A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography: Being Chiefly Men of the Time (part 7 of 8)

A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography: Being Chiefly Men of the Time (part 7 of 8)

=Lacerte, Elie=, M.D., Three Rivers, was born on the 15th November, 1821, at Yamachiche, county of St. Maurice, district of Three Rivers, province of Quebec. He is a son of Pierre Lacerte, farmer, of the same place, who was born 11th September, 1792, and died 29th April, 1885, in the suburb of Three Rivers. His grandfather emigrated from the city of Angers, France, in 1671. In 1812 this gentleman enlisted as lieutenant in the Canadian militia, under the late Lieut.-Colonel C. B. A. Gugy, and served up to 1815. On his return he married Louise Blais, of Yamachiche. After a classical course at Nicolet College, Elie Lacerte, the subject of our sketch, began the study of medicine at Three Rivers, and in 1843 went to continue them at the University of Harvard, Cambridge, Mass., where he graduated doctor of medicine on the 5th of March, 1845. He practised as a physician in Boston for some time, then returning to Yamachiche on the 19th November, 1847, where he continued to practice. On the 26th June, 1853, he was appointed justice of the peace for the district of Three Rivers; and in March, 1857, was appointed as postmaster of his town. In 1864 the Post-Office department entrusted him with the conveyance of mails from Montreal to Three Rivers, and this service he faithfully performed up to 1868, when he was elected member of the House of Commons for the county of St. Maurice. In 1872 he was re-elected by acclamation, and in the following session he presented the address in answer to the speech from the throne, but in 1874 he was defeated on the Pacific Scandal question. In 1875 he was elected to a seat in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, and he sat in this house until the 2nd of March, 1878, when the De Boucherville cabinet was dismissed by Lieut.-Gov. Le Tellier. He then withdrew from active public life, without, however, becoming indifferent to the success of the Liberal-Conservative party to which he always belonged. On the 13th October, 1886, he accepted the agency of the lands and forests of the Crown, in the district of St. Maurice, and that position he still holds. Some years ago Dr. Lacerte commenced a mercantile business, and succeeded very well, but growing tired of this kind of life, in 1884 he handed the business over to one of his sons, who has successfully conducted it ever since. In religion the doctor is a Roman Catholic. He married, 1848, Louise Lamy, and by her has had eleven children, six sons and five daughters. Four sons are still living, and the eldest, Arthur, succeeded his father in 1868 as postmaster.

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=Kerr, William Warren Hastings=, Q.C., Montreal, was born at Three Rivers, in November, 1826. He was the son of James Hastings Kerr, a respected land agent of Quebec. His grandfather, a distinguished English barrister, settled at Quebec in 1797, and was appointed by Imperial commission as judge of the Vice Admiralty Court at Quebec, on the 19th August, 1797; appointed judge of the King’s Bench, in 1807; called to the Executive Council in 1812; to the Legislative Council in 1821, and later on was speaker of the Legislative Council. Mr. Kerr received his early education at Lundy’s College, Quebec, and ultimately he proceeded to Queen’s College, Kingston, and at both institutions his love of legal studies was made conspicuous. He completed his legal studies at Quebec, first with Mr. (later on judge) Jean Chabot, and lastly with Mr. (now Sir) Andrew Stuart, chief justice, S.C. On the 1st May, 1854, he entered into partnership at Quebec with J. M. Le Moine, under the style of Kerr & Le Moine. In May, 1858, this partnership having been dissolved, he entered into partnership with Archibald Campbell, an old friend and fellow student. After practising with success for a few years at Quebec, under the well remembered style of Campbell & Kerr, he sought in Montreal a wider field for his splendid talents. The silk gown of a Queen’s counsel was conferred upon him in 1873, and McGill University granted him the degree of D.C.L. in the same year. He was dean of the Faculty of Law in McGill University and professor of International Law. He was elected bâtonnier of the bar in 1878. In politics, Mr. Kerr was always of a markedly independent turn of mind, and it is generally conceded that if he had taken a more decided position in the political world he would have been elevated to the bench, which he would have ornamented. Twice he unsuccessfully contested parliamentary seats, once running against Sir John Rose in Huntingdon, in the first parliament; and secondly against the late H. A. Nelson for the Quebec legislature. Mr. Kerr’s position at the Montreal bar was one of the very foremost. In every branch of law, civil, criminal, international and constitutional, his opinion was generally regarded as final. Among the prominent trials in which he has figured may be noted the case of the St. Albans’ raiders and the Consolidated Bank; in the latter he defended the directors and secured their final acquittal. His contention as to the status of lieutenant-governors was accepted as final in the famous Letellier case. The news of his death on 12th February, 1888, was received with the deepest regret by his confrères at the bar, and the courts were adjourned out of respect to his memory, in order that the members of the bar might attend his funeral in a body. Hon. Mr. Justice Davidson, at the opening of the Superior Court, in speaking of the death of Mr. Kerr, said: “During the years that I led in the Crown business of this district, there were few great cases in which he was not retained. As a consequence, I had many opportunities of being impressed with his deep knowledge of the principles and intricacies of criminal jurisprudence, his fertility of resource and his subtle powers as a cross examiner. On the civil side of the courts he also occupied a notable position. It is not often that the same mind achieves so large a mastery over two so dissimilar systems of laws. During my earlier practice I often turned to him for counsel, and it was given with a kindliness and sympathy which I have never forgotten. In later years our relations went much beyond those of an ordinary professional intimacy. Such a connection cannot end forever without personal sorrow, compelling the utterance of this more than formal eulogium to his attainments and character. And not only is the Queen’s counsel dead, a husband and father of rarely sweet and affectionate qualities is also to be buried out of our sight.” He was married to a daughter of the Rev. Mr. Arnold, by whom he had two children.

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=Sutherland, Hugh McKay=, Winnipeg, ex-M.P. for Selkirk, Manitoba, President of the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway Company, is the descendant of an old Sutherlandshire (Scotland) family, and was born in New London, P.E.I., on 22nd February, 1843. His parents removed with their family to Oxford county, Ont., where the subject of this sketch was educated. Mr. Sutherland was engaged in lumbering and contracting for a considerable period, but, though leading an active life, he found time to take part in politics, becoming a man of considerable prominence among the members of the Liberal party with which he was identified. In 1874 he was made superintendent of Public Works in the Northwest Territories for the Dominion government, a position for which his knowledge and executive ability well fitted him. During his absence he was nominated for the Provincial legislature of Ontario by the Liberals of East Simcoe in the general election of 1875. Though unable to attend to the elections he made a good run, but was not successful. In 1879 he settled permanently in Winnipeg, after having made it his headquarters during the four or five years he was in the service of the Dominion government, and has ever since been identified with the progress of Manitoba and the development of some of its most important resources. In 1882 he contested Selkirk in the Liberal interest, and was returned for that constituency to the House of Commons at Ottawa by a majority of about 450. In the general election of February, 1887, he was nominated to oppose W. B. Scarth for the city of Winnipeg, but was defeated by the narrow majority of eight. He was the principal promoter of the Hudson Bay Railway scheme, an enterprise which is on a par with the Suez Canal or the Canadian Pacific Railway in its possibilities of influence upon the trade of the world; and was chiefly instrumental in procuring a charter from the Dominion parliament, in 1880, incorporating the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Railway Company, of which he has ever since been president. Through countless difficulties he has guided this, his greatest enterprise, and has succeeded in building already about forty miles of the road. Notwithstanding the apathy of the mass of Canadians and the active opposition of many great interests, Mr. Sutherland still has faith in the scheme, and feels satisfied it will attract capitalists. He hopes soon to have arrangements completed for continuing the line on to Hudson Bay, and the placing on the route to Britain of a fleet of steamers specially built for the trade. This done, the result must be the revolutionizing of the trade, not only of Manitoba, but of the whole Canadian and American North-West. In energy, tact and organizing ability Mr. Sutherland is preeminently the man to have charge of a gigantic undertaking of this kind. He has been twice married; first, on the 10th February, 1864, to Mary, daughter of Alex. Dickie, of Brant. This lady having died on 11th October, 1875, he married his second wife, Mary, only daughter of Hon. T. Banks, of Baltimore, U.S., on the 10th December, 1878.

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=Otter, Lieut.-Colonel Wm. Dillon=, Toronto, was born near Clinton, Ontario, on the 3rd of December, 1843, and is of English descent. His parents were Alfred William Otter and Anna Dela Hooke. He received his education at the Grammar School, Goderich, and at the Model School and the Upper Canada College in Toronto. He joined the Victoria Rifles, Toronto (now F Company Queen’s Own), in October, 1861, and was promoted to a lieutenancy in the Queen’s Own Rifles in December, 1864. He served in that rank on the Niagara frontier during the winter of 1864-5, in the 2nd Administrative battalion. Appointed adjutant of the Queen’s Own in August, 1865, and was present throughout the Fenian raid of 1866, including the action at Limeridge. Promoted major in June, 1869, and went to England as second in command of the Wimbledon team in June, 1873. Promoted brevet lieutenant-colonel in June, 1874, and appointed to the command of the corps a year later. He commanded the regiment during the “pilgrimage riots,” Toronto, in the latter part of 1875, and also during the riots consequent upon the strike of the Grand Trunk engineers at Belleville, in January, 1877. In 1881 Colonel Otter compiled and published “The Guide,” a manual of military interior economy, etc., a book now extensively used in the present schools of military instruction and throughout the militia force. In 1883 he was appointed to the command of the Wimbledon team, and subsequently sent to Aldershot for three months to acquire information in the conduct of military schools. He received the appointment of commandant of the School of Infantry at Toronto, in December, 1883, and organized C company, Infantry School Corps, with the school of instruction attached thereto. During the Northwest rebellion of 1885, Colonel Otter commanded the centre or Battleford column, making therewith a forced march across the prairie from Saskatchewan Landing to Battleford, a distance of 190 miles, in five days and a half. He was in command of the successful reconnaisance against the Indian chief, Poundmaker, and in the action at Cut Knife Hill, which prevented that chief’s junction with Big Bear and their projected assistance to Riel. He afterwards, at the close of the rebellion, commanded the Turtle Lake column sent in pursuit of Big Bear. Appointed to the command of military district No. 2, in July, 1886, in conjunction with the charge of the Royal School of Infantry at Toronto. In religion the colonel is an adherent of the Church of England. He was married in October, 1865, to Mary, second daughter of the late Rev. James Porter, inspector of public schools, Toronto, and previously superintendent of education, New Brunswick.

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=Hart, John Semple=, Bookseller and Stationer, Perth, Ontario, is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Paisley, on the 15th July, 1833. His father, John Hart, is a native of the town in which his son was born; and his mother, Jean Mason Semple, was born in the city of London, England. The Hart family is a very old one—one of the name appearing in the records of the old Paisley Abbey, as master mason and builder, in the thirteenth century. Since then it has continuously occupied public positions of trust in that old borough town. Mr. Hart and family sailed from Glasgow for Canada on the 15th April, 1842, and arrived in Perth on 17th June, of the same year, after a fairly prosperous voyage across the Atlantic in the old style of sailing vessel that now belongs to a past generation. Mr. Hart, sen., only intended to stay in Perth a few days and then go on to Toronto—then only a large town, but the principal town of Upper Canada—but whilst here, he was persuaded to remain and make it his home. Perth at this time was an active town, with a population of about 800 inhabitants, but its progress was comparatively slow in consequence of its being inland from the St. Lawrence and off the Rideau canal route. All emigrants passed over these highways of travel at this time to Upper Canada, where new tracts of farming lands were opening up of fine quality and on easy terms of purchase. These cheap lands and the attractions of pioneer life drew not only the emigrants but the young and active men from the older settlements, and thus Perth and its surrounding country was made tributary to the settlement of the “Huron Tract,” as all Ontario has been lately to the great Northwest. The progress of the town was therefore not as rapid as its citizens wished; business was also in a very unsatisfactory state at this time; money as a medium of exchange was not unknown, but was a scarce commodity; barter or trade was the principal means of exchange in buying and selling, and in the stores of that day you could get anything required for the household use from a “needle to an anchor.” Times were hard, and rigid economy the rule, and all members of the family were expected to do what they could to help. John S., the subject of this sketch, being the eldest of the family, had to make himself generally useful, give his father a helping hand at his trade, and embrace every chance offered for attending school. Fortunately, however, for him, he had received a good grounding in educational matters in schools in his native town and in Glasgow before coming to Canada, and suffered less in this direction than many a young man before him. In 1853 he and his father opened a book and stationery store; with a small stock of goods, but enough to meet the wants of the community. Business prospered, and in 1857 they removed to their present store, one of the best in Perth. Here for the past thirty years Mr. Hart has been carrying on business, and by close attention to it, and studying the wants of his numerous customers, he has succeeded in building up a good, paying book and stationery business. Mr. Hart has taken an active interest in military affairs, and served in the ranks for several years under the old militia system, until he was appointed a lieutenant, and after a while he was further promoted to the rank of major in the sedentary militia. During the Trent excitement he became an active member of the local drill association, which was formed for home protection at that time. During the Northwest rebellion in 1885, when it was decided to establish hospitals for the wounded and sick soldiers and to send trained nurses to manage them, Mr. Hart, on learning that one of the ladies of the town had volunteered and was accepted as a nurse, and that it was necessary to send additional medical appliances and stores to those provided by the government, at once took an active part in equipping the “Perth Ward,” and the generous response of his fellow-townsmen was afterwards attested to by many a poor fellow who benefited by these auxiliary stores. And, in this connection, it may also be said that after the death of young Lieut. Kippen, of Perth (who was killed at Batoche), when it was decided to erect a monument to his memory, Mr. Hart exerted himself in procuring subscriptions, and was an active member on the committee appointed to see that the wishes of the subscribers were carried out, and, as a result of their united efforts, the Kippen memorial monument now forms the most conspicuous of the many beautiful monuments in Elmwood Cemetery, Perth. In 1864, Mr. Hart was placed on the list of justices of the peace, but not being ambitious for public positions, he has always declined to serve in this capacity, as he has almost invariably done in municipal offices. He has been connected with several local manufacturing companies, the Tay Navigation Company, etc., and it may almost be said that the Perth Cemetery Company owes its existence to him, for he was instrumental in getting the majority of the stock subscribed in 1871 or 1872, and for the successful working of the company. He has now held the office of treasurer and manager of this company for over fifteen years, and the beautiful grounds of the cemetery are a credit alike to the town and manager. Mr. Hart is a Conservative, and takes an active part in provincial and federal politics. He supports the Conservative party because it represents his ideas on trade and commerce, he having advocated the national policy long before it was introduced. In municipal affairs he is also interested, and is always willing to help in anything that has for its object the building up of the town of Perth—railways, education, etc. In religion, he belongs to the Presbyterian church. Mr. Hart has not had time to revisit his father-land; but he has visited nearly the whole of Canada from east to west, making the tour of the lakes from the Saguenay to Duluth, and the principal towns and cities of Ontario, on various occasions, and all the principal cities of the Northern and New England States, either for pleasure or business. He is a citizen that Perth could ill spare. He was married on January 1st, 1857, to Margaret Brown, daughter of the late William Brown, of Glasgow, Scotland, and later, of Perth, Ontario. She died in 1863, leaving a family of two sons and one daughter. He was married again in Feb., 1870, to Mary Irving, daughter of the late John Irving, of Montreal, and who came from Scotland and the parish where his kinsman, the celebrated Edward Irving, was born.

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=Lafrance, Charles Joseph=, City Treasurer, of Quebec, is one of the best known and most respected public citizens in the ancient capital. His true name is Charles Joseph Levesque, dit, or called, Lafrance. The possession of two names in this way is an institution peculiar to many of the French Canadians of the province of Quebec, the first being the original or real family appellation, and the other more in the nature of a distinguishing sobriquet, given in the remote past for some reason which cannot now be traced, but eventually crowding the real name out of daily and general use. Thus, the late Hon. Joseph Cauchon, ex-lieut.-governor of Manitoba, was better known by that name than by his real patronymic, which was Laverdière dit Cauchon. The same remark applies to the city treasurer of Quebec, who is better known to his fellow citizens by the name of Lafrance than by his real family name of Levesque, though his brother, the present parish priest of Matane, P.Q., was ordained under the name of Levesque, and is known by no other. In fact, nine-tenths of them would hardly recognize him by any other. He was born in the St. Roch suburb of Quebec, on 13th November, 1833, of the marriage of the late Charles Levesque dit Lafrance, carpenter, and Marie Prevost. His parents were not blessed with a superabundance of this world’s goods, but they were actuated by a laudable ambition to give their boy a good education and ultimately a profession. He was accordingly placed at the Quebec Seminary with the intention of following a complete classical course in that institution in order to prepare himself for the study and practice of the law. He was an apt scholar, and the progress he made in his collegiate studies was remarkable, but, before he could complete them, circumstances over which he had no control compelled him to abandon them, and relinquish—as he then thought, only for a time—the legal career which he had laid out for himself, and to turn his attention to school teaching as a means of livelihood. In the fall of 1850, he secured the appointment of teacher at Cap Rouge, near Quebec, and for the next three years he “taught the young idea there how to shoot.” He then removed to Batiscan, P.Q., where he taught for another year. In June, 1854, he wedded Catherine Stegy dit Angers, daughter of the late Olivier Stegy dit Angers, and his wife, Catherine Bilodeau, of St. Roch’s of Quebec. After his marriage, he bade adieu for good to his long cherished idea of becoming a member of the legal profession, and took charge of the school at Beauport, some three miles out of the city of Quebec, on the road to Montmorency Falls. In this field he again labored for some time, until tiring of the position and prospects of a country teacher, he resolved to establish himself in the city where there was a greater opening for his talents. Accordingly on 1st May, 1859, he opened in the St. John suburb of Quebec, an independent school under the name of the “St. Jean Baptiste Commercial Academy,” which he continued to superintend until July, 1876. During the interval, he devoted all his leisure time from his pupils to study and the compilation for his classes of a number of valuable works on French, English, and book-keeping. Among these may be more specially mentioned, the very useful French grammar which he published in 1865, and his treatise on arithmetic, published in 1867. He also took a great interest in the affairs of the Teachers’ Association, of which he was long a member, and several times secretary and president, besides being chosen as a delegate to represent the teachers of the Quebec district at the great convention of the teachers of the province of Quebec, held at Montreal in May, 1861. In the educational interest, he also started in 1864, at Quebec, jointly with N. Thibault and Joseph Letourneau, both professors of the Laval Normal School, the publication of La Semaine (The Week), a weekly paper devoted to the cause of education and the teaching profession. The promotion of a strong national feeling among his French Canadian fellow-countrymen was another of his ambitions, and he early became a prominent member of their great national society, the St. Jean Baptiste, of Quebec, of which he was elected secretary in 1866. He filled this office during eight years, then that of vice-president during two years, and lastly that of president during two years more. It was while he was still an office-holder of the society in 1874, that he was named with the Hon. Hector Fabre, now the Canadian commissioner in Paris, and J. P. Rheaume, ex-M.P.P. for Quebec East and an alderman of the city, as one of the delegates to represent Quebec at the great celebration of the national festival at Montreal that year. The active and intelligent interest which Mr. Lafrance had also taken in municipal affairs, his large fund of information and ready eloquence, marked him out as early as 1868 for civic honors, and in that year he was pressed to stand as a candidate for one of the seats for St. John’s ward in the city council of Quebec. But, politically, he was a liberal of the liberals; toryism was then in the ascendant in the ancient capital, and he had to make a desperate fight against terrible odds. He won, however, and after that he was constantly re-elected without opposition down to 1876, when he declined further re-election, though pressed thereto by a requisition signed by the majority of the electors of both political parties. In the Quebec city council, Mr. Lafrance was one of the most conspicuous figures, leading in all important debates, and generally taking a prominent part in all committee and council work for the good of the city. On financial questions, he was especially strong, and was altogether a valuable municipal representative, his course throughout being marked by great independence, and his name unsullied by the breath of scandal. It has already been stated that Mr. Lafrance was an ardent liberal in politics. Even in his school-days, he was noted for the intensity of his liberalism, and as he grew to manhood he threw himself with all the enthusiasm and self-denial of his nature into all the struggles of his party in the Quebec district. But the liberal fortunes were at a low ebb in Lower Canada in those days, the cause was unpopular, and the very name of Rouge was a bugbear. It required great moral courage for a young man to cast his lot with the Dorions, the Holtons, the Lauriers, the Fourniers and the other ardent spirits, who were then considered the advocates’ of revolution among the French Canadians, and condemned accordingly from hustings and pulpit. All the worldly, and, it may be added, spiritual inducements of the day were on the other side. But Mr. Lafrance never hesitated even for a moment in his choice between principles and interest. He at once took his place in the van of the Liberal party militant, and boldly lifted its fallen banner in the Quebec district. Prompt to perceive that the great want of his fellow-countrymen was political education, and that the chief drawback of his party was the absence of organs to supply that education and to denounce the wrong doing and short comings of their adversaries in power, the hard-working school teacher threw himself also into journalism, and started paper after paper in the interest of his party. His confidence in the eventual success of that party’s mission was unbounded; but his means and support were necessarily limited, and though his papers were ably, nay, brilliantly, conducted, they were short lived. Each failure, however, seemed to encourage him to new exertion. Thus, in 1866, he assumed the publication of L’Electeur, and upon its death embarked his fortunes in L’Echo du Peuple, which he published during 1867 and 1868. In 1870, he brought out L’Opinion Nationale, and in 1871 and 1872 L’Opinion du Peuple, the last named being an open advocate of annexation to the United States as the only remedy for existing evils from which escape then seemed to him otherwise hopeless. In this view, it will be remembered that he did not stand alone at the time. But he had the courage of his convictions and boldly advocated them. It was, however, up-hill work to do so, and his life history at this stage was one of prolonged struggle and self-sacrifice. In 1874, he was the candidate chosen by the Liberal party to contest with the government candidate the seat for Quebec Centre in the Provincial legislature, and his personal popularity with the mass of the electors was so great that his return was confidently anticipated. But the government delayed the issue of the writ from January to April, and in the interval the late Hon. Joseph Cauchon was commissioned to announce to him that the government would allow him to be elected by acclamation, provided he signed a pledge to give them a certain amount of “fair play.” Mr. Lafrance’s reply to this tempting offer was characteristically consistent. He said: “I have always been a Liberal. If to have the honor of representing Quebec Centre I must begin by making concessions of this kind, I prefer to remain at home.” This reply cost him the active support of Mr. Cauchon, who was then a great political power in Quebec, and the English vote of the division was also alienated from him by a pamphlet which he had published towards the end of December, 1873, under the title of “Our Political Divisions.” Bribery and corruption on an extensive scale, coupled with the treachery of several of his chief election managers, did the remainder of the work and secured his defeat at the polls. In 1876, the Liberal government of Mr. Mackenzie was in power at Ottawa, and our subject was named as inspector of gas at Quebec, when he abandoned school teaching. But he continued to contribute to the local press and especially to L’Evenement, of which he assumed the complete editorial management from the fall of 1876 to the close of 1877, during the absence of its proprietor and usual editor, Senator Fabre, at Ottawa and in France. In 1878, the important and responsible office of treasurer of the city of Quebec became vacant, and, recalling the financial ability he had manifested as a member of the city council, public opinion at once designated Mr. Lafrance for the office and he received it. This appointment, and successive family bereavements about the same time, determined his abandonment of politics and the devotion of his remaining years of usefulness to the finances of the city and the interests of his family. Under his able and cautious management, Quebec’s financial situation as a city has since very materially improved, and its credit stands high in the money markets of the world—the latest quotation of its bonds on the English market being 118. He has also very thoroughly and effectively re-organized the book-keeping and audit systems of the Quebec corporation, and is the originator of a scheme for the consolidation of the city debt, which still claims very serious attention and may probably at no distant day be carried out. In religion, Mr. Lafrance is a Roman Catholic. He has seven surviving children. One of his sons is assistant accountant of the Quebec corporation, and one of his daughters not long since left Quebec with thirty self-sacrificing young ladies to devote herself as a nun to the care of the sick and infirm in the convent of the Incarnate Word at San Antonio, Texas.

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=Scarth, William Bain=, Winnipeg, M.P. for the city of Winnipeg, Manitoba, was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, on the 10th November, 1837. His father was James Scarth, a scion of the family of the Scarths of Binscarth, Orkney Islands; and his mother, Jane Geddes, of Stromness in the same islands. He received a general classical education in schools in Aberdeen and Edinburgh. Mr. Scarth came to Canada in 1855, when seventeen years of age, and after several years spent in mercantile life in Hamilton and London, Ontario, he removed, in 1868, to Toronto, where he resided till 1884. Soon after his removal to Toronto he began to take a prominent part in public affairs. For two years he occupied a seat in the city council as representative of St. James’ ward; was a high school trustee, and was manager of the North British-Canadian Investment Company and the Scottish Ontario and Manitoba Land Company. He was also president of the Conservative Association of Centre Toronto. After removing to Winnipeg, in 1884, he became managing director of the Canada Northwest Land Company; secretary and director of the Canadian Anthracite Coal Company, and director of the North British-Canadian Investment Company. He presented himself for parliamentary honors in 1887, and was elected to serve in the House of Commons at Ottawa as representative for Winnipeg, and this seat he still occupies. Mr. Scarth has travelled a good deal, and long before railway days traversed the far North-west. He has also visited Cuba, and is familiar with every part of the United States and Canada. In politics he is a Conservative; and in religion, a member of the Presbyterian church. In 1869 he was married to Jessie Stewart Franklin, daughter of the late Dr. John Macaulay Hamilton, R.N., a native of Stromness, Orkney, and cousin of Lord Macaulay, the historian. Her mother was Miss Rae, sister of Dr. Rae, the Arctic explorer.

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=Hould, Jean Baptiste Ludger=, LL.B., Barrister, Three Rivers, who is one of the most prominent lawyers in Three Rivers, was born on the 3rd of September, 1841, at St. Angèle de Laval, and is the son of Jean Baptiste Hould, who for many years was mayor and member of the council of the latter place. His mother was Olive Tourigny, of the same place. Mr. Hould was educated at the Seminary of Nicolet, where he succeeded in securing a good education. He afterwards studied law at Laval University, during which term he was engaged in the office of the then well-known firm of Casault, Langlois & Angers, the Hon. Mr. Casault, now judge of the Superior Court, and the Hon. Mr. Angers, the present lieutenant-governor of Quebec, being members of it. Mr. Hould was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in July, 1864, and commenced practice at Three Rivers in 1865, and since then he has enjoyed by far the most lucrative practice in that city. Amongst his many duties, he has pleaded at the Court of Review, in the Queen’s Bench and in the Supreme Court. He held office for many years in the city council, but his multifarious duties in connection with his practice compelled him to relinquish his connection with municipal affairs. He was elected twice president (bâtonnier) of the bar of Three Rivers, and in May, 1883, was also chosen president (bâtonnier-general) of the bar of the province of Quebec. He is acknowledged by his confrères as possessing a great amount of professional ability; is greatly respected by the community at large, and highly deserving of the confidence for integrity reposed in him. Mr. Hould helped to have the tax of $4.00 abolished which each advocate was formerly compelled to pay for the publication of the Lower Canada Reports; and he established a law library for the bar of Three Rivers. He is one of the founders and the first president of the literary and scientific society called Société Basault, which was founded in 1863, at Laval University, in Quebec. He acted as advocate for F. H. B. Methot, H. Montplaisir, H. G. Mathiot and F. Trudel when their elections were contested. He married on the 30th June, 1869, Sarah, daughter of the late Francis Xavier Turcotte, who was for many years clerk of the peace for Three Rivers. By this marriage there has been issue nine children, five of whom survive.

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=Taschereau, His Eminence Elzéar-Alexandre=, Cardinal and Archbishop of Quebec, was born on the 17th February, 1820, at St. Marie de la Beauce, Quebec province. This illustrious prince of the Roman Catholic church is descended from Thomas Jacques Taschereau, a gentleman who came to Canada in the early part of the seventeenth century from Touraine, in France, and whose descendants have ever since occupied prominent positions in the province of Quebec. Soon after the arrival of the founder of the Canadian branch of the family, he was appointed to the office of marine treasurer, and in 1736 received a grant of a seigniory on the banks of the Chaudière river. The Cardinal’s grandfather was the late Hon. Gabriel Elzear Taschereau, who, during his lifetime, was a member of the Legislative Assembly. His father was Jean Thomas Taschereau, who was a judge of the King’s Bench and died in 1832. His mother, Marie Panet, was a daughter of the Hon. Jean Antoine Panet, who was the speaker of the first Legislative Assembly of Canada. This estimable lady died in 1866. The future Cardinal, when a mere lad, was sent to the Quebec Seminary, where he soon became distinguished as a student. Here he pursued a course of classical studies, and then entered the Grand Seminary, where he began the usual course of theology. In 1836, when he was in his seventeenth year, he visited Rome in company with Abbé Holmes, of the Seminary, and in the following year received the tonsure at the hands of Monsigneur Piatti, archbishop of Trebizonde, in the Basilica of St. John Lateran. Shortly after this he returned to Quebec and again took up his theological studies, which, with other branches of learning, occupied his attention for about six years, when, though he was still under canonical age, he was ordained priest. His ordination took place on the 10th September, 1842, at the Church of St. Marie de la Beauce, his native place, in the presence of Monseigneur Turgeon, then coadjutor, and subsequently successor to Archbishop Signal. Within a short time after his ordination he was appointed to the chair of philosophy in the Seminary, and this important position he held for twelve years. Previous to this, even in 1838, he held the professorship of Latin and Greek, and in 1841 he was professor of rhetoric. A very interesting episode in this illustrious clergyman’s life occurred shortly after this date, which we cannot help recording here, and which deserves to be written in letters of gold. About thirty miles below the port of Quebec, in the St. Lawrence river, and nearly opposite St. Thomas, is a small island known by the name of Grosse Isle, which has been used for a great number of years by the government of Canada as a quarantine station, where all ships carrying emigrants are required to report before sailing further up the river. In 1847 a malignant fever broke out among the emigrants there which ran a rapid course, and the victims died in great numbers. At this time the emigrants coming in were chiefly Irish Roman Catholics who had been driven by poverty and famine to seek a home in Canada; their vitality had been greatly impaired by starvation before leaving home, and they fell easy victims to the ship fever then so prevalent, which in some cases carried them off in a few hours. The greater part of the island was for a time little better than a mass of loathsomeness and pestilence, and the heroism that would enable a man to face such a state of things is much more praiseworthy than the courage required to enable him to walk up to the mouth of a cannon. Father Taschereau felt the call of duty and volunteered his services to assist the Rev. Father Moylan, who was then chaplain at Grosse Isle, to minister to the spiritual necessities of the victims of the fever. His kind offer was thankfully accepted, and he landed on the island where he remained until he himself was stricken down by the scourge and brought literally to death’s door. His conduct at this time endeared him very much to the Irish Roman Catholics in Quebec and their countrymen throughout the west. But, to resume, Father Taschereau was appointed professor of theology in the Seminary in 1851, and three years afterwards, in 1854, he again visited Rome, charged by the second Provincial Council of Quebec to submit its decrees for the sanction of his Holiness the Pope. He spent two years at this time in the Eternal City, during which period he occupied himself chiefly in studying the canon law, and while here (July, 1856) the Roman Seminary conferred upon him the degree of doctor of canon law. On his return to Quebec, he was appointed director of the Petit Seminaire, a position which he filled until 1859, when he was elected director of the Grand Seminaire, and appointed a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Lower Canada. In 1860 he became superior of the Seminary and rector of Laval University. In 1862 he accompanied Archbishop Baillargeon to Rome on business connected with Laval University, and on his return the same year, was appointed vicar-general of the arch-diocese of Quebec. Again in 1864 he paid a visit to Rome on similar business connected with Laval. In 1866, his term of office as superior of the Grand Seminaire having expired, he was again appointed director, and three years afterwards, on the expiration of another term, he was re-elected superior. In 1870 he paid another visit to Rome, this time as secretary to Monseigneur C. Baillargeon, archbishop of Quebec, who went there to attend the Vatican Council, and on his return the same year he resumed his duties as superior of the Seminary and rector of Laval University. After the death of Archbishop Baillargeon in October, 1870, he administered the affairs of the arch-diocese conjointly with Grand Vicar Cazean. On the 13th Feb., 1871, it was announced that he had been appointed successor to the late archbishop, and on Sunday, the 19th of March, following, he was consecrated to this high office in the presence of a vast concourse of people, many of the clergy of the diocese and of the bishops of Quebec and Ontario,—the Archbishop of Toronto officiating. In 1872 and 1884, business again led him to Rome. And in 1887, on his last visit to the capital of Christendom, he was presented with the Cardinal’s hat. His Eminence is the first Canadian who has thus been so honored by his church, and his Protestant fellow-countrymen are as proud of the honor conferred upon him as his co-religionists, for he is held in high esteem by persons of all classes and creeds in the Dominion for his work’s sake.

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=Curry, Matthew Allison=, M.D., of Halifax, N.S., is a native of Windsor, Hants Co., N.S., where he was born about thirty years ago. The Curry family are of Irish extraction, but have been long settled in this province, where they are principally engaged in farming and manufacturing. It is now nearly forty years since five brothers, William, Mark, Levi, Elisha and Edward started what is known as Curry’s Factory at Curry’s Corner, a point on the junction of the Halifax and Chester roads about a mile from Water street, Windsor. They were all young men and first-rate mechanics. They manufactured sashes, doors and all kinds of work in connection with house-building, carriages, railway cars, and had a machine and carriage shop. William the oldest brother, was at the head of the concern. Mark was a house joiner, Levi managed the blacksmith shop, Elisha was a painter, and Edward looked after the carriage factory. They employed nearly thirty hands, had plenty of work, but were relentlessly pursued by fire. About the year 1855 their works were completely destroyed by a fire which broke out in the night. Again in 1860 fire consumed all their property, among other valuable goods, being a number of railway cars which Edward had contracted to build for the Nova Scotia Railway. About the year 1870 Mark and Elisha started the furniture factory in Windsor, which has always done a very large business, its goods being sold all over the Maritime provinces. It is now managed by A. P. Shand. Previous to this time, however, Mark Curry had, in conjunction with A. P. Shand, carried on an extensive grocery, lumber and flour business in Windsor, under the firm of Curry and Shand. Elisha and Levi Curry died a few years ago. Mark Curry has charge of the government savings bank in Windsor, and Edward Curry is sheriff of Hants county. William Curry, the father of the subject of this sketch, has stuck to the original business at the corner, which still retains nearly its former dimensions. The last fire occurred about five years ago, when the premises were again totally consumed. William Curry, being a man of iron will and unbroken courage and perseverance, went at once to work and rebuilt his factory, which, in conjunction with his second son James, he continues to conduct. Dr. Curry is the eldest son of the above William Curry, his mother being Martha, daughter of the late Matthew Allison, of Windsor, in his lifetime a farmer and shipowner. He received his classical education at the Grammar School at Curry’s Corner, afterwards at the school conducted by the late Thomas Curren, and at the Collegiate School at Windsor, where he carried off the first prize. He entered King’s College, Windsor, in October, 1877, and graduated in June, 1881. During his course he won one of the General Williams prizes and also one of the Stevenson scholarships. After leaving college he studied two years at the Medical College, in Halifa,. N.S., subsequently spent a session at the University of New York, and graduated from the medical department of that institution in 1883. Not content with such experience in his profession as he had already obtained, he decided to cross the Atlantic, and accordingly, spent the year 1884 principally in attending the medical course in Trinity College, Dublin. He made a specialty of midwifery and the study of the treatment of the diseases peculiar to women. After completing his post-graduate studies, he availed himself of the opportunity to make a trip through Scotland and England, previous to returning home. He visited Edinburgh, Liverpool and London, and took note of the famous educational endowments and the professional resorts of those cities. After returning to this province he was in some doubt as to whether to begin practice in one of the country shire towns such as Yarmouth, or to commence in Halifax. He finally decided that, upon the whole, the chances of advancement in the metropolis were the best. The expenses of a beginner in one of the learned professions in a city are greater at first than those of a country practitioner, but in the long run a man of brains and tact will not regret the incidental outlay, in consideration of the many advantages of counsel with brother-workers, and the other opportunities open to competition in the city. Dr. Curry opened an office in Hollis street, Halifax, in the spring of 1885, and has since worked up a very prosperous practice in the south end of the city. Many young men begin among the poorer classes and gradually work into a wealthier clientèle but Dr. Curry was fortunate enough to secure rich patrons at the start. When the Medical School was established on a new basis two years ago, Dr. Curry was offered a position as lecturer, which offer, however, he declined, having some scruples about accepting an office which might seem to place him in opposition to some of the older members of the profession. In religion he is a Presbyterian, and is connected with St. Andrew’s Church in John street. He is unmarried. Being a man of great sociability and geniality of manners he is a great favorite in any society in which he happens to find himself. These traits are very helpful to a physician whose practice lies among all classes of the community, and who must freely give and take in the rough and tumble of professional work and class competition.

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=Price, Evan John=, Quebec, is the present head of the great lumber manufacturing and exporting house of Price Bros. & Co., of that city, and of the Saguenay, the oldest and probably the best known to the trade, not only throughout the Dominion, but all over the continent of America and in Europe. It was founded nearly three quarters of a century ago, by our subject’s father, the late William Price, of Wolfesfield, Quebec, who died in 1867, and who was frequently styled in his day the “King of the Saguenay,” from the controlling interest he exercised over that section of the province of Quebec, through the employment afforded by his extensive lumber limits and numerous saw mills to its local population. Indeed, the Saguenay country, and it may be added, much of the region on both shores of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, owe their development in a large measure, if not wholly, to the enterprise of the Price family. Their agents explored the whole country, and upon every stream, where prospects warranted it, a saw mill was erected with the usual result. Hundreds flocked to the place, and soon made comfortable homes for themselves. Villages sprang up, mills were erected, churches built, and localities which but a few years before, were a barren waste, rapidly blossomed into thriving communities. The present prosperous town of Chicoutimi and the outlying settlements around Lake St. John had their origin in this way, and if is not surprising that the name of Price should be venerated by their populations as few other old country names have been venerated by the French Canadian element of Lower Canada. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that the Price family have made the Saguenay region what it is to-day in point of material progress. To their enterprise, their fostering care and their unstinted generosity, the habitants of that region are indebted for the assistance which enabled them to tide over the hardships and difficulties always incidental to the early life of the pioneers of settlements at points remote from the centre of civilized life. Mr. Price was born some forty years ago, at his late father’s beautiful country residence of Wolfesfield, on the outskirts of Quebec, and in the immediate vicinity opposite the spot where Wolfe died victorious, at the battle of the Plains of Abraham. He was educated at a private school in England, and entered his father’s office, while still young, to learn the business to a share of which he was in due course admitted, his elder brothers, Hon. David E. Price, afterwards a senator of the Dominion, and William E. Price, afterwards M.P. and M.P.P., for the united counties of Chicoutimi and Saguenay, both now deceased, being already members of the firm. On the death of the venerable founder of the house in 1867, its extensive business was continued by the brothers, under the old name, which is still retained, notwithstanding the deaths of the elder brothers. The surviving partner, Evan John Price, is now the head of the house, which still holds its prominence in the trade, shipping annually a large amount of lumber of its own manufacture, both from Quebec and the Saguenay to the European market. The Price family is of Welsh descent, and their home, “Scipwick,” was at Elstree, in Hertfordshire, up to the time of his father’s death. Mr. Price’s father was born at Hornsey, near London, England, but his grand parents were both natives of South Wales, the one of Glamorganshire, and the other of Cardiganshire. On the maternal side, Mr. Price has good old Scottish blood in his veins. His mother was a Stewart, his father having married Jane, third daughter of the late Charles G. Stewart, in his lifetime comptroller of the imperial customs at Quebec. In religion Mr. Price is a member of the Church of England, and in politics, a Conservative, like all his family before him. He is unmarried.

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=Larue, Jules Ernest=, Q.C., Quebec, Puisné Judge for the province of Quebec.—Jules Ernest Larue was born at Quebec on the 7th July, 1844. He is the son of the late W. Larue, N.P., and Louise B. Panet, daughter of the late Hon. Louis Panet, senator and M.L.C. Mr. Larue followed a classical course of studies at the Seminary of Quebec, and having taken his degrees at Laval University, was admitted to the bar of Quebec on the 6th February, 1866. He then became a member of the important firm of Larue, Angers and Casgrain, of Quebec. He was for ten years editor of the Quebec “Law Reports.” In recognition of his legal attainments he was made a Q.C. in 1882, and was appointed a puisné judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec on the 10th of April, 1886. He married on the 22nd September, 1880, Marie Louise, whose parents were the late François Angers, Q.C., and Marie Louise Panet, a daughter of the late Charles Panet, Q.C.

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=Elliott, George=, Guelph, Ontario, formerly one of the leading merchants of that city, and largely identified with its municipal history, is a native of Rochester, county of Kent, England, having been born there on the 27th May, 1819. His father, George Elliott, a country gentleman, was descendent from an ancient Scottish family, and his mother, Elizabeth Moulden, from an old Kentish family. Mr. Elliott, the subject of our sketch, who received a good education, including mathematics and classics, came to Canada with the family in the autumn of 1832. He was in business in Toronto and Cincinnati, Ohio, for several years, and coming to Guelph in 1850, carried on business as a general merchant until 1865, when he retired, having been very successful in his business operations. His father died in Guelph a few years ago, in his ninety-fifth year, much lamented by many friends. Mr. Elliott served in the town, city and county councils at various times, for over twenty years, and held the positions of town councilman, deputy reeve, reeve, warden and mayor. He has performed a great deal of valuable work in the interests of Guelph and the county of Wellington, and was chairman of the building committee when the town hall and other public buildings were erected. He was chairman of the old Board of Public Instruction, and for six years was a member of the High School Board of Trustees. He took great pleasure in aiding in the elevation of the standard of public instruction, and found many earnest and efficient co-operators in this noble work in the town. When in the council he was almost constantly chairman of the finance committee, having fine business talents, and thoroughly trustworthy. He was arbitrator on behalf of the town, upon the adjustment of the indebtedness between it and the county, when Guelph was raised to the dignity of a city. Is a justice of the peace. When the Guelph General Hospital was organized and opened in 1875, he was made chairman of the board of directors, which position he still holds. Mr. Elliott is a Reformer, and quite an influential member of that party, having been for some time, president of the Reform Association for the South Riding of Wellington. He is also president of the St. George’s Society, Guelph. In religion, he is a member of the Church of England, was warden of St. George’s Church, Guelph, for several years, and is a continuous lay delegate to the Diocese of Niagara, and also to the Provincial Synod which meets at Montreal. He is a prominent member of these bodies, and takes a very active part in the proceedings and discussions. Mr. Elliott is an efficient and able speaker on public matters, and a clear writer on questions of a financial and public interest. He was a member of the building committee, and treasurer, when the St. George’s magnificent house of worship was erected, and continues to be indefatigable in church and other work. The poor find a warm friend in Mr. Elliott, and his equally benevolent wife, and his sister, who resides with him. His residence, “Vinehurst,” on the Paisley street hill, is one of the most sightly and pleasant homes in the young and beautiful city of Guelph.

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=Ives, Hubert Root=, Montreal, was born in the town of Farmington, Hartford county, state of Connecticut, United States, on the 15th September, 1833. His father was at one time a prominent farmer and breeder of full-blooded stock. In the same county also for a number of years he held the responsible position of judge of probate in the town of Farmington, and on resigning the office he removed to New Haven, Connecticut, when he entered into the manufacture of hardware, and became after a short time one of the most successful manufacturers of that busy city. Mr. Ives received his early education at the Hopkins Grammer School, New Haven, Conn., where he received a full classical course, after which, unlike most young men, he took a full and complete commercial training, which fitted him in after life for the large and various experiences that he passed through as a manufacturer. After leaving school, young Ives was sent on a lengthy tour through the United States and Canada, with the object of selecting a suitable place wherein he could build up for himself a name worthy to be looked upon with respect and admiration by those who were to follow after him. In 1856 Mr. Ives also travelled extensively over the continent of Europe, visiting all the capital cities of renown. In 1859 he settled in Montreal, and became the founder of the large business now carried on by the firm of H. R. Ives & Co., one of the largest in Canada. The firm, then known as Ives & Allen, was the first to establish a foundry and hardware manufactory in Canada, in which was manufactured small hardware, and the obstacles to be overcome, in order to find a market in a young country for their productions were very great, but eventually the perseverance which has ever characterized Mr. Ives, soon prevailed, and the new venture proved a great success. In the year 1868 he still further enlarged the firm’s operations by the manufacture of stoves, and this branch is now a leading feature of their business. The quality of the work turned out by the firm speaks as a sample of the firm’s work. We need only point to the fine wrought iron gates and railings which surround the parliament buildings at Ottawa, which for graceful form and beauty of design are not surpassed on this continent. When the firm received the contract from the Grand Trunk Railway for making the locomotive and car castings, and which necessitated the enlargement of their already extensive works, the municipality of Longueuil immediately offered them a bonus of $10,000 and exemption from taxes for ten years, if they would establish a branch of their foundry in the village of Longueuil. They at once availed themselves of this offer, and buildings being promptly erected, the new establishment was soon ready for business. The new foundry is well worthy of a visit. Its capacity is such that $200,000 worth of castings can be made in a year, and a great number of hands are constantly employed in the works. Mr. Ives has been for a long time a member of the Board of Trade of Montreal; and for many years sat in its council. Mr. Ives holds the position of honorary secretary to the Egypt Exploration Fund for the Dominion of Canada. This society conducts systematic and scientific explorations and excavations in Egypt, on sites of Biblical and classical interest, under special powers delegated by the Egyptian government. The officers of this society are persons of the highest scientific and social standing in Britain, and most important discoveries have already been made. In early youth he was an adherent of the Presbyterian church, but is now a member of the Church of England. He was first married in 1858, to a daughter of the Rev. Dr. Chester, of Buffalo. This lady died in 1884. In June, 1887, he was again united in marriage to a daughter of the late Judge Daniell, judge of the united counties of Prescott and Russell.

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=Macdonald, Duncan=, St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born in Kingston, Ont., on the 24th June, 1815. His father, Major William Macdonald, was a native of Inverness, Scotland, a captain in the celebrated “Black Watch,” or 42nd Highlanders, and came to Canada at the critical period in the history of our country when the war of 1812 was just beginning. He was attached to the 104th regiment, commanded by Colonel Drummond, and took a most active part in the campaign which followed. On his arrival at Halifax, he was ordered at once to the front, and with his regiment marched from Halifax to Quebec. This was in the depth of winter, and during the thirty-one days of the march he did not enter a house but slept in snow banks or such sheltered spots as could be found. His first battle in this country was at the Windmill Point, Prescott, and he afterwards participated in the battles of Lundy’s Lane and Sackett’s Harbor. The Macdonalds came of an old military family, the captain’s father having been killed at the battle of Bunker’s Hill, Boston, while fighting with his regiment, which like his son’s, was the “Black Watch.” The subject of this sketch was educated at Montreal and Laprairie, taking a commercial course. He then engaged in the drug business in Montreal for seven years, and afterwards removed to St. John’s, Que., where, in conjunction with his brother Edward, in 1837, he started a general store. They dealt largely in grain, and were soon known as the most extensive shippers of grain in the province. As the years went on they saw the lack of banking facilities in the neighborhood, and in 1858, decided to supply this want and started as private bankers. In 1873, the partnership was dissolved, Edward retiring therefrom; and then Duncan entered into the manufacture of stone chinaware, and the business has steadily increased until it has developed into the now well-known St. John’s Chinaware Factory, which is to-day the largest of the kind in the Dominion. Under the able management of Alexander, the son of Duncan Macdonald, the products of the factory have been brought to great perfection, and have been placed on exhibition and taken gold medals at Philadelphia, Toronto, Antwerp, Belgium, and London, England. A recent large addition to the already extensive works, now enables the firm to give employment to about four hundred people. Mr. Macdonald has visited Europe twice, and has travelled extensively in Canada and the United States. He is a justice of the peace, and mayor of St. John’s, Que. In politics he is a Conservative, and in religion a Roman Catholic. He was married in 1845, to Miss De Lisle, daughter of Benjamin De Lisle, Montreal, and has had issue three children, only one of whom is now living.

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=Beaubien, Hon. Louis=, Montreal, born in the city of Montreal, on 27th July, 1837, is son of Dr. Pierre Beaubien, of the University of Paris. He is descended from Trottier de Beaubien, who came from St. Martin d’Ige, in the province of Perche, in France, and settled in Canada near Three Rivers, in 1650. His father was a professor in the Victoria Medical School, Montreal, and its president for many years, attending surgeon to the Montreal gaol and reformatories; and had been elected to parliament twice, for Montreal in 1841, and for Chambly in 1848. His mother, Dame Justine Casgrain, was a daughter of Pierre Casgrain, seigneur of Rivière Ouelle. She had been married first to Dr. A. Maguire, a surgeon in the British navy. Hon. Louis Beaubien was educated at the St. Sulpice College, Montreal, and after a successful course of studies, devoted himself to agriculture and stock-breeding. He entered political life in 1867, when he was elected for Hochelaga to the Quebec legislature. He succeeded in defeating successively such opponents as Mr. Dorion (now Sir A. A. Dorion, chief justice, Queen’s Bench), Victor Hudon, and others. Mr. Beaubien was elected to the Dominion parliament in 1872, and held both seats until the year 1874, when he resigned his seat in the House of Commons on account of the dual representation being abolished, but retained his seat in the local house. He was elected speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, 11th November, 1876, which position he held until April, 1878. He was re-elected for the same county in 1878 and again in 1882. But at the last general election in 1886 he declined re-election on account of ill health. Besides his agricultural pursuits, the Hon. Mr. Beaubien was an active promoter of the Northern Colonization Railway, which developed into the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, now the eastern division of the Canadian Pacific Railway. He was opposed to the sale of the eastern branch of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa and Occidental Railway, and on that account, along with the Hon. Dr. Ross, Hon. Mr. de Boucherville, and other well-known Conservatives, withdrew his confidence from the Chapleau government. He has taken a great interest in the improvement of Canadian agriculture. After retiring from politics, he went to France for his health, and to get an operation performed on the eye of his eldest son. Being successful in this he came back to Canada, but was taken again with his former disease which for a time laid him very low. He has, we are glad to say, now recovered completely, and is as active as ever working for the establishment of an elevated railway in Montreal. Hon. Mr. Beaubien is a member of the Provincial Council of Agriculture of the Ayrshire Breeders’ Association, of the Montreal Horticultural Society, etc. He married in 1864, Susanna Lauretta, daughter of Sir Andrew Stuart, chief justice of the Superior Court, Quebec, and for some time administrator of the province.

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=Wright, Philemon.=—The late Mr. Philemon Wright was appropriately called the “Father of the Ottawa.” He was a native of Woburn, State of Massachusetts, United States, where he was born in 1760. Mr. Wright emigrated to this country in the year 1800, and with a steady perseverance, he determined on ascending the river Ottawa in quest of a tract of land suitable for an agriculturist. With this object in view, he steadily penetrated into the country, at a great expense of mental and bodily exertion, for sixty miles beyond any previous settler, where, finding a spot adapted for his purpose, he obtained, after many efforts, and irritating delays, from government, permission to settle upon and survey the township of Hull, in the county of Ottawa, Lower Canada. This being accomplished, he went to work with a will characteristic of the early New England pioneers, and was in a few years rewarded for his toil and hardships by witnessing a thriving settlement growing up around him. In furtherance of his agricultural pursuits, he, at a very heavy cost, imported from Great Britain some of the most approved breeds of cattle, and thereby contributed in the most efficient manner to promote the interests of the settlers in that section of the country. He was also the projector of some of the greatest improvements on the Ottawa. He died at Hull, C.E., on 2nd June, 1839. He left a numerous offspring, to all of whom he was endeared by the tenderest ties of affection and esteem. His epitaph will be recorded in the beautiful and prosperous settlement of Hull, or, as it was sometimes called, Wrightstown, which he commenced and lived to see attain a degree of magnitude, where his name will be long remembered with the highest respect.

