Part Second: [decoration] SENTENCES (part 2 of 2)

Part Second: [decoration] SENTENCES (part 2 of 2)

#quandō hīc serviō, haec patriast mea#, Pl. Per. 641, now that I am a slave here, this is my country. #quīn ergō abeis, quandō respōnsumst?# Pl. MG. 1085, why don’t you go then, since you’ve had your answer? #melius est, quandōquidem hoc numquam mī ipse voluit dīcere#, T. Ad. 639, better so, since he wouldn’t ever tell me about it of his own accord. #quandō mē in hunc locum dēdūxit ōrātiō, docēbō#. DN. 3, 43, seeing that my discourse has brought me to this point, I will show. #haec dētur cūra cēnsōribus, quandōquidem eōs in rē pūblicā semper volumus esse#, Leg. 3, 47, let this be the charge of the censors, seeing that we want such officers always in our state. #prō urbe ac penātibus dīmicandum esse, quandō Ītaliam tuērī nequīssent#, L. 22, 8, 7, that they must fight for home and country, now that they had failed to preserve Italy (1724). Causal #quandō# is found at all periods, though not in Caesar, and in Cicero’s orations only with #quidem#.

2014. #quandōque#, inasmuch as, is used a few times in a formal or legal sense in Cicero and Livy: as, #quandōque hīsce hominēs iniussū populī Rōmānī Quirītium foedus ictum īrī spopondērunt#, L. 9, 10, 9, inasmuch as these persons have promised that a covenant should be made, without the order of the Roman nation of Quirites.

#sī.#

2015. #sī#, in early Latin #sei#, is originally a locative, meaning under those circumstances, so. With the enclitic #-ce#, it forms #sīce# or #sīc#, so. The two are sometimes found as correlatives in colloquial style: as, #sīc scrībēs aliquid, sī vacābis#, Att. 12, 38, 2, so you shall have time, so you will write something. See 708.

CONDITIONAL PERIODS.

2016. A protasis introduced by #sī#, so, if, or #nisi#, unless, if not, states a condition; the apodosis states action occurring under that condition. The conditional protasis and apodosis combined make a Conditional Period.

Thus, #sī diēs est#, if it is day, is a conditional protasis; combined with an apodosis, #lūcet#, it is light, it makes a conditional period: #sī diēs est, lūcet#, Inv. 1, 86, if it is day, it is light.

2017. A parenthesis with #ut# (1943) is added when the speaker asserts that the action of the protasis is not only assumed, but actually occurs: as, #sī virtūs digna est glōriātiōne, ut est, beātus esse poterit virtūte ūnā praeditus#, Fin. 4, 51, if virtue is entitled to glorification, as it really is, he will find it possible to be happy in the possession of virtue alone. #sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est#, L. 7, 35, 10, if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is surely the very best time.

2018. The apodosis is usually declarative. Often, however, it is interrogative, exclamatory, or imperative, or it may take any other form which the thought or the context may require. The apodosis has rarely a correlative to #sī#: as, #igitur#, it follows that, #idcircō#, for all that, #tum#, then, #ita#, #sīc#, only, #eā condiciōne#, on condition; #at#, but, #tamen#, nevertheless, #certē#, #saltem#, at any rate, #tum dēnique#, #tum dēmum#, then and not till then.

2019. #sī# is sometimes followed by #quidem# or, from Cicero on, by #modo#: #sī quidem#, that is if, since, even if, #sī modo#, if only. #sī tamen#, at least if, is found in Lucretius, Sallust, the Augustan poets and in late writers. #sīve ... sīve# (#seu . . . seu#) or, in old Latin, #sī . . . sīve#, whether . . . or, with the indicative or the subjunctive of the indefinite second person (1556), leaves a choice between two cases possible. By abbreviation of the protasis #sīve# becomes a coordinating particle: see 1672.

2020. The negative of #sī# is #sī nōn#, if not (#sī nēmō#, #sī nūllus#, &c.), or #nisi#, unless, if not, used especially of an exception or after a negative, #nisi sī#, chiefly in old, colloquial, or late Latin, or, particularly in solemn language or poetry, #nī# is sometimes used for #nisi#. A restriction, usually an ironical afterthought, may be introduced by #nisi forte# (rare before Cicero) or #nisi vērō# (in Cicero and Pliny the Younger) with the indicative.

#nisi# is sometimes found in an adversative sense in old and colloquial Latin, especially after #nesciō#; from Cicero on, it may be strengthened by #tamen#. For #nisi quod#, see 1848.

2021. When a second conditional period is opposed to a first, it is sometimes introduced by #sī# (or #sī autem#), but usually by #sīn# (or #sīn autem#). If the second period is negative, and its verb is not expressed, #minus# or #aliter# is preferred to #nōn#.

CLASSES OF CONDITIONAL PROTASES.

2022. Conditional protases may be divided into two classes:

2023. I. INDETERMINATE protases, that is such as merely suppose an action, without implying either its occurrence or its non-occurrence; these may take:

(A.) Any tense of the indicative required by the sense; or (B.) the present subjunctive, less frequently the perfect subjunctive, to express a condition in the future.

2024. II. Protases of ACTION NON-OCCURRENT, that is such as suppose action not taking place. These take the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive.

Thus, in the period #sī diēs est, lūcet#, Inv. 1, 86, if it is day, it is light, the protasis if it is day is indeterminate, neither implying that it is, or is not day. But in #sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis#, if he were alive, you would hear his evidence, RC. 42, the protasis denotes action non-occurrent, if he were alive, implying but he is not. The whole period, like the protasis, is either an Indeterminate Period or a Period of Action non-occurrent.

I. INDETERMINATE PROTASES.

(A.) INDICATIVE USE.

2025. The indicative in a conditional protasis may state present, past, or future time.

The mood and tense of the apodosis are determined by the sense. The following combinations occur:

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE PRESENT.

2026. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#sī sunt dī, beneficī in hominēs sunt#, Div. 2, 104, if there are gods, they are kind to men. #sī nescīs, tibī̆ īgnōscō#, Fam. 10, 26, 3, if you do not know, I pardon you. #deus sum, sī hoc itast#, T. Hec. 843, I am a god, if this is so. #erus sī tuos domīst, quīn prōvocās?# Pl. Ps. 638, in case your master is at home, why don’t you call him out? #hōc mortuō, aut sī quī ex reliquīs excellit dignitāte, succēdit, aut, sī sunt plūrēs parēs, dē prīncipātū contendunt#, 6, 13, 9, when this man dies, if there is any one of the rest superior in position, he always takes his place; or if there are several with equal claims, they have a contest about the supremacy. #sī vīs, potes#, H. S. 2, 6, 39, you can, if you will. #in corpore sī quid eius modī est quod reliquō corporī noceat, id ūrī secārīque patimur#, Ph. 8, 15, in the human body if there is anything likely to damage the rest of the body, we always allow it to be cauterized and cut. #sī cui vēnae sīc moventur, is habet febrim#, Fat. 15, if a man’s pulse beats thus and so, he always has fever. The present is sometimes loosely used of future time (1593): as, #sī illum relinquō, e͡i͡us vītae timeō#, T. Andr. 210, if I desert him, I tremble for his life. #assequor omnia, sī properō; sī cunctor, āmittō#, Att. 10, 8, 5, I shall compass all my ends, if I hurry; if I delay, I shall lose everything. #castra nunc vōbīs hostium praedae dō, sī mihī̆ pollicēminī vōs fortiter operam nāvātūrōs#, L. 7, 16, 4, I give you the camp of the enemy as booty now, if you promise me you will quit you like men.

2027. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#sī hominēs ratiōnem ā dīs datam in fraudem convertunt, nōn darī illam quam darī hūmānō generī melius fuit#, DN. 3, 78, if men apply reason, the gift of the gods, to purposes of mischief, it would have been better it should not be given to the human race than given (1495). The perfect of the apodosis is ordinarily used of future time (1612): as, #occidī, sī tū vēra memorās#, Pl. Most. 369, I’m a dead man, if what you say is true. #nunc sī indicium faciō, interiī; sī taceō, interiī tamen#, Pl. MG. 306, now if I tell, I’m dead and gone; if I keep dark, I’m dead and gone the same. #nī illōs hominēs expellō, ego occidī plānissumē#, Pl. St. 401, if I don’t drive those people off, all’s up with me. #nam sī argentum prius adfert, continuō nōs ambō exclūsī sumus#, Pl. As. 360, for if he brings the money first, then we’re at once left out in the cold.

2028. (c.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect.#

#sed sī domīst, Dēmaenetum volēbam#, Pl. As. 452, but if he is at home, Demaenetus I wanted. #iam tum erat senex, senectūs sī verēcundōs facit#, T. Ph. 1023, he was already old, if age is what makes shamefastness. #sī singula vōs forte nōn movent, ūniversa certē tamen movēre dēbēbant#, DN. 2, 163, if these points taken severally do not affect you, yet collectively they surely should have done so (1495).

2029. (d.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect.#

#cesseram, sī aliēnam ā mē plēbem fuisse voltis, quae nōn fuit, invidiae#, Sest. 64, I had yielded, if you will have it that the commons were opposed to me, though they were not, to hatred. #hoc mī ūnum relicuom fuerat malum, sī puerum ut tollam cōgit#, T. Hec. 570, this was the only evil left in store for me, if he compels me to adopt the child.

2030. (e.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#sī interpellās, ego tacēbō#, Pl. Men. 1121, if you persist in breaking in, I’ll hold my tongue. #hīc tū sī laesum tē esse dīcis, patiar et concēdam; sī iniūriam tibī̆ factam quereris, dēfendam et negābō#, Caecil. 58, if you assert that you are hurt in this matter, I am perfectly willing to admit it; but if you complain that it is a violation of your rights, I shall stoutly maintain the contrary. Often in this combination the present is loosely used of future time (1593): as, #nunc sī ille hūc salvos revenit, reddam suom sibī̆; sī quid eō fuerit, habeō dōtem unde dem#, Pl. Tri. 156, now if our absent friend comes safely back, I’ll give him back his own again; if anything befalls him, I’ve wherewith a dower to give. #nisi id cōnfestim facis, ego tē trādam magistrātuī#, N. 15, 4, 3, if you do not do it at once, I will hand you over to a magistrate. #sī pāce fruī volumus, bellum gerendum est; sī bellum omittimus, pāce numquam fruēmur#, Ph. 7, 19, if we wish to enjoy peace, we shall have to make war; if we give up war, we never shall enjoy peace. #convincam, sī negās#, C. 1, 8, I will bring it home to you, if you deny it. #tibi dīvitiās dabō, sī impetrās#, Pl. MG. 1213, I’ll make you rich, if you succeed.

2031. (f.) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#sī nequeō facere ut abeās, egomet abierō#, Pl. Poen. 442, if I can’t make you go, I’ll instantly begone myself (1629). #sī id nōn facis, ego quod mē in tē sit facere dignum invēnerō#, T. Hau. 107, if you don’t do it, I will have a proper course devised to use with you.

2032. (g.) #Apodosis in the Imperative.#

#dā mihī̆ hoc, mel meum, sī mē amās#, Pl. Tri. 244, give me this, honey mine, an thou lov’st me. #redargue mē, sī mentior#, Clu. 62, refute me, if I am not speaking the truth. #dēsilīte, mīlitēs, nisi vultis aquilam hostibus prōdere#, 4, 25, 3, jump overboard, men, unless you choose to abandon your eagle to the enemy. #nī iūdicātum facit, sēcum dūcitō, vincitō compedibus#, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 45, unless he satisfies the judgement, the complainant shall take him with him, and put him in gyves (1593, 1575). #quā rē, sī haec ita sunt, sīc mē colitōte ut deum#, CM. 81, therefore, if this is so, you are to honour me as a god.

2033. (h.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#sī quid habēs certius, velim scīre#, Att. 4, 10, 1, if you have anything more definite, I should like to know (1554). #sīn aliter animātus es, bene, quod agās, ēveniat tibī̆#, Pl. Tri. 715, but if you’re minded otherwise, may all you do betide you well (1540). #quod sī nōn possumus facere, moriāmur#, Ph. 7, 14, if we cannot do it, let us die (1547). #sī mihī̆ fīlius genitur, isque prius moritur, et cētera, tum mihī̆ ille sit hērēs#, DO. 2, 141, if a son is born to me, and the boy dies before &c., &c., then so and so is to be my heir (1593, 1548). #sī est spēs nostrī reditūs, eam cōnfirmēs#, Fam. 14, 4, 3, if there is a hope of my coming back, strengthen that hope (1550). #eum sī reddis mihi, praetereā ūnum nummum nē duīs#, Pl. Cap. 331, if you restore my boy to me, you needn’t give one penny more (1551). #sī hīc pernoctō, causae quid dīcam?# T. Ad. 531, if I sleep here, what reason can I give (1563)?

[Erratum: 2026a ... #sī illum relinquō, e͡i͡us vītae timeō# The vowels “eiu” are joined with single ligature] 2028c ... DN. 2, 163 DN 2,]

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PERFECT.

2034. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#sī quid vēnāle habuit Heius, sī id quantī aestimābat, tantī vēndidit, dēsinō quaerere cūr ēmeris#, V. 4, 10, if Hejus had anything for sale, if he sold it at his own valuation, I stop enquiring why you bought. #sī vērē est ā nōbīs philosophia laudāta, eius trāctātiō optimō quōque dignissima est#, Ac. 2, 6, if philosophy has been extolled by me with justice, its study is eminently worthy of the good. #sī honōris causā statuam dedērunt, inimīcī nōn sunt#, V. 2, 150, if they contributed a statue as a compliment, they are not enemies. #postēs quoiusmodī? . . . etiam nunc satis bonī sunt, sī sunt inductī pice#, Pl. Most. 818, what think you of the posts? . . . they’re pretty good even now, if they are only smeared with pitch. This combination is common in general conditional periods (1613): as, #hominēs aegrī sī aquam gelidam bibērunt, prīmō relevārī videntur#, C. 1, 31, if sick people drink cold water, at first they always seem refreshed. #sī quod est admissum facinus, īdem dēcernunt#, 6, 13, 5, if a crime has been committed, they also act as judges. #abiūrant, sī quid crēditumst#, Pl. Cur. 496, they always swear they haven’t it, if anything is trusted them. #sī puer parvus occidit, aequō animō ferendum putant#, TD. 1, 93, if a baby dies, they always think the affliction should be borne with resignation.

2035. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#sī peccāvī, īnsciēns fēcī#, T. Hau. 631, if I’ve done wrong, it was in ignorance. #haec bona in tabulās pūblicās sī rediērunt, tabulae pūblicae conruptae sunt#, RA. 128, if this property has been entered on the state books, then the state books have been tampered with. #quō in bellō sī fuit error, commūnis ē̆ī fuit cum senātū#, Ph. 11, 34, if there was a mistake in this war, it was common to him and the senate. #interiī, sī abiīt#, Pl. Ps. 910, I’m lost, if he has gone (1608). Also in general periods (1613): as, #animī sī quandō vēra vīdērunt, ūsī sunt fortūnā atque cāsū#, Div. 2, 108, if the mind has ever seen the truth, it has used in every case luck and chance. #studiōsē equidem ūtor nostrīs poētīs, sed sīcubi illī dēfēcērunt, vertī multa dē Graecīs#, TD. 2, 26, I use our own poets carefully, it is true: but whenever they have failed me, I have always translated a great deal from Greek.

2036. (c.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect.#

#sī illud iūre rogātum dīcere ausī sunt, oblītīne erant?# PC. 45, if they ventured to say that that measure was brought forward in due form, had not they forgotten?

2037. (d.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#sī quis oriente canīculā nātus est, is in marī nōn moriētur#, if anybody is born when the dogstar is rising, he will never die at sea (general): #sī Fabius oriente canīculā nātus est, Fabius in marī nōn moriētur#, Fat. 12, if Fabius was born when the dogstar was rising, Fabius will not die at sea (particular). #sī parum intellēxtī, dīcam dēnuō#, Pl. R. 1103, if you don’t understand, I’ll say again. #nōn ūtar eā cōnsuētūdine, sī quid est factum clēmenter, ut dissolūtē factum crīminer#, V. 5, 19, I will not avail myself of the common practice, and if a thing has been done in a spirit of mercy, charge that it was done in a lax way. #nisi iam factum aliquid est per Flaccum, fīet ā mē#, Fam. 3, 11, 3, unless something or other has been done already through Flaccus, it will be done by me.

2038. (e.) #Apodosis in the Imperative.#

#sī plūs minusve secuērunt, sē fraude estō#, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 49, if they cut too much or too little, it shall be without penalty (1613). #sī vīdistis, dīcite#, Pl. R. 323, if ye have seen, declare. #sī quid est peccātum ā nōbīs, prōfer#, T. Hec. 253, declare it, if we’ve erred at all. #sī numquam avārē pretium statuī artī meae, exemplum statuite in mē#, T. Hau. 48, if never like a miser I have set a price upon my art, a pattern set in me. #sī quōs propīnquus sanguī̆s patrōnōs dedit, iuvāte perīclitantem#, Ta. 3, 12, if relationship has made any of you his advocates, help him in his straits.

2039. (f.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#sī nūlla colōris prīncipiīs est reddita nātūra, extemplō ratiōnem reddere possīs#, Lucr. 2, 757, if atoms have no colour, you might explain at once (1556). #meritō maledīcās mī, sī nōn id ita factumst#, Pl. Am. 572, you might with perfect right abuse me, if it is not so (1556).

2040. (g.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#sī nēmō hāc praeteriīt, postquam intrō abiī, cistella hīc iacēret#, Pl. Cist. 683, if nobody has passed along this way, since I went in, a casket must have been lying here (1560). #nam cūr tam variae rēs possent esse requīrō, ex ūnō sī sunt ignī pūrōque creātae?# Lucr. 1, 645, for how could things so motley be, I ask, if they are made of pure and simple fire (1565)?

2041. (h.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#sī Antōniō Crassus ēloquēns vīsus nōn est, tibī̆ numquam Cotta vīsus esset#, O. 106, if Antony did not hold Crassus eloquent, you would never have held Cotta so (1561).

(3.) PROTASIS IN THE IMPERFECT.

2042. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#sī tum nōn pertimēscēbās, nē nunc quidem perhorrēscis?# V. 4, 78, if you were not getting afraid then, are you not getting scared even now? #sī quī senēs āc dēfōrmēs erant, eōs in hostium numerō dūcit#, V. 5, 64, if any were old and homely, he considers them in the light of enemies (1590). #sī ad illum hērēditās veniēbat, vērī simile est ab illō necātum#, Inv. 1, 89, if the inheritance was coming to so and so, it is likely that the murder was committed by that man. #adulēscentī nihil est quod suscēnseam, sī illum minus nōrat#, T. Ph. 361, I have no cause for anger with the youth, if he was not acquainted with the man.

2043. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#sed sī properābās magis, prīdiē nōs tē hūc dūxisse oportuit#, Pl. Poen. 525, but if you were in greater haste, you should have brought us here the day before.

2044. (c.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect.#

This combination is used chiefly of contemporaneous action (1732), in general conditional periods: as, #sī quod erat grande vās, laetī adferēbant#, V. 4, 47, if any good-sized vase was ever found, they would always bring it to him in high glee. #atque ea sī erant, magnam habēbās dīs grātiam#, Pl. As. 143, and if them you ever had, you were monstrous grateful to the gods. #sī quae rēs erat maior, populus commovēbātur#, Sest. 105, if a thing of more than ordinary importance occurred, the populace was always aroused. #hī, sī quid erat dūrius, concurrēbant#, 1, 48, 6, whenever there was any pretty sharp work, these men would always fall to. For the subjunctive in such protases, see 2071.

2045. (d.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#flēbunt Germānicum etiam īgnōtī: vindicābitis vōs, sī mē potius quam fortūnam meam fovēbātis#, Ta. 2, 71, as for weeping for Germanicus, that will be done by strangers too; vengeance will be yours, if you honoured in me more the man than the position. See Att. 14, 1, 1.

2046. (e.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#fāc animō magnō sīs, et sī turbidissima sapienter ferēbās, tranquilliōra laetē ferās#, Fam. 6, 14, 3, be of great heart, and if you bore anarchy like a stoic, bear a more orderly condition of things with good cheer (1550).

2047. (f.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#sī amābās, invenīrēs mūtuom#, Pl. Ps. 286, you should have borrowed, if you were in love (1559). #quod sī meīs incommodīs laetābantur, urbis tamen periculō commovērentur#, Sest. 54, if they did exult over my mishaps, still they ought to have been touched by the danger to Rome (1559).

(4.) PROTASIS IN THE PLUPERFECT.

2048. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#sī hoc ita fātō datum erat, ut ad pācem petendam venīrem, laetor tē mihī̆ sorte potissimum datum, ā quō peterem#, L. 30, 30, 3, if it was so ordained by fate that I should come to sue for peace, I am glad that you are allotted me, of all men in the world, to sue from.

2049. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#tum id, sī falsum fuerat, fīlius quōr nōn refellit?# T. Ph. 400, if that had been untrue, why did not at the time your son disprove it? #vel officiō, sī quid dēbuerat, vel errōrī, sī quid nescierat, satis factum esse dūxit#, D. 13, he thought he had done enough for duty, if he had been under any obligation, enough for delusion, if he had been acting under mistaken ignorance.

2050. (c.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect.#

#sed in aedibus quid tibi meīs nam erat negōtī mē absente, nisi ego iusseram?# Pl. Aul. 427, but what business had you in my house in my absence, unless I had ordered? #sī nihil in istā pugnā Rōsciī fēcerant, quam ob causam tantīs praemiīs dōnābantur?# RA. 108, if the Rosciuses had not done service in that fight, why were they presented with such rewards? Often of antecedent action, in general conditional periods: as, #sī quicquam caelātī adspexerat, manūs abstinēre, iūdicēs, nōn poterat#, V. 4, 48, if he ever caught sight of a bit of chased work, why, gentlemen, he never could keep his hands off. #stomachābātur senex, sī quid asperius dīxeram#, DN. 1, 93, the old gentleman was always nettled, if I said anything harsh. #ac seu longum post tempus vēnerat hospes, sīve convīva per imbrem vīcīnus, bene erat nōn piscibus urbe petītīs#, H. S. 2, 2, 118, and if a friend dropped in, after an absence long, or neighbour, come to take pot-luck upon a rainy day, we feasted not on fish brought out from town. For the subjunctive in such protases, see 2071.

2051. (d.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#ante sōlem exorientem nisi in palaestram vēnerās, haud mediocrīs poenās penderēs#, Pl. B. 426, ere sunrise so you came not to the wrestling school, amercement strong you had to pay (1552).

(5.) PROTASIS IN THE FUTURE.

2052. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#eam sei cūrābeis, perbonast#, Pl. Merc. 526, if you’ll take care of her, she is first-rate. #quod sī perferre nōn poterō, opprimī mē mālō#, RA. 10, if I cannot succeed in bearing it, I would rather be crushed.

