the summit of Mount Araya (1,160 meters) numbers of these birds were seen in their graceful and powerful flight.

326. MICROPUS SUBFURCATUS (Blyth).

LESSER WHITE-RUMPED SWIFT.

Cypselus subfurcatus Blyth, Jour. As. Soc. Beng. (1849), 18, 807; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 169; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 96; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 82; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 346, pls. 4 & 5, fig. 2. Micropus subfurcatus Hartert, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 16, 456.

Camiguin N. (McGregor). Northeastern Bengal, Indo-Chinese provinces, southern China, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Very similar to Cypselus pacificus but much smaller; under parts darker, more blackish brown and the feathers without white fringes.

"Bill black; iris dark brown; legs and feet varying from deep purplish black to flesh-color. Length, about 146; tail, 51; wing, 140; tarsus, 10; outer rectrices, 7, longer than middle pair." (Blanford.)

A female from Camiguin, north of Luzon, measures: Wing, 136; tail, 52; depth of fork, 8; bill from frontal feathers, 7.

The only known Philippine specimen was shot from a flock of Micropus pacificus on Camiguin Island, north of Luzon.

Order TROGONES.

TROGONS.

First and second toes reversed; the other two toes united for two-thirds of their length.

Family TROGONIDÆ.

Bill short, strong, and wide; culmen curved; a notch at tip of upper mandible; nostrils covered by well-developed bristles; face partly naked; wings short and curved to the body; first primary about one-half of fifth which is longest; tail long and broad, square at the end; two outer pairs of rectrices short; legs short, tarsus partly feathered; plumage full and soft; skin very thin and tender.

Genus PYROTROGON Bonaparte, 1854.

Characters same as those given for the Family.

327. PYROTROGON ARDENS (Temminck).

PHILIPPINE TROGON.

Trogon ardens Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 404. Harpactes ardens Grant, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1892), 17, 487. Pyrotrogon ardens Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 150; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Peale, Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Above orange-brown, lighter on rump and tail-coverts; lores and forehead black, shading gradually into deep reddish purple on top of head, occiput, nape, and ear-coverts; chin and throat black, shading into pink on the chest; upper breast deep scarlet, shading into lighter scarlet on rest of under parts; wings black; primaries edged with white; secondaries and secondary-coverts barred with narrow lines of white; three outer pairs of tail-feathers white with black bases; next two pairs black; middle pair light coffee-brown with black tips. Bill dark green at base; terminal half bright yellow. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 145; tail, 181; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 15. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 143; tail, 173; culmen from base, 20; bill from nostril, 14. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 150; tail, 187; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 17.

Adult female.--Above similar to the male but head, nape, and ear-coverts olive with no trace of vinaceous color; scapulars and back olive-brown; rump and tail-coverts orange-brown as in the male; chin and throat black; rest of under parts light rusty buff, a little paler on abdomen and darker on under tail-coverts; wings similar to those of the male but the fine cross-bars light brown instead of white; tail similar to that of the male but with less white on the outer feathers. A female from Bohol measures: Wing, 135; tail, 176; culmen from base, 24; bill from nostril, 16.

Young.--The young male resembles the adult female but the brown bars on the secondaries are much wider and the black terminal bar of the middle rectrices is lacking. As the bird becomes older the vinaceous of head, and pink and scarlet of under parts, gradually appear.

"Abundant from Luzon to Basilan. Usually found in dark places in the forest. Makes a loud whirr with its wings when it flies. A stupid bird, easily shot. Five males measure, 327 in length; wing, 132; tail, 167; culmen, 21; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23. Iris dark brown to black; legs and feet olive; nails black; base of bill green, tip yellow; flesh round eye purple." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order COCCYGES.

CUCKOOS.

Bill stout, culmen curved, neither cered nor hooked; tail-feathers ten in number, usually long, broad, and not noticeably stiffened; outermost pair of rectrices much shorter than the others; first and fourth toes directed backward; front toes free. Nesting habits variable, some species are parasitic, while others build bulky nests and raise their young in the normal manner.

Suborder CUCULI.

Family CUCULIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Subfamilies.

a1. Wing longer and flatter, less curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries greater than culmen or tarsus. ... Cuculinæ (p. 364) a2. Wing shorter, more rounded and curved to the body; distance from tip of wing to tip of secondaries less than either culmen or tarsus.

b1. Hind claw long and straight, lark-like. ... Centropodinæ (p. 380) b2. Hind claw short and curved. ... Phoenicophainæ (p. 387)

Subfamily CUCULINÆ.

Genera. [44]

a1. With a long crest; tarsus almost naked. ... Clamator (p. 364) a2. Without a crest; tarsus more or less feathered at base.

b1. Secondaries shorter, in closed wing, scarcely exceeding half the length of primaries. ... Cuculus (p. 370) b2. Secondaries longer, in closed wing, equaling two-thirds the length of primaries or more.

c1. Plumage never entirely black; bill at nostril wider than deep, or at least not deeper than wide.

d1. Larger, length 300 mm. or more; plumage banded or barred, hawk-like in both sexes. ... Hierococcyx (p. 368) d2. Smaller, length 250 mm. or less.

e1. Tail slightly forked, outer feather short; plumage black with a white bar on inner webs of primaries. ... Surniculus (p. 365) e2. Tail rounded; plumage never black.

f1. Larger; tail, about 120 mm.; plumage rather dull, never metallic bronze nor violet.

g1. Young and adult differently colored; bill compressed; tail-feathers of the same length throughout. ... Cacomantis (p. 374) g2. Young and adult similar; bill stout, not compressed; tail-feathers narrower near their tips. ... Penthoceryx (p. 373)

f2. Smaller; tail, about 75 mm.; plumage bright metallic bronze or violet; abdomen strongly barred with white. ... Chalcococcyx (p. 375)

c2. Plumage entirely black in the male, barred in the female, with ten or more buff bars on the tail; length, 250 mm. or more; bill at nostril decidedly deeper than wide. ... Eudynamys (p. 377)

Genus CLAMATOR Kaup, 1829.

A pointed occipital crest; wing short and rounded, primaries extending but little beyond the secondaries; tail much longer than wing; tail-feathers graduated; sexes similar in color.

328. CLAMATOR COROMANDUS (Linnæus).

CRESTED CUCKOO.

Cuculus coromandus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 171. Coccystes coromandus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 214; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 155; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 103, pl. 2, fig. 4; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Mindanao (Everett); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese countries, southern and central China, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.

"Adult male.--Entire upper half of head black, strongly glossed with blue on the crest; across the back of the neck a clear white collar; back black, strongly glossed with greenish blue, and passing into glossy olive-green on the scapulars and inner portion of wings; remainder of wings chestnut, with brown ends to the quills; tail glossy violet-black, most of the feathers, especially the outer ones, partially tipped with white; throat chestnut-buff; chest buffy white; flanks, abdomen, and thighs grayish ash, passing into violet-black on under tail-coverts; under surface of wings chestnut, fading into buff towards the least coverts, and into brown at the ends of the quills. 'Iris dark brown; bill black, with the pale basal portion of lower mandible light gray; legs, feet, and claws slaty blue.' (Darling.) Length, 406; culmen, 28; wing, 173; tail, 254; tarsus, 25.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male, but smaller. Length, 381; culmen, 30; wing, 155; tail, 229; tarsus, 25. Colonel Legge states that the female bird is larger than the male, but this is not borne out by the series in the [British] museum.

"Nestling.--Differs from the adult in having most of the feathers of the upper parts tipped with rufous, the collar being shaded with rufous; the tail-feathers broadly tipped with pale sandy buff; the throat buffy white like the chest, and the under tail-coverts rufous-buff. Length, 350; wing, 160." (Shelley.)

"Apparently a stranger in the Philippines. A single specimen was obtained by Everett in Mindanao. We obtained one specimen in Siquijor, and another in Palawan. No other example was met with on our trip. The Palawan specimen, a female, measures, 375 in length; wing, 153; tail, 219; culmen, 30; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails slaty blue; bill black, pale at base of lower mandible." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus SURNICULUS Lesson, 1831.

Length, about 215 mm; plumage almost entirely black; tail nearly square, tips of the feathers turned outward giving the tail a forked appearance like that of a drongo (Dicrurus); outer pair of feathers much shorter than the rest.

Species.

a1. Tail longer, about 120 mm.; head, neck, and back with a light oil-green gloss. ... lugubris (p. 366) a2. Tail shorter, about 100 mm.; head, neck, and back blue-black without gloss. ... velutinus (p. 367)

329. SURNICULUS LUGUBRIS (Horsfield).

GLOSSY DRONGO CUCKOO.

Cuculus lugubris Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 179. Surniculus lugubris Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 227; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 156; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Southern China, Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Adult male.--Black; wings, upper and under tail-coverts, and tail glossed with dark green; head, neck, back, and under parts glossed with blue; a few hidden white feathers on occiput; a patch of white feathers on each thigh; under tail-coverts narrowly barred and tipped with white; a large white spot on inner web of first primary; a diagonal white bar across inner webs of inner primaries; outermost tail-feathers incompletely barred and tipped with white; outer webs of three or four outer tail-feathers narrowly edged with white near base. "Bill, legs, and claws black; gape and inside of mouth orange-red; iris brown." (Shelley.) Length, 240; wing, 130; tail, 122; culmen from base, 24.

Adult female.--Similar to the male. Wing, 120; tail, 112; culmen from base, 21.

"Immature.--Slightly less glossy, of a more violet shade, and with clear white terminal spots to many of the feathers irregularly dispersed over the plumage; under wing-coverts irregularly barred with white, and the white bar across the quills broader than in the adult; the tail rather more barred with white, the white bars being much more distinct on the outer feathers, and the penultimate ones partially barred near their quills, and all the feathers with white spots at their tips.

"This species varies considerably in the shape of the tail which is sometimes very much forked, with the long feathers curved outwards towards their ends, but is sometimes square, the outer feather on each side being always short. The white of the nape is often absent, and the amount of the white spotting of the upper tail-coverts varies greatly. The most constant characters are the white spot and bar on the under surface of the quills, the bars on the under tail-coverts, and the bars on the outer tail-feathers, the latter varying in amount according to age. The immature bird, Cuculus albopunctatus Drap. has white spots which vary in number and size, the last to disappear with age being those at the ends of the tail-feathers. * * *." (Shelley.)

"A single male from Palawan measures, 229 in length; wing, 119; tail, 120; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

330. SURNICULUS VELUTINUS Sharpe.

PHILIPPINE DRONGO CUCKOO.

Surniculus velutinus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877), 1, 320; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 230; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 49; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 156; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 60.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Samar (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett, Bourns & Worcester).

"Adult.--Very closely allied to S. lugubris; tail always square, with the exception of the outer pair of feathers, which are much shorter; it differs in having the head, back, throat, and breast velvety black, with absolutely no trace of white on any of the tail-coverts, and a distinct narrow white basal edging to the tail-feathers. 'Iris dark chocolate-brown; bill and claws black; feet bluish gray.' (Everett.) Length, 203; culmen, 23; wing, 119; tail, 109; tarsus, 14. The sexes are similar in plumage." (Shelley.)

"Immature.--A young bird from Basilan, two-thirds grown, is light rusty brown in color, lightest on under surface; crown and nape show metallic blue-black feathers; one of the scapulars, many feathers of rump, and all of tail same color, mostly tipped with rusty brown; wing-coverts rusty brown with faint dark shaft-markings appearing; upper surface of wing black, faintly metallic, all the feathers edged with rusty brown; under surface of body uniform light brown; wing-coverts white strongly washed with brown at tips; white spot on inner webs of primaries appearing; under surface of tail dull metallic blue, each feather with several spots of white.

"A bird nearly grown shows numerous brown feathers on head and back. Primaries washed with rusty brown, primary-coverts uniform brown. Throat, chin, and upper breast nearly black. A third has general color of adult but some feathers of head, nape, primary-coverts, breast and abdomen as well as tips of some of the secondaries are washed with rusty brown." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Abundant in Basilan; not uncommon in Tawi Tawi and Sulu. Found in the forest, or in second growth. Five males average, 215 in length; wing, 116; tail, 110; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 21. Five females, length, 212; wing, 115; tail, 106; culmen, 23; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 20. Bill and nails black; iris black to leaden; food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus HIEROCOCCYX S. Müller, 1839-44.

Superficially this genus resembles Cuculus but differs by its comparatively shorter primaries and longer secondaries. In plumage and flight these cuckoos mimic the smaller Accipitrine hawks, and this probably protects them from the attacks of the larger hawks and owls.

Species.

a1. Breast with distinct blackish brown bars, tip of tail white; wing, 200 mm. or more. ... sparverioides (p. 368) a2. Breast without bars; tip of tail rufous; wing, 180 mm. or less. ... fugax (p. 369)

331. HIEROCOCCYX SPARVERIOIDES (Vigors).

ASIATIC HAWK CUCKOO.

Cuculus sparverioides Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 173. Hierococcyx sparverioides Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 232. Hierococcyx sparveroides Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 157; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (McGregor); Negros (Whitehead); Palawan (Platen). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, eastern Siberia, Japan, China, Borneo.

"Adult.--Above brown with a bronzy gloss, changing gradually into gray on the back of the neck and crown; the outer tail-coverts barred with white, and the longest ones often with darker ends and narrow pale edges; tail with about five distinct dark bars and narrow pale tips to the feathers, seldom much shaded with rufous; sides of the head and chin gray, with a broad white band from the front of the eye to the white on the throat, separating the gray of the head from the chin; upper throat white, changing on the lower throat and front of the chest into rufous, and the whole mottled with pale gray; remainder of the under parts white, with the breast down to the thighs broadly barred with dusky brown, and partially washed with rufous; under wing-coverts white, shaded with rufous; quills dusky brown with numerous white or buff partial bars on their inner webs. 'Bill black, with the base of the lower mandible pale green; iris, eyelids, legs, and claws bright gamboge-yellow.' (Davison.) Length, 394; culmen, 28; wing, 206; tail, 190; tarsus, 25.

"Immature.--Differs from the adult in the gray of the upper parts being confined to the crown, the back of the neck being mottled with rufous, the feathers of the back and wings more or less edged or barred with rufous. Under surface white washed with buff; chin generally darker, often black; throat and front of the chest broadly striped, the breast with broad short bars to the feathers." (Shelley.)

"One adult female was obtained in the Island of Busuanga. Upper mandible black, lower greenish; eyelids yellow; eyes orange; legs, feet, and nails bright lemon-yellow. Length, 400; culmen, 32; wing, 223; tail, 211; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 37." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

332. HIEROCOCCYX FUGAX (Horsfield).

HORSFIELD'S HAWK CUCKOO.

Cuculus fugax Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 178. Hierococcyx fugax Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 236; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 157; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 104; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Bourns & Worcester); Bohol (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Heriot); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Sulu (Bourns & Worcester). Sumatra, Java, Borneo.

Adult.--Above uniform slate-gray; end of tail bright rufous otherwise very similar to that of H. sparverioides; below white, with a variable amount of rufous on the breast; in some specimens the whole chest rufous, in others only the edges of the feathers rufous; chin gray; throat white slightly tinged with gray, and occasionally streaked with brown or rufous; no bars on breast thus distinguishing it from H. sparverioides. Length of male from Cagayancillo, 280; wing, 170; tail, 151; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 18. Length of female from Mindoro, 285; wing, 170; tail, 157; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 19.