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=Quinton, William A.=, Fairville, N.B., Farmer and Lumber Dealer, M.P.P. for the county of St. John, New Brunswick, was born on the 4th April, 1847, in the parish of Lancaster, county of St. John, N.B., and is descended from a family who has made its mark in the world. In looking over the history of the early settlers in New Brunswick, we find that among the party who arrived at the mouth of the St. John river, August 28th, 1762, was Hugh Quinton and wife, and that their son James was noted as being the first child of the new settlers born here, having first seen the light in Fort Frederick the evening of their arrival. Hugh Quinton was born in New Hampshire and had been a soldier in the old French war. He enlisted when quite a youth, as did many others, but at that time recruits for military service were enlisted at an early age. In the Revolutionary war, in some, if not all of the colonies, all who were sixteen years old were compelled to do military duty. Hugh Quinton first enlisted from Windham, formerly part of the town of Londonderry, New Hampshire, March 5th, 1757, in a company in which Hercules Mooney was captain and Alexander Todd lieutenant, and was discharged March 5th of the same year. The following spring he again enlisted, April 12th, in a company in which Alexander Todd was captain, and he was discharged October 30th. He again enlisted, the following year, for the third time, on the 11th of March, 1760, and on the 24th of October was discharged sick, and it is said he went to Albany, N.Y. The expeditions in which he was engaged were four operations at Crown Point and Fort William Henry, on the north shore of Lake George. Fort William Henry was captured by the French and Indians in August, 1757, and out of two hundred New Hampshire soldiers, eighty were mercilessly slaughtered by the Indians after they had surrendered. Some of Hugh Quinton’s relatives early settled not far from Albany, in that part of old Whitehall township known as Hampton. Among them were Josiah and John Quinton and their sister Ann, who married a McFarland. In 1806 Josiah removed across the State line to Fairhaven, in Vermont, a short distance from Hampton. Fairbank’s History of Fairhaven names a number of descendants. In an old family bible of the Quinton family it is stated that Hugh Quinton was born at Cheshire, New Hampshire, in 1741; that Elizabeth Cristy was born at Londonderry, N.H., 1741, and that they were married in 1761. In the lower tier of counties of New Hampshire, is one called Cheshire, but the writer has found no mention of the name of Quinton among early settlers, but in the town now called Chester, which was originally called Cheshire, in Rockingham county, was a prominent early settler named James Quenton. The first settlers of Cheshire or Chester, Londonderry, Windham and vicinity were mainly Scotch Presbyterians from the North of Ireland. In the “New Hampshire Provincial Papers,” volume 4, is copied a petition to the governor from sundry inhabitants of Chester, in 1737, which states that “the present inhabitants of Chester, aforesaid, formerly belonged (most of them) to the Kingdom of Scotland and Ireland, where they were educated in the principles of the Kirk of Scotland, for which they have great veneration,” and the petition proceeds to refer to some differences about calling a minister. Among the signers is the name of James Quenton. He is named again in a list of tax-payers, 1741, and again in the minutes of the Presbyterian church, Sept. 14, 1753, as parish clerk. As he is the only Quenton or Quinton named in the full list of tax-payers at that place, it is reasonable to presume that he was the father of Hugh Quinton. The latter had two half-brothers named Jonathan and Joshua. In 1771, a John Quinton is named at Dorchester, N.H. In the revolution, David Quentin enlisted Oct. 1, 1777, at Windham, and he is again named in New Hampshire Provincial Papers, vol. 11, in an order for pay of a soldier’s dues in 1790. After this, the writer has found no mention of the name of Quinton in copies of New Hampshire records. Hugh Quinton the St. John pioneer, had sons, James, John, David and Jesse. In the early days of the settlement of the city, when fears were entertained of Indians, Hugh Quinton, it is said, was appointed captain of a militia company, organized for defence of the settlers. In Hotten’s list of emigrants it is stated that a Henry Quinton, aged 20, left London, Jan. 2, 1634, for Virginia, and Roger Quintin left London, July 24, 1635, for the same place. This was about a century before the name of James Quinton appears in New Hampshire. In the same work is named Henry Quintyne of Barbadoes as a person to whom were consigned “convicted rebels” from Bristol, England, in 1679 and 1685. This may be the same “Henry Quinton of Barbadoes” named in a will of Samuel Spicer of Boston, Dec. 24, 1664, who speaks of him as “my loving father-in-law, Henry Quinton.” This will is quoted in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, volume 16, page 330. In the New Hampshire records, the name of this family is given by town and parish clerks as Quinton, Quenton, Quanton and Quentin. The latter was probably the spelling when the name was first introduced into England as a surname, and it eventually became Anglicized to Quinton. It appears to belong to that class of surnames brought into England about the time of William I., derived from French towns or places. The town of St. Quentin in Picardy was so called in honor of Quentin, an early Christian martyr. Sir Walter Scott names the leading character in his novel of Quentin Durward for this saint. The first or founder of the Quentin family in England was Sir Herbert St. Quentin, a companion in arms of William the Conqueror, who granted him the manor of Skipsey and other lands in county Notts. Sir Herbert St. Quentin, a grandson, was summoned to parliament in 1294, and had two daughters; first Elizabeth and second Lora, who eventually became sole heir and married Robert de Grey of Rothersfield. The barony of St. Quentin passed through Grey, Fitzhugh and Parr to the Earl of Pembroke, descending from William St. Quentin, eldest surviving son of Edward II., and fourth in descent from the founder of the county. The last baron was Sir William St. Quentin, who died 1795, when the baronetcy became extinct. His nephew, Wm. Thomas Darby, of Sunbury, Middlesex, was his heir, and upon succeeding to the estates, assumed the surname and arms; he was succeeded by his son, Matthew Chitty Downes St. Quentin. There appears to have been several branches of this family beside the above direct line, which show the gradual changing of the name from St. Quentin to Quentin and Quinton. The arms and crest of the different branches are given in both Burke’s and Fairbanks’ Armory of families of Great Britain and Ireland. The arms and crest of the first of the family, Sir Herbert, is thus given; Arms: Or, three chevronels, gu. a chief vair. Crest: Out of a ducal coronet gu. A pearise, ppr., on the top of a fluted column between two horns, or. A representation of the crest of the “Quintons of England” is given in Fairbank’s Armory, and it is thus described: “An arm, in armour, couped, embowered, in hand, a sword, ppr.” Mr. Quinton, the subject of our sketch, is the son of James Quinton, who was a farmer and the leading contractor and builder in St. John, and served two terms in the New Brunswick legislature, and was one of the first confederate members. His mother was named Elizabeth Tilley. Young Quinton received his educational training in the city of St. John; and when only twenty years of age, having begun early in life to take an interest in military affairs, enlisted in the militia, and has since kept up his interest in militia life, being now major in the force. For four years he has been member of the city council; and for five years he was a member of the municipal council. In 1882 he entered political life, and was returned as member for the county of St. John, N.B., and has since represented that county in the New Brunswick legislature. Over eighteen years ago he joined the Masonic order; and is also connected with the Orange order. He has travelled extensively through the United States, and during the late war visited the Southern States. In religion, Mr. Quinton is an adherent of the Episcopal church; and in politics, a Liberal. He was married 6th December, 1877, to Kate, daughter of R. R. Allan, of Carleton, St. John, N.B. Mr. Quinton resides on the old family homestead, and follows the business of farming and dealing in lumber.

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=Chagnon, Hon. Hubert Wilfred=, residing in the town of St. John’s, in the district of Iberville, Judge of the Superior Court of the province of Quebec, now retired, was born in the parish of Verchères, district of Montreal, on the 22nd of March, 1833, from the marriage of Eloi Chagnon, farmer, of said parish, with Justine Brousseau. He followed a classical course of study at the College of Montreal, and was articled as a law student in November, 1852, under Forréol Pelletier, then a practising advocate in Montreal, and since assistant judge of the Superior Court in Montreal. He followed the course of the law faculty, under the professorship of Maximilien Bibaud, at the Jesuits’ College, in Montreal, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1855. He remained in the office of Mr. Pelletier, practising with him, up to July, 1856, when he entered into partnership with A. Papineau, then practising advocate in St. Hyacinthe, and now a judge in the Superior Court in Montreal In December, 1857, he left Mr. Papineau, and took a partnership with L. V. Sicotte, then practising advocate in St. Hyacinthe, and practised with him up to 1863, when Mr. Sicotte was appointed judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. Since then he went into partnership with Mr. Sicotte’s son, and during a certain time with Magloire Lanctot, since a district magistrate for the district of St. Hyacinthe, and finally he was appointed a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec province on 27th September, 1873. He administered justice in the district of Iberville from 27th September, 1873, to November, 1887, when, on account of ill-health, he was obliged to retire, with the ordinary pension. He is, and has always been, an adherent of the Roman Catholic church. He was married, in January, 1858, to Marie Elizabeth Varin, daughter of Jean Baptiste Varin, registrar of the county of Laprairie, in the district of Montreal.

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=Chapleau, Hon. Joseph Adolphe=, Q.C., LL.D., M.P. for Terrebonne, Secretary of State for Canada, was born at Ste. Therese de Blainville, in the county of Terrebonne, province of Quebec, on the 9th November, 1840. His ancestors emigrated from France, and were among the early settlers, of the seigniory of Terrebonne; but the father of Mr. Chapleau was an humble, hard-working mechanic, of whom the son was not ashamed, and who instilled into the latter principles of honor and devotion to duty. From the earliest age the boy displayed a taste for learning, and his mind was so active that means were found to put him to school, where he grounded himself in the elements of grammar. Thence he was sent to the neighbouring village of Terrebonne, where a college had been established by Madame Masson, mother of the ex-lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and where he pursued his studies until transferred to St. Hyacinthe, and put through a course which left its impression on the whole of his subsequent career. On leaving college he wended his way to Montreal, in search of a profession suitable to a youth of his tastes and aptitudes. He chose the law, and, encouraged by his success, devoted himself to criminal practice, acquiring a position therein which set him, within a short time, in the highest rank among his youthful associates. But this was not sufficient for his buoyant nature. He launched into politics at the age of nineteen, mounting the hustings with assurance, and maintaining himself thereon in the midst of the most violent campaigns. He went further, and took up the pen in defence of his political views and principles. With a couple of congenial spirits he founded a newspaper called Le Colonisateur, and for three years used its columns in an attempt to reach those readers whom his voice could not attain. From these very beginnings Mr. Chapleau made his mark, and the political leaders soon foretold that he would lose no time in taking high rank. His physical appearance was in his favor. Tall, well built, with a shapely head, wavy black hair thrown back over his neck like a plume, a musical, flexible voice, an abundance of animal energy, a fearless spirit that shrank from no difficulty, he readily placed himself at the head of his companions, with their full acquiescence, and as if by natural right. Another advantage which the future statesman enjoyed at the opening of his career was that he found himself the representative of the young men coming after the radicalism of 1848, when the French revolution of that year had its echo on this side, and the cry of annexation rang through the whole of Lower Canada. This period of acute crisis was followed by a long term of bewilderment and unrest, called the decade of transition, when party lines were only faintly drawn, because every one felt that there should be a reunion of all forces in order to insure the future of the common country. From 1860 to the year of Confederation the young men kept on growing in the school of strife and trial, but none grew more perceptibly, and with fuller promise of future strength, than the subject of this sketch. His opportunity came at length, and he was not slow to seize it. In 1867 the British North America Act proclaimed to the world a new nation, and the province of Quebec, without knowing it, and almost in spite of herself, entered into full possession of her autonomy. She was presented with her own lieutenant-governor; her own legislature, consisting of two Chambers and a long scroll of rights and privileges, which practically made the people of French Canada their own masters. The general election took place, and Mr. Chapleau, going straight into his native county, asked to be made its first representative in the Provincial parliament. He was returned by acclamation, and retained the seat till 1882, through the ordeal of at least a half-dozen elections. That first session at Quebec was a memorable one, with such members as Chauveau—a man of high temper and noble spirit—as premier; Joly, the political Bayard, as leader of the opposition; Cartier, Langevin, Irvine, Chapais, Marchand, and others of hardly less note. In such a presence the representative of Terrebonne took his place, at the age of seven and twenty. Within a few hours he arose, and the eyes of a crowded house were fastened upon him, as he proceeded to discharge the honorable function of moving the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne. His first effort settled his position at once, both as an orator and a public man, and thenceforth the legislative career of Mr. Chapleau was secure. He went along quietly for several years, making himself acquainted with the new order of things under Confederation, when the province took an upward bound, and everything revived—business, agriculture, literature, and the national spirit—imbuing himself with the principle of practical politics, whereby the development of the country’s material resources should be fostered. The time came soon when he was called upon to apply these schemes in a higher sphere, and another forward step was taken. Mr. Chapleau was sworn in of the Executive Council, and appointed Solicitor-General in the beginning of 1873, with the sanction of his whole party and the approval of his political adversaries. And away, in a quiet London street, and on a bed of sickness from which he was never to rise, Sir George Cartier heard of the promotion, and wrote that it was no more than the reward of merit. The great man, who was the friend of young men, and who took pains to train them in public life, was comforted at the last with the thought that one of his favorites had entered on the paths of responsible office. But this new period, from 1873 to 1879, was a stormy one, and not the least exciting incident was the defence, at Winnipeg, by Mr. Chapleau, of Lépine and other Half-breeds, implicated in the North-West troubles of that period. In September, 1874, the Ouimet government went down on the outcry about the Tanneries Land Swap, and Mr. Chapleau, after a vigorous defence of his conduct in a public speech, withdrew into private life. But in January, 1876, he was recalled as provincial secretary, and remained in office till the disruption of the Boucherville cabinet, by Governor Letellier de St. Just, in 1878. Another opportunity was here afforded, of which he took prompt advantage. In a mass meeting, held in Montreal, he was chosen leader of the Conservative party and of the Opposition, and at once set to work to prepare the way for the downfall of the Joly ministry. This he accomplished within a little beyond the year. In October, 1879, Mr. Joly resigned, and his opponent was summoned to form a government, which he at once did, adding to his position as first minister the department of Agriculture and Public Works. The same tact, energy, and general ability which he displayed as leader of the Opposition, where the best qualities of a public man are tested, Mr. Chapleau manifested as head of the government, and lost no time in turning to a business policy. The chief measure of his administration was the sale of the North Shore railway, to relieve the exchequer of the province. The subject gave rise to violent debates, and led to a division in the Conservative party itself, but subsequent events have justified it in a measure, and effectually removed the danger of a powerful corporation being turned into a mere party machine, with nameless resources of corruption. The general elections came on in 1881, and Mr. Chapleau swept the province, carrying fifty-three seats out of sixty-five. This seemed to crown his provincial career, and the project long cherished by his friends of his promotion from Quebec to Ottawa was urged upon him with great force. Strong objections were adduced on the other hand, however, and Mr. Chapleau was warned against taking a false step; but there is reason to believe that the state of his health, shattered by the wearing and worrying labors of the previous two years, turned the scales at the end. In the summer of 1882 Mr. Chapleau resigned his position, as prime minister, and accepted the portfolio of State in the government of Sir John Macdonald. It is only those who are acquainted with the modes, the habits, and the general situation of French Canada who can measure the difference existing between Quebec and Ottawa. Many of Mr. Chapleau’s critics foretold that he would be out of place in his new field; that the showy qualities which had won him so much distinction and power among his own people would go for very little with the cool, practical politicians of the Dominion capital, and that while he was supreme in the provincial arena, he would prove only third or fourth rate in the federal competition. Our readers can judge for themselves how far these predictions were fulfilled. Foes will agree with friends in stating, as a simple matter of justice, that the influence of Mr. Chapleau has not waned since he became a member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. On the contrary, he increased his strength before the whole country by the bold and consistent stand which he took in the Riel affair. None but those who know the French Canadian people, how they are attached to their race, some of them cherishing the odd feeling that they are not treated with becoming justice and respect by the other elements of the population, and none but those who dwelt in the province at this time, and witnessed the morbid excitement, the hopes, the fears, the anxiety which prevailed throughout the whole crisis, can have the faintest notion of the gravity of the situation. Against this universal outburst Mr. Chapleau, with his two Quebec colleagues, had to make a stand, and in the large Montreal district, over which he has recognized control, he was obliged to bear the brunt of the onset alone. All agencies were set to bear against him. At first he was tempted and cajoled. If he put himself at the head of the movement, all parties would join in his wake, and he would be the master and idol of the province. Then intimidation was hinted at. If he ventured to set his foot in Montreal, he would be hooted and mobbed. There were several weeks, after the meeting in the Champ de Mars, when the tide of passion ran high, argument was useless, and but for the good sense and honest purpose of the best classes, a serious rupture might have ensued. From their point of view this indignation was natural, and it was respectable, springing from motives of injured patriotism, and aggravated by the definite promises which the party papers published, even on the eve of the unfortunate man’s execution. There are two sides to every question of this kind, and the readers in Ontario and the other provinces should take the particular circumstances into consideration in judging of the movement which almost rent the province of Quebec asunder. The record is that the Secretary of State remained calm and collected through it all. Knowing his people as he does, he understood all that he was risking, and the bright prospects which his ambition was throwing away; but, on the other hand, he seems to have seen his duty clear from the start, and, like a man, he did it. Without being defiant, he was fearless throughout. And he was outspoken. In a letter addressed to his countrymen, on the 28th November, 1885, he broaches the question face to face, saying that his oath of office was inviolable, even at the risk of losing friendships and emoluments, and that he had the profound conviction of the injustice of what was demanded of him as detrimental to the best understood interests of the province. “I saw,” he adds, “as a logical consequence of this movement, the isolation of French Canadians, causing an antagonism of race, provoking retaliation, combats, and disasters. I felt that there was more courage in breasting the current than in drifting with it, and, without failing in my duty, I let pass the misguided crowd who overwhelmed me with the names of traitor and poltroon.” The letter then goes on to discuss the whole question in all its bearings, and coming from a statesman, on his defence, who was acquainted with even the most secret details of the controversy, it possesses an intrinsic value which future historians will not overlook. Mr. Chapleau closes with these brave words: “My conscience tells me that I have failed, in this instance, neither to my Maker, nor to my Sovereign, nor to my countrymen. . . . I have served my native land, as a parliamentarian, for eighteen years with joy and pride. I shall continue to do it on one sole condition, that of keeping my freedom, with no other care than my honor and my dignity.” In other respects, as minister of the Crown at Ottawa, Mr. Chapleau may be said to have pressed hard the claims of his province in the cabinet and in parliament, and in certain cases he is charged with having done so at the risk of serious dissensions in the ministerial ranks. Here, as elsewhere throughout, the difficulties of the French Canadian province must be taken into account, and many things, very well meant from that point of view, are quite inexplicable when judged according to Saxon standards. Very few, if any, among partizan writers, will refuse Mr. Chapleau the quality of statesmanship, however they may differ on the principles that actuate it, or the results which it is likely to accomplish. But on the question of eloquence there can hardly be two opinions. He is a born orator, with almost all the physical gifts which go to the making of the perfect master of speech. A volume of his speeches has just been published, a perusal of which gives the further assurance of solidity, logical reasoning, rhetorical taste, and generous sentiment. To the persons who have the pleasure of his acquaintance he is the accomplished gentleman, lettered and sociable, full of agreeable information, and willing to oblige. Having married, on the 25th November, 1874, Marie Louise, a daughter of Lieutenant-Colonel King, of Sherbrooke, Mr. Chapleau is thoroughly conversant with the English, and, indeed, uses it in public speeches with judgment and fluency. As he is still a young man, there is reason to hope that he may long be spared to serve his country, and, while naturally leaning a little to his own Quebec, devote his fine gifts to the welfare of the Dominion at large.

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=Magnan, Adolphe=, Notary Public, Joliette, Quebec province, was born at Berthier (en haut). His father, J. B. Magnan, was a brave and honest farmer of that place, and his mother was Marie Louise Raymond. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of L’Assomption, where he took a classical course of studies. L’Assomption College, it may be mentioned, has given to the church and state many eminent men. Mr. Magnan entered college in 1838, and left it in 1845. In November of the same year he entered as a student in the office of Firmin Perrin, a notary at Berthier, and in 1847 left this place for Montreal, where he engaged in the office of Mr. Denis Emery Papineau, who was then practising in partnership with the late Pierre Lamothe. He was received as a notary in 1850, and shortly afterwards settled in the village of L’Industrie, now the town of Joliette. Mr. Magnan created for himself in a short time an excellent practice as a notary and as a man of business. He was soon appreciated as a laborious, honest and conscientious notary, and commanded public confidence on account of his legal knowledge acquired under so distinguished a patron as D. E. Papineau. He, in company with Dr. Michel S. Boulet, founded in 1851, at Joliette, the St. Jean Baptiste Society, of which he was for several years the president. Mr. Magnan was official assignee for the Joliette district, under the acts of 1869 and 1875, and also occupied the position of justice of the peace for the same district. He was member also of the board of notaries for the province of Quebec, as well as councillor for the town of Joliette, and acting mayor for some time. Mr. Magnan has been agent for the Seigneurial lands of Tarrieu, Joliette and Taillant, in the old seigniory of Lavaltrie, for more than thirty years; and was also agent for the seigniory of Daillebout and Ramsay. He practises as a notary at Joliette, in partnership with Alexis Cabana; and has been notary to the Bank of Hochelaga at Joliette, since 1874, the date the bank was first opened at this place. Mr. Magnan is a Liberal in politics. Since 1854 he has taken an active part in electoral struggles on behalf of that party. He has always refused to become a candidate, preferring to remain quietly at home. Mr. Magnan has been twice married, his first wife having been Aurelie Blanchard. His second wife is Marie Louise Lefleur, who bore him three children. Albina, his daughter, is married to Dr. Louis L. Anger, of Great Falls, New Hampshire, U.S.; Arthur and Rosario, his sons, are both engaged in Montreal in the hardware trade.

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=Jones, Rev. Septimus=, M.A., Rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Toronto, Ont., was born June 4th, 1830, at Portsmouth, county Hants, England. He is the seventh son of Rev. James Jones, a presbyter of the English church, and of Esther Budge, both natives of England. Rev. Mr. Jones received his preparatory education at the city of London School, England; and in 1848, the family having removed to Canada, he matriculated at the University of Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, in the province of Quebec. Having graduated in arts, and finished the theological course in 1853, he filled for a year the position of classical master in the St. John’s High School, P.Q. In 1854 he was ordained deacon by Bishop Fulford of Montreal, and preached the following Sunday in the cathedral, and in St. George’s Church, of which Bishop Bond, of Montreal, was then assistant minister under Venerable Archdeacon Leach. His first charge was the mission of Cape Cove and Percé, in the district of Gaspé, P.Q. In 1854, the only mode of reaching that remote region, some five hundred miles below Quebec, was by means of small schooners, in the fish carrying trade, the passage occupying from three days to three weeks, and the fare, meals included was $5,—and dear even at that price. The field was unpromising. The people of the coast were given over to drunkenness, and a very low tone of morality prevailed. Education, too, was at a very low ebb, and the people were split up into factions. His nearest clerical neighbor was forty miles distant on the one side, and sixty on the other. Mr. Jones gave two hours each morning to the school. The Sunday’s work at Cape Cove was, at 8 a.m. Sunday school; 10 a.m. morning service; 2:30 p.m. Sunday school at Percé, nine miles distant, and had to travel this distance often on foot owing to the state of the roads; 3:30 p.m. afternoon service; and 7 p.m. evening service at Cape Cove. Cottage lectures each week evening from house to house. The diet was almost exclusively salt cod and potatoes; but on Sundays beef or mutton was served. The mail came in once a week in summer and once a fortnight in winter. Such is a fair specimen of a missionary’s life in those days. In 1855 Mr. Jones was admitted to the order of presbyter by Bishop Mountain of Quebec. In the following year, his health having suffered from overwork and the rigor of the climate (the snow lying from November to the middle of May), he was removed to Quebec and appointed incumbent of St. Peter’s Church in that city. In 1859, he went to Philadelphia, Penn., where he was appointed rector of the Church of the Redeemer; but in 1861, there being at the time imminent danger of war between Great Britain and the United States, he returned to Canada. After filling, as a temporary appointment, the position of assistant minister of St. Thomas’ Church, Belleville, Ontario, he was appointed the first rector of Christ Church in that city. In 1870 he was chosen as the first rector of the Church of the Redeemer, Toronto, which since then has enjoyed a large measure of prosperity. The present handsome edifice of stone, next in seating capacity to St. James’ Cathedral, was erected in 1879, opposite the north gate of Queen’s Park, one of the choicest sites in the city of Toronto. Rev. Mr. Jones acted for some years as inspector of schools in Belleville, and subsequently as one of the board of Intermediate Examiners in Ontario. He has also been connected with Wycliffe College, since its inception, as one of the council, and as a teacher, chiefly of the subject of apologetics. He has acted in the capacity of chaplain for the St. George’s societies, in Quebec, Belleville, and Toronto. He takes an active part in the work of the Anglican Synod, and, owing to his administrative ability, he is always a member of its principal standing and special committees; and he took the chief part in the preparation of that most useful handy-book, “The Churchwarden’s Manual,” and was the author of the canon on the superannuation fund, passed at the 1887 session of the Diocesan Synod. In the Ministerial Association of Toronto he is greatly interested, and seldom fails to attend its meetings; and also, when occasion calls, he is found advocating every movement having for its object the spiritual and moral improvement of the people. On the 28th April, 1862, Mr. Jones married Catherine Eliza Bruce Hutton, youngest daughter of the late William Hutton, secretary to the Bureau of Agriculture. The issue of the marriage has been eight children, two of whom died in infancy.

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=Payan, Paul=, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, is a member of the firm of Duclos & Payan, Tanners, Manufacturers of buff, split-leather, shoe stock and curriers’ grease. He is the son of Louis Payan and Sophie Susanne Beranger, and was born the 14th day of February, 1840, in the city of Mens, department de l’Isère, France. At the early age of twelve he entered as apprentice in a tailoring establishment. In 1854, when the Crimean war broke out, his father, who had served under Napoleon the 1st, and accompanied the emperor in most of his campaigns, decided to send his two sons to America, feeling unwilling to expose them to the hardship of war, as his eldest son had attained the age of conscription. On the 7th of July they left for Havre, from which seaport they sailed for New York, leaving behind them their father and mother to dispose of their business of smallwares and stationery. After forty-six days’ sailing, the Arlington dropt her anchor in the bay of New York. Then began their anxieties, greatly increased by the fact that they could not understand the language of the country. Abused by overcharges in a hotel, and threatened by bullies, they passed out into the street where they wandered the whole night. It was only at the close of the next day that they bought their tickets for Champlain by boat to Albany; and after many troubles, baggages lost, delays, and disappointment of all kinds, they landed at Rouse’s Point, where sad news awaited them. A sister, the wife of the Rev. Mr. Charbonnel, then living at Roxton, had gone to her rest a few weeks before. His elder brother soon got employment in a carpenter’s shop, and Paul Payan entered as an apprentice in a tin shop; but soon discovering it would take a life-time to make a mere living, he followed the advice of his brother-in-law; gave up tailoring and the tinsmith business, and concluded an engagement with the owner of a small tannery. He soon passed to a larger leather establishment at Roxton Falls, and later on came to St. Pie and St. Hyacinthe. By that time he had learned his trade and made some money. He was married to Louisa Tenny, but having to support his young family, and his father and mother, who arrived in America a year after their son, his capital did not accumulate very fast. He made two unsuccessful attempts at starting a tannery business at Roxton Pond and at St. Hyacinthe. He then went into the bark business, but freight being high, he reduced its bulk by planing it thin; and was the first to send to the State of Massachusetts pressed bark. Competition having soon reduced the profit to a minimum, he gave this up, and went into the grocery business in Granby. After the death of his wife, he left Granby and became an agent for J. Daigneau, in an extensive and remunerative bark business. While in his employ he met with an accident, having broken his leg. After another attempt at bark business with a young friend, he came back to a long cherished idea of starting a tannery. With this object in view, he visited the western part of the United States and Canada; but finding no more advantages there than in the province of Quebec, he returned, and was married to his second wife, Olympe Duclos. In 1873 he formed a partnership with his brother-in-law, Silas Duclos, and began to put up a building of 75 feet long. In 1879 he bought Cotes’ tannery, and in 1882 doubled its capacity, which now employs 120 hands. Notwithstanding severe losses through failures, Mr. Payan grew in wealth and influence. In 1880 he was elected city councillor, which position he held till 1884, when he resigned. It was during his wise administration that the city of St. Hyacinthe underwent many improvements, that a public park was planned, a fire engine house and police station built, a more efficient fire service organized, the granite mill and a large shoe factory started, and a gas company put on a working footing. In 1881 Mr. Payan visited Europe in the interest of his business, seeking a new market for their manufactured goods. He is a worthy offshoot of a most faithful Huguenot family, was born and educated a Protestant, and is still a strong, quiet, unostentatious and consistent professor of the Presbyterian church of Canada.

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=Wells, Hon. Rupert Mearse=, Toronto, Barrister, was born in Prescott county, Ontario, on the 25th November, 1835. He is descended, on the paternal side, from an English family, members of which emigrated to America, and settled in the town of Scituate, in the state of Rhode Island, towards the end of the seventeenth century. His great-grandfather, James Wells, came to Canada during the American revolutionary war. James Pendleton Wells, the father of the subject of our sketch, was born in Montreal, in 1803, and while a young man removed to the county of Prescott, where he resided for upwards of fifty years. He took an active and prominent part in public and political affairs, and for many years, until he was appointed sheriff, was the recognized leader of the Reform party in that county. Few men in that district were more widely known or more generally respected than Sheriff Wells. His wife was Emily Hamilton Cleveland, a native-born Canadian of Scotch-English descent. Hon. Mr. Wells, the subject of our sketch, received his educational training at home and at Brockville, and in 1850 was sent to the University of Toronto. Here he won the Jameson gold medal for history, and was silver medallist in ethics. Graduating B.A. in 1854, he began the study of law with Alexander McDonald, then one of the firm of Blake, Connor, Morrison & McDonald, leading barristers in Toronto, and on the completion of his law course, was called to the bar of Upper Canada, Trinity term, 1857. He then removed to L’Orignal, the county town of the united counties of Prescott and Russell. Mr. Wells remained here for about three years, during which time, in addition to his professional duties, he edited and published The Economist newspaper. Removing to Toronto, in 1860, he associated himself with the Hon. Edward Blake in the law business—the firm name being Blake, Kerr & Wells. A dissolution of this partnership having taken place in 1870, he formed another with Angus Morrison, Q.C., who for several years was mayor of Toronto, the new firm being known by the name of Morrison, Wells & Gordon. On the death of Mr. Morrison, a few years ago, a change took place in the firm, and now Mr. Wells carries on his law business in partnership with Angus MacMurchy, B.A., under the name of Wells & MacMurchy, barristers, 110 King street west. In 1871 Mr. Wells was appointed to the office of county attorney for York county and Toronto city, but this office he only held for about a year when he resigned, to become the Reform candidate for the South Riding of Bruce, for which constituency he was elected to the Ontario legislature in October, 1872. Shortly after entering the house, on the resignation of the Hon. J. G. Currie, 7th January, 1872, he was elected Speaker, and this high and honorable position he held until the dissolution of the parliament. He was elected to the same office on 23rd November, 1875, and held it until January, 1880. In 1882 he resigned his seat in the Ontario legislature, and was elected to represent East Bruce in the House of Commons. This seat he held until the general election of 1887, when he failed to secure his re-election. The Hon. Mr. Wells is now solicitor for the Canadian Pacific Railway. In politics he is a staunch Reformer.

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=Stuart, Sir Andrew=, Knight, Quebec, is the distinguished Chief Justice of the Superior Court of the province of Quebec, and one of the most eminent of living Canadian jurists. Chief Justice Stuart may be said to have been “to the manner born,” and to have inherited the profound legal abilities, and splendid judicial mind, which make him one of the greatest ornaments of the Lower Canadian bench. “Bon chien tient de race” is a favorite French-Canadian maxim, which seems to have much application to his case. Legal and judicial talent runs, so to say, in his blood. His father, the late Andrew Stuart, Q.C., of Quebec, was her Majesty’s solicitor-general for Lower Canada, just before the union, and one of the most brilliant and remarkable lawyers of his day. Sir James Stuart, baronet, one of the most conspicuous figures in Canadian history, and for many years chief justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench for Lower Canada, was another member of the gifted family, as was also the late Hon. George O’Kill Stuart, for some years one of the representatives of the city of Quebec in parliament, and, at the time of his death, judge of her Majesty’s Vice-Admiralty Court at the port of Quebec. Our distinguished subject’s patronymic indicates his Scottish extraction. He was born at Quebec, on the 16th June, 1812, and was educated at Chambly, P.Q., in the Rev. Mr. Parkin’s school, which was conducted under the auspices of the Lord Bishop of Quebec. After the usual course of legal study in those days, he was called, in 1834, to the Quebec bar, and rapidly rose to distinction among his brethren of the long robe. On his father’s death, he succeeded to the most of his extensive and lucrative practice, and became the trusted adviser of the leading merchants and business men of the ancient capital, his services being retained in nearly all the important cases which came before the Quebec courts during the next twenty years. In 1854, he was raised to the dignity of a Q.C., in recognition of his eminent professional talents, and in the course of the same year he was also appointed a commissioner to consolidate the Statutes of Canada. In 1859, on the appointment of the late Hon. Justice Morin, as a member of the codification commission, he was named an assistant judge of the Superior Court for Lower Canada, and appointed a puisné judge of the same court at Quebec, on the death of Hon. Justice Chabot, in 1860. In 1874, he was offered a seat in the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, but declined it, and in March, 1885, on the retirement of Sir William Collis Meredith, he was elevated to the more important position of chief justice of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec, which he still fills, with honor to himself, satisfaction to the bar, and benefit to the country. In fact, Sir Andrew Stuart is one of the most popular, as he is also one of the most eminent, of the Lower Canadian judiciary. Throughout his career at the bar, his practice was so extensive that he may be said to have had no time to take any part in politics. At all events, he never adventured actively on that stormy sea, and, even to this day, his party proclivities, if he can be stated to have any, remain in doubt, so evenly did he hold, and has always held, the balance. This marked characteristic, together with his exalted office as chief justice, naturally pointed him out as the fit and proper person to represent the Crown on different occasions in the province of Quebec, and during the illness of Lieut.-Governor Masson, he was appointed provincial administrator, in April, 1886, and again in February, 1887, acquitting himself on both occasions of his high and delicate trust with a tact and impartiality which won golden opinions from all political parties in the province. On the 9th May, 1887, Chief Justice Stuart received, in the honor of knighthood, from her Majesty, a mark of his Sovereign’s appreciation of his eminent services, in which the whole country rejoiced, and none more so than the people of Quebec, his native city and home. Although now past the scriptural three score and ten, Sir Andrew is still a hale and vigorous man, with well preserved powers of mind and body, and doubtless has yet many years of public usefulness before him. On the bench, he is a model of dignity in his demeanor and lucidity in his judgments, and especially kind to the younger practitioners before him. In private life, he is essentially the well-bred gentleman, noted for his affability, geniality, and the old-time courtliness of his manners. In 1842, he married Elmire Aubert de Gaspé, a daughter of the late Philip Aubert de Gaspé, seigneur of St. Jean Port Joly, and a member of one of the oldest and most aristocratic French families of Lower Canada, who received large grants of land from the French kings before the conquest. One of Mrs. Stuart’s sisters is the wife of Hon. Charles Alleyn, formerly commissioner of public works in the government of Canada, and at present sheriff of Quebec; and another is the widow of the late Hon. William Power, in his lifetime a judge of the Superior Court of Quebec. By his marriage, Sir Andrew has had issue eight children, four sons and four daughters. One of the former, Henry McNab Stuart, now in British Columbia, is a barrister by profession. His second son, Andrew Charles Stuart, now deceased, was also a barrister, and for many years the popular lieut.-colonel and commanding officer of the 8th battalion of Quebec Royal Rifles. A third son, Gustavus G. Stuart, is a prominent and successful practitioner at the Quebec bar, and one of the legal firm of which Sir A. P. Caron, Dominion minister of militia, is also a member. His eldest daughter, Lauretta Stuart, is the wife of Hon. Louis Beaubien, of Montreal, formerly M.P.P. for Hochelaga, and speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Quebec. Another daughter, Maud Margaret, is the wife of William G. Lemesurier, and now in India with her husband. Sir Andrew Stuart is a member of the Church of England.

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=Dorion, Hon. Sir Antoine Aimé=, Knight, Montreal, Chief Justice of the Province of Quebec, was born at Ste. Anne de la Pérade, district of Three Rivers, on the 17th January, 1818. He is a son of Pierre Antoine Dorion, who was a member of the House of Assembly for Lower Canada for the county of Champlain, prior to the troubles of 1835 and 1837, and Genevieve Bureau, his wife. He is a grandson of P. Bureau, who sat in the Assembly for the county of St. Maurice, and nephew of Hon. Jacques O. Bureau, who is a Senator for DeLorimer division. The subject of this sketch received an excellent education at Nicolet College. After a course of study in law he was called to the bar of Lower Canada, January, 1842; was appointed a Q.C. in 1863, and created a knight in 1877. He has occupied a distinguished position at the bar; was elected several times bâtonnier of the Montreal bar, and was also bâtonnier-general of the bar of the province. He began at an early age to take an interest in politics, and from 1854 to 1861 he sat in the Canadian Assembly for Montreal, and for Hochelaga from 1862 until the union. He represented the same county in the House of Commons until 1872, when he was returned for Napierville, for which he continued to sit until his elevation to the bench. He was leader of the Rouge or French Canadian Liberal party of the province of Quebec, from his entrance into political life until his retirement. In August, 1858, the Macdonald-Cartier government was succeeded by the Brown-Dorion administration, when Mr. Dorion became attorney-general. He was sworn in a member of the Privy Council November 7th, 1873, and was minister of justice from that date until appointed chief justice of the province of Quebec. During his career in parliament, he held the offices of commissioner of crown lands in 1858; provincial secretary from May, 1862, to January, 1863, when he resigned on the Intercolonial Railway question; attorney-general for Lower Canada, and co-leader of the government (with Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald as premier), from May, 1863, to March, 1864, when the ministry resigned from office. He acted as administrator of the province of Quebec, in December, 1876, during the illness of Lieut.-Governor Caron. He was married, in 1848, to a daughter of the late Dr. Trestler, of Montreal.

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=Tupper, Hon. Sir Charles=, G.C.M.G., C.B., D.C.L., Minister of Finance for the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for Cumberland, Nova Scotia, was born at Amherst, N.S., on the 2nd July, 1821. The family is of Hesse-Cassel origin. After having settled for a time in Guernsey, one of the British channel islands, the forefathers of the future Canadian minister of finance, with the object of improving their condition, left for Virginia, in America, and subsequently, at the termination of the American revolutionary war, removed, with other United Empire loyalists, to Nova Scotia, where they settled. The family was also connected with that of the late Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, the hero of Queenston heights. His father was the late Rev. Charles Tupper, D.D., of Aylesford, N.S. Young Tupper received a classical education at Acadia College, Nova Scotia, and graduated from that institution with the degrees of M.A. and D.C.L. He subsequently went to Edinburgh, Scotland, where he studied medicine, and took the degree of M.D., and also received the diploma of the College of Surgeons of the same city, in 1843. On his return he began the practice of his profession, and soon succeeded in building up a lucrative business. A man of Dr. Tupper’s ambitious turn was likely, sooner or later, to take that road which leads so many men to high public distinction, and probably when he did so, few men in this country were ever so well equipped for such a venture. He had a good presence, a hearty, genial address; he had read widely, observed keenly, and could discourse volubly and captivatingly upon any topic that arose. His extensive professional practice made him known to nearly everybody in Cumberland; and he had the tact—as the time was near that he had chosen for embarkation on public life—to be less prompt in sending in his accounts, and less rigid in enforcing payment than heretofore. Indeed, the robust and correct business man soon attained the name of being generous. Dr. Tupper was always a Conservative, and for the Conservative party he always expressed his preferences. But he could not be called a Tory. There was nothing retrogressive or narrow about him, and he did not care three straws for custom or tradition if it stood in the way of any condition of affairs that he considered desirable. In 1855 a general election took place in Nova Scotia, and, in response to a call from a number of prominent Conservatives, he offered himself for Cumberland, and was successful. And successful, too, over an opponent no less redoubtable than the then great lion of the Reform party, Joseph Howe. Howe was a most generous opponent. In that contest he did not suppose that he would be defeated, but he recognised the strength of his young opponent. From hustings to hustings he went, at each one saying that he had no fear of the result, but bearing testimony to the power of his opponent, and predicting that the time was near when he would be heard from, and render a creditable account of himself. The result of the fight, as we have said, was that Dr. Tupper was returned to represent his native county in the Nova Scotia legislature, where the young member for Cumberland at once attracted notice. As a speaker he was astute, ready, sarcastic, and often overwhelming, and for downright thunderous strength of style, no one could come near him. In 1856 he became provincial secretary in the Hon. James W. Johnston’s administration; in 1858 he went to England on a mission connected with the Intercolonial Railway; and in 1864 he became premier, on the retirement of the Hon. Mr. Johnston to the bench. In 1869 he moved the resolutions providing for a conference in Prince Edward Island to consider a scheme for a maritime union, but that project was afterwards merged into the larger one, which aimed at a confederation of the whole of the British North America provinces. In the confederation movement, Dr. Tupper took a leading part, attending the Quebec conference, and afterwards going to England when the question was discussed before the members of the Imperial government. In 1867 he was created a C.B., and in the same year was invited to take a seat in the Privy Council of Canada. This he refused, remaining a private member of the House of Commons till 1870, when he consented to become president of the council. In 1872 he became minister of inland revenue, and in 1873 minister of customs, which office he was soon obliged to surrender, by reason of the defeat of the ministry. During the campaign of 1878 he was like a lion in the fight, and his great battle-cry infused courage into the hearts of thousands of men who wavered between the two parties. That year the Liberals were defeated, and Dr. Tupper became minister of public works till that department was divided, when he took the portfolio of railways and canals. In 1879 he was created a knight of the order of St. Michael and St. George. His connection with the Canadian Pacific Railway is in everybody’s mind. To him more than to any other man in Canada is due the success of that great enterprise. In 1883 he was appointed high commissioner of Canada to the Court of St. James in London, retaining his position as minister of railways and canals. In this connection, Sir John Macdonald passed an act relieving the honorable gentleman from penalties under the Independence of Parliament Act; but after the close of the session of 1884, Sir Charles resigned his seat in the cabinet, and retained the high commissionership. He, however, soon re-entered active politics again. He was returned at the last general election by his old constituency, and was appointed finance minister on the 27th January, 1887, which office he still holds. Sir Charles Tupper was appointed executive commissioner for Canada at the International Exhibition held at Antwerp in 1885, and executive commissioner at the Colonial and Industrial Exhibition held in London in 1886. At the close of 1887 he was appointed by the Imperial government to act, in conjunction with the Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, in negotiating a treaty with the government of the United States of America in relation to the Canadian fisheries, and the commissioners brought their labors to a close during the month of February, 1888. While in the Nova Scotian legislature, Sir Charles introduced and saw carried through many important measures, which are now bearing good fruit. Among the measures he introduced into the House of Commons at Ottawa, and saw pass into law, we may mention the act prohibiting the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors in the North-West Territory, the Consolidation Railway Act of 1879, the act granting a charter to the Canadian Pacific Railway Company in 1881, the act of 1884 granting a loan to that company, the Railway Subsidies Acts of 1883 and 1884, and the act of 1884 respecting an agreement between the province of British Columbia and the Dominion of Canada. Sir Charles was appointed by Act of Parliament, in 1862, governor of Dalhousie College, Halifax; and was president of the Canada Medical Association from its formation in 1867 until 1870, when he declined re-election. In October, 1846, he was married to Frances Morse, of Amherst.

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=Inglis, George=, Owen Sound, Ontario, was born at Inglis Falls, three miles from Owen Sound, on the 26th July, 1850. He is the second son of Peter Inglis, who was one of the first pioneers in the town of Owen Sound, having first arrived there in 1843. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Owen Sound Grammar School. Leaving school in January, 1867, he entered his father’s woollen mills, and remained there three years, during which time he thoroughly mastered the details of the business. In 1870 he was put in charge of his father’s office, in the court house, his father at that time holding the position of deputy clerk of the Crown, clerk of the County Court, and registrar of the Surrogate Court, and had charge of the office until 1877, when his father resigned, and he was appointed in his stead. In 1885 he was made local registrar of the High Court, and in 1886 he also received the appointment of deputy registrar of the Maritime Court. In 1879 he was appointed a high school trustee by the county council, which position he has held ever since. At the present time he fills the position of chairman of the Board of Education, and has had the honor of being elected thereto for the last six years in succession. He is the president of the Cricket Club in the town, and also secretary-treasurer of the Curling Club. He takes an active interest in secret and benevolent societies, being a member of the Masonic order, and of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a pastmaster of the Ancient Order of United Workmen, and a past chancellor of the Knights of Pythias. On account of holding government offices, Mr. Inglis has never taken an active part in politics or municipal affairs. He is a Presbyterian, and a regular attendant at Knox Church, Owen Sound.

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=Partridge, Rev. Francis=, M.A., D.D., Rector of St. George’s Church, Halifax, Secretary of the diocese of Nova Scotia, and late Canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, was born at Dursley, Gloucestershire, England, on the 2nd April, 1846. He is a son of Charles Partridge, of the old Gloucestershire family of Partridge, of Wishanger, near Cirencester. The earliest record of this family dates from temp. Richard II. Miles Partridge, esquire of the unfortunate Protector, the Duke of Somerset, was knighted for his gallant conduct on the field of Pinkie. William Partridge, the London police magistrate, and Richard Partridge, the noted surgeon, are of the same stock. His mother is Catherine Gilmour, of the family of Gilmour, whose seat is at Craigmillar, near Edinburgh, Scotland. Her grandfather, Colonel James Lyon Gilmour, was quartermaster-general for many years at Quebec. The Rev. Mr. Partridge was educated at Lady Berkeley’s Grammar School, founded in 1300, at Wootton-under-Edge, Gloucestershire. He was a foundation scholar from 1855 to 1862, and from 1862 to 1864, tutor in the family of the Rev. Isaac Williams, B.D., a friend of Newman and Pusey, and one of the original writers of “Tracts for the Times,” and closely associated with the Oxford Tractarian movement. During 1864 and 1865 he was classical master at the grammar school at Dursley. In 1865 he matriculated at St. Augustine’s College, Canterbury, having been strongly moved to take up missionary work, and expecting to obtain the best training for that purpose at this college. He was mission essay and Whytehead prizeman for Greek Testament in 1866, and also took the first place in final medical examination, in 1867. After finishing his college course, he received the appointment of principal of the county Grammar School at St. Andrew’s, New Brunswick, the duties of which he assumed in 1868. Being too young for ordination, he remained in the school, prosecuting his theological studies, until June, 1869, when he was ordained a deacon by the Bishop of Fredericton, the Right Rev. John Medley, D.D., in the parish church of St. Andrew’s, N.B. He was then appointed curate of St. Andrew’s, in which position he served the church for three and a half years, still retaining the mastership of the school. He was ordained priest in June, 1870, by the same bishop. In November, 1871, he was unanimously elected rector of Rothesay, Kings county, N.B., which he accepted, and took up his residence at Easter, 1872. In 1872 he received the degree of hon. M.A. from Trinity College, Hartford, Conn. In 1876 he was elected secretary of the Diocesan Synod of Fredericton. About this time he began to take a great interest in missions, or systematic preachings, and for a continuous period studied the question, and finally, in 1877, began to give his services in this direction, holding missions in several parishes in the diocese of Fredericton. In 1879 he was appointed canon of Christ Church Cathedral, Fredericton, by the bishop, for his service to the church. In the same year, the degree of Bachelor of Divinity at King’s College, Windsor, being thrown open to clergymen of six years standing, on passing the required examinations, he went to Windsor and passed the examination, and received that degree in June of the same year. In November, 1881, he was elected to the parish of St. George, Halifax, N.S., to which position he went at Easter, 1882, leaving Rothesay and the diocese of Fredericton with much reluctance. In 1884 he received his degree of D.D. at King’s College, by special examination, taking the cognate dialects of the Old Testament, Chaldee, Syriac, and Assyrian, as the subjects of his theses. In 1884 he was appointed secretary of the diocese of Nova Scotia, which he still holds, in connection with his parish of St. George. In 1882 he restored the church, and in 1887 built new schools. In 1888 he was elected fellow of his own college, St. Augustine’s, Canterbury, an honor conferred only upon four out of five hundred alumni, “in consideration of his highly honorable career, and the great services he has rendered to the Canadian church.” He has been a member of the Provincial Synod of Canada since 1874, and has served on several of its committees. In the year 1885-6 the question of the confederation of the colleges in the province of Nova Scotia was warmly discussed, and, after mature consideration, he took the side of confederation, advocating the fusing of King’s and Dalhousie colleges, with removal, if necessary, of King’s College to Halifax. Though supported by many of the most earnest and thoughtful churchmen, this scheme was defeated by the opposition of the graduates of King’s College, who imagined that their cherished privileges were being betrayed. In spite, however, of Dr. Partridge’s views on the confederation question, he was unanimously elected a governor of the college by the Synod of Nova Scotia, in 1886. He has been divinity examiner for degrees, also for prize essays and in Hebrew, at the college since 1884, when he was also appointed lecturer in apologetic theology, delivering six lectures on this subject each year. He has made canon law a special study, with reference chiefly to its bearing on the church in this country. But his chief delight is the study of the Old Testament, in connection with the recent discoveries in Assyria and Egypt, which throw so much light upon the criticism and interpretation of the Scriptures. He has delivered many popular lectures upon this subject, and has studied the cuneiform so as to be able to speak with authority. Dr. Partridge was the first to take up church army work in Canada, which he introduced into his parish in 1886, being anxious to adopt every measure which would influence the masses for good. He has for many years been an advocate of temperance, and total abstinence where necessary, and is the chairman of the Coffee House Committee in Halifax, which has been successful in making temperance coffee rooms pay, though surrounded by taverns. He is vice-president of the Church of England Institute; president of the Church Sunday School Teachers’ Association; president of St. George’s Benefit Society, containing over three hundred working men as members; member of the committee of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and president of the Halifax Emigrants’ Home. He is an ardent Freemason, having been initiated in the Royal Lodge of Faith and Friendship, Berkeley, England, in 1868. He received his W.M. degree in St. Andrew’s, N.B. He joined the Royal Arch Chapter in St. Stephen, N.B., in 1869; R. and S. Master’s in St. John, in 1872; K. T. and K. M. and Red Cross, in 1873; assisted in forming a Consistory 32° of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite in St. John; and has filled various offices in connection therewith. He was grand chaplain of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick from 1873 to 1879, when he was elected deputy grand master, and would afterwards have been elected grand master but for his removal to Halifax. He is now P.D.G.M. and G.C. of Nova Scotia. He found the A. and A. Scottish Rite in a moribund condition in Nova Scotia, and rescusitated it and organized a Consistory 32°, of which he was the first G. Com. In 1884 he was elected a member of the Supreme Council, 33°, for the Dominion of Canada, and appointed deputy for Nova Scotia. In religion the doctor is a moderate High Churchman, believing thoroughly in the doctrines and position of his own church, but recognizing the good in all. He has published various sermons and tracts. He married, in 1868, Maria Louisa, youngest daughter of John J. Gillett, of Bristol, England, by whom he has a family of four sons and four daughters.

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=Poupore, William Joseph=, Mill Owner, Contractor and Farmer, Chichester, province of Quebec, M.P.P. for Pontiac, is of Norman-French descent. He was born on Allumette Island, P.Q., on the 29th April, 1846. His parents were William Poupore and Susan McAdam. He received his early educational training in the place of his birth, and completed it at the Ottawa Commercial College. He also studied law for a year. He commenced business as a storekeeper at Chichester in 1870; in 1872 he built a saw and carding mill, and in 1875 a grist mill, in the same village. He ceased this line of business in 1878, and began operations as a contractor. He obtained a contract from the Dominion government for the construction of the Roche-feudu and the Calumet dams, which were completed in 1883. In 1884 he entered into lumbering operations, and in 1886 obtained the government contract for the construction of the du Lievre locks and dams, and on this contract he is still engaged. Mr. Poupore was warden of the county of Pontiac from 1880 to 1881; has been mayor of Chichester from 1872 to the present (1888), and from 1872 to 1882 was chairman of the school commissioners of Chichester. He has been connected with the Pontiac and Pacific Junction Railway, and also with the Bryson and Calumet bridge, the erection of which bridge cost $22,000. Mr. Poupore is a Conservative in politics, and first took part in the general election of 1878. He was returned to the seat he now occupies in the Quebec legislature in March, 1882, on the death of T. M. Bryson, the sitting member; and at the general election of 1886 was re-elected, beating his opponent, Henry Porteous, the Liberal candidate, by a majority of 1,147 votes. In religion Mr. Poupore is a Roman Catholic. On the 31st August, 1870, he was married to Barbara Elenore, second daughter of John Poupore, who represented Pontiac in the Quebec legislature from 1862 to 1875, and the same county from 1878 to 1882 in the House of Commons of Canada, when he retired from public life.

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=Bourgeois, Hon. Jean Baptiste=, Three Rivers, Quebec, was born in the parish of St. Dominique, county of Bagot, Quebec, on the 19th May, 1835. He is the son of François Bourgeois and Scholastique Coté, his wife. His grandparents came from Acadia. The subject of this sketch was educated at St. Hyacinthe, taking a full classical course; afterwards studied law in the offices of Maurice Laframboise and Augustine C. Papineau, both since appointed judges of the Quebec Superior Court, and was called to the bar on 1st May, 1858. At the bar he soon distinguished himself, especially as a municipal lawyer. He rose rapidly, and soon took his place among the leading lights of the fraternity, ranking with such foremost lawyers as Messrs. Sicotte, Chagnon, and others. After the elevation of Mr. Sicotte to the bench, Mr. Bourgeois was the acknowledged head of the bar of St. Hyacinthe, and for sixteen years thereafter he enjoyed a large, and, needless to say, a lucrative practice. He was appointed one of the judges of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec, in June, 1876; his appointment being looked upon by his numerous friends as a fitting compliment to his learning, ability, and integrity. On his appointment he moved to Aylmer, the shire town of Ottawa county, and of the judicial district of Ottawa, which includes two counties. Before his departure, a banquet was tendered him by the leading men of all parties, who took this opportunity of expressing publicly their pleasure in the just recognition of his great talents, and their sorrow at the loss to the city of so worthy and eminent a man. In November, 1880, he was removed to Three Rivers, chef-lieu of the judicial district of the same name (the most important judicial district of the province after Montreal and Quebec). During his law practice at St. Hyacinthe, Mr. Bourgeois was in partnership with the late Hon. P. Rachaud, provincial treasurer during the Joly administration; and again with the Hon. Honoré Mercier, who was solicitor-general during the same administration, and who is now premier of the province. Mr. Bourgeois always took a prominent part in the educational and municipal affairs of St. Hyacinthe. He was school commissioner for a long time; alderman for several years; president of the Literary Association, and first president of the St. Lawrence and Missisquoi Junction Railway. He also took great interest in politics, supporting the Reform party, and in 1874 was a candidate for the county of Bagot, in the House of Commons, but was defeated by a small majority by J. A. Mousseau, the Conservative nominee. On the 6th of May, 1859, Mr. Bourgeois was married to Mary Frances, daughter of William C. Gilson, of Aylmer, and has had issue eight children, of whom only three, two daughters and a son, Corinne, Adèle, and John F. L., are now living. Judge Bourgeois is in every sense of the word a self-made man, and is an excellent example of what can be accomplished by push, energy, and a determination to succeed. His father was only a day-laborer, and unable to give his son more than an elementary education. But the son, nothing daunted, determined to take a course at the Great Seminary at St. Hyacinthe; and to accomplish this, he went among his friends and solicited their aid. Seeing the pluck and energy of the lad, his appeal was quickly responded to, and the result shows that the confidence of his friends of his younger days was not misplaced, but was, on the contrary, well-merited and worthily disposed.

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=Boivin, Charles Alphonse=, Collector of Inland Revenue, St. Hyacinthe, province of Quebec, was born the 25th of December, 1844, at St. Hyacinthe. His father, Leonard Boivin, was a successful merchant, and who, previous to his demise, in November, 1868, also held the office his son now holds. His mother, Marie Zoe Lagorce, is a descendant of an old French family, who left the old land long years ago and settled in the New France. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Seminary at St. Hyacinthe, taking a classical course with honors. After leaving college in 1863, he entered mercantile life as assistant to his father, and continued in business until the death of his father, January 18th, 1869, when he retired to assume the position he now occupies. It is conceded on every hand, by all who have had business relations with him, that he has filled the office to the satisfaction of all who have had to deal with the government through him. In 1869 he passed his examination as a notary for the province of Quebec. A remarkable fact which must be mentioned is that Mr. Boivin is the only public officer in the Dominion who never took part in politics, nor did he ever exercise the right to vote, yet his leanings are, and always have been, Conservative. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. On January 25th, 1871, he was married to Marie Julie Valois, of Quebec, whose father was a customs officer for many years, and has issue seven children—four boys and three girls.