2053. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#quam nisi dēfendēs, Rōmulus nōn bene vīdit avēs#, Prop. 4 (5), 6, 43, unless thou savest her, ’twas ill that Romulus espied his birds. #āctumst, sī quidem tū mē hīc lūdificābere#, T. Eu. 717, all’s up, that is in case you fool me here (1612). #cui sī esse in urbe licēbit, vīcimus#, Att. 14, 20, 3, if he shall be allowed to stay in town, the day is ours (1612).

2054. (c.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#sī erum īnsimulābis malitiae, male audiēs#, T. Ph. 359, you’ll hear what you won’t like, if you insinuate anything wrong against master. #vīcīnīs bonus estō: sī tē libenter vīcīnitās vidēbit, facilius tua vēndēs; sī aedificābis, operīs, iūmentīs, māteriē adiuvābunt#, Cato, RR. 4, be obliging to your neighbours: if the neighbourhood looks on you with favour, you will find a readier sale for your produce; if you fall to building, they will help you with labour, draught animals, and building material. #sī id audēbis dīcere, causam inimīcī tuī sublevābis#, Caecil. 12, if you venture to say that, you will promote the cause of your enemy. #sī fortūna volet, fīēs dē rhētore cōnsul; sī volet haec eadem, fīēs dē cōnsule rhētor#, J. 7, 197, if fortune shall ordain, a magnate from a teacher thou shalt be; again shall she ordain, a teacher from a magnate shalt thou be. #nōn modo nōn laedētur causa nōbilitātis, sī istīs hominibus resistētis, vērum etiam ōrnābitur#, RA. 138, the interests of the nobility will not be damaged, if you resist those creatures; oh no, on the contrary, they will be promoted. The clause with #sī# is apt to take the future perfect (2061). The future in the apodosis often denotes action holding good at all times: as, #dēfēnsor prīmum, sī poterit, dēbēbit vītam eius, quī īnsimulābitur, quam honestissimam dēmōnstrāre#, Inv. 2, 35, the advocate ought in the first place, if he can, to prove that the life of the accused is eminently respectable. #quod adsequēmur, sī cavēbimus nē in perturbātiōnēs incidāmus#, Off. 1, 131, we shall attain this end if we take care not to be subject to fits of passion. Sometimes in exemplifications: #sī patriam prōdere cōnābitur pater, silēbitne fīlius?# Off. 3, 90, if a father shall try to betray his country, will the son keep silent? But see 2090.

2055. (d.) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#oculum ego ecfodiam tibī̆ :: dīcam tamen; nam sī sīc nōn licēbit, luscus dīxerō#, Pl. Tri. 463, I’ll dig your eye out :: but I’ll speak, nathless; for if I may not as I am, I’ll say my say as one-eyed man. #sed sī tē aequō animō ferre accipiet, neclegentem fēceris#, T. Andr. 397, but if he sees you take it placidly, you’ll have him off his guard. The more usual combination is as in 2062.

2056. (e.) #Apodosis in the Imperative.#

#vir tuos sī veniet, iube domī opperīrier#, Pl. Cist. 592, in case your husband comes, tell him to wait at home. Almost always the second imperative is used (1577): as, #sī volet, suō vīvitō#, Twelve Tables in Gell. 20, 1, 45, if the prisoner wish, he may subsist on his own food. #sī veniet nūntius, facitō ut sciam#, Pl. St. 148, if a messenger shall come, be sure you let me know. #sī dē mē ipsō plūra dīcere vidēbor, īgnōscitōte#, Sest. 31, if I seem to harp too much on myself, you must excuse me.

2057. (f.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#sī quid erit, quod scrībendum putēs, velim faciās#, Att. 11, 13, 5, if there shall be anything which you think worth writing, I wish you would write (1555). #nam sī altera illaec magis īnstābit, forsitan nōs reiciat#, T. Ph. 717, for if the other lady presses more, perhaps he’ll throw us out (1554). #peream, sī tē ferre poterunt#, Brut. in Fam. 11, 23, 2, may I die, if they shall find it possible to endure you (1541). #sī quandō illa dīcet ‘Phaedriam intrō mittāmus,’ Pamphilam cantātum prōvocēmus#, T. Eu. 441, if ever she shall say ‘let us have Phaedria in,’ then let us call out Pamphila to sing (1548). #habeat, sī argentum dabit#, Pl. R. 727, she’s welcome to them, if she pays the cash (1548).

2058. (g.) #Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.#

#sī mē audiētis, adulēscentēs, sōlem alterum nē metuerītis#, RP. 1, 32, if you will hearken to me, my young friends, never fear a double sun (1551). #sīn erit ille gemitus ēlāmentābilis, vix eum virum dīxerim#, TD. 2, 57, but if his groan be a long-drawn wail, I could scarcely call him a man (1558).

(6.) PROTASIS IN THE FUTURE PERFECT.

2059. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present.#

#salvae sunt, sī istōs flūctūs dēvītāverint#, Pl. R. 168, they are saved, if they escape those waves (1593). #rēx sum, sī ego illum hominem adlexerō#, Pl. Poen. 671, I’m a millionaire, if I allure the man (1593). #crīmen probāre tē cēnsēs posse, sī nē causam quidem maleficī prōtuleris?# RA. 72, do you think you can prove your charge, if you do not even bring forward a motive for the crime? #quod sī meam spem vīs improbōrum fefellerit, commendō vōbīs meum parvum fīlium#, C. 4, 23, but if the might of the wicked disappoints my hope, unto your keeping do I commend the little son of mine.

2060. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect.#

#victus sum, sī dīxeris#, Pl. Am. 428, I am beaten if you tell (1612). #sī sēnserit, periī#, T. Andr. 213, if he scents it, I’m done for (1612). #sī cōnservātus erit, vīcimus#, Fam. 12, 6, 2, if he is saved, our success is assured (1612). #tum, hercule, illō diē quō ego cōnsul sum creātus, male gesta rēs pūblica est, sī tuleritis#, L. 3, 19, 11, in that case it was indeed a bad day for the country when I was made consul, if you make the proposition (1608).

2061. (c.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#perībō, sī nōn fēcerō, sī faxō vāpulābō#, Pl. in Gell. 3, 3, 8, I shall be done for if I don’t do it, if I do, I shall be done up too (1626). #oculum ego ecfodiam tibī̆, sī verbum addideris#, Pl. Tri. 463, I’ll gouge your eye out for you, if you say another word. #sī tē interficī iusserō, residēbit in rē pūblicā reliqua coniūrātōrum manus#, C. 1, 12, if I order you to be dispatched, the rest of the gang of conspirators will be left in the state.

2062. (d.) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#sī dīxerō mendācium, solēns me͡o mōre fēcerō#, Pl. Am. 198, if fiction I relate, I shall have done but in my usual way. #sī tū argentum attuleris, cum illō perdiderō fidem#, Pl. Ps. 376, if you, sir, bring the cash, I’ll break my word to him. #respīrārō, sī tē vīderō#, Att. 2, 24, 5, I shall be myself again, if I see you. #pergrātum mihī̆ fēceris, sī dē amīcitiā disputāris#, L. 16, you will do me a very great favour, if you will discourse on friendship.

2063. (e.) #Apodosis in the Imperative.#

Generally the longer forms of the imperative are used (1577): #patrōnus sī clientī fraudem fēcerit, sacer estō#, Twelve Tables in Serv. to V. 6, 609, if a patron shall cheat his client, let him be doomed. #servītum tibi mē abdūcitō, nī fēcerō#, Pl. Ps. 520, if I don’t do it, take me off to be your slave. #hoc sī effēceris, quodvīs dōnum ā mē optātō#, T. Eu. 1056, if you do this, ask any gift you please of me. #sī mē adsequī potueris, ut tibī̆ vidēbitur, sepelītō#, TD. 1, 103, if you can ever find me, then bury me as you think best. Rarely the shorter forms: #inpinge pugnum, sī muttīverit#, Pl. B. 800, drive your fist into him if he says booh. #sī tumidōs accēdere fastūs sēnseris, inceptō parce referque pedem#, O. AA. 1, 715, if thou shalt see disdain come swelling high, give o’er and beat retreat.

2064. (f.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#sibī̆ habeat, sī nōn extemplō ab eō abdūxerō#, Pl. Per. 164, he may keep her, if I don’t carry her off that minute (1548). #caecum mē ferrī cōnfitear, sī tē potuisse superārī dīxerō#, Planc. 6, if I say that you can be surpassed, I should own myself swept along like a blind man (1556). #tum magis adsentiāre, sī ad maiōra pervēnerō#, RP. 1, 62, you would agree all the more if I come at once to weightier points (1556).

SOME SPECIAL USES.

2065. An indicative protasis with #sī# is often used to assume a general truth as a proof either for another general truth, or for a particular fact.

(a.) #sī voluptātis sēnsum capit, dolōrēs etiam capit#, DN. 3, 32, if it is susceptible of pleasure, it is also susceptible of pain. #sī omnēs, quī rē̆ī pūblicae cōnsulunt, cārī nōbīs esse dēbent, certē in prīmīs imperātōrēs. sī ferae partūs suōs dīligunt, quā nōs in līberōs nostrōs indulgentiā esse dēbēmus#, DO. 2, 168, if all people who are devoted to the public service are dear to us, then assuredly our military men ought always to be particularly dear. If wild beasts always love their young, how kind ought we always to be to our own children. (b.) #sī pietātī summa tribuenda laus est, dēbētis movērī, cum Q. Metellum tam piē lūgēre videātis#, DO. 2, 167, if filial affection is always to be held in high honour, you ought to be touched in this instance, seeing such affectionate grief in Metellus. #sī nox opportūna est ēruptiōnī, sīcut est, haec profectō noctis aptissima hōra est#, L. 7, 35, 10, if night is always favourable for a sortie, and it always is, this particular hour of the night is the very best time.

2066. An indicative protasis with #sī# often assumes a fact, past or present, as an argument for another fact, or for a general truth.

In this case the apodosis, which is usually a question, often takes the subjunctive (1565).

#sī Sūlla potuit efficere, ut dictātor dīcerētur, cūr hīc nōn possit?# Att. 9, 15, 2, if Sulla could succeed in being appointed dictator, why cannot this man? #sī Zēnōnī licuit inaudītum rē̆ī nōmen impōnere, cūr nōn liceat Catōnī?# Fin. 3, 15, if Zeno was allowed to give a new name to a thing, why should not Cato be allowed? #quod sī Graecī leguntur ā Graecīs, quid est cūr nostrī ā nostrīs nōn legantur?# Fin. 1, 6, but if Greeks are read by Greeks, why should not Romans be read by Romans?

2067. An indicative protasis with #sī# often assumes a fact which is declared in the apodosis to be no reason for another fact.

In this case the negative usually begins the period. #sī#, for which #quia# or #etsī# is sometimes substituted, sometimes has #idcircō#, #īlicō#, or #continuō#, rarely #proptereā# or #ideō#, as correlative in the apodosis.

#nōn, sī tibī̆ anteā prōfuit, semper prōderit#, Ph. 8, 12, even if it has done you good in the past, that is no reason why it always will in the future. #nōn sī Opīmium dēfendistī, idcircō tē istī bonum cīvem putābunt#, DO. 2, 170, suppose you did defend Opimius, that is no reason why your friends will think you a patriot. #nec sī omne ēnūntiātum aut vērum aut falsum est, sequitur īlicō, esse causās immūtābilīs, quae prohibeant secus cadere atque cāsūrum sit#, Fat. 28, and even if every declaration is either true or false, it does not follow without any further ado that there are unchangeable causes to prevent a thing falling out different from the way it promises to fall out. #nōn continuō, sī mē in gregem sīcāriōrum contulī, sum sīcārius#, RA. 94, it does not forthwith follow that if I have joined a band of bravoes, I am a bravo.

[Erratum: 2065a ... DN. 3, 32, 3, 32.]

#mīror#, #mīrum sī#.

2068. #mīror# or #mīrum est# (#mīra sunt#) may introduce a conditional protasis, instead of a clause with #quod# (1851) or the accusative with the infinitive (2188).

Generally the main clause is actually or virtually negatived: as, #minus mīrandumst, illaec aetās sī quid illōrum facit#, Pl. B. 409, ’tis not to be wondered at, if youth does things like that. #idne tū mīrāre, sī patrissat fīlius?# Pl. Ps. 442, can you, sir, wonder at it if the son plays the father? #nec mīrum sī ūtēbātur cōnsiliō#, Quinct. 18, and it is no wonder if he followed the advice. #mīrer, sī vāna vestra auctōritās est?# L. 3, 21, 4, can I think it strange if your influence is of no account (1565)? Rarely the main clause is positive: as, #mīrābar hoc sī sīc abīret#, T. Andr. 175, I wondered if it was going to end so (1773). #mīror sī quemquam amīcum habēre potuit#, L. 54, I wonder if he could have had a friend in the world. In old colloquial style #mīrum nī# is found: as, #mīrum nī hīc me exossāre cōgitat#, Pl. Am. 319, strange that he doesn’t think of boning me. #ubi nunc ipsus? :: mīrum nī domīst#, T. Andr. 598, where is he now? :: at home of course. So once in Livy: #mīrum esse nī castra hostium oppugnentur#, L. 3, 28, 5, that he shouldn’t be surprised if the enemy’s camp were being stormed (1724). #gaudeō sī# is found once in Cicero, and #terreō, metus est sī#, or the like occurs a few times in Tacitus. For #sī# in expressions of trial, hope, expectation, &c., see 1777.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE FOR THE INDICATIVE.

2069. The indicative in the protasis is occasionally replaced by the subjunctive, as follows:

2070. (1.) The present or perfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general present suppositions, regularly in the indefinite second person singular, rarely with other persons (1730): as,

(a.) #nam dolī nōn dolī sunt nisi astū colās, sed malum maxumum, sī id palam prōvenit#, Pl. Cap. 221, for tricks are never tricks, unless you handle them with craft, but damage dire, in case the thing gets out; here the indicative #prōvenit# shows that #colās# is due to the person. #nec calidae citius dēcēdunt corpore febrēs, textilibus sī in pīctūrīs ostrōque rubentī iactēris, quam sī in plēbēiā veste cubandum est#, Lucr. 2, 34, nor sooner will hot fevers leave the limbs, if on gay tapestries and blushing purple you should toss, than if perforce your bed you make on pallet rude. #quod est difficile, nisi speciem prae tē bonī virī ferās#, Off. 2, 39, and this is a hard thing, unless you have the exterior of a good man. #nec habēre virtūtem satis est nisi ūtāre#, RP. 1, 2, and to have virtue is not enough, unless one use it. #sīquoi mūtuom quid dederīs, fit prō propriō perditum#, Pl. Tri. 1051, if aught you’ve lent to anyone, ’tis not your own, but lost. #nam nūllae magis rēs duae plūs negōtī habent, sī occēperīs exōrnāre#, Pl. Poen. 212, for no two things give more trouble if you once begin to fit them out. #nūlla est excūsātiō peccātī, sī amīcī causā peccāverīs#, L. 37, it is no excuse for a sin if you have sinned from friendship.

(b.) #suōs quisque opprimī nōn patitur, neque, aliter sī faciat, ūllam inter suōs habet auctōritātem#, 6, 11, 4, nobody suffers his vassals to be put down, and if he ever act otherwise, he has no influence among his people. #laeduntur artēriae, sī ācrī clāmōre compleantur#, Cornif. 3, 21, it always hurts the windpipe, if it be filled out with a sharp scream. #turpis excūsātiō est, sī quis contrā rem pūblicam sē amīcī causā fēcisse fateātur#, L. 40, it is always a discreditable apology, if a man confess that he has been unpatriotic from motives of friendship. #Britannī iniūncta imperiī mūnera impigrē obeunt, sī iniūriae absint#, Ta. Agr. 13, the Britons are always perfectly ready to perform the duties enjoined on them by the Roman government, if they be not maltreated.

2071. (2.) The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used in general past suppositions (1730).

This use begins with Catullus and Caesar, the indicative being the regular classical construction (2044, 2050).

#chommoda dīcēbat, sī quandō commoda vellet dīcere Arrius#, Cat. 84, 1, hadvantages said Arrius, if advantages he ever meant to say. #sī quis prehenderētur, cōnsēnsū mīlitum ēripiēbātur#, Caes. C. 3, 110, 4, every time a man was taken up, he was rescued by the joint action of the rank and file. #sīn autem locum tenēre vellent, nec virtūtī locus relinquēbātur, neque coniecta tēla vītāre poterant#, 5, 35, 4, but if on the other hand they undertook to hold their position, there was never any opening for bravery, nor could they ever dodge the shower of missiles. #sīn Numidae propius accessissent, ibī̆ virtūtem ostendere#, S. I. 58, 3, they showed forth their valour every time the Numidians drew near (1535).

(B.) SUBJUNCTIVE USE.

2072. The present or perfect subjunctive may be used in a conditional protasis of future time.

2073. The apodosis is usually in the present subjunctive, less frequently in the perfect subjunctive. The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are rare (2089).

2074. The indicative is sometimes used in the apodosis, especially in expressions of ability, duty, &c. (1495); #nōn possum# is regularly in the indicative when the protasis is also negative. For the future indicative the periphrastic form is sometimes used.

2075. In the early period, before the imperfect subjunctive had been shifted to denote present time in conditional sentences (2091), the present subjunctive was used to express action non-occurrent in present time. Examples of this use are found in Plautus: as, #sī honestē cēnseam tē facere posse, suādeam; vērum nōn potest; cave faxīs#, Pl. MG. 1371, if I thought that you could do the thing with credit to yourself, I should advise you to; but ’tis impossible; so don’t you do it. #vocem tē ad cēnam, nisi egomet cēnem forīs#, Pl. St. 190, I should ask you home to dine, if I were not dining out myself. Such sentences must not be confused with those in which an action from the nature of things impossible is represented as of possible occurrence.

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2076. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#at pigeat posteā nostrum erum, sī vōs eximat vinculīs#, Pl. Cap. 203, but it may rue our master by and by, if he should take you out of bonds. #quid sī ēveniat dēsubitō prandium, ubī̆ ego tum accumbam?# Pl. B. 79, suppose a lunch should suddenly come off, where is your humble servant then to lie (1563)? #hanc viam sī asperam esse negem, mentiar#, Sest. 100, if I say that this path is not rough, I should not tell the truth. #sī deus tē interroget, quid respondeās?# Ac. 2, 80, if a god ask you, what would you answer? #haec sī tēcum patria loquātur, nōnne impetrāre dēbeat?# C. 1, 19, if thy country plead with thee thus, ought she not to carry her point? #sī existat hodiē ab īnferīs Lycūrgus, sē Spartam antīquam āgnōscere dīcat#, L. 39, 37, 3, if Lycurgus rise this day from the dead, he would say that he recognized the Sparta of yore. #eōs nōn cūrāre opīnor, quid agat hūmānum genus; nam sī cūrent, bene bonīs sit, male malīs, quod nunc abest#, E. in Div. 2, 104, DN. 3, 79, but little care the gods, I trow, how fares the race of man; for should they care, the good were blest, the wicked curst; a thing that really cometh not to pass.

2077. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.#

#sī aequom siet mē plūs sapere quam vōs, dederim vōbīs cōnsilium catum#, Pl. E. 257, if it becoming be for me to have more wit than ye, sage counsel might I give (1558). #aufūgerim potius quam redeam, sī eō mihi redeundum sciam#, T. Hec. 424, I’d run away sooner than go back, if I should hear I had to (1558). #nec satis sciō, nec sī sciam, dīcere ausim#, L. praef. 1, in the first place I do not know very well, and secondly if I should know, I should not venture to say (1555). #iniussū tuō extrā ōrdinem numquam pugnāverim, nōn sī certam victōriam videam#, L. 7, 10, 2, without orders from you I never should fight out of ranks, no, not if I saw victory was certain (1558). #tum vērō nēquīquam hāc dextrā capitōlium servāverim, si cīvem commīlitōnemque meum in vincula dūcī videam#, L. 6, 14, 4, upon my word, in that case I should prove to have saved the capital in vain, if I saw a townsman and brother-in-arms of mine haled to jail. #multōs circā ūnam rem ambitūs fēcerim, sī quae variant auctōrēs omnia exequī velim#, L. 27, 27, 12, I should make a long story about one subject, if I should undertake to go through all the different versions of the authorities.

2078. (c.) #Apodosis in the Present Indicative.#

#quī sī decem habeās linguās, mūtum esse addecet#, Pl. B. 128, if you should have a dozen tongues, ’tis fit you should be dumb (2074). #sī prō peccātīs centum dūcat uxōrēs, parumst#, Pl. Tri. 1186, if he should wed a hundred wives in payment for his sins, ’tis not enough. #intrāre, sī possim, castra hostium volō#, L. 2, 12, 5, I propose to enter the camp of the enemy, if I be able. #tē neque dēbent adiuvāre, sī possint, neque possunt, sī velint#, V. 4, 20, they ought not to help you, if they could, and cannot, if they would. #sī vōcem rērum nātūra repente mittat, quid respondēmus?# Lucr. 3, 931, if Nature of a sudden lift her voice, what answer shall we make? #sī quaerātur, idemne sit pertinācia et persevērantia, dēfīnītiōnibus iūdicandum est#, T. 87, if it be asked whether obstinacy and perseverance are the same, it must be settled by definitions (2074).

2079. (d.) #Apodosis in the Future.#

#quadrīgās sī īnscendās Iovis atque hinc fugiās, ita vix poteris effugere īnfortūnium#, Pl. Am. 450, Jove’s four-in-hand if you should mount, and try to flee from here, even so you’ll scarce escape a dreadful doom. #sīquidem summum Iovem tē dīcās dētinuisse, malam rem effugiēs numquam#, Pl. As. 414, e’en shouldst thou say imperial Jove detained thee, chastisement thou’lt ne’er avoid. #sī frāctus inlābātur orbis, inpavidum ferient ruīnae#, H. 3, 3, 7, should heaven’s vault crumbling fall, him all undaunted will its ruin strike. #neque tū hoc dīcere audēbis, nec sī cupiās, licēbit#, V. 2, 167, you will not dare to say this, sir, nor if you wish, will you be allowed.

2080. (e.) #Apodosis in the Future Perfect.#

#nōn tantum, sī proeliō vincās, glōriae adiēceris, quantum adēmeris, sī quid adversī ēveniat#, L. 30, 30, 21, you will not acquire as much glory, if you succeed in battle, as you will lose, if any reverse occur.

2081. (f.) #Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.#

#nōn latūrus sum, sī iubeās maxumē#, Pl. B. 1004, I don’t intend to be the bearer, should you urge me e’er so much. #quid, sī hostēs ad urbem veniant, factūrī estis?# L. 3, 52, 7, suppose the enemy march on the town, what do you intend to do?

2082. (g.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#cantus et Lūnam dēdūcere temptat et faceret, sī nōn aera repulsa sonent#, Tib. 1, 8, 21, magic essays to draw Luna down and would succeed if clashing brass should not resound (1560). #nē sī nāvigāre quidem velim, ita gubernārem, ut somniāverim; praesēns enim poena sit#, Div. 2, 122, again, suppose I undertake to go sailing, I should not lay my course as I may have dreamed; for the penalty would be swift (1560). #sī hodiē bella sint, quāle Etrūscum fuit, quāle Gallicum; possētisne ferre Sextium cōnsulem esse?# L. 6, 40, 17, suppose there be wars to-day like the Etruscan and the Gallic wars: could you bear to see Sextius consul (1565)?