"Immature.--Top of head gray; upper parts including wings, dark gray barred with rufous, tail barred as in the adult with light brown, blackish brown, and rufous, the rufous bars narrowest; under parts white with broad, pointed, mesial stripes of blackish; edges of feathers washed with rusty-brown; under tail-coverts white.

"Nestling.--Similar in plumage to the immature bird, with the back brown and the markings on the breast rather larger. Length, 208 mm." (Shelley.)

"Rare and shy. Found skulking in thick bushes or under-brush, often near water. A male measures, 286 in length; wing, 167; tail, 153; culmen, 25; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 27. A female, length, 305; wing, 173; tail, 139; culmen, 25; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris brown; legs, feet, and nails bright yellow. Bill with upper mandible olive-green at base, black at tip; lower mandible olive-green. Food beetles and other insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CUCULUS Linnæus, 1758.

Secondaries about half the length of primaries; wing long and flat; tail shorter than wing; in adults the upper parts are nearly uniform brown or gray, chin and throat gray; abdomen white barred with black.

Species.

a1. Tail with a subterminal black band; crown and throat grayish contrasting with mantle and back. ... micropterus (p. 370) a2. Tail without a subterminal black band; crown and throat gray like the back.

b1. Larger; wing, 200 to 230 mm.; bars on breast more dusky; edge of wing white and brown. ... canorus (p. 371) b2. Smaller; wing, less than 200 mm.; bars on breast jet-black, broader and more complete; edge of wing white. ... saturatus (p. 372)

333. CUCULUS MICROPTERUS Gould.

SHORT-WINGED CUCKOO.

Cuculus micropterus Gould, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), 137; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 241; Grant, Ibis (1896), 560; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 158; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1900), 61.

Negros (Whitehead). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Andaman Islands, Burmese Provinces, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Ternate, Ceylon, China, Japan.

"Adult.--Above dark brown, shading into slaty gray on the back of the neck and head; tail rather paler brown, with a broad subterminal black bar and a white tip, all the feathers having about five or six white spots on their quills, increasing in size toward the outer feathers, and most of them having white notches on their inner webs; throat gray, sometimes shaded with dusky on the sides of the crop; sides of the head and neck rather darker gray, more like the crown; remainder of the under parts buff or white, rather broadly barred with black, the under tail-coverts being less regularly marked and with fewer bars; under surface of the wings as in C. canorus. 'Iris brown; bill horny, below lighter and tinted with yellow toward the base; gape and eyelids bright yellow; feet and legs duller yellow; two front claws horny, two hind ones yellow.' (Bingham.) Length, 305; culmen, 25; wing, 20; tail, 160; tarsus, 20.

"Immature.--Above brown, darker on the head; the crown and neck thickly mottled with broad fulvous ends to the feathers; feathers on the back and wings broadly tipped with rufous or buff; tail very similar to that of the adult, but with the pale portion more rufous; beneath buff, barred with black, and mottled with gray on the throat in older specimens." (Shelley.)

334. CUCULUS CANORUS Linnæus.

EUROPEAN CUCKOO.

Cuculus canorus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 110; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 245; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 205, fig. 60 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 158; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 105; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Basilan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Palawan (Platen); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Europe and northern Asia; in winter to Africa, Indian Peninsula, Malayan subregion to Australia.

"Adult male.--General color above leaden gray, slightly shaded with olive on the mantle and wings; quills dark brown, more or less notched with white on the inner webs; lateral upper tail-coverts narrowly edged and partially barred with white; tail slaty black, with white ends to all the feathers and with about seven double white spots along their shafts and white notches on their inner webs never forming bars across the feathers; sides of the head and neck, chin, and throat gray, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the under parts white, shaded with buff on the abdomen and under tail-coverts, and very regularly barred with dusky black; axillars and under wing-coverts barred like the breast, with a portion near the bend of the wing and most of the greater series leaden gray; quills beneath dusky brown, with white bars on their inner webs, broadest and most strongly marked toward the base of the feathers. Bill black, yellowish at the base and edges; iris and legs yellow. Length, 356; culmen, 229; wing, 226; tail, 178; tarsus, 20.

"Adult female.--Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with rufous. Length, 320; culmen, 22; wing, 211; tail, 173; tarsus, 19.

"Nestling.--General plumage above dark brown, partially barred with rufous, with a narrow white terminal margin to each of the feathers, broadest on the wings and tail; crown and nape much mottled with white; sides of the head, chin, and throat blackish brown and white in broad bars of nearly even breadth; remainder of the under surface of the body white, with blackish brown bars not half the width of the intervening white spaces. Length, 170; wing, 127.

"Young nearly full-grown.--Above gray, passing into brownish black on the head, wings, and tail; crown and nape mottled with white feathers; feathers of the head, neck, wings, and tail strongly barred with rufous; remainder of the back much less distinctly barred, each feather being tipped with white next to a subterminal dark bar; tail with waved rufous bars passing into white near the shafts of the feathers and with white ends; general color of the under parts buffish white, with blackish brown bars, slightly broader on the chin and throat than on the breast. Length, 297; wing, 184.

"Hepatic phase.--General color of the upper parts cinnamon, barred on the head, mantle, and wings with dusky black; lower back and upper tail-coverts with a few black spots next to their shafts; outer tail-coverts with partial traces of dark bars; tail partially barred with black and marked with white near the shafts, the tips, and some of the edges of the feathers, and with a broad subterminal black band; under parts buffish white, rather darker on the throat, and all the feathers barred with dusky black. Length, 297; culmen, 22; wing, 216; tail, 170; tarsus, 19." (Shelley.)

"We secured a single specimen in Siquijor in February, 1891; a second specimen was seen but not secured. The specimen in question, a male, measures, 311 in length; wing, 201; tail, 161; culmen, 27; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 26. Iris brownish yellow, with inner ring of dull brown; feet bright yellow; nails yellowish, except that of middle toe, which is black; upper mandible black, lower light yellowish." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

335. CUCULUS SATURATUS Hodgson.

HIMALAYAN CUCKOO.

Cuculus saturatus Hodgson, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1843), 12, 942; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 158; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 114; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61. Cuculus intermedius Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 252. Cuculus canoroides Blasius, Ornis (1888), 6 (of reprint); Jour. für Ornith. (1890), 145.

Mindanao (Platen); Palawan (Platen). Eastern Siberia, Indian Peninsula, Andaman Islands, Malay Archipelago, Burmese provinces, northeastern Australia, Japan, China, New Guinea, New Britain.

"Adult male.--Very similar to C. canorus, but smaller, with the bill shorter and stouter. The plumage differs in the upper parts being of a deeper and more blue-gray, the breast and under tail-coverts more washed with buff, and the bars on the body black, broader and more sharply defined than in C. canorus. 'Bill above blackish, below greenish; gape and mouth inside deep orange; eyelids bright yellow; iris stone-color; legs dull yellow; claws pale.' (Cripps.) Length, 325; culmen, 23; wing, 188; tail, 160; tarsus, 18.

"Adult female.--Differs only in plumage from the male in having the base of the throat shaded with buffish rufous, as is the case in C. canorus. Length, 292; culmen, 18; wing, 188; tail, 152; tarsus, 18.

"Nestling.--General plumage above blackish brown, with narrow terminal white margins to the feathers, which margins are broadest on the wings and tail; the white nuchal patch so characteristic of C. canorus is indicated by three white feathers; a few rufous partial bars on the wings and tail; chin and throat blackish brown, the feathers of the latter with very narrow whitish terminal edges; remainder of the under surface of the body blackish brown and white in broad bars of even width. Length, 127; wing, 94.

"Young nearly full-grown.--Differs from C. canorus at this stage in being much blacker, in generally having no white feathers on the nape, and in the greater breadth of the black bars on the throat and breast, which are seldom narrower than the white space between them.

"Rufous phase.--Compared with the rufous phase of C. canorus, it is darker, the dark bars being broader and blacker; lower back and upper tail-coverts barred with black like the crown; tail with very distinct black bars forming angles at the shafts of the feathers; under surface of the body similarly colored, but much more broadly barred with black than in C. canorus. Length, 282; culmen, 22; wing, 178; tail, 155; tarsus, 18." (Shelley.)

Genus PENTHOCERYX Cabanis, 1862.

"This genus resembles Cacomantis in structure and size, the only structural distinctions being that the bill is much stouter and broader up to the tip, which is blunt when seen from above, and that the tail-feathers become narrower behind instead of remaining of the same breadth. The wing is shaped as in Cacomantis, the primaries only exceeding the secondaries by one-third the length." (Blanford.)

336. PENTHOCERYX SONNERATI (Latham).

BANDED BAY CUCKOO.

Cuculus sonnerati Latham, Ind. Orn. (1790), 1, 215; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 262. Penthoceryx sonnerati Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 219, fig. 63 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 159; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 115, pl. 2, fig. 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 61.

Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese provinces, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Timor.

"Adult.--Above alternately barred with rufous and dusky bronze, with a slight olive gloss; forehead more or less spotted with white; a white patch on the carpal joint faintly barred with dusky; tail with rufous-shaded white ends; center feathers blackish, with a number of rufous notches on both webs; remaining feathers bright rufous, with a broad subterminal dark bar and a variable number of other bands; sides of the head and under parts white, evenly marked with narrow wavy bars of blackish brown, the lower breast and under tail-coverts slightly tinted with rufous; under wing-coverts pale rufous-buff, barred like the breast; under surface of the quills dark brown, with a large basal portion of their inner webs rufous-buff, more or less barred with dark brown. Bill black, with base of lower mandible gray; legs greenish gray. Length, 234; culmen, 19; wing, 122; tail, 122; tarsus, 18.

"Immature.--Above rufous; the upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts barred with olive-shaded black; a band of this color runs down the centers of some of the tail-feathers, and most of these feathers have bold black spots near their ends and occasionally white tips; sides of the head and sides of the neck rufous like the crown; remainder of the under parts white, with the blackish bars on the throat and chest broader than in the adult." (Shelley.)

"An adult male from the Calamianes Islands measures, 216 in length; wing, 104; tail, 98; culmen, 24; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 21. Iris dark brown; legs and feet drab; upper mandible black, lower dark gray. Our Tablas specimens are immature, but there seems little room for doubt as to their identity." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CACOMANTIS S. Müller, 1843.

Size small; wing short and pointed; third primary longest; primaries exceeding secondaries by one-third of length of wing; tail strongly graduated, longer than wing. In this genus the young have a barred plumage which disappears in the adult; Penthoceryx has no change of pattern but retains the barred livery in the adult state.

337. CACOMANTIS MERULINUS (Scopoli).

RUFOUS-BELLIED CUCKOO.

Cuculus merulinus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 89. Cacomantis merulinus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 268; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 159; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 62.

Ma-sa-kit', Manila.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Caluya (Porter); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Gevers, Everett, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Whitehead, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere, Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (Porter); Sibay (Porter); Siquijor (Celestino); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett); Ticao (McGregor). Malay Peninsula, Burmese Provinces, eastern Himalayas, northeastern Bengal, central India, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate.

"Adult male.--Upper half of the head and back of the neck leaden gray, passing gradually into brown, with an olive gloss on the back and wings; feathers of the pinion-joint white, forming a patch; upper tail-coverts gray like the crown; tail slaty black with white ends, the outer webs of the feathers notched with white, the inner webs regularly barred with white, most strongly so on the outer feathers; sides of the head, chin, throat, and front of chest uniform gray, slightly paler than the crown; remainder of the body and under tail-coverts and the under wing-coverts uniform rufous-buff; under surface of the quills dusky brown, with a diagonal bar of white formed by the white on the inner webs near the base of the quills. 'Bill black, base of lower mandible reddish. Iris light red; feet and legs waxy naples-yellow, nails black.' (Everett.) Length, 208; culmen, 16; wing, 109; tail, 109; tarsus, 16.

"Immature.--Above rufous, nearly equally barred throughout with olive, shaded black; primaries alone more uniform brown; under parts buff, narrowly barred throughout with dusky black; under wing-coverts like the chest; pale portion of the quills more rufous than in the adult and indicating partial bars. 'Bill dusky black, yellowish at the gape and base of lower mandible; iris yellowish white, legs and feet dingy grayish yellow.' (Hume.) Length, 231; culmen, 18; wing, 109; tail, 127; tarsus, 18." (Shelley.)

Nestling.--Upper parts including wings and tail dark brown, the feathers barred and edged with cinnamon-rufous; tip of tail and edge of wing white; below white, barred, more regularly than above, with blackish brown.

"Very common. It is quite a sweet singer. Legs and feet dirty yellow; nails black; upper mandible black, lower light brown. Four males measure, 241 in length; wing, 118; tail, 132; culmen, 21; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 21." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHALCOCOCCYX Cabanis, 1862.

Length, about 165 mm.; tail short and rounded; wings long and pointed, when folded reaching nearly to tip of tail; plumage metallic bronze or violet; breast, abdomen, and sides barred with white.

Species.

a1. Bill bright yellow; upper parts deep metallic violet. ... xanthorhynchus (p. 376) a2. Bill not yellow; upper parts metallic bronze, green, and purple. ... malayanus (p. 377)

338. CHALCOCOCCYX XANTHORHYNCHUS (Horsfield).

VIOLET CUCKOO.

Cuculus xanthorhynchus Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 179. Chalcococcyx xanthorhynchus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 289; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 161; McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1906), 1, 905; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 62. Lampromorpha amethystina Vigors, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1831), 98.

Basilan (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Luzon (Lindsay); Mindoro (Steere Exp., McGregor, Porter); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead). Nicobars, Andamans, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Chinese Provinces, Assam, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

Male.--Entire head, neck, wings, tail, chin, throat, and fore breast beautiful metallic violet; three outer pairs of rectrices tipped with white; outermost pair with three white spots on outer webs; under parts, wing-lining, and axillars white, barred with metallic green. A male from Mindoro had inner ring of iris dark red, outer ring yellow; eyelids scarlet; bill bright yellow, its basal third orange-red; legs and nails black. Length, 165; wing, 103; tail, 68; culmen from base, 19. A male from Palawan measures: Wing, 91; tail, 65; culmen from base, 17.

"Adult female.--Above coppery bronze shaded with green, and with somewhat obscure rufous edges to most of the feathers of the wing; sides of the head and eyebrows white, barred with black; forehead partially mottled with these colors; remainder of the crown and back of the neck nearly uniform dark brown; center pair of tail-feathers nearly uniform fiery bronze, passing into green toward their ends; remainder of the feathers rufous, barred with black, and the outer web and tip of the exterior pair blotched with white; under parts, including the under wing-coverts, white, regularly barred with bronzy brown, passing into black on the under tail-coverts; under surface of the quills brown, with broad inner margins of buff, passing into white near the base of the feathers. Length, 168; culmen, 16; wing, 99; tail, 71; tarsus, 14.

"Young.--Above rufous; back of the neck, back, and wing-coverts barred with metallic green; quills greenish brown, edged with rufous; two center tail-feathers metallic green, tipped with rufous, remainder rufous, barred with black and tipped with white and with some white bars on the outer feathers; beneath white, barred with bronze. Bill yellowish brown. Length, 142. Males on first assuming the metallic plumage are irregularly blotched with both metallic green and violet." (Shelley.)

"A very rare bird. Iris red; legs and feet dark olive; nails black; bill orange-yellow, red at base; eye-wattles red. Food, in one case, caterpillars. A male measures, 203 in length; wing, 96; tail, 66; culmen, 18; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 19." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

It is not improbable that Vigors's name will have to be used for the violet cuckoo inhabiting the Philippine Islands, outside the Palawan group; at the present time, however, sufficient material to warrant the separation is not available.