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=Hodder, Edward M.=, M.D.—The late Dr. Hodder was the son of Captain Hodder, R.N., and was born December 30th, 1810, at Sandgate, Kent, England. He entered the navy in 1822, as midshipman under his father, but only took one cruise, leaving the service at the expiration of one year, having a strong desire to study medicine, for which profession he had a preference. Educated as a boy, first at Guernsey Grammar School, afterwards at St. Servans, France, he began his medical studies in London, under the late Mr. Amesbury, very celebrated as a surgeon, with whom he spent five years. At the close of his career as a student, he passed the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He afterwards went to Paris, where he spent two years more in the study of his profession, and subsequently he visited Edinburgh, and there, too, passed a considerable time in seeing the hospital practice of the then famous teachers of that city. He began practice in London, where he remained but two years, and thinking his prospects would be improved by removal to St. Servans, in France, he settled there for a time. His French home being too quiet for his tastes, after remaining a single year, he took it into his head to visit Canada, in 1835, returning to France again in a few months. For the next three years he practised his profession in this French town, when, having still a longing after Canada ever since he visited it, he left, never to return, and henceforth resolved to make his home in Ontario. He settled in the neighborhood of Queenston, in the Niagara district, where he remained, doing a very extensive practice, for five years. In 1843 he removed to Toronto, where he continued to practise up to the time of his death. In 1834 he married Frances Tench, daughter of Captain Tench, H.M. 87th Royal Irish Fusiliers, who survives him. Besides his widow, he leaves a large family of sons and daughters, who mourn the loss of one who, year by year, during a long and most active life was ever unwearying for their comfort and happiness. In 1854 he was elected a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and in 1865 a fellow of the Obstetrical Society of London, and was, at the time of his death, and for some years past, one of its honorary local secretaries. In 1845 he received the degree of C.M. from King’s College, Toronto, and M.D. from Trinity College in 1853. In 1850 he established, in concert with Dr. Bovell, the Upper Canada School of Medicine, which that year became the medical department of Trinity College. For several years, while Trinity College Medical School was in abeyance, Dr. Hodder was a member of the faculty of the School of Medicine. But on the revival of his old school, in 1870, he was, by the unanimous wish of his colleagues, appointed dean of the faculty, which position he held at the time of his death—having been re-appointed in 1877, when the act incorporating the school passed the provincial legislature. From 1852 to 1872 he was the leading member of the acting staff of the Toronto General Hospital, and at decease was senior consulting surgeon to both of these institutions, as well as to several others of like character. Although devoted to his professional work, Dr. Hodder found time in the way of recreation to gratify his continued love for the water. He was mainly instrumental in forming the Royal Canadian Yacht Club, of which he was commodore for many years previous and up to his death, in 1877.

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=Child, Marcus.=—The late Mr. Child, of Coaticook, Quebec province, was one of the early settlers of the Eastern Townships and during his lifetime, took an active interest in public affairs. He was born in West Boylstone, Mass., United States, in the year 1792, and when only nineteen years of age, came to Canada, and took up his abode with his uncle, Captain Levi Bigelow, who was engaged in trade at the place now known as Derby Line. He remained with this uncle until about the time of the breaking out of the war of 1812, when he left him, and commenced business on his own account in Stanstead Plain, and was very successful in trade. He was early appointed postmaster and magistrate, but was deprived of his office of postmaster on the outbreak of the Canadian rebellion of 1837-8, on account of his political views. Previous to 1837 he was elected to represent his county in the Provincial parliament of Quebec, and after the union of the provinces he still continued to sit in the Legislature of Canada. In 1845 he was appointed school inspector for the district of St. Francis. In 1855 he removed his family to Coaticook, where he continued to reside until his death, in March, 1859, leaving many to regret his early demise, but feeling that one who had faithfully performed his duty in this world had gone to his reward in the higher life. In 1819 he was married to Lydia Chadwick, of Worcester, Mass., United States, by whom he had two children, the eldest of whom, wife of Lewis Sleeper, died in June, 1858; and the other, the mother of G. M. Child, in February, 1878.

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=Methot, Joseph Edouard=, Advocate, Three Rivers, province of Quebec, was born in the parish of Ste. Anne de la Pérade, county of Champlain, Quebec, on the 24th May, 1855. He is the son of Joseph Telesphore Methot, a well-known merchant, and Celine Mathe, his wife, a daughter of Olivier Mathe. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Three Rivers Seminary. Having completed his course in that institution, he was admitted to the study of the law in the office of A. Turcotte, the speaker of the Quebec Legislative Council, and was called to the bar in July, 1875. That he will make his mark as one of the foremost men in his profession, is looked upon as a foregone conclusion by his friends. A notable case which brought him into special prominence was the question which was of so much importance to commercial travellers, and which was contested at Three Rivers, as to whether the corporation by-law taxing commercial travellers could be enforced. Mr. Methot so ably conducted the case against the municipal authorities that he gained it for his clients, and at the same time got the objectionable by-law annulled. He is a Conservative in politics, and has been the attorney for the members of that party in almost all the election petitions for the district of Three Rivers since 1881. He served in the 79th battalion from 1873 to 1878. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. He was married on the 12th January, 1881, to Alide, daughter of L. T. Dorias, of St. Grégoire le Grand, Quebec, M.P.P. for the county of Nicolet.

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=Ross, Hon. James Gibb=, Quebec, Senator of the Dominion of Canada, is a merchant in the ancient capital, occupying a prominent position among the commercial men of the city, and wields an influence over several branches of the local trade and industry. Hon. Mr. Ross is eminently a self-made man. He was born, about sixty-eight years ago, in the small village of Carlake, about eighteen miles from the city of Glasgow, and, after receiving such education as the parish school could afford, came, while still young, to Canada, where he entered as a clerk the office of his maternal uncle, the late James Gibb, president of the Quebec Bank, and then doing an extensive wholesale grocery business in the Lower Town of that city. Here Mr. Ross acquired his business training and habits of industry. On the uncle’s death, Mr. Ross continued the business, with his brother, John Ross (deceased in September, 1887), and the partnership was continued down to 1868, when it was dissolved. Long before this, however, Hon. Mr. Ross had begun to turn his attention to other investments for his large and increasing capital. The ship-building industry at Quebec was then in its palmiest days, and in it he became largely interested, advancing large sums of money to the local ship-builders, and the Western timber producers. From ship-building to ship-owning there was but a step, and a number of his vessels, both sail and steam, soon dotted the St. Lawrence. He also purchased large timber limits, built mills, became interested in railways, steamboats, etc., and by this means helped to develop to a large extent the resources of Canada and build up the local industries of the city of his adoption. Quebec owes to him, in a large measure, the successful construction of the Lake St. John and Quebec Central Railway, and few local undertakings can be specified to which he has not given a helping hand, and in which he is not concerned. At present, although a wealthy man, he is still as punctual and hard working as the humblest clerk in his office. He is to be found at his post early and late, and, though he has considerably restricted his shipping interests of recent years, his investments and speculations in other directions continue as extensive as ever. He is president of the Quebec Bank, a large stockholder in other institutions, financial and industrial, and naturally wields a large amount, of local influence. A Conservative from predilection, his life has, nevertheless, been always too busy a one to allow of his taking an active part in politics. However, much against his will, he yielded in 1873 to the solicitations and pressure of a large body of his fellow-citizens, and at the general election of that year for the Canadian House of Commons, he offered himself as a candidate for Quebec Centre against that veteran politician, the late Hon. Joseph Cauchon, then the vigorous editor of Le Journal de Québec, and afterwards lieutenant-governor of Manitoba. The division was largely inhabited by a French-Canadian population, party feeling ran very high at the time, and religious and national prejudices were invoked against Mr. Ross, with the result that, after a very severe and exciting contest, he lost his election. At the general elections of 1878, he again offered for the same division, against Jacques Malouin, who had succeeded to the seat after Mr. Cauchon’s appointment to the lieutenant-governorship of Manitoba, but was again defeated. But in January, 1884, on the death of the Hon. David E. Price, he was called by the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, to the great satisfaction of the citizens of Quebec, to a seat in the Senate for Les Laurentides division. He has always taken a deep interest in the political welfare of Canada.

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=Nelson, Hugh=, Victoria, Lieutenant-Governor of British Columbia, was born at Larne, county of Antrim, Ireland, on the 25th May, 1830. He settled in British Columbia in June, 1858, and engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1866, when he became a partner in the lumbering firm of Moody, Dietry & Nelson, at Burrard Inlet. He was vice-president and manager of the Moodyville Saw Mill Company until 1882, when he retired from business. In November, 1870 he was elected to represent New Westminster in the British Columbia legislature, which seat he held until its dissolution in 1871, when the colony entered into confederation with the Dominion of Canada. He was then returned to represent the same constituency in November, 1871, and again at the general election in 1872 by acclamation, when absent from the province. He was a member of the Yale convention, and among the first promoters of confederation in British Columbia. He received a diploma of honor for services rendered in connection with the International Fisheries Exhibition, in London, England, in 1883. He was called to the Senate of Canada on the 12th December, 1879, and remained until the 8th February, 1887, when he was appointed lieutenant-governor of British Columbia. He was married on the 17th September, 1885, to Emily, youngest daughter of the late J. B. Staunton, civil service of Canada.

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=Pugsley, Hon. William=, D.C.L., St. John, Speaker of the House of Assembly of New Brunswick, is of Loyalist stock. One of his paternal ancestors was an Englishman, and was one of the earliest settlers on the Croton river, New York. After the Revolutionary war, John Pugsley, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, came to New Brunswick and settled on the Hammond river, in Kings county, but afterwards returned to New York, and subsequently removed to England. His son, Daniel Pugsley, settled in Cardwell, Kings county, N.B. Hon. William Pugsley is a son of William Pugsley, sen., who worked a farm with much success near Sussex, in one of the most fertile districts of New Brunswick. Like so many of our best men, Mr. Pugsley received his education in the common school. Having finished his preliminary studies at Sussex, he entered the University of New Brunswick, at Fredericton, and here he was highly successful. In his junior year he was gold medallist, and he also took several scholarships. About this time the Gilchrist scholarships, founded out of the savings of a wealthy and eccentric Scottish doctor, were thrown open to competition in the provinces of the Dominion. Mr. Pugsley was among those who tried for the coveted distinction, and in 1868 took second place in the list of competitors. He took his degree of B.A. in the same year. Shortly afterwards he began the study of the law, and was called to the bar the 27th June, 1872. He at once secured a large and lucrative practice, and soon after his admission to the bar was appointed reporter and editor of the decisions of the Supreme Court in banco. He held this position for ten years. Mr. Pugsley has always taken a warm interest in the politics of his native province. For some years back, in the local house, the government has been conducted by a virtually coalition cabinet. Mr. Pugsley is an Independent Conservative, and was elected to the House of Assembly in July, 1885, a vacancy having been created by the death of Dr. Vail, M.P.P. In the debates of the house, Dr. Pugsley at once came to the front, and was considered so well versed in parliamentary procedure, that on the 3rd March, 1887, he was elected speaker of the house. In this position his wide knowledge of law as well as his acquaintance with the personnel of the house and his unfailing tact and good judgment, have stood him in good stead. The office of speaker is one which calls for great patience and circumspection, and it is also one which is eagerly sought for by politicians of every degree of ability and popularity. A speaker must be also possessed of great swiftness and sureness of decision, as in the many turns of debate, and the inevitable clashing of opinion and personal jarrings, a delicate adjustment of the rights of members may come up for settlement. Mr. Pugsley has continued his early love of scholastic studies and associations, and holds the degree of D.C.L. of Fredericton University. In religious principles he is a Methodist. He married, on the 6th January, 1872, Fannie, daughter of the late Thomas Parks, of St. John. Though residing at Rothesay, Kings county, he practises his profession in St. John.

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=Slaven, John Wallace=, Druggist, Orillia, Ontario, is a native Canadian, having been born in the county of Prince Edward, Ontario, on the 16th August, 1834. His father, P. Slaven, and mother, Eliza Walsh, both come from the county of Wexford, Ireland. Mr. Slaven received his educational training in the public and grammar schools of his native county. He holds a medical degree from an American medical school, but preferring business, he has never practised his profession. He first commenced the drug business in Wellington, Prince Edward county, in partnership with the late Dr. Archie Campbell, of that place, and in the fall of 1862 removed to Orillia, where he has continued the business with fair success up to the present. Mr. Slaven attended the Military School at Kingston, and in 1866 graduated from that institution. He afterwards became lieutenant and then captain of the 7th company Simcoe Foresters, which position he held for some time. He has served several years in the Municipal council of Orillia, and was deputy reeve of the same for two and a half years. He was elected once by a large majority and twice by acclamation. He was appointed a justice of the peace for the county of Simcoe by the Mowat government about eight years ago. Mr. Slaven is public-spirited, and takes an active part in every thing that tends to advance the town he has chosen as his home. He is a Conservative, and in 1882 was induced to enter the field of politics, and became a candidate of his party for the Ontario legislature, in opposition to Charles Drury, of Oro township, Simcoe, but failed to be elected. He at present is president of the Liberal-Conservative Association of the riding of East Simcoe. He has found some time to travel, and has visited the Pacific coast, the West Indies and many other parts of the North American continent. In religion Mr. Slaven belongs to the Roman Catholic church. He was married to Maggie McDonell, of Barrie, in June, 1867.

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=Pope, Hon. John Henry=, Minister of Railways and Canals for the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for Compton, Quebec province, was born in 1824, and received his educational training in the High School at Compton, P.Q. The earlier period of his life was directed to agricultural pursuits. Mr. Pope was fond of military life, and took a lively interest in the volunteer movement. He commanded the Cookshire Volunteer Cavalry for many years, and retired in 1862, retaining his rank as major. He is president of the International Railway Company of Maine, and also of the Compton Colonization Society. He takes a deep interest in education, and for many years has been a trustee of the St. Francis College, Richmond, P.Q. He is also a director of the Eastern Township Bank. In 1854, at the general election of that year, Mr. Pope offered himself as a candidate for the Legislative Assembly of Canada, for Compton, and was defeated; but in 1857 he succeeded in carrying his election, and sat in this legislature until the union of the provinces under confederation. He was then elected a member of the House of Commons by acclamation, and has been returned ever since by his old friends each time he has appealed for their suffrages. On the 25th October, 1871, Hon. Mr. Pope was sworn in a member of the Privy Council, and made minister of agriculture, and this office he held until the defeat of the Macdonald ministry, on the Pacific scandal question, in November, 1873, when he retired with his leader. On the return of his party to power, on the defeat of the Mackenzie administration, he was, on the 17th October, 1878, reinstated into his old office of minister of agriculture. On the 25th September, 1885, he was made minister of railways and canals, and this office he still retains. During the summer of 1880, Hon. Mr. Pope in company with Sir John A. Macdonald and Sir Charles Tupper, visited England, and took an active part in the negotiations which led to the Pacific railway contract, subsequently ratified by parliament. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics. The Hon. Mr. Pope is not given to debate, but whatever he has to say, in or out of parliament, he says with a terse vigor and conciseness of language that make a mockery of ornate phrases. He has the disposition to work, an intelligent appreciation of the wants of the country, and a well-studied parliamentary experience of nearly half an average lifetime.

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=Shorey, Hollis=, Wholesale Clothier, Montreal, was born in Barnston, Eastern townships, Quebec province, on the 2nd December, 1823. His father, Samuel E. Shorey, who was of English descent, was a native of the United States, but came to Canada when a lad of eight years of age. On reaching manhood, he married Fanny Jones, of Three Rivers, Quebec province, who was of Welsh descent, and to this couple was born the subject of our sketch. Hollis Shorey was sent to the academy at Hatley, Eastern Townships, where he took a commercial course of education. On leaving school, having reached the age of sixteen years, he entered himself as an apprentice to a local tailor, and having faithfully served the allotted term, he began business on his own account, at Barnston, his capital amounting to a very small sum. Just as he had reached his nineteenth year, his father died, and the responsibility of assisting to bring up a family of eight children was thrust upon him. Mr. Shorey’s first essay at his trade was the making of men’s, boys’ and youths’ clothing for customers who found their own cloth. He then took in a partner, and for four years they worked together amicably, keeping a general store as well as a tailoring establishment, but at the end of this period he made certain discoveries not at all to the credit of his partner, and a dissolution of the partnership ensued. This threw Mr. Shorey again back to his starting-point, but he was not discouraged. A short time after this event he entered into partnership with F. & J. H. Judd, which continued for four years, when he left the place and came to the city of Montreal. This was in 1861. Here he found employment, and for six years travelled for the firms of Macfarlane & Baird and Wm. Stephens & Co. (the now Sir George Stephens being then a member of the latter firm), soliciting orders for ready-made clothing, dry goods, etc. His field of operation was chiefly in the Eastern Townships, and he made many friends during his journeys. Getting thoroughly tired of travel, he resolved to begin business again on his own account, and then was laid, December 1866, the foundation of one of the largest wholesale clothing establishments in the Dominion. After two years he took in as a partner his son-in-law, E. A. Small, to assist him. This partnership lasted for about eighteen years when it was dissolved, and Mr. Shorey then associated with him as partners his two sons, S. O. Shorey and C. L. Shorey, who before this time had been very successful travellers for the old firm. They now employ as outside hands, tailors, etc., 1450 persons, and 150 more in the establishment. The firm, we are told, deals very liberally with their employees, and the most kindly feelings exist between them and their employers. For about fifteen years Mr. Shorey has been a member of the Board of Trade of the city of Montreal, and takes a deep interest in all its proceedings. During the small pox epidemic, in 1885, he was chairman of the citizen committee, which did so much to alleviate the sufferings of those afflicted by the pest, and remove the causes that produced it. Mr. Shorey has travelled a good deal, and found time to visit the continent of Europe, as well as the United States. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church. He has been twice married. First, in 1844, he espoused Fanny Wheeler of Barnston, province of Quebec, who, dying in 1850, left two children, a boy and girl, and since then he has been united to Clara Gilson, of Vermont, who has also borne him a boy and a girl. His four children are all married, and he has now fourteen grand-children.

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=Tomkins, Rev. John.=—The late Rev. Mr. Tomkins, during his lifetime a minister of the Methodist church, was born Nov. 12th, 1797, in the county of Stafford, England. His father, James Tomkins, and also his grandfather and great grandfather were natives of the city of Hereford, and as his parents returned thither shortly after his birth, he was accustomed to speak of that ancient cathedral town, as his native city. His parents were devout members of the Established church, and in that church his early religious training was received. He was naturally serious and thoughtful, and while still a lad was led through the preaching of a devout Anglican clergyman, the Rev. C. Glasscott, to turn his attention earnestly to religious concerns. It was, however, through the preaching of a Wesleyan Methodist minister, the Rev. Wm. Adams, that he found that rest of spirit which he had sought in vain for several years, in attendance upon the ordinances of his own communion. He immediately united with the Wesleyan society, and soon began to exercise his talents as a local preacher. Feeling called to devote himself wholly to the work of the ministry, he abandoned his worldly pursuits, and after due training, sought and obtained ordination in the old Spitalfields Chapel, London, at the hands of that distinguished divine, the Rev. Richard Watson, on the 18th of April, 1827. A few days after he left his native shores forever, to engage in missionary labor, first in Newfoundland and after in Canada. After a tedious voyage of nine weeks, he reached St. John’s on the 22nd of June, 1827. His first appointment was to Hants Harbor, a small fishing station, with less than three hundred inhabitants. Here he labored one year, and was then removed to Bona Vista, and the year following to Trinity, where he spent two years. Two more years were spent at St. John’s and Harbor Grace. During these six years of arduous toil among the scattered fishermen of Newfoundland, he endured many hardships, and on one occasion came near perishing of cold and hunger, having lost his way in a snow storm, while travelling on foot with another missionary, the Rev. Mr. Knight, from one station to another. In June, 1833, he was removed to the city of Quebec, where he remained two years. At the expiration of this time he received his first appointment to the Eastern Townships, where he spent forty-three years of his active ministry and thirteen years in a superannuated relation. His first circuit was the St. Armand, extending from the Richelieu river to Sutton, a distance of about fifty miles. The Rev. John Borland was associated with Mr. Tomkins on this field of labor, which has since been divided into about seven circuits. In the year 1836 the Wesleyan Methodist church had in Lower Canada, including the cities of Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, fourteen circuits, and a membership of about as many hundred. At the time when Mr. Tomkins closed his ministry, there were within the same territory eighty-one circuits, or stations, and the number of members had increased fivefold. From St. Armand Mr. Tomkins was removed to Odelltown, where he spent two years. His subsequent appointments were as follows:—In 1838, he went to Shefford, where he spent three years, in 1841 to Compton, where he remained three years. In 1844 he returned to Odelltown, and spent three years. In 1847 to Dunham, three years, and in 1851, he was moved to Stanstead where he spent four years. In 1854 he was chosen chairman of the Stanstead district, which office he held during the following six years. In 1855 he removed to Clarenceville, and thence, in 1858, to Dunham, for a second term of service. In 1861 he was re-appointed to Shefford, and during the two years of his pastorate there he held the office of Financial Secretary of the district. In the year 1863 he was again appointed to Stanstead, and re-elected to the chairmanship, which he held, with an interruption of a little more than a year, till the time of superannuation. In 1866 Mr. Tomkins removed to Hatley, where he spent three years, and in the summer of 1869 he retired from active work and took up his residence at Stanstead, where he remained till the close of his long and useful life, and where he continued to assist by every means in his power in advancing the interests of his Master’s cause. As a man, Mr. Tomkins was of a mild and equal temperament, of a most affectionate disposition, and of a character marked by singular transparency and simplicity. His judgment was reliable in matters connected with the interests of the church, his conclusions being generally justified by the event. As a preacher, he was clear in exposition, sound in doctrine and happy in expression, often rising into true eloquence as he kindled with his theme. All his ministrations were marked by deep and serious feeling, and he impressed his hearers by being so evidently impressed himself. As a pastor he was at once tender and faithful, and his name and memory are still loved and honored wherever he exercised his ministry. He departed this life September 21st, 1881, in the eighty-fourth year of his age, having been a Methodist preacher for fifty-three years. In February, 1836, he was married to Maria Whitcher, daughter of Dr. Isaac Whitcher, of Stanstead, Quebec province. His son, Edwin F. Tomkins, is at the head of the Cascade Narrow Fabric Company, Coaticook, P.Q., and was the first to introduce into Canada the manufacture of mohair braid, etc.

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=Unsworth, Joseph Lennon=, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, acting superintendent of the Prince Edward Island railway, was born in Liverpool, Great Britain, May 12th, 1840. His father was James Stanley Unsworth, and his mother Mary Hatton, who was a sister of the celebrated music composer, John L. Hatton, of London, England. Mr. Unsworth, senior, was born in Goshen, in the eastern part of the county of Lancashire, of an old-time family. An ancient tradition published in “The Pictorial History of the County of Lancaster,” gives the following legend of the Unsworth family: “One of the most interesting places in this part of the country, at Goshen, about a mile and a half on the south side of Bury, is an old farm-house, the residence in former times of a family of some note, and still occupied by a lineal descendant. The family of Unsworth has possessed this property, according to tradition, ever since the time of the conquest, and there are certainly relics to prove its antiquity. Amongst other curiosities, the house contains a carved oak table, which is a source of some interest as being connected with an old legend. The story is that in olden times there lived near here a fierce and terrible dragon, which resolutely defied the prowess of sundry brave heroes, who would fain have immortalized their names by freeing the country from such a scourge. One, Thomas Unsworth, a warrior of the beforementioned family, more courageous, or more fortunate, than the rest, at last succeeded in the attempt, which he accomplished in a manner that certainly did much credit to his ingenuity. Finding that bullets were of no avail, he inserted his dagger in a petronel, and, rousing the anger of the dragon, shot it under the throat at the moment of raising its head. The table was made after this event, and, it is said, carved with the dagger by which the monster was shot. Round the table are St. George and the dragon, the lion and unicorn, the Derby crest, and the veritable dragon which the aforesaid Thomas Unsworth killed. There is also hung over the table in the old parlour, a painting of the Unsworth arms, which were given them in former times for deeds of honor, surmounted by another carving of the dragon. The crest is a man in black armour, holding a hatchet in his hand, and it is said to be the portrait of the renowned family ancestor, in the armour which he wore during the battle, and in which he was encased at the time he performed the celebrated feat which won him so much fame. Whatever credence may be given to this story (and the present family firmly believe in its truth), it is certain that a portion of land was once granted to one of their ancestors for having freed the country from some dire monster, of whatever kind it might be, and of course the property granted was that said to be the favorite resort of the dragon; nor is it improbable that the large and adjoining township of Unsworth, has originally derived its name from some one of this family. They also possess several very old books, treasured with due ancestral pride, and other relics more or less interesting.” Mr. Unsworth, the subject of our sketch, received his education in Montreal, and at St. Hyacinthe, in the province of Quebec. Shortly after leaving school, in 1855, he entered the service of the Grand Trunk railway company, at Longueuil, as an apprentice, under W. S. McKenzie, and was employed by that company until March, 1872. From May, of the same year, to November, 1874, he was engaged on construction of the Inter-colonial railway between Rivière du Loup and Causapscal; from November, 1874, to November, 1881, he was master mechanic on the same railway at Rivière du Loup, and from November, 1881, to May, 1887, he was mechanical superintendent of the Government railways in Prince Edward Island, and from May, 1887, to the present time (Feb., 1888), in addition to the latter duties, he has been the acting general superintendent of the above government railways. For six years he was lieutenant in the Grand Trunk railway volunteer regiment. He is a member of the Canadian society of civil engineers. Mr. Unsworth, during his busy life, has found time to devote to travelling, having crossed the Atlantic and visited his fatherland. He has also travelled the greater part of Eastern Canada and the United States. In religion he is an adherant of the Episcopal church. He was married June 27th, 1866, to Mary Jane Lomas, daughter of Adam Lomas, woollen manufacturer, of Sherbrooke, P.Q., and sister of Alexander Galt Lomas, mayor of Sherbrooke.

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=Shearer, James Traill=, Contractor, Montreal, is a specimen of what well-directed energy and perseverance can accomplish. Born at Rosegill, parish of Dunnet, not many miles from far-famed John O’Groat’s, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on the 31st of July, 1822, he received his education in the parish school of Dunnet, and at Castletown, in the same county. Leaving school before he had scarcely entered his teens, he was obliged like many a lad in the far north of Scotland, to begin work early, and was accordingly apprenticed to a carpenter and millwright in the village of Castletown, and with him he faithfully served the alloted term. To perfect himself in his trade, he removed to Wick, and worked for about a year under D. Miller, a builder, who was erecting a church in Putneytown. When he reached his twenty-first year he resolved to try his fortune in Canada, and taking passage in a sailing vessel, on 30th May, 1848, reached Montreal, where he has since resided. Shortly after his arrival he entered the employ of Edward Maxwell, an extensive carpenter and builder, as a general house-joiner and stair-builder, branches of the business at which he was very proficient. After terminating a three years’ engagement with Mr. Maxwell, he went to Quebec city to take charge of the joiner and carpenter work on a new bomb-proof hospital then being built by the British government on Cape Diamond. Finishing the job to the entire satisfaction of the British officers in charge, he returned to Montreal, and began the study of steamboat architecture, especially cabin work, and soon became an adept at the business. Work flowed in upon him, and he found many customers, among others the late John Molson and David Torrance, for whom he fitted up many steamboats for the St. Lawrence and Ottawa rivers, and he still carries on very extensively this branch of business, along with the manufacture of other kinds of wood-work for house building purposes. Mr. Shearer is the inventor of what is known as the hollow roof, for houses and large public buildings, which is considered the best suited to the climate of Montreal. This roof is of a concave design, and carries the water down the inside of the building, instead of the outside, thereby avoiding the freezing up of pipes. It was used on the Windsor hotel, Montreal, and has since been adopted generally throughout America. He has also been the chief promoter of what is known as the “Shearer scheme,” the object of which is to improve the harbor of Montreal and prevent the flooding of the city, but owing to the strong opposition urged against it by the Grand Trunk authorities, he has had to abandon it for the present. However, it will have to be considered at no distant day. If once adopted it will greatly improve the harbor of Montreal, and prove a source of wealth to the inhabitants. The plans are now in the possession of the Dominion government, and although he has twice applied for an act of incorporation for the “St. Lawrence Bridge and Manufacturing Company,” who are prepared to carry it to completion, he has not yet succeeded in getting this company incorporated. Mr. Shearer a few years ago designed and built for himself a house on Mount Royal, and it is perhaps the best finished house in that city of fine dwellings, all the internal work being of purely Canadian wood. The view from it is most charming, and cannot be surpassed in the Dominion. A visitor can take in at a glance the Chambly hills, Belle Isle, Mount Johnston, the river St. Lawrence for many miles, the Victoria bridge, the Lachine rapids, and the full extent of the beautiful city of Montreal. In politics Mr. Shearer is a Liberal; and in religion one of those who does his own thinking, and has no objection to others doing the same. He was married in Montreal, on the 23rd of June, 1848, to Eliza Graham, and the fruit of the union has been eight children. The two eldest sons are now engaged with their father in business.

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=Armour, Hon. John Douglas=, Cobourg, Judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench, was born in the township of Otonabee, Peterborough county, Ontario, on the 4th May, 1830. He is the youngest son of the late Rev. Samuel Armour, who was for many years rector of Cavan, county of Durham, and was during his lifetime widely and favorably known through that part of Upper Canada. In his boyhood Judge Armour attended the schools in the neighborhood of his home, and on the 27th January, 1843, entered as a student Upper Canada College, Toronto. In 1847 he matriculated at King’s College (now Toronto University), and his career at college was very creditable. He gained the first university-scholarship in classics, and subsequently the Wellington scholarship. He graduated in 1850, carrying off the gold medal in classics. This same year he entered the office of his brother, Robert Armour, and began the study of law, and completed it in the office of the late Hon. P. M. M. VanKoughnet, who afterwards became Chancellor of Upper Canada. He was called to the bar in Michaelmas term, 1853, and removing to Cobourg, began to practise his profession there, forming a partnership with Sidney Smith, who some years afterward became postmaster-general of Canada. This partnership lasted until the 7th November, 1857, when Mr. Armour began to practise alone. He subsequently formed a partnership with H. F. Holland, which lasted between three and four years, when Mr. Armour was raised to the bench, and a dissolution consequently followed. During these years, various public offices were held by Mr. Armour from time to time. On the 28th March, 1858, he was appointed county attorney of the united counties of Northumberland and Durham, and during the following year he held the position of warden of those counties. On the 2nd May, 1861, he was appointed clerk of the peace for the same counties. On the 8th January, 1859, he was elected a member of the Senate of the University of Toronto. On the 26th June, 1867, he was created a Queen’s counsel. In 1871 he was elected a member of the Law Society of Upper Canada, and on the 30th of November, 1877, was appointed puisné judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench, a position he has ever since filled with honor and dignity. Hon. Judge Armour is a man of wide reading, multifarious knowledge, and great shrewdness and common sense. By heredity and tradition he is a Conservative both in religion and politics, but, nevertheless, he is a Liberal in thought and education, and a firm believer in the great future the land of his birth has before her. On the 28th of April, 1855, he married Eliza Church, daughter of the late Freeman S. Church, of Cobourg, by whom he has had eleven children, ten of whom are now living.

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=Molony, Thomas J.=, LL.B., Advocate, Quebec, is a prominent member of the Quebec bar, and one of the representative Irishmen of the ancient capital, honored with the confidence of his own element and esteemed by all classes of the community for his abilities as a lawyer, and his sterling integrity as a professional man and a citizen. He was born at Kingston, Ontario, on the 4th July, 1846, and is the youngest son of the late John Molony, and his wife, Catherine O’Connor, of that city. Thus on both sides, he sprang from good old Irish stocks. His father’s family were natives of the County Clare, Ireland. McGeoghegan, the Irish historian, ranks the Molonys among the oldest settlers of the Green Isle, and the county of Clare is the part of it around which the traditions of the family or sept have principally clustered from time immemorial. The old family, too, seem to have retained their territorial influence and social importance in the home of their ancestors down to a comparatively recent date. Up to the celebrated Daniel O’Connell’s time, they appear to have practically controlled the representation of Clare in Parliament, and readers of Irish history will readily recall the name of Sheriff Molony, in connection with the memorable election for that county which resulted in the signal defeat of Vesey Fitzgerald and the English government, and opened the door of the British Parliament to the great Irish Liberator, and to Catholic Emancipation. Burke, in his genealogy of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain and Ireland, says, pp. 1022-3; speaking of their lineage:—

The Milesian family of Molony is one of great antiquity in the sister island. O’Halloran (Hist. of Ireland, Vol. III, p. 498), says: From Cormac Cas (who was of the line of Heber, eldest son of Milesius) are descended 1st, O’Brien, chief of Thomond . . . . Besides these hereditary officers the following noble families are derived from this great source: O’Dea, . . . O’Mollowney and others, and in his “List of Ancient Irish Territories, and by what Milesian families possessed before and after the invasion of Henry II,” Ceiltannan, (otherwise Kiltanon) is mentioned among the rest as the estate of O’Molony. The Molonys were formerly princes of Clare, where they possessed a large tract of country called the O’Molony’s Lands, as may be seen from the old maps of that county. In Catholic times, three members of the family attained the mitre, as appears from the epitaph on the tomb of John O’Molony, Bishop of Limerick in 1687 (second son of John O’Molony, of Kiltanon), who after the siege of that city, followed King James II. to Paris, where he assisted in the foundation of a university for the education of Irish priests, in the chapel belonging to which he was buried in 1702. The bishop’s nephew, James Molony, of Kiltanon, the first of the family who laid aside the prefix “O,” served first in King James’ army, but subsequently sided with William.

Mr. Molony’s maternal ancestors, the O’Connors, bear a name even still more famous in Irish annals, and though his mother was born in London, the metropolis of England, she was as noted as her husband, our subject’s father, for love of Ireland, and knowledge of and preference for the old Irish tongue, alas! now so rapidly dying out. Our subject was chiefly educated at his birth-place, Kingston. At a suitable age, he began the study of the classics there under the late John O’Donnell, a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and one of the most accomplished classical scholars that Canada has ever had, as well as one of the most successful teachers of his day. Among the pupils who issued from his school to grace the learned professions may be mentioned Sir John A. Macdonald, the present premier of the Dominion, the late Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, premier of Ontario, and several others of their most distinguished contemporaries. In 1860 Mr. Molony entered Regiopolis College, Kingston, which was then under the rectorship of the Rev. John O’Brien, afterwards the most Reverend Dr. O’Brien, Roman Catholic Bishop of Kingston, and it is touchingly noteworthy that eighteen years afterwards, when that prelate was suddenly stricken down by the hand of death at Quebec, while on his way back from Europe, Mr. Molony was the one acquaintance in the ancient capital upon whom devolved the sad duty of making the necessary arrangements there for the funeral of his old college rector, and the transportation of his remains on to Kingston. After a full course of philosophy and mathematics, our subject completed his studies at Regiopolis, and having decided on the law as his future profession, in December, 1865, he entered into articles of clerkship at Kingston, with the late Daniel Macarow, barrister, at one time a partner of the well-known James O’Reilly, Q.C., and afterwards county judge. In June following, he left Kingston to study for the legal profession in Lower Canada, and entered for the purpose at the office of M. A. Hearn, Q.C., ex-bâtonnier-general of the Quebec bar, and senior member of the legal firm of Hearn, Jordan & Roche, of Quebec city. At the same time he followed the courses of Laval University, from which he took his degree of Bachelor of Laws on the 4th July, 1879. On the 19th of the same month, he was admitted as a practitioner at the Quebec bar, and on the 12th of September following he married Isabella, daughter of the late John Jordan and Catherine James, of Quebec, by whom he has had issue four children, three of them surviving and all in their teens. For some years after his admission to the bar, Mr. Molony held a provincial government appointment as English Translator to the Queen’s printer’s department, from which he rapidly won success and distinction by his talents, punctuality and devotion to the interests of his clients. At present, his standing at the Quebec bar is among the highest, and few practitioners enjoy a larger share of the respect of the bench and the public. He has been a commissioner for the province of Ontario, at Quebec, since 1874, and for the province of Manitoba, since 1883. Journalism has also successfully occupied our subject’s attention, and his contributions to the local press have been much remarked for their masterly and vigorous dealing with the subjects handled. Having always taken an active interest in municipal matters, he was twice elected by acclamation a member of the Quebec City Council for Montcalm Ward in 1884 and 1886, and rendered himself conspicuously useful to his fellow citizens by his able support of Mayor Langelier’s policy of reform of the civic administration, including the improvement of the city water-works checks. During his connection with the council, he also served on several of its most important committees, was a member of the civic deputation sent some three years ago to Ottawa to press Quebec’s claims to the C.P.R. short line to the seaboard on the favorable consideration of the Federal Government, and, though the youngest member of the council, has been called upon in the absence of the mayor to preside at important meetings, on account of his intimate acquaintance with the rules of debate, and recognized ability in the solution of points of order or knotty questions of procedure. As secretary of the relief committee for the benefit of the sufferers, he further did good service to Quebec and the cause of humanity, after the disastrous conflagration which swept St. John and Montcalm wards almost out of existence in the summer of 1881. On the temperance question, Mr. Molony holds advanced views, and every movement on the subject in Quebec for the last fourteen or more years, has had his earnest advocacy and support. He was long the president of the St. Patrick’s Total Abstinence Society, and at the monster meeting held a few years since in the skating rink, in the interests of the temperance cause, under the joint presidency of Archbishop, now Cardinal, Taschereau, the Anglican Lord Bishop of Quebec, and the local clergy of all denominations, he appeared on the platform with other leading citizens, as the special representative of the Irish Catholic body. As might be expected from the stock from which he has sprung, Mr. Molony has taken a most active and patriotic interest in Irish national matters since his boyhood. For the last twenty years he has acted a leading part in all the Irish national societies and movements at the ancient capital. From 1871 to 1875 he was treasurer of the St. Patrick’s Society, and in 1876 he was chairman of the meeting at which the first branch of the Home Rule League in Quebec was organized. Some years later, he was one of the organizers of the Irish Land League in Quebec, and in 1878 he was elected 1st-Vice-President of the Catholic League, formed at Montreal. Mr. Molony was called upon at the last moment to preside at the monster meeting held on Durham terrace, Quebec, when the French and Irish Catholic population assembled to protest against the Orange processions in Montreal, during Mr. Beaudry’s mayoralty. On this last occasion his remarks and conduct met with general approval, Protestants and Catholics alike joining in praising his tact and moderation under the most trying circumstances, and Hon. H. G. Joly, then Prime Minister of the province, warmly congratulated him on the skill which he had shown in controlling an excited gathering, while upholding the views which it had come together to assert on one of the most burning questions of the hour. Mr. Joly told him personally that he had heard from members of the Local Legislature, who were present, the highest encomiums of his action, adding that in his opinion it was an awful responsibility to assume the management of a crowd of people excited to the highest pitch. Indeed the crowd on the occasion wanted to proceed straight off to wait on Mr. Joly, but to give time to their excitement to cool down, Mr. Molony, as chairman, wisely insisted on their only sending a delegation to represent their views to the premier, and finally carried his point, when they peaceably dispersed. A fervent Roman Catholic, and a member of the St. Patrick’s congregation of Quebec, he was elected a trustee of their beautiful and historic church in 1876, and thrice afterwards, making twelve years of office in succession, but, at the last triennial elections, he refused to serve any longer, deeming it unfair to other prominent members of the congregation that one set of hands should continually monopolize the honors. During his trusteeship of St. Patrick’s, it was his good fortune also to be chosen to present the address of the Irish Catholics of Quebec, to their distinguished countryman, His Excellency the Papal Ablegate, the late lamented Bishop Conroy. Although a Liberal in his political principles, Mr. Molony never took part in politics, except to record his vote for parliamentary candidates on personal grounds, until 1883, when he interfered actively for the first time. Since then he has rendered good service to the Liberal cause in the district of Quebec, the Irish Catholic vote there, which had previously gone almost always Conservative, being won over to it largely by his vigorous advocacy on the hustings and in the press, as well as by his personal influence, and this result being made evident by the Liberal triumphs of the last few years in Quebec west, Levis, Megantic, Dorchester, Montmorency and Portneuf counties. Mr. Molony is a passed cadet of the Kingston Military School, and holds a commission as ensign in the Quebec Reserve Militia. His travels have been confined so far to Canada and the United States. Though educated at an English college, he has since acquired a thorough knowledge of, and is a ready and fluent writer and speaker of, the French language. Firmly attached to his own religious tenets, he has always evinced the highest respect for the convictions and rights of his fellow citizens of every other creed. A young man still, he has already attained an enviable position in the section of the Dominion which he has made his home, and the future probably holds in store for him a career of still greater distinction and public and private usefulness.

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=Haythorne, Hon. Robert Poore=, Senator, Marshfield, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, was born at Clifton, Bristol, England, in the year 1815. He is a son of John Haythorne, a wool merchant of Bristol, and who was an alderman, and four times mayor of that ancient city. He was likewise a justice of the peace for Gloucestershire, in which county his residence, “Hill House” was situated. R. P. Haythorne’s grandfather, Joseph, was likewise a Bristolian, and was a banker and glass manufacturer. John Haythorne married Mary Curtis, of “Mardyke House,” Hotwells, Bristol, who became the mother of our distinguished Canadian senator. R. P. Haythorne was educated at private schools in his native place. His early life was spent at his father’s residence, but later on he devoted several years to travelling, visiting the Island of Madeira, the South of Spain, Portugal, France, Switzerland, and Italy. In 1842 he emigrated to Prince Edward Island, having, in connection with an elder brother, (subsequently the Hon. Edward C. Haythorne, a nominated member of the Legislative Council), acquired a tract of 10,000 acres of land in that colony. This land was partly wilderness, partly let to tenants for 999 years, and partly occupied by squatters. For many years the brothers devoted themselves to agricultural pursuits, and to the settlement of their estate; but the brother referred to dying in 1859, R. P. Haythorne revisited England in 1860. Returning in the following year, he married Elizabeth R., eldest daughter of Thomas Scott, of Belfast, Ireland, then of Falconwood, Prince Edward Island. Two sons were born of this marriage, one in 1862, and another in the following year, both of whom survive. Mr. Haythorne became a widower in 1866, his wife dying at Liverpool, England. About this period the free land and tenant league agitation prevailed in Prince Edward Island. Mr. Haythorne and his tenants, however, settled their differences by mutual agreement, which was faithfully carried out, the tenants becoming freeholders, by paying a sum about equivalent to $2 per acre by instalments. In 1867 Mr. Haythorne, being invited by his former tenants, became a candidate for the second electoral district of Queen’s county (Legislative Council), and was returned to that chamber by a respectable majority. Not many weeks later, the local Conservative Government led by the Hon. J. C. Pope resigned, and was succeeded by a Liberal Government led by the Hon. G. Coles, the present Judge Hensley being Attorney-General, Messrs. Haythorne, Alexander Laird, Peter Sinclair, Callbeck Howlan, and A. A. Macdonald, the present Lieut.-Governor of Prince Edward Island were members of the Executive Council. The policy of this government was the further abrogation of the leasehold tenure, by purchase on voluntary agreement if practicable, otherwise by decision of a court to be established for the purpose of deciding the sum to be paid for expropriation. Mr. Coles’ health failing, he resigned, and was succeeded by Mr. Hensley, the policy of the Government remaining unchanged as regards the land tenures. Much attention was also paid to the improvement of the highways, and the extension of steam navigation to the outports of the colony. About the year 1868, Mr. Hensley accepted a seat on the bench, and Mr. Haythorne succeeded him as Premier and President of the Executive Council. The land policy of the Government was much obstructed by the Colonial Office, the Secretary of State, the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos refusing to listen to the demands of the Executive for a compulsory expropriation law, which he condemned as “a direct interference with private property.” For the present, therefore, the efforts of Mr. Haythorne and his colleagues were limited to the purchase of such estates as could be acquired by voluntary agreement, and during the Liberals’ tenure of office some progress was made; the estates of the Hon. J. C. Pope, the Hon. T. H. Haviland, and some others being purchased by Government, and that of the Rev. James Montgomery by private agreement between the proprietor and the tenants. In the following year Lord Granville having become Secretary of State for the Colonies, Mr. Haythorne’s council again approached the Colonial Office with renewed demands for a measure of expropriation. Meantime the land owners, native and absentee—some of the latter being persons of much influence—opposed the efforts of the Government. What has now come to be recognized as the “unearned increment of value,” the Island Government claimed as the heritage of the men and women who had landed boldly in the wilderness, cleared away the forests, built houses, cities, school-houses, and churches, made roads and wharves, and caused “the wilderness to blossom as the rose.” Lord Granville proved less obdurate than his predecessors. He would not sanction an expropriation bill, but seeing the urgency of another great question in the near future, he softened his refusal in words something like these: “Having regard to the evident uncertainty, whether the colony of Prince Edward Island will or will not soon unite with the Dominion of Canada, I am not prepared to enter on the consideration of the land question, with which if such union were to ensue the Imperial Government would probably cease to concern itself; the land question therefore, should in my opinion be left as far as possible for the decision of those who under the altered circumstances of the colony would have to carry into execution any measures connected with it.”—Granville, 13th March, 1869. This despatch was generally interpreted in Prince Edward Island to mean that the land question would be settled in exchange for Confederation. Thus for the present the land question rested, to be again resuscitated on the occasion of the introduction of “a Tenants’ Compensation Bill for Ireland,” a measure nearly identical with one introduced years before, during a former administration of Hon. Mr. Coles, and passed through the Island Legislature, but vetoed at the Colonial Office. During these years the fishery question had caused some trouble. The American fishing vessels had been admitted to the British-American waters on payment of tonnage license dues, but in 1868 Canada declined to continue the system, resolving to exclude the Americans, who had recently terminated the reciprocity treaty. Meantime, in the island, the Americans were admitted to their usual privileges, as regards frequenting the harbours, transhipping cargoes, and obtaining supplies. But the attention of the Imperial Government being called thereto, the Admiral on the Halifax station (Wellesley), and the officers commanding the smaller vessels of his squadron, were ordered to put a stop to the “alleged illegal practices.” These orders gave rise to long correspondence between the officers of Her Majesty’s ships, notably Captain E. Hardinge, of the frigate Valorous, and the Island Executive. The former interfered with the island and colonial coasters on very trifling grounds, and prevented the American fishing vessels from transhipping their cargoes and renewing their outfits on the island ports, causing much discontent amongst shipowners and the numerous class of traders interested. (Vide L. C. Journals, 1871.) In consequence, a minute of council for the information of the Secretary of State was drawn up, September 2nd, 1870, protesting against such interference with “our best customers the Americans, who transhipped cargoes in our ports—renewing their supplies of salt, barrels, provisions, and general outfit in our markets.” This memorial was “drawn up,” the Secretary of State, Lord Kimberley, observes, “with much ability and moderation,” and his Lordship authorized the Lieut.-Governor Robinson (now Sir William Robinson, South Australia), “to suspend the restrictions the local Government felt called upon to impose.” This was the last public act of Mr. Haythorne’s first administration. Shortly afterwards finding his supporters in the House of Assembly in a minority, caused by the secession of the two Catholic members of his government, he resigned, and was succeeded by a coalition Government led by the Hon. J. C. Pope, the two Catholic members of the late Government accepting seats in the Executive. During the late Liberal Administrations the island had been visited by Prince Arthur, by Lord and Lady Lisgar, and a Canadian deputation, including Sir L. Tilley, Sir Geo. E. Cartier, and Sir E. Kenny; the object of this “descent” being to attract the Islanders into Confederation by an offer of “better terms.” These, however, were declined, 90 out of 100 Islanders at that juncture being opposed to Confederation. An informal Congressional deputation, of which the well-known General B. Butler was a member, also visited the island, their object being to ascertain whether any approach to reciprocity could be made. This visit, though it was without results, indicated a kindly disposition on both sides. It obtained for the Executive of the Island a snub from the Secretary of State, the Lieutenant-Governor (Dundas), having taken short leave to visit Halifax at this period. During the later months of 1870, through 1871, and till April, 1873, Mr. Haythorne was in Opposition. This was the period of the development and adoption of the railroad policy, which by the financial embarrassment it caused, ultimately drew the island into Confederation. Mr. Pope’s Government being supported by considerable majorities, carried his railway bill for the construction of a trunk line connecting Charlottetown with Summerside and Alberton on the west, and with Georgetown on the east, and providing for future extensions to Souris and Tignish. Soon, however, after the rising of the legislature, Mr. Pope’s majority began to fade away, and in 1872, being defeated in the Assembly, and again on an appeal to the people, he resigned, and Mr. Haythorne being again called on to form an Administration, succeeded, and carried the law relating to the railway extensions into effect. In the latter part of the year 1872, and the commencement of 1873, the financial and other difficulties which his Government encountered were almost overpowering. The trunk line was under rapid construction, and interest on debentures began to accrue half yearly at a rapidly increasing rate. Large drafts on the local treasury were also required in payment of rights of way, and land damages, which added to the ordinary expenditure seemed beyond the power of the island to meet by increased taxation. The Government therefore, re-opened communication with the Dominion Government, then led by Sir John Macdonald, with a view to ascertain the terms on which the island would be admitted to Confederation. Being invited to send a deputation to Ottawa, Mr. Haythorne and his colleague in the Executive, the Hon. David Laird, were chosen to perform this duty. They arrived in the capital a few days before the meeting of Parliament, in February, 1873, Lord Dufferin being Governor-General. The delegates were put in communication chiefly with Sir L. Tilley, and negotiated terms which seemed highly advantageous to the island. These comprised six seats in the Commons, the taking over and operating of the Island railway by the Dominion, the assumption of the island debt, the providing of a sum of $800,000 for the acquisition of proprietary lands, and the vesting of the same in local legislature. Continuous steam communication summer and winter with the mainland was also guaranteed. Before signing these preliminaries which the delegates undertook to introduce to their respective branches of the legislature, the House of Assembly was dissolved, and writs forthwith issued for the election of a new parliament. The following telegram from Lord Dufferin to Gov. Robinson, P.E.I., 12th March, 1873, may be quoted: “The delegates from your Government have left Ottawa, having succeeded in effecting a provisional arrangement. I congratulate you on P.E.I. having obtained such liberal terms. My ministers are of opinion, in which I fully concur, that no additional concessions would have any chance of being accepted by the Parliament of Canada.—Dufferin.” Though the new terms were very generally approved, the policy of the Opposition led by Mr. Pope prevailed. It was to send another deputation to Ottawa, and demand further concessions. And it succeeded, proving more attractive to the majority of electors. Mr. Haythorne finding his government in a minority resigned, and Mr. Pope resumed office. On the assembling of the new parliament, Messrs. J. C. Pope, T. H. Haviland, and G. W. Howlan were sent to Ottawa, and after some delay, secured some further concessions, which were finally adopted in addition to the so-called Haythorne-Laird terms, and being ratified, the island entered Confederation on July 1st, 1873. The following autumn Mr. Haythorne was summoned to the Senate, and took his seat during the short session of that year, when the Pacific Railway scandal led to the resignation of Sir John Macdonald’s Government, and the advent of Mr. Mackenzie and his friends to power. In the Senate Mr. Haythorne has been a pronounced freetrader, and a supporter of the general policy of the Liberal party. He dissented, however, from so much of their election law as went to substitute (temporarily) the franchise of the Legislative Council of Prince Edward Island, for the manhood suffrage which had long existed there, and supported an amendment moved by Senator Haviland, which provided for the continuance of the existing franchise in that province, until registration courts should be established. This amendment being carried in the Senate, it was agreed to by the Commons. He supported the Scott Act, though somewhat doubtful respecting the fitness of some of its clauses. He has steadily opposed all attempts to circumscribe its operation, or diminish its efficacy. During the session of 1885, he avowed a change of opinion, as to its principles and policy. This contention being briefly: (1st) That the Canada Temperance Act, 1878, is practically inoperative against the drunkard; while it abridges the natural liberty of sober consumers of fermented liquors; (2nd) That the optional theory is unsound, because where most needed in a community addicted to intemperance, it receives least support, and would be generally carried where least needed; and because it is the duty of Government to propose to Parliament such measures as are necessary to obviate a national tendency to intemperance; (3rd) Prohibition tends to produce smuggling, illicit trading, and sale of pernicious spirits, and experience proves that perjury sometimes results on the prosecution of offenders.

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=Gingras, Hon. Jean Elie=, ex-Member of the Legislative Council of the Province of Quebec, is one of the oldest and best known citizens of Quebec city, where he was born on the 5th of June, in the year 1804, of humble but respectable French Canadian parents, then residing in the shipping quarter of the city known as Diamond Harbor, which extends along the river front beneath the citadel. The educational advantages he enjoyed in his youth were limited, as he had to face the stern necessities of life at an age when other lads, more fortunately situated, are still considered in their teens. Put to learn the trade of the ship carpenter, he worked for a number of years in the ship-yard of the late Mr. Black, the builder of the Royal William, the first steam vessel that successfully crossed the Atlantic, and eventually became his foreman. He afterwards engaged in the ship-building business on his own account. This was in the palmy days of that great industry in Quebec, and Mr. Gingras, by dint of skill, energy and enterprise, rapidly worked himself into the front rank of those engaged in it, employing a large amount of labor, and acquiring considerable wealth and influence in the community. During this stage of his long and useful life, his fellow-citizens marked their appreciation of his worth by electing him a member of the city corporation, and the government of the day by appointing him a member of the Quebec Trinity House. A Conservative in politics, he was also nominated by his party in 1864 to contest the seat for the Stadacona division in the Legislative Council with the then mayor of Quebec city, A. Tourangeau, who afterwards became M.P. for Quebec East, and is now city postmaster. This was before confederation, when the Legislative Council of Canada was elective. After a severe contest, Mr. Gingras was returned at the head of the poll, and represented the Stadacona division in the Council from 1864 until the union, when he was appointed by the Crown a member of the Legislative Council of the province of Quebec for life. During the decline of wooden ship-building at Quebec, Mr. Gingras lost heavily, and finally retired from business with a remnant of his once large fortune. He continued, however, to hold his seat in the Legislative Council of the province until the close of 1887, when, on attaining his eighty-fourth year of age, he resigned it and was succeeded by Hon. G. Bresse, the great boot and shoe manufacturer of Quebec East. Notwithstanding his advanced age, Mr. Gingras is still hale and hearty, and few men enjoy a larger share of public respect. He was thrice married. His last wife, as were her predecessors, being a Quebec lady, whom he married in 1887. Like the vast majority of his fellow-countrymen, he is a Roman Catholic.