2083. (h.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#carmina nī sint, ex umerō Pelopis nōn nituisset ebur#, Tib. 1, 4, 63, suppose there be no verse, from Pelops’ shoulder ne’er had ivory gleamed (1561).

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2084. (a.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#dēbeam, crēdō, istī quicquam furciferō, sī id fēcerim#, T. Eu. 861, I should be, forsooth, responsible to the rogue, if I should do it (1556). #sī dē caelō vīlla tācta siet, dē eā rē verba utī fīant#, Cato, RR. 14, 3, if the villa be struck by lightning, let there be utterances about the case (1547). #sī ā corōnā relictus sim, nōn queam dīcere#, Br. 192, if I should ever be abandoned by my audience, I should not be able to speak. #id sī acciderit, sīmus armātī#, TD. 1, 78, if this have happened, let us be on our guard (1548). #cūr ego simulem mē, sī quid in hīs studiīs operae posuerim, perdidisse?# Par. 33, why should I have the affectation to say that if I have spent any time in these pursuits, I have thrown it away (1563)? See also 2090.

2085. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect Subjunctive.#

#sī paululum modo quid tē fūgerīt, ego perierim#, T. Hau. 316, should you have missed the smallest point, a dead man I should be. See also 2090.

2086. (c.) #Apodosis in the Future Indicative.#

#sī forte līber fierī occēperim, mittam nūntium ad tē#, Pl. MG. 1362, if haply I should be by way of getting free, I’ll send you word. #sī forte morbus amplior factus siet, servom intrō iisse dīcent Sōstratae#, T. Hec. 330, if her illness should get worse, they’ll say a slave of Sostrata’s went in there.

2087. (d.) #Apodosis in the Periphrastic Future.#

#sī Vēīs incendium ortum sit, Fĭ̄dēnās inde quaesītūrī sumus?# L. 5, 54, 1, if a fire break out at Vei, are we going to move from there to Fidenae?

2088. (e.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

#sīquis hoc gnātō tuō tuos servos faxit, quālem habērēs grātiam?# Pl. Cap. 711, suppose a slave of yours has done this for a son of yours, how grateful should you have been?

[Erratum: 2087d ... L. 5, 54, 1 L 5,]

CONVERSION TO PAST TIME.

2089. An indeterminate subjunctive protasis is rarely thrown into the past, the present and perfect becoming respectively imperfect and pluperfect. In this case the form is the same as that of a protasis of action non-occurrent (2091), and the conversion occurs only when it is evident from the context that past action is supposed, which may or may not have occurred: as,

#cūr igitur et Camillus dolēret, sī haec post trecentōs et quīnquāgintā ferē annōs ēventūra putāret, et ego doleam, sī ad decem mīlia annōrum gentem aliquam urbe nostrā potītūram putem?# TD. 1, 90, why then would Camillus have fretted, if he thought this would occur after a lapse of some three hundred and fifty years, and why should I fret, if I think that some nation may seize Rome some ten thousand years hence? #erat sōla illa nāvis cōnstrāta; quae sī in praedōnum pugnā versārētur, urbis īnstar habēre inter illōs pīrāticōs myoparōnēs vidērētur#, V. 5, 89, this was the only vessel with a deck; and supposing she figured in the engagement with the corsairs, she would have loomed up like a town, surrounded by those pirate cock-boats. #Sardus habēbat ille Tigellius hoc; Caesar sī peteret nōn quicquam prōficeret#, H. S. 1, 3, 4, Tigellius the Sardian had this way; supposing Caesar asked him, naught had he availed.

PERIODS OF EXEMPLIFICATION.

2090. The present subjunctive is particularly common in exemplification. The perfect is sometimes used in the protasis, rarely in the apodosis: as,

#sī pater fāna expīlet, indicetne id magistrātibus fīlius?# Off. 3, 90, if a father should plunder temples, would the son report it to the magistrates? #sī quis pater familiās supplicium nōn sūmpserit, utrum is clēmēns an crūdēlissimus esse videātur?# C. 4, 12, assume for the sake of argument that a householder have not inflicted punishment, would he seem merciful, or a monster of cruelty? #sī scierīs aspidem occultē latēre uspiam, et velle aliquem imprūdentem super eam adsīdere, improbē fēcerīs, nisi monuerīs nē adsīdat#, Fin. 2, 59, suppose a man should know, e.g. that there was a snake hiding somewhere, and that somebody was going to sit down on the snake unawares; he would do wrong, if he did not tell him he must not sit down there. In such periods the future is also used, but less frequently: see 2054.

[Erratum: 2090 ... see 2054. final . missing]

II. PROTASES OF ACTION NON-OCCURRENT.

2091. A conditional period in which the non-occurrence of the action is implied takes the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive both in the protasis and in the apodosis. The imperfect usually denotes present or indefinite time, and the pluperfect denotes past time.

For the present subjunctive in such conditions, see 2075.

2092. The imperfect sometimes denotes past time (1559). When future time is referred to, the protasis is usually in the imperfect of the periphrastic future, commonly the subjunctive, but sometimes the indicative (2108).

2093. The apodosis is very rarely in the present subjunctive (2098). The periphrastic future is sometimes used, commonly in the indicative (2097, 2100).

(1.) PROTASIS IN THE IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2094. (a.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

(a.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting present action; this is the usual application: #sī intus esset, ēvocārem#, Pl. Ps. 640, I should call him out, if he were in. #is iam prīdem est mortuus. sī vīveret, verba eius audīrētis#, RC. 42, that person has long been dead; if he were alive, you would hear his evidence. #adnuere tē videō; prōferrem librōs, sī negārēs#, DN. 1, 113, I see you nod assent; I should bring out the books, if you maintained the opposite. #sī L. Mummius aliquem istōrum vidēret Corinthium cupidissimē trāctantem, utrum illum cīvem excellentem, an ātriēnsem dīligentem putāret?# Par. 38, if Mummius should see one of your connoisseurs nursing a piece of Corinthian, and going into perfect ecstasies over it, what would he think? that the man was a model citizen or a thoroughly competent indoor-man? #quod sī semper optima tenēre possēmus, haud sānē cōnsiliō multum egērēmus#, OP. 89, now if we could always be in possession of what is best, we should not ever stand in any special need of reasoning.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both denoting past action: #haec sī neque ego neque tū fēcimus, nōn siit egestās facere nōs; nam sī esset unde id fīeret, facerēmus; et tū illum tuom, sī essēs homō, sinerēs nunc facere#, T. Ad. 103, if neither you nor I have acted thus, ’twas poverty that stinted us; for if we’d had the means, we should have done so too; and you would let that boy of yours, if you were human, do it now. Here #esset# refers to past time, #essēs# to present. #num igitur eum, sī tum essēs, temerārium cīvem putārēs?# Ph. 8, 14, would you therefore have thought him, if you had lived then, a hotheaded citizen? #sī ūniversa prōvincia loquī posset, hāc vōce ūterētur; quoniam id nōn poterat, hārum rērum āctōrem ipsa dēlēgit#, Caecil. 19, if the collective province could have spoken, she would have used these words; but since she could not, she chose a manager for the case herself.

2095. (b.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#invēnissēmus iam diū, sei vīveret#, Pl. Men. 241, were he alive, we should have found him long ago. #sī mihi secundae rēs dē amōre meō essent, iam dūdum sciō vēnissent#, T. Hau. 230, if everything were well about my love, I know they would have been here long ago. #quae nisi essent in senibus, nōn summum cōnsilium maiōrēs nostrī appellāssent senātum#, CM. 19, unless the elderly were in general characterized by these qualities, our ancestors would not have called the highest deliberative body the body of elders.

2096. (c.) #Periphrastic Apodosis.#

#quibus, sī Rōmae esset, facile contentus futūrus erat#, Att. 12, 32, 2, with which, if he were in Rome, he would readily be satisfied (2093). #quōs ego, sī tribūnī mē triumphāre prohibērent, testēs citātūrus fuī rērum ā mē gestārum#, L. 38, 47, 4, the very men whom I was to call to bear witness to my deeds, if the tribunes should refuse me a triumph.

(2.) PROTASIS IN THE PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE.

2097. (a.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Subjunctive.#

(a.) Protasis denoting past, apodosis present action: #sī ante voluissēs, essēs; nunc sērō cupis#, Pl. Tri. 568, if you had wished it before, you might be; as it is, you long too late. #sī nōn mēcum aetātem ēgisset, hodiē stulta vīveret#, Pl. MG. 1320, if she hadn’t spent her life with me, she’d be a fool to-day. #sī tum illī respondēre voluissem, nunc rē̆ī pūblicae cōnsulere nōn possem#, Ph. 3, 33, if I had chosen to answer the man then, I should not be able to promote the public interest now. #quō quidem tempore sī meum cōnsilium valuisset, tū hodiē egērēs, nōs līberī essēmus#, Ph. 2, 37, if by the way at that time my counsel had been regarded, you, sir, would be a beggar to-day and we should be free.

(b.) Protasis and apodosis both referring to past: #ōlim sī advēnissem, magis tū tum istūc dīcerēs#, Pl. Cap. 871, if I had come before, you’d have said so then all the more. #num igitur, sī ad centēsimum annum vīxisset, senectūtis eum suae paenitēret?# CM. 19, suppose therefore he had lived to be a hundred, would he have regretted his years? #Indōs aliāsque sī adiūnxisset gentēs, impedimentum maius quam auxilium traheret#, L. 9, 19, 5, if he had added the Indians and other nations, he would have found them a hindrance rather than a help in his train.

2098. (b.) #Apodosis in the Pluperfect Subjunctive.#

#sī appellāssēs, respondisset nōminī#, Pl. Tri. 927, if you had called him, he’d have answered to his name. #nisi fūgissem, medium praemorsisset#, Pl. in Gell. 6, 9, 7, if I hadn’t run away, he’d have bitten me in two. #sī vēnissēs ad exercitum, ā tribūnīs vīsus essēs; nōn es autem ab hīs vīsus#; #nōn es igitur ad exercitum profectus#, Inv. 1, 87, if you had come to the army, you would have been seen by the tribunes; but you have not been seen by them; therefore you have not been to the army. #sī beātus umquam fuisset, beātam vītam usque ad rogum pertulisset#, Fin. 3, 76, if he had ever been a child of fortune, he would have continued the life of bliss to the funeral pyre. #nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, unless the soldiers had been utterly exhausted, the entire force of the enemy might have been exterminated (2101). #quod sī Catilīna in urbe remānsisset, dīmicandum nōbīs cum illō fuisset#, C. 3, 17, but if Catiline had staid in town we should have had to fight with the villain (2101).

2099. (c.) #Apodosis in the Present Subjunctive.#

#vocem ego tē ad mē ad cēnam, frāter tuos nisi dīxisset mihī̆ tē apud sē cēnātūrum esse hodiē#, Pl. St. 510, I should like to invite you home to dinner, if my brother hadn’t told me that you were to dine with him to-day.

2100. (d.) #Periphrastic Apodosis.#

(a.) #sī tacuisset, ego eram dictūrus#, Pl. Cist. 152, if she had held her peace, I was going to tell (2093). #sī P. Sēstius occīsus esset, fuistisne ad arma itūrī?# Sest. 81, if Sestius had been slain, were you disposed to rush to arms? #conclāve illud, ubī̆ erat mānsūrus, sī īre perrēxisset, conruit#, Div. 1, 26, the suite of rooms where he was going to spend the night, if he had pushed on, tumbled down. #Teucrās fuerat mersūra carīnās, nī prius in scopulum trānsfōrmāta foret#, O. 14, 72, she had gone on to sink the Trojan barks unless she had been changed into a rock. (b.) #quem sī vīcisset, habitūrus esset impūnitātem sempiternam#, Mil. 84, and if he overcame him, he would be likely to have exemption from punishment forever and ever (2093). #aut nōn fātō interiīt exercitus, aut sī fātō, etiam sī obtemperāsset auspiciīs, idem ēventūrum fuisset#, Div. 2, 21, the destruction of his army was either not due to fate, or if to fate, it would have happened all the same, even if he had conformed to the auspices.

[Erratum: 2100. (d.) (c.)]

INDICATIVE APODOSIS.

2101. (1.) The apodosis of verbs of ability, duty, &c. (1495-1497), including the gerundive with #sum#, is often in the indicative, the imperfect taking the place of the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive, and the perfect that of the pluperfect subjunctive. But the subjunctive is also found, especially #possem# rather than #poteram#.

2102. (a.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.#

(a.) Of present action: #quod sī Rōmae Cn. Pompēius prīvātus esset, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat mittendus#, IP. 50, now if Pompey were at Rome, in private station, still he would be the man to send to this important war. #quem patris locō, sī ūlla in tē pietās esset, colere dēbēbās#, Ph. 2, 99, whom you ought to honour as a father, if you had any such thing as affection in you.

(b.) Of past action: #quid enim poterat Heius respondēre, sī esset improbus?# V. 4, 16, for what answer could Hejus have given, if he were an unprincipled man? #sī sordidam vestem habuissent, lūgentium Perseī cāsum praebēre speciem poterant#, L. 45, 20, 5, if they had worn dark clothing, they might have presented the mien of mourners for the fall of Perseus.

2103. (b.) #Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.#

#nōn potuit reperīre, sī ipsī sōlī quaerendās darēs, lepidiōrēs duās#, Pl. MG. 803, if you assigned the search to Sol himself, he couldn’t have found two jollier girls. #quō modo pultāre potuī sī nōn tangerem?# Pl. Most. 462, how could I have knocked, if I hadn’t touched the door? #licitumst, sī vellēs#, Pl. Tri. 566, you might have been, if you’d wished. #sī meum imperium exsequī voluissēs, interemptam oportuit#, T. Hau. 634, if you had been willing to follow my commands, she should have been dispatched. #cōnsul esse quī potuī, nisi eum vītae cursum tenuissem ā pueritiā?# RP. 1, 10, how could I have been consul unless from boyhood I had taken that line in life? #sī eum captīvitās in urbem pertrāxisset, Caesarem ipsum audīre potuit#, Ta. D. 17, if captivity had carried him to the city, he could have heard Caesar himself. #Antōnī gladiōs potuit contemnere, sī sīc omnia dīxisset#, J. 10, 123, Antonius’ swords he might have scorned, if all things he had worded so. #sī ūnum diem morātī essētis, moriendum omnibus fuit#, L. 2, 38, 5, if you had staid one day, you must all have died.

2104. (2.) Other verbs also sometimes have a past indicative apodosis, usually an imperfect or pluperfect, to denote an action very near to actual performance, which is interrupted by the action of the protasis.

Naturally such a protasis generally contains an actual or a virtual negative; but positive protases are found here and there, chiefly in late writers.

2105. (a.) #Apodosis in the Perfect Indicative.#

#paene in foveam dēcidī, nī hīc adessēs#, Pl. Per. 594, I had almost fallen into a snare, unless you were here. #nec vēnī, nisi fāta locum sēdemque dedissent#, V. 11, 112, nor had I come, unless the fates a place and seat had given. #pōns sublicius iter paene hostibus dedit, nī ūnus vir fuisset Horātius Cocles#, L. 2, 10, 2, the pile-bridge all but gave a path to the enemy, had it not been for one heroic soul, Horatius Cocles.

2106. (b.) #Apodosis in the Imperfect Indicative.#

#quīn lābēbar longius, nisi mē retinuissem#, Leg. 1, 52, why, I was going to drift on still further, if I had not checked myself. #sī per L. Metellum licitum esset, mātrēs illōrum veniēbant#, V. 5, 129, if Metellus had not prevented, the mothers of those people were just coming; here the protasis may be held to contain a virtual negative; so in the last example on this page. #castra excindere parābant, nī Mūciānus sextam legiōnem opposuisset#, Ta. H. 3, 46, they were preparing to destroy the camp, had not Mucianus checked them with the sixth legion. #sī dēstināta prōvēnissent, rēgnō imminēbat#, Ta. H. 4, 18, had his schemes succeeded, he was close upon the throne.

2107. (c.) Apodosis in the Pluperfect Indicative.

#quīngentōs simul, nī hebes machaera foret, ūnō ictū occīderās#, Pl. MG. 52, five hundred, had your glaive not blunted been, at one fell swoop you’d slain. #praeclārē vīcerāmus, nisi Lepidus recēpisset Antōnium#, Fam. 12, 10, 3, we had gained a splendid victory, if Lepidus had not taken Antony under his protection. #quod ipsum fortūna ēripuerat, nisi ūnīus amīcī opēs subvēnissent#, RabP. 48, even this boon fortune had wrenched from him, unless he had been assisted by a single friend. #sī gladium nōn strīnxissem, tamen triumphum merueram#, L. 38, 49, 12, if I had not drawn my sword, I had still earned my triumph. #perierat imperium, sī Fabius tantum ausus esset quantum īra suādēbat#, Sen. de Ira, 1, 11, 5, the empire had been lost, if Fabius had ventured as far as passion urged.

2108. (3.) PERIPHRASTIC PROTASIS.

(a.) #ac sī tibī̆ nēmō respōnsūrus esset, tamen causam dēmōnstrāre nōn possēs#, Caecil. 43, and even supposing that nobody were going to answer you, still you would not be able to make the case good (2092). #plūribus vōs, mīlitēs, hortārer, sī cum armātīs dīmicātiō futūra esset#, L. 24, 38, 9, I should exhort you at greater length, my men, if there was to be a tug with armed men (2092). (b.) #sī domum tuam expugnātūrus eram, nōn temperāssem vīnō in ūnum diem?# L. 40, 14, 4, if I intended to capture your house, should I not have abstained from wine for a day (2092)?

VARIATION OF THE PROTASIS.

2109. Instead of a conditional protasis with #sī# or #nisi#, equivalents are often used.

2110. Thus, the protasis may be coordinated (1701), or be introduced by a relative pronoun (1812), by #quod# (1843), #cum# (1859, 1860), #ubī̆# (1932), #ut# or #nē# (1963), #dum#, #dum modo#, #modo# (2003), or #quandō# (2011). Or the protasis may be intimated by #sine#, without, #cum#, with, by a participle or ablative absolute, by a wish, or otherwise: as,

(a.) #nēmō umquam sine magnā spē immortālitātis sē prō patriā offerret ad mortem#, TD. 1, 32, nobody would ever expose himself to death for his country without a well-grounded conviction of immortality. #cum hāc dōte poteris vel mendīcō nūbere#, Pl. Per. 396, with such a dowry you can e’en a beggar wed. #Sūlla, crēdō, hunc petentem repudiāsset#, Arch. 25, Sulla, I suppose, would have turned my client away, if he petitioned him. #quae legentem fefellissent, trānsferentem fugere nōn possunt#, Plin. Ep. 7, 9, 2, what would have escaped a reader can’t escape a translator. #vīvere ego Britannicō potiente rērum poteram?# Ta. 13, 21, as for me, could I live, if Britannicus were on the throne (2102)? #nisi tē salvō salvī esse nōn possumus#, Marc. 32, without you safe, safe we cannot be. #aspicerēs utinam, Sāturnia: mītior essēs#, O. 2, 435, would thou couldst see, Saturnia; thou wouldst gentler be.

(b.) #habet ōrātiōnem tālem cōnsul, quālem numquam Catilīna vīctor habuisset#, Sest. 28, he makes a speech--yes, and he a consul--such as a Catiline would never have made, if flushed with success. #revereāris occursum, nōn reformīdēs#, Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 7, you might well be abashed in his presence, but you would not be afraid. #dī immortālēs mentem illī perditō ac furiōsō dedērunt ut huic faceret insidiās; aliter perīre pestis illa nōn potuit#, Mil. 88, the immortal gods inspired that mad miscreant to waylay my client; otherwise, that monster could not have been destroyed. For the use of #absque# in a coordinate protasis in Plautus and Terence, see 1701, 1421.

2111. The verb of the protasis is sometimes omitted: as in abridged sentences (1057), or when it may be easily supplied (1036).

#aut enim nēmō, aut sī quisquam, ille sapiēns fuit#, L. 9, for either nobody or, if anybody, that was a wise man. #sī ēveniet, gaudēbimus: sīn secus, patiēmur#, Pl. Cas. 377, if it shall come to pass, glad shall we be; if else, we shall endure. #mē voluisse, sī haec cīvitās est, cīvem esse mē; sī nōn, exsulem esse#, Fam. 7, 3, 5, that I wished, if this is a commonwealth, to be a citizen of it; if it is not, to be an exile. #sūmeret alicunde . . . sī nūllō aliō pactō, faenore#, T. Ph. 299, he could have got it from somebody or other . . . if in no other way, on usury (2113).

VARIATION OF THE APODOSIS.

2112. The apodosis is sometimes represented by the accusative of exclamation (1149), or the vocative: as,

#mortālem graphicum, sī servat fidem#, Pl. Ps. 519, O what a pattern creature, if he keeps his word. #ō miserum tē, sī intellegis, miseriōrem, sī nōn intellegis, hoc litterīs mandārī#, Ph. 2, 54, wretched man if you are aware, more wretched if you are not aware, that all this is put down in black and white. #inimīce lāmnae, Crīspe Sallustī, nisi temperātō splendeat ūsū#, H. 2, 2, 2, thou foe to bullion, Crispus Sallustius, so it shine not with tempered use. Also the future participle in poetry and in prose from Livy on.

2113. The verb of the apodosis, or the entire apodosis, is often omitted. In the latter case an appended verb might easily be mistaken for the apodosis.

#quid sī caelum ruat?# T. Hau. 719, what if the sky should fall? #quō mihi fortūnam, sī nōn concēditur ūtī?# H. E. 1, 5, 12, why wealth for me, if wealth I may not use? #nisi restituissent statuās, vehementer minātur#, V. 2, 162, he threatens vengeance dire, if they did not put the statues back in their place. #quae supplicātiō sī cum cēterīs cōnferātur, hoc interest#, C. 3, 15, if this thanksgiving be compared with all others, there would be found the following difference. #nōn edepol ubi terrārum sim sciō, sī quis roget#, Pl. Am. 336, upon my word I don’t know where on earth I am, if anyone should ask. #sī Valeriō quī crēdat, quadrāgintā mīlia hostium sunt caesa#, L. 33, 10, 8, if anybody believe such a man as Valerius, there were forty thousand of the enemy slain. A clause with #sī# or #nisi# is often used parenthetically: as, #sī placet#, #sī vidētur#, #sīs#, #sultis#, if you please, #sī quaeris#, if you must know, in fact, #sī dīs placet#, please heaven, #nisi mē fallit#, if I am not mistaken, &c., &c. For wishes introduced by #ō sī#, without an apodosis, see 1546.