339. CHALCOCOCCYX MALAYANUS (Raffles).

EMERALD CUCKOO.

Cuculus malayanus Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, pt. 2, 286. Chalcococcyx malayanus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 298; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 162; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 62.

Basilan (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Mindanao (Everett, Celestino); Negros (Steere); Tawi Tawi (Everett). Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Timor, Flores, Celebes, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, northern Australia.

Adult female.--Above including wing and tail dark metallic bronze-green, mixed with dark purple, the latter color more pronounced on head and neck; some small white spots on lores and above and below eyes; below white, barred with coppery bronze; throat, fore breast, and sides of neck heavily washed with rich rusty brown which nearly obliterates the white and bronze bars; under wing-coverts and axillars barred with white and bronze; under surface of wing ashy brown; on inner web near the base of each quill a white patch, followed by a larger rufous patch forming a diagonal double band; rectrices rufous, outermost pair barred with black and white and with white tips; next two pairs barred with black and with white tips; fourth pair ashy brown, barred with rufous on outer webs and with tips subterminally blackish; middle pair ashy brown with obsolete subterminal bars. Iris red; bill black, dark red at base; feet dark green. Length, 160; wing, 99; tail, 66; culmen from base, 16; bill from nostril, 12. The specimen described above was taken in Basilan. Male similar?

"Bill blackish; iris burnt sienna color; orbital ring fine vermilion; feet very dark lead-gray." (Everett.)

Genus EUDYNAMYS Vigors and Horsfield, 1826.

Adult male entirely black; adult female conspicuously barred and spotted; feet stout; tail long, its feathers broad and rounded at their tips.

Species.

a1. Plumage black (males).

b1. Smaller; wing, 200 mm. or less. ... honorata (p. 378); mindanensis (p. 379) b2. Larger; wing, 225 mm. or more. ... frater (p. 379)

a2. Plumage barred (females).

b1. Smaller; wing, 200 mm. or less.

c1. Bars on abdomen broader. ... honorata (p. 378) c2. Bars on abdomen narrower. ... mindanensis (p. 379)

b2. Larger; wing, 225 mm. or more. ... frater (p. 379)

340. EUDYNAMYS HONORATA (Linnæus).

INDIAN KOEL.

Cuculus honoratus Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 169. Eudynamis honorata Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 316; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 228, fig. 65 (head); Sharpe, Hand-List, (1900), 2, 164; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 121; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 62.

Palawan (Platen, Steere Exp.). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese Provinces, Andaman Islands, Ceylon, China, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Flores.

"Adult male.--Entire plumage black, very strongly glossed with bluish green. 'Iris crimson; bill pale bluish green, dusky round the nostrils; legs and feet leaden blue.' (Legge.) Length, 386; culmen, 30; wing, 193; tail, 200; tarsus, 30.

"Adult female.--Above blackish brown, with an olive gloss; crown, sides of the head, and back of the neck very strongly mottled with broad white shaft-stripes, which are generally shaded toward the forehead with rufous; back and wing-coverts spotted with white; quills, upper tail-coverts, and tail barred with white; beneath white, feathers of the throat with broad black sides, remainder of the under surface of the body and the under wing-coverts with rather broad black angular bars; under surface of the quills brown, partially barred with white. 'Iris crimson; legs and feet plumbeous; bill greenish gray, gape pinkish flesh-color.' (Butler.) Length, 406; culmen, 30; wing, 190; tail, 198; tarsus, 33.

"Nestling.--Entirely greenish black like the adult male.

"The scarcely full-grown birds have more or less marking on the tail-feathers and the under surface of the quills, and have numerous fulvous spots on the body-feathers. In more than one specimen the breast and abdomen are thickly mottled with buff markings.

"There seems to me to be no absolute uniformity in the color of the young birds, and some are much more spotted than others. If Mr. Whitehead's surmise is correct, that the young female is also black like the male, then it is possible that the less spotted nestlings are males, which remain almost uniform till they take on the adult plumage after their first molt, while the feathers are even more mottled, foreshadowing the spotted dress which they are about to assume. The plumage of the adult female also varies, and very old birds appear to me to grow hoary, while the yellowish or reddish tinge on the head and throat may be considered as sure signs of youth." (Shelley.)

"Whitehead insists, Ibis (1890), 46, that the Palawan species is E. mindanensis, and not E. malayana (honorata). Blasius, however, seems to think that he found both species among Dr. Platen's birds. Steere identified the specimens secured by us in 1897 as E. malayana. We secured no additional material on our present trip." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

341. EUDYNAMYS MINDANENSIS (Linnæus).

PHILIPPINE KOEL.

Cuculus mindanensis Linnæus, Syst. Nat. ed. 12, (1766), 1, 169. Eudynamis mindanensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 321; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 165; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Ba-haó, Ticao; cu-aó, Masbate; pa-haó, Cagayancillo; bau-baó, Cuyo; cu-aoó, Calayan.

Apo (Celestino); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Caluya (Porter); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Cuyo (McGregor); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer); Leyte (Whitehead); Luzon (Everett, Whitehead); Malanipa (Murray); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere, Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp.); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Semirara (McGregor & Worcester); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Sangi Islands.

"Adult male.--Similar in plumage to E. honorata. 'Bill grayish green; legs dark lead-gray; claws black; iris crimson.' (Everett.) Length, 373; culmen, 30; wing, 188; tail, 193; tarsus, 33.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to E. honorata but with the entire upper half of the head rufous, streaked or mottled with black; bars on the chest, abdomen, and under tail-coverts slightly narrower. 'Bill pale green, deep orange at base; legs yellow, tinged green on the tarsus; nails gray; iris chrome-yellow.' (Everett.) Length, 368; culmen, 32; wing, 19; tail, 19; tarsus, 33." (Shelley.)

"A very common bird throughout the islands, especially abundant in mangrove swamps and in second growth. Called 'bahów' by the natives from its note. Frequently heard crying at dead of night. Five males average, 386 in length; wing, 189; tail, 185; culmen, 28; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 46. Two females, length, 362; wing, 183; tail, 176; culmen, 28; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 37. Eyes red; legs and feet leaden gray to nearly black; bill pale greenish. Food usually insects, but in one case fruit." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

342. EUDYNAMYS FRATER McGregor.

ALLIED KOEL.

Eudynamis frater McGregor, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 21; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Calayan (McGregor); Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor).

Male.--Entire plumage glossy blue-black. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet dark steel-blue; nails brown. Length, 490; wing, 241; tail, 237; exposed culmen, 31; bill from nostril, 22.

Female.--Above dark brown with a faint purple gloss on wing-coverts and scapulars; feathers of crown, neck, and sides of face with rufous shaft-stripes; back, rump, and wings with small tawny-rufous spots, quills and tail barred with same color; lower parts buff (inclining to white on middle of breast) barred with black; a more or less distinct white band from base of bill to below posterior edge of ear-coverts, wider posteriorly; below this a wide band of dark rufous mixed with black; ear-coverts similar; chin and throat striped with black and tawny-buff. Bill dusky greenish; iris crimson; legs and feet steel-blue; nails brown. Length, 490; wing, 240; tail, 227; exposed culmen, 31; bill from nostril, 22.

Subfamily CENTROPODINÆ.

Genus CENTROPUS Illiger, 1811.

Bill powerful, strongly curved; legs and feet strong, tarsus naked; claw of hind toe very long and slender, nearly straight; wings short, rounded, and curved to the body, primaries but little longer than secondaries; tail very long, its feathers wide and soft; feathers of head, neck, and throat coarse and decomposed, their shafts strong and polished.

Species.

a1. Head, chin, and throat black; wings neither chestnut nor fawn.

b1. Entire plumage nearly uniform black, glossed with oil-green.

c1. Slightly smaller; culmen in male, about 29 mm. ... mindorensis (p. 381) c2. Slightly larger; culmen in male, about 32 mm. ... carpenteri (p. 382)

b2. Neck and breast smoky brown in contrast with the black of head and throat. ... steeri (p. 382)

a2. Not uniform black; wings chestnut, rufous, or fawn.

b1. Tail black, glossed with blue or green.

c1. Under parts nearly uniform black.

d1. Head, neck, and breast glossed with bluish violet; wing, 220 mm. or more. ... sinensis (p. 383) d2. Head, neck, and breast glossed with oil-green or dark blue; wing, 190 mm. or less.

e1. Wings bright rufous; shafts of wing-coverts rufous; wing-lining black. ... viridis (p. 383) e2. Wings dark buff; shafts of wing-coverts pale buff; wing-lining buff. ... javanicus (p. 384)

c2. Chin, throat, and breast light buff; abdomen black, glossed with oil-green. ... melanops (p. 386)

b2. Tail and entire upper parts uniform rufous. ... unirufus (p. 386)

343. CENTROPUS MINDORENSIS (Steere).

MINDORO COUCAL.

Centrococcyx mindorensis Steere, List Birds. & Mams. Steere Exped. (1900), 12. Centropus mindorensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 339; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 166; Grant, Ibis, (1896), 475; McGregor, Bur. Govt. Labs. (1905), 34, 17; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Platen, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Semirara (Worcester).

Adult (sexes similar).--Entire plumage black, heavily glossed with oil-green; most of the feathers with glossy black shafts; in some specimens the alula and primary-coverts edged with rufous. Iris dark red; bill, legs, and nails black. Length of a male, 460; wing, 155; tail, 270; culmen from base, 29; depth of bill at front of nostril, 13.

Young.--A young male taken May 11 is blackish brown; head and neck glossed with green; chin, throat, and breast mottled with gray; wings faintly glossed with green; primaries and secondaries slightly tipped with dull rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with dull rufous; tail black strongly glossed with green. Wing, 160; tail, 180; culmen from base, 29.

Grant gives the following description of an immature male:

"The immature feathers in the upper parts are dull brownish black, devoid of any gloss; the immature tail- and flight-feathers are similarly colored, but slightly glossed, and the latter are indistinctly barred with pale rufous on both webs. The throat, breast, and belly are brownish black, indistinctly marked with buff; the rest of the plumage is similar to that of the adult."

"Frequents bushes in open fields like C. viridis. Very common in Mindoro. Four males average, 445 in length; wing, 167; tail, 268; culmen, 37; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 40. A female measures, 476 in length; wing, 176; tail, 279; culmen, 32; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 42. Iris red; bill, legs, and feet black. Food insects." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

The Mindoro coucal builds a bulky globular nest of grass, with an entrance on one side. A nest found in April was situated in a thick bed of giant grass. The two eggs are dull white and covered with a thin layer of a white, chalky substance; their measurements are 27.4 by 21.8 and 24.3 by 21.

344. CENTROPUS CARPENTERI Mearns.

BATAN ISLAND COUCAL.

Centropus carpenteri Mearns, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 356; McGregor, ibid., 340.

Batan (Mearns, McGregor).

Adult.--Similar to Centropus mindorensis (Steere), but slightly larger. Mearns gives the following measurements:

"Centropus carpenteri: Adult male type: Length, 440; wing, 166; tail, 278; chord of culmen, 32; depth of bill, 16; tarsus, 42; middle toe with claw, 44.

"Centropus mindorensis: Average of three males: Length, 398; wing, 153; tail, 238; chord of culmen, 29.2; depth of bill, 13.7; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 42."

Young.--A young bird taken June 4 is black; upper parts including wings and tail lightly glossed with green; chin and throat slightly mottled with gray; tips of primaries and secondaries slightly rufous; alula and all upper wing-coverts barred with rufous. Wing, 140; tail, 112; culmen from base, 26.

345. CENTROPUS STEERI Bourns and Worcester.

STEERE'S COUCAL.

Centropus steerii Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 14; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 166; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Mindoro (Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor).

"Sexes alike.--Forehead, crown and nape, sides of face, chin, throat, and upper breast greenish black; the coarse shafts of the feathers shiny black, the webs with a faint greenish tinge; hind neck and back, sides of neck, wing-coverts, and breast smoky brown with faint greenish tinge; hind back and rump slaty black, tips of feathers with greenish tinge; upper tail-coverts and upper surface of tail uniform dull metallic green; shafts of feathers jet-black from base to tip; upper surface of wings earthy brown with metallic green gloss like the tail, except on the four outer primaries, which have little gloss; abdomen browner than breast and with less metallic wash; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts like rump; under surface of tail black with faint metallic blue gloss; under wing-coverts and axillars like breast; under surface of wing uniform blackish brown. Seven males measure as follows: Length, 424; wing, 150; tail, 216; culmen, 40; tarsus, 42. A female measures, 495 in length; wing, 158; tail, 233; culmen, 44; tarsus, 43." (Bourns and Worcester.)

Steere's coucal is somewhat like the Mindoro coucal but its breast and neck are smoky brown while the entire plumage of the Mindoro coucal is black glossed with green. The two species are fairly abundant in Mindoro and inhabit thick grass patches and jungle.

346. CENTROPUS SINENSIS (Stephens).

COMMON COUCAL.

Polophilus sinensis Stephens, Gen. Zool. (1815), 9, 51. Centropus sinensis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 343; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 239, fig. 69 (foot); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 124; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Balabac (Everett); Cagayan Sulu (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, White); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Everett). Malay Peninsula, Burmese countries, Ceylon, China, India, Java, Sumatra, Borneo.

"Adult male.--General plumage black, with the wings and upper back chestnut; head, neck, and chest glossed with purplish blue; remainder of the body, lower back, upper tail-coverts, and tail glossed with purplish green; primaries with brown ends; inner secondaries slightly tinted with brown; under wing-coverts glossy black. 'Bill and legs black; iris crimson.' (Davison.) Length, 559; culmen, 42; wing, 223; tail, 312; tarsus, 58.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male. Length, 521; culmen, 46; wing, 211; tail, 284; tarsus, 56.

"Immature.--Plumage duller than in the adult and generally of a greener shade; sides of head and front of neck with buffy white spots, increasing into bars on the body; mantle, some of the wing-coverts, and the innermost secondaries barred with black; upper tail-coverts narrowly barred with buff; tail glossy greenish black, with no blue shade." (Shelley.)

"Rare in Palawan; common in Sulu. Iris red; legs, feet, and nails black; bill black; food insects. Two males measure, 555 in length; wing, 198; tail, 312; culmen, 41; tarsus, 53; middle toe with claw, 50. Two females, length, 475; wing, 178; tail, 245; culmen, 37; tarsus, 44; middle toe with claw, 45." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

347. CENTROPUS VIRIDIS (Scopoli).

RED-WINGED COUCAL.

Cuculus viridis Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 89. Centropus viridis Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 349; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Suc-suc, Lubang; sa-guc'-soc, Ticao; si-ga-cok', Calayan; sa-ba-cot', Manila.

Bantayan (McGregor); Banton (Celestino); Basilan (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes (Whitehead); Cebu (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Mearns); Fuga (McGregor); Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Schmacker); Negros (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, Keay); Panay (Sonnerat, Murray, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead); Siasi (Guillemard); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult.--Sexes similar; wings bright chestnut, tips of primaries and secondaries blackish brown; wing-lining glossed with green; remainder of plumage black, glossed with dark green and traces of blue. Iris red; bill and nails black; legs dark steel-blue. Length of a male from Manila, 380; wing, 155; tail, 250; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 42. Length of a female from Cagayancillo, 480; wing, 190; tail, 290; culmen from base, 33; tarsus, 40.

Immature birds differ from the adult in having the head and body brown, more or less mixed with light buff; wings chestnut, barred with blackish brown; feathers of head, neck, throat, and breast with pale buff shafts; the tail, even in very small young birds, is glossy green like that of the adult.