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=Weldon, Richard Chapman=, B.A., Ph.D., Halifax, Nova Scotia, M.P. for Albert County, New Brunswick, is a native of Sussex, N.B., where he was born on the 19th January, 1849. He is the grandson of Andrew Weldon, a native of Yorkshire, England, who emigrated and settled in Westmoreland county, N.B., about a hundred years ago. The greater part of the province was then a wilderness, and Andrew Weldon was one of its foremost pioneers. Dr. Weldon’s paternal grandmother was Sarah Black, sister of Rev. William Black, the founder of Methodism in the maritime provinces. The late Rev. Dr. Matthew Richie wrote an interesting biography of the Rev. Mr. Black, and a centenary memorial hall at Mount Allison College, N.B., marks the esteem in which his name is held by the church which he labored to establish, and will long keep his memory green. The cause, under his zealous advocacy, made great headway, until now, the Methodist church is one of the largest and most progressive in the maritime provinces. Dr. Weldon received his earlier education at the Superior School, in Upper Sussex. He matriculated at Mount Allison and took the degree of B.A. after a very successful course. After leaving Sackville he went to Yale College, in the United States, and after prosecuting his studies there with great zeal for two years took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The success of his post-graduate course was so great as to tempt him to enjoy the advantages of European travel and study. Having decided that his vocation lay in the department of international law, he went to the famous University of Heidelberg, which two years since celebrated its tercentenary, and there worked hard at its chosen subject of study. Heidelberg enrols about thirteen hundred students, from all parts of the world. The situation of the university, under the old schloss (in ruins since the middle of the last century, when it was the seat of government of the old palatinate), and over-looking the valley of the beautiful Neckar flowing swiftly by amid it opulent vineyards, is one of the prettiest in the whole world. Many of the ablest jurists, statisticians and publicists in Germany have received their training in Heidelberg. After enjoying the pleasure of visiting some of the greatest resorts in the old world, Dr. Weldon returned home, and in 1875 accepted the position of a professor at Mount Allison College. He held this office until 1883. As a professor at his Alma Mater he was careful and painstaking, and earned the reputation of being the ablest man in the college. He continued his studies in law and was called to the bar of his native province, but never practised. About 1882 the princely donations of George Munro, the New York publisher, to Dalhousie College, Halifax, gave a great impetus to that seat of learning, and it was resolved to establish a chair of constitutional law. In casting about for a man to fill it, no better name was suggested than that of Dr. Weldon. This was a rare honor, coming as it did from a neighboring, and, in some respects, a rival college. Of this law school there are two professors and six lecturers, the latter being selected from among the ablest practitioners at the bar of Nova Scotia. Dr. Weldon is dean of the school, and delivers lectures in constitutional law and history, conflict of laws and international law. There are about fifty students, coming from all parts of the maritime provinces. The school possesses a fairly equipped and serviceable law library. To this library Dr. Weldon is one of the largest donors, having contributed $500. Having passed the required examinations, Dr. Weldon was, on the 9th December, 1884, admitted to the bar of Nova Scotia. His lectures are very popular, and he is held in high esteem by the students and the faculty of Dalhousie at large. Although he had resided at times long out of his native province, Dr. Weldon never ceased to feel a warm interest in her affairs as well as in the larger political movements in the Dominion. His sympathies lay with the Conservatives. Previous to the general election of 1887 he was nominated by the Conservatives of Albert county. He at once entered into the canvass and conducted a series of public meetings, in which he made a favorable impression. The opposition candidate was a very strong man, Mr. Alexander Rogers. The vote stood: Weldon, 1,047; Rogers, 923. Dr. Weldon signalized his entrance into the Commons by seconding the Address. He had carefully studied the fishery question in its larger bearings, and won applause by saying that if the sixty million people of the United States insisted upon their contentions, five millions on this side of the border would stand by their rights. Dr. Weldon is a man of modest bearing, and is always listened to with respect by the house. He is connected with the Methodists; his wife, whom he married in 1877, being Marie, eldest daughter of Rev. G. W. Tuttle, at that time stationed in the Stellarton—Pictou county, N.S.—circuit.

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=McNicoll, David=, Montreal, General Passenger Agent, for the territory east of Port Arthur of the Canadian Pacific Railway, is still a young man, though his position is one of large responsibilities. He was born in the seaport town of Arbroath, in Forfarshire, Scotland, in April, 1852, and was only just beginning his fourteenth year when, in August, 1866, he entered the railway service as clerk in the goods manager’s office of the North British Railway. In that position he remained until 1873, when he removed to England and obtained a similar berth in the Midland Railway of that country. When he was in his twenty-first year he was induced to come to Canada, where his previous experience proved of service in procuring him employment in the same business. He became associated with railway enterprise in the Dominion in the year 1874. His first introduction to it was in the capacity of billing clerk on the Northern Railway, at Meaford and Collingwood. Before the close of his first year on Canadian railways, he was promoted to be chief clerk in the office of the general manager of the Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway, at Toronto. He remained in that position until 1881, when he became the general freight and passenger agent of the same railway, and general traffic agent of the Owen Sound steamship line, trading on the upper lakes. In 1883 he received the appointment of general passenger agent of the Credit Valley, Toronto, Grey and Bruce, and Ontario and Quebec railways, and when these lines were amalgamated with the Canadian Pacific Railway, and operated as the Ontario division of the same, he retained his position as general passenger agent at Toronto until the spring of 1885, when his office was removed to Montreal. He then received the appointment of general passenger agent of all the lines of the Canadian Pacific Railway east of Port Arthur, which position he now holds. Mr. McNicoll is well known in Toronto and Montreal, and enjoys the confidence and esteem both of his superiors and colleagues and of the travelling public.

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=Ellis, Wm. Hodgson=, B.A., M.B., L.R.C.P., Toronto, is a native of Derbyshire, England, where he was born on the 23rd of November, 1845. His father, Dr. John Eimeo Ellis, was an English physician of some note, and his grandfather, the Rev. William Ellis, was the famed missionary to Madagascar, at the beginning of the century, and well known by his admirable work dealing with missionary labor on the large and interesting island in the Indian ocean, which lately came under the protection of France. When he was in his fourteenth year, young Ellis came to Canada, and in 1863 he matriculated at University College, Toronto, and four years afterwards took his B.A. degree. During his university career, he was a diligent and successful student, particularly distinguishing himself in science, for the study of which he had an inherited taste, and a great natural aptitude. While an undergraduate, he became a member of the University Rifle corps, of which he was afterwards made captain; and in June, 1866, was with the “Queen’s Own,” at the historic field of Ridgeway, where the university corps took a memorable part in the engagement with the invading Fenians. On taking his arts degree, Mr. Ellis devoted himself to the study of medicine, and in one course won his M.B. degree, at the Toronto School of Medicine; after which he proceeded to London, England, there to complete his professional studies. These he pursued at St. Thomas’ Hospital, where he soon obtained the degree of Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians, London. He now returned to Canada, and in 1871 was appointed Professor of Chemistry in Trinity Medical School, and lecturer of chemistry in Trinity College, Toronto. Five years later he was appointed by the Ontario government instructor in chemistry in the Provincial College of Technology, now the School of Practical Science, in affiliation with Toronto University. When the college was removed to the Queen’s Park and attached to the university, Dr. Ellis resigned his professorship in Trinity College, and assumed his present position, the Professorship of Applied Chemistry, and was at the same time appointed by the Dominion government Public Analyst for the Inland Revenue, district of Toronto. To these important positions the learned professor brings great natural and acquired powers, an alert, widely stored, and comprehensive mind, and, though still young, a large experience, and the fruits of wide study and research. He is moreover an interesting lecturer and a successful instructor; and his genial manner, no less than his high attainments, wins for him the regard and confidence of all with whom he comes in contact. Dr. Ellis is an active member of the Canadian Institute, and for two years was its president. He is also a Fellow of the Chemical Society of London, England, and a Fellow of the Society of Public Analysts of Great Britain. Dr. Ellis married in 1875, Ellen Maud, daughter of Charles Mickle, of the city of Guelph, by whom he has had two children. He is a member of the Anglican church.

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=Robitaille, Louis Adolphe=, Quebec, is a well-known and much respected citizen of the ancient capital. He is a brother of Hon. Theodore Robitaille, fourth lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and now a senator of the Dominion, and, like him, was born at the family residence at Varennes, P.Q. His father, who was a notary, was descended from one of the oldest French families in Lower Canada, and figured very prominently among the patriots during the insurrection of 1837-38, even to the extent of suffering imprisonment for his political opinions until after the pacification of the province. On the maternal side our subject claims descent from the Monjeaus and the Brodeurs, two more of the good old Lower Canadian families. He was educated at the Ste. Therese, St. Hyacinthe, and Montreal Seminaries. He was offered and accepted an appointment in the Crown Lands department of Canada sometime about 1855. Before confederation, Mr. Robitaille was promoted and placed in charge of the Woods and Forests branch of Canada, and in this position he was continued until confederation, when he became superintendent of Woods and Forests for the province of Quebec. He afterwards left this branch of the service for an appointment in the Railway department of Quebec province, which position he held until shortly after the transfer of the North Shore Railway, and was then superannuated. Though retired from the government service, Mr. Robitaille is still in active employment as secretary-treasurer of the Baie des Chaleurs Railway. He is a brother-in-law of Mr. Riopel, M.P. for Bonaventure. Having been a public officer from early life, serving under different administrations, Mr. Robitaille has never taken an active part in politics.

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=Caron, Hon. Sir Joseph Philippe Rene Adolphe=, B.C.L., K.C.M.G., Q.C., Ottawa, Minister of Militia, M.P. for Quebec county, was born in the city of Quebec in 1843. He is the eldest surviving son of the late Hon. R. E. Caron, lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec. The Caron family is ancient, and many members of it from time to time held distinguished places in the state. Sir Adolphe was educated at the Seminary of Quebec, at Laval University, and at the University of McGill, in Montreal. In 1865, he graduated from the last mentioned institution, taking with him the degree of B.C.L. Mr. Caron had as preceptors in the offices wherein he studied his profession, very distinguished lawyers. At first he studied with L. G. Baillairgé, Q.C., and subsequently with the Hon. (now Sir) John Rose, bart. In 1865, he was called to the bar of Lower Canada, and in May, 1879, was appointed a Queen’s counsellor. He is the only remaining member of the widely known firm of Andrews, Caron & Andrews, Quebec city, Mr. Andrews, sr., having died a few years ago, and Mr. Andrews, jr., was appointed to a justiceship. The firm is now re-organized and known as Caron, Pentland & Stuart. Besides his attention to law, he has formed prominent connections in other directions. He has been a director of the Stadacona Bank, and was vice-president of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec in 1867. But above all other interests, he found himself attracted to public life, and first sought parliamentary honors in 1872, at Bellechase, but failed to secure his election. In March, 1873, he was more successful, having been then returned to represent the county of Quebec in the House of Commons at Ottawa, and has sat in the House of Commons ever since, and has been twice elected by acclamation. He always showed himself to be an industrious and practical member of the house, and those who observed him closely had no difficulty in predicting that sooner or later he must obtain a substantial recognition of his abilities. Sir John A. Macdonald always keeps his eyes about him for talent, and Mr. Caron was long under his scrutiny. A very great friend and warm admirer of Sir John A. Macdonald declares, however, that the premier does not want to have near him any ability, or brilliancy that could ever be likely to cast his own in the shade. Nevertheless, we are pretty certain that he is shrewd enough to seek to gather about him the best brains that he can lay hold of, and, as a rule, he has always succeeded in doing this. He perceived that the subject of our sketch would not alone make a good minister, but that he would likewise make a popular one, and Mr. Caron was sworn in a member of the Privy Council, 9th November, 1880, and appointed minister of militia. To some men, indeed to most men, come that one opportunity, at some period or another in their lives; that one opportunity arose for the Hon. Mr. Caron, minister of militia, in 1885. We need not, so close to the event which furnished the opportunity, dwell at length upon it here. Like a thunderbolt upon our ears came the tidings that several policemen and civilians had fallen before a body of armed rebels in the North-West. It was the winter of the year, the theatre of revolt was far away; it could not be reached by railroad, but almost interminable stretches of wilderness lay before whomsoever should go there to re-assert the majesty of the law. A weak or incapable minister of militia would have been at his wit’s end in the face of a problem, grave as this, thrust upon him for immediate settlement. But Hon. Mr. Caron was not dismayed; he did not hesitate at all, but promptly and firmly grappled with the difficulty. Looking back upon it now, it naturally gives us ground for the heartiest approbation to think of the celerity with which troops were placed at different points in the territories, in the face of long and difficult marching, and at an inclement season. It is perhaps doubtful if there is to be found in the history of ordinary wars a record showing more promptness of design and action than this uprising put in the way of our militia department to display. It is a fact that the decision and speed of our movements elicited the highest approbation from disinterested military spectators. His Excellency, the governor-general, who is a gentleman of very superior judgment, recognized the efficiency of the minister in this time of peril, and had no hesitation in communicating the fact to the Imperial government, and recommending that he should obtain recognition from the Crown. That recognition came, and there was no room to doubt that the minister of militia well deserved to become Sir Adolphe Caron. Of late it has come to be the custom in certain quarters to sneer at distinctions like the knighthood, and to declare that they have been conferred at random; but in the selection of Sir Adolphe for such an honor, no reasonable man can make this criticism. In politics Sir Adolphe is a Liberal-Conservative, and in religion a Roman Catholic. In 1867, he married Alice, only daughter of the late Hon. François Baby, who represented Stadacona division in the Legislative Council for many years.

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=Edgar, William=, General Passenger Agent, Grand Trunk Railway, Montreal, was born at Birkenhead, on the Mersey, opposite Liverpool, on the 14th of June, 1841. When quite young he came to Canada, and on the 13th of October, 1856, entered the stationery department of the Great Western railway as a clerk. During the twelve years following, he filled various capacities in connection with the same important line, being at different times, clerk of the stores department, clerk of the audit department and chief clerk to the general ticket agent. In discharging his duties, he was always able to give satisfaction to his employers, and never failed to command the respect of those with whom he came in contact. In July, 1869, he was appointed passenger agent for the western division of the Great Western, being stationed at Detroit, a post which he held until the succeeding January, when he became general ticket agent on the same road and on the Michigan Central. In that position he remained until November, 1875, when he was offered and accepted the office of general passenger agent on the Great Western line. In November, 1882, another change in his career took place, as he was then appointed assistant-general passenger agent of the Grand Trunk Railway which included the Great Western system. His new functions necessitated his removal to Toronto, where he made many friends during his stay of some twenty months. In July, 1884, Mr. Edgar was further promoted to the important position which he now holds, that of general passenger agent of the Grand Trunk, with headquarters at Montreal. He enjoys the esteem of many friends, both among his colleagues and in the community at large.

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=Perley, William Dell=, Wolseley, N.W.T., M.P. for East Assiniboia, was born at Gladstone, Sunbury County, New Brunswick, 6th February, 1838. Among his ancestors were the pioneers of America as well as the pioneers of New Brunswick. On his father’s side the family traces its descent back to Allan Perley, who emigrated from Wales to Massachusetts in 1630. When the Revolutionary war broke out a number of members of the family remained true to the British cause, and being expelled with the other Loyalists, settled in New Brunswick. The father of the subject of this sketch was Hon. W. E. Perley, of Sunbury, a prominent man in the politics of New Brunswick in ante-Confederation times. He was educated in the best school of the province, concluding his collegiate course at the Baptist Seminary at Sackville. In 1860 Mr. Perley married Phebe Augusta Slipp, of Hampstead, N.B. Being a man of public spirit and unusual energy, he early became prominent in public affairs. His first training as a legislator he received in the municipal council of his native county, to which he was elected for seven consecutive years, this fact alone being sufficient proof of the esteem in which he was held by those among whom he had spent his life. The opportunities afforded to men of energy and capital in the Canadian North-West has had great attraction for Mr. Perley from the earliest public announcements of the great resources of that country. Going to the North-West in 1882 he became from the first a leading citizen of what is now Assiniboia district. He was a member of the first municipal council of Wolseley, and was elected chairman of that body. In this capacity he had most to do with completing the municipal organization. He became a member of the North-West council in September, 1885, and was appointed one of the delegates from the North-West Territories to confer with the Government of the Dominion, in relation to important questions affecting the North-West which were then pending. In 1887, Mr. Perley resigned his place in the North-West council to contest the newly established riding of East Assiniboia for the House of Commons. The elections in the North-West were of absorbing interest owing to the close results of the elections for the Eastern Provinces, and they were fought with keenness throughout. Mr. Perley succeeded in carrying his district, as also did the other Conservative candidates. Though but a short time in the House, Mr. Perley has already taken a respectable place and has shown himself to be possessed of qualities which would win him distinction in any legislative body. He speaks seldom, but has already made it plain that he possesses independence of spirit which is unfortunately too rare in Canadian politics. He is an active promoter of a number of great public enterprises, such as railways and others, and has, even in his short career in parliament, won important advantages for his constituents in hastening the construction of the North-West Central Railway, a most important enterprise, and in various other ways.

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=Stephenson, Major James=, Superintendent of the Grand Trunk Railway, Montreal, was born in England in the very year and month in which our Gracious Queen ascended the throne, June, 1837, and in a place renowned in history for its association with a line of English kings, the ancient town of Lancaster. It is the capital of the important county which comprises those great centres of trade and industry, Liverpool and Manchester. But Mr. Stephenson was not destined to spend more than his early years on the banks of the Lune. Early in life he was induced to come to Canada, where the railway movement initiated by the enterprise of British capitalists, seemed to hold out prospects of success to energetic young men. It was not, however, in the railway, but in the telegraphic service that he began his career. In 1855 he obtained a situation in the British American Telegraph Company, and in the following year, on the amalgamation of that company with the Montreal Telegraph Company, he was offered a position on the Grand Trunk, and severed his connection with his former employers. It was at the Don Station, Toronto, that, in September, 1856, he made his début in the new calling which was henceforth to be the business of his life. Two months later an event occurred, which may be regarded as the starting-point of a new era for Canada—the great Grand Trunk celebration at Montreal, inaugurating the completion of the connecting link between Montreal and Toronto. To have been a railway man at that date, makes good his title to the ranks of veteran. The first duties that were entrusted to Mr. Stephenson were those of ticket clerk and operator, but in 1858, he succeeded to the agency of the station. It was the first of many steps forward. In 1860, he was appointed train-despatcher; in 1862, divisional telegraph superintendent and agent at Belleville; in 1864, assistant superintendent; and in June, 1881, general passenger agent. But the promotion of Mr. Stephenson did not stop here, for in July, 1884, the Company recognizing his great ability, he was promoted, to the satisfaction of his colleagues and the public, to the responsible position which he still holds. Mr. Stephenson is a true Briton, and was not the man to look on inactive, when in 1866—a year which not a few of our people have had cause to remember—Canada was the victim of unprovoked attack from the Fenian element of the United States. He buckled on his armour with thousands of other brave men to meet and repel the invader. He was quickly raised to the rank of captain, and in March, 1867, had earned his majority. In October, 1871, he retired, retaining his rank. His certificates of qualification are dated 2nd class, March, 1867; 1st class, May, 1867. He married in September, 1866, Agnes Frances, eldest daughter of the late Captain Richard Arnold, of Toronto. In private life Major Stephenson is much respected and has many friends.

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=Masson, James=, Q.C., Barrister, Owen Sound, Ontario, M.P. for North Grey, was born on the 17th February, 1847, in Seymour township, Northumberland county, Ontario. He is the eldest son of Thomas W. S. Masson, of Seymour, and grandson of Captain Thomas Masson, R.N., St. Andrews, Scotland. James Masson, the subject of this sketch, received his educational training in the public school of his native place and at the Grammar School, Belleville, and having selected law as a profession, he entered the office of W. H. Penton, Belleville, where he completed his legal studies. He was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas term, 1871, and removing to Owen Sound, commenced the practice of his profession shortly afterwards, and has succeeded in building up a good business. He occupied the position of Master in Chancery at Owen Sound from 1873 to December, 1885; and in October, 1885, he was created a Queen’s counsel. In 1873 Mr. Masson first began to take an interest in politics, and at the general election of 1887 he was chosen to serve in the House of Commons at Ottawa as the representative of North Grey. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and was for many years previous to this an advocate and supporter of the national policy. He served with the 15th battalion of volunteers at Prescott in 1866. He married in July, 1873, Jessie, fourth daughter of the Rev. D. Morrison, of Knox Church, Owen Sound.

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=Mills, John Burpee=, M.P., of Annapolis, N.S., was born at Granville Ferry, in Annapolis county, 24th July, 1850. Granville Ferry is very prettily situated, being on the opposite side of the Annapolis river, about three miles from Annapolis Royal, the seat of so many historic associations. The country about there is occupied by many comfortable-looking, square-built, old English houses, built by military people in the days when Annapolis was a garrison town and the capital of Nova Scotia. There is a fine field for writers of imaginative literature in the early and even the later story of Annapolis. Of a pleasant afternoon in September there is no pleasanter drive to be enjoyed than that along the road from Bridgetown to Granville Ferry, on the right bank of the Annapolis river, when the tide is in. All along the highway is a succession of orchards of apples and plums. On the low meadows beside the river, stacks of hay stand on roughly made frameworks. The breeze comes down from the north mountain and sweeps through orchard and meadow. Mr. Mills belongs to a Baptist family and received his college education at Acadia College, Wolfeville, N.S., the headquarters of Baptist educational forces in the maritime provinces, which was founded and long sustained by the self-denying labors of “Father” Manning, Rev. Theodore Harding, the venerable and accomplished Dr. Crawley—who is still living near the seat of his life-long labors—Rev. Dr. Cramp, the historian of the Baptist denomination, and other able scholars and business men. Mr. Mills completed a successful course in May, 1871, when he took his bachelor’s degree, graduating with honors. He took an active interest in field sports whilst pursuing his studies with assiduity, and was for some terms captain of the college cricket eleven. In those days Acadia boasted a good cricket team, and in contests with elevens of neighboring towns, scored numerous victories. Continuing his love of Alma Mater after striking out in active life, in 1877 he presented himself again at old Acadia, and was honored with the degree of M.A. He has long been a member of the alumni of Acadia College. But before this he attended the law school of Harvard for one year, and completed his studies in law in Nova Scotia. He was called to the bar on 20th July, 1875. Immediately upon entering into business, he obtained a large practice which he still holds, being at the head of the firm of Mills & Gillies. They do a large business in conveyancing and real estate transactions. Mr. Mills’ father, John Mills, of Granville Ferry, is a merchant and shipbuilder, and the subject of this sketch is also largely interested in shipping. He has for some years taken a great interest in politics, and two years previous to the last Dominion general election, was nominated as candidate of the Conservative party in Annapolis county. He at once entered upon the canvass, and for a year previous to the election devoted much of his time to political work. His opponent was Colonel W. H. Ray, a man widely known and popular in the county, and then representing it at Ottawa. Parties are pretty evenly matched in Annapolis, and a candidate’s work is never easy there. Mr. Mills canvassed the county thoroughly, visiting every section of it, and seeing the leading men everywhere. In the May election for the local house in 1886, one Liberal, Attorney-General Longley, and one Conservative, Frank Andrews, were returned by very narrow majorities. The question of Repeal had decided the local contest in favor of the Liberals, and it was not known how far the same cry might prevail in the Dominion election. Mr. Mills secured 1758 votes, against 1730 polled by Col. Ray. He took his seat in the House of Commons last winter as a supporter of the government. As yet he has not taken a leading part in the debates, but with experience, may be expected to give a good account of himself in the political arena. At Ottawa it is only the men of many fights as a rule that are expected often to address the House. The principal part of every debate is by mutual consent relegated to the acknowledged leaders on either side, and younger and less practical statesmen have opportunities of studying the moves in the play of the principals. While devoting so much of his time to law and politics, Mr. Mills has taken an interest in most of the business enterprises of his native town, and is a director in several local corporations. A large part of the apple crop of the Annapolis valley is exported from Annapolis Royal. There is a direct line of steamers plying between the town, Portland, Me., and Boston. The town has suffered much from the ravages of fire, otherwise it would be one of the largest and most flourishing towns in the province, its natural resources and advantages being so great, and public-spirited citizens having at various times expended large sums of money in many business and industrial enterprises. Mr. Mills was a member of the municipal council from 1882 to 1887. He married, 23rd Oct., 1878, Bessie, daughter of A. W. Corbett, of Annapolis.

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=Roy, Rouer Joseph=, Q.C., Barrister, Montreal, was born on the 7th January, 1821, in Montreal, province of Quebec. His father was Joseph Roy, who represented the city of Montreal in the Quebec legislature, before 1837. On the occasion of his death, which occurred in 1856, the Hon. Joseph Papineau thus spoke of him:—“The one we have lost has left us none but noble examples to imitate, and not one act or one word that requires to be excused.” His mother, Miss Lusignan, belonged to a family of Italian origin, which was allied to the noble house of the Rouer de Villeroy of France. Mr. Roy, the subject of our sketch, was educated at the Montreal College, where he took a full classical course, under Messire Baile, completing his studies in 1838. He then began the study of law under the Hon. M. O’Sullivan, formerly solicitor-general for Lower Canada, and afterwards chief justice of Quebec. On Mr. Sullivan being elevated to the bench as chief justice in 1840, Mr. Roy continued his studies under the Hon. Andrew Stuart, also one of the solicitor-generals of the province, and completed them some eighteen months before he became of age. He was called to the bar of Quebec in February, 1842. After a brilliant career as a barrister and leading attorney, he was, in 1862, appointed joint city attorney for the city of Montreal, and acted in that capacity up to the year 1876, when he became the sole legal adviser of the city, which position he still holds. In 1856 he was unanimously elected by his brother barristers syndic of the bar of Quebec, which position he held for four years. He was appointed Queen’s counsel in 1864, and since 1864 he has been president of the library committee of the bar. In 1887 he was elected bâtonnier of the bar of Quebec. He was appointed by the Fabrique, in 1870, churchwarden of the parish of Notre Dame. This is an honor conferred upon a very limited and selected number of persons, Mr. Roy being only the second member of the profession who has held this honorable position. He is a linguist of no mean ability, is a thorough Latin and Italian scholar, is well versed in Greek lore, and is familiar with the English language, as well as his native French. He was a captain of the Voltigeurs in 1849, shortly after the burning of the parliament buildings in Montreal. During his career as a practising barrister, he had the important case of Grant vs. Beaudry, arising out of the Orange troubles of 1878, which was carried to the Supreme Court and there decided in favor of his client. He has been intrusted with several cases before Her Majesty’s Privy Council in England, notably the St. James street case, which was the cause of much excitement at the time, also the case of Castonguay and LeClere, and more particularly the case of Lachevrotiere dit Chavigny and the city of Montreal. This case arose out of a dispute with regard to one of the principal squares of the city. Mr. Roy was married on the 22nd of January, 1857, to Corinne Beaudry, daughter of the Hon. Jean Beaudry, who, for many years was a member of the Legislative Council of Canada, and mayor of the city of Montreal. Mr. Roy has a family of eight children, seven daughters and a son, who to-day ranks among the rising civil engineers of Canada.

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=Weeks, Otto Swartz=, Halifax, Nova Scotia, M.P.P. for the county of Guysborough, is a native of Nova Scotia. His father was the Rev. Otto Weeks, a clergyman of the Church of England, who entered King’s College, Windsor, in the year 1820, and graduated B.A. in 1824, taking his degree of M.A. in 1827. The family is of New England extraction. Mr. Weeks received his early education in Halifax and studied law with A. James, judge in equity for Nova Scotia. His talents attracted the attention of the late Hon. Joseph Howe, who took a great interest in his progress. Mr. Weeks began life as a newspaper reporter, and it being one of his duties to report the speeches in the House of Assembly during the palmy days of provincial eloquence and statesmanship, when giants like the late Hon. J. W. Johnston, George R. Young, William Young, late Chief Justice of Nova Scotia, James B. Uniacke, Joseph Howe, Herbert Huntingdon, and many others strove for the honors, limited enough, which the province had to offer, he early acquired a style of colloquial and forensic speaking which materially aided him in later life. He was admitted to the bar, 28th November, 1853, began practice at Brooklin, Hants county, but shortly removed to Windsor, the shire town and seat of the courts and public offices. Here he built up an extensive practice, his partner for some years being his cousin, John W. Ouseley, at present clerk of the House of Assembly. His business extended over the counties of Hants, Kings and Annapolis, and he became leader of the midland circuit, having for opponents at the bar, among others, John C. Hall, Hiram Blanchard, Hon. John W. Ritchie, ex-equity judge, and Hon. James McDonald, Chief Justice of Nova Scotia. His wife is Miss Ruggles, a sister of T. W. Ruggles, barrister, of Bridgetown, Annapolis county, N.S. Mr. Weeks has always been identified with the Liberal party, and in December, 1874, was invited to fill the office of attorney-general in the government of which Hon. P. Carteret Hill, D.C.L., was premier. He at once took the field in the constituency of Guysborough, and having for an opponent Captain Hadley, a well-known local politician, was elected by a narrow majority in 1875. After this victory, Hon. P. C. Hill, Mr. Weeks, and others, made a tour of the western counties holding public meetings in Windsor and Bridgetown. Mr. Weeks brought great strength to the government, especially in the debates in the house, where his most formidable antagonist was Douglas B. Woodworth, ex M.P. for King’s county, Nova Scotia. He held the office of attorney-general for one year when he resigned it, but still kept his seat in the house, and maintained his reputation as a keen and incisive debater. At the general election in 1878 Mr. Weeks again contested Guysborough but was defeated, there being a third Liberal candidate, D. C. Fraser, of New Glasgow, N.S., in the field. After assuming the duties of the attorney-generalship, Mr. Weeks relinquished his practice in Windsor, and removed to Halifax where he has since resided. At the general election of 1882 and 1886 he was elected for Guysborough. In former years he occasionally came before the public as a lecturer on literary topics, and always with marked success. Among his lyceum efforts delivered in Windsor may be mentioned those on Music and on the modern English poets. He excels as a reciter of poetry, and has a keen appreciation of the beauties of English literature. Although a great admirer of Hon. Joseph Howe, when that gentleman engaged in the famous campaign of 1869, after accepting a seat in the cabinet of Sir John A. Macdonald, Mr. Weeks took the stump against him and met him on many platforms in the county. As a lawyer he possesses the most wide-spread reputation of any man in the province, having great influence with juries. His manner is very deliberate, but gives added force to the pungency of his repartees, in making which he has no equal in Nova Scotia. He has not been prominently connected with any of the social movements of the time, although he took some degree of interest, in its early days, of the volunteer movement. His whole attention has been absorbed in the struggles of politics and the practice of his profession. A bill which passed the house whilst he was a member of the Hill government gave rise to the somewhat celebrated Great Seal Case of 1877. The point was raised by J. Norman Ritchie, now one of the judges of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, as to whether the local legislature could interfere with the precedence which his letters patent as Queen counsel appointed by the Canadian Government. This question was decided, after being argued with great ability by the full benches of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia and of Canada, in favor of Mr. Ritchie’s precedence.

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=Purcell, Patrick=, M.P. for Glengarry, was born in Glengarry, Ont., May 1st, 1833. He unites in himself the best qualities of the two great branches of the Celtic race, his father having been a native of Kilkenny, Ireland, while his mother was from the Western Highlands of Scotland, a native of Argyleshire. He had but slight educational advantages in his youth, and, though quick of perception and remarkable from an early age for great shrewdness, was not of a temperament to be much improved by the merely literary methods of the schools. Had he been privileged in his younger days to attend some institutions such as the great technical colleges of today, in which not the memory only but the perceptive faculties and manual abilities are trained and developed, he would undoubtedly have made even a greater mark in life than he has done. But in the great technical school of life in which he had to make his own way from an early age, Mr. Purcell secured a training which has brought him out as one of Canada’s most remarkable citizens. When but 19 years of age Mr. Purcell married Isabella McDonald, daughter of Angus McDonald, a Glengarry farmer. Beginning life as a laborer, he worked his way rapidly forward until he began to take small contracts on his own account on some of the works on which he was employed. While still a young man he was the sole contractor on some important government works such as great capitalists band together to undertake. In this respect he is a worthy son of Glengarry. It is hard to say what America, and especially Canada, would have done to carry on its remarkable industrial development had they not had such shrewd, hard-working, responsible men as the great contractors who have come out of Glengarry. Dozens of names could be mentioned, and many will suggest themselves to the mind of the reader who is at all acquainted with the history of great public works in America. But among them all, none has shown more remarkable qualities as a business man or earned more signal success than Patrick Purcell. Among the great works which he has constructed are St. Peter’s Canal, Nova Scotia; section 21 of the Intercolonial Railway; 250 miles of the Canadian Pacific Railway west of Port Arthur (this last a work of greater difficulty under the circumstances probably than any section of railway of equal length in the world), and many others both in Canada and the United States. In the last general election he was elected to the Commons in the Liberal interest for his native county of Glengarry after a hard contest, his opponent being the sitting member, Mr. Donald McMaster, also a native of the county. The seat has been contested, and at this writing the case is still pending before the Supreme Court. Mr. Purcell is not only a shrewd business man, but a man of broad and generous sympathies. He uses his great wealth to help his friends, loaning money at nominal interest in a way to win the gratitude of many men who but for him would find it impossible to get a good start in life. He also gives large sums for charitable and benevolent purposes. In religion Mr. Purcell is a Roman Catholic.

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=Nantel, Guillaume Alphonse=, St. Jerome, Quebec, M.P.P. for Terrebonne, Editor of La Press and Le Nord newspapers, was born in November, 1852, at St. Jerome, in the county of Terrebonne, Quebec province. His father, Guillaume Nantel, was in his lifetime a lieutenant in the militia, and although he came from St. Eustache, was a thorough loyalist. He died in February, 1857, leaving a family of nine children. His mother, Adelaide Desjardiner, was born in Ste. Therese, Terrebonne county. One of his brothers, the Rev. A. Nantel, has been superior of the Ste. Therese Seminary for about fifteen years, and in 1883 established a fine college in that place. Another brother, P. Nantel, is a school inspector, and his youngest brother, Bruno Nantel, has been for a long time a law partner of the Hon. M. Taillon, and is now practising at St. Jerome. He is the rising barrister for the county of Terrebonne. Young Nantel, the subject of our sketch, received his education at the college of Ste. Therese, and was a very successful student, having carried off several first-class prizes. In 1873 he obtained a second class certificate at the Montreal military school, and in 1881 he was made first lieutenant in the eighth company of the 65th battalion. He takes a deep interest, with Father Labelle, in colonization, and is greatly interested in the settlement of the northern townships of the Ottawa valley. He is a director of the Montreal and Western Railway Company, which proposes to build a railroad—already largely subsidized by the government—from St. Jerome to Nominingue Lake, in the county of Ottawa, and from Nominingue Lake up to Torrierdeninque Lake, which line when built will cross the most fertile belt, in which is found the finest timber and minerals in Ottawa and Pontiac counties. Is also interested in the “Le Grande Nord” railway from St. Jerome to St. Julienne, in Montcalm county. Mr. Nantel was called to the bar of Quebec province on the 10th July, 1875, and practised his profession alone in Montreal, up to January, 1877, when he joined in partnership the Hon. M. J. A. Ouimet, M.P., and now Speaker of the House of Commons. This partnership having been dissolved, he again practised alone for a year, when, in 1881 he left Montreal, and joining his brother, B. Nantel, in St. Jerome, successfully carried on business in that place till the 1st of May, 1886. In April of that year, Mr. Nantel, along with C. Marchand, purchased Le Nord, a local and colonization newspaper, but his partner having given up his connection with the paper the following December, he has himself since then conducted it. In November, he and Mr. Wintele bought out La Press, one of the leading French papers. In 1882, at the general election of that year, he was elected a member of the Quebec legislature for the county of Terrebonne, beating his opponent, E. A. Poivier, by a majority of seven hundred and fifty-three votes. Mr. Nantel is a strong Conservative in politics, and contends that Canadians should govern Canada, and each province be permitted to stand by itself, that we must have a national policy, such as shall foster our own trade and commerce, agriculture, etc., so as to make our country independent of all outsiders. He strongly advocates in his papers the building of railways, the opening up of mines, the advancement of agriculture, the creation of factories, industrial learning, manual training in our seminaries of learning, and everything else possible that can make the people more learned and prosperous. In 1884, while a member of the Quebec legislature, Mr. Nantel was one of the commissioners appointed to investigate the charges preferred against Hon. Mr. Mercier and the late Judge Mousseau. In religion he is a Roman Catholic, but favors the most liberal tolerance to all other sects. He thinks there is room enough in Canada for people professing all the different creeds of Christendom, and also for men of all nationalities, and would be only too happy to see the indigent and down-trodden people of Europe make their home with us, and become partakers with us in all the liberty and independence we possess. He was opposed to the execution of Riel.

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=Macdonald, Right Hon. Sir John Alexander=, K.C.M.G., D.C.L., LL.D., Premier of Canada, was born in Glasgow, on the 11th January, 1815. He came to Canada in 1820 with his parents, who first settled near Kingston, but after a few years removed to a farm on the Bay of Quinté. Meanwhile the future premier of Canada was left at Kingston, the grammar school of which he attended until he was about fifteen years of age, when he began the study of law. When he had reached his twenty-first year he was called to the bar. He has been described by a writer in The Week as a lively youth, a good scholar, and a voluminous reader; but his talents were not considered extraordinary and he owed his election as member for Kingston, thirteen years after his call to the bar, more to his personal popularity than to his abilities. In a democratic country a good memory for faces and names, a frank and cordial manner of speech, a willingness to say yes rather than no, are wonderful aids to an aspirant in public life. Add readiness of speech in public, and self-confidence, and they will outweigh, for a time at least, the soundest judgment, the most extensive knowledge, and the warmest patriotism. It is not wonderful, therefore, that Mr. Macdonald’s popular address should have brought him early into the political field. In 1841 (says the writer from whom we have already quoted), Canada was granted a constitution, as the Liberals understood it, a transcript of that of Britain—the Governor in place of the Queen, bound to accept the legislation voted by the people’s representatives, and to receive advisers of whom they approved. Sir Charles Bagot accepted this view of the constitution, but when Sir Charles Metcalfe became governor there came a change of tactics. Responsible government was a new idea in colonial politics, and to very many unwelcome. Metcalfe was an honest, and in some ways, an able man; but he had served in India, and could not accept readily the notion that a dependency of the empire could be at once free and loyal. He refused to make an appointment asked by his ministers; they resigned; he called in others and appealed to the people. In Upper Canada he was sustained by an enormous majority; in Lower Canada he was defeated as decisively; his ministers had only a small majority, varying from two to eight. Lord Metcalfe, who was in ill health gave up the contest and his office. Lord Elgin succeeded him; another election was held, and the friends of responsible government returned to power, supported by a large majority in the House of Assembly. In this contest Mr. Macdonald was a loyal supporter of Lord Metcalfe, and took office in his government first as receiver-general and afterwards as commissioner of crown lands. It is improbable that a politician so shrewd as he could have been sanguine of preventing the introduction of responsible government into Canada for any length of time. But he was then, and is now, in spite of many concessions to popular feeling, a Conservative of the British type, on the side of the classes, distrusting the masses, and resolved at whatever cost to maintain inviolate the supremacy of the Crown. In this fact is to be found the key to his policy during his forty-three years of public life. Fond of power, eager for success, indifferent as to the means of obtaining it, he has throughout been true to his flag. The ministry formed by Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine, under Lord Elgin, did not remain long in power. It was assailed by the Conservatives for proposing to pay losses incurred by residents of Lower Canada during the rebellion, a measure not called for by the country at large, but pressed upon the government by Mr. Lafontaine, a man of great ability and strength of will. Mr. Macdonald opposed the bill temperately, and was not believed to have given countenance to the violent proceedings which followed its passage. Nor did he take an active part in the crusade against the financial policy of the government which the Conservatives undertook after the removal of the executive and parliament to Toronto. In that movement the Conservatives were aided, and Messrs. Baldwin and Lafontaine ultimately coerced into resignation, by the “original Clear Grits,” under the leadership of Hon. Malcolm Cameron and Hon. W. H. Merritt. Mr. Baldwin was the most venerable figure in our political history, pure, honorable, high-minded, and during the struggle for responsible government rendered incalculable service to his party and cause. But he was a Whig rather than a Radical, a High Churchman, and therefore opposed to the secularisation of the clergy reserves, and incapable of stooping to the arts of the politician. He retired with Mr. Lafontaine, and Mr. Hincks became premier. During his brief reign George Brown commenced his agitation for representation by population, the secularisation of the clergy reserves, and against the further extension of the Separate School system in Upper Canada, and at the election of 1854 John A. Macdonald took an active part in inducing Conservative candidates to accept the secularisation plank of Mr. Brown’s platform, receiving in return the support of the powerful section of Reformers who went into opposition to Mr. Hincks on that and other questions. The result was the defeat of the government and the return of the Conservatives to office under the leadership of Sir Allan MacNab and Mr. Morin, Mr. Macdonald taking the office of attorney-general west, and practically the leadership of the Legislative Assembly being infinitely superior to his nominal chief in all that constitutes an effective parliamentarian. Mr. Macdonald then became, for the first time, an influential legislator, in the prime of life and fullest measure of his intellectual power. Mr. Macdonald took care in commuting the claims of existing clerical incumbents that great liberality should be shown. Simultaneously with this measure—the price in fact paid to the French Canadians for permitting the secularisation of the reserves—a bill was passed to abolish the seignorial tenure in Lower Canada, and emancipate the habitants from their feudal dues. Hitherto Mr. Macdonald had been opposed to French Canadians as a class, and he now appeared as their ally. He himself had no fancy for reform or change, and rightly judged that the French would prefer conservatism to liberalism. The alliance thus formed was not broken till the execution of Riel, and the effects of that deed of justice are not likely to be lasting. It must not be inferred, however, that Sir John has placed himself under the control of the French. He has helped to build their railways in liberal fashion, but has resisted successfully many demands besides the pardon of Riel. They would gladly have had a land endowment for the Catholic church in Manitoba and aid to send French emigrants thither, but he yielded neither. At critical moments they have forced concessions from him, but he has always made a stout fight, and the money demanded has generally been spent in the development of the resources of the province. Very early in his career as minister, Mr. Macdonald was met by a demand for further subsidies to the Grand Trunk Railway, and he gave them freely. His warmest admirer will not say that he is an economist even now, when old age might have been expected to bring carefulness. But in youth he was lavish both in his own expenditure and that of the country. His best defence as to the latter is that the country has advanced under his care; that though the public debt is large, there is a great deal to show for it. The inception of the great public works of the country, however, did not come from him. The Grand Trunk was commenced by the late Sir Francis Hincks, the annexation of the North-West was pressed upon parliament by the late Hon. George Brown, and the Canadian Pacific was begun, and large sums spent upon it, by Hon. Alexander Mackenzie. But Sir John carried all these to completion, and may fairly claim renown on their account. He cannot be said to have a creative mind, but in dexterity, perseverance, and courage in carrying through important measures he stands unrivalled among Canadian statesmen, and few elsewhere can be held to have surpassed him. Sir John was singularly favored by circumstances in the construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Mr. Mackenzie helped him by the construction of the line from Pembina and Port Arthur to Winnipeg. Sir John made a fiasco with Sir Hugh Allan in 1871, and the latter was no longer available as a contractor in 1878. But it happened that three Canadians had lately acquired great fortunes in railway enterprises, and were able and willing to enter upon new efforts. But for these circumstances Sir John might have been compelled to build the Canadian Pacific with public loans, by very slow degrees. With the aid of these capitalists he had but to guarantee an issue of government debentures to secure immediate construction of the road from the Atlantic to the Pacific. His policy was assailed, and not without reason, because the difficulties were great and the means of overcoming them not obvious to the public. But the result has justified Sir John’s audacity, and there are few who now question the wisdom of his policy. The road may not pay a large return to its shareholders at once, but it will do its work as a colonising agent, and ultimately must be a triumphant financial success, as well as of advantage to the great territory through which it takes its course. It is a triumph of Canadian enterprise, energy, and liberality, and has directed to the Dominion admiring eyes in every quarter of the globe. Sir John’s extraordinary capacity for conciliating contending factions and individuals has carried the confederated provinces through twenty years of their union. Difficult questions are now coming to the front, and the wonder is not that they should now appear, but that they should have been delayed so long. The British-American Act is a bundle of compromises put together to bring the provinces together, and not meant to be permanent. If Sir John should live to assist in revising its terms it will be a happy augury of success. At his age he cannot be expected to be fully in accord with the spirit of the rising generation, but his address, his personal influence, his vast knowledge, have always been of eminent service to the State. In the settlement of difficulties at various periods with the United States his influence has been used wholly for good. This was manifested particularly in the Washington treaty of 1871. His ambition and jealousy of rivals have sometimes led him astray, but when he is called away his errors will be forgotten; it will be said of him even by his political opponents that he was the greatest politician in Canada, the one who spent most of his time and strength in her service, and did more than any other to forward her material progress. “For forty years,” (says another writer), “a representative of the people in parliament, for thirty years the trusted and beloved leader of the great Conservative party, and for twenty-five years the premier of the Dominion of Canada, the career of Sir John A. Macdonald, is in one respect at least unique in the history of parliamentary institutions.” When the Parliamentary deadlock occurred in 1864, in consequence of the bitter antagonisms that had sprung up between our Canadian politicians, he joined with leading men of both parties in bringing about, in 1867, the confederation of the British North American provinces, which had the effect at the time of smoothing over many difficulties; and, in 1878, when the Mackenzie government fell, he was successful in inaugurating what is known as the National Policy, which has been instrumental in developing the industries of the country, and in no little degree in maintaining his hold of power. In the success of these public measures, Sir John owes much to his astuteness and dexterity, as well as to his personal magnetism and phenomenal influence over the great body of the electorate. Quite recently, it has been said that the premier himself has come under an influence which has hitherto been new to him, that of religion, and that some Ottawa revivalists, in his old age, have brought about in his case a change of heart. This is a matter too sacred for the biographer to touch, and must be left to him whom alone it concerns. Though he has never been known as what is called a religious man, and however lax have been his political ethics, no enemy has ever charged him with being personally corrupt. His own words in 1873, when defending himself from charges arising out of the Pacific Railway scandal, may be accepted and reechoed, that “there does not exist in Canada a man who has given more of his time, more of his heart, more of his wealth, or more of his intellect and powers, such as they may be, for the good of this Dominion of Canada.”

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=Weller, Charles Alexander=, Peterborough. Judge of the County Court, Local Judge of the High Court Of Justice, and Local Master of the Supreme Court of Judicature, was born at Toronto, on the 29th March, 1830, and took up his abode in Cobourg in 1838, with his parents, William Weller and Mercy Wilcox Weller, now both deceased. Judge Weller received his education at the Cobourg Seminary (now Victoria College), and at Upper Canada College, Toronto. Having determined to adopt the profession of law, he studied with Boulton & Cockburn, and Hector & Weller, barristers, in Toronto. In 1852 he was admitted as an attorney, and the following year was called to the bar of Upper Canada. Having removed to Peterborough in 1852, he began the practice of his profession and soon succeeded in building up a good business. In February, 1857, he received the appointments of county crown attorney and clerk of the peace for Peterborough; and in March, 1875, that of master in chancery for the same place. In March, 1886, Mr. Weller was created judge of the County Court, retaining the master’s office. Since that period he has won golden opinions for himself as a just and upright judge, and one who takes a deep interest in all that pertains to the building up of the town in which he has so long resided, and the welfare of his fellow citizens. On the 20th October, 1852, he was married to Martha, eldest daughter of the late Dr. Gilchrist, of Colborne. The fruit of the union was two children, a son and daughter, Henry Boucher, late of Millbrook, barrister, deceased; and Eliza, who is married to H. B. Dean, barrister, Lindsay, and son of Judge Dean.

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=Belanger, Louis-Charles=, Advocate, Sherbrooke, Quebec province, was born on 19th May, 1840, at Rapide Plat, province of Quebec (Flat Rapids), on the Yamaska river, about seven miles below the city of St. Hyacinthe, in the parish of Ste. Rosalie, county Bagot. He is the eldest son of Charles Belanger, farmer and master blacksmith, and Angélique Renault-Blanchard. The subject of our sketch, Mr. Belanger, has six brothers and six sisters, all living, ten of whom are in the province of Quebec, and two in Worcester, Mass. The last named two brothers edit Le Courrier de Worcester, a leading French newspaper in New England. One of his brothers, Louis-Arthur, is the managing editor of Le Progrès de l’Est, a lively newspaper published at Sherbrooke, and the only bi-weekly paper in the Eastern Townships. His paternal grandfather, Paul Belanger, came from Beauce, and was one of the pioneer settlers in the St. Hyacinthe district. The late Louis Renault-Blanchard, his maternal grandfather, sat in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada, before 1841. This gentleman took an active part in the troubles of 1837-’38, and was forced to take refuge in the United States, along with one of his sons, the late L. P. R. Blanchard, C.E. and P.L.S. Mr. Belanger studied at St. Hyacinthe College from 1853 until 1860, when he removed to Sherbrooke, and spent two years as professor in the old Commercial French College of those days, and in this town he has resided ever since. He began the study of law in 1862, with the late William-Locker Felton, Q.C., who sat in parliament for Richmond and Wolfe, during the years 1854-’58, and took an active part in the separate school bill then before the house,—his wife being a Roman Catholic and one of the most accomplished women of her time—and was admitted to the bar of Quebec province, in October, 1866. On the 13th October, 1866, he entered into partnership with H. C. Cabana, now joint prothonotary of the Superior Court for the district of St. Francis, as advocates, etc., and with him established the Pionnier de Sherbrooke newspaper, being the first French newspaper published in the Eastern Townships. In July, 1874, the partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Belanger practised law alone for a while. In the autumn of that year, he and his brother, L. A. Belanger, purchased the Sherbrooke News and started the Progrès, both of which they published until May, 1878, when they sold their establishment to a company by which the Pionnier has been published ever since. In 1882, he started the Progrès de l’Est, which he handed to his brother now with him, and to which he is an active contributor. He was a member of the 53rd battalion from 1882 until 1885, as active captain of No. 4 company, composed chiefly of French Canadians. From 1881 until 1883, he occupied a seat in the council, and was president of the St. Jean Baptiste Society in 1874, at the time of the National Convention at Montreal, and also in 1884, when the great celebration took place in the same city. Was one of the organizers of the St. Joseph Society, a Workingmen’s Mutual Benefit Society, in 1874. He has also been a school commissioner ever since 1865. In August, 1874, he was made honorary member of the St. Patrick’s Society, of Sherbrooke and vicinity. In 1876, he contested Richmond and Wolfe with Lieutenant-Colonel Hanning for the House of Commons, secured a majority of 114 in Wolfe, but was defeated by a larger majority against him in Richmond. Again, in February 1887, he contested the seat in Sherbrooke with R. N. Hall, the sitting member. There had been no contested election in that constituency for the Commons up till this time, since 1867, but after a most gallant fight, he was defeated. He had conducted the Crown business (French cases), ever since 1878, and he is now the sole Crown Prosecutor for the district of St. Francis, since February, 1887. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic, but well-known for his liberal views in religious and educational matters. In politics, he is an independent Conservative, but separated from the present government on account of the North-West troubles. On October 23rd, 1865, whilst studying law, he married Margaret Henrietta Bradshaw Unsworth, daughter of the late James Unsworth, who came from England to this country about the year 1852, and was engaged on the editorial staff of the Montreal Gazette for a while, after which he removed to St. Hyacinthe, where he held the office of agent for the Grand Trunk Railway Company, and died of cholera in 1854. Mr. Unsworth left four sons, one of whom, Joseph, is superintendent of the government railway on Prince Edward Island. His widow, still living in Sherbrooke, is the sister of the well-known English composer, John Hatton, who died a couple of years ago, in London. Mr. Belanger has only one child, a daughter, having lost two in their infancy. Mr. Belanger’s motto is “Live and let live!” He stands up for equal rights to all men, and is a thorough Canadian. In 1867, Mr. Belanger’s father and family removed from Ste. Rosalie to Cookshire, county of Compton, where he purchased a large farm, now carried on by Mr. Belanger and his youngest brother. His father died two years ago, much regretted by a large circle of friends.

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=Berryman, John=, M.D., M.P.P., of St. John, N.B., is of Irish extraction, his father, John Berryman, being a native of Antrim, who emigrated to St. John, and married Miss Wade, a lady of U. E. Loyalist parentage. Dr. Berryman was born in St. John, 9th December, 1828, and received his early education at the grammar school in that city. After leaving school he began life as a clerk in a flour store in St. John, then in a hardware shop, and for a half year in a flouring mill owned by his father. In 1848 he visited the West India Islands of Trinidad, Jamaica, and Cuba; Santa Fe De Bogata and Rio Hacha in New Granada. In 1849 he built, in St. John, a steam meal mill for grinding corn, and ran it until the fall of 1851, when he sold out and left for the Cape of Good Hope, and subsequently Australia, where he resided for five years, and carried on business as a miner, merchant, truckman, builder, and carpenter. Having early manifested a strong bent for the profession of medicine, after his return from Australia he entered upon a careful course of studies, at first in St. John and afterwards at the University of Edinburgh, where he assisted, in his professional labors, Professor Sir J. Y. Simpson, and resided in his house for two years. It is part of the course of a good student to engage in actual work either in the city of Edinburgh or at the university. In this way a medical student acquires in the rough duties of a city physician a practical knowledge of the minutiæ of his arduous employment, which must afterwards be of great service to him, especially when, as so often happens, he elects his field of labor in some remote country town, or on the outskirts of civilization, where books are not to be had, and consultations with other physicians are necessarily few and far between. Students at Edinburgh frequently attend to outside patients, furnish statistics of mortality to the official registrars, and deliver lectures on professional subjects. It so happened that Dr. Berryman’s fate cast him very soon into a field of work which tested his practical knowledge and his natural resources to the utmost. The war of the United States rebellion broke out in 1861, and the demand for men and scientific skill of all kinds, but particularly for skilled physicians, became enormous. Dr. Berryman went to the front and tendered his services, which, being accepted, found a large field. He was appointed by Surgeon-General Hammond a member of an examining board in connection with Professors Stillie, DeCosta, Weir, Mitchel, and Gross, of Philadelphia, and Dr. Smith, an army surgeon, to decide what disposition should be made of the three thousand soldiers under treatment in the hospital. He saw many thrilling scenes in the field of battle and in the crowded war hospital. In the rough exigencies of army life, and amid the countless horrible cases which war engendered, he had an ample field for his abilities, and at the same time had opportunities of perfecting himself as a surgeon in most difficult and delicate surgical operations. The training so acquired has been of inestimable value to him in his subsequent career in St. John and elsewhere. After the war was over he settled down in his native city and speedily worked up an extensive and lucrative practice. There was a great demand for the services of an army doctor. He took an interest in the volunteer movement, and served as surgeon of the garrison artillery of St. John from 18th April, 1864, to September, 1875. He was also surgeon of police from 1863 to 1875. Besides these appointments and the calls of his large city practice, he has frequently been sent for to attend severe cases of disease in other parts of New Brunswick and also Nova Scotia. Dr. Berryman first came before the public in the role of a candidate at the general election held on the 26th of April, in 1886. He and his colleague, John V. Ellis, were elected to represent the city of St. John in the House of Assembly, the vote standing, Ellis, 1673; Berryman 1611; defeating E. McLeod, 1500; and R. F. Quigley, 1220. Dr. Berryman is a Liberal and will, no doubt, before long give a good account of himself on the floor of parliament. His large practical experience of men and manners gives him a great advantage in politics. In 1850 he was made a Mason in Hibernia Lodge, St. John. He married, on the 16th March, 1864, Mary A., daughter of G. S. Brodie, of London, England.