2114. The apodosis is sometimes expanded by inserted expressions. So particularly by #vereor nē#, equivalent to #fortasse# (1958), #nōn dubitō quīn#, to #profectō# (1986), or a form of #sum# with a relative pronoun: as,

#quae cōnētur sī velim commemorāre, vereor nē quis exīstimet mē causam nōbilitātis voluisse laedere#, RA. 135, if I should undertake to set forth his high and mighty schemes, possibly it might be thought that I wished to damage the cause of the conservatives. #sī tum P. Sēstius animam ēdidisset, nōn dubitō quīn aliquandō statua huic statuerētur#, Sest. 83, if Sestius had given up the ghost then, a statue would doubtless at some day have been set up in his honour. #quod ille sī repudiāsset, dubitātis quīn ē̆ī vīs esset adlāta?# Sest. 62, if he had rejected this, have you any doubt that violent hands would have been laid on him? #sescenta sunt quae memorem, sī sit ōtium#, Pl. Aul. 320, there are a thousand things that I could tell, if I had time.

2115. For expressions of trial, hope, or expectation, followed by a conditional protasis with #sī#, see 1777.

CONCESSIVE PROTASES.

#etsī#, #tametsī# (#tamenetsī#), #etiamsī#.

2116. #etsī#, #tametsī#, though, #etiamsī#, even if, or sometimes simple #sī#, if, is used to introduce a concessive protasis. The verb of the protasis is either indicative or subjunctive; but the indicative is the prevailing construction, especially with #etsī#. The apodosis often has #tamen# as an adversative correlative, even with #tametsī#.

#etsī# is rare in poetry; not in Sallust. Sometimes it is used like #quamquam# to append a fresh main sentence (2153). #tametsī# belongs chiefly to colloquial style, though Sallust often uses it; not in the Augustan poets or Tacitus. #etiamsī# is not found in Plautus or Caesar.

(a.) #nōn vīdī eam, etsī vīdī#, Pl. MG. 407, I saw her not, although I saw her. #quō mē habeam pactō, tametsī nōn quaeris, docēbō#, Lucilius in Gell. 18, 8, 2, I’ll tell you how I am, though you do not inquire. #etiamsī multī mēcum contendent, tamen omnīs superābō#, Fam. 5, 8, 4, though I shall have many rivals, yet I will outdo them all. #tametsī causa postulat, tamen praeterībō#, Quinct. 13, though the case calls for it, still I will let it pass. #Caesar, etsī in hīs locīs mātūrae sunt hiemēs, tamen in Britanniam proficīscī contendit#, 4, 20, 1, though the winter always sets in early in these parts, nevertheless Caesar made haste to proceed to Britain. #Caesar, etsī intellegēbat, quā dē causā ea dīcerentur, Indutiomarum ad sē venīre iussit#, 5, 4, 1, though Caesar was aware of his motives in saying so, he directed Indutiomarus to come to him.

(b.) #etsī taceās, palam id quidem est#, Pl. Aul. 418, though you should hold your tongue, still that at least is plain. #etsī nihil aliud Sūllae nisi cōnsulātum abstulissētis, tamen eō contentōs vōs esse oportēbat#, Sull. 90, even though you had robbed Sulla of nothing but the consulship, still you ought to be satisfied with that. #equidem, etiamsī oppetenda mors esset, in patriā māllem quam in externīs locīs#, Fam. 4, 7, 4, for my part, even though death were to be faced, I should prefer it in my native land rather than abroad.

[Erratum: 2116a ... etiamsī multī mēcum contendent, contendent.]

CONDITIONAL COMPARISONS.

#quasi# (#quam sī#), #tamquam sī#, #ut# or #velut sī#.

2117. #sī# following a word meaning than or as is used with the subjunctive in conditional comparisons.

In this use, #quasi# (#quam sī# twice in Tacitus) and #tamquam sī# are found at all periods. #ut sī# is found in Terence once, in Cicero (not in the orations), once in Livy, sometimes in later writers. #velut sī# begins with Caesar; not in Cicero. #ac sī# is found once in the Bell. Hisp. and in late Latin.

2118. #sī# is often omitted after #tamquam#, and (from Livy on) sometimes after #velut#. After #quasi# it is sometimes inserted in Plautus, Lucretius, and late Latin. #ceu# is sometimes used, chiefly in poetry, for #tamquam sī#. The main clause often has as correlative #ita#, #sīc#, #perinde#, #proinde#, #similiter#, or #nōn secus#.

2119. The tense of the subjunctive is usually regulated by the sequence of tenses, in Cicero nearly always with #quasi# and #tamquam sī#.

#quid mē sīc salūtās quasi dūdum nōn vīderīs?# Pl. Am. 682, why dost thou greet me thus as if but now thou hadst not looked on me? #quid ego hīs testibus ūtor, quasi rēs dubia sit?# Caecil. 14, why do I employ these witnesses, as if it were a case involving doubt? #tamquam sī claudus sim, cum fūstīst ambulandum#, Pl. As. 427, I have to take my walks with a stick, as if I were a lame man. #tamquam extrūderētur, ita cucurrit#, Ph. 10, 10, he rushed away as if he had been kicked out. #quod absentis Ariovistī crūdēlitātem, velut sī cōram adesset, horrērent#, 1, 32, 4, because they trembled at Ariovistus’s barbarity, absent as he was, just as if he stood before their eyes. #mē quoque iuvat, velut ipse in parte labōris ac perīculī fuerim, ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse#, L. 31, 1, 1, I feel glad myself at having finally reached the end of the Punic war, as if I had had a direct hand in the work and the danger.

2120. The imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive is sometimes used, even when the leading verb is in a primary tense, to mark action more distinctly as non-occurrent (2091): as,

#eius negōtium sīc velim suscipiās, ut sī esset rēs mea#, Fam. 2, 14, I wish you would undertake his business, just as if it were my own affair. #mē audiās, precor, tamquam sī mihī̆ quirītantī intervēnissēs#, L. 40, 9, 7, listen to me, I pray you, as if you had come at a cry from me for help. #iūs iūrandum perinde aestimandum quam sī Iovem fefellisset#, Ta. 1, 73, as for the oath, it must be counted exactly as if he had broken one sworn on the name of Jupiter. This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#.

2121. #quasi#, #ut#, or, from Livy on, #tamquam# or #velut#, as if, is sometimes used with participle constructions, nouns, and abridged expressions: as,

#quasi temere dē rē pūblicā locūtus in carcerem coniectus est#, DN. 2, 6, on the ground that he had been speaking without good authority about a state matter, he was clapped in jail. #restitēre Rōmānī tamquam caelestī vōce iussī#, L. 1, 12, 7, the Romans halted as if bidden by a voice from heaven. #laetī, ut explōrātā victōriā, ad castra pergunt#, 3, 18, 8, in high spirits, as if victory were assured, they proceeded to the camp.

2122. In old Latin, #quasi# is found a few times for the original #quam sī# after a comparative: as, #mē nēmō magis respiciet, quasi abhinc ducentōs annōs fuerim mortuos#, Pl. Tru. 340, nobody will pay any more attention to me than if I had been dead two centuries. It is also used (once in classical Latin, CM. 71) in periods of actual comparison, like #tamquam# (1908), with the indicative: as, #senex ille illī dīxit, quasi ego nunc tibi dīcō#, Pl. St. 545, that old man said to him, as I now say to you. For its use in figurative comparisons, see 1908, 1944. For #tamquam# introducing a reason &c., see 1909, a late usage found rarely with #quasi# and #ut#.

[Erratum: 2120 ... This is the more usual way in Cicero with #ut sī#. #ut si#.]

CONNECTION OF SEPARATE SENTENCES OR PERIODS.

2123. Separate sentences or periods have a connective more commonly in Latin than in English. Sometimes, however, like the members of single periods, they are for special reasons put asyndetically (1637).

(A.) WITHOUT A CONNECTIVE.

2124. Asyndeton is common with two or more separate sentences or periods:

2125. (a.) To represent a series of actions as occurring at the same moment: as,

#hīc diffīsus suae salūtī ex tabernāculō prōdit; videt imminēre hostēs; capit arma atque in portā cōnsistit; cōnsequuntur hunc centuriōnēs; relinquit animus Sextium gravibus acceptīs vulneribus#, 6, 38, 2, despairing of his life, he comes out of the tent; sees the enemy close at hand; seizes arms and takes his stand at the gate; the centurions rally round him; Sextius becomes unconscious, receiving severe wounds.

2126. (b.) When an occurrence is represented as consisting of many successive actions: the Enumerative Asyndeton: as,

#perōrāvit aliquandō, adsēdit. surrēxī ego. respīrāre vīsus est, quod nōn alius potius dīceret. coepī dīcere. usque eō animadvertī, iūdicēs, eum aliās rēs agere, antequam Chrȳsogonum nōmināvi; quem simul atque attigī, statim homō sē ērēxit, mīrārī vīsus est. intellēxī quid eum pupugisset#, RA. 60, after a while he wound up, took his seat; up rose your humble servant. He seemed to take courage from the fact it was nobody else. I began to speak. I noticed, gentlemen, that he was inattentive all along till I named Chrysogonus; but the moment I touched on him, the creature perked up at once, seemed to be surprised. I knew what the rub was.

2127. (c.) When the last sentence sums up the result of the preceding with emphasis: the Asyndeton of Summary: as,

#hī dē suā salūte dēspērantēs, aut suam mortem miserābantur, aut parentēs suōs commendābant. plēna erant omnia timōris et lūctūs#, Caes. C. 2, 41, 8, despairing of their lives, they either bewailed their own death, or strove to interest people in their parents. In short, it was one scene of terror and lamentation.

(B.) WITH A CONNECTIVE.

2128. Separate sentences or periods may be connected: (1.) by pronominal words: (a.) demonstrative or determinative; (b.) relative; (2.) by conjunctions and adverbs.

(1.) PRONOMINAL WORDS.

(a.) DEMONSTRATIVE AND DETERMINATIVE WORDS AS CONNECTIVES.

2129. #hīc# and #is# serve as connectives at the beginning of a new period. In English the equivalent word is usually placed not at the beginning as a connective, but after some words.

#Gallia est dīvīsa in partēs trēs, quārum ūnam incolunt Belgae, aliam Aquītānī, tertiam Celtae. hī omnēs linguā, īnstitūtīs, lēgibus inter sē differunt#, 1, 1, 1, Gaul is divided into three parts, one of which is occupied by Belgians, another by Aquitanians, and the third by Kelts. In language, customs, and laws these are all different from each other. #apud Helvētiōs nōbilissimus fuit Orgetorīx. is M. Messālā et M. Pīsōne cōnsulibus coniūrātiōnem nōbilitātis fēcit#, 1, 2, 1, among the Helvetians the man of highest rank was Orgetorix. In the consulship of Messala and Piso he got up a conspiracy among the nobles. #angustōs sē fīnīs habēre arbitrābantur. hīs rēbus adductī cōnstituērunt ea quae ad proficīscendum pertinērent comparāre. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās biennium sibī̆ satis esse dūxērunt. ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur. is sibī̆ lēgātiōnem suscēpit#, 1, 2, 5, they thought they had a narrow territory; so they resolved in consequence to make such preparations as were necessary for a move. They considered two years ample to do this. Orgetorix is chosen to do this. He took upon himself the office of envoy.

2130. Particularly common are demonstrative words at the beginning of a new period, to show that the first action necessarily took place or was natural.

#Dionȳsius tyrannus Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat; usque eō imperiō carēre nōn poterat#, TD. 3, 27, after his expulsion from Syracuse, the tyrant Dionysius kept school at Corinth; so incapable was he of getting along without governing.

(b.) RELATIVES AS CONNECTIVES.

2131. #quī# serves to connect a new period when it may be translated by a demonstrative, or when it is equivalent to #et is#, #is autem#, #is enim#, #is igitur#: as,

#perpetrāret Anicētus prōmissa. quī nihil cunctātus poscit summam sceleris#, Ta. 14, 7, Anicetus must carry out his agreement. Without any ado he asks to have the entire management of the crime. For other examples, see 1835.

2132. The neuter accusative #quod#, as to that, as to which, whereas, now, so, is used to connect a new period, especially before #sī#, #nisi#, #etsī#, #utinam# (1837): as,

#quod sī tū valērēs, iam mihī̆ quaedam explōrāta essent#, Att. 7, 2, 6, whereas if you were well yourself, some points would have been clear to me before this. #quod sī diūtius alātur contrōversia, fore utī pars cum parte cīvitātis cōnflīgat#, 7, 32, 5, now if the dispute be kept up any longer, one half of the community would quarrel with the other. #quod nisi mīlitēs essent dēfessī, omnēs hostium cōpiae dēlērī potuissent#, 7, 88, 6, so if the soldiers had not been utterly spent, all the forces of the enemy might have been exterminated.

(2.) CONJUNCTIONS AND ADVERBS.

2133. The conjunctions and adverbs used to coordinate sentences are: (a.) copulative and disjunctive; (b.) concessive and adversative; (c.) causal and illative.

(a.) COPULATIVE AND DISJUNCTIVE.

#et#, #neque# or #nec#, #-que#, #atque# or #ac#, #aut#.

#et.#

2134. #et#, and, simply adds, as in English (1645). But it is often used in such a connection that a modification of the translation is required to bring out the sense.

2135. #et# may continue the discourse with a concessive sentence, which is to be followed by an adversative. In such cases #quidem# often stands in the concessive sentence: as,

#prīmōrēs cīvitātis eadem ōrant. et cēterī quidem movēbant minus; postquam Sp. Lucrētius agere coepit, cōnsul abdicāvit sē cōnsulātū#, L. 2, 2, 8, the head men of the state make the same request. Now the others did not influence him much. But when Lucretius began to take steps the consul resigned his consulship.

2136. #et#, and strange to say, and if you’d believe it, introduces something unexpected: as,

#iamque trēs laureātae in urbe statuae, et adhūc raptābat Āfricam Tacfarinās#, Ta. 4, 23, there were already three triumphal statues in Rome, and, strange to say, Tacfarinas was still harrying Africa.

2137. #et#, and really, and in fact, and to be sure; in this sense it is usually followed immediately by the verb: as,

#multa quae nōn volt videt. et multa fortasse quae volt!# CM. 25, one sees much that one would not. Aye, and much perhaps that one would!

2138. #et# introducing a sentence explaining in detail a general idea before given may be translated namely: as,

#cōnsulēs religiō tenēbat, quod prōdigiīs aliquot nūntiātīs, nōn facile litābant. et ex Campāniā nūntiāta erant Capuae sepulchra aliquot dē caelō tācta#, L. 27, 23, 1, the consuls were detained by scruple, because several prodigies were reported, and they could not readily obtain good omens; namely from Campania it was reported that at Capua several tombs were struck by lightning.

2139. #et#, and also, and besides: as,

#Pūnicae quoque victōriae sīgnum octō ductī elephantī. et nōn minimum fuēre spectāculum praecēdentēs Sōsis et Moericus#, L. 26, 21, 9, as an emblem of the Punic victory also, elephants to the number of eight marched in parade. And furthermore not the least attractive part of the pageant were Sosis and Moericus, moving at the head of the line.

2140. #et#, and yet, introduces a contrast or opposition: as,

#canōrum illud in vōce splendēscit etiam in senectūte, quod equidem adhūc nōn āmīsī; et vidētis annōs#, CM. 28, the musical element in the voice actually improves in old age, and this I have not yet lost. And yet you see my years.

#neque# or #nec#.

2141. #nec#, and really . . . not, and in fact . . . not: as,

#magnō cum perīculō suō, quī forte patrum in forō erant, in eam turbam incidērunt. nec temperātum manibus foret, nī properē cōnsulēs intervēnissent#, L. 2, 23, 9, it was with great personal risk to such of the fathers as happened to be in the market place, that they got into the crowd. And in fact acts of violence would have occurred, unless the consuls had made haste to interfere.

2142. #nec#, and to be sure . . . not: as,

#centum vīgintī līctōrēs cum fascibus secūrēs inligātās praeferēbant. nec attinuisse dēmī secūrem, cum sine prōvocātiōne creātī essent, interpretābantur#, L. 3, 36, 4, a hundred and twenty lictors with rods displayed axes bound in them. And to be sure they explained the matter thus, that there would have been no propriety in having the axe taken out, since the officers were appointed without any appeal.

2143. #nec#, not . . . either, nor either, neither: as,

#eō annō vīs morbī levāta. neque ā pēnūriā frūmentī perīculum fuit#, L. 4, 25, 6, that year the violence of the plague grew less. Nor was there any danger from lack of grain either.

2144. #nec#, but . . . not: as,

#missī tamen fētiālēs. nec eōrum verba sunt audīta#, L. 4, 30, 14, however the fetials were sent. But they were not listened to.

#-que.#

2145. #-que#, and likewise: as,

#huic duōs flāminēs adiēcit. virginēsque Vestae lēgit#, L. 1, 20, 2, to this god he assigned two special priests. And he likewise chose maids for Vesta.

2146. #-que#, and in fact, and so, and in general: as,

#tum quoque male pugnātum est. obsessaque urbs foret, nī Horātius esset revocātus#, L. 2, 51, 2, then also there was an unsuccessful engagement. And in fact Rome would have been besieged, unless Horatius had been recalled.

#atque# or #ac#.

2147. #atque#, and besides, and more than that, and actually: as,

#ex quō efficitur animantem esse mundum. atque ex hōc quoque intellegī poterit in eō inesse intellegentiam, quod certē est mundus melior quam ūlla nātūra#, DN. 2, 32, from which it follows that the universe is alive. And more than that, we can see that it has sense from the following circumstance, that the universe is certainly superior to any element of the universe.

2148. #atque#, and so, and consequently: as,

#impedior religiōne quōminus expōnam quam multa P. Sēstius sēnserit. atque nihil dīcō praeter ūnum#, Sest. 8, I am prevented by scruples from setting forth how much Sestius was aware of. And so I will only say one thing.

#aut.#

2149. #aut# is used to add a new sentence in the sense of #aliōquī#, or else, otherwise, or as if #nisi#, unless, preceded: as,

#omnia bene sunt ē̆ī dīcenda, aut ēloquentiae nōmen relinquendum est#, DO. 2, 5, he must be able to speak well on all subjects, or else he must waive the name of an eloquent man.

(b.) CONCESSIVE AND ADVERSATIVE.

2150. A new concessive period is introduced by #sānē#, #quidem#, #omnīnō#, to be sure, or #fortasse#, perhaps: as,

#Plīnius et Cluvius nihil dubitātum dē fidē praefectī referunt. sānē Fabius inclīnat ad laudēs Senecae#, Ta. 13, 20, Pliny and Cluvius say that there was no doubt about the loyalty of the prefect. Fabius, it must be admitted, is always inclined to eulogize Seneca. #id fortasse nōn perfēcimus; cōnātī quidem saepissimē sumus#, O. 210, perhaps we have not attained to it; still we have very often made the attempt.

2151. A new adversative sentence is introduced by #autem#, again, #sed#, #vērum#, but, #vērō#, but, indeed, #at#, but, or #tamen#, #nihilō minus#, nevertheless.

These words when used to connect sentences have the same meaning as when used to connect the parts of a sentence (1676).

2152. #atquī#, rarely #atquīn#, and yet, but, is used chiefly in dialogue. It introduces a strong objection, sometimes in the form of a conditional protasis. From Cicero on, it is sometimes found after a question, to introduce an earnest denial.

#nōn sum apud mē :: atquī opus est nunc quom maxumē ut sīs#, T. Ph. 204, I’m all abroad :: but that’s just exactly where you must n’t be now. #nōn vereor condiscipulōrum nē quis exaudiat :: atquī cavendum est#, Leg. 1, 21, I’m not afraid of being overheard by any of my fellow-students :: and yet you must be on your guard. #sine veniat. atquī sī illam digitō attigerit ūnō, oculī īlicō ecfodientur#, T. Eu. 739, let him come on. But if he lays a finger on the maid, we’ll scratch his eyes out on the spot. #quid vērō? modum statuārum habērī nūllum placet? atquī habeātur necesse est#, V. 2, 144, what? is there, think you, to be no end to your statues? Yet there must be.

2153. #quamquam#, #etsī#, #tametsī#, though, and #nisi#, but, are sometimes used to coordinate a new period, correcting the preceding: as,

#carēre sentientis est, nec sēnsus in mortuō, nē carēre quidem igitur in mortuō est. quamquam quid opus est in hōc philosophārī?# TD. 1, 88, foregoing requires a sentient being, and there is no sensation in a dead man; therefore there is no foregoing either in a dead man. And yet what is the use of philosophizing over this? #utram mālīs vidē; etsī cōnsilium quod cēpī rēctum esse sciō#, T. Hau. 326, of these two states choose which you will; though I am sure my plan’s the right one. #cūr ego nōn adsum? tametsī hoc minimē tibī̆ deest#, Fam. 2, 7, 2, why am I not with you? though this is the very last thing you need. #spērābam dēfervisse adulēscentiam: ecce autem dē integrō! nisi quidquid est, volō hominem convenīre#, T. Ad. 152, I hoped his youthful passion had cooled down; yet here it is afresh! But be it what it may, I want to see the fellow.

(c.) CAUSAL AND ILLATIVE.

2154. #nam#, #enim#, for, or #namque#, #etenim#, for you see, introduces a new period which gives the reason of the foregoing: as,

#quā quidem ex rē hominum multitūdō cōgnōscī potuit: nam minus hōrīs tribus mūnītiōnem perfēcērunt#, 5, 42, 4, and from this by the way their numbers could be gauged; for they made a breastwork in less than three hours. #quem meminisse potestis: annō enim ūndēvīcēsimō post eius mortem hī cōnsulēs factī sunt#, CM. 14, you can remember him: for the present consuls were created only nineteen years after his death.

2155. The originally asseverative meaning of #nam# appears, even in the classical period, in colloquial language: as, #tibī̆ ā mē nūlla ortast iniūria :: nam hercle etiam hoc restat#, T. Ad. 189, I’ve ne’er done you a wanton wrong :: aye verily that’s still to come. In old Latin, it sometimes introduces a question: as, #nam quae haec anus est?# T. Ph. 732, why, who’s this old woman? Frequently it introduces an explanation or illustration, and, from Cicero on, a remark or question made in passing: as, #sīc enim sēsē rēs habet: nam Odyssīa Latīna est sīc tamquam opus Daedalī#, Br. 71, the case stands thus: the Odyssey in Latin is, you may say, a regular work of Daedalus (1908). #vīvō Catōne multī ōrātōrēs flōruērunt: nam A. Albīnus#, Br. 81, many orators flourished in Cato’s lifetime: for example, Albinus. #nam quid dē aedīle loquar?# Sest. 95, for why speak of the aedile? #enim# does not differ essentially in use from #nam#; for its meaning in old Latin, see 1688. #namque# is rare until Livy, and usually (always in old Latin) stands before a vowel. #etenim# is common only in classical Latin.