"Commonest of Philippine cuckoos. Found in the brush and high grass in open country; breeds in February and March. Eyes dark cherry-red; legs and feet slaty black; nails black; bill black.

"Five males from Cebu measure, 395 in length; wing, 152; tail, 239; culmen, 30; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 38. A male from Masbate measures, 419 in length; wing, 17; tail, 202; culmen, 27; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 41. Two females from Masbate measure, 457 in length; wing, 171; tail, 247; culmen, 31; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 43. It will be noted that the variations in size are very considerable." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

348. CENTROPUS JAVANICUS (Dumont).

JAVAN COUCAL.

Cuculus javanicus Dumont, Dic. Sc. Nat. (1818), 11, 144. Centropus javanicus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 354; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 167; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 124; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 63.

Tu-la-cuc', Batan.

Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Everett); Luzon (Whitehead); Mindanao (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Negros (Steere Exp., Keay); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Panay (Steere Exp.); Semirara (Worcester); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). China, Assam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Moluccas, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes.

Adult.--General color including tail black, glossed with dark oil-green; shafts of the feathers strong and glossy black; wings light chestnut or reddish buff; coverts and inner secondaries more or less mottled or streaked with blackish brown, the coverts with pale shaft-stripes; tail tipped with pale buff. Iris brown; bill blackish; legs and feet lead-blue; nails blackish. Length, 375 to 400; a male from Mindoro measures, wing, 162; tail, 225; culmen from base, 29; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 45; middle toe with claw, 44. A female from Bohol: Wing, 160; tail, 210; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 39.

Young.--Upper parts seal-brown, somewhat mixed with rusty buff; shafts of feathers on sides of head, neck, and mantle pale buff; back blackish brown, mottled with rusty buff; upper tail-coverts greatly lengthened, two of the feathers being fully two-thirds the length of the rectrices, in color black glossed with green and crossed by numerous bars of rusty buff.

The young plumage here described is usually considered to be put on each winter even by birds that have attained the black adult plumage. It is usually referred to as the "seasonal" or "non-breeding plumage." Blanford, however, under the closely related Centropus bengalensis says: "The second garb is called the winter or seasonal plumage by most authors, but I can find no evidence that it is ever assumed by birds that have once attained adult coloration, and there are several winter birds in the British Museum collection with the adult dress. The long upper tail-coverts appear peculiar to the immature plumage." Fauna British India, Birds (1895), 3, 243.

"We record this species from Leyte and Bohol on the strength of British Museum specimens stated in the Catalogue of Birds to have been collected in these islands, though no mention seems to have been made of them in the Marquis of Tweeddale's report on Mr. Everett's collections.

"Quite common in Sulu and Tawi Tawi; not rare in the other islands indicated. Lives in the grass in open fields. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet blue-black; bill black. Food insects. Three males average, 345 in length; wing, 139; tail, 180; culmen, 24; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 37. Five females, length, 368; wing, 159; tail, 199; culmen, 31; tarsus, 39; middle, toe with claw, 39." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

349. CENTROPUS MELANOPS Lesson.

BLACK-EYED COUCAL.

Centropus melanops Lesson, Traité (1831), 137; Cassin, Ornith. Wilkes Exped. (1858), 249, atlas pl. 22, fig. 1; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 365; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 168; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Peale, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Nipa (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head, neck, mantle, and lower parts to middle of breast buff, lighter on crown and chin; forehead, lores, cheeks, and eyebrow black forming a mask; wings and scapulars bright chestnut; tips of primaries dark brown; remainder of back, tail, and under parts black, glossed with bluish green; under wing-coverts blackish. Iris red; bill, legs, and claws black. Length of a male from Basilan, 406; wing, 165; tail, 230; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 40. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 170; tail, 235; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 43.

"Frequents thick tangles of vines in deep woods. Very common in Mindanao. Much rarer in Samar.

"Four males measure, 412 in length; wing, 149; tail, 209; culmen, 35; tarsus, 38; middle toe with claw, 41. Four females, length, 441; wing, 155: tail, 236; culmen, 36; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 42.

"The above specimens are from Mindanao. Birds from Samar average slightly larger. Eyes dull red; legs and feet blue-black to black; bill and nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

350. CENTROPUS UNIRUFUS (Cabanis and Heine).

RUFOUS COUCAL.

Pyrrhocentor unirufus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein. (1862), 4, 118 (note). Centropus unirufus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 367; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 168; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, Celestino).

"Adult.--Entire plumage deep rufous, slightly darker above than below; the feathers from the forehead to the mantle have darker glossy shafts than those of the throat and fore part of the chest; the quills with broad brown ends. Bill green, passing into yellow toward the tip and on the edges; legs olive-brown. Length, 400; culmen, 38; wing, 160; tail, 229; tarsus, 43." (Shelley.)

A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 160; tail, 250; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 44.

Subfamily PHÆNICOPHAINÆ.

Genera.

a1. Nostril in a vertical groove at base of bill. ... Dryococcyx (p. 387) a2. Nostril not in a vertical groove; tail-feathers tipped with white.

b1. Feathers over eye lengthened, harsh, and hair-like. ... Dasylophus (p. 388) b2. Feathers of head and throat with black scale-like tips. ... Lepidogrammus (p. 388)

Genus DRYOCOCCYX Sharpe, 1877.

Nostril round in a long vertical groove at base of bill; on side of head from bill to above posterior border of ear, a wide unfeathered space covered with minute fleshy protuberances; wing short; tail long, its feathers wide and greatly graduated.

351. DRYOCOCCYX HARRINGTONI Sharpe.

HARRINGTON'S CUCKOO.

Dryococcyx harringtoni Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877), 1, 321, fig. 1; Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 400; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead, jaw, and narrow lines above and below eye, gray; crown and occiput olive-brown, faintly glossed with green; back, rump, and basal two-thirds of tail glossy metallic green; distal half of tail dark chestnut; chin, throat, breast, sides of neck, and incomplete collar bright rufous, shaded into chestnut on abdomen, thighs, and crissum. Length of a male from Palawan, 450; wing, 170; tail, 270; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 38. Wing of a female, 170; tail, 278; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 39.

"In limiting the range of this species to Palawan, Shelley seems to have overlooked the fact that it was originally discovered in Balabac by Steere. We found it to be quite abundant in the Calamianes Islands, and secured numerous specimens there. Usually found in deep forest, occasionally in second growth. Iris of female yellow; iris of male with outer nearly white ring, and inner ring of deep red or brown; bill pea-green; legs and feet leaden gray; nails black; bare skin round eye maroon.

"Five males from Palawan measure, 461 in length; wing, 164; tail, 262; culmen, 40; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 35. Three females, length, 472; wing, 164; tail, 268; culmen, 38; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 36. Calamianes birds are indistinguishable." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus DASYLOPHUS Swainson, 1837.

Nostril hidden by stiff antrorse feathers; eye surrounded by a large area of bare skin; on each side of crown, from lores to nape, a line of harsh, decomposed, and lengthened feathers; wing short; tail long and graduated.

352. DASYLOPHUS SUPERCILIOSUS (Cuvier).

ROUGH-CRESTED CUCKOO.

Phoenicophaus superciliosus Cuvier, Dict. Hist. Nat. (1826), 10, 55. Dasylophus superciliosus Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 403; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Bá-sac ba-yú-cu, Manila.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

"Adult male.--General plumage above glossy blackish green, with a partial blue shade; a very distinct eyebrow of bright crimson elongated tufts of hair-like feathers extending from the nostrils to behind the bare orbital patch, which latter is bright orange; the base of many of the red tufts white and forming a narrow partial eyebrow next to the bare skin; tail with broad white ends to the feathers; under parts dusky olive, inclining to black toward the chin, thighs, and under tail-coverts, the latter partially glossed with green. 'Iris pure chrome-yellow; orbital skin and base of bill fiery orange; bill pale green; legs greenish chrome; claws dark gray.' (Everett.) Length, 394; culmen, 38; wing, 157; tail, 241; tarsus, 38.

"Adult female.--Similar in plumage to the male. Length, 389; culmen, 38; wing, 155; tail, 231; tarsus, 37." (Shelley.)

A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 160; tail, 240; culmen from base, 36; bill from nostril, 27; tarsus, 35; middle toe with claw, 33.

Genus LEPIDOGRAMMUS Reichenbach, 1849.

Nostrils partly hidden; a large, oblong, bare space surrounding the eye; feathers of entire top of head and of chin and throat with hard, glossy scale-like tips; wings short and rounded; tail long and graduated.

353. LEPIDOGRAMMUS CUMINGI (Fraser).

SCALE-FEATHERED CUCKOO.

Phoenicophaus cumingi Fraser, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1839), 112. Lepidogrammus cumingi Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 404; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 172; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Al-bi-ló-ri-o, Manila.

Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor, Celestino); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

"Adult (type of species).--Upper half and sides of the head gray, passing into white on the sides of the forehead and throat; all feathers of the forehead and a broad central band through the crown to the nape, ornamented with glossy, black, horny appendages, and having the subterminal portion of each feather white; a broad band of similarly horn-tipped feathers extending down the center of the throat; back of the neck deep chestnut; remainder of the upper parts deep glossy green, inclining to purplish blue on the quills and tail; the feathers of the latter with white ends; at the base of the neck a broad golden rufous semicircle bordering the white throat and blending into the deep chestnut of the sides of the neck and chest; abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts brownish black, washed with a dark green gloss on the outside of the thigh-coverts; under wing-coverts deep chestnut like the breast; quills uniform glossy black; eyelashes strong and black. 'Orbital patch and iris red; bill horn-yellow; legs gray.' (Everett.) Length, 432; culmen, 38; wing, 155; tail, 229; tarsus, 41.

"Nestling.--Upper half and sides of the head, wings, and body, both above and below, dark reddish brown; the quills and base of the tail glossy greenish black, with which color other portions of the wings are mottled; a broad white end to the tail; neck all round rufous, passing into rufous-gray on the chin." (Shelley.)

A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 158; tail, 230; culmen from base, 37; bill from nostril, 27; tarsus, 41; middle toe with claw, 39.

Order SCANSORES.

BARBETS.

Bill stout and strong; nostrils at base of bill and visible from above, partly covered by long stiff bristles; wings moderate; first primary very short; tail short and nearly square; rectrices ten; toes four, the outer one reversed, middle and inner ones united for their basal joints.

Suborder CAPITONES.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Family CAPITONIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Genus XANTHOLÆMA Bonaparte, 1854.

Bristles about bill reaching beyond its tip; a small bunch of shorter bristles on chin; a narrow circle of bare skin around eye; prevailing color green with patches of red and yellow; length, about 150 mm. Individuals of the Philippine species are solitary and may be observed perched in dead trees where they remain for an hour or more at a time, repeating a single monotonous note. Eggs three or four, pure white; deposited in a hole excavated in a limb of a tree.

Species.

a1. Chin, throat, and subocular band yellow. ... hæmacephalum (p. 390) a2. Chin, throat, and subocular band red. ... roseum (p. 391)

354. XANTHOLÆMA HÆMACEPHALUM (P. L. S. Müller).

YELLOW-CHINNED BARBET.

Bucco hæmacephalus P. L. S. Müller, Nat. Syst. Suppl. (1776), 88. Xantholæma hæmatocephala Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 89; Blanford, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1895), 3, 98, fig. 27 (head). Xantholæma hæmatocephalum Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 185, 238; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 136; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

A-so-ni-pú-song, Manila; took-took, generally.

Calamianes ? (Bourns & Worcester); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Martens, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, Goodfellow); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor, Porter); Samar (Whitehead). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Burmese Provinces, Ceylon, Sumatra.

Adult (sexes similar).--Forehead and crown crimson, followed by a blackish cross-band extending behind eye to ear-coverts; occiput and nape bluish slate; rest of upper parts olive-green; superciliary line, subocular line, chin, and throat light sulphur-yellow; lores, jaw, and ear-coverts black; posterior to yellow throat a narrow crimson band, followed by a narrower golden yellow band; remainder of under parts pale yellow heavily streaked with dark green, lighter on middle of abdomen; exposed edges of wing and tail-feathers grass-green. Iris brown; bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye red. A male from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Length, 175; wing, 87; tail, 42; bill from nostril, 17; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21. A female from Bataan Province measures: Wing, 83; tail, 40; bill from nostril, 16; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 18.

"Young.--Differs from the adult in wanting the scarlet on the head and the bright colors of the under parts; uniform green above with yellowish white edgings to wing-coverts and secondaries; a pale yellow mark above and below eye; cheeks and ear-coverts blackish; throat and abdomen pale yellow; fore neck and breast dull green, the breast and sides of body narrowly streaked with green." (Shelley.)

"We heard a barbet on several occasions in Busuanga, but were unable to procure any specimens. As X. hæmacephalum occurs in Mindoro, it seems most probable that the Busuanga bird will prove to be of this species. Called 'took-took' by the natives from its habit of perching in the top of some tree and singing 'took, took, took' by the hour. Sometimes called 'clock-bird' by the Spaniards, from the regularity with which it utters its note.

"Seven males from Mindanao average, 158 in length; wing, 78; tail, 34; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 45. Seven females from same locality: Length, 157; wing, 78; tail, 33; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris brown; legs and feet red; nails black; skin around eye deep red." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

355. XANTHOLÆMA ROSEUM (Dumont).

ROSE-THROATED BARBET.

Bucco roseus Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat. (1806), 4, 52. Xantholæma intermedia Shelley, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1891), 19, 97; Sharpe, Hand-List (1906), 2, 186. Xantholæma rosea Grant, Ibis (1896), 558. Xantholæma roseum McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 64.

Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor); Negros (Layard, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Romblon (McGregor); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino). Bali, Java, Sumatra.

Adult (sexes alike).--Superciliary stripe, subocular band, chin, and throat crimson; otherwise the plumage is like that of Xantholæma hæmacephalum. Bill and nails black; legs and bare skin about eye crimson. A male from Tablas measures: Length, 170; wing, 78; tail, 36; bill from nostril, 15; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. A female from Romblon measures: Length, 170; wing, 81; tail, 33; bill from nostril, 16; culmen from base, 22; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 22.

Young.--A young bird has the feathers of forehead and crown blackish slate, tipped with olive-green; below eye a pale yellow band; greater and median wing-coverts and inner secondaries tipped with pale yellow; no crimson feathers; legs flesh-color; otherwise like the adult.

"Five males from Tablas average, 160 in length; wing, 79; tail, 36; culmen, 22; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 20. Four females from same place: Length, 160; wing, 78; tail, 33; culmen, 22; tarsus, 18; middle toe with claw, 20. Iris dark brown; legs and feet red; nails black; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Shelley gives the name Xantholæma intermedia to the Philippine bird distinguishing it from the Javan form as having upper parts uniform green with no pale edges to the feathers; cheek-band black in front, passing into olive-gray down the sides of the red throat; under parts more strongly marked with brighter green centers to the feathers. The validity of this species is somewhat doubtful.

Order PICIFORMES.

WOODPECKERS.

Bill strong and tapering, neither hooked nor cered; its outlines straight or nearly so, its tip compressed and chisel-shaped; legs rather short; feet and nails strong; two toes in front, two or rarely one behind, all free to their bases.

Suborder PICI.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Family PICIDÆ.

Subfamily PICINÆ.

Tail-feathers twelve, more or less wedge-shaped at their tips, the shafts large and very stiff.