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=Jaffray, Robert=, Toronto, is a Scotchman by birth, having been born at Bannockburn, Scotland, in 1832. He is the second son of William Jaffray and Margaret Heugh. His father carried on farming near the celebrated battlefield where King Robert Bruce defeated the English army of invasion led by King Edward, and gave Scotland her freedom. Here Robert passed his early days, and when only twelve years of age, his father dying, he was thrown on his own resources. After attending school at Stirling, until he was about fifteen years of age, he entered the service, as an apprentice, of J. R. Dymock, grocer and wine merchant, Edinburgh, Scotland, where he remained for five years. At the expiration of this time, he sailed for Canada, and arrived in Toronto in the fall of 1852. Here he joined his brother-in-law, John B. Smith, grocer and wine merchant, and was appointed as his manager. The establishment was situated on the site now occupied by Jaffray & Ryan, corner of Yonge and Louisa streets, then the most northern shop on Yonge street. Three years later Mr. Jaffray became a partner in his brother-in-law’s business, and the new firm traded under the name of Smith and Jaffray. In 1858 a disastrous fire swept away Mr. Smith’s lumber yard and sash and door factory on Niagara street, by which a great loss was sustained, and shortly after this event, Mr. Smith retired from the firm, leaving Mr. Jaffray to carry on the business alone. Being possessed of great energy and perseverance, he soon succeeded in building up a lucrative trade, and such was his success that in 1883 he was able to retire with a competency, handing the business over to his brother, George Jaffray, and James Ryan, who now carry it on. During Mr. Jaffray’s residence in Toronto he has been, outside his own business connected with many successful enterprises. He was appointed by the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie, one of the directors of the Northern Railway Company, in which capacity he served three years looking after the country’s interests, the government of Canada having advanced a large sum of money to that corporation at various times. From information furnished by Mr. Jaffray, a royal commission was appointed by the government to look into the affairs of the “Northern,” which resulted in a satisfactory settlement of the then existing claims. He was afterwards chosen a director of the Midland Railway Company, of which board he is at present an efficient member. In 1874 he took an active part in organizing the Toronto House Building Society (now the Land Security Company), of which he is vice-president. He is president of the Toronto Real Estate Investment Company; and is also a director of the Toronto Trust Company, director of the Globe Printing Company, director of the Sovereign Insurance Company, director of the North America Life Insurance Company, director of the Peterborough Real Estate Investment Company, director of the Central Canada Land Investment Company, director of the Ontario and Sault Ste. Marie Railway Company, director of the Imperial Bank, and director of the Homewood Retreat or Private Asylum for Inebriates and Insane at Guelph. He is a member of the Caledonian and St. Andrew’s societies. In politics, Mr. Jaffray has identified himself with the Reform party, and although often solicited to accept nominations for civic and parliamentary honors, he has invariably declined. Immediately after the exciting political campaign of 1879, one of the most daring attempts was made to kidnap several of the leading men of the Reform party, ostensibly with the object of, extorting from them a large ransom. Among those marked for this object were the late Hon. George Brown, Hon. Oliver Mowat, and the subject of this sketch. Through a chain of circumstances, Mr. Jaffray was drawn into the snare, and taken from his residence at a late hour at night under pretence of arrest, he giving himself up to his captors on their producing a document purporting to be signed by Judge Wilson, acting for the minister of justice at Ottawa, directing him to be immediately brought to the judge’s residence for examination relative to certain charges of a grave character. Mr. Jaffray went with his captors, having no suspicion of foul play; but instead of being taken to Judge Wilson’s home, he was driven to a lonely spot on the east side of the Don and Danforth road, where, it afterwards appeared, his captors intended to imprison him in a cave they had previously prepared for his reception. The place was afterwards discovered by two detectives while they were searching in the neighborhood. It was dug out of the hill on a farm owned by Mr. Playter, and was capable of accommodating several persons. Mr. Jaffray, on alighting from the carriage, in the neighborhood of the cave, and finding himself the victim of a dastardly plot against his personal liberty, struggled with his captors and managed to get out of their clutches. He then succeeded in awakening the inmates of a house in the neighborhood, when his abductors made their escape. The officers of the law at once made great efforts to discover the perpetrators of the outrage, and suspicion having fallen on two brothers—Thomas and Ross Dale, they were arrested and tried for the crime. Thomas was found guilty, and sentenced by Judge Burton to two years in the county jail, Ross Dale being discharged. Thus ended one of the boldest plots to deprive several leading citizens of their liberty ever known in the province of Ontario. In 1860, he married Sarah, youngest daughter of John Bugg, by whom he has two sons and two daughters.

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=Jamieson, Philip=, Clothier and Outfitter, Toronto, is a native of Scotland, having been born in Edinburgh, on the 31st July, 1850. His father, Hugh Jamieson, carried on the tailoring business in “Auld Reekie,” and his mother, Elizabeth Marshall, was born near Musselburgh. Young Jamieson received his education in Bell’s School in his native city, and after receiving a fair commercial education, was apprenticed to a jeweller. Here he served seven years, and at the end of his term was considered a first-class workman. After working a short time at his trade in Edinburgh he left for Canada, and reached Toronto in March, 1873. He brought with him a stock of ready-made clothing, and shortly afterwards opened a store on Queen street west. Business succeeding, he opened a branch store, further west on the same street. At this time he had a partner named Spain, and they traded under the name of Spain and Jamieson. This partnership continued about two years, when Mr. Jamieson elected to carry on the business alone, and from this time may be dated the success of his business, now grown to large dimensions. He shortly afterwards secured the large premises he now occupies on the corner of Yonge and Queen streets, and further extended his operations by opening branch establishments on Queen street west, and in the city of Hamilton. And Mr. Jamieson has now the largest retail clothing and outfitting establishment in the Dominion of Canada. He employs eight salesmen in his retail shop, five cutters, and over one hundred and fifty operative tailors. In politics, Mr. Jamieson, like the majority of the intelligent Scotch in Canada, is a hard-working and enthusiastic Reformer, and does not hesitate when the occasion calls for it to spend both time and money for party purposes. In religion he is an adherent of the Presbyterian church. On the 11th of March, 1873, he was married to Dorcas Wilson Menzies, daughter of William Menzies, of Edinburgh, and has a family of six children, four girls and two boys.

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=Schiller, Charles Edward=, Montreal.—The late Mr. Schiller was a descendant of an old family which originally came from Hamburg, and was related to the great poet of that name. His grandfather, Augustus Schiller, was the first of the family to arrive in Canada, having come in the capacity of surgeon to one of the Hessian regiments in 1778. His father, Benjamin Schiller, served with great distinction and valor in the Voltigeurs Canadien at the battle of Chateauguay, under Colonel de Salaberry, and was promoted from lieutenant to captain on the field of battle for bravery in carrying his captain when wounded to the ambulance under a heavy fire. Charles Edward Schiller was born on the 17th September, 1819, at Rivière du Loup (en haut), and was educated at Benjamin Workman’s Academy, Montreal. He entered the court house in 1835, where he soon became chief clerk, and in 1847 was appointed deputy clerk of the crown and peace. He assisted at the famous trial of Jalbert, who was accused of the murder of Lieutenant Weir at St. Denis, during the rebellion of 1837. He also took a prominent part as officer of the court in the trial of the St. Alban’s raiders, in 1864, as well as in the trial of the Fenians after the invasion of 1866. Mr. Schiller was appointed joint clerk of the peace with Mr. Carter. On Mr. Carter’s leaving the office, Mr. Schiller was appointed clerk of the crown, and acted as such for a number of years. At the advent of the Joly government, at Quebec, in 1880, Mr. Brehaut, the then acting police magistrate, was appointed jointly with Mr. Schiller, as clerk of the crown. On the sudden death of Mr. Brehaut in 1882, the present clerk of the crown, L. W. Sicotte, was named Mr. Schiller’s partner. Mr. Schiller was, without doubt, the person who possessed the largest criminal experience in the Dominion, having had cognizance of the most important trials that took place since 1853. He was an excessively hard worker, and the only holidays he took during his term of office of fifty years, was one month when he went to New Orleans. Holidays and Sundays, from morning to night, he continued his labors. His time was so much taken up during the week in giving information and advice to gentlemen of the bar, that the routine work naturally fell behind, but when the new week began, the work of the past one was always completed. The employés in the offices of the clerk of the crown always found a true and kind friend in him, and when the supplies were refused by the Legislative Council in 1880 to the Joly government, Mr. Schiller paid the salaries of the clerks of the police court and of his own office out of his private means. The late Judge Ramsay, as well as Justice Johnson and Justice Aylwin, were warm personal friends of the deceased, and placed unbounded confidence in his experience. Judge Ramsay frequently consulted Mr. Schiller in criminal matters, and every crown officer who prosecuted for the crown, always found him willing to supply them with any information. In his entire public career, Mr. Schiller won the confidence and esteem of all with whom he dealt, and counted as his friends many of the most influential public men of the day. Always a staunch Conservative, he was a special protégé of the late Sir George Cartier, who had great confidence in him, and of the Hon. Mr. Chapleau. Mr. Schiller at one time took an active part in the local militia, and held the rank of captain. He nearly lost his life in the Gavazzi riots in 1853, having been in the midst of the firing by the troops. He leaves one sister, married to M. P. Guy, Montreal’s oldest notary. He died 25th April, 1887, after fifty-two years of consistent attendance to his active duties.

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=Ouellette, Rev. J. R.=, President of St. Hyacinthe College, Quebec province, was born at Sandwich, Ontario, on the 26th of December, 1830. He received his education in the college he now so ably presides over. Father Ouellette was ordained a priest at Paris, on the 20th of December, 1856, and in 1857 was appointed assistant at St. Mary’s Church, Toronto, under the Rev. John Walsh, now bishop of London, Ontario. Shortly after his settlement in St. Mary’s, he was transferred to St. Michael’s Cathedral, in the same city, as assistant, and later on was appointed rector. Two years afterwards, in 1859, he resigned his position in St. Michael’s Cathedral, and joined the teaching staff of St. Hyacinthe College. In 1882, on the retirement of the Rev. Joseph Sabin Raymond, who had been president of the college for a great number of years, he was chosen to fill the vacancy, and has since successfully conducted this popular institute of learning. He is one of the titular canons of the cathedral chapter of St. Hyacinthe.

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=Grant, Henry Hugh=, Collector of Inland Revenue, Halifax, Nova Scotia, was born at Newport, Hants county, N.S., on the 15th April, 1839. His parents were John Nutting Grant and Margaret McCallum. Captain John Grant, grandfather of John N., first came to America with his regiment, the 42nd Highlanders, or “Black Watch.” He married in New York, and having retired from the army, he settled in Brooklyn, N.Y. He afterwards served, under Sir William Johnston, in some provincial corps raised in New York for operations against the Indians, and saw some hard service in Western New York, as well as in Ohio, where he distinguished himself in a number of engagements with the famous chief, Pontiac. His wife’s family favoring the rebels at the breaking out of the American revolution, induced him to leave for the West Indies, where, however, his loyalty and sense of duty did not allow him to remain. He soon returned and finding his regiment in New York ready to receive him, he joined again as captain, and with it fought at the battle of Long Island, when Washington was defeated, in 1776. At the conclusion of the war he removed to Nova Scotia, his property in Brooklyn having been confiscated. On his arrival there the Crown granted him a tract of land in Kempt, Hants county, and the part of this property on which he resided he named “Loyal Hill,” and here he remained until his death. Margaret McCallum was the granddaughter of Jean Baptiste Moreau, who came out to Halifax as chaplain and secretary to Lord Cornwallis. He was the first Episcopal clergyman to land in Halifax, and his son, Cornwallis Moreau, was the first male child born there after its settlement. Mr. Moreau was a relative of Napoleon’s celebrated general of that name. He was a convert from the Roman Catholic faith, having been educated for and taken priests’ orders in that church in France, Mr. Grant, the subject of our sketch, received his academic education in the Collegiate School at Wolfville, N.S. He afterwards spent some years as clerk in mercantile establishments, first in Windsor, N.S., and afterwards in New York. He returned from New York in 1871, and engaged in shipbuilding and mining enterprises, at the old homestead, Loyal Hill. In October, 1879, he was appointed to the civil service as exciseman, and served in the Toronto division until September, 1880, when, after passing a first-class examination, he was removed to Halifax, and promoted to the collectorship in October, 1882. He served several years in the 7th regiment of militia in the county of Hants, and holds a captain’s commission dated October 10th, 1867. Mr. Grant was appointed United States consular agent at Kempt in April, 1873, but resigned the office, on his removal from there, in 1877. He was made a master Mason, in Walsford Lodge, No. 924, Windsor, N.S., in 1866, and has ever since taken a deep interest in the order. He is a Conservative in politics, and in religion leans towards the Episcopal church. Mr. Grant was married at Newport, Hants county, on January 25th, 1872, to Georgie, daughter of George Allison. The fruit of this union has been five children, only two of whom are living, viz., Marion Allison, aged 13, and Frank Parker, aged 8.

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=Webster, Walter Chester=, Hardware Merchant, Coaticook, Quebec province, was born in Hatley, P.Q., on the 27th November, 1841. His father, Oscar F. Webster, was a farmer. His mother, Eliza Watson, was a native of Antrim, Ireland. Mr. Webster received a sound commercial education at Hatley Academy. Before settling down to business he devoted some time to travel, and spent about three years in California. On his return to Canada, he turned his attention to farming, which he successfully prosecuted for eight years, and then adopted a mercantile life. In 1876 he opened a hardware and crockery store in Coaticook, and through close attention to business he has succeeded to his entire satisfaction. In 1873 Mr. Webster was appointed a justice of the peace by the Joly government, and for a number of years he has been a member of the municipal council of Coaticook, and also that of the township of Barnston. He was one of the original promoters of the Coaticook Knitting Company; and holds a considerable amount of this company’s stock. He is also a director of the Stanstead and Compton Agricultural Society. Mr. Webster takes a deep interest in the Independent Order of Oddfellows, and is an active member of this benevolent organization. Recently he was offered the position of mayor of the town by his fellow citizens, but owing to the pressure of business he was forced to decline the proffered honor. But, nevertheless, though refusing to take office, it is not to be presumed he lacks public spirit. There is no man in the community that does more to promote the prosperity of the place of his adoption than he does. He is always to be found amongst its workers, and is often consulted by both political parties when anything is on the tapis for the promotion of the interests of either town or county. In politics, Mr. Webster is a Liberal, and in religion, a member of the Episcopal church. He was married, on the 20th September, 1865, to Adella A. Kennedy, second daughter of Washington Kennedy, of Hatley, and to them have been born six girls and one boy, a very promising youth of eighteen years, and named after his grandfather.

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=Papineau, Hon. Louis Joseph=, was born in Montreal, 7th October, 1786. He was the son of Joseph Papineau, a well-known notary of his day, and one of the principal promoters of the constitution of 1791, and a member of the first parliament after the conquest. Louis Joseph was educated chiefly at the seminary of Quebec, and having studied law was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in 1811. So brilliant were his prospects and his talents even before this that in 1809, and while still a student, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly for the county of Kent, now Chambly, and in 1815 was appointed speaker of the house. This office Mr. Papineau held, with only two years’ intermission during his mission to England as delegate of the Assembly in 1822-’23, for the long period of twenty years, or until the year 1837, the year of the unfortunate troubles, when he threw himself heartily into what he considered the right and lawful course of action to gain that which the present generation enjoys, through his and his confrères’ endeavors then,—Responsible Government—and all the liberties of the British Constitution which had so long been denied in practice. In 1820, when Lord Dalhousie became governor, he appointed Mr. Papineau to a seat in the Executive Council, but this post was soon declined by him, when he found it a vain honor without the influence the council should have had on the determination of the governor. In 1822, the union of Upper and Lower Canada having been upon the tapis, and the subject being distasteful to many, Louis Papineau and John Neilson went to England, and were successful in getting the union postponed for the next two years. In 1827, unfortunate difficulties arose between the governor and Mr. Papineau, and to such a height did they reach that the former refused to acknowledge Mr. Papineau as speaker, though duly elected to that high office by a large majority of the Assembly. The Assembly triumphed, and Lord Dalhousie resigned his office as governor, after having dissolved the Assembly. He was succeeded by Sir James Kempt, who, after the next election, duly accepted Mr. Papineau as the speaker again appointed, and giving him, perhaps, one of the greatest triumphs ever achieved by any person in the political arena of any country. Political troubles grew worse as years rolled on, and in 1836 they culminated in the events of that and the next two years, which for the time threw Canada into a state of turmoil and anxiety, now happily all passed away, leaving only the fruits so bravely and indomitably sought for, constitutional government and unbiased representation. The so-called leaders of the disturbance having had rewards for apprehension placed on their heads, Mr. Papineau, as one, fled to the United States, where he resided from 1837 to 1839. He then removed to Paris, France, where he lived till 1847, when the issue of the amnesty proclamation enabled him to return to his native land. He again entered parliament, and was continued there until 1854, when he retired into private life, and for the next seventeen years enjoyed the calm of a green and sturdy old age, the love of books and horticulture, and the personal esteem of those who best knew his character. His death took place on Saturday, the 23rd September, 1871, at his residence at MonteBello, at the patriarchal age of eighty-five. His son, Louis Joseph Amédée Papineau, is the present joint-prothonotary of Montreal.

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=Greenwood, Stansfield=, Manager of the Coaticook Cotton Company, Coaticook, Quebec province, was born in Lancashire, England, on the 28th of June, 1853. His father, Edward Greenwood, was a manager of a large cotton mill in Lancashire, His mother was Mary Chadwick, a descendant of the celebrated Sir Joshua Chadwick, of Lancashire. Mr. Greenwood, the subject of our sketch, was educated at Longholme Normal School, receiving an elementary education. After leaving school he entered the cotton mill in which his father was manager, and there learned all the details of the business. At the age of twenty-two, he came to Canada, and took charge of one of the departments of the Valleyfield Cotton Mills, which position he filled for six years. After that period he entered into a partnership with Wallace Bros., and started the Chambly Cotton Company at Chambly Canton, P.Q. This partnership lasted a year, when it was turned into a limited liability company. After another term of two years he retired from that company and took entire charge of the works of the Coaticook Cotton Company. Their mill, under the skilful management of Mr. Greenwood, has paid a good dividend, and still continues to do so. Mr. Greenwood is a Liberal of the Gladstone style, and in religion a Methodist. He was married on the 12th August, 1874, to Mary Ann Bury, daughter of John Bury, of Oswaldtwistle, Lancashire, and the fruit of the union has been three sons and a daughter.

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=Smith, Rev. James Cowie=, M.A., B.D., Pastor of St. Andrew’s Church, Guelph, province of Ontario, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, on the 17th January, 1834. His father, James Smith, followed the calling of a farmer. His mother was named Jane Cowie. The future divine received his elementary education at Smith’s Classical Academy, at Fordyce, Scotland, and on coming to Canada entered Queen’s University, Kingston, where he graduated, taking the degrees of B.A. in 1862, M.A. in 1864 (holding the first place in the university examinations), and B.D. in 1880. He was licensed to preach the gospel by the presbytery of Kingston, and was inducted into the pastorate of Cumberland and Buckingham Presbyterian congregations, July 11th, 1864. During this pastorate, he discharged the duties of local superintendent of schools, in the township of Cumberland, and acted as chairman of the Grammar School board. He was translated, in 1868, to St. Andrew’s Church, Belleville, where he remained some years, acting as inspector of schools in the town, in addition to his ministerial duties. About this time, having met the requirements for county school inspector, he was officially declared eligible for such a position by the chief superintendent of education of Ontario. Having been called to the vacant pastorate of St. Paul’s Church, Hamilton, Rev. Mr. Smith was translated thither about 1872, when he was again called to succeed the Rev. Dr. Hogg, deceased, in his pastorate charge, St. Andrew’s Church, Guelph. At different times Rev. Mr. Smith has served, in the capacity of stated clerk, successively in the presbyteries of Ottawa and Kingston; and while pastor in St. Paul’s Church, Hamilton, was appointed moderator of the Synod of Hamilton and London. For several years he has also been chosen to, and still holds at present, the responsible position of member of university council, Queen’s University, Kingston. He was at one time called to St. Andrew’s Church, Peterborough, and twice to St. Andrew’s Church, St. John, New Brunswick, both of which invitations he declined. Rev. Mr. Smith is very popular among his congregation, and takes a deep interest in all matters calculated to improve the social and spiritual condition of the people among whom his lot has been cast. He is in full harmony with the doctrines of his church, and can always be depended on to defend its standards. He was married, June 21st, 1866, to Emily Georgina, third daughter of the late Captain Archibald Petrie, R.N., of Cumberland, Ontario.

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=Carling, Hon. John=, London, Ontario, Minister of Agriculture of the Dominion, M.P. for the City of London, Ontario, is the youngest son of Thomas Carling, a native of Yorkshire, England, who came to Canada in 1818, and settled in the county of Middlesex the following year. The future minister of state was born in the township of London, on the 23rd of January, 1828, and received his education in the public school of his native city. While quite young he became a member of the brewing firm of Carling & Co., London, and was an active member of it for a number of years. He took part in nearly all public matters, and was for several years a director of the Great Western Railway Company; the London, Huron & Bruce Railway Company; the London & Port Stanley Railway Company, and was also chairman of the Board of Water Commissioners of the city of London. In 1857 Mr. Carling aspired to parliamentary honors, on the Conservative side, and was returned by a considerable majority over the Liberal candidate, Elijah Leonard, and continued to represent London in the Legislative Assembly of Canada continuously down to the time of confederation. In 1862 Mr. Carling made his first appearance as a cabinet minister, having been appointed receiver-general that year. At the general election, after the consummation of confederation, Mr. Carling was elected to the House of Commons, and was likewise returned as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. In the Ontario Assembly he was appointed minister of agriculture and public works, under the Sandfield-Macdonald administration, and this portfolio he retained till 1871, when fortune went against the administration, and it was forced to resign. In 1878 Hon. Mr. Carling was again returned to parliament, and took his seat in the House of Commons, at Ottawa, but he did not hold a portfolio in the new cabinet. However, in 1882, he was made postmaster-general, and this office he held until the 25th September, 1885, when he became minister of agriculture, and he has held this office ever since. At the general election of 1887 he was re-elected to the House of Commons, after a lively contest with Charles S. S. Hyman, a local Liberal, his majority over his opponent being thirty-nine votes. Hon. Mr. Carling is not a demonstrative member, but the same clear-headedness and calm judgment that had served him so well in his important successful business affairs has stood him in good stead as a parliamentary representative. He has proved himself a capable minister of the crown, and although he seldom makes a speech in the House of Commons, yet when he does he always speaks to the point. In politics Hon. Mr. Carling is a Liberal-Conservative, and in religion he belongs to the Methodist church. He is married to Hannah, eldest daughter of the late Henry Dalton of London, Ontario.

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=Smith, Arthur Lapthorn=, B.A., M.D., Montreal, member of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, fellow of the Obstetrical Society of London, lecturer on diseases of women in the medical faculty of Bishop’s College, Montreal, consulting physician to the Montreal Dispensary, is the second son of William Smith, deputy minister of marine, Ottawa, and was born on the 6th June, 1855, at St. John, New Brunswick, where his father was at that time comptroller of customs. His mother was Jane Busby, a granddaughter of the late Colonel Bayard, of Nova Scotia, at one time on the staff of the Duke of Kent. He received his early education at private schools, and from tutors in St. John and Chatham, New Brunswick, and in Melrose and Galashiels, in Scotland. He then entered the classical course at the University of Ottawa, where, after four years’ study, he graduated as B.A. in 1872. He then began his medical studies at Laval University, Quebec. At the end of his second year he took the degree of B.M., and at the end of his fourth year he obtained the degree of M.D., and the Sewell prize in 1876. He then proceeded to London, and studied during two winter sessions at Guy’s and the London hospitals, after which he passed the examinations of the Royal College of Surgeons. He spent two summers in Paris and Vienna. During six months of his stay in London, he held the position of resident clinical assistant at the East London Children’s Hospital. On his return to Canada, in 1878, he began practice in Montreal, where he has ever since remained. Shortly after his arrival he was appointed assistant demonstrator of anatomy in Bishop’s College Medical School, and attending physician to the Montreal Dispensary. He was also elected a member of the Medico-Chirurgical Society, in whose proceedings he has always taken an active part. He was for some time treasurer of this society. He soon became demonstrator of anatomy, and two years later he was appointed professor of botany, and held this position for two years, when he was given the chair of medical jurisprudence. In 1887 he was appointed lecturer on the diseases of women in the same university. He has always taken great interest in temperance matters, and was twice elected president of the Band of Hope, and for three years he was president of the Young Men’s Association of St. Andrew’s Church, of which he is now the youngest elder. He has long been a Mason, and has held the position of secretary of Royal Albert Lodge for several years. He has also reached the eighteenth degree in the ancient and accepted Scottish rite. He has been surgeon of the 6th Regiment of Cavalry for the past eight years, and has regularly camped out with his regiment when it was necessary to do so. Although he has a large practice as a specialist for diseases of women, he still finds time to contribute numerous articles to the medical journals, to deliver an occasional lecture on popular science before the Young Men’s Association, as well as to take an active interest in everything that concerns the welfare of his adopted city. As an instance of his energy, we may mention that, having heard of a new application of electricity to the treatment of hitherto incurable diseases of women, he immediately started for Paris, and remained with the inventor, Dr. Apostoli, until he had become thoroughly acquainted with all its details, and he subsequently published a translation of Dr. Apostoli’s latest work on this subject. Dr. Smith’s amiable manner and sympathetic nature has won for him the affection and esteem of his pupils and patients, especially among the poor. In politics, he is an ardent supporter of the policy of the Conservative party, which he considers will be the means of ultimately building up, in the north-west part of this continent, a great and wealthy nation. In 1884 he was married to Jessie Victoria, third daughter of Alexander Buntin, of Montreal, by whom he has had a son and a daughter.

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=Boak, Hon. Robert=, Halifax, N.S., President of the Legislative Council of Nova Scotia, was born in Leith, Scotland, on the 19th of September, 1822. His father was Robert Boak, of Shields, in the county of Durham, England, who, on his retirement from the army, became an officer in her Majesty’s Customs, in Halifax in 1839, and retained that position until he was superannuated. His son, Robert Boak, the subject of our sketch, came to Halifax in 1831, and in 1847 became a member of the firm of John Esson & Co., wholesale grocers. In 1854 he retired from that firm, and formed the firm of Esson, Boak & Co., and engaged in the West India trade. In 1864 this latter firm was dissolved, and he then continued business in his own name, and under the firm style of Robert Boak & Son, until 1875, when he retired from business. Mr. Boak was president of the Nova Scotia Repeal League in 1869; became a member of the Legislative Council in 1872, and president of that body in 1878; and a member of the government, being treasurer of the province from December, 1877, to October, 1878. At present he is president of the Acadia Fire Insurance Company; vice-president of the Union Bank, and the Nova Scotia Sugar Refinery; also a director of the Gas Light Company. He has always been a Liberal in politics, and has done yeoman service for that party in the maritime provinces during the last decade.

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=Normand, Telesphore Euzebe=, Contractor, Three Rivers, Quebec, was born on the 18th August, 1833, at Quebec city. His father, Edward Normand, was a well-known contractor of that city, and was the leading contractor of his time, having built the St. Maurice bridge in 1832, and again in 1841; also Montmorency, Chaudière and other bridges, as well as the greater part of the wharves at Quebec. His mother was Louise Martin, of Quebec. He was educated at Nicolet College; stood high in his class, and exhibited considerable promise as a student. On leaving the college, he went to Three Rivers, in 1851, and has resided there since then. He began life as a notary clerk under V. Guillet, with whom he was engaged from 1853 to 1858; and concurrently with this he was engaged in the office of the St. Maurice public works. In 1858 he set up for himself as a public notary, but in 1871 abandoned the legal profession for the purpose of following his father’s business. From 1861 to 1865 he was city councillor and school board commissioner at Three Rivers. He was elected mayor in 1873, defeating Mr. Bureau in the contest, after which he was elected by acclamation each year for the three following years, when he resigned. During the time he was mayor he was the means of consolidating the city debt, and carried out other important matters. He was captain of the city volunteers from 1863 to 1865. In politics he is a Conservative, and has given valuable assistance to his party. In 1871 he contested the seat for Champlain, but was defeated, by Senator Trudel, by forty-eight votes. As a contractor he stands in the foremost rank, and has a deservedly high reputation for first-class work. He was the contractor for the bridge over the St. Maurice, which is considered one of the most skilful pieces of workmanship—so far as wood bridges are concerned—in the province, if not indeed in the Dominion. The bridge in question is built in two sections, one of which is 1,400 feet, and the other 700 feet in length. The whole structure is built of the best material obtainable, and is a most excellent specimen of first-class work. Mr. Normand has constructed many other public works, such as wharves, piers, booms and railways, at Three Rivers, Quebec and Crane Island. Among other projects he carried out was that of the system of water-works which the city of Three Rivers possesses—a system which is inferior to none in the Dominion. Not only is Mr. Normand entitled to great credit for the energetic manner in which he pushed the work to completion, but also, what was even more needful, for obtaining the money wherewith to carry on the work—which he did by securing subscriptions in Quebec and England. He is held in the highest regard by the community, and is deservedly popular with all classes, not only in Three Rivers, but in Quebec city, where he is well-known. He was married in October, 1856, to Alphonsine, daughter of Joseph Giroux, one of the wealthiest and most prominent merchants in Three Rivers, who died in 1856, universally regretted. By this marriage there have been born nine children, five of whom survive.

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=Duhamel, Most Rev. Joseph Thomas=, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Ottawa, is a native of Quebec province, having been born at Contrecœur, Quebec, on the 6th November, 1841. His parents were François Duhamel and Marie Joseph Audet-Lapointe, both of whom were born in Quebec province, but died in Ontario. The future archbishop’s father was a farmer, and having removed to Ottawa, sent his son to the college there, where he was educated under the direction of the Oblate Fathers, receiving a thorough classical education. On the completion of his studies, he decided to consecrate his life entirely to God, and accordingly entered the Ottawa Seminary, where, in prosecuting his theological studies, he evinced wonderful powers of mind. He was ordained sub-deacon, on the 21st June, 1863; deacon, 2nd November of the same year, and on the 19th December he was ordained priest. He was then appointed to the vicarage of Buckingham, county of Ottawa, where he proved himself to be possessed of many noble virtues and rare administrative qualities. On the 10th November, 1864, he went to St. Eugene, in the township of East Hawkesbury, county of Prescott, to reside as parish priest. At that time the parish of St. Eugene was one of the poorest in the diocese, and hence the young priest found it hard to carry on his work, especially as he had the difficult task before him of completing a church which was left unfinished by his predecessor. He found many obstacles to surmount, but by dint of persistent and energetic endeavors, and the exercise of his great abilities, he succeeded, and completed what is now, without doubt, one of the finest churches in the diocese, costing upwards of $25,000. Education, previously neglected in this parish, found in him an ardent friend and promoter, and at the present time there are many institutions in St. Eugene which owe their existence to him, and will long remain as monuments of his zeal. And the parishioners, too, by all of whom he was deeply beloved, will not forget their priest and guide, who for ten years went in and out among them. Father Duhamel accompanied his Grace Bishop Guigues to Rome at the time of the Œcumenical Council, but, receiving word of the serious illness of his mother, whom he loved tenderly, he was forced to leave the Eternal City and return to Canada a couple of weeks after his arrival there. Unhappily, he did not reach St. Eugene in time to see his mother alive, she having expired a few days previous to his arrival. Bishop Guigues continued to honor Father Duhamel, and in many ways gave him unmistakable marks of his confidence and esteem. In the month of October, 1873, Father Duhamel accompanied Bishop Guigues as a theologian to the reunion of bishops at Quebec, where the young priest’s talents and acquirements were generally acknowledged. After the death of his beloved friend, Bishop J. E. Guigues, the first bishop of Ottawa, he was chosen as his successor, on the 1st September, 1874, and on the 28th of the following month he was consecrated as the second bishop of Ottawa. Many persons were surprised that such a young man—he being then only thirty-two years of age—should have been selected to fill such an important office in the church; but those who had known Father Duhamel for years felt that his Holiness Pope Pius IX. had made a wise choice, and, moreover, that the records of the church would testify that even younger men than this father had been promoted to high positions. Mgr. Laval was only thirty-five years of age when he was called to occupy the episcopal seat at Quebec, Mgr. de Pontbriand was only thirty-two, and Mgr. Plessis only thirty-seven when consecrated, and Mgr. Tache was scarcely twenty-seven when he was appointed to succeed Mgr. Provencher, who was himself only about thirty-three when made a bishop. His lordship Bishop Duhamel, is a gentleman of pleasing manners, and easy of access, and possessed of great energy and tact. He speaks with ease and fluency, and while his sermons denote deep thought, they are not wanting in graceful form and style. His store of knowledge is of the purest and most substantial kind, and he speaks the French and English languages with ease. He takes a great interest in the cause of education, and gives every encouragement to the Catholic educational establishments in the city of Ottawa and his diocese at large, and in his pastoral letters often calls the attention of the clergy and the parents to the importance of the secular and religious training of children. In 1875 he wrote: “The future of the country and of religion depends entirely, it may be said, on the good or bad education which youth shall receive. Parents are strictly bound to give their children a truly Catholic education. This obligation is founded on the law of God. We do not hesitate to add, very beloved brethren, that parents are obliged to fully comply with this duty to establish, encourage and support Catholic schools, and to have the children attend them.” (Tenth pastoral letter.) In September, 1878, he thus wrote to the clergy of the diocese: “Another scholastical year has just commenced, numerous pupils are rapidly filling the houses of higher education and elementary schools. Everywhere those who are devoted to the instruction of youth rival one another in zeal and ardor to secure the success of the great work that occupies them. These efforts should undoubtedly be seconded by the pastors of souls, since it is their duty to continue the mission instituted by our Divine Master, when he said, ‘Go, teach all nations.’ You will, then, judge it right, beloved co-operators, if I invite you to give this year, again, and always, your whole attention and most constant care to the cause of education. Remind parents of the strict obligation for each one to instruct his children or have them instructed according to his condition and the means Providence has given him. Frequently visit the schools of your parish.” Archbishop Duhamel having made known to Pope Leo XIII. all that the Rev. J. H. Tabaret, O.M.J., had done for education during the many years he had been superior of the College of Ottawa, his holiness granted this great instructor of youth the title, honors, and privileges of doctor of divinity, as a well-merited reward, which was also given to several of the professors. To give further encouragement to education, Archbishop Duhamel presents every year to the College of Ottawa, to the Literary Institute of the Grey Nuns, and to the educational establishment of the sisters of the Congregation de Notre Dame, silver medals to be awarded to merit, and otherwise he spares neither trouble or expense in providing for them all possible means of attaining a good education. Under his lordship’s care, the system of teaching has been considerably improved, as may be seen by the present high standing of the philosophy class in the University of Ottawa, directed by the Oblate Fathers. One of his first acts was to order that no young man should be permitted to begin his ecclesiastical studies before he had followed a regular collegiate classical course, including two years of philosophy, and then that, before he could be ordained priest, he should during four years (three years previously required) study dogmatical and moral theology, holy scriptures, canon law and ecclesiastical history. Shortly after his consecration, Bishop Duhamel, with the assistance of his clergy, had a magnificent monument erected in the interior of the cathedral at Ottawa to the memory of the lamented Right Rev. J. E. Guigues, his predecessor. In the autumn of 1878, Bishop Duhamel went to Europe, and on visiting Rome was kindly received by the new Pope, and among the favors bestowed by his Holiness was that of raising the Cathedral of Ottawa to the dignity of minor basilica. In 1882, his lordship spent some months in Rome, in order to have the diocese divided by the Holy See. He was successful; the Sacred Congregation of Propaganda having admitted that the division asked for was required for the good of souls and the progress of religion, the Pope erected the vicariate apostolic of Pontiac, with the Right Rev. N. Z. Lorrain as first bishop. During his stay in the eternal city his Holiness was pleased to honor Bishop Duhamel with the titles of Assistant to the Pontifical Throne, Roman Count, etc. On May 8th, 1886, his lordship was made first archbishop of Ottawa, and on the 10th of May, 1887, was made metropolitan of the ecclesiastical province of Ottawa. Archbishop Duhamel takes a great interest in the material as well as the spiritual progress and advancement of the parishes and missions in his diocese, and when paying his pastoral visit never fails to stimulate the generosity of his flock to build churches to replace the wood chapels built years ago, and in this he has been very successful. Since the year 1874 he has dedicated ten new substantial stone churches, of which the smallest is one hundred feet long; and during the same period he has formed thirty-three new missions, nearly all of which have large and commodious churches. Twenty of these missions have become parishes with residing pastors, which brings the number of regular parishes to about eighty. During his administration the Cathedral of Ottawa has been entirely renewed inside, and now presents a neat, rich and beautiful appearance, and may be numbered among the best cathedrals in Canada. His grace has always taken a special interest in the charitable institutions of the diocese, which number he has increased by four, and which now comprise four hospitals, three asylums for the orphans and aged people, two for fallen women, and one foundling hospital. To enable these institutions to perform their good work, the archbishop has ordered that each institution be patronized by a few parishes and missions, i.e., that the nuns to whose care these institutions are entrusted will be permitted to take up in these missions yearly collections from house to house. His grace has also established a monastery of the Sisterhood of the Precious Blood, whose aim is contemplative life.

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=Woodward, James Robertson=, B.A., General Manager of the Quebec Central Railway, Sherbrooke, was born at Sherbrooke, on the 1st July, 1846. His father, Albert G. Woodward, came from New Hampshire, United States, to Canada in 1837, and is now coroner for the district of St. Francis. His mother is a daughter of Major Longee of Compton. Mr. Woodward, the subject of our sketch, was educated at Lennoxville, and is a B.A. of Bishop’s College University. Some time after leaving school he joined in a partnership with E. C. Brown, and began business as contractor. In 1869, the firm built and equipped sections of the Quebec Central Railway, and afterwards part of the Waterloo and Magog Railway. They also built railways in Brazil and Buenos Ayres in South America. In 1881, Mr. Woodward became the general manager of the Quebec Central Railway, and this office he still holds. For three years he held the position of secretary-treasurer for the county council of Sherbrooke; and for the same length of time was a member of the city council of Sherbrooke. He is a director of the Eastern Township’s Agricultural Association, and at various times he held the same position in other public bodies. In politics he is a Conservative, and at present chairman of the Liberal-Conservative Association of the district comprising the counties of Sherbrooke, Stanstead, Richmond and Wolfe, and Compton. He is a public spirited gentleman, and is highly respected by his fellow citizens. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church. He is unmarried.

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=Hall, Robert Newton=, B.A., LL.D., Q.C., Member of Parliament for Sherbrooke, P.Q., was born at Laprairie, 26th July, 1836. He is the son of Rev. R. V. Hall, English church clergyman. He received the principal part of his scholastic training in the University of Burlington, Vt., from which he has his degree of B.A., graduating in 1857. On returning home he entered upon the study of law, and in 1861 was called to the bar of Lower Canada. A year later he married Lena, daughter of the late A. W. Kendrick, of Compton, Quebec. In his practice of the law, he has all his life been exceedingly successful, and has long been recognized as a leading member of his profession. He held the honorable office of bâtonnier of St. Francis section of the bar from 1877 to 1881, and in 1878 became bâtonnier of the bar of the whole province. He has long been dean of the faculty of law in Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, from which college also he holds his doctor’s degree. All his life, Mr. Hall has been a leader of the public enterprises of his native province, his name being regarded as a tower of strength to any organization with which he becomes identified. He not only has the character of a man of spotless honor, but his public spirit, his great business ability, and his capacity for hard work, are guarantees of the success of anything to which he puts his hand. He was one of the chief promoters of the Eastern Townships Agricultural Association, and became the first president of that society when it entered upon active work. The railway development of his own section of the country has occupied a great deal of his attention. He is a director of the Quebec Central Railway a most important road; and president of the Massawippi Railway, a local line of great advantage to the district. When the first scheme for building the Canadian Pacific Railway was arranged, he was appointed one of the government directors on the general board, this appointment being a flattering recognition of the prominent part he had taken in railway affairs. When Judge Brooks, who for a long time represented Sherbrooke in the House of Commons, was appointed to his present position, the nomination of the Conservative party for the seat was offered to Mr. Hall, and when he accepted it, so complete was the confidence of all classes in his judgment and honor, that he was elected by acclamation. In the general election of 1887 Mr. Hall was opposed for the reason that the policy of both parties was to allow no elections by acclamation. But there was no serious expectation of defeating him, and his second return was received without surprise. In the house, Mr. Hall has the reputation of a careful and painstaking representative. He makes remarkably few speeches, considering the ability he displays when he does address the house, and the attention and respect with which he is listened to by both sides. Outside of the cabinet, he is by all odds the most prominent and influential representative of the Eastern Townships’ constituencies.

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=Raymond, Rev. Joseph Sabin=, Vicar-General of the Diocese of St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, was born at St. Hyacinthe, on the 13th March, 1810. He received his classical education in St. Hyacinthe College, and belonged to the first class that graduated from this institution. At the early age of seventeen, he began teaching, and continued as a teacher in the same college to the last day of his life. He was ordained priest in 1832. In 1847 he was elected president of St. Hyacinthe College, and occupied this position, except during an interval of six years, till 1883. Rev. Mr. Raymond, named vicar-general in 1852, was twice administrator of the diocese, during the absence of the bishop in Rome, and attended the five first Provincial Councils of Quebec, in the capacity of theologian to the bishop of St. Hyacinthe. He contributed largely to the foundation of the Order of Contemplative Religious of the Precious Blood in St. Hyacinthe. In 1874 he was named domestic prelate to his Holiness Pope Pius IX., and terminated a long and useful life in St. Hyacinthe, on Sunday, 3rd July, 1887, whilst robing to say mass. He was considered as one of the foremost men in the literary field of Quebec; he was a prolific and brilliant writer, and devoted his varied acquirements to the education of youth and devotional works. He was extensively read, especially in history and literature. His works, if collected, would form quite an important collection.

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=Montagu, Walter H.=, M.D., M.P. for Haldimand, Dunnville, Ontario, was born in Adelaide township, county of Middlesex, Ontario, on the 21st day of November, 1858, and is therefore, as we write, under thirty years of age, and one of the youngest members of the House of Commons. He is the youngest of the six sons of Joseph Montagu, an intelligent farmer, who was one of the most highly-respected residents of the county of Middlesex. His mother was a daughter of John Humphries, who came to Canada in 1832, and settled in Adelaide. Dr. Montagu was only five years old when his father died, when on a visit to friends in the United States, and has had, in great measure, to carve out his own career. He has, like many who have risen to eminence, had to educate himself, and this he began while engaged as an errand boy in a country store. He qualified for a teacher’s certificate in August, 1874. As a teacher he was employed successfully at various points, after which he entered Woodstock College, to devote himself to university studies. In 1882 he graduated in medicine in Ontario, and, desiring to pursue this profession, he then proceeded to Edinburgh. Here, later in the same year, he passed the examinations of the Royal College of Physicians, and received the diploma of the college. He then returned to Canada, and began the practice of his profession at Dunnville, county of Monck, where he now resides. A few months after settling at Dunnville he reluctantly accepted the nomination of the Liberal-Conservative Convention of Monck, to contest the riding in an election then pending for the Local Legislature. Though only a few days in the field he polled an immense vote, his own village giving him the largest Conservative majority it had ever given to its parliamentary representative. In 1886 he was again asked to run, but refused. In February of the following year he was placed in nomination for the House of Commons, as the representative of the county of Monck, but this he also declined, though a unanimous nomination by the party was offered him. At this time no candidate could be found to come out against Mr. Colter, the Reform member for Haldimand, who three months previously had been returned for the county by 126 of a majority over his opponent, Mr. W. Hamilton Merritt, a large property owner in the constituency, who had had the hearty support of the leading men of the Conservative party in the district. A new election was now to be held, and still no one dared to come out against the opposition candidate until the day before nomination. At almost the twelfth hour Dr. Montagu, at the urgent solicitation of his friends, Senator McCallum and Colin G. Snider, president of the Haldimand Conservative Association, stepped into the breach, and after a spirited campaign carried the county, but only by a majority of one, on a recount of ballots before the county judge. Dr. Montagu took his seat in the House of Commons, and by his qualities of head and heart gained the respect of both parties in parliament. His first and only speech during the session was called forth by an attack made upon the manner of his election. Brief and comparatively unimportant as it was, the speaker commanded the closest attention of the house. A protest, however, was entered against his return; and after three days’ trial of the petition, Dr. Montagu agreed with his opponent to hold a new election. This came on in November, 1887, and was watched with the keenest interest by the whole country, for until the preceding February Haldimand had never before in her history returned a Conservative, and that return, it was alleged, was not a proper one. The contest was fought, on the Reform side, by Mr. Colter, assisted by M. Laurier, Sir Richard Cartwright, Messrs. Charlton and Patterson, Hon. Jacob Baxter, and a dozen other prominent Reformers. Dr. Montagu, representing the Conservatives, fought alone and almost single-handed; and though the most desperate means were employed to defeat him, he succeeded in carrying the county by seventeen of a majority. In the contest, Dr. Montagu’s public addresses attracted immense audiences, the people turning out everywhere in great numbers to hear him. Another recount was demanded, the result being that the majority was reduced to twelve. A protest was then entered against him, and tried in January before Justice Street. During five days’ trial the petitioners utterly failed in their charges, and not a single stain attached itself to the representative. In the present (1888) session, he had the honor paid him by the Dominion administration of being called to move the address to the throne. This he did with great credit to himself and with much gratification to his party. Dr. Montagu is a supporter of Sir John A. Macdonald, but at the same time he holds liberal views upon public questions, and brings a broad and comprehensive mind to their consideration and discussion. He is thoroughly Canadian in his aims and aspirations, and has an earnest and enthusiastic faith in the future of the country. His wife is Angie, daughter of Elias Furry, reeve of South Cayuga, Ontario.

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=Willets, Rev. Charles E.=, M.A., (Corpus Christi, Cantab.), D.C.L. (King’s, Windsor), Windsor, Nova Scotia, is a native of Northamptonshire, England, where he was born about forty years ago. He received his early education at Corpus Christi College, in the University of Cambridge, where he graduated in 1872. He took holy orders and was ordained in the same year by the Right Reverend George Augustus Selwyn, bishop of Lichfield. After his ordination, he accepted the position of curate of Gaily-cum-Hatherton, in Staffordshire, which office he held for one year. In 1873 he came to Canada, and was appointed to the position of sub-rector of Bishop’s Collegiate School, at Lennoxville, Quebec. Here he remained for three years, teaching and fulfilling his other duties with great success. The honorary degree of M.A. was conferred upon him by Bishop’s College in 1874. He next removed to the Collegiate School, Windsor, N.S., the position of headmaster of which happened to fall vacant in June, 1876. This school was the original seed of King’s College, which is the oldest degree-conferring university in British America. The school was started in 1788, a scheme for its establishment being warmly urged by the Right Rev. Dr. Charles Inglis of New York, first bishop of Nova Scotia, and also by his son, John Inglis, who solicited aid for it in England. A royal charter was obtained in 1802. A large number of the sons of the wealthiest class in the maritime provinces were educated in it during the first years of its history. Among distinguished men who received their early training in the school, or King’s College, may be mentioned Chief Justice Neville and Robert Parker, master of the rolls of New Brunswick; Judge W. B. Bliss; Judge Haliburton (“Sam Slick”); General Sir John Inglis, son of the second bishop of Nova Scotia, and a man who made his mark in the defence of Lucknow; the late Archdeacon McCawley; Archdeacon Gilpin of Halifax; administrator of the diocese of Nova Scotia; R. G. Haliburton; Rev. Dr. Hill, formerly rector of St. Paul’s, Halifax, and the late Rev. Dr. J. M. Hensley. Among head masters of the collegiate school were Rev. William Grey, Rev. Dr. Blackman, Dr. Salt, Rev. W. C. King, Rev. George B. Dodwell, M.A. (Cantab.), and Rev. John Butler. The original school building was of freestone, which was erected with great care under the supervision of Bishop Charles Inglis, but was unfortunately burnt down, 20th September, 1871. For two years the school was carried on at Martock House, near Windsor. A new handsome wooden building was erected on the original site in 1877, and Rev. Dr. Willets has continued in charge of the school ever since. The school has prospered under his management, and now accommodates upwards of forty boarders and a number of day scholars. There are two assistant masters, Mr. Richardson, formerly of King Edward VI. School, Retford, England, a distinguished linguist and chess-player, and Mr. Fullerton, B.A., of King’s College, also special instructors in drill and gymnastics and penmanship. Boys are prepared for matriculation in all of the provincial colleges and for the civil service examinations, Ottawa. The school possesses one of the handsomest sites in Nova Scotia, just below King’s College, and looking over the king’s meadow towards the south mountain. The honorary degree of D.C.L. was conferred upon Dr. Willets by King’s College in 1882. He was also elected a governor of King’s College in 1885.

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=Matheson, David=, Superintendent of the Savings Bank Branch of the Post Office department, Ottawa, is a Scotchman by birth, he having been born in the parish of Canisbay, near John O’Groat’s, Caithness-shire, on the 25th October, 1840, and emigrated to Canada in 1861. Mr. Matheson joined the civil service in 1863, and was appointed private secretary to the postmaster-general. In 1868 he, with another officer, was appointed to organize the Post Office Savings Bank, and specially designed the plan of accounts which has made the Canadian system of savings banks a credit to our own country, and a model that other countries have been pleased to adopt. Mr. Matheson, in recognition of his services, was appointed, in 1881, assistant superintendent of the Savings Bank Branch of the Post Office department, and in February, 1888, he was made superintendent.

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=Cardin, Louis Pierre Paul=, Sorel, Quebec province, M.P.P. for the county of Richelieu, is of a hardy, honest, and industrious stock, his father being a well-to-do yeoman of Isle Madame, adjoining the north-eastern corner of the Island of Montreal. He is still in the prime of life, having been born on the 21st May, 1841, a year important in Canadian annals for the consummation of the union which preceded the system of confederation. He was educated at the College of L’Assomption, an institution which has given to Canada a large number of men distinguished in the church, the legal and medical professions, and the ranks of commerce and industry. Mr. Cardin selected the honorable calling of a notary, in which he was destined to make his way to the front in a comparatively brief time. He was fortunate in being associated, during his early professional career, with a worthy gentleman of Sorel, the late Mr. Precourst, from whose office he was admitted to practise in October, 1868. He still remained with his esteemed employer, until his death, in 1872, when he succeeded to his large and profitable business. Laborious, obliging and conscientious, Mr. Cardin won the confidence and respect of all who had dealings with him in his professional capacity, or intercourse with him in private life. His ability and public spirit made his services in high demand in municipal and educational affairs. It was natural, also, that he should take a deep interest in all that concerned the agricultural progress of his country, and he soon found ample occupation for his leisure hours. He has been successively secretary of the council for Sorel, secretary of the Dissentient School Board, secretary of the Agricultural Society, president of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, secretary of the municipality of Sainte Victoire, and has filled various other offices of trust with entire satisfaction to the public. To him also was due the organization of the first militia company of Sorel, and in order to qualify himself for military command, he obtained certificate of the first and second class, which enabled him to take, if necessary, any commission up to and including that of lieutenant-colonel. Courteous, benevolent, grave and affable, Mr. Cardin is a man whose character invites confidence and wins esteem. His appearance is also in his favor. Of middle height, he has impressive features, a large forehead and animated eyes, while his long beard of silky texture, gives him an air of distinction. As a speaker, he is at once fluent and choice in his language, uniting calmness with earnestness, and can wither with scorn or melt with pathos, as the occasion demands. In politics Mr. Cardin is more Conservative than Liberal, but was not an active partizan until November, 1885, when he joined the National party. In September, 1886, he was selected by the convention of Richelieu as the candidate of his party in that county and was victorious in the election which followed. Since then he has acquitted himself entirely to the satisfaction of his supporters, giving a conscientious but independent support to the Hon. M. Mercier. He has been indefatigable in his efforts to improve the condition of Sorel, and to ensure the county of Richelieu its fair share of attention from the government.

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=LaRocque, Right Rev. Charles=, was born at Chambly, November 15th, 1809. He received his education at the Seminary of St. Hyacinthe, where, in 1828, he commenced studying theology, after completing his classical course. From 1828 to 1831 he filled with great distinction and efficiency a professor’s chair in the same seminary; and after one year exclusively spent in the study of theology, was ordained priest on the 29th of July, 1832. From 1832 to 1866 he is seen displaying his sacerdotal zeal as vicar in the parishes of St. Roch de l’Achigan and Berthier, as curé in the parishes of St. Pie de Bagot, Ste. Marguerite de Blainville, and St. John Dorchester, which he ruled during the long period of twenty-two years. There he founded several educational institutions, and built a magnificent church, of which the St. John parishioners may well feel proud. On the 20th March, 1866, he was elected bishop of St. Hyacinthe; on the 29th July he was consecrated, and the 31st of the same month he took possession of the see. The chief work of his career as bishop, a work for which he is rightly considered the greatest benefactor of the diocese of St. Hyacinthe, was the restoring of the finances. The heavy debt which weighed upon the bishopric was completely paid off through his wise and prudent financing. He died July 15th, 1875, aged sixty-five years, deeply regretted, and, according to his own expressed will, was buried in the vault of the Church of the Hotel Dieu at St. Hyacinthe.

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=Prince, Right Rev. John C.=, The late Bishop Prince of St. Hyacinthe, was born at St. Gregory, in the district of Three Rivers, on the 13th of February, 1804. After a brilliant course of classical studies in the College of Nicolet, he taught literature in the same college, and also in the College of St. Hyacinthe. Whilst thus engaged, from 1822 till 1826, he also pursued a complete course of theology, and fitted himself for the sacred order of priesthood, to which dignity he was raised in 1826. From 1826 to 1830 he was director of St. James Grand Seminary at Montreal; from 1830 to 1840, director of the seminary at St. Hyacinthe, and from whence he was called to Montreal by Right Rev. Bishop Bourget, to share with him the burden of the administration of his vast and important diocese. He was appointed canon of the Cathedral of Montreal on January 21st, 1841. On July 5th, 1844, he was appointed coadjutor to the bishop of Montreal and bishop of Martyropolis, and on July 25th, 1845, was consecrated. In 1851 he was deputed by the bishops of the Ecclesiastical Province of Quebec to carry to Rome the decrees of the first Council of Quebec. On the 8th June, 1852, whilst in Rome, he was appointed by Pope Pius IX. bishop of the newly erected see of St. Hyacinthe, of which he took possession on the 3rd of November of the same year. In 1841 he founded a review, the Mélanges Religieuse, and remained its chief editor for ten years. He also founded a convent of the Sisters of the Congregation of Notre-Dame, in Kingston. Having ruled the diocese of St. Hyacinthe with remarkable zeal and prudence for eight years, during which he established the Sisters of the Presentation of Mary for the education of young ladies; the Gray Nuns’ Hospital; established twenty parishes, and built the present magnificent episcopal residence in St. Hyacinthe. He died on the 5th of May, 1860, aged fifty-six years. His remains now repose in the vault of the cathedral.