2156. For #quippe#, why, often used as a coordinating word, see 1690.

2157. #proinde# or #proin#, therefore, so, introduces a command or direction based upon the foregoing: as,

#ōrātiōnem spērat invēnisse sē, quī differat tē: proin tū fac apud tē ut siēs#, T. Andr. 407, he trusts he’s found some phrase wherewith he may confound you: so see you have your wits about you. #frūstrā meae vītae subvenīre cōnāminī. proinde abīte, dum est facultās#, 7, 50, 6, in vain ye try to save my life. So away, while ye have the power. #iam undique silvae et sōlitūdō magna cōgitātiōnis incitāmenta sunt. proinde cum vēnābere, licēbit pugillārēs ferās#, Plin. Ep. 1, 6, 2, then again the surrounding woods and the loneliness are powerful stimulants to meditation. So when you go hunting, you can take a note book with you.

2158. A conclusion is denoted by #ergō#, #itaque# or #igitur#, therefore, so, introducing a new period: as,

#nihil est praestantius deō; ab eō igitur mundum necesse est regī. nūllī igitur est nātūrae subiectus deus. omnem ergō regit ipse nātūram#, DN. 2, 77, nothing is more excellent than god. Therefore the universe must be governed by him. Therefore god is in no respect subject to nature. Consequently he rules all nature himself. For the position of these words in their clauses, see 1688; for #ergō igitur# and #itaque ergō#, 1689. For #hinc#, #inde#, #eō#, #ideō#, #idcircō#, #proptereā#, as coordinating words, see 1691.

AFFIRMATIVE COORDINATION.

2159. A new sentence affirmative of a foregoing is often introduced by an emphatic #sīc# or #ita#.

These words often introduce a general truth which is deduced from the first statement.

#vīsne igitur tē īnspiciāmus ā puerō? sīc opīnor; ā prīncipiō ōrdiāmur#, Ph. 2, 44, would you like to have us look into your record from boyhood? Yes, I think it would be well; let us begin at the beginning. #quī dīligēbant hunc, illī favēbant. sīc est volgus: ex vēritāte pauca, ex opīniōne multa aestimat#, RC. 29, everybody who loved him, smiled on the other man. Yes, that is always the way of the world: it seldom judges by truth, often by hearsay.

NOUNS OF THE VERB.

THE INFINITIVE.

2160. The infinitive is in its origin a verbal substantive.

2161. The present infinitive active is an ancient dative, closely resembling in meaning and use the English infinitive with to. It originally marked action merely in a general way, without indication of voice or tense. In virtue of this original timeless character, the present often represents action which is really past or future; in such cases the time must be inferred from the context.

2162. The present infinitive active gradually approached the character of a verb, and the original substantive nature being forgotten, it was supplemented by a passive, and by forms for completed and for future action, active and passive.

2163. The infinitive has furthermore two other properties of the verb: (a.) it is modified by an adverb, not by an adjective; and (b.) it is followed by the construction of its verb.

OLD AND POETICAL USE OF THE INFINITIVE.

THE INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE.

2164. The infinitive denotes purpose: (a.) when loosely added to a substantive in old Latin, (b.) with verbs of motion, #eō#, #veniō#, #currō#, #mittō#, in old or poetical Latin, and (c.) in the combination #dō bibere#, give to drink, in old, colloquial, or poetical Latin: as,

(a.) #occāsiō benefacta cumulāre#, Pl. Cap. 423, a chance to pile up kindnesses. Parallel with a gerund: #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs et Phaedriae cūram adimere argentāriam#, T. Ph. 885, I’ve now a splendid chance the greybeards of eluding and Phaedria to rescue from his money cares. (b.) #recurre petere rē recentī#, Pl. Tri. 1015, run back to get it ere it is too late. #voltisne eāmus vīsere?# T. Ph. 102, do you think we’d better go to call? #parasītum mīsī nudiusquārtus Cāriam petere argentum#, Pl. Cur. 206, my parasite I sent four days ago to Caria, to fetch the cash. #nec dulcēs occurrent ōscula nātī praeripere#, Lucr. 3, 895, nor shall thy children dear come running kiss on kiss to snatch. #nōn nōs ferrō Libycōs populāre penātīs vēnimus#, V. 1, 527, we are not come with steel to harry Libya’s hearths. (c.) #bibere dā usque plēnīs cantharīs#, Pl. Per. 821, keep giving on to drink with brimming bowls. #bibere# is thus used by Plautus, Terence, Cato, and Livy, and by Cicero once with #ministrō#. In classical prose, purpose is expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerund or gerundive with #ad# or #causā#.

2165. In poetry, the infinitive of purpose is used with synonymes of #dō# also, and with verbs of leaving, taking away, taking up, &c.

#huic lōrīcam dōnat habēre#, V. 5, 259, on him a corselet he bestows to wear. #trīstitiam et metūs trādam protervīs in mare Crēticum portāre ventīs#, H. 1, 26, 1, sadness and fears I’ll to the wanton winds consign, to sweep into the Cretic sea. #quis sibi rēs gestās Augustī scrībere sūmit?# H. E. 1, 3, 7, who takes it on himself Augustus’ deeds to pen? #quem virum aut hērōa lyrā vel ācrī tībiā sūmis celebrāre?# H. 1, 12, 1, what hero or what demigod dost thou take up, to ring his praises on the rebec or the piercing pipe?

THE INFINITIVE WITH ADJECTIVES.

2166. The infinitive is sometimes used with adjectives, chiefly by poets of the Augustan age, and late prose writers, often in imitation of a Greek idiom: as,

#indoctum iuga ferre nostra#, H. 2, 6, 2, not taught our yoke to bear. #avidī committere pugnam#, O. 5, 75, hot to engage in fight. #sōlī cantāre perītī Arcades#, V. E. 10, 32, Arcadians alone in minstrelsy are skilled. #vitulus niveus vidērī#, H. 4, 2, 59, a bullock snow-white to behold, i.e. #vīsū# (2274). These infinitives are of different kinds, some of them resembling a complementary infinitive, others a gerund or gerundive construction, the supine in #-tū# (#-sū#), &c., &c.

THE ORDINARY USE OF THE INFINITIVE.

2167. The infinitive is ordinarily used either as object or as subject of a verb.

(A.) THE INFINITIVE AS OBJECT.

THE COMPLEMENTARY INFINITIVE.

2168. The present infinitive is often used to complete the meaning of certain kinds of verbs which imply another action of the same subject: as,

#prō Pompēiō ēmorī possum#, Fam. 2, 15, 3, I could die the death for Pompey (1495). #quid habēs dīcere?# Balb. 33, what have you to say? #scīre volēbat#, V. 1, 131, he wanted to know. #hoc facere dēbēs#, RabP. 7, you ought to do this. #Caesar Rhēnum trānsīre dēcrēverat#, 4, 17, 1, Caesar had resolved to cross the Rhine. #fugā salūtem petere contendērunt#, 3, 15, 2, they tried to save themselves by flight. #num negāre audēs?# C. 1, 8, do you dare deny it? #vereor dīcere#, T. Andr. 323, I am afraid to tell. #num dubitās id facere?# C. 1, 13, do you hesitate to do that? #mātūrat ab urbe proficīscī#, 1, 7, 1, he makes haste to leave Rome. #Dīviciācus Caesarem obsecrāre coepit#, 1, 20, 1, Diviciacus began to entreat Caesar. #Dolābella iniūriam facere persevērat#, Quint. 31, Dolabella persists in doing wrong. #illī pecūniam pollicērī nōn dēsistunt#, 6, 2, 1, these people did not stop offering money. #diem ēdictī obīre neglēxit#, Ph. 3, 20, he failed to keep the day named in the edict. #īrāscī amīcīs nōn temere soleō#, Ph. 8, 16, I am not apt to get provoked with friends without just cause. #illī rēgibus pārēre didicerant#, Ph. 3, 9, the men of old were trained to bow the knee to kings (1615). #dextram cohibēre mementō#, J. 5, 71, remember that you keep hands off.

2169. The verbs or verbal expressions which are supplemented by an infinitive are chiefly such as mean can, will or wish, ought, resolve, endeavour, dare, fear, hesitate, hasten, begin, continue, cease, neglect, am wont, learn, know how, remember, forget, seem. The infinitive in this combination contains the leading idea. For the occasional use of the perfect infinitive with some of these verbs, see 2223.

Some of the commonest of these verbs are #possum#, #queō#, #nequeō#; #volō#, #nōlō#, #mālō#, #cupiō#, #studeō#; #dēbeō#; #cōgitō#, #meditor#, #statuō#, #cōnstituō#, #dēcernō#, #parō#; #cōnor#, #nītor#, #contendō#; #audeō#; #vereor#; #cunctor#, #dubitō#, #festīnō#, #mātūrō#, #īnstituō#, #coepī#, #incipiō#, #pergō#, #persevērō#, #dēsinō#, #dēsistō#, #omittō#, #supersedeō#, #neglegō#, #nōn cūrō#; #soleō#, #adsuēscō#, #cōnsuēscō#; #discō#, #sciō#, #nesciō#, #recordor#, #meminī#, #oblīvīscor#; #videor#.

2170. The infinitive is also used with many verbal expressions equivalent to the above verbs, such as #habeō in animō#, #cōnsilium est#, #certum est#, #parātus sum#, &c., &c., or with #parātus# alone, #adsuēfactus#, &c., &c. Furthermore, in poetry and late prose, the place of many of the above verbs is often taken by livelier or fresher synonymes, such as #valeō# for #possum#, from Lucretius on, #ardeō#, burn, for #volō#, #cupiō#, or #absiste#, #fuge#, #parce#, &c., for #nōlī# (1584), &c., &c.

2171. A predicate noun used in the construction of the complementary infinitive, is put in the nominative: as,

#Aelius Stōicus esse voluit#, Br. 206, Aelius wanted to be a Stoic. #esse quam vidērī bonus mālēbat#, S. C. 54, 6, he chose to be good rather than seem good.

THE ACCUSATIVE WITH THE INFINITIVE.

2172. A very common form of a dependent sentence is that known as the Accusative with the Infinitive.

Thus, of the two coordinate sentences #sciō: iocāris tū nunc#, Pl. Most. 1081, I know: you are jesting now, the second may be put in a dependent form, the two sentences blending into one: #sciō iocārī tē nunc#, I know you to be jesting now.

2173. The subject of an infinitive is put in the accusative.

Thus, in #eum vident#, they see him, #eum# is the object of #vident# (1134). If #sedēre# is added, #eum vident sedēre#, V. 5, 107, they see him sit, or they see that he is sitting, #eum# is at the same time the object of #vident# and the subject of #sedēre#. But the accusative by degrees becoming detached from the main verb, and closely interlocked with the infinitive, the combination is extended to cases where the main verb is intransitive or passive.

2174. A predicate noun referring to a subject accusative is itself put in the accusative: as,

#tē esse arbitror puerum probum#, Pl. Most. 949, I think you are a good boy. #nēminem vīvum capī patiuntur#, 8, 35, 5, they do not allow anybody to be made prisoner alive (2198).

VERBS OF PERCEIVING, KNOWING, THINKING, AND SAYING.

2175. The accusative with the infinitive is used with active verbs or verbal expressions of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and saying: as,

#patēre tua cōnsilia nōn sentīs?# C. 1, 1, you don’t feel that your plots are all out? #huic fīlium scīs esse?# T. Hau. 181, you are aware that this man has a son? #Pompēiōs cōnsēdisse terrae mōtū audīvimus#, Sen. NQ. 6, 1, 1, we have heard that Pompei has been swallowed up by an earthquake, 63 A.D., 17 years before its utter destruction. #saepe audīvī inter ōs atque offam multa intervenīre posse#, Cato in Gell. 13, 18 (17), 1, I have often heard ‘’twixt cup and lip there’s many a slip.’ #dīcit montem ab hostibus tenērī#, 1, 22, 2, he says the hill is held by the enemy. #dīxtin dūdum illam dīxisse, sē expectāre fīlium?# T. Hec. 451, didn’t you say a while ago the woman said that she was looking for her son?

Some of the commonest of these verbs are: (a.) #audiō#, #animadvertō#, #sentiō#, #videō#. (b.) #accipiō#, #intellegō#, #sciō#, #nesciō#. (c.) #arbitror#, #cēnseō#, #cōgitō#, #crēdō#, #exīstimō#, #meminī#, #opīnor#, #putō#, #recordor#, #suspicor#. (d.) #adfirmō#, #āiō#, #dēmōnstrō#, #dīcō#, #disputō#, #doceō#, #fateor#, #nārrō#, #negō#, #nūntiō#, #ostendō#, #prōmittō#, #scrībō#, #sīgnificō#, #spērō#, #trādō#. (e.) #rūmor est#, #nōn mē fugit#, #certus sum#, #nōn nescius sum#, &c., &c. Also occasionally verbs used in the sense of think or say, as #mittō#, send word, and substantives or pronouns expressing a thought or judgement.

2176. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes introduced by a neuter pronoun, or by #sīc# or #ita#: as, #illud negābis, tē dē rē iūdicātā iūdicāvisse?# V. 2, 81, will you deny this, that you sate in judgement on a matter that was already decided? #sīc accēpimus, nūllum bellum fuisse#, V. 5, 5, we have been told this, that there was not any war. Sometimes by an ablative with #dē#: as, #dē hōc Verrī dīcitur, habēre eum perbona toreumata#, V. 4, 38, about this man report is made to Verres that he had some choice bits of embossed work.

2177. (1.) Passive verbs of this class are commonly used personally in the third person of the present system, with the subject, and the predicate noun, if used, in the nominative: as,

#hī centum pāgōs habēre dīcuntur#, 4, 1, 4, these people are said to have a hundred cantons. #nūlla iam exīstimantur esse iūdicia#, V. a. pr. 43, there are thought to be no courts of law any longer. #pōns prope effectus nūntiābātur#, Caes. C. 1, 62, 3, the bridge was reported to be well-nigh done.

2178. Such personal passives are much more common in the writers of Cicero’s day than in old Latin. Particularly so #arguō#, #audiō#, #cōgnōscō#, #comperiō#, #concēdō#, #dēfendō#, #dēmōnstrō#, #dīcō#, #doceō#, #excūsō#, #exīstimō#, #inveniō#, #iūdicō#, #līberō#, #memorō#, #negō#, #nūntiō#, #ostendō#, #postulō#, #putō#, #reperiō#, #trādō#.

2179. (2.) With the first or second person the personal construction is rare: as, #quod nōs bene ēmisse iūdicātī sumus#, Att. 1, 13, 6, that we are thought to have made a good bargain. #cum inveniāre improbissimā ratiōne esse praedātus#, V. 4, 3, when you prove to have been robbing most abominably. But with #videor#, seem, the personal construction is the rule in all three persons, and in the perfect system as well as the present.

2180. (3.) In the perfect system, and also usually in the gerundive construction (2246), verbs of this class are commonly impersonal: as,

#trāditum est Homērum caecum fuisse#, TD. 5, 114, the tradition is that Homer was blind. #ubī̆ tyrannus est, ibī̆ dīcendum est nūllam esse rem pūblicam#, RP. 3, 43, wherever there is an absolute ruler, there we must maintain there is no commonwealth.

2181. (4.) With some verbs of this class, the impersonal construction is preferred even in the present system. Thus, commonly #intellegitur#, it is understood, as impersonal; regularly in classical Latin #crēditur#; with a dative in Cicero and Caesar #dīcitur#, #nūntiātur#. The impersonals #cernitur#, #fertur#, #memorātur#, #prōditur#, #vidētur#, are rare.

2182. The personal construction is sometimes extended to other verbs or verbal expressions, especially in poetry: as, #colligor#, O. A. 2, 6, 61, I am inferred, for #colligitur#. #nōnnūllīs magistrātūs veniēbant in suspīciōnem nōs dēmorātī esse#, Lentulus in Fam. 12, 15, 5, the magistrates were suspected by some of having delayed us (1491).

2183. With verbs of thinking and saying the subject accusative is sometimes omitted.

(a.) Oftenest thus #mē# #nōs#, #tē# #vōs#, or #sē#: as, #stultē fēcisse fateor#, i.e. #mē#, Pl. B. 1013, I own I’ve acted like a fool. #cōnfitēre vēnisse#, i.e. #tē#, RA. 61, confess you came. #quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt#, i.e. #sē#, 2, 32, 3, they said they would do as ordered (2221). Often the future without #esse#: as, #refrāctūrōs carcerem minābantur#, i.e. #sē#, L. 6, 17, 6, they threatened to break the jail open, (b.) Less frequently an accusative of #is#: as, #oblītum crēdidī#, i.e. #eum#, Fam. 9, 2, 1, I imagined he had forgotten. Such omissions are common in old Latin, Cicero, Caesar, Livy, and in poetry.

2184. When the accusative is not expressed, a predicate noun is sometimes put in the nominative, chiefly in poetry, in imitation of a Greek idiom: as,

#phasēlus ille quem vidētis, hospitēs, ait fuisse nāvium celerrimus#, Cat. 4, 1, the clipper you see yonder, friends, says she was once the fleetest of the fleet. #uxor invictī Iovis esse nescīs#, H. 3, 27, 73, thou knowest not thou art the bride of the unconquerable Jove. Similarly with verbs of emotion (2187): as, #gaudent esse rogātae#, O. AA. 1, 345, they are glad to have been asked. #gaudent perfūsī sanguine frātrum#, V. G. 2, 510, they’re glad to have been imbued with brothers’ blood.

VERBS OF ACCUSING.

2185. The verbs of accusing, #arguō# and #īnsimulō#, take the accusative with the infinitive like verbs of saying: as,

#cīvīs Rōmānōs necātōs esse arguō#, V. 5, 149, my accusation is that Romans have been slain. #occīdisse patrem Sex. Rōscius arguitur#, RA. 37, Roscius is charged with the murder of his father. #īnsimulāre coepērunt Epicratem litterās pūblicās corrūpisse#, V. 2, 60, they began to accuse Epicrates of having falsified records of state.

VERBS OF HOPING, PROMISING, AND THREATENING.

2186. The accusative with the future infinitive is used with verbs of hoping, promising, and threatening: as,

#id sēsē effectūrōs spērābant#, 7, 26, 2, they hoped to carry it out. #pollicentur sēsē ē̆ī dēditūrōs#, 5, 20, 2, they volunteer to surrender to him. But sometimes the present infinitive alone: see 2236.

VERBS OF EMOTION.

2187. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of joy, grief, surprise, or wonder: as,

#venīre tū mē gaudēs#, Pl. B. 184, thou art glad I’m come. #doluī pācem repudiārī#, Marc. 14, I felt sorry peace was rejected. These verbs often have the construction with #quod#, or in old Latin with #quia# (1851).

2188. Some of the commonest of these verbs are #doleō#, #gaudeō#, #laetor#, #mīror#, &c., &c.; and from Cicero on, #angor#, #indignor#, #lūgeō#, #sollicitō#.

VERBS OF DESIRE.

2189. (1.) The accusative with the infinitive is commonly used with #volō# (#mālō#, #nōlō#), and #cupiō#, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb: as,

#Catilīnam perīre voluī#, Ph. 8, 15, I wished Catiline to die. #māluit hominēs peccāre quam deōs#, V. 2, 22, he wanted men to sin rather than gods. #tē tuā fruī virtūte cupimus#, Br. 331, we wish you to reap the benefit of your high character.

2190. (2.) Even when the subjects denote the same person, the accusative is sometimes used with the infinitive: as,

#ēmorī mē mālim#, Pl. As. 810, #morī mē mālim#, T. Eu. 66, I’d rather die. #magnuficē volō mē virōs summōs accipere#, Pl. Ps. 167, I’m going to entertain some highborn gentlemen in style. Oftenest when the infinitive is #esse#, #vidērī#, #putārī#, or #dīcī#: as, #cupiō mē esse clēmentem, cupiō mē nōn dissolūtum vidērī#, C. 1, 4, I wish to play the man of mercy, and yet I do not wish to seem over lax. Rarely thus with #dēsīderō#, #nōlō#, #optō#, and #studeō#, and in Sallust with #properō#.

2191. For the perfect active with these verbs, see 2228; for the perfect passive, 2229.

2192. #volō#, #mālō#, and #cupiō# are often coordinated with the subjunctive of desire (1707). #volō# and #mālō# often have the subjunctive with #ut#, particularly in old Latin (1950).

2193. Verbs of resolving sometimes take the accusative with the infinitive: as, #certum offirmāre est viam mē#, T. Hec. 454, I am resolved to hold the way. So, from Cicero on, sometimes #cēnseō#, #dēcernō#, and #sentiō#, in the exceptional sense of #volō# or #iubeō#, think it best: as, #velle et cēnsēre eōs ab armīs discēdere#, S. I. 21, 4, that they wished and thought it best for those people to give up fighting.

2194. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes used with verbs of demanding: as, #hau postulō equidem mēd in lectō accumbere#, Pl. St. 488, I can’t expect, not I, to sprawl upon a couch. #hīc postulat sē absolvī?# V. 3, 138, does this man ask to be acquitted? Similarly with #ōrō# and #praecipiō# in late writers.

2195. The accusative with the infinitive is sometimes found with #suādeō# and #persuādeō# in Terence, Lucretius, and Vergil, and with #precor# in Ovid and late prose.

VERBS OF ACCOMPLISHING.

2196. Verbs of accomplishing rarely have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #tālīs ōrātōrēs vidērī facit, quālīs ipsī sē vidērī volunt#, Br. 142, of delivery, it makes orators appear just as they wish to appear themselves. Oftenest in poetry. In prose usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1951).

VERBS OF TEACHING AND TRAINING.

2197. The verbs of teaching and training, #doceō# and #adsuēfaciō#, may take an accusative of a substantive and an infinitive expressing the thing taught: as,

#quīn etiam tondēre fīliās suās docuit#, TD. 5, 58, why more than that, he actually taught his own daughters to shave, of Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. #equōs eōdem remanēre vestīgiō adsuēfēcērunt#, 4, 2, 3, they have their horses trained to stand stock-still (1608). Compare 1169.

VERBS OF BIDDING AND FORBIDDING AND OF ALLOWING.

2198. The accusative with the infinitive is used with #iubeō# and #vetō#, #sinō# and #patior#: as,

#mīlitēs ex oppidō exīre iussit#, 2, 33, 1, he ordered the soldiers to go out of the town. #pontem iubet rescindī#, 1, 7, 2, he orders the bridge torn up. #lēx peregrīnum vetat in mūrum ascendere#, DO. 2, 100, it is against the law for a foreigner to get up on the wall. #castra vāllō mūnīrī vetuit#, Caes. C. 1, 41, 4, he gave orders that the camp should not be fortified with a palisade. #vīnum ad sē inportārī nōn sinunt#, 4, 2, 6, wine they will not allow to be brought into their country. Cicero is the first to use #vetō# thus. Other constructions also occur with these words: see 1708, 1950, 1953, &c.

2199. The person ordered or forbidden is often omitted, when stress is laid on the action merely, or when the person is obvious from the context: as, #castra mūnīre iubet#, i.e. #mīlitēs#, 2, 5, 6, he gives orders to construct a camp. #iussērunt prōnūntiāre#, i.e. #tribūnōs et centuriōnēs#, 5, 33, 3, they gave orders to proclaim. #īdemque iussērunt simulācrum Iovis facere maius#, i.e. #cōnsulēs#, C. 3, 20, and they furthermore gave directions to make a statue of Jupiter, a bigger one.