Genera.

a1. Three toes. ... Tiga (p. 398) a2. Four toes.

b1. Much smaller, length less than 180 mm. ... Yungipicus (p. 392) b2. Much larger, length more than 250 mm.

c1. Fore breast and throat marked with large, nearly round, whitish spots; each feather narrowly edged with blackish brown. ... Chrysocolaptes (p. 399) c2. Fore breast and throat without large round white spots.

d1. Abdomen, flanks, and thighs black or slate-gray, uniform in color with the chest.

e1. Smaller, wing less than 180 mm.; most of the plumage black. ... Lichtensteinipicus (p. 403) e2. Larger, wing more than 210 mm.; most of the plumage slate-gray. ... Mulleripicus (p. 404)

d2. Abdomen, flanks, and thighs white or whitish; chest black. ... Thriponax (p. 405)

Genus YUNGIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge weak; nostrils hidden; first primary short and slender; second primary nearly equal to third, fourth, and fifth which are subequal; upper parts black or brown, more or less barred with white or ocherous-white; below white or buff with blackish spots and stripes; wings and tail black or blackish brown, more or less barred with white; females with no red on the head. This genus includes the smallest Philippine woodpeckers; length, about 150 mm.

Species. [45]

a1. A red spot or patch on each side of occiput, sometimes confluent (males).

b1. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts strongly barred with white.

c1. Ear-coverts brown.

d1. White eyebrow-stripes very wide; nape and ground-color of back brownish black. Red patches on each side of the occiput very small, widely separated from one another by the nape. ... validirostris (p. 393) d2. White eyebrow-stripes narrow and ill-defined; nape and ground-color of back olive-brown. Large red patches on each side of the occiput, nearly confluent on the nape.

e1. White eyebrow-stripe extending to above ear-coverts. ... maculatus (p. 394) e2. White eyebrow-stripe reduced to a small patch. ... menagei (p. 395)

c2. Ear-coverts black; pale buff eyebrow-stripes very wide, extending down each side of the neck.

d1. Tail black barred with buff; ground-color of under parts pale buff, rather darker on the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the occiput. ... leytensis (p. 396) d2. Tail buff, barred with black; under parts pale saffron-yellow, inclining to orange or tawny-buff on the chest. A well-defined red patch on each side of the occiput. ... fulvifasciatus (p. 396)

b2. Upper back, scapulars, and wing-coverts practically uniform, only a few white bars and marks down the middle of the back. Large red occiput patches confluent on the nape and forming a complete band; wide white eyebrow-stripes; chest bright saffron-yellow. ... ramsayi (p. 397)

a2. No red on the head; other characters as in the males (females).

356. YUNGIPICUS VALIDIROSTRIS (Blyth).

LARGE-BILLED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus validirostris Blyth, Cat. Birds Mus. As. Soc. (1849), 64. Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 332 (part); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220 (part). Iyngipicus validirostris Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 52; Grant, Ibis (1895), 114 (critical notes). Yungipicus validirostris McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Car-pen-te-ro ma-liit', Manila; cu-di-nang'-a, Benguet.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Möllendorff, Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Everett, Porter).

Adult male.--Above blackish brown; browner on forehead and crown; ear-coverts brown; a wide white stripe from eye to nape; a very short, narrow, red line on side of occiput; middle of throat white, with a blackish line on each side and above this a white line; rest of under parts white with a fulvous wash; breast with large blackish spots; abdomen with blackish stripes; rump and upper tail-coverts white, spotted with black. A male from Lubang measures: Wing, 81; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20; tarsus, 14.

Female.--Differs from the male in having no red on sides of occiput. A female from Bataan Province, Luzon, measures: Wing, 82; tail, 45; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 14.

"Dr. J. B. Steere, the first naturalist before whom a series of specimens [of Yungipicus] from all these localities ever lay, saw at once the differences between the Luzon and Panay birds, which unfortunately he seems not to have thought worth pointing out, and rightly retained the name 'maculatus' for the Panay species. The Luzon birds he called 'validirostris,' with apparent reason as they most certainly are not maculatus and the birds described by Blyth may well have come from Luzon. The Mindanao-Basilan species he re-described under the name 'Yungipicus basilanicus' overlooking Hargitt's name and description entirely. * * * The other species of the genus found in the Philippine Islands with the possible exception of that from Samar and Leyte are so well-marked that no possibility of confusion exists." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Quite common in Marinduque. Not abundant in the parts of Mindoro visited by us, and no specimens were gathered by the Menage Expedition. A female specimen in the Steere collection measures as follows: Wing, 79; tail, 44; culmen, 17; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 15." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

357. YUNGIPICUS MACULATUS (Scopoli).

SPOTTED PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Picus maculatus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 89. Iyngipicus maculatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 332 (part); Grant, Ibis (1895), 115 (critical notes); Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus maculatus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Guimaras (Koch & Schadenberg); Negros (Whitehead); Panay (Sonnerat, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above dark brown tinged with olive; white band from eye to nape broken; a long wide red stripe on each side of occiput; spots on throat and breast not so black as in validirostris. A male from Cebu measures: Length, 145; wing, 85; tail, 44; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 15.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red on the head. A female from Cebu measures: Wing, 86; tail, 52; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 14.

"Quite common in Cebu; rarer in Panay. Not met with in Negros though it probably occurs there. Almost certainly absent in Masbate. Most abundant about dead trees in the open, and in low second growth.

"Three males measure, 142 in length; wing, 81; tail, 38; culmen, 19; tarsus, 16; middle toe with claw, 15. A female measures, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 42; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 23; culmen, 18. Iris reddish brown to dark brown; legs and feet dirty olive-green; nails brown; bill nearly or quite black, leaden at tip. Food insects and larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

358. YUNGIPICUS MENAGEI Bourns and Worcester.

MENAGE'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus menagei Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 14; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus menagei McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

"Adult male.--General color of upper surface dark blackish brown; top of head uniform black; small spot above and behind the eye creamy white; scarlet stripes on sides of occiput shorter than in Y. maculatus and beginning further back; they are confluent on nape; behind and under the scarlet stripe is a partially concealed spot of creamy white; scapulars, interscapulars, and back barred with creamy white; rump creamy white, some of the feathers with narrow brownish black shaft-stripes; upper tail-coverts brownish black, broadly edged with buffy white; tail brownish black, paler at base of feathers and with both webs of feathers spotted with pale buff; wing-coverts brownish black, each feather having one or two creamy white spots on outer web; wing brownish black; outer five primaries with two or three very narrow creamy white spots on outer web, or with no spots at all; tips of inner primaries and inner webs of all primaries spotted with creamy white; secondaries similarly spotted on both webs; ear-coverts rusty brown; creamy white malar-stripe extending back of ear-coverts; chin and narrow stripe down center of throat white, bordered by a broad stripe of brownish black on each side, the tips of feathers forming side stripes being brownish white; under surface with strong fulvescent wash; feathers of upper breast with distinct brownish black shaft-marks; feathers of lower breast and abdomen with ill-defined streaks of the same color; feathers of flanks nearly white with only slight dark markings; under tail-coverts yellowish white, with dark shaft-stripes; under surface of tail slightly lighter than upper, but tips of two central pairs of feathers nearly black; under wing-coverts and axillars creamy white, spotted with brownish black; bend of wing uniform brownish black.

"The adult female lacks the scarlet head markings of the male and the creamy white spot, which is partially concealed in the male, is in the female quite conspicuous; otherwise the sexes are alike.

"Five males measure in length, 148; culmen, 20; wing, 78; tail, 40; tarsus, 15. Eight females, length, 152; culmen, 20; wing, 81; tail, 41; tarsus, 17." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Common in Sibuyan; usually found in the forest. Seems not to occur in Tablas or Romblon. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown; nails leaden; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

359. YUNGIPICUS LEYTENSIS Steere.

LEYTE PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Yunigipicus leytensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 9, (error). Yungipicus leytensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Bá-tuc, Bohol, used for all woodpeckers.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Forehead and crown black; wings and back barred with white; lower back and rump white, washed with pale fawn; ear-coverts black; white stripe from above eye to side of neck very broad; a conspicuous red patch on each side of occiput; throat and breast washed with pale fawn. Length of a male from Bohol, 145; wing, 83; tail, 42; culmen from base, 20.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red patches.

"Two males from Samar average, 152 in length; wing, 80; tail, 31; culmen, 19; tarsus, 13; middle toe with claw, 17. A female, length, 159; wing, 87; tail, 37; culmen, 20; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris reddish brown; legs, feet, and nails yellowish brown; upper mandible and tip of lower black; base of lower mandible yellowish." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

360. YUNGIPICUS FULVIFASCIATUS Hargitt.

HARGITT'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus fulvifasciatus Hargitt, Ibis (1881), 598; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 333; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus basilanicus Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 9. Yungipicus fulvifasciatus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino).

Male.--Above black, barred with white and washed with pale fawn; forehead and crown seal-brown; ear-coverts and side of neck black; a wide white stripe from above eye to side of nape; a conspicuous bright red stripe on side of occiput; back and rump pale fawn; lower parts strongly washed with light ocherous yellow; round spots on breast much smaller than in preceding species; abdomen and sides but faintly lined with black; no dark spots on crissum. Length of a male from Basilan, 152; wing, 84; tail, 40; culmen from base, 19.

Female.--Similar to the male but without red patches on head. Length of a female from Basilan, 147; wing, 82; tail, 43; culmen from base, 19.

"A younger male has the rump and upper tail-coverts uniform; the white on the sides of the face and neck, chin and throat purer; the spots on the chest and breast smaller, and the breast not so yellow; the under wing-coverts less spotted with black, and the primaries tipped with white." (Hargitt.)

"Quite abundant in low second growth in Basilan. Nine males from that island average, 141 in length; wing, 81; tail, 39; culmen, 20; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17.

"Three females, length, 149; wing, 84; tail, 38; tarsus, 14; middle toe with claw, 17; culmen, 19. Iris reddish brown; legs and feet dirty olive-yellow; nails brown; bill black, paler at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

361. YUNGIPICUS RAMSAYI Hargitt.

RAMSAY'S PYGMY WOODPECKER.

Iyngipicus ramsayi Hargitt, Ibis (1881), 598; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 334; Guillemard, P. Z. S. (1885), 254, pl. 17; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 220. Yungipicus ramsayi McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Bongao (Everett); Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Male.--Above earthy brown; white bars mostly wanting except on inner webs of quills; rump white; no well-defined spots or stripes on breast and abdomen; breast with a strong wash of saffron-yellow; sides and abdomen dirty white, faintly streaked with dusky brown. A male from Tawi Tawi measures: Wing, 81; tail, 47; culmen from base, 18.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no red on the head. A female from Sulu measures: Wing, 84; tail, 42; culmen from base, 18.

"The younger female has some indistinct spots of pale brown upon the inner webs of the four central rectrices. 'Iris brown; bill slate-black; tarsus olive-green.' (Guillemard.)" (Hargitt.)

"Very abundant about dead trees in open fields both in Sulu and Tawi Tawi. Seven males from Sulu average, 136 in length; wing, 84; tail, 34; culmen, 20; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Three females from same place, length, 142; wing, 81; tail, 37; culmen, 17; tarsus, 15; middle toe with claw, 17. Iris dark brown to brownish red; legs and feet olive-brown, nails nearly black; bill black at tip, ashy gray at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus TIGA Kaup, 1836.

Three toes, two in front, one behind; bill much smaller and weaker than in Chrysocolaptes; culmen curved; nostrils situated near the culmen, nasal ridge weak; occipital crest full.

362. TIGA EVERETTI Tweeddale.

EVERETT'S THREE-TOED WOODPECKER.

Tiga everetti Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 612, pl. 37; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 418; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 225; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Forehead, crown, occipital crest, back, and rump scarlet; feathers of crown with black bases; mantle, wing-coverts, and secondaries golden yellow; a few of the mantle-feathers slightly washed with scarlet; primaries, tail, and tail-coverts blackish brown; inner webs of quills with large white spots; a wide black band from eye to ear-coverts, above this and behind eye a pale buff line bordered above with black; a pale buff line from corner of mouth passing below eye and ear-coverts to side of neck, below this a black line extending from base of lower mandible to side of neck and washed with crimson on the jaws; lower parts pale creamy buff, spotted and barred with blackish brown; a large patch on fore breast olivaceous brown, feathers just below this with large blackish brown centers. Length of a male from Palawan, 275; wing, 136; tail, not fully grown, 92; culmen from base, 31; tarsus, 23.

Female.--Differs from the male in wanting the red on jaw, forehead, and crown, these parts being black; crest-feathers black with some red near their tips. Length of a female from Palawan, 255; wing, 137; tail, 95; culmen from base, 30; tarsus, 23.

An immature female has no red on the crest.

"Common in Palawan and the Calamianes Islands. Food, ants and their larvæ. Observed in trees in the open fields in Culion. Found only in the forest in Palawan.

"Ten males average, 260 in length; wing, 150; tail, 84; culmen, 29; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 27. Five females, length, 261; wing, 134; tail, 84; culmen, 28; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 28. Iris chocolate-brown; legs and feet dirty green; bill black, except base of lower mandible, which is gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus CHRYSOCOLAPTES Blyth, 1843.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridge strongly marked; nostrils exposed; feathers of throat and breast with large nearly circular light spots bordered with black or blackish brown; upper parts red or yellow; inner webs of quills with large white spots; of medium size, length 250 to 280 mm.; bare space around eye larger than in Tiga and the crest laterally compressed instead of being spread out.

Species.

a1. Mantle and back golden yellow. ... erythrocephalus (p. 399) a2. Mantle and back largely crimson.

b1. Sides of head and entire lower parts strongly washed with yellow. ... xanthocephalus (p. 402) b2. Sides of head and lower parts not washed with yellow.

c1. Wings and mantle crimson without any mixture of yellow.

d1. Chin and jaw not washed with crimson; light spots on throat and fore breast nearly round ... hæmatribon (p. 400) d2. Chin and jaw washed with crimson; light spots on throat and fore breast pear-shaped ... rufopunctatus (p. 402)

c2. Wings and mantle more or less orange or yellow.

d1. Wings and mantle crimson mixed with golden yellow ... lucidus (p. 401) d2. Mantle and wing-coverts orange with scarcely a tinge of crimson. ... montanus (p. 401)

363. CHRYSOCOLAPTES ERYTHROCEPHALUS Sharpe.

RED-FACED GOLDEN FLICKER.

Chrysocolaptes erythrocephalus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1877), 1, 315, pl. 46, fig. 1; Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 452; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Balabac (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Palawan (Steere, Everett, Lempriere, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White).

Male.--Entire head, sides of head, and upper throat crimson, the throat very pale, almost rose-color, and with three narrow black lines, one in the middle and one on each side; ear-coverts black; mantle and wings golden yellow; back and rump scarlet; tail black; feathers of under parts white with a slight buff wash and black edges, producing the spotted appearance usual in this genus; tail blackish brown. Length, about 280; wing, 153; tail, 98; culmen from base, 43; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Differs from the male in having forehead, crown, and crest olive greenish tinged with red, each feather with a light yellow spot near its tip. Wing, 147; tail, 97; culmen from base, 42; tarsus, 27.

"Young female.--Resembles the adult male in having the top of the head and the crest entirely red, but the color is scarlet (not crimson) and the feathers are extremely soft; there is less red on the face and upper part of the side of the neck, and only a tinge of this color on the chin and throat; the general color above and on the wings is more olive, and the feathers of the back, the scapulars, the lesser and median wing-coverts are margined with reddish orange; the scapulars and the feathers of the back and rump have the partially exposed black bases spotted with white; on the outer primaries there is a subapical spot of dull white. Described from a specimen sexed female by Mr. John Whitehead." (Hargitt.)