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=Blake, Hon. Edward=, P.C., Q.C., Toronto, M.P. for West Durham, Ontario, is by birth a Canadian, but by race an Irishman.[9] His father, the Hon. William Hume Blake, was a Blake of Galway, and the son of a rector of the Church of England in Ireland, Rev. Dominick Edward Blake of Kiltegan. On the mother’s side he is descended from William Hume of Wicklow, a representative of that county in parliament, who lost his life as a loyalist in the Irish rising of 1798. “The descendant of an Irishman myself,” Mr. Blake said in a notable speech upon a motion made in the House of Commons, in 1882, for an address to the Queen on the subject of Irish affairs, “my grandfather on the father’s side a rector of the church to which I have referred, and sleeping in his parish churchyard, and my ancestor on my mother’s side slain in conflict with insurgents; while it might have been my misfortune, had I been born and bred in the old land, to adopt, from prejudice, views very different from those I have expressed this night; yet, it being my good fortune to have been born and bred in the free air of Canada; and to have learned those better, those wiser, those more Christian and just notions which here prevail upon the subject of civil and religious liberty, class legislation and home rule itself, I have always entertained, ever since I have had an opportunity of thinking on this subject, the sentiments to which I have given utterance this evening. I believe that these are the sentiments native to our own sense of freedom and justice, and that we wish to deal on this subject, as the hon. gentleman said who moved it, in that spirit which says, ‘Do unto others as you would they should do unto you.’” Mr. Blake’s pride of ancestry, so often evinced in references to his father, may have led him, in the extract quoted, to attach too great weight to the influence of environment upon his character and opinions. Speaking on a recent occasion, he said: “I have always discouraged and discountenanced, so far as I could, any appeal to considerations of race or creed. My earnest desire has ever been that we should mingle, irrespective of our origins, irrespective of our creeds, as Canadian brethren, as Canadian fellow citizens, whether we be English or French, Scotch, Irish or German, whether we be Protestant, Catholic or Jew, sinking all these distinctions in the political arena, and uniting and dividing, not upon questions of origin, not upon questions of religion, but rather upon honest differences of opinion with reference to the current politics of the country.” It is doubtful if, under any circumstances or conditions, a man constituted as Mr. Blake is, with a mind of large grasp and sensitive to jealousy of his honor, could be ought else than the fair and liberal man he is known to be. But, whatever views may have been held on state or church affairs by his more remote ancestors, no one who knows the story of the life of William Hume Blake can have reason to suspect that the son was subject to prejudiced or narrowing influences. The elder Blake was a man of strong but well matured convictions, and he uttered his thoughts with a clearness and force which rarely, if ever, allowed of his being understood in a double sense. He was also a man of tender and generous sympathies, and by the members of his own family his memory is greatly and deservedly revered. Indeed it may be said that Edward Blake never strikes a merciless blow—and he has the skill and power to strike a tremendous blow—excepting in the case of one who may speak offensively, rudely or disrespectfully of his father. It ought not to be a matter of surprise, perhaps, that politicians who came into collision with the father in the stirring political times of forty years ago should retain some of the feelings of those times; but the few who have revived the old issues with a display of the old temper, in the presence of the son, are not likely to reflect on the consequence to themselves with any degree of pleasure. One of these occasions will be readily recalled by frequenters of the House of Commons of thirteen or fourteen years ago, when the house was kept at a white heat throughout a whole night’s sitting. But when he has himself been the object of attack the disposition to strike back has been carefully curbed. “Whatever I am,” he said, in one of that remarkable series of speeches delivered in the election campaign of 1886-7, “I stick by my friends, and that, too, even after they have left me.” And, referring in particular to two gentlemen whom he had befriended, who afterwards changed their views and attacked him very bitterly and with great frequency, he said: “I have never replied to them or retorted on them. I have preferred to remember the old times when we worked together. I have preferred to remember, too, that they were my fellow-countrymen, and I have borne in silence their unjust attacks rather than retaliate. I have chosen to recollect their acts of friendship and co-operation rather than those of hostility and animosity. I have hoped that the day might come when they, or, if not they, at any rate my fellow-countrymen of their race and creed, would do me justice, and I wished to put no obstacle whatever in the way of a reconciliation, in which I have nothing to withdraw, nothing to apologise for, nothing to excuse.”—Edward Blake was born in the woods of Middlesex in 1833, a year after his father and mother had left Ireland. After two or three years’ experience of pioneer life the family removed to Toronto, and the father began preparation for the profession of law, upon which he entered in 1838, and in which he acquired great distinction—for eleven years as a practising barrister, and afterwards for thirteen years as chancellor or chief justice of the Court of Equity. Edward’s education was looked after by his father and by private tutors until he was old enough to enter Upper Canada College, and in that school he was prepared for Toronto University. In the last year of his course there (1854), his father was appointed chancellor of the university, and had the gratification in that capacity of conferring the B.A. degree upon his gifted son, who took first-class honors in classics and was winner of a silver medal. This, however, was not with Edward Blake as it has been with many graduates the closing event of his connection with the university. He proceeded to the Master’s degree in 1858, and in 1873 he was elected chancellor by the graduates for a term of three years, an honor which has now been bestowed on him five times in succession. Some of Mr. Blake’s best speeches have been delivered in his capacity as chancellor of the university. At the close of his university career he commenced the study of the law, and in 1856 he began practice in the Equity court. He worked hard, and, although there were a number of excellent lawyers in the Chancery court at that time, he attained the foremost place amongst them in less than ten years. He was created a Q.C. in 1864, was elected a bencher of the Law Society in 1871, and was appointed treasurer of the society upon the death of the Hon. John Hilyard Cameron, in 1879. The offer of the chancellorship of the province by Sir John Macdonald in 1869, and the offer of the chief justiceship of the Supreme Court of the Dominion by Mr. Mackenzie in 1875, were both declined.—Mr. Blake entered upon parliamentary life in the confederation year, in a dual capacity, as member for West Durham in the House of Commons, and member for South Bruce in the Ontario legislature. In both bodies he ranked high as a debater from the first; and although political subjects were new to him in a sense, he speedily gained such familiarity with them that the leadership of the party became his by right of pre-eminence. In the Ontario legislature, where Mr. McKellar was leader during the first session, the place was forced upon Mr. Blake (Mr. McKellar himself being the most urgent of the Liberals in pressing for the change), but in the Commons he resolutely refused to hold any position excepting in the ranks. The premier of Ontario was an astute politician, and had many good qualities as a public man; he was also an old Liberal and had a respectable following of his party, although a majority of his supporters both in the house and in the country were Conservatives. Mr. Blake had a difficult task in hand, as leader of the Opposition, against a veteran politician like John Sandfield Macdonald; but his forces were always marshalled with consummate skill, and by the discussion of affairs and the formulating of a well defined policy, in the line of the historic principles of the Liberal party, the electors had clear issues placed before them when the appeal was made in 1871, at the close of the first parliamentary term after confederation. The actual result was in doubt until the new legislature met in December, and a motion of want of confidence in the government was keenly and brilliantly debated. But the Liberals prevailed in the end; Mr. Blake was called upon to form a government, and in the first session effect was given to the principles which had won for the party the confidence of the people. From that time until now the same principles have been maintained by the Liberals of Ontario, with such expansion and development as circumstances have shown to be desirable; and, measured by all the results, it may confidently be affirmed that no other portion of America has in the same period been governed so wisely or well. Owing to the abolition of dual representation in 1872, both in the Provincial legislature and in the Dominion parliament, Mr. Blake resigned the premiership so that he might occupy the larger sphere at Ottawa, and upon his advice the office of first minister of the province was committed to the Hon. Oliver Mowat. Mr. Blake was re-elected to the Commons by acclamation for West Durham, and was also returned for South Bruce, at the general election in 1872; he sat in the house, however, as representative of the latter constituency. The part he took in the overthrow of the Macdonald government in 1873, both in the country and the house, secured for him the highest position yet attained by a political leader and orator in Canada. His career since that event, in office and out of it, is so well-known that space need not be taken up with the recounting of it. It has been largely the political history of the country, for on every important question his voice has been heard, uttering the sentiments of his party. He accepted the leadership in 1880, much against his own will, and in discharging the duties of that office throughout the whole time he held it he acted up to the full measure of his conviction, that no abilities are too good to be given, and no effort too great to be spent, for Canada.—Mr. Blake is not only the foremost of Canadian parliamentary orators, but, had his lot been cast in the larger sphere of Imperial or Republican politics, he would without doubt have attained a place in the front rank of those great orators who have shed lustre on the Anglo-Saxon race and helped to immortalize the English tongue. When he was comparatively young in public life, a well-known Canadian writer, who was by his previous experience exceptionally well qualified to compare him with the greatest of English contemporary orators, thus recorded the results of such a comparison after hearing Mr. Blake for the first time, shortly after the writer’s arrival in Canada.—“The present writer has often seen in the British House of Commons a debate degenerate into a squabble, in which small passions and petty aims made the moral atmosphere foul and fetid. Then Mr. Gladstone has risen up, and immediately one felt raised into a high moral plane, with a wider horizon and more pleasing intellectual prospect; the mere tone of his voice—firm, sincere, truthful in its ring—acting as a spell to lay the evil spirits which up to that time had it all their own way. Precisely a similar effect was produced by Mr. Blake. Here was a sincere man who ‘dared not lie,’ who had principles to maintain, who was not a prey to anxiety lest he might lose place and power, who was not driven like a leaf in the fall wind by his own passions. His intellectual and moral superiority was crushingly apparent. . . . Mr. Blake as an orator is something of the same style as Lord Selborne (Sir Roundell Palmer), with a dash of Sir J. D. Coleridge’s honeyed satire and Mr. Gladstone’s earnestness of purpose.” A distinguished Canadian judge in a conversation with the writer of this sketch gave an opinion of Mr. Blake’s rank among the great English orators of the day; and, as it has never been published before, it is perhaps worth quoting in the same connection. When the eminent American statesman, Mr. Evarts, was in Toronto a few years ago he was publicly welcomed by the Law Society of Ontario at Osgoode Hall, and by members of the senate and faculty of Toronto University, Mr. Blake being the principal officer to receive and welcome him on both occasions. The late Chief Justice Moss, who was also present, was afterwards asked how in his opinion Mr. Blake compared as a speaker with Mr. Evarts, and his reply was that, so far as could be judged by the opportunities afforded at these gatherings the Canadian was unmistakably the superior of the American. He added that he had been in the habit for a number of years of spending his holidays in England; that while there he had met and heard many of the leading statesmen and lawyers of that country; and his firm conviction was that in Mr. Blake, Canada possessed a man who was intellectually and oratorically the equal of any one of them and the superior of almost all. Perhaps no two English-speaking public men of this generation have been so frequently compared with each other in their style of oratory as Mr. Blake and his great English prototype, Mr. Gladstone. It may be thought that the resemblance said to exist between them is more fanciful than real; that such comparisons have their origin in the pride—patriotic or partisan—which Canadians feel in those of their countrymen who have attained distinction; that Sir John Macdonald, for example, has often been said to bear a close likeness to Mr. Gladstone’s old antagonist, Earl Beaconsfield. In the case, however, of the two great Conservative chieftains the likeness was supposed to be less discernible in their oratory than in their personal appearance, and in the methods they pursued as party leaders. But the more closely we study the speeches and the public life of the two great Liberal leaders the more clearly will it be seen that the resemblance between them has a far more substantial foundation than any mere Canadian pride in a distinguished son of Canada, although Canadians were well pleased to think that, side by side with some of Britain’s greatest men, before a critical and cultured Edinburgh audience a few years ago, Canada saw “her bairn respected like the lave.” Wherein, then, does the resemblance consist, if such resemblance there be? Does it lie in the similarity of their methods as rhetoricians, or in qualities less superficial and less minutely definable? The writer above quoted describes in a single phrase the strong underlying points of resemblance between the Englishman and the Canadian. The true secret of their power as orators lies in their intellectual and moral superiority. Perhaps it lies even more in the moral element than in the intellectual, though the fibres of mind and character are so closely interwoven in the texture of their speeches that it is difficult to decide in which quality lies their greatest strength. True it is that the gifts and graces of rhetoric have been bountifully bestowed upon both. Some of these they hold in common, and in others each has been specially endowed. But to say that the possession of these merely rhetorical accomplishments is what makes each the greatest living orator of his country is to assign a wholly inadequate cause for so large an effect. The fact that intellectually they are giants, and that morally they are believed to be sincere, high-minded, sans peur et sans reproche, is what largely gives them their power as orators. Mr. Blake’s firm and comprehensive grasp of any subject with which he grapples, the almost phenomenal way in which he masters and then marshals all its facts, are qualities in which we doubt if he is excelled by any living statesman. Not merely are the broad outlines drawn with a strong hand, but, when necessary for his purpose, the minutest details are filled in with the fidelity of a photograph. In fact so thoroughly does he exhaust the details of his subject in some of his more elaborate parliamentary speeches that the effect is to mar the whole performance, viewed simply as an oratorical effect. Perhaps no one knows this better than Mr. Blake himself, and the fact that he is thus content to risk his reputation as an orator from the same high sense of duty which has kept him in uncongenial public life for many years, against his personal wishes and to the serious impairment of his health and income, should be sufficient to secure him the indulgence of the severest critic, for it is a failing which surely leans to virtue’s side. His manner in speaking is earnest and forcible, such a manner as befits an orator who seeks to convince his hearers through the medium of their reason, and he never indulges in ad captandum appeals. His sentences, like his whole treatment of his subject, though they may be somewhat involved, are always thoroughly in hand; he never loses himself in a maze, seldom hesitates for the right word, and always appears to have the whole plan of his speech before his mind’s eye. His language unites the copiousness and variety of the accomplished scholar with the clear cut precision of the lawyer; and the wealth of illustration with which he adorns his best speeches, drawn as it is from every conceivable source in life and literature, would in itself be regarded as wonderful if it were not associated with intellectual powers which are all on an equally high plane. He is perhaps at his best in the rôle of satirist, and herein he displays qualities in which he far excels the great English statesman to whom it is no derogation to compare him. Earnest and argumentative like Mr. Gladstone he habitually is, but when engaged in thrust and parry with an opponent, wit and humor lend their aid, and often with such merciless effect that they defeat the speaker’s purpose by creating sympathy for his antagonist. The best specimen of Mr. Blake’s style of oratory will be found in his shorter extemporaneous speeches in parliament. In many of his longer speeches his best qualities as an orator have been suppressed by too much elaborateness of preparation. Able as they are as examples of clear consecutive reasoning, they partake too much of the character of essays; wanting spontaneity, they lack the fire and vim of his shorter speeches. As an illustration of this view, take the short speech in which Mr. Blake replied to the leader of the government in 1882, on the motion for the second reading of the Redistribution Bill—better known as the Gerrymander Bill. All the leading features of that measure were seized and a complete criticism of them pronounced in the course of a twenty minutes’ speech, with such telling force that no one on the ministerial side dared offer a reply. It was as perfect a criticism of a large subject as the far more elaborate speech on the bill in committee of the whole a few days later, saving in matters of detail, and the verdict of those who listened to both speeches doubtless was that the shorter one was by large odds weightier and more convincing than the longer and heavier one. There was material enough in the latter for half-a-dozen first-class speeches, but it erred in leaving nothing for any other member to say. Another of Mr. Blake’s speeches which showed his skill in stating and discussing subjects tersely and vigorously is his speech at London in January, 1886, in which he dealt with the execution of Riel and presented a general review of the political situation. Such massing of facts and arraying of reasons, conjoined with such judicial fairness in balancing the weights of evidence, are rarely to be met with in the records of political eloquence. “Though the skies be dark,” he said in closing that speech, “yet trust we in the Supreme goodness. We believe our cause is just and true. We believe that truth and justice shall in God’s good time prevail. It may be soon; it may be late. His ways are not our ways, and His unfathomable purposes we may not gauge. But this we know, that in our efforts we are in the line of duty. We hope, indeed, to make our cause prevail. But, win or lose to-day, we know that we shall receive for the faithful discharge of duty an exceeding great reward—the only reward which is worth attaining, the only reward which is sure to last.”—Mr. Blake’s thorough honesty of purpose is one of his most conspicuous qualities. Many proofs of this quality might be given from his speeches, but one will suffice. In closing his speech on the execution of Riel, in the House of Commons in March, 1886, he said: “I know the atmosphere of prejudice and passion which surrounds this case. I know how difficult it will be for years to come to penetrate that dense atmosphere. I know how many people of my own race and of my own creed entertain sentiments and feelings hostile to the conclusion to which I have been driven. I know that many whom I esteem and in whose judgment I have confidence, after examination of this case, have been unable to reach my own conclusion. I blame no one. Each has the right and duty to judge for himself. But cries have been raised on both sides which are potent, most potent in preventing the public from coming to a just conclusion; yet we must not by any such cries be deterred from doing our duty. I have been threatened more than once by hon. gentlemen opposite during this debate with political annihilation in consequence of the attitude of the Liberal party which they projected on this question; and I so far agree with them as to admit that the vote I am about to give is an inexpedient vote, and that, if politics were a game, I should be making a false move. I should be glad to be able to reach a conclusion different from that which is said by hon. gentlemen opposite to be likely to weaken my influence and imperil my position. But it can be said of none of us, least of all of the humble individual who now addresses you, that his continued possession of a share of public confidence, of the lead of a party, or of a seat in parliament, is essential or even highly important to the public interest; while for all of us what is needful is not that we should retain, but that we should deserve the public confidence; not that we should keep, but that while we do keep we should honestly use our seats in parliament. To act otherwise would be to grasp at the shadow and to lose the substance; propter vitam vivendi perdere causas. We may be wrong; we must be true. We should be ready to close, but resolved to keep unstained our public careers. I am unable honestly to differ from the view that it is deeply to be regretted that this execution should have been allowed to take place, and therefore in favor of that view I must record my vote.” This view of the exalted duties of a representative of the people must commend itself to every man who esteems truth, honor and country; and it is the knowledge of the holding of this and like views by Mr. Blake, not less than his intellectual qualities, which secures for him the esteem of the best men of all classes. “We are all proud of Edward Blake,” Principal Grant of Queen’s University exclaimed when presenting him to address a Queen’s convocation a few years ago. “Mr. Blake is a distinguished man, a credit to any country from his ability and eloquence and devotion to public matters,” Sir John Macdonald said when referring to his absence from the house and country at the opening of the 1888 session of parliament.—Many speeches delivered in the House of Commons and out of it during the last twenty years attest Mr. Blake’s ability and eloquence, but one extract will serve for illustration. It is taken from the report of a speech delivered at Lindsay in 1887, on the administration of the North-West. After sketching the principal events leading up to the Half-breed rebellion down to the summer of 1884, he said: “The time, if ever there was a time, for conditions of non-alienation passed away; the state of things changed, the discontent grew, the demand became fixed and formulated for like treatment as the Half-breeds of Manitoba, and its concession in this form was pressed on the government by everyone in the North-West, including the council. But all in vain! The government was deaf; the government was blind; the government was dumb; indeed for all they did in this matter the government might as well have been dead! Nay, better! for had they been dead I do not believe another baker’s dozen of Tories could have been found to succeed them who could have been as deaf, and dumb, and blind, and dead as they; and Canada might have been saved the blow, the dreadful blow, which they caused, if they did not actually inflict upon their country! At length, in June, 1884, after five years of total, of absolute inaction in this pressing matter, occurred an event so-marked that it might have made the deaf to hear, the dumb to speak, the blind to see, nay, might almost have waked the dead,—for then it happened that these poor people, despairing at last of reaching otherwise the ears of their rulers at Ottawa, sent a deputation on foot to tramp the prairies, cross the rivers and penetrate the forests, seven hundred long miles into Montana, to find and to counsel with their old chief and leader, Louis Riel. They reached him; they invited his help; he agreed to return in their company, to lead his people in an agitation for the rights which they had so long asked in vain; he returned on this demand, on this errand, in those relations to his kinsmen; and he was triumphantly and enthusiastically received by a large assembly of the Half-breeds on the banks of the Saskatchewan; and all these ominous and portentous facts were known to the government! Now what at this juncture was the relation of Louis Riel to the disturbed populations of the North-West? That is a most important question to be answered when you are measuring the situation and awarding its due responsibility to the government. For I ask you, having asked that question, to decide, as I believe you will unhesitatingly decide, I ask not you Liberals only, but the most compassionate, the most faithful Tory, the blindest, the most party-ridden Tory here, to decide,—even if he can find, what I cannot find, in the loving kindness of his nature, in the softness of his heart, some, I will not say justification, I will not say excuse, but some palliation for that five long years of inaction,—yet I ask you all, with absolute confidence, to agree with me that for the inaction after June, 1884, there is, under heaven, no palliation whatever. What was the relation of Riel to those amongst whom he came? I will not give you my own comparisons; I will give you those of the first minister himself, used in reply to me in parliament. He said that Riel was the El Mahdi of the Metis! The El Mahdi—you know him—the Arabian priest, and prophet, and usurping chief, who excited in the breasts of the wild tribes of the desert such a convinced belief in his supernatural powers, such a devoted and fanatic affection to his person, such a desperate fidelity to his cause, that at his bidding, ill-armed and undisciplined as they were, they flung their naked bodies in ferocious fight against the better drilled and more numerous forces of their lawful sovereign, the Khedive; nay, they hurled those naked bodies once and again against the serried ranks of the British battalions; and boldly encountered at once all the old British valor, and all the modern dreadful appliances of war; and the sands of Africa were wet with brave English blood, and English wives and mothers wept bitter tears for the deeds done under these influences by the wild followers of El Mahdi. He said that Riel was the La Rochejacquelin of the Metis! La Rochejacquelin, the young French noble who, when all France almost beside had submitted to the republic, raised again the white flag of the legitimate monarchy, roused the peaceful peasantry of remote La Vendée, led them in successful attack against strong places held by the forces of the republic, and by virtue of the spirit he infused, the confidence they reposed, the affection and fealty they bore towards their feudal chief, kept at bay for a while the great enemies of the state. He said he was the Charles Stuart, the Pretender, the leader of the lost cause of the Half-breeds! ‘Bonnie Prince Charlie, the king of the Hieland hearts,’ who, after the lowlands of Scotland, after all England, after all Ireland had submitted to the new rule, yet raised the clans; marched into Edinburgh; held court at Holyrood; made a descent on England itself; and, when pressed back into the north, fought with his irregular and ill-equipped liegemen in unequal, but obstinate and glorious, and sometimes successful conflict with the disciplined troops of the new dynasty! The Stuart, who found and proved for the hundredth time the stern valor and the enthusiastic love of his Highland followers; who found and proved it, not only in the fleeting hour of victory, but in the dark season of distress; when, with broken fortunes and a lost cause, with thirty thousand pounds offered for his head, and death assigned as the penalty for his harborer, he was safely guarded, and loved, and cherished, and sheltered by his clansmen in the caves and glens and bothies of the Highlands, as safe as if he had been in command in the centre of a British square! Yes! They scorned the base reward; they contemned the dreadful penalty; they kept him safe, and at length helped him to escape to other climes, to wait for the better days that never came. Such were the men to whom the first minister compared Riel, in his relation to the Metis. And, such being his relation, I ask you was not his coming an ominous and portentous event? He came, with all that power and influence over that ill-educated, half-civilized, impulsive, yet proud and sensitive people, living their lonely lives in that far land; he came amongst them at their request; he who had led the Half-breeds of the east in ’69, and had achieved for them a treaty and the recognition of their rights; he came to lead his kinsmen of the west in the path by which they were, as they hoped, to obtain their rights as well! Had the government been diligent before, they should have been roused by this to further zeal. But he came after five years of absolute lethargy on the part of the government, when they knew that they had not been diligent, and when, therefore, they had a double duty to repair, in the time God gave them still, the consequences of their sloth. Surely, surely such a coming should have made the deaf to hear, the blind to see, the dumb to speak; surely it might almost have waked the dead!” This extract will compare with the best effort of any modern parliamentary or platform speaker, and the whole speech is probably the best specimen of moving eloquence ever uttered by a public man in America.—The heavy and prolonged strain of the election campaign of 1886-7 had a serious effect on Mr. Blake’s health, and resulted in a nervous collapse which made a holding of the position of leader of a parliamentary party no longer possible to one of his sense of duty. He accordingly resigned the leadership of the Liberals in the session of 1887, to the sincere regret of his followers in the house and, it may be said, to the regret of the whole country besides.

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[9] Mr. Blake’s great-grandfather was Andrew Blake, a gentleman of good estate in the county of Galway. By his first marriage he had two sons—Andrew, who inherited Castlegrove, and Netterville, who succeeded to another estate close to Tuam. The latter had twenty-one children, thirteen of whom were sons. The second wife of Andrew Blake was a daughter of Sir Joseph Hoare, of Annabel, county Cork, by a daughter of Sir Marcus Somerville. By this marriage he had four sons—Dominick Edward, Joseph, Samuel and William. Dominick Edward was born at Castlegrove in 1771; educated at Trinity College, Dublin, where he took the degree of M.A.; presented to the livings of Kiltegan and Loughbrickland, and appointed rural dean. He married Anne Margaret, daughter of William Hume, M.P., who was shot by the rebels in 1798, and they had for issue two sons and three daughters. His death occurred in 1823, and a tablet erected to his memory in Kiltegan church records that during a period of nineteen years he was the beloved and venerated rector of that parish: “His affectionate and afflicted parishioners have erected this monument as a testimony of their deep sense of his worth and of their grief at his loss.” The elder of the sons was Rev. Dominick Edward Blake, for some time rector of Thornhill, north of Toronto, and the younger was William Hume Blake, the chancellor. William Hume, M.P., mentioned above, left two sons—William Hoare Hume, who succeeded his father in the representation of Wicklow in the Irish parliament, and after the Union sat until his death in the Imperial parliament, and Joseph Samuel Hume, who married Eliza, daughter of Rev. Charles Smyth, of Smythfield and Charles Park, county Limerick. Being a younger son he inherited only a small property in Wicklow; he died at an early age, immediately after having received a government appointment in the castle of Dublin. He left one son and three daughters, the eldest of the daughters, Catharine, becoming the wife of Chancellor Blake, and the youngest the wife of Justice George Skeffington Connor.

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=Morison, Lewis Francis=, Advocate, St. Hyacinthe, was born in that city, on the 30th January, 1842. His father, Donald George Morison, was born at Sorel, P.Q., and was many years a notary. His grandfather, Allan Morison, was born on Lewis Island, west coast of Scotland, and came to Canada about 1770, settling in the district of Montreal. Mr. Morison’s mother was Marie A. Rosalie Papineau, daughter of the Hon. D. B. Papineau, and niece of the late Hon. Louis Joseph Papineau. Mr. Morison, the subject of our sketch, was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe, and studied law with the late Hon. M. Laframboise and the Hon. Auguste C. Papineau, now on the bench of the Superior Court of the province of Quebec. He was admitted to the bar on the 2nd of February, 1863, and has been in practice at St. Hyacinthe since that date. He does business in all the courts, civil and criminal, and has a remunerative practice. Mr. Morison served two years as councilman in the municipality of the city of St. Hyacinthe, and in January, 1880, was elected, without opposition, mayor, which office he held for two years. Being a native of the city, and having grown with it, he naturally takes a pride in witnessing its progress. Mr. Morison is president of the Granite Mill Company, which he started in 1882, and which now turns out the finest quality of knitting in Canada, and employs about six hundred hands. He was also one of the original promoters, and is now a director, of the St. Hyacinthe, Manufacturing Company. This concern only manufactures fine flannel, which is in great demand, and is kept running full time all the year. He constructed the first macadamized road in this section of the county. The first section of five miles of this road connected St. Hyacinthe with quarries, lime-kilns, and sand pits, greatly helping building operations, and created a new source of wealth for its citizens. He is also proprietor of two of the toll bridges built at St. Hyacinthe across the Yamaska river, and has a large interest in the third one. These bridges are built under private charters, and give more easy access to the city. Mr. Morison is what may be called a live citizen, and he loses no opportunity to advance the prosperity of his native place. In politics, he is a Liberal, and in religion, a member of the Roman Catholic church. He is a close student, and growing in reputation as a lawyer who will add to the prestige of the profession of which he is such a good representative.

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=Fulton, Dr. John=, Toronto. The late Dr. Fulton was born in the township of Southwold, Elgin county, Ontario, on the 12th February, 1837, and died at Toronto on the 15th June, 1887. The illness which ended his useful life was the result of a severe cold, taken in the course of ordinary professional duties. His father was a highly respectable farmer of Irish origin. His mother’s family had originally come from Scotland, and their son John very early showed all the quickness of the one race and the shrewdness and perseverance of the other. He began his early education when very young, and continued for several years at school, always one of the best behaved and most advanced of the scholars. He continued at home on the farm till he was eighteen years of age, when his health, never robust, although as a rule good, was such as to warrant him in seeking a less laborious and more congenial occupation. He became a school teacher, having obtained successively several certificates, and was, as usual, not very long before reaching the highest grade. As a teacher he was, wherever he taught, most successful—seeing clearly himself every point he desired to teach others, he had the somewhat rare but invaluable power of making it clear and simple to every pupil—a power which characterized him all through life in his subsequent career as a prominent professor of various branches of medical science. He began his medical studies under the supervision of Dr. J. H. Wilson, of St. Thomas, a highly respected medical man, still engaged actively in his profession. From the moment of his entrance on his professional studies he was characterized by unremitting zeal—never being idle, doing as much work in the way of study in a week as would take most young men a month to master. In due course he entered the medical school so long and so successfully carried on by by the late Dr. Rolph; and here he at once ranked as one of the best men of his year. He was ever most ambitious, and was not content with matriculating as usual in medicine alone, but also matriculated in arts at the University of Toronto, taking a high position in this examination. After completing his course he graduated at Victoria University, of which at that time Dr. Rolph’s school was the medical department. He also went up for his examination and graduated in medicine at the University of Toronto. He had hardly taken his degree in Canada, when he went to New York and spent some time attending, with his customary regularity, Bellevue Hospital, in that city, and very shortly left for England, where he spent all the time at his disposal in the hospital wards and at his studies. He successfully went up before the Royal College of Physicians of London, and the Royal College of Surgeons of England, and obtained the license of the one and the membership of the other. He then visited Paris and Berlin for a brief space, and as usual was found following the great masters of these capitals around the hospitals, never losing sight of his great aim—the increasing of his already large store of professional knowledge. Shortly after his return to Canada he was married, January, 1864, to Isabella Campbell, of Yarmouth, Ontario, whose premature decease, in October, 1884, all but crushed his heart, and who was deservedly loved and respected by all who knew her. Dr. Fulton settled in Fingal, Ontario, for the practice of his profession, and had not been there long before he was tendered by the late Dr. Rolph and accepted the professorship in anatomy, in the medical school of which he had so recently been a distinguished student. His duties as a professor were begun with enthusiasm, and as a medical teacher he was a success from the very first. Not content, as most men of his early age would have been, with the high position he had already reached, he attended University College classes in arts, with the intention of graduating in arts at the provincial university. This intention, owing to constantly increasing duties, he had most reluctantly to abandon; for he greatly disliked to give up any plan on which he had deliberately set his heart. In addition to his professional and professorial duties, in 1867 he began and shortly completed his work on “Physiology,” which was for years highly prized by successive classes of students, as giving a clear and succinct epitome of that subject in the briefest possible compass, and which he subsequently re-wrote and enlarged for a second edition. In 1869-70 he lectured on physiology and botany with the same acceptance as had characterized his lectures on anatomy. In 1870 he busied himself, in addition to other duties, in writing a work on Materia Medica which, however, from stress of other labors, was never completed. This year he sent in his resignation of his chair in the college, owing to difficulties which had arisen, and in consequence of which Drs. Rolph, Geikie, and Fulton resigned together. Dr. Fulton consented, however, on being requested to do so, to withdraw his letter of resignation. In August, 1870, he bought from its then proprietor the Dominion Medical Journal, which had been carried on for a short time, and into which Dr. Fulton at once infused life and vigor. He changed its name to the Canada Lancet, under which title it appeared for the first time in September, 1870, and under Dr. Fulton’s indefatigable editorship has been continued ever since; the Lancet having in that time risen from having hardly any influence and a very small circulation, to the position it now holds, of being the most influential and widely-circulated medical journal in the Dominion of Canada, a change effected by its proprietor’s amazing and continuous industry, aided by his great business tact. In March, 1871, Dr. Fulton finally resigned his chair in Victoria College Medical School, and was offered and accepted the professorship of physiology in Trinity Medical College. This he continued to hold, and to discharge its duties with distinguished ability and satisfaction to all concerned, until a few years ago, when he succeeded his colleague, Dr. Bethune, on that gentleman retiring from the chair of surgery. This chair he filled ably and well till his death, and in connection with it, he was also one of the surgeons to the Toronto General Hospital, which institution has in his death sustained a severe loss. As an editor of a medical journal, Dr. Fulton was earnest, painstaking, and thorough in an unusual degree. The same, too, may be said of him as a medical teacher, and indeed in every other relation in life where he had duties to perform. He was for nearly twenty years before his death a member of Knox Church, Toronto, and one of the trustees of that church. Here his advice and clear-headedness will be much missed. His memory will be long cherished, and his example it is to be hoped will be followed by not a few of our young medical men. For as Dr. Fulton made himself what he was, by his persevering efforts, for he was essentially a self-made man, they too, by doing and working as he did, may come to occupy the highest positions in public and professional influence and respect. He left behind him a son and three daughters.

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=Binney, Right Rev. Hibbert=, D.D., Bishop of Nova Scotia. The late Bishop Binney was born at Sydney, Cape Breton, on the 12th August, 1819. His father, the Rev. Hibbert Binney, D.C.L., was for some time rector of Sydney, and afterwards removing to England, he became rector of Newbury, Bucks. The future bishop was educated at King’s College, London, and in due time proceeded to Worcester College, Oxford. He took his degree of B.A. in 1842, and was elected fellow of his college, holding for some years in addition the position of tutor and bursar. His career at Oxford was a highly honorable one, he having taken a first-class in mathematical honors, and a second-class in classical honors, thus very nearly attaining the very high distinction of a double first. On the bishopric of Nova Scotia becoming vacant by the death of Dr. John Inglis, third occupant of that see, the Rev. Mr. Binney was appointed by the Crown, at the unusually early age of thirty-one. It is said that while the question of the appointment was engaging the attention of the crown officers, there being several names mentioned for the vacant see, the Hon. Joseph Howe, then in London, was consulted as to the probable wishes of the diocese, when he at once said: “Give it to the Nova Scotian”—which decided the matter. Mr. Binney received the degree of D.D. from his alma mater, and was consecrated in Lambeth Chapel, March 25th, 1851. On his arrival in Nova Scotia, he found things not as satisfactory as he desired; but he set to work with characteristic vigor, and in a few years had more than doubled the number of clergy and stations occupied by the Church of England. His greatest efforts were directed towards the establishment of a synod or legislative body of clergy and laity, which he finally accomplished in the face of much opposition, and the wisdom of his action has been since amply justified. As visitor of King’s College, the Church University at Windsor, he ever took a deep interest in its welfare, giving ungrudging attention to all meetings of the board of governors of which he was president. The difficulties of his arduous post became in his later years too great for even his iron frame and will, and after gradually failing for a few months, he died quite suddenly in New York, where he had gone for medical advice, on April 30, 1887, in the thirty-seventh year of his episcopal, and the sixty-eighth of his age. The bishop was a very strong-minded man, his views were high church, and during his long episcopate he had moulded most of his clergy to his own ideas. He married in 1854, Mary, daughter of the Hon. William B. Bliss, judge of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, by whom he had two sons and three daughters.

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=Tooke, Benjamin=, Manufacturer, Montreal, was born in Montreal, on the 12th November, 1848. His father, Thomas Tooke, was a well-known citizen, and for forty years occupied a responsible position in the Bank of Montreal. Benjamin, the subject of our sketch, was educated at the High School of his native city, and secured a classical and commercial education. Shortly after leaving school he entered the establishment of Gault Brothers, wholesale dry goods merchants, as a junior clerk, and gradually worked his way up until he became the confidential clerk and had the fixing of the prices of all the goods coming into the establishment. After a period of ten years with Gault Brothers, he found himself master of all the details of business, and otherwise fully equipped to face the world of commerce. Therefore, in 1871, he severed his connection with the above firm, and commenced the manufacture of shirts and collars, conducting his operations under the name of the Mount Royal Manufacturing Company. Business prospered, and in 1873 had grown to such an extent, that he found himself unable to attend to all its details, and took in as a working partner Leslie Skelton. In the fall of 1878, Mr. Skelton having retired from the firm, Mr. Tooke entered into a partnership with his brother, R. J. Tooke, who up to this time had been carrying on a retail trade in gentlemen’s furnishing goods. This partnership lasted for four years,—R. J. Tooke retiring to take up his old trade,—and since then he has conducted his business alone. In 1884, finding his already extensive premises in Montreal too cramped for his steadily increasing business, he selected a building site in St. Laurent, a few miles from the city, erected a factory sixty-five feet by forty feet, three stories high, and put into it the most improved machinery. This factory has proved a great success, produces excellent goods, and finds employment for about eight hundred and fifty hands. Mr. Tooke is highly respected by his numerous workpeople, and the utmost harmony and good feeling pervades his establishment. In politics he is a Conservative, and in religion belongs to the Episcopal church. On the 5th December, 1872, he was married to Elizabeth Eastty, daughter of W. E. Eastty, of London, England.

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=Scott, Captain Peter Astle=, R.N., Commander of the Squadron employed for the Protection of the Fisheries, and Chairman of the Board of Examiners of Masters and Mates of Canada, was born on the 25th of February, 1816, at Gillingham, Kent, England. His father, James Scott, a paymaster in the Royal navy, was born in Virginia, and left it with his father, a captain of the Royal army during the Revolution. Captain Scott received his education at the Rochester and Chatham Classical and Mathematical School, at Rochester, county of Kent. He joined the navy as a volunteer of the first class, on board the Basilisk cutter, ten guns, at the Nore, on the 14th of February, 1829; removed to the Prince Regent, 120 guns, in August, 1830, spent part of his time in the Channel with the flag of Rear Admiral Sir William Parker, and also on the Scout, eighteen guns, in the North Sea. He then joined the Thunderer, eighty-four guns, and passed his examination for lieutenant, 1st September, 1835. While returning to England in November of that year in a merchantman, she capsized while crossing the Bay of Biscay, but righting again, her crew were fortunate enough to get her safely into Bristol with the loss of bulwarks, boats, and a few spars. He next joined the Asia, eighty-four guns, in 1836, and proceeded to the Mediterranean, and after serving a short time in the Blazer steam vessel, returned to England in the Barham, fifty guns, and was paid off at Sheerness in January, 1839. In April, 1839, he joined the Terror, under Captain F. R. M. Crozier, her consort, the Erebus, being under the charge of Captain James Clark Ross. After spending a winter at Desolation Island (Kerguelans Land), these vessels reached Hobartown, Van Diemen’s Land, in August, 1840. It being necessary to have magnetic observations taken at that place in connection with those established by the various foreign governments all over the world, an observatory was erected at the expense of the Admiralty, and Lieutenant Jos. Kay was placed in charge, Captain Scott being first assistant, and placed under the orders of Sir John Franklin, who was then lieutenant-governor of Tasmania. Captain Scott, having some knowledge of naval architecture, built a yacht for the lieutenant-governor, of about 180 tons, and two gunboats of about 100 tons each, for the defence of the colony. He was relieved at the observatory by Lieutenant Smith in the autumn of 1844, and returned to England in May, 1845, only a few days too late to join the Erebus, of the Arctic expedition, as second lieutenant, under the command of his old friend, Sir John Franklin. In August, 1845, he was appointed to the Columbia steam vessel, Captain W. Owen, who was then surveying the Bay of Fundy. In 1848 the Columbia was paid off at Chatham, Kent, England. Captain Scott then joined the coast guard for six months, and in May, 1849, was reappointed to the Columbia, under Commander Shortland, R.N., as assistant surveyor, to continue the North American survey. In 1857 the Columbia was condemned and sold out of the service, and the survey was continued in hired vessels. In January, 1862, Mr. Scott was promoted to the rank of commander, and in 1865, on Captain Shortland retiring from the command, he assumed the charge of the survey, and returned to England in May, 1866. In September of that year he retired with the rank of captain, and in April, 1869, having been invited to return to Canada, he took command of the Dominion steamship Druid, then employed protecting the fisheries. In the spring of 1870, he removed to the government steamship, Lady Head, and took charge of the vessels employed in the fisheries protection service. In 1871, in addition to the above duties, he was appointed chairman of the Board of Examiners of Masters and Mates for Canada, which office he still holds. In November, 1879, Captain Scott was directed to proceed to England, to bring out the corvette Charybdis, of about 2,000 tons, to be employed as a training ship. As the vessel could not be got ready until late in the winter, Captain Scott concluded to lay her up and return for her in the following spring. In May, 1880, he sailed her across the Atlantic, and moored her in St. John, in July of the same year. In February, 1886, on the United States government giving notice that the fishery clauses of the Treaty of Washington had terminated, Canada fitted out a small squadron to protect her fisheries; and Captain Scott again assumed the command, embarking on the government steamer Lansdowne, with two guns and thirty-three men. In August he took command of the government steamer Acadia, with one gun and thirty-three men, and is still in the service of the Canadian government. In March, 1847, he married M. A. Hobbs, daughter of George Hobbs, a merchant in Eastport, Maine, United States.

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=La Rocque, Rev. Paul S.=, St. Hyacinthe, Canon and Rector of St. Hyacinthe Cathedral, Doctor of Theology and Canon Law, was born at St. Marie de Monnoir, province of Quebec, on the 28th October, 1846. His father was Albert La Rocque, and mother, Genevieve Daigneault. His brother, the Rev. Charles La Rocque, is chaplain of the Good Shepherd Convent, at Montreal; and the Right Rev. Joseph La Rocque, and the Right Rev. Charles La Rocque, the first and second bishops of St. Hyacinthe, were his cousins. The Rev. Father La Rocque received his education at St. Theresa and St. Hyacinthe Colleges. He was ordained a priest on the 9th May, 1869, and from that time until 1880, was a missionary in Florida, United States. Without any official connection during his stay at Key West he acted as chaplain to the United States troops stationed there. He then returned to St. Hyacinthe, and the following year, 1881, he went to Rome, and pursued his studies in the Gregorian and the Appolinaire Universities. He remained in the Eternal City for two years and a half, and then made a tour of the principal cities of Europe. He also travelled to the Holy Land, and visited Jerusalem, Nazareth, etc. This journey was undertaken with the view of gaining all the information possible with regard to Bible history, and to put him in a position to communicate the most accurate information to his flock, with regard to that far-off country. As a linguist, Rev. Canon La Rocque has few, if any, equals in Canada, being able to speak five different languages. He is a great favorite with his parishioners, takes a deep interest in their material and spiritual affairs, and is very kind and attentive to the sick and needy. The degree of doctor of theology and canon law was conferred upon him at Rome.

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=Bowell, Hon. Mackenzie=, Minister of Customs of the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for North Hastings, Ontario, was born at Rickinghall, Suffolk, England, on the 27th December, 1823, and when about ten years of age accompanied his parents to Canada. Mr. Bowell, in early youth, exhibited much courage and enterprise, and one is not surprised to see what he has achieved when looking back at his career. He had a quick eye for business, and was seldom astray in judging what sort of enterprise was profitable, and what had better be avoided. He had also a military enthusiasm, and assisted in 1857, in raising and organizing a rifle company of sixty-five men, in what was known at that time as class B, to which no assistance was given by the government, beyond furnishing the rifles. He served on the frontier in the winter of 1864-5, during the American rebellion, and again during the Fenian troubles of 1866. He entered a printing office as an apprentice in 1834, and during his whole life up to the time when heavy political responsibilities fell upon his shoulders, he was connected with the newspaper press of Canada. He was editor and proprietor of the Belleville Daily and Weekly Intelligencer newspaper for a number of years, and at one time president of the Dominion Editors and Reporters’ Association. In education he has taken considerable interest, as is evidenced by the fact that he held for eleven years the chairmanship of the Board of School Trustees, of Belleville. He has always been a prominent Orangeman, and was for eight years grand master of the Provincial Orange Grand Lodge of Ontario East, which position he resigned, when in 1870 he was elected most worshipful grand master and sovereign of the Orange Association of British America. This office he continued to hold until he resigned in June, 1878. He was likewise president of the Triennial Council of Orangeism of the world, having been elected to that position at the council held in Derry, Ireland, in 1876. From Mr. Bowell’s connection with important public enterprises is gathered his connection with industrial and commercial movements. He was, for many years, president of the West Hastings Agricultural Society, and vice-president of the Agricultural and Arts Association of Ontario; president of the Hastings Mutual Fire Insurance Company, the Farren Manufacturing Company, and the Dominion Safe-Gas Company, and president of the Belleville and North Hastings Railway; and was captain of No. 1 company of the 15th battalion while on service during the Fenian troubles, and subsequently major in the 49th battalion of Volunteer Rifles. In 1863 Mr. Bowell contested the north riding of the county of Hastings for parliamentary honors, as the nominee of the Conservative convention, but refusing to join in the cries against the incorporation of Roman Catholic institutions, and what was then termed French domination, which were made test questions at the time, he was defeated. In 1867 he again presented himself to the electors of North Hastings, and having stated his views with that calm reasonableness which has always characterized his utterances, he was elected. He entered parliament therefore at confederation, but took no very prominent part in the debates of the house for the first two or three years. His first success in parliament was in his criticism of a measure introduced by the late Sir George E. Cartier, then minister of militia, for the purpose of reorganizing the militia force of Canada. Upon this occasion his practical experience and knowledge of the requirements of the volunteer force had its effect upon the house, and he succeeded in helping to defeat the government upon the details of the bill three times during one sitting of the house. Being an independent thinker, he was not always in accord with the leaders of his party, having voted against them upon many important measures, notably the Nova Scotia better terms resolutions, and upon the motion for the ratification of the Washington treaty. He was re-elected in 1872, and, consequently, in parliament, when the Macdonald government fell, and the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie succeeded to power. It was in opposition that Mr. Bowell took a leading part, not only in the business of the house, but upon the most important committees. He inaugurated and conducted the proceedings in the House of Commons which resulted in his moving the motion for the expulsion of Louis David Riel, member elect for Provencher, Manitoba, for the part he, Riel, had taken in ordering the shooting of Scott, a prisoner of his during the revolt in Manitoba in 1879. He also took an active part in bringing before the house the question of the violation of the provisions of the Independence of Parliament Act, by its speaker, and by a number of its members. The motion which he made upon this question, though defeated, led subsequently to the resignation of Mr. Speaker Anglin, one member of the cabinet, and four members of the house. He did not make many speeches, but whenever he spoke, the members always listened to him, for he had gained the reputation of being a man who had, first, something to say, and, second, a reasonable and a satisfactory way of saying it. He has been successful at every election since. On the 19th of October, 1878, upon the resumption of power by the Conservative party, Mr. Bowell was called to the Privy Council, and sworn in minister of customs, and that office he still holds. The member for North Hastings is level-headed, and possessed of a sound judgment. It is pleasing sometimes to sit in the gallery of the House of Commons and watch him answer questions or reply to allegations waged against the administration of his department. Under no circumstances, nor by any pressure or irritation, can he be moved to haste or ill-temper; but he sits there, disregarding feeling, and doing what he considers to be his duty as a minister of the Crown. Mr. Bowell married in 1847; Harriet Louise, eldest daughter of the late Jacob G. Moore, of Belleville, by whom he has nine children, five of whom are living.

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=Ritchie, Hon. Robert J.=, Solicitor-General of the Province of New Brunswick, M.P.P. for the county of St. John, was born in St. John, and educated in the city of his birth. Having studied and adopted law as a profession, he was called to the bar on the 16th of October, 1867. Since then he has worked up an extensive and prosperous practice. He has for many years taken a great interest in politics, and was first nominated for a seat in the House of Assembly just previous to the general election in 1878. He won his seat, and at once took a prominent part in the debates in the house. Having offered again in 1882, he was a second time successful. Again, at the general election on 26th April, 1886, he scored a great victory, standing second among the fortunate candidates. The vote was, Hon. D. McLellan, 2943; R. J. Ritchie, 2570; W. A. Quintin, 2531; A. A. Stockton, 2531; defeating James Rourke, 2188; J. A. Chesley, 1834; G. G. Gilbert, 1645; John Connor, 1468; A. T. Armstrong, 1823. In Nova Scotia, since confederation, the legal affairs of the local administration have been attended to by the attorney-general exclusively; but in New Brunswick they still keep up the office of solicitor-general as well. The talented premier, Hon. A. G. Blair, took the position of attorney-general when he formed his cabinet on the 3rd March, 1883, and another lawyer of excellent standing being wanted to complete the personnel of the cabinet, the gentleman who forms the subject of this sketch was fitly selected as the best man for the position of solicitor-general. His appointment to the executive council necessitated his again going to the country and he was re-elected by acclamation. As a member of the government, he has taken an active part in all the measures which have been presented to the house, and has well sustained his prominent position. In addition to his duties, as an active and leading politician, Hon. Mr. Ritchie is connected with several of the local corporations of St. John, and his influence is felt in social and professional circles. Although, having suffered great losses by fire, the people of St. John have a spirit of business enterprise which has risen superior to their reverses. The shipping and lumbering business through which the money of her merchants was chiefly accumulated have languished of late years, and no compensating trade has sprung up to take their place. But the manufacturing activity of the inhabitants has proved successful, and the population of the city has not declined. The yield of the fisheries, as elsewhere down in the maritime provinces during the summer of 1887, was enormous. If St. John is favored by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company as regards making it a winter port, the outlook for the city’s future is good. The bar of St. John is rich in forensic talent. The head-quarters of the legal fraternity centres in Ritchie’s and Palmer’s blocks. The nearness of the lawyers’ quarters to one another enables the members of the bar to obtain counsel and intercommunication which is very advantageous and helpful. When the whirligig of politics brings the Liberals into power again in Dominion affairs there is probably no man in the opposition camp whose prospects of succeeding to a position on the bench are better than those of Hon. R. J. Ritchie. His talents peculiarly fit him for the position of one of Her Majesty’s judges.

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=McLelan, Hon. Archibald Woodbury=, Postmaster-General for the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for Colchester, Nova Scotia, was born at Londonderry, N.S., on the 24th December, 1824. He is descended from a family that emigrated from Londonderry, Ireland, during the last century, and settled in the province of Nova Scotia. His father, the late G. W. McLelan, during his lifetime sat for a long period of years in the Nova Scotia legislature. The future postmaster-general received his primary education in the schools of his native parish, and finished his classical course at Mount Allison Wesleyan Academy. In early life, he engaged in a mercantile line of life, and continued in it for a considerable term, but in later years became an extensive ship-builder and ship-owner. He began to take an interest in politics when comparatively a young man, and represented Colchester in the Legislative Assembly of Nova Scotia from 1858 to 1863; then North Colchester in the same legislature from the latter year up to confederation; and Colchester, in the House of Commons, at Ottawa, until called to the Senate of Canada on the 21st June, 1869. In 1881, he resigned his seat in the Senate, and on an appeal to his old friends in Colchester, they returned him again as their representative in the House of Commons. On his return to Ottawa, he was sworn in a member of the Privy Council, and made president of the council on the 20th May of the same year. On the 10th July, 1882, he was appointed minister of marine and fisheries; on the 10th December, 1885, minister of finance; and on the 27th January, 1887, postmaster-general, the office he now so ably fills. Hon. Mr. McLelan is a director of the Cobequid Marine Insurance Company. In 1869 he was appointed one of the commissioners for the construction of the Intercolonial Railway; and in 1883, was a commissioner from Canada to the Intercolonial Fisheries Exhibition held in London. As a recognition of his valuable services on this occasion, he was presented with a diploma of honor. He is a Conservative in politics. In 1854 he was married to Caroline Metzler, of Halifax.

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=Reesor, Hon. David=, Rosedale, Toronto, Senator of the Dominion of Canada, is a descendant of a German family. His great-grandfather, Christian Reesor, who was a Mennonite minister, emigrated from Mannheim to Pennsylvania about 1737, having under his charge a small colony, and settled in Lancaster county, where some of the family still reside. The original homestead, a splendid farm of three hundred acres, is still in their possession. The first settlement of this family in the township of Markham took place as early in its history as 1801, when Christian Reesor, the grandfather of the senator, his father, Abraham Reesor, together with three uncles, located in that section of the country. Here David Reesor was born on the 18th January, 1823. His, mother Anna Dettiwiler, was also from Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. She died in Markham in 1857, her husband having died in 1832. The early education of Senator Reesor was obtained in the common school of the township, but previous to his being put to any work he received three years private tuition from a competent instructor, which helped him considerably. His father’s farm was the first stage on which he enacted his part in the drama of life; then he became a merchant and manufacturer, and continued business in these lines for five years. In 1856 he published the first copy of the Markham Economist, a journal of strong Reform proclivities, which he edited and conducted with considerable skill for several years, and sold the business out about 1868. He has been a magistrate since 1848, a notary public since 1862, and for a long time was secretary and treasurer of the Markham Agricultural Society. When the counties of York, Ontario and Peel were united in 1850, he became a member of the county council and served several years, being warden in 1860. His career as a school trustee will not soon be forgotten, as it was chiefly through his exertions that Markham secured a grammar school. He has long been connected with the militia, and has held the rank of lieutenant-colonel of the reserve since 1866. He was appointed returning officer for the East Riding of York, July, 1854. In the more extensive region of politics Senator Reesor has not been less true to his principles, or less active as a general advocate of measures that tend to the public good, than when in the limited sphere of township councillor he supported and directed local improvements. He represented King’s division in the Legislative Council of Canada from 1860 until the confederation of the provinces, when he was called to the Senate by royal proclamation, October 23, 1867. At the time when the confederation scheme was under discussion in the Legislative Council, he moved a resolution, which, had it been passed, would have made the office of senator elective; but it was defeated on a division. He is a Liberal in politics. Senator Reesor is a member of the Methodist church, and every good cause obtains from him a hearty and willing support. He was for many years president of the Markham Bible Society. In February, 1848, he married Emily, eldest daughter of Daniel McDougall, of St. Marys, Ontario, and sister of Hon. William McDougall, C.B. They have five children, four daughters and one son, two of the former being married. Marion Augusta, the eldest daughter, is the wife of Dr. Colburn, of Oshawa, and Jessie Adelaide, the wife of John Holmes, of Toronto.