2200. #iubeō# is sometimes coordinated with the subjunctive, especially in old Latin (1708). Sometimes it has the subjunctive with #ut#, especially in resolves of the people.

2201. In the passive, #iubeō#, #vetō#, and #sinō# are used personally, the accusative of the person ordered or forbidden becoming nominative: as, #iubentur scrībere exercitum#, L. 3, 30, 3, they are ordered to raise an army. #Nōlānī mūrōs adīre vetitī#, L. 23, 16, 9, the men of Nola were not allowed to go to the walls. #hīc accūsāre eum nōn est situs#, Sest. 95, this man was not allowed to accuse him.

2202. #imperō# often has the accusative with a passive or deponent infinitive, or with #fierī#: as, #praesentem pecūniam solvī imperāvī#, Att. 2, 4, 1, I have given orders for ready money to be paid. Rarely with an active infinitive parallel with a passive: as, #eō partem nāvium convenīre commeātumque comportārī imperat#, Caes. C. 3, 42, 2, he orders part of the vessels to rendezvous there, and grain to be brought. In the passive, a personal #imperor# occurs, like #iubeor# (2201): as, #in lautumiās dēdūcī imperantur#, V. 5, 68, orders are given for them to be taken to the quarries. See also 1950. #permittō# has sometimes the accusative with the infinitive from Tacitus on, usually the subjunctive with #ut# (1950).

2203. The verbs of hindering, #prohibeō# and #impediō#, sometimes have the accusative with the infinitive: as, #barbarī nostrōs nāvibus ēgredī prohibēbant#, 4, 24, 1, the savages undertook to prevent our people from disembarking. The infinitive used with #prohibeō# is usually passive or deponent. #quid est igitur quod mē impediat ea quae probābilia mihī̆ videantur sequī?# Off. 2, 8, what is there then to hinder me from following what seems to me to be probable? See also 1960 and 1977.

THE INFINITIVE AS A SUBSTANTIVE ACCUSATIVE.

2204. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, regarded as a neuter substantive, may be used as the object of a verb, or in apposition with the object: as,

(a.) #leporem gustāre fās nōn putant#, 5, 12, 6, tasting hare they count a sin. #errāre malum dūcimus#, Off. 1, 18, going astray we hold a bad thing. (b.) #ad id quod īnstituistī, ōrātōrum genera distinguere aetātibus, istam dīligentiam esse accommodātam putō#, Br. 74, I think your accurate scholarship is just the thing for your projected task--classifying public speakers chronologically.

2205. The infinitive as a substantive is rarely preceded by the preposition #inter# in late prose: as, #multum interest inter dare et accipere#, Sen. Ben. 5, 10, 2, there is a vast difference between ‘give’ and ‘take.’ Cicero has it thus once in a translation (Fin. 2, 43). In poetry #praeter# is thus used rarely.

2206. In poetry, the infinitive is used as a substantive object with such verbs as #dō#, #reddō#, #adimō#, #perdō#: as, #hīc verērī perdidit#, Pl. B. 158, this youth has lost his sense of shame.

(B.) THE INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT.

2207. The accusative with the infinitive, or the infinitive alone, present or perfect, may be used as the subject of a verb, in apposition with the subject, or as a predicate nominative: as,

(a.) #mendācem memorem esse oportēre#, Quintil. 4, 2, 91, that a liar should have a good memory. (b.) #sequitur illud, caedem senātum iūdicāsse contrā rem pūblicam esse factam#, Mil. 12, next comes this point, that the senate adjudged the homicide an offence against the state. (c.) #exitus fuit ōrātiōnis, sibī̆ nūllam cum hīs amīcitiam esse posse#, 4, 8, 1, the end of the speech was that he could not have any friendship with these people.

2208. The infinitive is used as the subject (a.) with impersonal verbs, (b.) with #est#, #putātur#, #habētur#, &c., and an abstract substantive, a genitive, or a neuter adjective in the predicate.

2209. (a.) Some of the commonest impersonal verbs are #appāret#, #decet#, #expedit#, #licet#, #lubet#, #oportet#, #praestat#, #pudet#, #rēfert#. Also in classical Latin, #attinet#, #condūcit#, #cōnstat#, #dēdecet#, #exsistit#, #fallit#, #interest#, #iuvat#, #liquet#, #obest#, #paenitet#, #patet#, #pertinet#, #placet#, #displicet#, #prōdest#, which are used as live verbs by Lucretius and Sallust also. Similarly in Plautus and Terence #fortasse#.

2210. The infinitive is occasionally used as a subject with verbs other than the above (2209): as, #nōn cadit invidēre in sapientem#, TD. 3, 21, envy does not square with our ideas of a sage. #carēre hoc sīgnificat, egēre eō quod habēre velīs#, TD. 1, 88, #careō# means not having what you would like to have.

2211. (b.) Some of the commonest abstracts used thus with #est# are #fāma#, #fās# and #nefās#, #fidēs#, #iūs#, #laus#, #opus#, #mōs#, #tempus#. From Cicero on, #opīniō# and #prōverbium#. In Plautus, #audācia#, #cōnfīdentia#, #miseria#, #negōtium#, #scelus#, &c. For genitives, see 1237. Neuter adjectives are such as #aequum#, #inīquum#, #cōnsentāneum#, #crēdibile#, #incrēdibile#, #manifestum#, #necesse#, #pār#, #rēctum#, &c., &c.

2212. The accusative is not expressed when it is indefinite, you, a man, a person, anybody, frequently also when it is implied in some other case in the sentence: as,

#nōn tam praeclārum est scīre Latīnē quam turpe nescīre#, Br. 140, it is not so creditable to be a Latin scholar as it is disreputable not to be. #mihī̆ inter virtūtēs grammaticī habēbitur aliqua nescīre#, Quintil. 1, 8, 21, in my eyes it will be one merit in a classical scholar not to be omniscient. #temporī cēdere semper sapientis est habitum#, Fam. 4, 9, 2, bowing to the inevitable has always passed as a mark of wisdom. #peccāre licet nēminī#, Par. 20, no man is at liberty to sin. An indefinite #hominem#, #aliquem#, or #tē#, is rare: as, #illa laus est, līberōs hominem ēducāre#, Pl. MG. 703, it is a crown of glory for a man a family to rear.

2213. (1.) A predicate noun referring to the unexpressed indefinite subject of the infinitive is put in the accusative: as,

#nōn esse cupidum pecūnia est, nōn esse emācem vectīgal est, contentum vērō suīs rēbus esse maximae sunt dīvitiae#, Par. 51, for a man not to have desires, is money down, not to be eager to buy is an income; but to be satisfied with what you have is the greatest possible wealth. A plural predicate is rare: as, #esset ēgregium domesticīs esse contentōs#, O. 22, it would be a grand thing for people to be satisfied with home examples.

2214. (2.) When the subject of the infinitive is implied in a dative, a predicate noun may also be in the dative: as,

#mihī̆ neglegentī esse nōn licet#, Att. 1, 17, 6, it will not do for me to be careless. With a dative and licet, however, the predicate is sometimes in the accusative: as, #quod sī cīvī Rōmānō licet esse Gādītānum#, Balb. 29, now if a Roman is allowed to be a Gaditanian. Regularly so, when the subject is indefinite and not expressed (2212): as, #haec praescrīpta servantem licet magnificē vīvere#, Off. 1, 92, a man who holds to these rules may live a noble life.

2215. The infinitive, used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative, sometimes has a neuter attribute.

Chiefly thus #ipsum#, #hoc ipsum#, #tōtum hoc#: as, #ipsum Latīnē loquī est in magnā laude pōnendum#, Br. 140, just the mere ability of talking good Latin is to be accounted highly creditable. Rarely a possessive, #meum#, #tuum#: as, #ita tuom cōnfertō amāre nē tibi sit probrō#, Pl. Cur. 28, so shape thy wooing that it be to thee no shame.

[Errata: 2214 ... may also be in the dative: as, dative. as, 2215 ... used as a substantive in the nominative or accusative, , missing]

THE INFINITIVE OF EXCLAMATION.

2216. The infinitive alone, or the accusative with the infinitive, is sometimes used in exclamations of surprise, incredulity, disapproval, or lamentation: as,

#nōn pudēre#, T. Ph. 233, not be ashamed. #sedēre tōtōs diēs in vīllā#, Att. 12, 44, 2, sitting round whole days and days at the country place. #at tē Rōmae nōn fore#, Att. 5, 20, 7, only to think you won’t be in Rome. #hoc posterīs memoriae trāditum īrī#, L. 3, 67, 1, to think this will be passed down to generations yet unborn. Often with a #-ne#, transferred from the unexpressed verb on which the infinitive depends (1503): as, #tēne hoc, Accī, dīcere, tālī prūdentiā praeditum#, Clu. 84, what? you to say this, Accius, with your sound sense. The exclamatory infinitive is chiefly confined to Plautus, Terence, and Cicero.

THE INFINITIVE OF INTIMATION.

2217. This infinitive has already been spoken of; see 1535-1539.

THE TENSES OF THE INFINITIVE.

2218. The present infinitive represents action as going on, the perfect as completed, and the future as not yet begun, at the time of the action of the verb to which the infinitive is attached.

The forms of the infinitive are commonly and conveniently called tenses, though this designation is not strictly applicable.

THE PRESENT TENSE.

2219. In itself, the present infinitive denotes action merely as going on, without any reference to time. With some verbs, however, which look to the future, the present relates to action in the immediate future. With verbs of perceiving, knowing, thinking, and saying, it denotes action as going on at the time of the verb: as,

(a.) #facinus est vincīre cīvem Rōmānum#, V. 5, 170, it is a crime to put a Roman in irons. (b.) #audīre cupiō#, Caec. 33, I am eager to hear. #Antium mē recipere cōgitō a. d. V Nōn. Māi.#, Att. 2, 9, 4, I am meditating going back to Antium the third of May. (c.) #errāre eōs dīcunt#, 5, 41, 5, they say those people are mistaken. #tempus dīxī esse#, T. Hec. 687, I said it was time. #dīcēs tibī̆ Siculōs esse amīcōs?# V. 2, 155, will you say the Sicilians are friends of yours?

2220. The present infinitive is sometimes used with #meminī#, #recordor#, #memoriā teneō#, and with some analogous expressions, such as #accēpimus#, #fertur#, &c., to represent merely the occurrence of action really completed, without indicating its completion: as,

#meminī ad mē tē scrībere#, D. 38, I remember your writing to me. #meministis fierī senātūs cōnsultum#, Mur. 51, you remember a decree of the senate being passed. #sed ego īdem recordor longē omnibus anteferre Dēmosthenem#, O. 23, and yet I remember putting Demosthenes far above everybody else. #hanc accēpimus agrōs et nemora peragrāre#, HR. 24, we have heard of this goddess’s scouring fields and groves. #Q. Maximum accēpimus facile cēlāre, tacēre#, Off. 1, 108, we have heard of Fabius’s ready cleverness in keeping dark and holding his tongue. But the perfect is used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed: as, #meministis mē ita distribuisse causam#, RA. 122, you remember that I arranged the case thus. Sometimes present and perfect are united: as, #Helenē capere arma fertur, nec frātrēs ērubuisse deōs#, Prop. 3, 14, 19 (4, 13, 19), Helen is said to fly to arms, and not to have blushed in presence of her brother gods. Here #capere# relates to the same completed action as the more exact #ērubuisse#.

2221. With verbs of saying, used in the narrower sense of promising, the present infinitive sometimes stands for the future (2236): as,

#crās māne argentum mihī̆ mīles dare sē dīxit#, T. Ph. 531, the soldier spoke of paying me the money early in the morning. #mē a͡ibat accersere#, Pl. Ps. 1118, he said he’d fetch me (2186). #quae imperārentur facere dīxērunt#, 2, 32, 3, they agreed to do what was commanded.

2222. The present infinitive dependent on a past tense of #dēbeō#, #oportet#, #possum#, often requires the English perfect infinitive in translation: as, #quid enim facere poterāmus?# Pis. 13, for what else could we have done? See, however, 1495. For the infinitive perfect, see 2230.

THE PERFECT TENSE.

2223. (1.) The perfect active infinitive sometimes serves as a complement of #dēbeō#, #volō#, #possum#, &c. (2168): as,

#tametsī statim vīcisse dēbeō, tamen dē meō iūre dēcēdam#, RA. 73, though I am entitled to come off victorious at once, yet I will waive my right; compare #vīcī#, I am victorious, 1608. #nīl vetitum fēcisse volet#, J. 14, 185, nothing forbidden will he wish to have done; compare #fēcī#, I am guilty. #unde illa potuit didicisse?# Div. 2, 51, from what source could he have all that information acquired? #bellum quod possumus ante hiemem perfēcisse#, L. 37, 19, 5, the war which we can have ended up before winter.

2224. (2.) In prohibitions, the perfect active infinitive often serves as a complement of #nōlō# or #volō# (2168).

Thus, in old Latin, #nōlītō dēvellisse#, Pl. Poen. 872, do not have had it plucked. Particularly so when dependent on #nē velit# or #nē vellet#, in legal style: as, #nē quis convēnisse sacrōrum causā velit#, L. 39, 14, 8, that nobody may presume to have banded with others for the observance of the mysteries. BACAS · VIR · NEQVIS · ADIESE · VELET, CIL. I, 196, 7, inscription of 186 B.C., that no male should presume to have had resort to the Bacchants (765; 48). #nē quid ēmisse velit īnsciente dominō#, Cato, RR. 5, 4, he must not venture to have bought anything without his master’s knowledge, of a head farm-steward.

2225. In poetry of the Augustan age, the complementary perfect infinitive active is sometimes dependent on a verb of will or effort, such as #cūrō#, #labōrō#, #tendō#: as, #tendentēs opācō Pēlion inposuisse Olympō#, H. 3, 4, 51, on shadowy Olympus striving Pelion to have piled.

2226. Any past tense of the indicative, when made dependent on a verb of perceiving, knowing, thinking, or saying, is represented by the perfect infinitive.

Thus, in #Theophrastus scrībit Cīmōnem hospitālem fuisse: ita enim vīlicīs imperāvisse, ut omnia praebērentur#, Off. 2, 64, Theophrastus says in his book that Cimon was the soul of hospitality: he had directed his stewards to furnish everything required; the #fuisse# represents #erat# or #fuit#, and the #imperāvisse# may represent #imperābat#, #imperāvit#, or perhaps #imperāverat#, of direct discourse. #praecō dīxisse prōnūntiat#, V. 2, 75, the crier proclaims ‘speaking finished’ (1605).

2227. The perfect infinitive passive with #fuisse# denotes a past resulting state: as,

#dīcō Mithridātī cōpiās omnibus rēbus ōrnātās atque īnstrūctās fuisse, urbemque obsessam esse#, IP. 20, I must tell you that Mithridates’s troops were completely armed and equipped, and that the town was under siege. Here #ōrnātās fuisse# represents #ōrnātae erant# (1615), and #obsessam esse# represents #obsidēbātur# (1595).

2228. (1.) The perfect active infinitive is sometimes used with #nōlō# or #volō#, especially in poetry, when the subject of the infinitive is not the same as that of the verb (2189): as,

#hanc tē ad cēterās virtūtēs adiēcisse velim#, L. 30, 14, 6, I only wish you had this good quality added to the rest.

2229. (2.) #volō# often has an emphatic perfect passive infinitive, usually without #esse# (2230); less frequently #cupiō# and rarely #nōlō#: as,

#factum volō#, Pl. B. 495, As. 685, I want it done, i.e. I will. #illōs monitōs etiam atque etiam volō#, C. 2, 27, I want those people cautioned over and over. Particularly common in Cicero, not in Caesar or Sallust. Also with impersonal infinitives (1479): as #oblīvīscere illum adversāriō tuō voluisse cōnsultum#, Att. 16, 16^c, 10, you must forget that the man wanted your enemy provided for.

2230. The perfect infinitive passive or deponent, commonly without #esse#, is often used in Plautus, Terence, and Cicero, by assimilation with past tenses of verbs of propriety, such as #aequum est#, #convenit#, #decet#, and #oportet#: as, #nōn oportuit relīctās#, T. Hau. 247, they shouldn’t have been left. #tē Iovī comprecātam oportuit#, Pl. Am. 739, you should have said your prayers to Jove. The perfect active is less common: as, #cāvisse oportuit#, Pl. Am. 944, you should have been upon your guard. For #volō#, #cupiō#, #nōlō#, see 2229.

2231. The perfect infinitive of completed action is very common with such expressions as #satis est#, #satis habeō#, #iuvat#, #melius est#, #paenitet#, &c., also with verbs of emotion, such as #gaudeō#, &c.: as, #mē quoque iuvat ad fīnem bellī Pūnicī pervēnisse#, L. 31, 1, 1, I am delighted myself to have reached the end of the Punic war. Oftentimes, however, in verse, the use of the perfect is partly due to the metre.

THE FUTURE TENSE.

2232. The future infinitive is only used as a representative of the indicative, and not as a substantive.

2233. For the future infinitive active or passive, a circumlocution with #fore# or #futūrum esse# with #ut# and the subjunctive present or imperfect is often used. This construction is necessary when the verb has no future participle or supine: as,

#spērō fore ut contingat id nōbīs#, TD. 1, 82, I hope we may be so fortunate. #clāmābant fore ut ipsī sē dī ulcīscerentur#, V. 4, 87, they cried out that the gods would avenge themselves.

2234. #fore# with the perfect participle of a passive or deponent, represents the future perfect of direct discourse: as, #dēbellātum mox fore rēbantur#, L. 23, 13, 6, they thought the war would soon be over.

2235. (1.) The future infinitive is commonly used with #iūrō#, #minor#, #polliceor#, #prōmittō#, and #spērō#, especially when the leading verb and the infinitive have the same subject: as,

#iūrāvit sē nisi victōrem in castra nōn reversūrum#, Caes. C. 3, 87, 5, he swore he would not come back to camp except as a victor. #quod sē factūrōs minābantur#, Caes. C. 2, 13, 4, which they threatened they would do. #obsidēs datūrōs pollicitī sunt#, 4, 27, 1, they volunteered to give hostages.

2236. (2.) A looser present infinitive is sometimes used with the above verbs, especially in old Latin, generally without a subject accusative. Thus with #iūrō# by Cato and Plautus, and with #minor#, proclaim with threats, by Lucretius. Similarly #dare pollicentur#, 6, 9, 7, they offer to give. #reliquōs dēterrērī spērāns#, Caes. C. 3, 8, 3, hoping that the rest were scared. #spērō nostram amīcitiam nōn egēre testibus#, Fam. 2, 2, I trust our friendship needs no witnesses. As #possum# has no future infinitive, the present of this verb is necessarily used: as, #tōtīus Galliae sēsē potīrī posse spērant#, 1, 3, 8, they hope to be able to get the control of the whole of Gaul.

THE GERUNDIVE AND GERUND.

2237. The gerundive is a verbal adjective (899). The gerund is a neuter verbal substantive, used only in the oblique cases of the singular. Both gerundives and gerunds express, in a noun form, the uncompleted action of the verb.

2238. Gerundives and gerunds, like the English verbal in -ing, were originally neither active nor passive (288), but might stand for either an active or a passive. In time a prevailing passive meaning grew up in the gerundive, and a prevailing active meaning in the gerund.

A gerund may be followed by the same case as its verb; but for the gerund of verbs of transitive use, see 2242, 2255, 2259, 2265.

2239. Both gerundives and gerunds are modified like verbs, by adverbs, not by adjectives.

(1.) THE GERUNDIVE CONSTRUCTION.

2240. The gerundive expresses, in an adjective form, the uncompleted action of a verb of transitive use exerted on a substantive object, the substantive standing in the case required by the context, and the gerundive agreeing with it.

In this construction, which is called the gerundive construction, the substantive and gerundive blend together in sense like the parts of a compound.

#male gerendō negōtiō in aere aliēnō vacillant#, C. 2, 21, owing to bad business-managing they are staggering under debts. #studium agrī colendī#, CM. 59, the occupation of land-tilling. #vir regendae rē̆ī pūblicae scientissimus#, DO. 1, 214, a man of great experience in state-managing.

(2.) THE GERUND.

2241. The gerund expresses, in a substantive form, the uncompleted action of a verb which has no direct object.

#ars vīvendī#, Fin. 1, 42, the art of living. #nōn est locus ad tergiversandum#, Att. 7, 1, 4, ’tis no time for shill-I-shall-I-ing. #sum dēfessus quaeritandō#, Pl. Am. 1014, I’m all worn out with hunting. #sē experiendō didicisse#, Ta. 1, 11, he had learned by experience.

2242. Gerunds of verbs of transitive use are exceptionally found with a substantive object (2255, 2259, 2265), and regularly with neuter pronouns and neuter plural adjectives to avoid ambiguity (1106). See also 2247.

#agendī aliquid discendīque causā#, Fin. 5, 54, for the sake of doing or learning something. #faciendī aliquid vel nōn faciendī vēra ratiō#, Plin. Ep. 6, 27, 4, the true ground for doing or not doing a thing. #artem sē trādere vēra ac falsa dīiūdicandī#, DO. 2, 157, that he passed along the art of distinguishing between the true and the false. #regendī cūncta onus#, Ta. 1, 11, the burden of governing the world.

CASES OF GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES.

NOMINATIVE.

2243. The nominative of the gerundive construction, as the subject of #sum#, denotes action which is to be done.

The combination acquires the meaning of obligation or propriety, and this meaning also passes over to the accusative with #esse#. The person who has the action to do is put in the dative of the possessor (1215). Instead of the dative, the ablative with #ab# is sometimes used, particularly where the dative would be ambiguous.

#tibī̆ haec cūra suscipienda est#, V. 4, 69, the undertaking of this care exists for you, i.e., you must undertake this charge. #Caesarī omnia ūnō tempore erant agenda: vēxillum prōpōnendum, sīgnum tubā dandum, ab opere revocandī mīlitēs, aciēs īnstruenda, mīlitēs cohortandī, sīgnum dandum#, 2, 20, 1, for Caesar there was everything to be done at the same moment: the standard to be raised, bugle call given, soldiers summoned in from their work, line of battle to be formed, soldiers harangued, signal given for engagement. #quaerenda pecūnia prīmum est; virtūs post nummōs#, H. E. 1, 1, 53, there is money-making to be the first aim: character second to dollars. #adeundus mihī̆ illic est homō#, Pl. R. 1298, I must draw near this fellow. #Caesar statuit sibī̆ Rhēnum esse trānseundum#, 4, 16, 1, Caesar made up his mind that he must cross the Rhine. #ego istum iuvenem domī tenendum cēnseō#, L. 21, 3, 6, for my part, I think that young man ought to be kept at home. #ē̆ī ego ā mē referendam grātiam nōn putem?# Planc. 78, should I not think that I ought to show my gratitude to him? #quid ā mē amplius dīcendum putātis?# V. 3, 60, what more do you think that I need say?