"Much less common than T. everetti. Never met with outside of the forest; feeds on insect larvæ. A male measures, 274 in length; wing, 147; tail, 81; culmen, 41; tarsus, 26; middle toe with claw, 32. Three females average, 274 in length; wing, 147; tail, 86; culmen, 37; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 31. Iris dark red; legs and feet dirty olive, nails lighter; bill white at tip, greenish yellow at base." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

364. CHRYSOCOLAPTES HÆMATRIBON (Wagler).

LUZON GOLDEN FLICKER.

Picus hæmatribon Wagler, Syst. Av. Picus (1827), sp. 95 [female]. Chrysocolaptes hæmatribon Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 454; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Whitehead, Worcester, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--Head, wings, and upper parts deep crimson; hind neck black with large pale buff spots; tail dark seal-brown with black shafts; under parts pale fulvous-buff; a black median line on upper throat and two black lines on each side of throat; lower throat and breast black, each feather with a large round buffy white spot; lower breast and abdomen faintly barred with dusky brown. Bill black; legs dirty greenish; nails brown. Length, 275; wing, 140; tail, 92; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 29.

Female.--Differs from the male in having top of head black, each feather with a small, sharply defined, white spot. Wing, 142; tail, 88; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 24.

365. CHRYSOCOLAPTES LUCIDUS (Scopoli).

SCOPOLI'S GOLDEN FLICKER.

Picus lucidus Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1796), 2, 89. Chrysocolaptes lucidus Hargitt, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 455; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65.

Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Mindanao (Everett, Murray, Koch & Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow).

Male.--Top of head, back, and rump scarlet; mantle and wings dull golden yellow, the feathers edged with dull crimson, producing a mixture of yellow and red on these parts; tail brown; upper tail-coverts dull golden, washed with crimson; under parts olive-brown, most of the feathers with round buff spots or tips. Length, 275; wing, 142; tail, 99; culmen from base, 43; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Similar to the male but feathers on top of head olive-green, washed with dull crimson and each feather having a pale yellow spot at its tip. Wing, 134; tail, 92; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 26.

"Young.--The male differs from the adult of the same sex in having less red on the feathers of the back, which, together with the scapulars, are more spotted with white, some of these spots being exposed; face duller yellow; chest and upper breast dusky olive, the feathers having close to the tip a large heart-shaped spot of pale golden buff, with a concealed spot of pure white separated from it by a dusky bar. The female has the feathers of the forehead, crown, occiput, and nape olive-golden, with dusky olive bases, the crown-feathers slightly tinged with red, those of the occiput and nape more so, the whole being covered with small rounded spots of golden white; the chin, throat, and malar region whiter, the latter without any tinge of red." (Hargitt.)

"Common in Mindanao and Basilan. Found both in forest and in second growth. Seven males from Mindanao measure, 262 in length; wing, 133; tail, 79; culmen, 45; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 31. Four females, length, 267; wing, 134; tail, 68; culmen, 35; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 31. Iris red; legs and feet dull greenish white; upper mandible black, lower greenish." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

366. CHRYSOCOLAPTES MONTANUS Grant.

MOUNTAIN GOLDEN FLICKER.

Chrysocolaptes montanus Grant, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club (1905), 16, 16; Ibis (1906), 485.

Mindanao (Goodfellow, Celestino).

Adult.--"Adult male and female differ from the male and female of C. lucidus in having the mantle and wing-coverts orange with scarcely a tinge of crimson. In the female also the top of the head and occipital crest are orange, not washed with crimson. In the male: 'Iris red; upper mandible black, lower greenish yellow; feet blackish gray.' In the female: 'Iris ruby-red; upper mandible black, lower greenish yellow; feet grayish olive.' Length, about 241; culmen, 38; wing, 132; tail, 74; tarsus, 28.

"In C. lucidus the greater part of the wing-coverts and the outer margins of the secondaries are crimson, giving the whole wing a crimson appearance, whereas in the present form, though some of the males have narrow crimson-orange edges to the wing-coverts, the general color of the wings is distinctly orange.

"This form may be regarded as a partially alpine representative of C. lucidus, of which it is no doubt a subspecies; it also occurs on the coast, for two fully adult male specimens were procured at Piso." (Grant.)

367. CHRYSOCOLAPTES RUFOPUNCTATUS Hargitt.

RED-SPOTTED GOLDEN FLICKER.

Chrysocolaptes rufopunctatus Hargitt, Ibis (1889), 231; Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 457, pl. 12; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 65. Chrysocolaptes samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 8.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Male.--Above bright crimson, similar to C. hæmatribon; below black with large pear-shaped buff spots; lower parts similar to C. lucidus but the cheeks washed with pale crimson. Length, 275; wing, 141: tail, 87; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 27.

Female.--Very similar to the female of C. hæmatribon but the entire head washed with crimson; lower parts as in the male. Wing, 140; tail, 86; culmen from base, 38; tarsus, 27.

"Usually found in the forest. Quite abundant in Samar. Three males measure, 273 in length; wing, 138; tail, 75; culmen, 36; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 33. Iris dull cherry-red; legs and feet dull olive-yellow, nails black; bill nearly black. Food, larvæ." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

368. CHRYSOCOLAPTES XANTHOCEPHALUS Walden and Layard.

YELLOW-HEADED GOLDEN FLICKER.

Chrysocolaptes xanthocephalus Walden and Layard, Ibis (1872), 99, pl. 4; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 457; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 228; McGregor and Worcester; Hand-List (1906), 65.

Tu-ba-lá-tuc, Masbate; tuc-tuc-ba-lá-tuc, Ticao.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Layard, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Male.--Forehead, crown, and occiput light crimson; lores, a narrow line over eye, cheeks, and ear-coverts light golden yellow; mantle, back, rump, secondaries, and secondary-coverts crimson, not so bright as crown; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries edged with dull golden yellow; chin yellow with a black line down the middle and a black line on each side; neck and fore breast blackish brown, each feather with a large spot of pale yellow or yellowish buff; rest of under parts uniform yellow; tail dark brown. Iris carmine; bill dark brown above, greenish below; legs pale yellow; nails dark horn-brown. Length, 260; wing, 148; tail, 90; culmen from base, 40; tarsus, 26.

Female.--Similar to the male but differs in having the crown and crest golden yellow like the sides of head. Wing, 145; tail, 94; culmen from base, 39; tarsus, 24.

"Habits like those of C. lucidus. Seven males from Masbate measure, 274 in length; wing, 144; tail, 80; culmen, 35; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 31. Three females, length, 283; wing, 144; tail, 85; culmen, 34; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 31. Iris red; legs and feet light yellow; upper mandible black, lower dull green." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus LICHTENSTEINIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Culmen slightly curved for its entire length; nasal ridge prominent; nostrils partly concealed by plumes; occipital crest short; plumage slate-black; chin, throat, and sides of neck with a minute white spot at the tip of each feather.

Species.

a1. Plumage black; malar region and forehead crimson in the male. ... funebris (p. 403) a2. Plumage slaty smoke-gray; malar region scarlet in the male. ... fuliginosus (p. 404)

369. LICHTENSTEINIPICUS FUNEBRIS (Valenciennes).

FUNEREAL WOODPECKER.

Picus funebris Valenciennes, Dict. Sc. Nat. (1826), 40, 179. Microstictus funebris Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 492; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 230; [46] McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66.

Catanduanes (Whitehead); Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--Black with a slight gloss on wings and back; throat and abdomen smoky brown; lores, forehead, cheeks, and a wide space around each eye deep crimson; chin, throat, sides and back of neck with a small white spot at the tip of each feather. Iris pale yellow; bill white; legs plumbeous; nails light horn-blue. Length, 330; wing, 156; tail, 138; culmen from base, 37; tarsus, 29.

Female.--Similar to the male but with no crimson anywhere on the head; the cheeks, like the throat, spotted with white. Length, 315; wing, 155; tail, 133; culmen from base, 34; tarsus, 27.

This species is fairly common in the lowland forests of Luzon.

370. LICHTENSTEINIPICUS FULIGINOSUS (Tweeddale).

SOOTY WOODPECKER.

Mulleripicus fuliginosus Tweeddale, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (1877), 20, 534; Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 821, pl. 83. Microstictus fuliginosus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 492; Grant, Ibis (1897), 246; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 230; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66.

Leyte (Whitehead); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

"Adult male (type of species).--Plumage slaty gray, the whole of the body, wings, and tail uniform, the head (except the loral and orbital region) and neck spotted with white, the spots on the top of the head and on the nape having a striped character, those on the chin and throat larger and more or less triangular in shape; a large patch of brilliant scarlet covers the entire malar region and extends upwards nearly to the eye; shafts of the quills and of the tail-feathers dusky black. 'Iris naples-yellow.' (Everett.) Length, 305; culmen, 41; wing, 160; tail, 110; tarsus, 30." (Hargitt.)

"Adult female.--Closely resembles the female of M. funebris, but may be distinguished by the general color of the plumage being grayer; the ground-color of the chin and throat gray like the cheeks, and the white dots distinctly larger. In the female of M. funebris the chin and throat are brownish gray, and contrast with the blackish gray cheeks. Length, 269; culmen, 37; wing, 147; tail, 104; tarsus, 28." (Grant.)

Genus MULLERIPICUS Bonaparte, 1854.

Of large size; bill very powerful; proximal half of culmen curved, distal half straight; nostrils large, oval, and covered by feathers; nasal ridge prominent; feathers of head short; no crest.

371. MULLERIPICUS PULVERULENTUS (Temminck).

GREAT SLATY WOODPECKER.

Picus pulverulentus Temminck, Pl. Col. (1826), 389. Hemilophus pulverulentus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 494. Alophonerpes pulverulentus Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 230. Mulleripicus pulverulentus McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66.

Balabac (Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino, White). Sumatra, Cochin China, Malay Peninsula, Burmese provinces, northwestern India, Java, Borneo, Himalayas.

Adult male.--Blackish slate, abdomen and crissum lighter; feathers of crown, occiput, neck, sides of neck, and breast with small gray tips producing a spotted appearance, most pronounced on occiput and neck; on malar region below each eye a large patch of light crimson; chin and throat saffron-yellow, washed with pink or light red on the posterior part. Length of a male from Palawan, 465; wing, 235; tail, 165; culmen from base, 65; tarsus, 38.

Adult female.--Differs from the male in having no red on cheeks and but a slight wash of pink on the throat. Wing, 235; tail, 180; culmen from base, 64; tarsus, 35.

"Young male.--Differs from the adult male in having the entire malar region, forehead, and greater part of the crown washed with pale crimson, this color being very faint upon the crown; the head darker slaty gray and the tips of the feathers less white; upper parts rather browner; the under surface of the body unspotted; abdomen, sides of the body, and under tail-coverts more of a dusky brown, but assuming the dark slaty-gray plumage; chin, throat, and fore neck light buff, the latter washed with pale red. It has also a pale crimson stripe, rather than a spot, and the hinder part of the malar region, as in the adult." (Hargitt.)

"Quite abundant in some parts of Palawan. Shot on dead trees in clearings, and in low scrub. We failed to find it in the Calamianes. Two males average, 467 in length; wing, 227; tail, 147; culmen, 59; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 41. A female, length, 457; wing, 220; tail, 140; culmen, 59; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 44. Iris very dark brown; legs and feet dull leaden, nails nearly black; upper mandible black except along gape and at base where it is gray; lower mandible light gray." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Genus THRIPONAX Cabanis and Heine, 1863.

Culmen nearly straight; nasal ridges well developed; nostrils scantily covered; plumage mostly black, abdomen white; both sexes with a full scarlet crest; length, from 380 to 410 mm.

Species.

a1. Breast black, without light edges to the feathers.

b1. Rump black. ... javensis (p. 406) b2. Rump with a white band.

c1. White spot at base of primaries smaller; bill stouter, width at anterior border of nostrils, 14 to 16 mm.; lower mandible dirty ivory-yellow. ... hargitti (p. 409) c2. White spot at base of primaries larger; bill more slender, width at anterior border of nostrils, 12 to 14 mm.; lower mandible blackish. ... mindorensis (p. 408)

a2. Breast, throat, and chin black mixed with white and buff.

b1. Light buff or whitish edges of breast-feathers very wide, giving the breast a mottled appearance. ... pectoralis (p. 407) b2. Light buff edges of breast-feathers narrow, forming numerous crescentic markings. ... multilunatus (p. 408)

372. THRIPONAX JAVENSIS (Horsfield).

MALAY BLACK WOODPECKER.

Picus javensis Horsfield, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, pt. 1, 175. Thriponax javensis Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 498 (part); Grant, Ibis (1894), 409; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 231 (part); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66 (part). [47] Thriponax javensis var. suluensis Blasius, Jour. für Ornith. (1890), 140.

Tul-tu-lan, Benguet.

Bongao (Everett); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Koch & Schadenberg, Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow); Sulu (Platen, Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester, Everett). Malay Peninsula, southern Tenasserim, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Banka.

Adult male.--Nasal tufts black; forehead, crown, occipital crest, and malar stripe bright scarlet; feathers of forehead and crown with white bases; feathers of crest with white bases; remainder of head, chin, throat, breast, and entire upper parts black; feathers of lower back with concealed white or gray bases; a few narrow white stripes on throat and behind ear-coverts; abdomen and flanks pale yellow or buffy white; thighs black, some of the feathers with pale buff edges; under tail-coverts black; wings and tail black; three or four primaries white at base of inner web; secondaries with considerable white on inner webs. Length, about 435; wing, 210; tail, 170; culmen from base, 53; bill from nostril, 41; width of bill at gape, 19; tarsus, 32.

Adult female.--Similar to the male but the forehead, crown, and malar region black, occipital crest alone being red. These sexual differences are found in all the Philippine species of the genus. Wing, 200; tail, 160; culmen from base, 47; bill from nostril, 38; width of bill at gape, 18; tarsus, 31.

Here described from Luzon specimens. An adult male from Trong, lower Siam, differs only in having a slightly larger bill and longer wing.

Young birds have the abdomen white, and the malar stripe entirely black or with a few red spots.

"If the Luzon record of this species is correct, and we can see no reason for doubting it, the distribution of T. javensis within the Philippines is very peculiar. Why should it disappear in Samar and Leyte, to reappear in Cebu and Luzon? There is not the slightest doubt as to the identity of the Cebu birds, of which we have a fine series.

"Three males from Sulu average, 400 in length; wing, 185; tail, 146; culmen, 45; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 39. Two females from same place, length, 384; wing, 192; tail, 141; culmen, 42; tarsus, 28; middle toe with claw, 36.

"Cebu birds are slightly larger. Two males average, 403 in length; wing, 204; tail, 158; culmen, 48; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 41. Two females, length, 407; wing, 198; tail, 159; culmen, 45; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 37.

"Iris varies from light to dark yellow; legs and feet gray; nails nearly black; upper mandible black, lower dirty white. Food, ants." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

373. THRIPONAX PECTORALIS Tweeddale.

TWEEDDALE'S BLACK WOODPECKER.

Thriponax pectoralis Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 340; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 500, pl. 13; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 23; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66.