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=Read, Rev. Philip Chesshyre=, M.A., Professor of Classics, Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, Quebec province, was born on the 4th March, 1850, at Woodend, Hyde, Cheshire, England. His father, Rev. Alexander Read, B.A., late scholar of Trinity College, Dublin, was a descendant of an old Scotch family from Ayrshire, who settled in North of Ireland, in 1600. His mother, Anne Whiteway, is descended from a Devonshire family from Kingsteignton and Whiteway, and was a daughter of Philip Whiteway, J.P., of Runcorn, Cheshire, and Anne Chesshyre, of Rock Savage, his wife. Professor Read received his education in Manchester Grammar School from 1861 to 1867—being captain of the school in 1866. He then attended Lincoln College, Oxford, where he secured a brilliant record, and in 1872 was assistant lecturer in the college. In 1873 he was ordained by his lordship the Bishop of Salisbury. In 1872 he was appointed assistant master at Marlborough College; in 1874, secretary of the Church Council and examiner of schools under government in Barbadoes; in 1876, head master of the school at Newton, Lancashire; in 1877, rector of Bishop’s College, Lennoxville; in 1882, professor of Classics and Philosophy in Bishop’s College, Lennoxville; and in 1887 examiner to the Medical Board of the province of Quebec. In early life Professor Read began to take an interest in the volunteer movement, and was sub-lieutenant in the Oxford Rifle Volunteers. He is now captain of the school corps at Lennoxville. In 1886 and 1888 he occupied the position of chaplain in the Independent Order of Foresters. He has travelled a good deal, and found time to visit the West Indies, Spain, and several other foreign countries. In religion the professor belongs to the Episcopal church, and holds moderately broad views. On the 28th June, 1879, he was united in marriage to Helen Rosina, daughter of John W. McCallum, of Quebec, and Annie S. Brown, of Halifax, his wife. Mrs. Read is a lineal descendant of an old Scotch manufacturer who settled in Quebec shortly after the conquest of Canada. The fruit of the above union has been two promising children, Alexander Cuthbert Read, and Philip Austin Ottley Read.

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=Sterling, Alexander Addison=, Fredericton, N.B., High Sheriff of the county of York, New Brunswick, was born on the 22nd of August, 1838, at St. Marys, York county. He is the third son of George Henly Sterling, and his wife Susan Elizabeth McLean, and grandson of Captain John Sterling and Captain Archibald McLean, who were both loyalists and served in the war of the American revolution, but eventually settled in New Brunswick. He was brought up on his father’s farm at St. Marys, and commenced his education at the local school, finishing his course of study at the Fredericton Grammar School. He has been engaged in farming and mercantile pursuits all his life, commencing his commercial career as clerk in a store at Fredericton, in 1852, where he remained until 1856. In 1857 he removed to Toronto, Ontario, being employed by Paterson & Sons, hardware merchants of that city. Relinquishing this position in 1858, he returned to New Brunswick, and commenced farming at Maugerville, Sunbury county, in partnership with his brother, the late George A. Sterling (who was elected a member of the Provincial legislature for the county of Sunbury, at the general election of 1882, but who died in October, 1883.) From 1864 to 1867 he represented the parish of Maugerville in the municipal council of the county of Sunbury, but during the latter year he removed to Fredericton, where he opened a general store, which was carried on for fifteen years, and in the year 1883 this was merged into a wholesale flour business, in which trade he is now successfully employed. He was married on the 12th of August, 1869, to Sarah Haws, daughter of John Haws, ship-builder, of Portland, St. John, N.B., and there have been six children issue of this marriage. Living in the cathedral city of his province he is a staunch member of the Episcopal church. He has been an energetic worker in the educational, parochial and municipal affairs, having been appointed a member of the Board of School Trustees for the city of Fredericton, in 1875, and also high sheriff for the county of York, in 1883, both of which offices he now holds. For a number of years he was connected with the temperance movement, and was an active member of the Order of the Sons of Temperance, and held the office of grand worthy patriarch for the province of New Brunswick, in 1876.

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=Torey, Edgar J.=, formerly Principal of the Hants County Academy at Windsor, N.S., is a native of Guysborough, N.S., where he was born about twenty-seven years ago. He attended the grammar school in his native town and studied with such diligence that at a very early age he passed the examination held under the Council of Public Instruction for grade B, or first-class male teacher’s diploma. He began to teach at the age of fifteen, and has since, with intervals of study, pursued that employment. He has taught in Amherst town, Hantsport, Hants Co., and in various other important schools in the province. Feeling the need of a thorough classical education, Mr. Torey availed himself of the advantages offered to gentlemen in the teaching profession by Dalhousie College, Halifax, N.S. He, like many other teachers, taught during the summer months and attended lectures in Dalhousie during the winter term, lasting from November to April. Pursuing this course for some years with success he took his degree of B.A. in 1882. He then took charge of the Victoria County Academy for one year, at the end of which period he resigned the principalship to accept a similar position in Guysborough, and won the encomiums of all with whom he came into contact, for careful and thorough teaching. In October, in the year 1884, the position of Principal in the Hants County Academy at Windsor, worth $850 a year, falling vacant, Mr. Torey applied for the situation and was selected from among a number of other applicants. The public schools were established in Windsor in the autumn of 1866, and now number eight departments. The position of Principal has been held by such educationists as S. S. Fisk; James Forrest, M.A.; J. L. Brown; Dr. Emdon Fritz; John F. Godfrey, B.A., and H. Elliott. The schools are thoroughly graded from the primary department and kindergarten up to the academy, which draws a special government allowance. A three years’ course is followed in the academy, embracing the classics and French, physics and the higher mathematics, and chemistry. The Principal, in addition to his labors in these branches and in preparing students for the matriculation examinations at the various provincial colleges, has a great deal of work to do in preparing and discussing questions for examination in the grading of all the schools. He also has a general supervision of the schools. The school is periodically visited by the county inspector, C. W. Roscoe, an experienced teacher, and also by Dr. David Allison, superintendent of education. Mr. Torey conducted the school with much success, and has fitted several students for college. After holding the position of Principal for three years he decided to adopt the profession of medicine as a permanent employment. His pupils heard of his approaching resignation with regret, and presented him with a valuable and handsome gold-headed cane, accompanied with an address. He resigned his position in October, 1887, and repaired to the University of New York, in the medical department of which he is preparing himself for his life work in the healing profession. He has the advantage of studying in one of the best equipped medical colleges in America, and one from which have graduated some of our best provincial medicos. He is pursuing his studies with great success and is very popular among his fellow-students.

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=Blackadar, Hugh William=, Postmaster of the City of Halifax, Nova Scotia, was born at Halifax, March 4th, 1843. He is son of Hugh William Blackadar, proprietor and publisher of the Acadian Recorder, and Sophia Coleman. Educated under George Munro (now millionaire publisher of New York), then rector of the Free Church Academy, Halifax. He early in life took an active part in the conduct of the Acadian Recorder, and on the death of his father, June 13th, 1863, assumed the management of that journal, which he enlarged from a weekly to a tri-weekly, and subsequently to a daily. In 1864 Mr. Blackadar joined the volunteers, and subsequently held the rank of lieutenant in the third brigade Halifax artillery. He is a member of the Halifax Yacht Club. He was elected an alderman for Ward 4 in 1867, and was re-elected in 1870, serving altogether six years. Represented the city of Halifax as co-delegate with Mayor Stephen Tobin at the railroad convention held at Portland, Me., in 1868, and was one of the secretaries of the convention. In 1869 he was made magistrate for the city and county of Halifax; was a member of the Halifax Board of School Commissioners for five years from the reconstruction of that body in 1868; was appointed Queen’s printer of the province in 1869, and held that position under the Vail-Annand and Hill administrations till 1875. He was appointed postmaster of the city of Halifax Nov. 5th, 1874, by the Dominion government, which office he now holds. In religion he belongs to the Baptist denomination. He married, May 29th, 1866, Rachel Saxton, of Halifax.

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=Plumb, Hon. Josiah Burr=, Speaker of the Senate of Canada. The country lost, by the sudden death of Senator Plumb, at Niagara, on the 12th of March, 1888, a gentleman possessed of excellent qualities as a man and as a politician. He was born on the 25th March, 1816, at East Haven, Connecticut, United States, where his father, an Episcopal clergyman, had charge of a parish. In 1845 he came to Canada, married a daughter of the late Samuel Street, and took up his residence at Niagara. For many years he lived in retirement, ample means rendering it unnecessary that he should take part in business, and it was not until 1874 that he turned his attention actively to politics. At that time Sir John Macdonald was passing through he darkest period of his political career, and it was more out of a chivalrous regard for the fallen leader than from any desire to achieve honors for himself that Mr. Plumb threw himself into the fight. In parliament and on the platform he was a most effective worker. He never for a moment spared himself, nor did he despair of success, though the outlook for his party and his leader up to the very day of the election in 1878 was never very bright. After that victory it was thought the indefatigable member for Niagara would receive for his services some recognition; but at that time this was not to be. Mr. Plumb continued to serve as a follower, and even consented in 1882 to the extinction, under the Redistribution Act, of the borough for which he sat. Having thus been legislated out of Niagara, he ran at the general election in the same year for North Wellington in the Conservative interest; but owing in part to the late hour at which he accepted the candidature, and in part to the personal popularity of his opponent, he suffered defeat. In the following year he was called to the Senate. As a senator he certainly made his mark. He brought to his task in that body a ripe parliamentary experience, a well-stored mind, and great fluency of speech. So highly appreciated was he by the ministerialists in the Senate and by the government that on the occasion of the withdrawal of Sir Alexander Campbell from the government, and pending the selection of a successor, he was asked to take charge of government measures in that chamber. The duty imposed upon him, it is hardly necessary to say, was performed most acceptably. Mr. Plumb’s elevation to the speakership of the Senate took place immediately after the general election of 1887. His wide information, dignified bearing, and fine social qualities made him a model president of the Upper House. Yet he has departed, as he might well have wished to do, full of years and honors. [For a more extended record of Mr. Plumb’s career, see the first series of this work.]

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=Peterson, Peter Alexander=, Civil Engineer, Montreal, member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, member of the American Society Civil Engineers, and member of the Council Canadian Society Civil Engineers, was born on 8th November, 1839, at Niagara Falls, province of Ontario. He is the eldest son of William Lounsberry Peterson and Susan Macmicking. Both his parents were descended from United Empire loyalist families who came to Canada on the conclusion of the American war, having sacrificed their property in the cause of the mother country, and were granted large tracts of land in Upper Canada. His maternal grandfather, the late Major John Macmicking, descended from the old Scotch family of Macmicking, of Miltonise and Killanbrougham, in the county of Wigton, was an ultra loyalist of the old Tory school. He fought in all the battles of 1812 on the Niagara frontier, and was wounded at Lundy’s Lane and Chippewa, and carried two bullets in his body till his death in 1863. He was out again in 1837, on the Tory side, raising a troop of cavalry which he commanded. Mr. Peterson was educated partly at a common school in Stamford, and partly by private tuition, preparatory to entering the Toronto University in the engineering course. He was articled, in 1859, to Mr. Thomas C. Keefer, C.M.G., member of the Institution of Civil Engineers, and remained with him as a student and assistant till May, 1867, during which time he was engaged upon the Hamilton & Port Dover Railway, the Hamilton waterworks, a survey for the Georgian Bay Canal through the county of Ontario, and upon the construction of several large dams upon the Grand River at Paris and Brantford, besides having charge of the Toronto office, doing a general consulting engineering practice. In the spring of 1867 he accepted a position on the Great Western Railway of Canada, and in the autumn of the same year was offered the position of resident engineer on the New York, Oswego and Midland Railway, with charge from Oswego to Oneida, where he remained till March, 1868, when he was offered a position on the Intercolonial Railway surveys. He was appointed resident on construction of this railway for contract number 15 at Bathurst, where he remained till September, 1872, when he resigned to accept the position of chief engineer of the Toronto waterworks, to carry out the scheme recommended by Messrs. T. C. Keefer and E. S. Chesborough, the consulting engineers for these works. In September, 1875, before the water-works were completed, Mr. Peterson was offered by the DeBoucherville government, who had undertaken the construction of the railways from Quebec to Montreal and from Montreal to Ottawa, the position of chief engineer of these lines, which offer he accepted, arranging with the Toronto water-works commissioners to retain charge of the works till their completion, and with the government to hold the two positions conjointly. Mr. Peterson removed to Montreal in October, 1875, but retained charge of the water-works in Toronto till the end of 1877, when the works were completed, $2,000,000 having been expended upon them. Mr. Peterson had to encounter more than the usual amount of criticism during the early days of his official service in Toronto, but after the election of January, 1874, when his principal opponents were defeated, the hostile criticism ceased, and the general opinion prevailed that he had carried out the duties entrusted to him in a faithful, efficient and satisfactory manner. His career in the service of the Quebec government, terminated in September, 1881, when he resigned to accept the position of chief engineer of the St. Lawrence bridge, which was about to be built by the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. During the debate in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec on the bill to authorize the construction of the Chaudière Bridge, the premier, the Hon. Mr. Chapleau, in moving the second reading of the measure, asked the house to let it go through without opposition, on account of the extreme urgency of at once letting the contract. The government had had great difficulty in making a choice between the three lowest bidders. Each of the contractors had offered advantages, and their offers had been most carefully weighed from every point of view, and from an engineering point as well, and Clarke, Reeves & Co.’s had been found the most advantageous. In this opinion he was confirmed by Mr. Peterson, chief engineer, to whose character, carefulness and skill he was bound to testify most fully; and that his opinion of Mr. Peterson’s engineering reputation was further confirmed by the fact that his original estimates for the cost of the whole bridge had been in every case reduced instead of, as is usual in such cases, largely exceeded. Hon. Mr. Joly consented most willingly to the second reading of the bill, and complimented the premier on his frankness. He alluded to the current rumor of favoritism in awarding the contract to Clarke, Reeves & Co., but he declined to entertain the idea that the government was actuated by any improper motives in awarding the contract to this firm, although their tender was not the lowest. He then instanced the excellent character and rapid construction of their work, and the special advantages they were ready to afford; and said he had every confidence in Mr. Peterson, and endorsed all the Hon. Mr. Chapleau had said respecting him. Hon. Mr. Chapleau then thanked Hon. Mr. Joly, and promised that the tenders would be submitted at once to the house. In considering the letting of the contract he had, most fortunately, had a professional adviser, upon whom he could rely—Mr. Peterson being, in fact, the strictest and most rigid of engineers. During his engagement with the Quebec government, he served under the DeBoucherville, the Joly and the Chapleau administrations, and gained the good will and confidence of them all, no party ever venturing to criticise his conduct, which, however, was furiously assailed by the contractor and his allies. On sending in his resignation to the government he was asked to withdraw it. The line between Montreal and Quebec was to be completed in October, 1877, and handed over to the government, but the contractor refused to give it up and continued to run it for his own benefit, keeping all the earnings. Two attempts were made to take possession of it, but failed. In the summer of 1878, Mr. Peterson offered to take possession of it for the government, which offer being accepted, a full power of attorney was given him to act for the Quebec government in the matter. The late Edward Carter, Q.C., was engaged with him for a considerable time in perfecting the case, and in August, Mr. Peterson, with the Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau, sheriff of Montreal, took possession of the Montreal district against a large force of men who were placed in charge of the Hochelaga and Mile End stations by the contractor, and alone retained possession against heavy odds and in spite of an injunction obtained by the contractor, which was served upon him the day before the seizure, and again while at Mile End holding a train against the will of the passengers on board of it, and the employees of the late contractor. He held the stations from noon till 10 p.m., when troops were obtained from the Dominion government to keep what had been gained. The government was so satisfied with the manner in which Mr. Peterson obtained and held possession of the railway, that he was appointed general manager. The contractor attempted through the courts, as well as by force on several other occasions, to regain possession of the line, but was defeated at every point. For taking possession of the railway in defiance of the injunction, Mr. Peterson was tried for contempt of court and found guilty, but was only required to give bail not to do so again. Between this time and his resignation, Mr. Peterson built the Chaudière bridge over the Ottawa river, just above the Chaudière rapids. He also strongly advocated the eastern entrance of the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Ontario Railway into the Quebec gate barracks, as against the proposed site at the Papineau road, which had been commenced under the DeBoucherville government; and having shewed the Joly government how cheaply it could be built, got it adopted by that government, and carried it out under the Chapleau government. On entering the services of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in connection with the construction of the St. Lawrence bridge, he made surveys of various sites, and among them that recommended by the late Col. Roberts, president of the American Society of Civil Engineers, near the Lachine Rapids at Heron Island, but finally reported in favor of the Caughnawaga line, which was adopted in the winter of 1882; but nothing was done till the autumn of 1885, when contracts were let. This work was successfully carried out under Mr. Peterson’s direction during the summer of 1886, and in addition he built the St. Anne’s and Vaudreuil bridges over the Ottawa river, on the Ontario and Quebec section of the Canadian Pacific Railway. The Sault Ste. Marie Bridge was built during the summer of 1887, under Mr. Peterson’s direction, for the Sault Ste. Marie Bridge Company, which is composed of the C. P. R, the Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic R’y, and the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie and Atlantic Railways. Mr. Peterson is now engineer of the Canadian Pacific Railway, in charge of the lines east of Port Arthur.

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=Costigan, Hon. John=, Ottawa, Minister of Inland Revenue for the Dominion of Canada, M.P. for Victoria, New Brunswick, was born at St. Nicholas, in the province of Quebec, on February 1st, 1835, and received a sound education at the College of St. Anne’s. When his education was completed, he moved to New Brunswick, and thereafter for many years was connected with various pursuits, being at one time registrar of deeds for Victoria county, and a judge of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for New Brunswick. At a very early age Mr. Costigan gave evidence of the solid intellectual qualities which were to become so conspicuous in after years. Above all, those who watched him closely perceived an unvarying persistency in any course which he marked out for himself. Towards 1861 several of the leading inhabitants of Victoria county decided that they would ask Mr. Costigan to offer himself as a candidate for the legislature, and he consenting to do so, was elected, and sat in the New Brunswick Legislative Assembly until 1866, when on again appealing to his constituents he failed to secure his re-election. He was during that period regarded as one of the ablest men in the house, both sides paying great deference to his opinions. At the general election after confederation he was returned to the House of Commons, and has held his seat uninterruptedly for Victoria county ever since. On May 23rd, 1882, he was sworn in a member of the Privy Council, and made minister of inland revenue, and still occupies that position. On the 20th May, 1872, Mr. Costigan moved an address in the House of Commons, praying his Excellency the Governor-General to disallow the New Brunswick School Act, on the ground “that said law is unjust and causes much uneasiness among the Roman Catholic population.” Some time before the introduction of Mr. Costigan’s resolutions, persons had gone up and down through New Brunswick declaring that the province must have a system of free, non-sectarian public schools, and children of every denomination must attend these schools, and that one and all, according to his real or personal property, would be taxed to maintain the educational system. So far this was good. The province had for many years previously made liberal grants for education, but the schools were under denominational control; there was no thorough system of inspection; no uniform course of instruction, and subjects were taught on the old fashioned parrot plan, an old teacher standing behind the educational bulwark, driving education home with a birch rod. Therefore it was a wise and progressive movement that some one set on foot to reduce this chaos of catechism and birch, and arithmetic and letters, into one harmonious, efficient and enlightened system. The new idea carried the province by storm, and then there was appointed a chief superintendent of education. To this gentleman was assigned the task of drawing up an educational chart, outlining courses of instruction, and prescribing texts. He had just the qualifications needed to carry out the will of the narrow politicians with respect to education and the Roman Catholics, and so rancorously was he disposed towards Catholicism that, it is averred, when writing a letter, he carried his hatred so far as to avoid crossing his t’s. He imagined that all priests and lay brothers were bad men, and all nuns wicked women, not fit in character or garb to teach in the public schools, therefore he drew up a regulation making it unlawful for any teacher employed in the public schools to wear any badge, garb or emblem distinctive of any denominational sect or order. This, of course, excluded nuns, lay brothers, and people of a like ecclesiastical fashion, and the liberal and high-minded proviso was characterized as “the government’s infamous millinery regulation.” Holy Church had no cause for panic when the idea of free, non-sectarian schools was at first broached, although it fidgetted and fretted itself almost out of its vestments; now it had a genuine grievance. It was when this narrow regulation had been put upon the statute-book that Mr. Costigan, a Roman Catholic, raised his voice in the House of Commons and besought parliament to interpose its hand in justice to the minority in his province. He was ably seconded by the Hon. Timothy Warren Anglin, who pleaded until he became pathetic for justice to his co-religionists. Mr. Anglin’s newspaper, the Freeman, week after week, was laden with complainings against the injustice of the New Brunswick legislature. It declared it was the duty of Sir John A. Macdonald’s government to interfere its authority and maintain right. Then Sir John fell under his Pacific scandal load, and the Reformers returned to power, bringing with them Mr. Anglin, whom they put in the speaker’s chair. During the first session of the new parliament, Mr. Costigan again arose and moved his resolution, which ended in these words: “That the government should advise his Excellency to disallow the Act passed by the New Brunswick legislature.” In this case Mr. Speaker Anglin’s support ended with putting the resolution. The whole country knew how he had the Roman Catholic interests at heart, but it was inexpedient now to press the matter—inexpedient of course to embarrass his government, though this was the very course that his great store of wisdom had suggested when Sir John was in office. So Mr. Costigan had to fight the battle alone. To dispose of the matter, the governor-general did not disallow the New Brunswick School Act, and it would have been a constitutional crime had he done so. Nor did Mr. Costigan desire the repeal of such portions of the law as were just; he merely sought to remove the intolerance and bigotry that disgraced the Act in the “millinery regulations.” Although the Act was not repealed, Mr. Costigan’s exertions were not without fruit, for Dr. Rand’s anti-Catholic provision was expunged, and the doctor himself, as political decency in New Brunswick increased, began to totter in his chair. At last Mr. Blair asked him to resign, and he is now back in the province, where we hope a career of usefulness shall always be open to him. Mr. Costigan’s other great act in parliament was the submission, in 1882, of “The Costigan Irish resolution,” praying that Her Majesty might grant Home Rule government to Ireland on the self-government colonial plan, likewise praying for the relief of “suspects,” and asking other ameliorations. In so far as these resolutions addressed themselves to the question of Home Rule for Ireland, history shall always applaud their author, for he was only asking for a country, dear to him by ties of race, a political condition, the success of which he has tested. But it was a pity, a sad pity, that he, and parliament behind him, should have so far forgotten themselves as to advise another country as to what she should do to offenders against her own laws. Mr. Costigan’s career has been a very able one. He is a clear-headed, firm-handed administrator, and has his department thoroughly under control. His admirers a few years ago presented him with a splendid residence in Ottawa. Mr. Costigan in politics is a Conservative, and in religion a Roman Catholic. He married, in 1855, Harriet, daughter of John Ryan, of Grand Falls, New Brunswick.

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=Barnard, Edmund=, Advocate, Montreal, Quebec, was born at Three Rivers, on 23rd January, 1831. He is a son of Edward Barnard, for many years prothonotary of Three Rivers, whose family was originally from Yorkshire, England, settled at an early day in the history of the colonies, at Deerfield, Mass., and immigrated thence into Canada. Mr. Barnard received his education in the Colleges of St. Hyacinthe, Nicolet and Montreal, and took his degrees of B.A. and M.A. at St. John’s College, Fordham, N.Y. He studied law in the office of Judge Polette, in Three Rivers; also with Sir John Rose and the present Mr. Justice Monk, of the Court of Appeals, and was admitted to the bar on the 23rd of October, 1853. Mr. Barnard is known as one of the most studious, painstaking and successful lawyers in Montreal. He has made a specialty of certain branches, such as real estate, French law, municipal law, and law of banks and corporations, he having a very extensive clientèle in those several departments. He often visits England to attend to Canadian cases before the judicial committee of the Privy Council. A fellow member of the Montreal bar gives Mr. Barnard credit for having a very keen perception of the old French law—second to that of no other lawyer in the province—for being a very indefatigable worker in preparing his wises, and for being a fluent and strong advocate, equally good in the French and English languages. In 1858 Mr. Barnard was married to Ellen King, daughter of the Hon. C. L. Austin, recorder of the city of Albany, N.Y., and they have had issue of ten children.

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=Moodie, Mrs. Susanna=, was the sixth daughter of the late Thomas Strickland, of Reydon Hall, Suffolk, England, and was born on the 6th of December, 1803. This Strickland family was certainly one of the most remarkable known in England, since the famous “Nest of Nightingales,” five out of the six daughters having made themselves more or less celebrated in the realm of letters. At the age of thirteen, Susanna Moodie lost her father, at whose hands she had received her education. Mr. Strickland was a man of considerable wealth, highly cultured, and much devoted to literature, so he spent much of his means upon his library, and instilled into his family the same love for belles lettres that he felt himself. Many have regretted that the excellent man did not live to see the fruition of his care. Susanna, it is said, began to write when in her sixteenth year, her early productions being poems and tales for children. In 1829-30, she put out a volume entitled, “Enthusiasm, and other Poems.” In the same year, during a visit to London, she met Lieutenant J. W. Dunbar Moodie, the fourth son of the late James Moodie, of Melsetter, Orkney Islands, to whom she was married on the 4th of April, 1831. Lieutenant Moodie belonged to the 21st Fusiliers, and was then on half pay. They left England in the following year for Canada, settling at Cobourg for a few months, thence proceeding to the township of Hamilton, eight miles from Cobourg, where they took a farm, and remained a year, after which they permitted themselves, unwisely, to be persuaded to settle in the backwoods, ten miles north of Peterborough. This region was then a perfect wilderness. There was no church, no school, no refined society, and very little cleared land near where they took up their abode. Here, struggling with all the privations belonging to life in the woods, they lived for eight years, in the meantime spending all their available money in the purchase of wild lands, and in the operation of the farm, an occupation for which the family, gentle bred, and unaccustomed and unsuited to labour, were singularly unfit. When, in 1837, the rebellion broke out, Lieutenant Moodie, who, from his birth and military training was a devoted loyalist, hastened away to Toronto, leaving his wife and four little children, the eldest only in her fifth year, behind him in the bush. The summer following, he remained absent, and much of the crops were lost, because there was no help to harvest it. All this Mrs. Moodie vividly and feelingly describes in her delightful book, “Roughing it in the Bush.” This was the first ambitious literary effort of Mrs. Moodie, and it attracted wide attention. The style was simple, limpid and picturesque: it was full of movement, and contained pen portraits, which were true to the life, of the hardships of the family’s wilderness life; of the character of the neighbours with whom she was thrown in contact, and of her alternating hopes and disappointments. When the book came out, the Canadians who were pictured in it were terribly wroth, and probably it was the sex of the author that saved her from maltreatment. But she never once exceeded the bounds of truth in her delineations, and invariably pictured the good traits as well as the bad ones, of the ordinary Canadian backwoods family. The book was brought out in England in 1850, but the greatest portion of its contents had already been published in the Literary Garland, Montreal. Encouraged by the success of this book, Mrs. Moodie afterwards brought out in quick succession, through her London publishers, the Messrs. Bentley, “Life in the Clearings,” “Flora Lindsay,” “Mark Hurdleston,” “The World Before them,” “Matrimonial Speculation,” and other works of a more or less fictitious character. It may be said here that after eight years of travail in the woods, Mrs. Moodie received the glad tidings that her husband had been appointed sheriff of the county of Hastings. In a late edition of “Roughing it in the Bush,” brought out by Hunter, Rose & Co., Publishers, of Toronto, Mrs. Moodie writes a preface recounting the social, industrial, educational and moral progress of Canada, since the time of her landing. After Sheriff Moodie’s death at Belleville, in 1869, Mrs. Moodie made her home in Toronto with her younger son, R. B. Moodie; but on his removal to a new residence out of town, she remained with her daughter, Mrs. J. J. Vickers, and passed peacefully away on the afternoon of April 8th, 1885, surrounded by her children and grandchildren. Her aged sister, Mrs. Traill, was beside her at the last. Mrs. Moodie’s often expressed wish to be laid beside her beloved husband at Belleville, where the happiest part of her years were spent, was carried out, and her remains were followed to their last resting-place, close to the beautiful Bay of Quinté, by a large number of dear friends.

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=McMillan, John=, M.D., Pictou, Nova Scotia, was born in London, Ontario, 18th January, 1834. His parents were William McMillan and Anne McKenzie. He received his early education at the schools of his native place, and afterward attended McGill University, Montreal, where he graduated in May, 1857. He then removed to Nova Scotia, and began the practice of his profession in Wallace, Cumberland county. After remaining there for some time he removed to Sherbrooke, Guysborough county, then to New Glasgow, and finally to Pictou, Pictou county, where for the last thirteen years he practised, and has succeeded in building up a good business. He is quarantine officer for the port of Pictou. He belongs to the Masonic order, and is a past master of Caledonia lodge. He was married on 11th June, 1868, to Annie, youngest daughter of the late Senator Holmes, of Pictou, N.S.

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=Larocque, Rt. Reverend Bishop Joseph=, was born at St. Joseph, Chambly, the 28th August, 1808, of one of the most respectable families in that place, and from his earliest years gave evidence of unusual piety and talent. It was no doubt owing to this fact that in 1821 he, with his cousin Charles, who afterwards succeeded him as bishop, upon the recommendation of Mr. Mignault, was educated at the expense of Mr. de St. Ours, and other true friends of education, at the College of St. Hyacinthe, then in its infancy. Young Joseph Larocque was a model scholar, always first in his studies, and practising those virtues which distinguished him in all the varied phases of his after life. In 1829, after having terminated a very brilliant classical course, he entered the ecclesiastical state, and until 1847 we find him working zealously to conquer all difficulties and gain for the St. Hyacinthe Seminary the great renown which it now enjoys. He received the order of priesthood at the hands of his Lordship J. J. Lartigue, on the 15th of March, 1835, and occupied with distinction successively the posts of professor, director, and superior of the institution to which he owed so much. A priest of the merit of Abbé Larocque could not long remain without attracting the attention of Bishop Bourget, who at this time occupied the episcopal seat at Montreal. The eminent prelate summoned him, and conferred upon him the canonship, thereby procuring a most valuable auxiliary in the administration of his diocese, one who, in his manifold duties and work, exercised his natural talent, profound science, and indefatigable zeal. He was entrusted with the editing of Religious Miscellany, published under the auspices of Bishop Bourget. Mgr. Prince, then coadjutor bishop of Montreal, being delegated to take to the Holy Father at Rome the decree of the first council at Quebec, Canon Larocque received orders to accompany him as secretary. During his sojourn in the Holy City he was named Bishop of Cydonia, by his Holiness Pope Pius IX., and coadjutor of Montreal, in place of his Lordship J. C. Prince, promoted to the new bishopric of St. Hyacinthe. On the 28th of the following October he was consecrated in his native parish (Chambly) by Bishop Bourget, assisted by their Lordships Guigues, bishop of Ottawa, and Cooke, bishop of Three Rivers. During the next eight years Bishop Larocque fulfilled his numerous duties in a most exemplary manner, to the detriment of his health. In June, 1860, he was transferred to the bishopric of St. Hyacinthe, but owing to his constant suffering and infirmities, he asked the permission of the Pope to abdicate his charge, which was granted by a Papal decree, dated August 17th, 1865. In July, 1866, Mgr. Larocque was nominated by his Holiness Pope Pius IX., bishop of Germanicopolis. The principal work of the pious prelate during his short term as head of the diocese, was the founding of the Community of the Precious Blood, which in a few years became renowned for piety and virtue. This community owe to the venerable and devoted father the constitution which governs them, and several spiritual works, among others, “Manner of Devotion to the Precious Blood,” and “Meditations for each Month of the Year;” also, “The Liturgical Year,” comprising meditations for Sundays and all the notable feasts of the year. The Lord remembered this faithful and earnest worker in permitting him to see the success which crowned his many efforts, for which the diocese of St. Hyacinthe owes him a debt of gratitude, only to be repaid by continuing in the noble work so ably mapped out for them. Bishop Joseph Larocque died November 18th, 1887.

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=McDonald, Hon. James=, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia, was born at East River, Pictou county, N.S., 1st July, 1828. His family were among the first Scotch Highlanders who came to Nova Scotia one hundred years ago. They established at Pictou a thoroughly Scottish community which bears their impress legibly to this day. The chief justice had very few educational or inherited advantages to help him in his early days, but he possessed a splendid physique, unfailing good-temper and kindliness, great shrewdness and common sense, and laudable ambition. He obtained his preliminary education at New Glasgow, the second town in Pictou county, being the seat of valuable collieries, glass-works and other manufactories, and one of the most flourishing and progressive spots in the province. After completing his course, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1851. He at once obtained a good practice, and gained a considerable reputation as a platform speaker. He always took a great interest in politics, being a staunch Conservative. He first came to the front as a political candidate in 1859 when he successfully contested Pictou county in the general election of that year. The Conservative party were fast gaining strength and bidding again for the political supremacy which had been denied them for many years. Among the rising men was Dr. Charles Tupper, a bold and fluent orator, and a man of great administrative force and tact. Hon. J. W. Johnson, attorney-general and facile princeps in his party for so many years, was getting old and unfit for a hard campaign. Sir William Young had been made chief justice, and other prominent Liberals were dropping out of the ranks. Railways were building and there was an impetus thereby given to the general hopefulness of the country. There were hot debates in the House of Assembly where such men as A. G. Archibald, Thomas Morrison, and Jonathan McCully strove for the reins of power. Hon. Mr. McDonald again offered, in 1863, when his party achieved a great victory at the polls. He was appointed by Dr. Tupper, provincial secretary and premier, to the position of chief railway commissioner for Nova Scotia, in June, 1863, and held this office until December, 1864. In December, 1864, he was appointed to a seat in the government with the portfolio of financial secretary. The celebrated conferences of Charlottetown and Quebec were held in the summer of 1864. There the preliminaries of confederation were discussed. At the latter conference Nova Scotia was represented by Dr. Tupper, Hon. W. A. Henry, now of the Supreme Court of Canada, Jonathan (afterwards Judge) McCully, and Hon. R. B. Dickey, senator. The next few months were times of fierce political debate in the maritime provinces. Confederation was consummated 1st July, 1867, and was shortly afterwards followed by general elections in the provinces and in the Dominion. The Conservatives were routed at the polls. Dr. Tupper won his election in Cumberland county, defeating Hon. William Annand by the narrow majority of 66. Not a single Conservative member followed him to Ottawa on his first appearance there. Among the defeated was the subject of this sketch, who stood for Pictou. But previous to this time, and during 1865 and 1866, he had been appointed a commissioner, representing his native province, to negotiate towards opening trade relations between the West Indies, Mexico and Brazil and the British American provinces. In prosecution of this mission he did some travelling in the Antilles. In 1867 he was made a Queen’s counsel. During the last years of his residence and practice at the bar in Halifax, the city barristers, on his attaining to the twenty-fifth year of his practice presented him with a silk gown accompanied by an appreciative and friendly address. In thanking the gentlemen of the long robe for their courtesy, he remarked that he was much touched by their kindness, but that the incident carried with it one element of regret in that it reminded him that he was growing old. The chief justice, however, enjoys robust health, and has probably many years before him. During these times he was working up one of the best-known practices in Nova Scotia. He had become associated in Pictou with Samuel G. Rigby (since Judge of the Supreme Court, a man who died two years ago greatly regretted while yet little over forty years of age), and removed to Halifax, establishing the firm of McDonald & Rigby. They generally had in their office six students and copyists, and their practice extended throughout the province. S. G. Rigby is believed to have been the peer of any nisi prius lawyer who ever held a brief in Nova Scotia. James McDonald was skilled in all the arts of a cross-examiner and jury lawyer, whilst as a chambers counsel he was unsurpassed by any. Mr. Rigby generally went the Midland and Eastern circuits, where he never wanted a client. At the general election held in the summer of 1872, Hon. Mr. McDonald again contested Pictou for the House of Commons, and this time successfully. He was a strong supporter of Sir John A. Macdonald. The Pacific Scandal burst out in 1873, and in the debate in the Commons he made one of the strongest defences of the government. He was defeated at the general election of 1874, when the Reform government seized the reins of power, but fought a hard campaign in Pictou. At the general election in 1878 he returned with his party to power, and was made minister of justice. This appointment he held with credit until 20th May, 1881, when the late Sir William Young having resigned, he was appointed chief justice of the Supreme Court of Nova Scotia. He is also judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court. He resides at a pretty villa on the North-West Arm, Halifax, called “Blink Bonnie.” He is a member of the Halifax Club, the town resort of the elite of Nova Scotia. He married in 1856, Jane, daughter of the late William Mortimer, of Pictou, by whom he has a large family of children. One of his sons is in the North-West. Two are practising law in Halifax. Two of his daughters married sons of Sir Charles Tupper, viz., Charles H. Tupper, M.P. for Pictou county, and William J. Tupper, who saw service with the Halifax battalion during the North-West rebellion. The Chief Justice resides chiefly in Halifax but occasionally goes on circuit. His judgments are marked by great liberality and breadth of view. He has befriended many young men in their struggles to get a profession, and is an openhearted, openhanded man. No finer specimen of the Pictou Scotchman could be picked out than “Jim McDonald,” as he was familiarly, though respectfully called, during his long career, at the bar and in politics. Hon. Mr. McDonald is a member of St. Matthew’s Presbyterian Church, Halifax.

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=Merritt, Jedediah Prendergast=, St. Catharines, Ontario. The subject of this biographical sketch is the eldest son of the late Hon. William Hamilton Merritt, the well-known pioneer of the most prominent part of the peninsula of western Canada, and the originator and principal actor in obtaining the completion of the Welland and St. Lawrence canals, now connecting the upper lakes with the Atlantic ocean. Mr. Merritt was born at St. Catharines, county of Lincoln, on the 1st of June, 1820, and the whole of his life has been devoted to the material and æsthetical occupations which make history for the western hemisphere. At an early period he represented his native country as a student at Cambridge, England, and upon his return his further representation consisted in being familiar with English and continental society as it was associated with scholastic and political economy. His father, by the force of daily events, was engaged in promoting public important Canadian interests, whether included in commercial, political, or educational enterprises; and his son, being well qualified by natural and acquired attainments, gave these enterprises the advantage of his presence both at the desk and by his advice in the halls of the legislature. In 1860 he was appointed by a vote of parliament to a position now known as archivist. He collected the ten thousand folio pages of historical matter as put upon record by the lives of pioneers in Canada prior and subsequent to the revolutionary war. Whether, accordingly, information of large or small moment to families of the United Empire class or its government, or to families generally of Canada or the United States be required, it is derivable through the labors of the gentleman whose name is before us. Such a task as this brought into requisition varied talents and an unceasing industry for a number of years, and so suggestive of utility was his report that parliament renewed an engagement with him. The qualities of patriotism and generosity characterised his proceedings, for he not only gave his assistant the appropriation made for the purpose, but without opposition he permitted the adoption of a title which directs a searcher after knowledge formulated under his guidance to go to the Coventry Documents. On the 1st of May, 1845, he was appointed postmaster at St. Catharines, an office which he retained for a period of eighteen years. Mr. Merritt has distinguished himself both in poetry and prose. At an early age, and while at school, a taste for literature and science distinctly spoke out. And subsequently his poetical genius shone out in many effusions relating to his own and other countries, and in such as passed fitting encomiums upon the noble qualities of patriotism and valor. A poem written as a memento of the visit of the Duke of Kent to Canada received a distinguished acknowledgment from the Prince of Wales, his Grace the Duke of Newcastle, and the Earl of St. Germans. Many odes are also well known; among them may be found that “On the Opening of Victoria Bridge” by the Prince of Wales; “Ho, for Manitoba;” “Ontario;” those on the battles of “Lundy’s Lane”—“Crook’s Mills”—“River Rasin;”—that read by the Loyal Canadian Society at its anniversary picnic at Queenston Heights; “The rise and progress of St. Catharines,” in prose, and concluded in verse. Besides others in number to fill a volume, which fail to receive a notice here. The public journals of the day, for many years past, evidence by their columns that Mr. Merritt’s study and influence upon subjects of administrative policy and scientific economy have given to the public as much of instruction as of entertainment. An ingenious historical chart published by Mr. Merritt met with the approval of the British North American Historical Society, and commendation from the Prince of Wales, who sent him an appropriate medal. When decimal currency was introduced into Canada, Mr. Merritt brought before the legislature a system of weights and measures known as the “metric.” With these it is as easy of calculation as that of by tens with money. The government voted in its favor $50,000 to be used if necessary. Mr. Merritt’s life has been an unceasing application of advantages derivable from a patrimony, for the promotion of plans equal to the dignity and character of Canada; and his family promise to wear his mantle. He married on the 17th of August, 1864, the eldest daughter of the late George Prescott, for many years secretary and treasurer of the Welland canal, by whom he has six sons and two daughters.

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=Scott, Lieut.-Col. Thomas=, Collector of Customs, Winnipeg, was born in Lanark county, Ontario, 16th February, 1841. He is of Irish parentage, and has proved in all the departments of activity in which he has been engaged throughout an unusually active life that he has inherited the best qualities of the Celtic race braced with the increased vigor which a fine climate and free institutions give to Canadians. The subject of this sketch was educated at the public and high schools of his native county, and at an early age entered on journalism, and when only twenty he founded a journal to advocate the principles of the Conservative party. This journal was the Perth Expositor, which under the energetic management of its founder soon became a power in the county. Two years later he married Miss Kellock, second daughter of Robert Kellock. Born with the instincts of a soldier, young Scott joined the volunteer corps of his town, at the time of the Trent affair, and shortly afterwards became its captain. No better commanding-officer or more enthusiastic militiaman was to be found in the province than he. When the Fenian raid of 1866 set the country in a ferment, Capt. Scott was one of the first to ask on behalf of himself and his company to be assigned for active service. They were ordered to the St. Lawrence frontier, where they were kept on duty for four months. For his services he was raised to the rank of major. He was next called into active service in 1870, when he was placed in command of a company of the Ontario Rifles, part of Col. (now Lord) Wolseley’s expedition to the North-West to suppress the first Riel rebellion. In the toilsome journey Major Scott distinguished himself by his power of inspiring enthusiasm in the men under his command, which won such high encomiums from the brilliant young commander of the expedition. When, just after his return, it became necessary to send another expedition to the North-West to resist the threatened Fenian invasion of Manitoba, Major Scott, raised to the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel, was chosen to command the force. A considerable part of the journey through what was then an almost untrodden wilderness was made in winter, and the men suffered great hardships, but made their way through to Fort Garry with wonderfully few mishaps. Liking the country, and appreciating the opportunities it offered for men of pluck and energy, Col. Scott sold out his newspaper business and removed to Manitoba. He at once took a prominent part in public affairs. He first essayed in 1874 to be elected to the Legislature of Manitoba against the then premier, Hon. R. A. Davis, but was unsuccessful. Three years later, however, he became mayor of Winnipeg after a keen electoral contest, but administered affairs so satisfactorily to the people, during his year of office, that he was elected by acclamation for a second term. While still occupying the place of mayor, he was nominated for a seat in the Legislative Assembly, and was elected. The general election came on in the following year, and Col. Scott was again successful. In 1880, the seat in the House of Commons for Selkirk becoming vacant by Hon. (now Sir) Donald A. Smith being unseated, Col. Scott resigned his place in the legislature, and ran in the Conservative interest, defeating Sir Donald by 169 majority. In the general election of 1882 he again was the Conservative standard-bearer for Winnipeg, in some respects the most important political division of the province. He was triumphantly returned and served throughout that parliament. He was appointed collector of customs in 1887, which position he still holds. Lieut.-Col. Scott, while always a strong party man, and almost fiercely active in a political contest, has those qualities of generosity and kind-heartedness which make men who are his opponents his friends. He is a man beloved by the people because of his strong sympathy with them, and his manifest desire to do all in his power to defend their interests.

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=Ogden, William Winslow=, B.M., M.D., one of the leading medical practitioners of the city of Toronto, was born in the township of Toronto, county of Peel, 3rd July, 1837. His parents were William J. Ogden, an officer in the militia of York county in those days, and Rebecca Ogden. His father was descended from old English stock, traceable as far back as the time of Charles the Second. One of his ancestors, performed distinguished services for this fickle monarch at a critical period of his career, and received at his hands in return important recognition, and the coat armor now held by his descendants. The doctor’s mother was from Ireland, and has been dead over twenty years, but his father, now in his eighty-sixth year, is still alive, and resides near Port Credit. Dr. Ogden received such primary education as the schools of his native place supplied in those early days, and then went to the Toronto Academy (since extinct), at that time connected with Knox College. He afterwards attended, until he was eighteen years of age, Victoria College, taking the ordinary arts course, and from this until he reached the age of twenty-two, he attended the Toronto School of Medicine, taking at the same time several special subjects in natural science in the University of Toronto. He graduated in honors in medicine from Toronto University in 1860, and at a later date in the same science from Victoria College, Cobourg. He then settled in Toronto, in which city he has ever since successfully practised his profession. In 1869 Dr. Ogden was appointed lecturer on medical jurisprudence and toxicology in Toronto School of Medicine, and lectured on these subjects, and that of diseases of children, from that date until 1887, when, on the creation of the medical faculty of Toronto University, he was appointed professor of forensic medicine, which includes toxicology and medical psychology. He takes a deep interest in all educational matters, and has been a member of the public school board continuously since 1866, a period of twenty-two years. He is always found at his post, is generally a member of all important committees, for two years was chairman of the board, and no one rejoices more than the worthy doctor at the great progress our schools have made since he first began to take an active interest in their management. Being a public spirited gentleman, he is deeply interested in everything that helps to improve the social and material condition of his countrymen. He is a member of the Middlesex lodge, Sons of England Benevolent Society, and its medical examiner in the beneficiary department, is president of the Royal Oak Building and Savings Society, and of the Sons of England Hall Company of Toronto. For many years, till recently, he was an active member of the Toronto Reform Association, and for a long time was its vice-president. Ever since the Brown-Cameron struggle, in 1858, he has taken an active part in all the political contests held in Toronto, and had the distinction of being nominated as the Reform candidate for the Ontario legislature in 1879, but, although he succeeded in greatly reducing the majority generally polled against the Reform candidate, he failed to secure his own election. In religion, Dr. Ogden was brought up in, and has always taken a deep interest in, the Methodist form of worship, and for over thirty years has held the office of leader in the Methodist church. He has been a member of all the general conferences save one, and of the annual conferences up to the present. He supported and voted for the union of the several Methodist bodies, and was well pleased when the union took place. In politics, it is almost needless to say, he is a staunch Reformer, and has during his long and useful life sacrificed largely in time and labor to advance the cause he has so much at heart. On the 27th May, 1862, he was married, to Elizabeth Price, daughter of the late William McKown, and niece of the late George Price, who died in 1880.

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=Burrill, James=, Merchant, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, is the second son of William Burrill and Catharine Sullivan, and was born on the 22nd February, 1844, at Yarmouth, N.S. He received a common school education, and on the retirement of his father in 1869, succeeded to his business, in company with his two brothers, and they now trade under the style of William Burrill & Co. The firm is largely interested in shipping. Mr. Burrill, the subject of our sketch, is a member of the Board of Trade, and since 1876 he has had a seat on the Board of School Trustees. In 1880 he was elected councillor for Milton, and was re-elected to the same position in 1882, 1884, and 1886. He was chosen warden of the municipality of Yarmouth in 1884, and again elected to the same office in 1886. Mr. Burrill takes an interest in all social reforms and belongs to the order of the Sons of Temperance and to the Temple of Honor. In politics he is a Liberal, and in religion he belongs to the Presbyterian church. Though comparatively young in years, he has devoted a good deal of time for the benefit of his fellow-citizens, among whom he is highly respected as he deserves to be. On the 20th September, 1887, he was married to Jane J., eldest daughter of George H. Lovitt.

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=Murray, Lieut.-Col. John Robert=, Superintendent of Stores and Paymaster of Military district, No. 9, Halifax, was born at Halifax, N.S., February 9th, 1836, and is the eldest son of Thomas Murray of Dartmouth, N.S., (born February 11, 1811), and Caroline Maria Tapper of Blandford, England (born March 5, 1813), who married at Halifax, December 6, 1834. Col. Murray was educated at the National School and the Grammar School (Academy) Halifax, and early entered into mercantile pursuits. He became interested eventually in the hardware business as a partner in the firm of Boggs & Ross, and Thos. Boggs & Co. Colonel Murray served his native town for three years as an alderman for Ward 1, from 1872, and was a justice of the peace for the town. As a young man, he took an active interest in the militia, and this strengthened with each succeeding year. His connection with the militia of Nova Scotia and the Dominion covers a period of over twenty-nine years, and for over a quarter of a century he has held her Majesty’s commissions, viz:—In the 3rd Queen’s, N.S. militia, second lieutenant, February 5, 1863; first lieutenant, June 10, 1863; captain, December 11, 1864; adjutant, July 14, 1865, in the 66th Princess Louise Fusiliers; captain, June 18, 1869; brevet major, September 20, 1872; brevet lieutenant-colonel, December 12, 1874. On February 1, 1884, he was appointed to the district staff, and has since filled the offices of store-keeper and district paymaster, in a most satisfactory manner. In religion he is a Presbyterian, being a member of St. Andrew’s Church. He is a pleasant, agreeable citizen, a good soldier, and a splendid officer. He was married, September 19, 1861, to Eliza Jane, eldest daughter of the late James Reeves of Halifax, and has had issue five children, of whom three survive: James Reeves, who occupies the position of accountant in the Nova Scotia Sugar Refinery, Halifax; Charles Grant, gentleman cadet at the Royal Military College, Kingston, and George William, who is a student at the Halifax Medical College.

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=Lawson, Professor George=, Ph.D., LL.D., F.I.C., F.R.S.C., Halifax, N.S., was born at Newport, parish of Forgan, Fifeshire, Scotland, 12th October, 1827. He is the only son of Alex. Lawson, of a family long resident in the county, and his wife, Margaret McEwen, daughter of Colin McEwen, for many years a civic officer in the town of Dundee. He was educated at a private school, and after several years of private study and law-reading, entered the University of Edinburgh, devoting his attention specially to the natural and physical sciences—chemistry, botany, zoology, anatomy, mineralogy, and geology. His studies at Edinburgh extended over a period of ten years, during which time he was also occupied with scientific and literary work in connection with the university and several of the scientific institutions of that city. He occupied the position of curator of the university herbarium, until it was removed from the university building to the Royal Botanic Garden, and was thus early brought into personal contact and correspondence with the leading botanists of the time. He assisted the professor of botany, Dr. Balfour, in his class-work and field and mountain excursions, and, as demonstrator under the professor’s direction, conducted a select class in histology for advanced students, teaching the practical use of the microscope and the methods of research in regard to the minute structure and development of plants. This class, formed in the Herbarium room at the Royal Botanic Garden, in Edinburgh, in 1853, was one of the first, if not the first organization of the kind in Britain corresponding to what are now known as biological laboratories. This Edinburgh Botanical Laboratory is now greatly extended and well supplied with recent improvements in apparatus and implements of research. On the death of Dr. Fleming, professor of natural science in the New College, Edinburgh, Dr. Lawson, in conjunction with the late Andrew Murray, continued the lectures through the winter session. He prepared, and carried through the press, the catalogue of the library of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, a work which was thus noticed by Sir R. Christison in his presidential address: “The council, in noticing the completion of this important labor, cannot express too highly the sense they entertain of the services of Dr. Lawson, who has applied himself to the task put before him with a zeal, diligence, method, and ability which led the council to congratulate themselves and the society on the choice which was made in appointing him.” He acted as secretary for several other societies, being joint secretary with the late Sir Wyville Thomson, of the Royal Physical Society. Being an adherent of the Church of Scotland, he was an active member of the High Church of Edinburgh. In the year 1858 Dr. Lawson accepted the appointment of professor of chemistry and natural history in Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, and relinquished the several offices held in Edinburgh. On leaving that city for Canada, a number of the professors of the university and members of societies, including Professor Balfour, Sir R. Christison, Sir J. Y. Simpson, Sir J. Gibson-Craig, Sir A. Douglas Maclagan, Professor Wilson, Sir A. Fayrer, and others, presented him with a purse of sovereigns and a silver salver bearing the following inscription—“Presented to Dr. George Lawson (along with a purse of sovereigns), on the occasion of his departure from Great Britain, to fill the chair of chemistry and natural history in Queen’s College, Kingston, Canada, by some of his friends, who desire thus to testify their high esteem and regard for him, and their appreciation of the services which he has rendered to science in Edinburgh. 5th August, 1858.” One of the speakers at the farewell meeting (father of the professor of botany in the Dublin College of Science), remarked as a reason for the presentation: “We do not know what the Canadians may think of you, but we want them to know what we think of you here.” At Queen’s College, a new laboratory and class-rooms for medical teaching being in course of construction, Dr. Lawson organized there a system of practical laboratory teaching similar to that then in operation by Drs. Wilson and Macadam at Edinburgh. The college grounds were laid out as a botanic garden, and the Botanical Society of Canada was formed, chiefly through his exertions. Whilst at Kingston, he acted as an examiner at Toronto University. In consequence of the disturbed state of affairs in Queen’s College, in 1863, Dr. Lawson resigned his position there, and accepted the professorship of chemistry and mineralogy in Dalhousie College and University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, then being reorganized, and which he still holds. Soon after his arrival in Nova Scotia, a board of agriculture was established by the provincial government, and he was elected secretary. He continued to discharge the duties of that office from 1864 till 1885, when the board was abolished, and its duties assumed directly by the provincial government. His services were retained under the new arrangement as secretary for agriculture of the province. In 1857 Dr. Lawson took the degree of Ph.D. at the University of Giessen. In 1863 the University of McGill College, Montreal, conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a fellow, and at present president, of the Royal Society of Canada; fellow of the Botanical and Royal Physical Societies of Edinburgh; of the Institute of Chemistry of Great Britain and Ireland; honorary member of the Edinburgh Geological and Scottish Arboricultural Societies; corresponding member of the Royal Horticultural Society of London, and of the Society of Natural Sciences at Cherbourg; also member of the following: British Association for Advancement of Science, American Association for Advancement of Science, Royal Scottish Society of Arts, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, Historical Society, Ottawa Naturalists’ Club, etc.; associate of the Canadian Society of Civil Engineers. Dr. Lawson’s contributions to scientific literature have been published chiefly in the transactions of societies and scientific periodicals, as in “Transactions” respectively of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh, Royal Society of Canada, Nova Scotian Institute of Natural Science, and in the “Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal,” the “London Phytologist,” the “Annals and Magazine of Natural History,” the “Canadian Naturalist,” the “Chemical News,” etc. A separate work on “Water-lilies,” and one on “British Agriculture,” were published in Edinburgh. During his residence there he was a frequent contributor to “Chambers’s Edinburgh Journal,” and other literary periodicals in London and Edinburgh, and he edited and rewrote a portion of one of the editions of “Chambers’s Information for the People.” He married, in Edinburgh, Lucy, daughter of Charles Stapley, of Vale Cottage, Tunbridge Wells, and King’s road, Chelsea, who died on 1st January, 1871, leaving two daughters. At Halifax, in 1876, he married Caroline Matilda, daughter of William Jordan, Rosehall, Halifax, sister of Rev. Louis H. Jordan, M.A., B.D., Montreal, and widow of George Alexander Knox, lost in the steamship City of Boston, which sailed from Halifax harbor in January, 1870.