2244. #fruendus#, #fungendus#, #potiundus#, #ūtendus#, #vēscendus#, are also used in this construction, chiefly in the oblique cases; in the nominative the impersonal construction (2246) is usual. These verbs sometimes have a transitive use in old Latin (1380).

#nōn paranda nōbīs sōlum ea, sed fruenda etiam est#, Fin. 1, 3, that is a thing which we must not only obtain, but enjoy as well, of wisdom. #nec tamen est potiunda tibī#, O. 9, 754, she is not to be won by thee. Examples of the oblique cases in this use are cited below.

2245. #habeō# with the gerundive, as an equivalent of #est mihī̆#, #est tibī̆#, &c. (2243), is sometimes found, chiefly in late writers and particularly in Tacitus: as,

#multī habent in praediīs, quibus frūmentum aut vīnum aliudve quid dēsit, inportandum#, Varro, RR. 1, 16, 2, many on whose estates corn or wine or something else is lacking, have to bring it in. #multum interest utrumne dē fūrtō dīcendum habeās an dē cīvibus trucīdātīs#, Ta. D. 37, it makes a great difference whether you have to speak about a theft or about the murder of Romans. #sī nunc prīmum statuendum habērēmus#, Ta. 14, 44, if we had to decide the point to-day for the first time.

2246. The neuter of verbs of intransitive use takes the impersonal construction with #est#. Verbs ordinarily transitive also take the impersonal construction when used without an object.

#nunc est bibendum#, H. 1, 37, 1, now drinking exists, i.e. now we must drink. #inambulandumst#, Pl. As. 682, I must be moving on. #ego amplius dēlīberandum cēnseō#, T. Ph. 457, I opine there must be more pondering. #linguae moderandumst mihī̆#, Pl. Cu. 486, I must check my tongue. #omne animal cōnfitendum est esse mortāle#, DN. 3, 32, it must be admitted that every living thing is destined to die. #nēmō umquam sapiēns prōditōrī crēdendum putāvit#, V. 1, 38, no wise man ever held that a traitor was to be trusted.

2247. The impersonal construction with an object in the accusative, is old-fashioned and rare.

#canēs paucōs habendum#, Varro, RR. 1, 21, one should keep but few dogs. #aeternās quoniam poenās in morte timendumst#, Lucr. 1, 111, since punishment eterne they have in death to fear. This construction occurs oftenest in Lucretius and Varro; once in Plautus, a few times in Cicero for special reasons, and here and there in later writers. Not in Caesar or Horace.

2248. The gerundive sometimes acquires, in itself, the meaning of obligation or propriety, which it properly has only when combined with #sum#, and becomes a mere adjective, used in any case.

#fōrmā expetendā līberālem virginem#, Pl. Per. 521, a freeborn maid of shape delectable. #L. Brūtō, prīncipe huius maximē cōnservandī generis et nōminis#, Ph. 3, 11, Brutus, the first of this most highly cherished house and name. #huic timendō hostī obvius fuī#, L. 21, 41, 4, I met this dreadful foe. #Athēnās, multa vīsenda habentīs#, L. 45, 27, 11, Athens, which contains many sights worth a visit. For #volvendus# &c., see 288.

2249. The attributive gerundive (2248), particularly with a negative, #in-# privative, or #vix#, may denote possibility, like the verbal in #-bilis#: as,

#labōrēs nōn fugiendōs#, Fin. 2, 118, inevitable labours. #Polybius, haudquāquam spernendus auctor#, L. 30, 45, 5, Polybius, an authority by no means despicable. #īnfandum, rēgīna, iubēs renovāre dolōrem#, V. 2, 3, thou bidst me, queen, rehearse that woe unspeakable. #vix erat crēdendum#, 5, 28, 1, it was hardly credible. #praedicābile aliquid et glōriandum ac prae sē ferendum#, TD. 5, 49, something laudable and vauntable and displayable as well.

[Errata: 2243 ... i.e., you must undertake this charge , missing 2248 ... Ph. 3, 11 3. 11]

ACCUSATIVE.

2250. (1.) The accusative of the gerundive construction is used with #locō# and #condūcō#, with #suscipiō#, #habeō#, and #cūrō#, and with verbs of giving or assigning.

With the verbs of giving or assigning (such as #dō#, #trādō#, #committō#, #attribuō#, #dīvidō#, #relinquō#, #permittō#, #dēnotō#), the emphasis often gravitates towards the substantive, and the gerundive, as an explanatory appendage, acquires the meaning of purpose. So in Plautus with the verbs of asking (#rogō# and #petō#); in Cicero with #posco#.

(a.) #caedundum condūxī ego illum :: tum optumumst locēs efferendum#, Pl. Aul. 567, I engaged him for killing :: then you’d better contract for his funeral (1709). #sīgnum conlocandum cōnsulēs locāvērunt#, Cat. 3, 20, the consuls let out the erecting of the statue. #redemptor quī columnam illam condūxerat faciendam#, Div. 2, 47, the contractor who had undertaken the making of that pillar. #vellem suscēpissēs iuvenem regendum#, Att. 10, 6, 2, I wish you had undertaken training the young man. #aedem habuit tuendam#, V. 1, 130, he had the looking after the temple. #agrum dē nostrō patre colendum habēbat#, T. Ph. 364, he had the tilling of a farm from my father.

(b.) COIRAVIT · BASILICAM · CALECANDAM, CIL. I, 1166, he superintended the town hall plastering. #pontem faciendum cūrat#, 1, 13, 1, he attends to a bridge’s being made, i.e. has it made. #cōnsulibus senātus rem pūblicam dēfendendam dedit#, Ph. 8, 15, the senate entrusted the defence of the state to the consuls. #agrōs plēbī colendōs dedit#, RP. 3, 16, he gave lands to the common people to till. #Antigonus Eumenem propīnquīs sepeliendum trādidit#, N. 18, 13, 4, Antigonus delivered Eumenes to his kinsfolk to be buried. #attribuit nōs trucīdandōs#, C. 4, 13, us he handed over to be slaughtered. #sauciōs mīlitēs cūrandōs dīvidit patribus#, L. 2, 47, 12, he apportioned the wounded soldiers among the senators to cure. #haec porcīs comedenda relinquēs#, H. E. 1, 7, 19, you’ll leave them to the pigs to eat. #cīvīs Rōmānōs trucīdandōs dēnotāvit#, IP. 7, he specified Romans for slaughter.

(c.) #quae ūtenda vāsa semper vīcīnī rogant#, Pl. Aul. 96, traps that the neighbours are always asking the use of. #artoptam ex proxumō ūtendam petō#, Pl. Aul. 400, I’m going for the use of a breadpan from next door.

2251. When such a verb is passive, the accusative becomes nominative.

#simulācrum Dī̆ānae tollendum locātur#, V. 4, 76, the moving of the statue of Diana is let out. #dīlaceranda ferīs dabor ālitibusque praeda#, Cat. 64, 152, I shall be given a prey for beasts and birds to tear. #trāditīque fētiālibus Caudium dūcendī#, L. 9, 10, 2, and they were delivered to the fetials to be taken to Caudium.

2252. (2.) The accusative of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with a preposition, usually #ad#. If the verb is of transitive use, the gerundive is proper, not the gerund (2240).

This construction is used with verbs (including verbs of hindering), with substantives generally to denote purpose, and with adjectives which have the meaning of capable, fit, easy, useful, &c., &c.

(a.) #hic in noxiāst, ille ad dīcendam causam adest#, T. Ph. 266, when A’s in trouble, B turns up to make excuses for him. #ad pācem petendam ad Hannibalem vēnit#, L. 21, 13, 1, he is come to Hannibal to sue for peace. #ad eās rēs cōnficiendās Orgetorīx dēligitur#, 1, 3, 3, Orgetorix is chosen to do this. #dant sē ad lūdendum#, Fin. 5, 42, they devote themselves to playing. #palūs Rōmānōs ad īnsequendum tardābat#, 7, 26, 2, a morass hindered the Romans from pursuit. #ut peditēs ad trānseundum impedīrentur#, Caes. C. 1, 62, 2, so that the infantry were hampered in crossing. (b.) #causa ad obiūrgandum#, T. Andr. 150, a reason for finding fault. #spatium sūmāmus ad cōgitandum#, Fin. 4, 1, let us take time for thought. #alter occāsiōnem sibī̆ ad occupandam Asiam oblātam esse arbitrātur#, IP. 4, the other thinks a chance is given him for seizing all Asia. (c.) #homo nōn aptissimus ad iocandum#, DN. 2, 46, a man not very well fitted to be a joker. #nimis doctus illest ad male faciendum#, Pl. E. 378, too well the fellow’s trained at playing tricks. #ūtēbātur eō cibō quī esset facillimus ad concoquendum#, Fin. 2, 64, he made use of the sort of food which was easiest to digest.

2253. Other prepositions are sometimes used: as, #inter#, in old Latin, Vergil, Livy, and later writers; #ob#, once in Ennius, rarely in Cicero and Sallust; #in# very rarely, but even in Cicero; #ante# (Vergil, Livy), #circā# (post-Augustan), #propter# (Varro, Val. Max.), all rare.

#mōrēs sē inter lūdendum dētegunt#, Quintil. 1, 3, 12, character discovers itself during play. #ob rem iūdicandam pecūniam accipere#, V. 2, 78, to take money for passing judgement on a case.

DATIVE.

2254. The dative of the gerundive construction is used with adjectives, verbs, and phrases of ability, attention, and adaptation, with titles of office, and with #comitia#, election.

This construction is not very common in classical Latin, where few verbs and substantives take it instead of the usual #ad# and the accusative (2252). In old Latin, it is also joined to adjectives and participles; in Cicero it is thus used only with #accommodātus#. From Livy on, the construction becomes a very favourite one. Caesar has it only as below and 3, 4, 1.

#tālīs iactandīs tuae sunt cōnsuētae manūs#, Pl. Vid. your hands are used to throwing dice. #optumum operī faciundō#, Pl. R. 757, most suitable for carrying on his trade. #praeesse agrō colendō#, RA. 50, to superintend farm managing. #cum diēs vēnisset rogātiōnī ferendae#, Att. 1, 14, 5, when the day came for proposing the bill. #hībernīs oppugnandīs hunc esse dictum diem#, 5, 27, 5, that this was the day set for attacking the winter quarters. #cōnsul plācandīs dīs habendōque dīlēctū dat operam#, L. 22, 2, 1, the consul devotes himself to propitiating the gods and raising troops. #Dēmosthenēs cūrātor mūrīs reficiendīs fuit#, OG. 19, Demosthenes was commissioner for repairing the walls. #IIIvirī rē̆ī pūblicae cōnstituendae#, L. Epit. 120, a commission of three for reorganizing the state. #comitia collēgae subrogandō habuit#, L. 2, 8, 3, he held an election for appointing a colleague.

2255. In the dative, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is found four times in Plautus; in Ovid, Livy, and Vitruvius once each.

2256. Late writers sometimes use the dative of the gerundive construction instead of a final clause (1961): as,

#subdūcit ex aciē legiōnem faciendīs castrīs#, Ta. 2, 21, he withdraws a legion from the field to build a camp. #nīdum mollibus plūmīs cōnsternunt tepē̆faciendīs ōvīs, simul nē dūrus sit īnfantibus pullīs#, Plin. NH. 10, 92, they line the nest with soft feathers to warm the eggs, and also to prevent it from being uncomfortable to their young brood.

2257. The dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers, and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases.

#ōsculandō meliust pausam fierī#, Pl. R. 1205, ’tis better that a stop be put to kissing. #tū nec solvendō erās#, Ph. 2, 4, you were neither solvent. SC · ARF, i.e. #scrībendō arfuērunt#, CIL. I, 196, 2, there were present when the document was put in writing. #quod scrībendō adfuistī#, Fam. 15, 6, 2, because you were present at the writing.

[Erratum: 2254 ... IIIvirī printed as shown, without space]

GENITIVE.

2258. (1.) The genitive of the gerundive construction or gerund is used with substantives or adjectives.

(a.) #tacendī tempus est#, Pl. Poen. 741, it’s time to be still. #spēs potiundī oppidī#, 2, 7, 2, the hope of overpowering the town (2244). #summa difficultās nāvigandī#, 3, 12, 5, the greatest difficulty in sailing. #proeliī committendī sīgnum dedit#, 2, 21, 3, he gave the signal for beginning the battle. #exemplō eōrum clādēs fuit ut Mārsī mitterent ōrātōrēs pācis petendae#, L. 9, 45, 18, their downfall was a warning to the Marsians to send envoys to sue for peace. #sīve nāvēs dēiciendī operis essent missae#, 4, 17, 10, or if vessels for breaking down the works had been sent. Particularly with #causā#, #grātiā#, or rarely #ergō# (1257), to denote purpose: as, #frūmentandī causā#, 4, 12, 1, for foraging. #vītandae suspīciōnis causā#, C. 1, 19, to avoid suspicion. #mūneris fungendī grātiā#, RP. 1, 27, for the sake of doing one’s duty. #illīusce sacrī coercendī ergō#, Cato, RR. 139, because of thinning out yon hallowed grove.

(b.) #quam cupida eram hūc redeundī#, T. Hec. 91, how eager I was to return here. #homine perītō dēfīniendī#, Off. 3, 60, a man accomplished in drawing distinctions. #perpessus est omnia potius quam cōnsciōs dēlendae tyrannidis indicāret#, TD. 2, 52, he stood out against the worst sooner than betray his confederates in the overthrow of the tyranny. #īnsuētus nāvigandī#, 5, 6, 3, unused to sailing. #studiōsus audiendī#, N. 15, 3, 2, an eager listener. #nescia tolerandī#, Ta. 3, 1, ignorant what patience was. #nandī pavidus#, Ta. H. 5, 14, afraid to swim. With adjectives, the gerundive construction is not found in Plautus and Terence, and the gerund not in Plautus. Terence has the gerund with #cupidus#, Cato with #studiōsus#. The construction is of slow growth before Tacitus, who greatly developed it.

2259. In the genitive, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is rare except in Plautus; ordinarily the gerundive is used (2240).

#tē dēfrūdandī causā#, Pl. Men. 687, for the purpose of cheating you. #cupidus tē audiendī#, DO. 2, 16, eager to hear you. #summa ēlūdendī occāsiōst mihi nunc senēs#, T. Ph. 885, I’ve now a splendid chance the graybeards of eluding. #nē suī līberandī (2260) atque ulcīscendī Rōmānōs occāsiōnem dīmittant#, 5, 38, 2, that they should not let slip the chance of freeing themselves and taking vengeance on the Romans. #sīgnum colligendī vāsa dedit#, L. 24, 16, 14, he gave the signal to pack their things.

2260. #nostrī#, #vostrī# (or #vestrī#), and #suī#, being singular in form (649) have often a singular gerundive.

#nōn tam suī cōnservandī quam tuōrum cōnsiliōrum reprimendōrum causā profūgērunt#, C. 1, 7, they fled, not so much to protect themselves as to crush your plans. #vēnisse tempus ulcīscendī suī#, Sest. 28, that the time was come for them to revenge themselves. #vestrī adhortandī causā#, L. 21, 41, 1, for the purpose of encouraging you.

2261. Sometimes another genitive appears beside the genitive of the gerund, each perhaps dependent on the main word. This use is found in old Latin, Lucretius, Varro, and here and there in Cicero, as well as in late Latin.

#nōminandī istōrum tibī̆ erit cōpia#, Pl. Cap. 852, you will have a chance to name them. #poenārum solvendī tempus#, Lucr. 5, 1225, the time of paying penalties. #exemplōrum ēligendī potestās#, Inv. 2, 5, a chance of picking out examples. #lūcis tuendī cōpiam#, Pl. Cap. 1008, a chance to look upon the light.

2262. (2.) The genitive of the gerundive construction is used predicatively with #sum#.

#rēgium imperium, quod initiō cōnservandae libertātis fuerat#, S. C. 6, 7, the authority of the king, which had originally served to uphold freedom. #cētera in XII minuendī sūmptūs sunt lāmentātiōnisque fūnebris#, Leg. 2, 59, the rest of the contents of the Twelve Tables are conducive to the abating of extravagance and keening at funerals. #concordiam ōrdinum, quam dissolvendae tribūnīciae potestātis rentur esse#, L. 5, 3, 5, the union of the classes, which they believe serves to break down the power of the tribunes. This use is not common. It is found rarely in Sallust and Cicero; chiefly in Livy.

2263. The genitive of the gerundive construction, without a substantive or adjective (2258) or the verb #sum# (2262), is occasionally used to denote purpose: as,

#quae ille cēpit lēgum ac lībertātis subvortundae#, S. Fr. Phil. 10, which he began in order to overthrow freedom and the laws, of civil war. #ūnum vincīrī iubet, magis ūsurpandī iūris quam quia ūnīus culpa foret#, Ta. H. 4, 25, he ordered one into irons, more to vindicate his authority than because an individual was to blame. This use occurs very rarely in Sallust, chiefly in Tacitus and late Latin. Once in Terence with the gerund.

2264. Tacitus has the genitive of the gerundive construction two or three times with a judicial verb (1280) to denote the charge: as, #occupandae rē̆ī pūblicae arguī nōn poterant#, Ta. 6, 10, they could not be charged with an attempt on the throne.

ABLATIVE.

2265. In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.

#frātrem laudandō#, Leg. 1, 1, in quoting your brother. #largē partiendō praedam#, L. 21, 5, 5, by a lavish distribution of the spoil. This use is particularly common in Livy. Not in Caesar.

2266. (1.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.

Means: #Caesar dandō sublevandō īgnōscundō, Catō nihil largiundō glōriam adeptus est#, S. C. 54, 3, Caesar gained reputation by giving, helping, and pardoning, Cato by lavishing no gifts. #opprimī sustentandō ac prōlātandō nūllō pactō potest#, C. 4, 6, it cannot be crushed by patience and procrastination. Livy has this ablative with the adjective #contentus# (1377): #nec iam possidendīs pūblicīs agrīs contentōs esse#, 6, 14, 11, that they were no longer satisfied with the occupation of the public lands. Cause: #aggerundā curvom aquā#, Pl. Cas. 124, bowed with water carrying. #flendō turgidulī rubent ocellī#, Cat. 3, 18, with weeping red and swollen are her eyne. Manner and circumstances: rare in old Latin and Cicero: not in Caesar: #bellum ambulandō cōnfēcērunt#, Caelius in Fam. 8, 15, 1, they strolled through the war. #senex vincendō factus#, L. 30, 28, 5, maturing in victories. Time: #cum plausum meō nōmine recitandō dedissent#, Att. 4, 1, 6, when they had applauded on the reading of my name. #partibus dīvidendīs ipsī regiō ēvēnit#, L. 25, 30, 6, at the distribution, the district fell to him. Respect: #Latīnē loquendō cuivīs erat pār#, Br. 128, in his use of Latin he was a match for anybody.

2267. (2.) The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund is also accompanied by a preposition, #ab#, #dē#, #in#, or #ex#; rarely by #prō#.

#nūllum tempus illī umquam vacābat aut ā scrībendō aut ā cōgitandō#, Br. 272, he never had any time free from writing or from thinking. #quod verbum ductum est ā nimis intuendō fortūnam alterīus#, TD. 3, 20, a word which is derived from ‘looking too closely at’ another’s prosperity, of the word #invidia#. #cōnsilium illud dē occlūdendīs aedibus#, T. Eu. 784, that idea about barring up the house. #nihil dē causā discendā praecipiunt#, DO. 2, 100, they give no instruction about studying up a case. #vostra ōrātiō in rē incipiundā#, T. Ph. 224, your remarks when we started in with this affair. #Āfricānī in rē gerundā celeritātem#, V. 5, 25, Africanus’s swiftness in execution. #vix ex grātulandō ēminēbam#, Pl. Cap. 504, I barely got my head above their congratulations. #quae virtūs ex prōvidendō est appellāta prūdentia#, Leg. 1, 60, a virtue which from ‘foreseeing’ is called foresight. #prō līberandā amīcā#, Pl. Per. 426, for setting free a leman. #prō ope ferendā#, L. 23, 28, 11, instead of going to the rescue. In this use #ab# is not found in Plautus or Terence, nor #prō# in Terence. #cum# is found in Quintilian, #super# once in Horace, then in Tacitus, #sine# once in Varro.

2268. With a comparative expression, the ablative of the gerundive is found once: #nūllum officium referendā grātiā magis necessārium est#, Off. 1, 47, no obligation is more binding than the returning of a favour. The gerundive construction in the ablative of separation (1302) is found rarely in Livy and Pliny the younger; Livy has also the gerund: as, #Verminam absistere sequendō coēgit#, L. 29, 33, 8, he forced Vermina to abandon his pursuit.

THE SUPINE.

2269. The supine is a verbal substantive. The form in #-um# is an accusative. The form in #-ū# is used sometimes as a dative, sometimes as an ablative.

THE SUPINE IN #-um#.

2270. The supine in #-um# denotes purpose with verbs of motion (1166): as,

#abiīt piscātum#, Pl. #R.# 898, he’s gone a fishing. #neu noctū īrem obambulātum#, Pl. Tri. 315, not to go a prowling by night. #legiōne ūnā frūmentātum missā#, 4, 32, 1, one legion being sent a foraging. #sessum it praetor#, DN. 3, 74, the praetor is going to take his seat. #spectātum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsae#, O. AA. 1, 99, they come to see and eke for to be seen. This use is very common in Plautus and Terence, less common in Cicero and Caesar. It is found not infrequently in Sallust and particularly in Livy; sporadically in the Augustan poets. In late prose it is almost confined to archaistic writing. In classical Latin, purpose is more commonly expressed by the subjunctive with #ut# or a relative pronoun, or by a gerundive or gerund with #ad# or #causā#. See also 2164.

2271. The most common supines in #-um# are #cubitum#, #dormītum#, #ēreptum#, #frūmentātum#, #grātulātum#, #nūntiātum#, #oppugnātum#, #ōrātum#, #pāstum#, #perditum#, #petītum#, #salūtātum#, #sessum#, #supplicātum#. They are found chiefly with #eō# and #veniō#. #nūptum# is also common with #dō#, #collocō#, &c., and supines are occasionally found with other verbs implying motion.

2272. The supine in #-um# may be followed by the same construction as its verb: as,

(a.) Accusative: #deōs salūtātum atque uxōrem modo intrō dēvortor domum#, Pl. St. 534, I’ll just turn in home to greet my gods and my wife. #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mittunt rogātum auxilium#, 1, 11, 2, they send envoys to Caesar to beg aid. #oppugnātum patriam nostram veniunt#, L. 21, 41, 13, they come to assail our country. Classical writers generally avoid this use of the accusative. (b.) Dative: #servītum tibi mē abdūcitō#, Pl. Ps. 520, take me away to slave for you. #nōn ego Grāīs servītum mātribus ībō#, V. 2, 786, not I shall go to be the serf of Grecian dames. (c.) Subordinate clause: #lēgātī veniēbant: Aeduī questum quod Harūdēs fīnēs eōrum populārentur#, 1, 37, 1, envoys came: the Aeduans to complain ‘because the Harudians were laying their country waste’ (1853). #lēgātōs ad Caesarem mīsērunt ōrātum nē sē in hostium numerō dūceret#, 6, 32, 1, they sent envoys to Caesar to beg that he would not regard them in the light of enemies.