Bohol (McGregor); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead); Panaon (Everett); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

Adult male.--Upper parts as in T. javensis; chin and throat white with narrow black shaft-stripes; ear-coverts and sides of neck black, narrowly streaked with white; breast-feathers black with edges and tips light buff; rest of under parts as in T. javensis but with more buff on the thighs. A few feathers of breast and hind neck may be tipped with red but this character is variable. Length of a male from Bohol, about 450; wing, 224; tail, 200; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 39; width of bill at base, 19; tarsus, 33.

"Adult female.--Has the forehead and crown black; the malar region white, striped with black. In other respects like the adult male. Length, 419; culmen, 48; wing, 199; tail, 169; tarsus, 34.

"Young male.--Differs from the adult of the same sex in having the white of the throat and fore neck duller, and the striations less intense black; the feathers of the malar region white, with dusky bases, a few assuming the red tips." (Hargitt.)

"A well-marked species which takes the place of T. javensis in Panaon, Leyte, and Samar. Quite abundant in Samar. Usually met with in the forest. Occasionally seen in second growth.

"Three males average, 434 in length; wing, 198; tail, 159; culmen, 51; tarsus, 33; middle toe with claw, 48. Two females, length, 419; wing, 201; tail, 154; culmen, 47; tarsus, 32; middle toe with claw, 41. Iris light yellow; legs and feet light slate; nails nearly black; upper mandible black, lower grayish white." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

374. THRIPONAX MULTILUNATUS McGregor.

BASILAN BLACK WOODPECKER.

Thriponax javensis McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 66, (part). Thriponax multilunatus McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 285.

Basilan (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor).

Adult male.--Forehead, crown, crest, and malar-stripe bright crimson, the feathers whitish at base; nasal plumes blackish; lores and a wide transocular band black; rest of upper parts, wings, and tail black; second, third, and fourth primaries with a white spot at base of inner web; third to seventh primaries with a white spot at tip of outer web; inner secondaries white at base; chin, throat, and postauricular area black, each feather narrowly margined with whitish, producing a striped appearance; breast black, the feathers of fore part narrowly bordered with buffy, producing a series of crescentic light marks; abdomen and sides buffy white; thighs black, each feather widely bordered with light buff; vent and tail-coverts black. Length in flesh, 420; wing, 210; tail, 166; culmen from base, 52; tarsus, 29.

Adult female.--Forehead, crown, and malar-stripe black, otherwise like the male. Wing, 215; tail, 185; culmen from base, 50; bill from nostril, 38; tarsus, 31.

375. THRIPONAX MINDORENSIS Steere.

MINDORO BLACK WOODPECKER.

Thriponax mindorensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 8; Grant, Ibis (1896), 473; Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 231; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 67.

Ma-nuc'-toc, Mindoro.

Mindoro (Steere Exp., Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor, Porter).

Adult.--Very much like T. javensis but clearly distinguished from that species by having a wide light buff or white band across the lower back; from T. hargitti it differs in having a more slender bill which is entirely black. A female measures: Length, 394; wing, 215; tail, 170; culmen from base, 47; bill from nostril, 35; width of bill at base, 18; tarsus, 31.

"Very abundant in the interior of Mindoro. Two females average, 381 in length; wing, 191; tail, 145; culmen, 45; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 37. Iris straw-yellow; legs and feet leaden; nails nearly black; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

376. THRIPONAX HARGITTI Sharpe.

HARGITT'S BLACK WOODPECKER.

Thriponax hargitti Sharpe, Ibis (1884), 317, pl. 8; Hand-List (1900), 2, 231, no. 9; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1890), 18, 505; Clarke, Ibis (1895), 474; (1898), 121; [48] Grant, Ibis (1896), 558; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 67. Thriponax philippinensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 8; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 53. Thriponax philippensis Sharpe, Hand-List (1900), 2, 231, no. 8.

Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Masbate (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester).

Adult.--Differs from T. javensis in having a wide band of light buff across the lower back thus resembling T. mindorensis from which it differs in having a much stouter bill and in having lower mandible gray or horn-white; lower mandible in dry skin dull yellow with a gray tip. In males the red malar-stripe is longer than in the other species mentioned and many of the black feathers of chin and sides of neck are tipped with red. Length of male, 420; wing, 220; tail, 180; culmen from base, 51; bill from nostril, 38; width of bill at base, 20; tarsus, 36. Wing of female, 218; tail, 185; culmen from base, 52; bill from nostril, 38; tarsus, 33.

The description and measurements above are from specimens taken in Masbate, one of the type localities of Thriponax philippinensis of Steere. In Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum the type locality of Thriponax hargitti is given as Palawan. Of these two supposed species Grant says: "The types have been compared and agree in all particulars." It seems to me almost incredible that this genus should be represented by the same species in Masbate and Palawan but as I have seen no specimens from the latter island I follow Grant's identification.

"Iris yellow; legs, feet, and nails leaden; upper mandible black, lower horn-gray. Three males average, 430 in length; wing, 207; tail, 174; culmen, 50; tarsus, 48; middle toe with claw, 39. Three females, length, 410; wing, 204; tail, 169; culmen, 50; tarsus, 31; middle toe with claw, 39." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order EURYLÆMIFORMES.

BROAD BILLS.

Bill very wide and depressed; nostrils basal, round, and exposed; third and fourth toes united for nearly half their length.

Family EURYLÆMIDÆ.

Characters same as those given for the Order.

Subfamily EURYLÆMINÆ.

Genus SARCOPHANOPS Sharpe, 1877.

Eye surrounded by a wide fleshy wattle; tail short, rectrices strongly graduated; wings moderate, first primary shorter than sixth, fourth longest; a well-defined wing-bar across the secondaries.

Species.

a1. Back gray; wing-bar yellow and white. ... steeri (p. 410) a2. Back vinaceous; wing-bar vinaceous and white. ... samarensis (p. 411)

377. SARCOPHANOPS STEERI (Sharpe).

STEERE'S BROADBILL.

Eurylamus steerii Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297. Sarcophanops steerii Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1877), 1, 344, pl. 54; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 462; Bourns and Worcester, Occ. Papers Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. (1804), 1, 53; Hartert, Genera Avium, Eurylæmidæ (1905), 6, pl. 1, fig. 6 (head). Sarcophanops steerei Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Basilan (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Celestino).

Adult male.--Forehead and crown deep purple; a few spots of scarlet on occiput, not always present; feathers at base of bill with white bases; lores black; a white collar around neck; hind neck, back, and scapulars slate-gray; rump and tail-coverts chestnut, tipped with purple; tail chestnut; chin, throat, and sides of head black; breast, abdomen, and sides lilac, bases of the feathers white; middle of abdomen white; under tail-coverts white, tinged with lilac; thighs blackish gray; wings black; edge of wing and of first primary white; a distinct bar of golden yellow on secondaries, changing to white on inner secondaries; wing-lining black, axillars white. A male from Basilan measures: Wing, 85; tail, 64; culmen from base, 22; bill from nostril, 14; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 22.

Adult female.--Similar, but under parts pure white except the black chin and throat and gray thighs. A female from Basilan measures: Wing, 86; tail, 64; culmen from base, 23; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 21.

"There has been some difference of opinion between Dr. Steere and Mr. Everett as to the color of the eyes of this interesting species. Both were right and there was abundant room for still more divergence of opinion. The eyes of S. steerii are golden yellow, bright green, or a beautiful blue according to the way the light strikes them.

"The young show some interesting plumage changes. An immature male has the under surface white, some of the feathers tipped with pale lilac; chin black but throat white, a few black feathers just appearing; head as in adult but white nuchal collar much narrower; back and wing-coverts washed with olive-green, the wing-bar being ill-defined and paler than in adult; rump and tail as in adult. Bill as in adult except center of upper mandible which is black.

"Another young male, slightly older, has chin and throat black, the feathers narrowly tipped with white and shows more lilac on breast. Crown, nape, and back washed with olive-green, purple appearing on one or two feathers of forehead. Bill pure black.

"A young female is like the first young male described but without lilac on under surface." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Usually found in deep woods in small flocks; once seen in a mangrove swamp close to the sea. It usually takes short flights, making a loud whir with its wings, and sits perfectly still for some time after. When perched on a limb, it has a curious habit of snapping its bill which produces a sound audible for some distance. Its food consists of insects which it holds in its bill and raps several times on a limb before swallowing. Its note is a plaintive whistle and it may be readily decoyed by imitating its call. At the discharge of a gun it does not fly away but sits perfectly still.

"Iris blue, green, or golden according to the light; bill, legs, feet, and eye-wattle light blue; nails nearly white. Ten males from Basilan average: Length, 174; wing, 84; tail, 60; culmen, 24; tarsus, 22; middle toe with claw, 25. Ten females average: Length, 172; wing, 85; tail, 87; culmen, 24; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

378. SARCOPHANOPS SAMARENSIS Steere.

SAMAR BROADBILL.

Sarcophanops samarensis Steere, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exp. (1890), 23; Bourns and Worcester, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 54; Hartert, Genera Avium, Eurylæmidæ (1905), 6; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 2; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Leyte (Whitehead); Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead).

"Adult male.--Much smaller than S. steerii. Head, back, and scapulars purple somewhat mottled with brown; white nuchal collar very narrow and ill-defined; purple of back gradually changing into brown on rump; tips of scapulars black; upper tail-coverts and tail bright chestnut; upper wing-coverts black; tertiaries barred across both webs with pure white; three secondaries with lilac spot on outer webs; tips of secondaries and tertiaries black; primaries blackish brown; chin, throat, sides of face, ear-coverts, and lores pure black; breast, abdomen, and flanks lilac, deeper on upper breast, lighter on abdomen; thighs black, the feathers tipped with brown; under tail-coverts light buff; axillars white; under wing-coverts black; bend of wing white.

"Female like male except that the lilac of under surface is replaced by white. Bill, legs, feet, nails, and eyes exactly as in S. steerii and the young show the same plumage changes as in that species.

"Average measurements from five males: Length, 153; wing, 78; tail, 62; culmen, 22; tarsus, 20." (Bourns and Worcester.)

"Habits exactly like those of the preceding species; abundant in Samar but irregularly distributed." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Order PASSERIFORMES.

PASSERINE BIRDS.

Bill hard and horny, never extensively membranous, softly tumid, nor cered; nostrils without open communication; greater wing-coverts not more than one-half the length of the secondaries; primaries usually ten, more rarely nine; rectrices twelve, rarely ten; feet adapted for perching; hind toe and claw well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior toes; hind claw equal to, or longer than, the claw of middle toe; anterior toes three in number, never versatile, always free except when webbed or fused at base.

The order Passeriformes includes nearly as many species, among Philippine birds, as all the other orders combined. Most of the species of this order are less than 200, and very few of them are more than 300, millimeters in length. The small birds belonging to other orders are extremely few. Most ornithologists consider the Passeriformes to be the order of highest rank among birds, chiefly because of the highly developed vocal powers of many of the species. In the arrangement of the families of this order, the Turdidæ, Fringillidæ, and Corvidæ have variously been assigned to the place indicating the highest development.

Suborders. [49]

a1. Tarsus with its hinder portion somewhat compressed, but the posterior edge rounded and entire. Mesomyodi, or Clamatores (p. 413) a2. Tarsus with its hinder portion compressed and forming a sharp edge; or else the hinder face rounded and distinctly divided by transverse joints. ... Acromyodi, or ... Oscines (p. 422)

Suborder MESOMYODI.

Characters the same as those given in the key to Suborders.

Family PITTIDÆ.

Rectrices twelve; tarsus booted, or with obsolete, diagonal divisions.

Genus PITTA Vieillot, 1816.

Bill stout and compressed; culmen curved; gonys slightly curved; nostrils large and oval, entirely exposed; rictal and frontal bristles very short; wings short and curved to the body; first primary nearly as long as second, fourth longest; secondaries shorter than the primaries by the length of hind toe without claw; tail short, soft, and square, scarcely longer than its under coverts; tarsus and toes well developed, the former longer than tail and the latter extending entirely beyond the tip of tail. Colors various combinations of black, white, brown, bright scarlet, green, and blue.

Species.

a1. Entire abdomen, flanks, and under tail-coverts bright red.

b1. Smaller; tarsus, less than 38 mm.; secondaries and secondary-coverts dark blue.

c1. Back entirely green, including the scapulars; chest green with a slight wash of blue on the central portion. ... erythrogastra (p. 414) c2. Back, including the scapulars, entirely cobalt; chest bright blue, only the sides greenish. ... propinqua (p. 416)

b2. Larger; tarsus, more than 45 mm.; secondaries and secondary-coverts olive-green. ... kochi (p. 417)

a2. Only the under tail-coverts, crissum, and middle of abdomen red.

b1. Throat and chin entirely black.

c1. Smaller. ... atricapilla (p. 418); rothschildi (p. 420) c2. Larger. ... mulleri (p. 419)

b2. Throat mostly white.

c1. Breast and sides light blue. ... steeri (p. 420) c2. Breast and sides fawn. ... moluccensis (p. 421)

379. PITTA ERYTHROGASTRA Temminck.

RED-BREASTED PITTA. [50]

Pitta erythrogastra Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 212; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 432; Grant, Ibis (1896), 121; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 243 (critical remarks on Pitta propinqua). Pitta erythrogaster Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 182; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

A-li-mu-cung, Ticao; hu-hu-co, Ticao and Masbate; li-o-co, Manila.

Basilan (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester); Guimaras (Steere Exp.); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Steere Exp., McGregor, Whitehead); Marinduque (Steere Exp.); Masbate (McGregor, Bourns & Worcester); Mindanao (Steere, Murray, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow, Celestino); Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Negros (Keay); Palawan (Bourns & Worcester); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Romblon (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Samar (Steere Exp.); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Platen); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor).

Adult (sexes similar).--Head, sides of head, and neck reddish brown, most intense on occiput; on each side of head a blackish brown band from nostril to above eye; a blue collar, followed by a dull green patch on mantle; back, rump, tail, and most of the wing blue; chin brown, merging into black on fore breast, followed by a wide dull green pectoral band which is more or less mixed with blue in its middle; rest of under parts bright scarlet; longest under tail-coverts tipped with blue; primaries black with blue tips, the third and fourth each with a white spot half way between tip and base; wing-coverts blue, a few of the outer lesser series with large white spots; tail blue above, black below. Length, 160 to 180. A male from Romblon measures: Wing, 97; tail, 35; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 35. A female from Bohol, wing, 97; tail, 36; culmen from base, 21; tarsus, 36.

Young.--The young bird is very different from the adult, particularly in the coloring of the lower parts which are light earthy brown with very little red on the abdomen; upper parts dull brown; as the bird becomes older the adult plumage gradually makes its appearance; a great number of specimens would be necessary to show all the changes from young to adult.

"The red-breasted pitta is common throughout the islands; it is found on the ground, usually in dark places in the forest and in second growth. Ten males from Mindanao average: Length, 170; wing, 98; tail, 37; culmen, 22; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 29. Six females from the same place, length, 162; wing, 98; tail, 37; culmen, 22; tarsus, 34; middle toe with claw, 29. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails dark brown; bill black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

"Nearly mature males of this red-bellied pitta were collected near Cape Engaño. Mr. Whitehead is of the opinion, Ibis (1893), 505, that Pitta propinqua Sharpe, is not specifically distinct from the present species. The type of P. propinqua came from the Island of Balabac, and since Mr. Whitehead examined the British Museum series we have obtained, through Mr. Everett, an adult male from the typical locality. This bird agrees perfectly with Dr. Sharpe's original description, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1877), 1, 330, and differs much from the typical examples of P. erythrogastra. It must, however, be stated, that both forms were found by Mr. Whitehead in the Island of Palawan, one of his specimens being almost typical P. propinqua, and, given a larger series, we should probably find that the two forms pass more or less one into the other in Palawan. Still P. propinqua is a very well-marked insular form, and I consider Dr. Sharpe fully justified in regarding it as distinct. Both he and Dr. Sclater are certainly mistaken, however, in regarding the '[male] juv. Dumalon, Mindanao,' collected by Prof. Steere, as the young of P. propinqua, the Mindanao bird being typical P. erythrogastra." (Grant.)

380. PITTA PROPINQUA (Sharpe).

PALAWAN PITTA.

Brachyurus propinquus Sharpe, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 330. Pitta propinqua Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 433; Everett, Ibis (1895), 28; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 182; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Balabac (Steere, Everett); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Bourns & Worcester, Everett).

Adult.--"Back entirely cobalt, including the scapulars; only the middle of the back green washed with blue, forming a band across the back; throat entirely brownish black, becoming jet-black on the fore neck; chest bright blue, the sides only greenish; under wing-coverts dull blue." (Sharpe.)

"Dr. Sharpe founded his Brachyurus propinquus on an adult male bird obtained by Dr. Steere in Balabac. Dr. Steere obtained a second specimen of a red-bellied pitta, also a male, but in very immature plumage, at Dumalon, near Zamboanga, in Mindanao, and this bird Dr. Sharpe assigned also to be B. propinquus, though not without hesitation. Owing to the meager material available, the validity of this species has always been open to question; and hence I made a point of securing a series of these red-bellied pittas from Balabac and Palawan, with the result that it has at length become possible to compare adult birds from Balabac with adult birds from Luzon, Mindanao, and Palawan.

"The characters relied upon by Dr. Sharpe as distinguishing P. propinqua from typical P. erythrogastra were: (1) Back entirely cobalt, including the scapulars; only the middle of the back green, washed with blue, forming a band across the back. (2) Throat entirely brownish black, becoming jet-black on the fore neck. (3) Chest bright blue, the sides only greenish. (4) Under wing-coverts dull blue, instead of grayish brown.

"Of these characters the last three appear to be of no value, as birds from Luzon and Mindanao present them in greater or less degree, and I have come to the conclusion that they belong to the fully-adult birds, from whatever locality. But on viewing the upper surfaces of a series of Balabac-Palawan specimens side by side with a series of Luzon-Mindanao birds, the first mentioned character is at once seen to be a good one, the green tract on the back of the former series forming a comparatively narrow band, whereas in the latter series it extends nearly to the rump. It is noticeable, further, that the cobalt and green hues are much brighter than in any of the specimens from Luzon or Mindanao, though it is no doubt very possible that this may be owing to the freshness of the Balabac-Palawan skins.

"I have, therefore, no longer any doubt that P. propinqua differs sufficiently from P. erythrogastra to make it necessary that it should be separated from the latter by the appropriate appellation which Dr. Sharpe originally bestowed upon it. And in this case it will follow that the locality 'Mindanao' given in the 'Catalogue of Birds' will require correction, as, indeed, it would in any case, for the type was described from Balabac." (Everett.) [51]

381. PITTA KOCHI Bruggemann.

KOCH'S PITTA.

Pitta kochi Bruggemann, Abhandl. naturw. Ver. Bremen (1877), 65, pl. 3, fig. 6; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 433; Grant, Ibis (1895), 457; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 244 (habits); Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 182; McGRegor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68. Erythropitta kochi, Tweeddale, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1878), 430, pl. 26.

Luzon (von Othberg, Whitehead).

"This species was based on a specimen in the Darmstadt Museum, of which Mr. Gould gives the subjoined description:

"'General color above dull olive-brown, with somewhat of a ruddy tint on the sides of the neck and mantle; wing-coverts lilac-gray, the primary-coverts and quills blackish brown; the primaries externally grayish towards their ends; the secondaries and inner greater coverts olive-brown, washed with lilac-gray on the outer webs; the second, third, and fourth primaries with a large white spot on the inner web, the last-named having the white spot on the outer web as well; upper tail-coverts and tail lilac-gray, the latter darker; forehead and crown, as well as the lores, region of the eye, and ear-coverts dark brown, the latter slightly shaded with an olive tinge; nape and hind neck dull red; cheeks ashy brown, with a bluish shade under certain lights, forming a very broad moustache; throat reddish in the center, brown on the sides, forming a malar stripe; the fore neck red with a tinge of lilac; chest lilac-gray, the sides olive-brown; remainder of under surface of body scarlet; the sides olive-brown, with which color the center of the abdomen is washed; under tail-coverts scarlet, the longer ones tipped and edged with lilac-blue; thighs ashy gray; under wing-coverts dull lilac-blue, some of the outer ones tipped with white; axillars olive-brown, like the back; quills ashy brown below, relieved by the before-mentioned white spots on the primaries. Length, 190, culmen, 30; wing, 119; tail, 56; tarsus, 53.'

"The large size and dark brown ear-coverts are the distinguishing features of this pitta." (Sclater.)

"Immature female.--Top of the head rather dark brown, shading gradually into a more rufous tint on the nape; all the feathers have rather darker margins, giving these parts a slightly scaled appearance; a few of the dull red feathers of the adult are beginning to make their appearance; the dark olive on the rest of the upper parts has a somewhat browner shade, though here and there some of the greener feathers of the adult plumage may be seen; the grayish blue of the outer wing-coverts and outer webs of the secondaries is replaced by dull olive, and the slate-blue of the upper tail-coverts and tail is not so bright; the ear-coverts are brown, with buff centers; the moustache stripes dirty white, devoid of that reddish shade characteristic of the adult plumage; the chin and throat-feathers with white centers and black margins and bases, those on the fore neck being conspicuously white, washed with reddish; the chest-feathers are whitish buff, with here and there a few slate-blue feathers; rest of the under parts dirty whitish buff, most of the feathers, especially those on the sides and flanks, margined with brownish buff; a few pale scarlet feathers indicate the colors of the adult, but are much less brilliant.

"In more advanced examples the upper parts entirely resemble those of the fully adult bird, but the slate-blue on the wings is almost wanting; the fore neck and chest are still intermixed with white-and-buff centered feathers, and on the rest of the under parts the scarlet feathers of the adult and the whitish buff of the juvenile plumage are represented in about equal parts.

"It is difficult to imagine anything more glorious than the colors of the fully adult male, the brilliant scarlet of the lower breast and belly contrasting vividly with the shining slate-blue chest.

"The adult female differs from the male only in having the colors of the under parts rather less brilliant." (Grant.)

Koch's pitta is known only from the highlands of northern Luzon.

382. PITTA ATRICAPILLA Lesson.

BLACK-HEADED PITTA.

Pitta atricapilla Lesson, Trait d'Orn. (1831), 394; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 438; Grant and Whitehead, Ibis (1898), 245 (eggs); Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 245; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 182; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 227; McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Wow-há, Siquijor and Bohol.

Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Möllendorff, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor); Marinduque? [52] (Steere Exp.); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester); Negros (Meyer); Palawan (Steere, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White); Romblon (McGregor); Samar (Whitehead); Semirara (Worcester); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino); Sulu (Platen); Tablas (Bourns & Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester).

Adult (sexes similar).--Entire head, neck, chin, and throat velvety black; back and greater part of the wings green, changing with the light; rump and tail-coverts shining silvery blue; tail black, tipped with green; breast and sides bluish green; a large black patch on middle of abdomen; lower abdomen and under tail-coverts bright red; primaries white with black bases, the four or five outer ones with narrow black tips; secondaries black, tipped with green on upper surface; primary-coverts and alula velvety black; lesser and median coverts shining silvery blue. Iris brown; bill black; legs and nails dirty brown. Length, about 180. A male from Romblon, wing, 110; tail, 35; culmen from base, 25; tarsus, 40. A female from Tablas, wing, 102; tail, 34; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 37.

The amount of white on the outer primaries varies to a great extent; in females it is usually much less than in males.

"The black-headed pitta is called 'wow-ha' by the natives from its note. Iris dark brown; legs, feet, and nails very dark brown; bill black. Twelve males average: Length, 169; wing, 103; tail, 39; culmen, 25; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 32. Three females, length, 167; wing, 100; tail, 37; culmen, 25; tarsus, 36; middle toe with claw, 32." (Bourns and Worcester MS.)

Whitehead secured a nest of the black-headed pitta near Paranas, Samar, on June 30, 1896. The egg is thus described:

"Shape rounded ovate. Ground-color pure white, thickly speckled all over with brown and larger underlying spots of french-gray, the latter being most numerous round the larger pole. Measurements 26 mm. by 21 mm.

"The nest with two slightly incubated eggs (one of which was broken) were brought by a native, together with the parent birds. The somewhat bulky nest was composed outwardly of twigs and lined with moss." (Grant and Whitehead.)

383. PITTA MULLERI (Bonaparte).

GREATER BLACK-HEADED PITTA.

Brachyurus mulleri Bonaparte, Consp. Genera Avium (1850), 1, 256. Pitta muelleri Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 439. Pitta mülleri Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 183; Oates and Reid, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1903), 3, 228, pl. 6, fig. 18 (egg); McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Sibutu (Everett). Borneo, Sumatra, Banka.

"Similar to P. atricapilla, but of rather larger dimensions." (Sclater.)

Writing of Pitta atricapilla and P. mulleri Sharpe [53] says: "These two birds are closely related; but the Bornean species [mulleri] almost entirely wants the black patch on the belly, and has the thighs blackish instead of ochraceous brown."

384. PITTA ROTHSCHILDI (Parrot).

ROTHSCHILD'S PITTA.

Pitta atricapilla rothschildi Parrot, Abhandl. K. Bayer Akad. Wiss. (1907), 24, 223.

Marinduque (Steere Exp.).

Male.--Related to Pitta atricapilla from which it is said to differ in having the under parts suffused with blue so that there is hardly a trace of green remaining; white of the wing-quills much reduced; chest-spot relatively small; and the color of the vent-feathers bright carmine-red not cinnabar-red. [54]

385. PITTA STEERI (Sharpe).

STEERE'S PITTA.

Brachyurus steerii Sharpe, Nature (1876), 14, 297; Trans. Linn. Soc. 2d. ser. Zool. (1877), 1, 329, pl. 49. Pitta steerii Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 442; Grant, Ibis (1897), 241; Whitehead, Ibis (1899), 246 (habits). Pitta steerei Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 184. Pitta steeri McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List (1906), 68.

Bohol (McGregor); Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp.); Samar (Steere Exp., Whitehead).

Adult (sexes similar).--Entire head and neck and their sides black; upper parts green; rump light blue; tail and its coverts black; chin and throat white; rest of under parts light blue, except a band of velvety black down middle of breast, and the bright scarlet of crissum; thighs gray; primaries black, some of them with small white spots near the middle; secondaries green; alula and primary-coverts black; secondary-coverts shiny silvery blue. Iris brown; bill black; legs gray. Length, about 190. A male from Bohol measures: Wing, 115; tail, 38; culmen from base, 26; tarsus, 42. A female measures, wing, 115; tail, 38; culmen from base, 27; tarsus, 40.

Sclater says: "It is impossible to mistake this noble species, distinguished at once by its pure white throat and silvery blue under surface."

"The plumage of some of the young birds, being in an interesting stage of transition, is worth describing. The youngest example, a male, has the upper parts and wings like those of the adult, but the breast, sides, and flanks are of a dirty, grayish olive, only one or two of the silver-blue feathers being visible, and the entire middle of the breast and belly are pale scarlet. A rather older bird is similar to the above, but down the sides and middle of the breast are three lines of pale blue feathers. In both specimens these are being attained by molt. In the middle of the breast a tuft of the black adult feathers is making its appearance amongst the red, and some of the latter appear to be turning black without a molt. * * *." (Grant.)

Steere's pitta is by no means common in any of the islands where it has been found. In Bohol it was collected in forests of small trees growing on coral-limestone hills and Whitehead found the species on similar ground in Samar.

386. PITTA MOLUCCENSIS (P. L. S. Müller).

BLUE-WINGED PITTA.

Turdus moluccensis P. L. S. Müller, Natursyst. Suppl. (1776), 144. Pitta cyanoptera Temminck, Pl. Col. (1823), 218; Sclater, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1888), 14, 420; Hume, Oates ed. Nests & Eggs Ind. Bds. (1890), 2, 283; Sharpe, Hand-List (1901), 3, 180. Pitta fastosa McGregor, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 286.

Basilan (Celestino). Burma, Siam, Cambodia, southern China, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

Adult (sexes alike).--Sides of head including lores, cheeks, supercilia, and ear-coverts black, connected by a wide black collar; wide vertical stripe black, bordered on each side by a wide stripe of fulvous brown, the feathers edged with pale buff on exterior webs; back, scapulars, and tertials dark green; rump, upper tail-coverts, and lesser and median wing-coverts bright ultramarine-blue; chin black; throat white; lower throat, breast, abdomen, and flanks ruddy buff, most intense on breast; vent, under tail-coverts, and middle of abdomen bright red; tail black, tipped with dull blue; primaries black, each feather with a white patch, mesial and smallest on first, reaching tip on seventh; secondaries black, edged with dull blue on terminal half; alula, primary-coverts, axillars, and wing-lining black. A male measures: Wing, 119; tail, 38; culmen from base, 26; bill from nostril, 17; tarsus, 39. A female from Basilan (type of Pitta fastosa) measures: Length in flesh, 190; wing, 117; tail, 40; culmen from base, 28; bill from nostril, 18; tarsus, 36.

The type of Pitta fastosa McGregor proves to be a specimen of P. moluccensis. This species is migratory.

Suborder ACROMYODI.

Characters the same as those given in the key to Suborders.

Families.

a1. Width of gape about twice the length of bill from nostril; bill short and weak; secondaries about one-half as long as wing; legs and feet weak. ... Hirundinidæ (p. 424) a2. Width of gape usually much less than, or at most about equal to, bill from nostril; secondaries more than one-half as long as wing.

b1. Tarsus booted, its anterior face consisting of a single plate, occasionally with obsolete transverse divisions; or, sometimes with one or two transverse lines near the foot.

c1. Tarsus not longer than bill from gape, usually much less.

d1. First primary more than one-half the length of the second. ... Pycnonotidæ (p. 496) d2. First primary much less than one-half the length of the second. ... Certhiidæ (p. 611)

c2. Tarsus decidedly longer than bill from gape.

d1. Tertials decidedly shorter than the secondaries.

e1. Usually much larger; tail square, or nearly so; rictal bristles longer and more numerous; plumage of young mottled or squamate. ... Turdidæ (p. 541) e2. Usually much smaller; tail rounded, wedge-shaped, or strongly graduated; wing never over 100 mm., usually much less; plumage of young nearly like that of adult, but usually brighter. ... Sylviidæ (p. 566)

d2. Tertials longer than the secondaries; hind claw usually longer than the hind toe. ... Motacillidæ (p. 664)

b2. Tarsus distinctly scutellate, in front at least.

c1. Posterior face of tarsus rounded and scutellate. ... Alaudidæ (p. 673) c2. Posterior face of tarsus compressed and acute, without transverse divisions.

d1. Cutting edges of bill minutely serrated.

e1. Bill from nostril more than tarsus; bill slender and strongly curved. ... Nectarinidæ (p. 641) e2. Bill from nostril less than tarsus; bill stouter and but little curved. ... Dicæidæ (p. 622)

d2. Cutting edges of bill not serrated.

e1. First primary wanting; the outermost (second) primary nearly as long as the next (third) one.

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