2273. The supine in #-um# followed by #īrī# forms the future passive infinitive: as,

#eum exceptum īrī putō#, Att. 7, 22, 1, I think that there is a going to capture him, i.e. that he is going to be captured. Here #īrī# is used impersonally and #eum# is the object of #exceptum#. This infinitive is found half a dozen times in old Latin, often in Cicero, rarely in other writers; not in the Augustan poets. For the common periphrasis, see 2233.

THE SUPINE IN #-ū#.

2274. The supine in #-ū# is used with #fās#, #nefās#, and adjectives, chiefly of such meaning as easy, good, pleasant, strange, or their opposites.

Only a few supines in #-ū# are found; the commonest are #audītū#, #cōgnitū#, #dictū#, #factū#, #inventū#, #memorātū#, #nātū#, #vīsū#.

#sī hoc fās est dictū#, TD. 5, 38, if heaven allows us to say so. #difficile dictū est dē singulīs#, Fam. 1, 7, 2, it is hard to say in the case of individuals. #quaerunt quod optimum factū sit#, V. 1, 68, they ask what the best thing is to do. #quid est tam iocundum cōgnitū atque audītū?# DO. 1, 31, what pleasure is greater to mind and ear? #palpebrae mollissimae tāctū#, DN. 2, 142, the eyelids are very soft to the touch. With such adjectives the dative is commonly used (1200); or, particularly with #facilis# or #difficilis#, the gerundive construction with #ad# (2252); for the infinitive, see 2166. The supine in #-ū# is found chiefly in Cicero and Livy. Very rare in old Latin, Sallust, Caesar (who has only #factū# and #nātū#), and the poets. From the elder Pliny and Tacitus on, it gets commoner.

2275. The supine in #-ū# sometimes introduces a subordinate sentence, but it is never used with an object in the accusative.

#quoivīs facile scītū est quam fuerim miser#, T. Hec. 296, anybody can easily understand how unhappy I was. #incrēdibile memorātū est quam facile coaluerint#, S. C. 6, 2, it is an incredible tale how readily they grew into one. #vidētis nefās esse dictū miseram fuisse tālem senectūtem#, CM. 13, you see that it were a sin to say that an old age like his was unhappy.

2276. The supine in #-ū# is found rarely with #opus est# (1379), #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# (1392): as,

#ita dictū opus est#, T. Hau. 941, thus thou must needs say. #nihil dignum dictū āctum hīs cōnsulibus#, L. 4, 30, 4, nothing worth mentioning was done this year. For #dignus# with #quī# and the subjunctive, see 1819; for #opus est# with the infinitive, 2211.

2277. In Plautus and Cato, the supine in #-ū# is very rarely used like an ablative of separation (1302): as, #nunc opsonātū redeō#, Pl. Men. 288, I’m only just back from catering. #prīmus cubitū surgat, postrēmus cubitum eat#, Cato, RR. 5, 5, let him be first to get up from bed and last to go to bed. Statius imitates this use in Ach. 1, 119.

[Erratum: 2276 ... #dīgnus# and #indīgnus# text unchanged: word generally spelled “-dign-” (see endnote on first edition)]

THE PARTICIPLE.

2278. The participle is a verbal adjective. Like the adjective, it is inflected to agree with its substantive. Like the verb, it may be modified by an adverb, it is active or passive, and it expresses action as continuing, completed, or future. It may also be followed by the same case as its verb.

TIME OF THE PARTICIPLE.

2279. (1.) The time to which the participle refers is indicated by the verb of the sentence.

#āēr effluēns hūc et illūc ventōs efficit#, DN. 2, 101, the air by streaming to and fro produces winds. #convēnī hodiē adveniēns quendam#, T. Eu. 234, I met a man as I was coming to-day. #manūs tendentēs vītam ōrābant#, L. 44, 42, 4, with hands outstretched they begged their lives. #Croesus Halyn penetrāns magnam pervertet opum vim#, oracle in Div. 2, 115, Croesus, when Halys he shall cross, will overthrow a mighty realm. #benignitātem tu͡am mihī̆ expertō praedicās#, Pl. Merc. 289, thou vauntest to me who’ve proved thy courtesy. #cōnsecūtus id quod animō prōposuerat, receptuī canī iussit#, 7, 47, 1, having accomplished what he had designed, he gave orders to sound the retreat. #Dionȳsius Syrācūsīs expulsus Corinthī puerōs docēbat#, TD. 3, 27, after his expulsion from Syracuse, Dionysius kept school at Corinth. #lēgātī dīxērunt sē rē dēlīberātā ad Caesarem reversūrōs#, 4, 9, 1, the envoys said that they would come back to Caesar after they had thought the matter over.

2280. (2.) The perfect participle of deponents is sometimes used with past tenses or their equivalents to denote incomplete contemporaneous action. So occasionally a perfect passive.

(a.) #Metellum esse ratī portās clausēre#, S. I. 69, 1, supposing that it was Metellus, they closed their gates. #gāvīsus illōs retinērī iussit#, 4, 13, 6, with pleasure he gave orders for their detention. #persuādent Rauracīs utī eōdem ūsī cōnsiliō proficīscantur#, 1, 5, 4, they coaxed the Rauraci to adopt the same plan and go. #sōlātus iussit sapientem pāscere barbam#, H. S. 2, 3, 35, consoling me he bade me grow a philosophic beard. This use is found in old Latin and in Cicero very rarely. Sallust and Caesar use a few verbs thus. It is not uncommon in the Augustan poets and Livy. In late writers, especially Tacitus, it is frequent. (b.) #servum sub furcā caesum mediō ēgerat circō#, L. 2, 36, 1, he had driven a slave round, flogged under the fork, right in the circus. With this compare #servus per circum, cum virgīs caederētur, furcam ferēns ductus est#, Div. 1, 55, a slave with the fork on his neck was driven through the circus, flogged with rods the while (1872). But the perfect passive has its ordinary force (2279) in #verberibus caesum tē in pistrīnum dēdam#, T. Andr. 199, I’ll give you a flogging and then put you in the mill.

2281. For the perfect participle with forms of #sum# and #fuī#, see 1608, 1609; for the conative present participle, 2301; reflexive, 1482.

THE ATTRIBUTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2282. The present or perfect participle is often used as an adjective to express a permanent condition: as,

#ācrem ōrātōrem, incēnsum et agentem et canōrum forī strepitus dēsīderat#, Br. 317, the noisy forum requires an impetuous speaker, inspired and dramatic and sonorous. #L. Abuccius, homo adprīmē doctus#, Varro, RR. 3, 2, 17, Abuccius, an eminently learned man. #aliī facētī, flōrentēs etiam et ōrnātī#, O. 20, others are brilliant, even bright and elegant. #id tibī̆ renūntiō futūrum ut sīs sciēns#, T. Andr. 508, I give you notice this will happen, that you may be prepared.

2283. The future participle is found as an adjective in the Augustan poets and in late writers. Cicero, however, has #futūrus# in this use with #rēs# and a few other words, and has #ventūrus# once.

#dā mānsūram urbem#, V. 3, 85, grant a city that shall abide. #firmus pariēs et dūrātūrus#, Ta. D. 22, a strong and durable wall. #sīgna ostenduntur ā dīs rērum futūrārum#, DN. 2, 12, signs of future events are disclosed by the gods. For the future participle with forms of #sum#, see 1633.

2284. Many participles have become complete adjectives, and as such are capable of composition or comparison, or take the case required by an adjective.

(a.) #nōmen invictī imperātōris#, V. 4, 82, the invincible general’s name. #pūrus et īnsōns sī vīvō#, H. S. 1, 6, 69, pure and guiltless if I live (749). (b.) #solūtus venēficae scientiōris carmine#, H. Epod. 5, 71, freed by some craftier witch’s charm. #homo ērudītissimus, Verrēs#, V. 4, 126, Verres, most accomplished of men. (c.) #tibi sum oboediēns#, Pl. MG. 806, I’m your obedient (1200). #tē cōnfīdō ea factūrum quae mihī̆ intellegēs maximē esse accommodāta#, Fam. 3, 3, 2, I feel confident that you will do what you shall feel most appropriate to my interests (1201). For the genitive with such participles, see 1266.

2285. A perfect participle in agreement with a substantive often contains the leading idea, and may be translated like an abstract substantive with a genitive dependent. The nominative is rarely thus used. The present participle in this use is rare, the future late.

This construction expresses the completed action of the verb in precisely the same way that the gerundive construction (2240) expresses uncompleted action.

(a.) Joined with substantives: #iniūriae retentōrum equitum Rōmānōrum#, 3, 10, 2, the outrages of Roman knights detained, i.e. in the detention of Roman knights. #servātī cōnsulis decus#, L. 21, 46, 10, the credit of saving the consul. #male administrātae prōvinciae urgēbātur#, Ta. 6, 29, he was charged with maladministration of his province. #ō quid solūtīs est beātius cūrīs?# Cat. 31, 7, oh what is sweeter than the putting off of care?

(b.) Joined with prepositions: #ab conditā urbe ad līberātam#, L. 1, 60, 3, from the foundation of the city to the liberation thereof. #post nātōs hominēs improbissimus#, Br. 224, the greatest reprobate since the creation of man. #ante cīvitātem datam#, Arch. 9, before the gift of the citizenship.

(c.) In the nominative: very rare before Livy: #dēpressa hostium classis#, Arch. 21, the sinking of the enemy’s fleet. #angēbant ingentis spīritūs virum Sicilia Sardiniaque āmissae#, L. 21, 1, 5, what tortured the high-souled hero was the loss of Sicily and Sardinia. #cuius turbāvit nitidōs exstīnctus passer ocellōs#, J. 6, 7, whose sparkling eyne the sparrow’s death bedimmed.

2286. This use of the participle, though old, is not common before Livy, who, like Tacitus, has it frequently, both with substantives and with prepositions. Very rare in Caesar, rare in Cicero, who, however, uses it both with substantives and with a few prepositions. In old Latin (not in Terence), it is found with the substantives #opus# and #ūsus#, in Cato with #post#, in Varro with #propter#: as, #mī homine conventōst opus#, Pl. Cur. 302, I needs must see the man. #propter mare congelātum#, Varro, RR. 1, 2, 4, by reason of the freezing of the sea water. For the participle alone with #ūsus est# and #opus est#, see 1382.

THE SUBSTANTIVE PARTICIPLE.

2287. Participles sometimes become substantives, especially the perfect participle: as,

#vīvit gnāta#, T. Ph. 749, your daughter’s alive. #dē dēmēnsō suō#, T. Ph. 43, out of his allowance. #īnstitūtum tenēbimus#, TD. 4, 7, we will hold to our fundamental idea. Adverbs, not adjectives, are commonly used to qualify perfect participles used as substantives; for examples, see 1440. The masculine singular is rarely used as a substantive; the neuter, both singular and plural, is common, particularly with prepositions.

2288. The masculine plural of the perfect participle, when used as a substantive, generally denotes a definite class of persons: as,

#ut damnātī in integrum restituantur, vīnctī solvantur#, V. 5, 12, that the condemned go scot-free, the imprisoned are set at liberty. #Catilīna cum expedītīs in prīmā aciē vorsārī#, S. C. 60, 4, Catiline bustling round in the van with the light infantry. #ēvocātīs equōs sūmit#, 7, 65, 5, he took away the veterans’ horses. Rarely not denoting a definite class: as, #missī intercipiuntur#, 5, 40, 1, the men who had been sent (i.e. on a particular occasion) are cut off.

2289. The perfect participle alone sometimes serves as the subject of a sentence instead of an abstract substantive (2285): as,

#nōtum furēns quid fēmina possit#, V. 5, 6, the knowledge of what a woman in her wrath can do. #prōnūntiātum repente nē quis violārētur, multitūdinem exuit armīs#, L. 4, 59, 7, the sudden proclamation that nobody was to be harmed, deprived the people of their weapons. This use is found chiefly in Livy, once or twice in Cicero; not in Caesar or Sallust. See 1382.

2290. The present participle is rarely a substantive in the nominative and ablative singular, but often in the other cases.

#in cōnstituentibus rem pūblicam#, Br. 45, among the founders of a state. #multae īnsectantēs dēpellunt#, DN. 2, 127, many drive off their pursuers. #nec praeterita nec praesentia abs tē, sed futūra exspectō#, Fam. 2, 8, 1, I do not expect from you the past or the present, but the future.

2291. The genitive plural of the present participle is often best translated by an English abstract: as,

#cachinnōs inrīdentium commovēbat#, Br. 216, he provoked guffaws of derision. #mixtōs terrentium paventiumque clāmōrēs#, L. 22, 5, 4, mingled cries of exultation and terror. #prīmō gaudentium impetū#, Ta. H. 1, 4, in the first outburst of joy.

2292. The future participle is very rarely used as a substantive.

#audītūrum dictūrī cūra dēlectat#, Quintil. 11, 3, 157, deliberation on the part of one who is on the point of speaking attracts his prospective hearer. #havē̆, imperātor, moritūrī tē salūtant#, Suet. Claud. 21, emperor, all hail! the doomed give thee greeting. This use is found in late writers, as in Tacitus and Curtius once each, and half a dozen times in Pliny the younger. Cicero and Sallust have #futūrus# thus (2283): as, #abs tē futūra exspectō#, Fam. 2, 8, 1, from you I expect the future. #supplicia in post futūrōs composuit#, S. Fr. Lep. 6, he invented penalties for men unborn.

THE APPOSITIVE PARTICIPLE.

2293. The appositive participle is a loose substitute for a subordinate sentence introduced by a relative or by a conjunctive particle.

2294. (1.) The appositive participle may represent a relative sentence: as,

#nōvī ego Epicūrēōs omnia sigilla venerantēs#, DN. 1, 85, why, I know Epicureans who bow the knee to all sorts of graven images. #Conōn mūrōs dīrutōs ā Lȳsandrō reficiendōs cūrat#, N. 9, 4, 5, Conon superintended the rebuilding of the walls which had been destroyed by Lysander. The future participle is poetic and late (2283): as, #servēs itūrum Caesarem in Britannōs#, H. 1, 35, 29, guard Caesar who against the Britons is to march.

2295. (2.) The appositive participle, representing other sentences, may express various relations: as, (a.) time, (b.) cause or means, (c.) purpose, (d.) concession, (e.) hypothesis, (f.) description or the manner of an action, like an adverb.

For the ablative absolute in such relations, see 1362-1374, particularly 1367.

(a.) Time: #vehemēns sum exoriēns, quom occidō vehementior#, Pl. R. 71, furious am I at my rising, when I set more furious still. #occīsus est ā cēnā rediēns#, RA. 97, he was murdered on his way home from a dinner-party. #ūnam noctem sōlam praedōnēs commorātī, accedēre incipiunt Syrācūsās#, V. 5, 95, the freebooters, after tarrying but one night, began to draw near Syracuse. The future is late (2283): as, #prīmum omnium virōrum fortium itūrī in proelia canunt#, Ta. G. 3, as the chief of all brave heroes, they sing of him when they are on the point of going to battle, of Hercules.

(b.) Cause or means: #mōtum exspectāns dīlectum habēre īnstituit#, 6, 1, 1, since he anticipated a rising, he determined on recruiting troops. #moveor tālī amīcō orbātus#, L. 10, I am certainly affected at being bereaved of such a friend. #dextrā datā fidem futūrae amīcitiae sanxisse#, L. 1, 1, 8, by giving his right hand he gave a pledge of future friendship. #quae contuēns animus accēdit ad cōgnitiōnem deōrum#, DN. 2, 153, through the contemplation of these, the mind arrives at a knowledge of the gods. The future participle is late: as, #neque illīs iūdicium aut vēritās, quippe eōdem diē dīversa parī certāmine postulātūrīs#, Ta. H. 1, 32, they had neither sound judgement nor sincerity, since on the same day they were to make conflicting demands with equal vehemence.

(c.) Purpose: the future participle, commonly with a verb of motion: #ad Clūsium vēnērunt, legiōnem Rōmānam castraque oppugnātūrī#, L. 10, 26, 7, they came to the neighbourhood of Clusium, to assail the Roman legion and camp. #ascendit ipse, lātūrus auxilium#, Plin. Ep. 6, 16, 9, he went aboard in person to go to the rescue. #laetō complērant lītora coetū vīsūrī Aeneadas#, V. 5, 107, in happy company they’d filled the strand to see Aeneas’ men. #rediēre omnēs Bonōniam, rursus cōnsiliātūrī#, Ta. H. 2, 53, they all went back to Bologna for a second consultation. This use appears first in C. Gracchus as cited by Gellius, then once in Cicero and Sallust each, and a few times in the poets. From Livy on, it grows commoner. In the poets, Livy, and Tacitus, it is sometimes joined with a conditional idea or protasis: as, #ēgreditur castrīs Rōmānus, vāllum invāsūrus nī cōpia pugnae fieret#, L. 3, 60, 8, the Roman marches out of camp, proposing to assault the stockade unless battle were offered.

(d.) Concession: #quī mortālis nātus condiciōnem postulēs immortālium#, TD. 3, 36, thou who, though born to die, layest claim to the state of the deathless. #bēstiīs, quibus ipsa terra fundit pāstūs abundantīs nihil labōrantibus#, Fin. 2, 111, the beasts, on which, though they toil not, earth lavishes sustenance in profusion. Often with #tamen# or the like accompanying the verb: as, #ibī̆ vehementissimē perturbātus Lentulus tamen et sīgnum et manum suam cōgnōvit#, C. 3, 12, thereupon Lentulus, though thrown into the most extreme confusion, did yet recognize his own hand and seal. For #quamquam# and #quamvīs#, see 1900, 1907. Ovid and Propertius sometimes have #licet# (1710): as, #isque, licet caelī regiōne remōtōs, mente deōs adiīt#, O. 15, 62, he in the spirit to the gods drew nigh, though they are far away in heaven’s domain. The future participle is rare and late.

(e.) Hypothesis: #quid igitur mihī̆ ferārum laniātus oberit nihil sentientī?# TD. 1, 104, what hurt will the clawing of wild beasts do me if I have no feeling? #appārēbat nōn admissōs prōtinus Carthāginem itūrōs#, L. 21, 9, 4, it grew obvious that, if not given audience, they would go to Carthage forthwith. For other examples, see 2110. For the participle with #quasi# or #ut#, and in late writers with #tamquam# or #velut#, see 2121. The future participle is rare and late.

(f.) Description or manner: #haec properantēs scrīpsimus#, Att. 4, 4^a, I have written this hastily, i.e. in haste yours truly. #dictātor et magister equitum triumphantēs in urbem rediēre#, L. 2, 20, 13, the dictator and his master of the horse returned to the city in triumph. #incendēbat haec flētū et pectus verberāns#, Ta. 1, 23, he lent passion to his words with tears and beating of his breast. #vīnctōs aspiciunt catēnīs līberōs suōs#, V. 5, 108, they behold their own children held in bondage.

2296. The participle with a negative may be translated by without: as,

#id illa ūnivorsum abripiet haud existumāns quantō labōre partum#, T. Ph. 45, my lady’ll grab it all without a thought of all the toil it cost to get. #nōn rogātōs ultrō offerre auxilium#, L. 34, 23, 3, that without being asked, they offer assistance of their own accord.

THE PREDICATIVE PARTICIPLE.

2297. #habeō# is sometimes used with certain perfect participles to express an action continuing in its consequences, #faciō#, #dō#, and in old Latin #reddō# and #cūrō#, with a perfect participle, are emphatic substitutes for the verb to which the participle belongs.

(a.) #quae nōs nostramque adulēscentiam habent dēspicātam et quae nōs semper omnibus cruciant modīs#, T. Eu. 383, who hold us and our youth in scorn and torment us in every way. #in eā prōvinciā pecūniās magnās collocātās habent#, IP. 18, they have invested large funds in that province. #Clōdiī animum perspectum habeō, cōgnitum, iūdicātum#, ad Br. 1, 1, 1, Clodius’s mind I have looked into thoroughly, probed, formed a judgement on. #clausum lacū ac montibus et circumfūsum suīs cōpiīs habuit hostem#, L. 22, 4, 5, his enemy he had shut in by lake and mountains and surrounded by his troops. See also 1606.

(b.) #missa haec face#, T. Ad. 906, let this pass. #vērum haec missa faciō#, RA. 76, but I let this pass. #Mānlium missum fēcit#, Off. 3, 112, he let Manlius go. #factum et cūrātum dabō#, Pl. Cas. 439, I’ll have it done and seen to. #strātās legiōnēs Latīnōrum dabō#, L. 8, 6, 6, I will lay the Latin legions low. #ego iam tē commōtum reddam#, T. Andr. 864, I’ll soon have you worked up. #inventum tibī cūrābō tu͡om Pamphilum#, T. Andr. 684, I’ll have your Pamphilus looked up for you. In classical writers, #faciō# only is found in this use and only with the participle of #mittō#; #dō# occurs in late writers; #reddō# and #cūrō# only in old Latin. All these verbs are usually in the future tense or its equivalent. For #volō#, #cupiō#, and #nōlō# with the infinitive passive without #esse#, see 2229.

2298. The present participle is used predicatively with verbs signifying represent, and with verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind: as,

#facit Sōcratem disputantem#, DN. 1, 31, he represents Socrates discussing. #quasi ipsōs indūxī loquentēs#, L. 3, I have brought on the men themselves as speaking. #nōn illum miserum, īgnārum cāsūs suī, redeuntem ā cēnā vidētis?# RA. 98, do you not see the poor man, little dreaming of his fate, returning from the dinner? #nōn audīvit dracōnem loquentem#, Div. 2, 141, he did not hear the serpent speaking. This use is found in Plautus, Terence, Cicero, Sallust, Horace, Nepos, Vitruvius, and Livy. Once in Piso (consul 133 B.C.), as cited by Gellius, 7, 9, 6. Verbs denoting the exercise of the senses or mind take the accusative with the infinitive to denote the fact or action; see 2175. For #audiō# with #cum#, see 1870. For the infinitive without #esse# with verbs of emotion, see 2184.

2299. A passive with a verb meaning represent is expressed, for lack of a present passive participle, by the infinitive (2175). The infinitive active is rare.

(a.) #cōnstruī ā deō atque aedificārī mundum facit#, DN. 1, 19, he represents the world being put together and built by the gods. (b.) #poētae impendēre saxum Tantalō faciunt#, TD. 4, 35, the poets represent a rock hanging over Tantalus. Rarely the participle (2298) and the infinitive are united: as, #Polyphēmum Homērus cum ariete conloquentem facit eiusque laudāre fortūnās#, TD. 5, 115, Homer represents Polyphemus chatting with the ram and his envy of the ram’s estate. But the perfect infinitive active must be used when the action is to be distinctly marked as completed, for lack of a perfect active participle: as, #fēcit Dolābella Verrem accēpisse#, V. 1, 100, Dolabella represented Verres as having received.

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