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=Allison, David=, M.A., LL.D., Halifax, N.S., Superintendent of Education for the province of Nova Scotia, was born at Newport, Hants county, N.S., July 3rd, 1836. His father was James W. Allison, and his mother, Margaret Elder, both Nova Scotians, but descendants of North of Ireland parents, who had settled in this province. Dr. Allison’s father and grandfather both occupied seats in the local legislature. His preliminary education was received at the Halifax Academy, and the Wesleyan Academy, Sackville, New Brunswick. After studying four years at the latter institution, he entered the Wesleyan University, Middletown, Conn., U.S.A., and graduated in 1859. He then became classical instructor at Sackville Academy, and changed that position in 1862, to take a similar position in Mount Allison College. In 1869 Rev. Dr. Pickard resigned the presidency of the college, and the directorate unanimously elected Mr. Allison to the office, a tribute to his scholarship and character. He occupied the position of president for nine years, and under him the college work was very successfully and effectively performed. In the year 1877 he was appointed to the office of superintendent of education for the province of Nova Scotia, which position he still holds. Under his administration the whole system of the public schools of the province has grown and developed, till it is in the most satisfactory condition that could be desired or expected. Dr. Allison is a member of the Methodist church, and was a delegate to the congress of Methodism held in London, 1881. He married, June 18, 1862, Elizabeth Powell, of Richibucto, N.B., whose ancestors were loyalists. Dr. Allison received the degree of B.A., 1859; M.A., 1862; LL.D., from Victoria College, Cobourg, Ontario, 1873. In 1876 he was appointed a fellow of the senate of Halifax University. In his position as superintendent of education he has been broad in his views, and possesses a thorough appreciation of the high problem which is being worked out by the educational system of the province under his guardianship and direction.

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=Radenhurst, W. H.=, Barrister, Perth, Ontario, was born at Toronto on 14th September, 1835. He is the eldest son of the late Thomas M. Radenhurst, Q.C., who settled in Perth in 1824. His paternal grandfather, Thomas Radenhurst, came out from England to America in a semi-military capacity at the time of the revolutionary war. He was from Cheshire, and his mother was a sister of Lord Chief Justice Kenyon. When a youth, he was sent up to London to enter the employ of the banking firm of the Lloyds, in which his mother, who was related to them, had some interest, but he preferred to go to America with the troops then leaving for the war. At the close of the war, being stationed in Montreal, he married Ann Campbell, a daughter of a United Empire loyalist, one of the first who settled on the Bay of Quinté. An uncle of hers, Sir John Campbell, was a distinguished soldier in India. He died at Fort St. John, in early life, leaving a young family to the care of his widow, a woman of energy and capacity. She obtained commissions in the army for her two eldest sons, but her third son, Thomas, she had educated at Dr. Strachan’s school at Cornwall, and he afterwards studied law in Toronto. He commenced the practice of his profession in Kingston, from where he removed to Perth, and built up a considerable law practice. He married a daughter of Surveyor-General Ridout of Toronto. He represented the county of Carleton in the Upper Canada Legislature before the union of the provinces, and was afterwards, as the nominee of the Reform or Baldwin-Lafontaine party, an unsuccessful candidate for Lanark county. He was made a Queen’s counsel in 1849, and acted for a considerable time as Crown prosecutor in the Eastern and sometimes in the Midland Circuit. He was offered the judgeship of the Bathurst district, but declined the honor. He acted as treasurer of Lanark county for several years; and he died in 1854, in his fifty-first year, leaving a large family. The following pen and ink sketch, of Thomas M. Radenhurst, written in November, 1847, by a local scribe, signing himself “Paul Pry,” gives us a very correct idea of the deceased Queen’s counsel:—

Another personage in this court is entitled to a favourable notice—Mr. T. M. Radenhurst. This gentleman lounges in his chair with an easy familiarity when in court—you would imagine that his soul was away into the fair land of romance, or feasting with the great jury consultists in his library, or arranging some circumstances that may have transpired in the domestic or social circle; but when he stands up, and is roused into action, you are both startled and pleased to find that all this seeming abstraction, has no reality—he shows that nothing has escaped his notice—his mind is found to be stored with important facts, all bearing upon the point at issue; in the management of these there is a complete absence of all clap-trap—he does not seek to terrify and bewilder a witness, but the witness finds that he is in the hands of a master, and that his only mode of escape is in giving a plain unvarnished tale. When he addresses the jury, he unfolds the capacity so valuable in an advocate, that he believes that there is such a thing as truth, and that he relies with full confidence for success of his cause upon the truth being told. The moral bearing of his case is then unfolded, and the conviction is triumphantly carried and established in every unprejudiced mind that whatever may be the merits of the suit the advocate is an honest man.

W. H. Radenhurst, the subject of our sketch, his eldest son, at present residing in Perth, was educated at Upper Canada College. He held the office of treasurer of Lanark for sometime after his father’s death, but afterwards studied law in the offices of the late Mr. Fraser of Perth, and of Sir Matthew Cameron in Toronto, and was called to the bar. He was a member of the town council of Perth, and mayor of the town from 1874 to 1878. He is now revising officer for North Lanark. In politics he is a Liberal-Conservative, and in religion an adherent of the Episcopal church.

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=St. Georges, Rev. Charles=, Parish Priest of St. Athanase, Iberville, P.Q., and Honorary Canon of the Cathedral of St. Hyacinthe, was born on the 13th March, 1834, at Varennes, Verchères county, P.Q. He was educated at the College of St. Hyacinthe, and ordained priest on the 15th August, 1858. The scenes of his early labors were successively Sorel, Granby, Abbotsford and St. Charles. Since 1868 he has been in charge of the Church of St. Athanase, Iberville, where his devotedness, zeal, and piety have gained for him the universal esteem and affection of his flock. His finer qualities, however, are known only to a few—his fellow-priests and the religious under his spiritual direction—by whom he is regarded as a model worthy of copying, and as a tender and loving pastor. Father St. Georges has been distinguished throughout his priestly career for the important part and interest he has taken in the education question. Finding on his arrival at St. Athanase, that the good Sisters of the Congregation de Notre Dame had established a convent there, he spared no sacrifice in aiding and seconding them in their noble efforts. For a long time it was his ardent wish to procure for the boys of his parish a suitable educational establishment; but it was not, however, until 1885 that this grand project was fully realized. In that year he had the happiness of seeing opened a Commercial College under the direction of the Marist Brothers, whose Mother-House is at St. Genis-Laval, France. The success which has already attended the scheme does credit to its promoter and principal supporter. At present it has about two hundred externs and fifty boarders. Father St. Georges’ life has been replete with all those noble virtues and fine qualities so often met with in the priesthood, and we hope he will be long spared to bless humanity.

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=Burrill, William=, Merchant, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, was born at Drumbo, near Belfast, Ireland, on 30th June, 1802. He was the second son of Henry and Rosanna Burrill, and came to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, in the year 1834, where he at once engaged in mercantile business which he successfully pursued until 1869, when he retired. During his lifetime he greatly distinguished himself for his zeal in the cause of temperance. He took a leading part in the organization of the first Division of the Sons of Temperance in Yarmouth, and was the second Grand Worthy Patriarch of the order in Nova Scotia. He was elected a member of the National Division of North America in the year 1851. He held the office of warden of the municipality of Yarmouth in 1857, and the following year was appointed a justice of the peace. He was a Liberal in politics, and a Presbyterian in religion. He died at Yarmouth, on the 9th April, 1883, greatly regretted by his fellow citizens, among whom he was held in high esteem. He was married to Catherine Sullivan, of Halifax, N.S., on the 28th of November, 1839.

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=Charland, Hon. Justice Alfred N.=, B.C.L., St. John’s, Quebec. This gentleman, who was raised to the bench of the province of Quebec, as one of the judges of the Superior Court, in November, 1887, was born at Iberville, province of Quebec, on the 28th May, 1842. He is a son of late Joseph Charland, merchant, of the same place, one of the oldest settlers of the county of Iberville, province of Quebec, and who was married to Elmire Duquette, of Chateauguay, sister of the renowned Joseph Duquette, a young patriot who was executed in 1838, when only twenty-two years of age, for being one of the “Sons of Liberty,” an order that existed at the time of the Canadian rebellion. This lamented young martyr for the cause of liberty was a supporter and bosom friend of the celebrated Papineau. Judge Charland was educated in St. Hyacinthe College. He studied the profession of law in the office of the late Hon. Charles Laberge and L. G. Macdonald, Q.C. (Laberge & Macdonald), in St. John’s, province of Quebec, and was subsequently a student in the office of Sir A. A. Dorion, now chief justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench. He received his degree of B.C.L. from McGill University, when Judge Torrance, Edward Carter, Q.C., and the Hon. R. Laflamme were his professors. He was admitted to practice in September, 1863, and settled at St. John’s, where he edited Le Franco Canadien for two years, and commenced an extensive practice with E. S. Paradis, Q.C. In 1878 Mr. Charland was offered the judgeship of the quarter sessions for Montreal, by the Joly government, in the place of Judge Coursol, a position which, though honorable, he declined. The same year he was appointed Queen’s counsel by the Quebec government, and in 1886 had this distinction confirmed upon him by the governor-general in council at Ottawa. He was for several years actively engaged in politics, and fought the battles of the Liberal party till he joined the Conservatives as a protectionist and a partisan of the ruling policy of his friend, the Hon. J. A. Chapleau, then premier of Quebec province. Mr. Charland has particularly distinguished himself as a criminal lawyer, having for several years occupied the position of Crown prosecutor in the district of Iberville, and when not so employed has been entrusted with the defence in all the important cases which came up before the assizes of that judicial division. He obtained great success in several murder cases. He is considered as an authority on criminal matters. He is also acknowledged to be one of the most eloquent and forcible speakers in the province of Quebec, and perhaps the most correct and eloquent of our French orators. As such he has taken an active and prominent part in numerous political contests throughout the province, and greatly contributed to the success of his friends in many electoral strifes. The St. John’s News of the 18th November, 1887, thus kindly speaks of him on the occasion of his elevation to the bench:—

News was received in St. John’s last Friday that Mr. A. N. Charland, Q.C., of this place, had been appointed judge of this district, in place of the Hon. Mr. Justice Chagnon, resigned. While general regret was expressed at the resignation of the latter gentleman, the appointment of Mr. Charland as his successor gave the most unqualified satisfaction to our community at large, and even many of those who had recently been most strictly opposed to him on political ground, were among the first to congratulate him on his preferment. We do not hesitate to say that Judge Charland will be an honor to the bench. Years ago he distinguished himself at the bar as a gifted pleader and as a clear, incisive, and brilliant reasoner. Along with a dignified and polished manner, he possesses that savoir faire which so greatly adds to the charm of an intellectual man, and is so especially becoming to the occupants of high positions.

Judge Charland first married, in 1865, Aglaë Ouimet, sister of the Hon. Justice Ouimet. His second marriage was to Mary Lareau, of St. John’s, eldest daughter of L. Lareau, manufacturer, proprietor of the St. John’s foundry, and for a long time a councillor of said town.

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=Lefebvre, Guillaume=, Waterloo, P.Q., was born at Laurenceville, in the province of Quebec, on the 19th of February, 1856. He was educated at the Knowlton academy, afterwards taking a course at Bryant & Stratton’s business college, in Montreal. He was in the lumber trade from 1873 to 1877, with his brother, Joseph H. Lefebvre, and then bought him out. His business as lumber dealer and furniture manufacturer, at Waterloo, Quebec province, has continued to increase, and is now in a most prosperous condition, employing a large number of hands. He was married on the 16th of June, 1885, to Alphonsine Maynard, of St. John’s, Quebec, and they have one child.

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=McIlwraith, Thomas=, Hamilton, Ontario, Coal Merchant, and the leading Ornithologist in Canada, was born in Newton, Ayr, Scotland, on the 25th of December, 1824. He received an ordinary education at the schools there, and early in 1846 went to reside in Edinburgh, where he remained till about the close of 1848. Returning at that time to his native town, he remained there till the latter part of 1853, when he arranged to come to Hamilton, Canada, to superintend the gas works of that city. In October of that year he married Mary, daughter of Bailie Hugh Park, a friend of his school days, and he and his bride landed in Hamilton, on the 9th November, 1853, at a point very near the property he has since purchased, and where he now resides with his family. He remained in the position of manager of the gas works till 1871, when he bought the Commercial Wharf, with the coal and forwarding business then being carried on by John Procton, and has since continued to carry on this business in the same premises. He has been successful in business, and has brought up four sons and three daughters, the youngest of the family, K. C. McIlwraith, who partakes largely of his father’s love of nature, being now attending the University in Toronto. In politics Mr. McIlwraith has always been a Liberal, but he has never taken an active part in political contests. Since attaining manhood he has been a member of the Presbyterian church. He has held many prominent positions in the directorate of banks, insurance companies, etc., and was for many years president of the Mechanics’ Institute, and in 1878 represented the ward in which he resides in the city council. But it is as a naturalist that he is best known in Canada. Possessing from early childhood a strong love of nature in all its forms, the insects, plants, and specially the birds of Scotland were familiar to him at an early age. His first summer in Canada was therefore to him the entrance to a new world. The liberty of roaming at will through the woods without such restraints as exist in older lands; the new and varied forms of plant and bird life which he met were a continual source of delight, and made an impression which time has not been able to efface. His attention was now specially directed to the birds, and there being no published books to serve as guides to the identifying of the species he might find here, he prepared a paper on the subject, with a list of such birds as he had obtained, and read it before the Hamilton Association, which was organized about that time for the study of scientific subjects. The list appeared in the Canadian Journal for July, 1860, and the paper in the same journal in January, 1861; they attracted the attention of ornithologists in the United States, and in 1865 he prepared, by request, an extended list of birds observed near Hamilton, which list appeared in the proceedings of the Essex Institute for 1866. During the years that succeeded, the study still occupied many of his spare hours, and was the subject of occasional notes to the magazines. In 1883 he attended by invitation a meeting of the leading ornithologists of the United States. This meeting, which was held in the library of the Central Park Museum, New York, was called to consider and revise the classification and nomenclature of American birds, resulted in the organization of the now well-known American Ornithologist Union, of which he had thus the honor of being one of the founders. In this connection he was appointed superintendent of the district of Ontario for the migration committee of the union, and did considerable work in appointing observers throughout Ontario to note the arrival and departure of the migratory birds. There being still a want of a suitable text book for beginners in the study of ornithology, he was urged by many to give the public the benefit of his knowledge on this subject. This he did in a book of 300 pages, in which upwards of 300 species of birds, with their nests, eggs, etc., are minutely and correctly described, the MS. of which he presented to the Hamilton Association. Sir William Dawson has highly spoken of it, and Dr. S. P. May, superintendent of Mechanics’ Institutes and Art Schools for Ontario, says:—“I have carefully examined the ‘Birds of Ontario,’ by Mr. McIlwraith, superintendent of the district of Ontario for the migration committee of the American Ornithologist Union. It contains a most graphic description of Canadian birds, their habits, nests and eggs, and distribution, and will be of valuable assistance to persons interested in the study of natural history. I may mention that, as an ornithologist, I have frequently been associated with Mr. McIlwraith during the past twenty-five years, and I consider him to be one of the most practical and best authorities on Canadian birds on this continent. The book should be in every mechanics’ institute and public library in this country, and I have great pleasure in recommending it for that purpose.” Mr. McIlwraith’s strong love of the subject led him at an early date to preserve and mount his own specimens. His thorough knowledge of the attitudes of the birds when in life enabled him to do this most successfully, and he has now one of the largest, if not the largest, and best prepared private collections in the Dominion. And what is more, he is always pleased to show it to those interested. He has confined his attention chiefly to birds of Britain and America, but has also a few from the far off islands of the sea.

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=Fiske, Edward=, Lumber Merchant, Joliette, Quebec, was born at Abbotsford, Quebec province, on the 5th September, 1841. His parents were Ebenezer Fiske and Eliza Bradford. He was educated in his native place, and received a sound commercial education. Adopting commerce as a profession, he was very successful, and is now possessed of large means. He holds land property in Montreal and St. Jerome, and at the latter place has a hardware store, conducted under the firm name of Treffle, Cote & Co., and in which a paying business is done. He is also owner of two saw mills in which a large quantity of lumber is shipped to the Montreal and other markets in Canada. In Joliette he has erected a handsome block of buildings, known as the “Fiske Block,” and this has turned out a good investment. In short Mr. Fiske may be classed among what some people call the “lucky ones,” but we are rather inclined to the belief that his luck has come from close attention to business, and making the most of favorable circumstances as they presented themselves, rather than from what he could not control. He went to Montreal in 1860, and was employed in a wholesale hardware store until 1865, and from there he went into the cotton business in Georgia and Florida for two years, and then returned to New York state, where he continued business, and remained until 1869, and since then at Joliette. Last year (1887) Mr. Fiske crossed the Atlantic, and visited Glasgow, London, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, France, etc.; during those travels he was very observant, and picked up a store of useful information. On the 2nd October, 1867, he was married to Emma E. S. Elliott, daughter of John Elliott, wholesale grocer, Montreal.

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=Barry, Denis=, B.C.L., Barrister, of Montreal, takes rank among the most distinguished Irishmen of Canada. Born in the city of Cork in the year 1835, he, early in life, emigrated from Ireland to America with his father, James Barry, who is still living at Rockwood, Ont. The Barry family is one of the oldest in the south of Ireland, and has furnished many brave and able men to the army and navy, the bench and the bar, and the other liberal professions of the United Kingdom. The father of the American navy, Commodore Jack Barry, belonged to that branch of the Barry family from which the subject of this sketch is descended. His mother, Hannah Kelleher, was a daughter of Captain Kelleher, who served with distinction in the service of the Hon. East India Company. Mr. Barry began his education at the common school and continued his studies at Rockwood Academy. Subsequently he went through a classical course at Regiopolis College, Kingston, Ont. Studied theology for some time at the Grand Seminary and at Laval University, and law at McGill University, where he graduated as B.C.L. Entered the volunteer service of Canada as lieutenant in the St. Jean Baptiste Company, Montreal, M. W. Kirwan, captain, in 1877; was promoted to the captaincy of the same company and remained in command thereof till the corps was merged in the 85th battalion, when he retired, went through the Military School, Montreal, and obtained the certificate that entitled him to his rank. Is now joint fire commissioner for the city of Montreal. Has been president of St. Patrick’s Society of Montreal, for four years consecutively. Is past-president of the Young Men’s Reform Club of Montreal. Has taken an active part in political contests, both provincial and federal; also in municipal affairs, having been an unsuccessful candidate for alderman in St. Ann’s Ward, Montreal, in 1882. Mr. Barry is of the same faith as his forefathers—a Roman Catholic—and has never changed his religious views. Mr. Barry had experience of backwoods life as a settler on a free grant farm on the Hastings road in 1856, at that time one of the wildest parts of Upper Canada, but now a beautiful and prosperous region. He also engaged in the lumbering business for some time on the York branch of the Madawaska river, Ontario; subsequently he was engaged in the crown lands office, on the Opeongo road, with Mr. T. P. French, now post-office inspector, Ottawa district. Since his adoption of the profession of the law, Mr. Barry has resided at Montreal, where he has achieved a very high position. He is particularly noted as a nisi prius practitioner, and has conducted a large number of famous cases successfully. As a speaker, Mr. Barry is not surpassed at a bar distinguished for the oratorical abilities of its members, while, in his addresses before popular audiences, he comes up to the best standard of the times. Personally, the writer of this sketch can bear testimony, he is one of the most genial and kind-hearted of men. Ever foremost in all good works, and as the champion of his less fortunate countrymen, Mr. Barry is endeared to all who know him, and beloved in all the relations of home and friendship. He married, in 1869, Kathleen, daughter of the late Michael Morgan, merchant, of Sorel, P.Q., a lady distinguished as much for amiability and goodness as for her charming personality. The union has been blest with a large family.

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=Pettit, Rev. Charles Biggar=, M.A., Rector of Cornwall, was born at Grimsby, Ontario, in 1827. His father, Andrew Pettit, was an honest and successful farmer, a leading churchman and a tory of the old school. His grandfather was a United Empire loyalist, and one of the first settlers in the township of Grimsby. He was educated at King’s College, Toronto, graduated at McGill College, Montreal, and was ordained from the Diocesan Theological Institution, Cobourg, by the first bishop of Toronto. His first mission was that vast field lying between Guelph and the northern shores of Lake Huron—then almost a dense wilderness, now thickly settled and studded with churches. In 1852 he was admitted to priest’s orders, and appointed to Burford, in the county of Brant. In 1855 he was presented to the rectory of Richmond, in the county of Carleton, where he ministered for more than twenty-two years, and where he took an active part in the educational work of the county, and with what success an address presented to him in 1877 by one hundred and four leading men of the city of Ottawa and of the county of Carleton, accompanied by a large purse, only slightly indicates. In 1877 he was presented to the rectory of Cornwall, and also to a canonry in St. George’s Cathedral, Kingston, and shortly after appointed rural dean of Stormont. The most interesting event to the public in his parochial career at Cornwall was the consecration of the Bishop Strachan Memorial Church, which partook of a state ceremony and was attended by his Honor J. B. Robinson, lieutenant-governor, who read the mandate; by the Hon. George A. Kirkpatrick, speaker of the House of Commons; by the clergy of the town, by the judges, the sheriff, the mayor and members of the town council, and by a very large number of parishioners. In 1852 he married Helen Clara, only daughter of the late Colonel Thomas Parker, of Belleville, by whom he has three sons and five daughters.

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=Dunbar, James=, Q.C., Quebec, is one of the leading members of the Quebec bar, at which he has been a successful practitioner for upwards of thirty years. As his name indicates, he is of Scottish extraction. His father, the late Ferguson Dunbar, was paymaster of the 74th Highlanders, and married while serving with his regiment in Ireland, where our subject was born in the year 1833. Educated in the Gosport Naval Academy, and other well-known schools of the United Kingdom and at the Quebec High School, Mr. Dunbar turned his attention early in life to journalism, and for a time was editor of the Quebec Morning Chronicle, then the leading daily of the ancient capital. The period was one of great political excitement in Canada. The public mind was agitated by questions of such burning importance as the secularization of the clergy reserves, and the abolition of the seigniorial tenure in Lower Canada. As a journalist at the head of one of the chief newspapers of the day, Mr. Dunbar not only distinguished himself as a terse, critical and vigorous writer, but as such did much to shape the course of events and of legislation. He always, however, evinced a taste for the law, and after occupying the editorial chair of the Chronicle with marked success for about five years he gave up newspaper life to devote himself to the study of Blackstone and Pothier. In his new profession he made rapid headway under the tuition of the late Mr. Secretan, a well-known practitioner at Quebec, and at the age of twenty-two was duly called to the Lower Canada bar, when he formed a partnership with Mr. Secretan, which subsisted until the latter’s death. Thenceforward his success was assured, but it was not won in a day. Gradually the talented and energetic young lawyer worked his way, not only in public estimation, but into the front ranks of the profession, and in 1873, simultaneously with his commission from England as registrar of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec, he received from the Dominion government one of the great objects of professional ambition, the silk gown of a Queen’s counsel, in recognition of his abilities and standing at the bar. These were further acknowledged in 1878 by his appointment as Crown prosecutor for the district of Quebec. In this prominent and responsible position, which he filled with general acceptance down to 1887, he distinguished himself as much by his humanity as by his ability, and his name remains honorably connected with the administration of criminal justice in Quebec, and with all the cases of importance which were tried before the courts of the ancient capital during a period of nine years. Always conspicuous for his sound judgment, thorough knowledge of the law and keen perception of the intricacies of the case, his manner of examining witnesses was especially admirable, his questions being always to the point and put in such a way as to bring out the needed answer even from the most reluctant witness in the box, while his addresses to the jury were always clear, precise and remarkable not only for their logic but for their skill in sifting and summarizing evidence. He is a good speaker, his manner being pleasing but forcible, and his deportment always gentlemanly. As an exponent of maritime law he is admitted to have few equals at the bar of Canada. In 1875 his colleagues of the Quebec bar paid him the compliment of electing him their bâtonnier, and he has been for some years chairman of the board of examiners of law students. A churchman of broad views, he has been a delegate to the diocesan and provincial synods of the Church of England, in which capacity he has always maintained his own. His masonic record is prominent. He has filled all the principal offices of the craft in the Blue lodge, and is now a past grand principal of the Grand Chapter of Royal Arch Masons of Canada, and past grand master of the Grand Lodge of Quebec. In 1862 he married Emma Amelia, daughter of James Poole, jr., of the Commissariat department, Montreal, and by her has had issue a son (who is now also a Quebec barrister and LL.M. of Laval University), and two daughters. Mr. Dunbar is an indefatigable worker, estimable as a citizen and agreeable and cordial in manner. He has never entered public life, but his politics are understood to be moderate Conservative.

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=Meek, Edward=, Barrister, Toronto, was born in the village of Port Stanley, Ontario, on the 27th December, 1845. His father, James Meek, came to Canada at the early age of three years with his parents, in 1817, from Ballymena, North of Ireland, and they settled in the same year in Talbot district, and took up a large tract of land near Port Stanley, being one of the earliest pioneers of that part of the country. At the time of Edward’s birth his father was conducting a foundry, which he carried on successfully for a number of years; but owing to a disastrous conflagration, which destroyed the whole of the extensive establishment, he returned to his farm again, on which he has remained till the present time. Edward received his early education at the Port Stanley school, and afterwards at the Grammar School, St. Thomas. After leaving school, at the age of seventeen, he was granted a certificate to teach, which occupation he followed for three years. He then accepted a position as bookkeeper in a grain warehouse, at which he continued for a short time only; but thinking a short journey among strangers would improve his prospects, he went to Boston and engaged with the publishing house of a prominent firm there. After a short sojourn he returned to London, Ontario, and there commenced the study of law. In 1873 he removed to Toronto, where he continued his studies and finished his law course in the office of Harrison, Osler and Moss, three gentlemen who afterwards became distinguished judges. He was called to the bar of Ontario in the spring of 1874, and he then formed a partnership with the Hon. John O’Donohoe, which continued for three years, when it was dissolved. He then opened an office of his own until he formed a partnership with William Norris, of Woodstock, which lasted till Mr. Norris returned to Woodstock. In 1877 he commenced to take an active part in the politics of the country, and especially in the promotion of the national policy; in fact he was one of the originators of the work, and travelled over Ontario assisting in the formation of political organizations to enable the government to carry their national policy to a successful issue. He continued from that time to take an active part as one of the leading political writers and speakers on the platform until the winter of 1884, when he and a number of other politicians conceived the idea of forming a coalition government for the province of Ontario, their object being to do away with partyism in the local legislature. Others were brought into the scheme who were impatient of the slow method of bringing about the change by argument, and thought that a sufficient number of the members of the legislature could be secured by offers and promises to at once defeat the Mowat government, when the coalition could be immediately formed during the spring session of 1884. The plans were disapproved of by the originators of the idea, but the hot heads could not be kept under control, and the public know the result of the unfortunate conspiracy case which sprung from it, involving those more actively concerned in the long and tedious investigation and prosecution before a Royal commission and in the criminal courts. The Royal commission brought in a divided report, which the house never acted upon. The verdict of the jury in the criminal court, in the trial of May, 1885, acquitted the accused. Since that time Mr. Meek has devoted himself strictly to the practice of his profession in Toronto, and the promotion and formation of joint stock and other companies. Mr. Meek was joined in marriage on the 30th June, 1873, to Anna Margaret McBride, daughter of Samuel McBride, of London, Ontario, by which union they have issue two sons and one daughter. Mr. Meek and family are members of the Church of England.

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=Smith, Andrew=, F.R.C.V.S. (Eng.), Principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, is a native of the “Land o’ Burns,” having been born in Ayrshire, Scotland. He received his early educational training in Dalrymple, his native parish, and going to Edinburgh, entered the Veterinary College of that city, where he passed a brilliant course of study, carrying off the highest honors, and five medals. He graduated in 1861, and after coming to Canada settled in Toronto, where he has since led a busy professional life. He is the founder and principal of the Ontario Veterinary College, Toronto, and consulting veterinary surgeon of the Board of Agriculture of Ontario. For three years Professor Smith occupied the position of president of the Caledonian Society of Toronto; was worshipful master of St. Andrew’s lodge of A. F. & A. M. during the year 1874-5, and is a director of the Industrial Exhibition of Toronto. He is also a member of the executive committee of the Toronto Jockey Club, and master of the Toronto Hunt. In religion Mr. Smith is a Presbyterian.

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=Guy, Michel Patrice=, Notary Public, Montreal, was born at Montreal on the 18th May, 1809. He is a son of Etienne Guy and Catherine Valée. The Guy family is probably the oldest family in the Dominion, being descended from the French Count, Guy de Montfort, a general in King Charles’ army of France, and close relation to the king. The first of the family to leave France was Pierre Guy, who came to Canada at the commencement of the seventeenth century, and married Madame de la Lande in November, 1723. He entered the army as an ensign, under M. de Beauharnois, who had succeeded de Vaudreuil in the government of New France, where he served with great distinction. He advanced rapidly, being made captain in 1748, and greatly distinguished himself at Louisburg. He died April, 1748. Pierre Guy, his eldest son was born at Ville-Marie (Montreal,) 11th December, 1738, and educated at the Jesuits’ College and the Petit Séminaire de Quebec. Having a great aptitude for science, he was sent to France to complete his course; when he returned to Canada, war was then going on with England. He entered the army under General de Montcalm, and took part at Oswego and Fort William Henry in the series of brilliant victories which should always render his name dear to Canadians. He also took part in the battles of Carillon and Montmorency, where he was greatly praised for his martial ardor and bravery. He was also at the battle of the Plains of Abraham, which was fatal to the French. He returned to France after the capitulation of Montreal, where he remained until 1764, when he returned to Canada. After some time he again took up the sword against General Montgomery. He was made lieutenant-colonel of the militia, and a few years afterwards, in 1802, was made colonel. He died in January, 1812. Pierre was buried with military honors by the militia as well as by the 49th regiment, which was then garrisoned in Montreal. Louis Guy was born on the 28th June, 1768, studied law, and obtained from Sir Robert Shore Milnes a commission as notary in 1801. In recognition of past services, Lord Aylmer named him notary to his Majesty (Royal notary) in 1830, a position now abolished. When the second American invasion came, he took arms against the enemy. He was then major of the 5th battalion of militia, and as a recompense for his great military services, Sir James Kempt appointed him colonel of the militia for the county of Montreal. On the 23rd February, 1837, through the representations of Sir James Kempt, William IV. summoned him to the Council. He was most intimate with Lord Aylmer, who often spent days with him at his house, which was surrounded with the largest gardens then in Montreal. He died at Montreal in February, 1840. Hippolyte Guy, son of the Hon. F. Guy and Dame J. Curot, was born in Montreal on the 3rd July, 1800, and was educated for the law. He held a great reputation as a jurisconsult, and was made judge of the Superior Court. Louis Guy, eldest brother of the above, entered the British army as lieutenant in the 81st regiment of the line. This command was given him by the Duke of Wellington, in consideration of his bravery at Chateauguay, where, as captain of the Voltigeurs, he commanded the advance posts. Years before entering the British army he served in France in the body guards of Charles X. During some time he was made deputy adjutant-general of the militia of Lower Canada, in conjunction with the Hon. Juchereau Duchesnay. This charge being abolished, he was recalled to his regiment, then garrisoned at Trinidad, in the West Indies. He was hardly returned when he was attacked with yellow fever, and died on the island of St. Kitts, on 27th March, 1841. He had served with great distinction in Spain and Malta, and at the time of his death held the rank of major. The officers of his regiment erected a large monument to his memory. His eldest sister married Colonel de Salaberry. Michel Patrice Guy was educated at Montreal College, where he received a classical education, and afterwards studied law. He was admitted to the practice of the notarial profession on the 5th May, 1831. He became lieutenant-colonel in the 10th battalion Montreal militia during the troubles of 1837. He was one of the promoters of the Montreal wharves, and one of the founders of the Montreal College. A street, extending over a mile in length, running through the breadth of the city of Montreal was named after him, and is now known as Guy street. Mr. Guy was seriously wounded during the Gavazzi riots in Montreal. He was standing some distance away from the rioters when he was struck by a ball in the leg, and it was a question of life or death with him for a long while afterwards, being confined in his bed for fourteen months. Mr. Guy possesses one of the finest collections of old family parchments and documents, as well as many important letters. In politics he is a Liberal, and in religion a member of the Roman Catholic church. He was married on the 19th of December, 1869, to Dame Julie F. Schiller, sister of the late Charles E. Schiller, clerk of the Crown. His two sons, E. C. P. and G. L. H. Guy, are the only remaining members of the family in Canada.

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=Thompson, David=, Northwest Pioneer Geographer.—The late Mr. Thompson was born in the parish of St. John, Westminster, England, the 30th April, 1770. He was educated at the “Blue Coat School,” London, and was perhaps for a short time a student at Oxford. When about nineteen he must have entered the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company, as in October, 1789, his journal opens at the company’s establishment at Cumberland House. An account of various journeys and surveys in the Northwest Territory of Canada then follows to May 23, 1797, when he left the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company and entered that of the North-West Company. After a number of explorations he started on foot, February 25, 1798, with a dog-team to connect the waters of the Red River and the Mississippi, thence over to Lake Superior. On April 27th he reached Turtle Lake, from which flows “Turtle Brook,” which he states to be the source of the Mississippi, since it is from here that the river takes the most direct course to the sea. Thus to this indefatigable, but hitherto almost unknown, geographer, belongs the honor of discovering the head waters of that great river. The first who is stated to have travelled through the country north of Red Cedar Lake was J. C. Beltrami, an Italian gentleman, who accompanied Major Long’s expedition as far as Pembina. He ascended Bloody (Red Lake) River to Red Lake, and from thence followed Thompson’s route to Turtle Lake, whence he descended the Mississippi to its mouth. This was in the summer of 1823, nine years after Thompson had recorded his discoveries on his map of the North-West Territories of Canada in 1813-14, now in possession of the government of Ontario. On May 10th he reached Fond-du-Lac House, two miles and a half up the river from Lake Superior. From here he surveyed the south shore of Lake Superior, arriving at the Falls of Ste. Marie on May 28th. After several journeys in the interior, we find him at Isle à la Crosse, where he was married June 10, 1799, to Charlotte Small, a young girl who had not yet entered her fifteenth year. After many very interesting explorations he re-surveyed the northern shore of Lake Superior in August, 1812. Before October of the same year he had arrived at Terrebonne, in Lower Canada, where he took up his residence and spent the two following years in preparing a map of Western Canada for the North-West Company, on a scale of about fifteen miles to an inch, from the observations he had made and the places he had visited during the previous twenty years. From 1816 to 1826 he was engaged in surveying and defining the boundary line, on the part of Great Britain, between Canada and the United States. In 1834 he surveyed Lake Francis. In 1837 he made a survey of the canoe route from Lake Huron to the Ottawa river, and a few years later he made a survey of Lake St. Peter. His last years were spent either in Glengarry county, Ontario, or in Longueuil, opposite Montreal, where he died on the 16th of February, 1857, at the age of nearly eighty-seven years. His wife survived him by only about three months. They are both buried in the Mount Royal Cemetery, Montreal. He died in extreme poverty, and it was due to the kindness of some of his old friends that he received a Christian burial. H. H. Bancroft, who has collected very many interesting details about the old travellers and traders in the west, gives the following account of his personal appearance:—“David Thompson was an entirely different order of man from the orthodox fur trader. Tall and fine-looking, of sandy complexion, with large features, deep-set, studious eyes, high forehead and broad shoulders, the intellectual was well set upon the physical. His deeds have never been trumpeted as those of some of the others, but in the westward exploration of the North-West Company no man performed more valuable service or estimated his achievements more modestly.”

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=Davie, George Taylor=, Levis and Quebec, is one of the prominent figures in the shipping trade of the port of Quebec, and few men of his day have done more to promote it, as well as to lessen the perils incidental to the navigation of the St. Lawrence. He was born in the city of Quebec, in the year 1828. His parents were both English—his father being the late Alison Davie, master mariner, of Yarmouth, England, and his mother Miss Taylor, daughter of the late George Taylor, of Shields, who came to Canada in 1811, establishing himself at Quebec, and was for many years a leading ship-builder at that port. In 1827, Mr. Taylor, acting under instructions from the Earl of Dalhousie, then governor-general of Canada, built at his yard in Quebec, a splendid gun-brig or frigate named the Kingfisher, for the Imperial naval service. The Quebec Gazette of the 17th May, 1827, reporting the launching of this vessel three days previously, and the ceremonial on the occasion, referred in the most commendatory terms to the beauty of its model, and to Mr. Taylor’s skill and enterprise as a shipwright, mentioning also the presentation to him, by the governor-general, of a magnificent silver cup as a memento of the event. This precious souvenir, which is of massive silver, and valued at £40 sterling, bears the arms of the Dalhousie family and a suitable inscription, and is surmounted by a cover the handle of which is formed by a beautifully chiselled figure of the unicorn. The whole is encased in a handsome mahogany box, and preserved as a cherished heirloom in the family of Mr. Taylor’s descendants, being now in the possession of his grandson, G. T. Davie, the subject of this sketch. The Kingfisher, which carried eighteen guns, was afterwards sent to England under the command of Captain Rayside, who was, later on, deputy harbor-master at Quebec, and, still later, harbor-master of Montreal. Mr. Davie was educated at Gale’s boarding school, at St. Augustin, some twenty-five miles from Quebec, but was taken early from school to learn the trade of the shipwright. Arrived at the age of manhood, he went into the shipbuilding business on his own account, and successfully built a large number of ocean vessels, as well as river, tug and passenger boats; he came into possession of the patent slip at Levis, opposite Quebec, on the death of his father, who, in 1832, first introduced it, which bears his name, and which has proved of such immense advantage to the shipping trade of the St. Lawrence. This valuable convenience he still runs in connection with his floating docks and the wrecking business, in which he has been engaged with the greatest success for some years. Indeed it is no exaggeration to say that Mr. Davie’s improved appliances for raising and saving wrecks, and his skill and enterprise in that line, have been the means of rescuing millions worth of property from total loss in the river and gulf of St. Lawrence, and fairly constitute him a public benefactor. Among the more important property of this kind which he has snatched from destruction on Anticosti, St. Pierre, Miquelon, and elsewhere, may be mentioned the steamships Corean, of the Allan line, Vendolana, Warwick, River, Ettrick, Colina, Douro, Amaryllis, Titanic, and Lake Huron. In some instances the salvages of these vessels was a real feat of skill and daring without parallel in the history of the wrecking business on the St. Lawrence, and Mr. Davie can fairly lay claim to the title of the most successful of Canadian wreckers. The first vessel to be docked and repaired in the new graving dock was the s. s. Titania, which Mr. Davie had successfully hauled off Anticosti, where it would have been otherwise doomed to destruction, having been condemned by surveyors and bought from underwriters by him. The execution of the repairs to this vessel, also by Mr. Davie, further proved that work of this magnitude can now be done as well in Canada as on the Clyde. Indeed, Mr. Davie has erected at the Levis graving dock repair shops, as complete in all respects as the best on the other side of the Atlantic, and the shipping trade of the St. Lawrence has been thus provided with an important and long needed facility which must tend to its increase and prosperity. In other respects, also, Mr. Davie is known as a public-spirited citizen. He has served for about ten years in the town council of Levis as the representative of Lauzon ward, and is a large employer of labor on that side of the river. On the 3rd of September, 1860, he married Mary Euphemia Patton, daughter of the late Duncan Patton, of Indian Cove, in his day one of the great lumber merchants of Quebec, and by her has issue a number of children, who are still in their teens. He has travelled considerably in Canada, England, and the United States, but always on business.

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=Kenny, Thomas Edward=, M.P. for the County of Halifax, N.S., was born in Halifax city on the 12th October, 1833. He is the eldest son of the Hon. Sir Edward Kenny, knight, former member of the Queen’s Privy Council for Canada. There were two young Irishmen, Thomas and Edward Kenny, natives of county Kerry, who came to Halifax in 1824, and there, four years later, established the wholesale dry goods house of T. & E. Kenny. Sir Edward Kenny was born in 1800, and married, in 1832, Anne, daughter of Michael Forrestall. He and his wife are still living in green old age. He has been for sixty years a leading representative of the Catholics in Halifax, having been mayor of the city, twice president of the Charitable Irish Society (the great Irish social organization of Halifax), a director of the Union Bank, and also of the Merchants Bank of Halifax, and a commissioner for signing provincial notes. He sat in the Legislative Council for twenty-six years, during eleven of which he was president of that body. Upon the forming of Sir John A. Macdonald’s first government under confederation, in July, 1867, Sir Edward Kenny was sworn in a privy councillor, and appointed receiver-general in the ministry. He held this office until October, 1869, when he was transferred to the presidency of the privy council. He retired from the cabinet in May, 1870, when he was appointed administrator of the government of Nova Scotia. He was created a knight by her Majesty in September, 1872. He never represented a constituency in the House of Commons, but sat in the Senate from 1867 to 1870, when he resigned. During all these years he and his brother Thomas carried on the dry goods business, and on retiring from its management placed it in the hands of T. E. Kenny, under whom it has grown and prospered. Thomas Kenny built himself a handsome residence on the borders of Bedford Basin, not far from the Duke of Kent’s classic lodge. It has recently been sold to a corporation for the use of the ladies of the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Spring Garden road, Halifax. The subject of this sketch was educated at Stonyhurst College, the great educational institution of the Jesuits in England, and also spent some time at St. Servais College, at Liege, in Belgium. Having finished his studies and his travels for that time, Mr. Kenny returned to Halifax, and assumed a position in the dry goods business. Of late years he has been extensively interested in shipbuilding, which he carried on in the counties of Kings, Hants, Colchester, Pictou and Cumberland. He was especially interested in shipbuilding with Alfred Putnam, of Maitland, the popular M.P. of Hants county. In 1866 he had built in England the iron ship Eskasoni, of 1,715 tons. A branch of the firm’s business is carried on in London, England, under the management of F. C. Mahon. In dry goods the firm does an extensive wholesale trade at their massive granite emporium at the corner of Granville and George streets, Halifax, employing a large staff of clerks and other employés, and keeping a number of travellers on the circuit in the maritime provinces. Mr. Kenny, like his father, is a man of great geniality, wit and common-sense. He has been president of the Charitable Irish Society, and is president of the Merchants Bank of Halifax, the bank doing, perhaps, the largest business in the city, excepting the Bank of Nova Scotia. He has been a warm friend of many new industries, having taken a prominent part in starting the N.S. Cotton Manufacturing Co., of which he is a director, as well as a large stockholder in the sugar refinery. When, two years ago, there was a disposition on the part of some of the shareholders to sell out the refinery and wind up the concern, Mr. Kenny took an active part in organizing a new company, and was instrumental in securing to Halifax the advantages of this great industry. Mr. Kenny is a director of the North Sydney Marine Railway Co.; a trustee of the Western Counties Railway Co.; and a member of the Royal Commission on Railways. His brother and business partner, Edward Kenny, was one of those Halifax merchants who were lost in the City of Boston, the Inman liner, which left Halifax in the early part of 1869, and was never afterwards heard of. Another of the family is a member of the Society of Jesus, who began life as a successful lawyer, but entered the priesthood. The youngest brother, Jeremiah F. Kenny, does business in Halifax as an insurance agent. A sister of theirs is the wife of M. Bowes Daly, ex-M.P. for Halifax county, and another is mother superior of the Convent of the Sacred Heart, Halifax. T. E. Kenny was married in New York, on the 2nd of October, 1856, to Margaret Jones, daughter of the Hon. M. Burke, of New York. He has several children and grandchildren. His eldest son, Captain Kenny, was an officer in the Halifax battalion which served during the Northwest rebellion in 1885. Mr. Kenny resides at a charming residence, called Thornvale, on the banks of the North-West Arm, about three miles from his warehouse in the city, and it is a lovely spot in summer, having abundant facilities for boating and bathing. Here, in the enjoyment of every beauty of wave and sky, surrounded by luxuries of every description, and furnished with everything that conduces to comfort and repose, the busy merchant and politician takes his ease. In the rôle of politician Mr. Kenny, through the absorbing nature of his commercial pursuits, has never until lately taken a prominent position, but he has made his influence, though silently, none the less powerfully felt in the sphere of politics for many years. He has repeatedly been offered the nomination as standard-bearer in the House of Commons of the Halifax Conservatives, but, until the nomination was forced upon him, on the eve of the general election of February, 1887, never accepted. As a well-known Catholic in the city, his approbation of measures affecting his co-religionists has always been sought. He and John F. Stairs were the government candidates, and were opposed by such well-known and experienced men as the Hon. A. G. Jones, ex-minister of militia, and H. H. Fuller. The vote stood—Jones, 4,243; Kenny, 4,181, defeating Stairs, 4,099; Fuller, 4,098. Thus Messrs. Jones and Kenny represent Halifax county. Mr. Kenny distinguished himself during the campaign by his unfailing good nature, cheery Irish wit and great good judgment. In the Commons the same useful qualities have secured for him general respect and esteem. Although getting up in years, Mr. Kenny is possessed of a tall form and commanding presence, and enjoys vigorous health. He has probably many years ahead of him, during which honors and emoluments will be heaped upon him. Electors voted for Jones and Kenny because, according to the popular cry, they were the best men, quite independently of their political leanings. Few, if any, counties in the Dominion are better represented in parliament than Halifax, N.S.

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=Rose, George Maclean=, Printer and Publisher, Toronto. A writer in “The Scot in British North America,” says that Mr. Rose has been so long and prominently associated with the development of Canadian literature that his name may well be introduced in this connection. He was born in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on the 14th of March, 1829, and learned the printing trade in the office of the John O’ Groat Journal. A year after he had attained his majority the family settled in Canada. He entered the employ of the late John C. Becket, of Montreal, who was then engaged in the publication of the Montreal Witness and other journals. After the death of his father, which took place in 1853, the care of the family devolved upon him. The means at his command were but scanty, but in partnership with his elder brother, Henry, he started a small job-printing office, in Montreal, and by strict industry and economy they obtained a fair measure of success. In 1856 they dissolved partnership, George having become convinced that Western Canada offered more scope for his energies than Montreal. In connection with John Muir he established the Chronicle, in the village of Merrickville, but he did not remain there any length of time. Among his other engagements about this period, was that of city editor of the London Prototype. In 1858 he came to Toronto as manager of the printing office of Samuel Thompson, for whom he published the Toronto Atlas, started in opposition to the Colonist, which had taken ground adverse to the government of the day. Mr. Thompson having obtained the contract for government printing, Mr. Rose was assigned to take the management of the office in Quebec, whither he removed in 1859. This arrangement did not long continue. Mr. Thompson found himself unable financially to carry out his contract alone, and a company was organized for the purpose, including Mr. Rose and Robert Hunter, an experienced accountant. Mr. Thompson retired from the business altogether soon afterwards, leaving it to the new firm of Hunter, Rose & Co., who completed the contract and secured its renewal. On the removal of the seat of government to Ottawa in 1865, the firm of course followed. A large and lucrative business was soon built up, and in 1868 a branch was established at Toronto, the firm having secured a ten years contract for the printing of the Provincial government. In 1871 their relations with the Dominion government terminated, and the business was consolidated in Toronto. The firm now entered extensively into the business of publishing Canadian reprints of English copyright books, principally the popular novels of living writers, for which a ready market was found. The firm honestly compensated the authors whose works they reproduced, although this of course placed them at a disadvantage as compared with the piratical publishers of the United States. Another and probably a greater service to the intellectual progress of the country rendered by this enterprising firm, was the publication—at first for others, but latterly at their own risk—of the “Canadian Monthly,” the last and by far the best literary magazine ever issued in this country. This venture unfortunately did not prove pecuniarily successful, and though sustained for many years with a liberality and public spirit highly creditable to the publishers, was at length discontinued. In 1877 the death of Mr. Hunter left Mr. Rose the sole member of the firm, and a year afterwards he took his brother, Daniel, into the concern, the well-known firm name being still retained. Widely as George M. Rose is known to the Canadian people as a successful and enterprising publisher, he has acquired a still more extensive reputation by his unselfish exertions in the cause of temperance and moral reform. A life-long total abstainer and prohibitionist, he has taken an active part in temperance work in connection with various organizations. He has attained the highest offices in the gift of the Sons of Temperance in the Dominion, having been several times chosen to fill the chair of grand worthy patriarch of the order both in Quebec and Ontario, and has also held the second highest position conferrable by that order for the whole continent, having been most worthy associate of the National Division of America. His heart and purse are always open to the appeals for the advancement of the Temperance cause, which he regards as being of vastly more importance than mere party issues. Though a Liberal, politically, he regards all public issues from the standpoint of Temperance reform. Personally Mr. Rose is genial, sociable and unassuming. As his career shows, he has abundant business capacity, and the enthusiasm which forms so strong a feature of his character is well regulated by a fund of practical common sense. For a number of years Mr. Rose has been an active member of the Board of Trade. In 1881 he was elected vice-president of the board, and the following year (1882) was chosen president. On the expiration of his term of office, in 1883, he was elected treasurer, and has been annually re-elected to fill this office ever since. For a number of years he has also been a director of the Ontario Bank. In politics Mr. Rose is a prohibitionist, and in religion a Unitarian. In 1856 he was married to Margaret C. J. L. Manson, daughter of the late William Manson, farmer, Oxford county, and has had a family of ten children—nine of whom survive, six sons and three daughters.

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=LaRocque, Basile=, M.D., St. John’s, province Quebec, was born at Chambly, January 10th, 1813, of the marriage of Joseph Henry LaRocque, a respectable and intelligent farmer of that locality, having for wife a Miss Lafontaine, allied to the same family which has furnished to the country the Hon. Sir Louis H. Lafontaine, whose political rôle belongs to history, and whose career at the bar was sufficiently brilliant to make him chief justice of the Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec. Dr. LaRocque is the third son of a family of seven brothers, of whom the eldest became the distinguished bishop of the diocese of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q. The doctor completed his classical course at the College of St. Hyacinthe, in 1828. Among the number of his schoolfellows was Louis Antoine Dessaulles, a man of talent, a remarkable writer, author of several works, legislative councillor under the union, and afterwards registrar for the Crown for the district of Montreal at the end of his career in this country. His course terminated, the doctor began his medical studies under Dr. Vimbler at Chambly, and at Marieville under Dr. Davignon, who played a notable part in Canadian politics, but removed from there to the University of Vermont, at Woodstock, then in great repute owing to its scientific professors. He ultimately settled at Burlington, where he was prosperous and successful. On the 1st July, 1837, our subject successfully passed his examinations at Quebec, and was admitted to the practice of medicine. He commenced his medical career at St. John’s, but in a short time left there and settled at Acadie, where his brother was then curate and afterwards became bishop. Here he lived for thirty years, occupying at different periods many prominent positions of trust and confidence, such as justice of the peace, school trustee, judge of summary causes, etc., etc., and being offered on several occasions by the leading men of the parish and of the county of St. John’s, parliamentary candidature. The doctor preferred a calm, quiet life, practising his profession for the love of science and duty, and passing his leisure time in the contemplation of nature and its beauties. After the decease of one of his best friends, Dr. Wright, he was persuaded by many who fully appreciated his talents to settle at St. John’s in 1871, where, notwithstanding his advanced age, he continued the practice of his profession, alike attending poor and rich, through all the inclemency and rigor of a trying climate, and bringing hope and comfort to many weary sufferers by his kind, genial manners. Dr. LaRocque refused on several occasions the honor of being a professor of the School of Medicine at Montreal, his modest tastes leading him rather to charitable acts and the pursuit of an unostentatious, useful life. The doctor married at Acadie, on the 18th January, 1843, Melanie Quesnel, eldest daughter of Dr. Quesnel, brother of the celebrated lawyer, Hon. Auguste F. Quesnel, barrister, etc., and an old member of the Legislative Council under the union. Of this marriage there were sixteen children, of whom seven are living. One died in holy orders, and two daughters as nuns. The eldest surviving son is Dr. Henry LaRocque, practising at Plattsburg, where he holds an enviable position among his American confrères, enjoying a splendid professional reputation; Emile, a doctor at Malone; Alphonse, surgeon dentist at Worcester; and Joseph, a doctor at Biddeford; Marine Hector, apothecary at St. John’s, P.Q.; and William, manager and proprietor of a large commercial house in St. John’s. Dr. Basile LaRocque is one of those men whose capabilities and talents have shown themselves in spite of his humility of character and modest tastes. Those who bear his name have reason to be proud of it.

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=Black, Thomas R.=, Amherst, Nova Scotia, M.P.P. for Cumberland county, was born at Amherst, 16th October, 1832. His paternal grandfather was a native of England, having been born there in 1727, and emigrated to Nova Scotia in 1774, where he married the daughter of a U. E. loyalist. Mr. Black, the subject of our sketch, received his education in the Grammar School in Amherst, and after leaving school turned his attention to farming and other business pursuits. He first entered the Legislative Assembly in July, 1884, having been returned by acclamation to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of C. J. Townsend, who had been elected to represent Cumberland county, in the House of Commons at Ottawa. On the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly in May, 1886, Cumberland was one of the few constituencies in which the question of the repeal of the federal compact was not an essential element in the campaign; the contest was, therefore, run on personal grounds, and at the close of the poll the popularity of Mr. Black was evinced by the large number of votes that had been given him. The votes stood thus: T. R. Black, 2,083; R. L. Black, 2,064; G. W. Forrest, 1,939; C. J. McFarlane, 1,855; and G. B. Wilson, 341. Mr. Black is a justice of the peace. That he is public-spirited, we have only to point to the handsome block of buildings he has lately erected in his native town. The first stone building erected at Amherst was the passenger station of the Intercolonial Railway, built by the Dominion government in 1867; the second the Dominion building, containing the public offices, built by the government in 1886; but the first erected by private enterprise is that now under notice. It has a front of 100 ft., is 60 ft. deep, and has three stories above basement, including Mansard roof, the whole height being 50 ft. The material used throughout is dark red sandstone from the quarry of A. B. Black, two and three quarter miles distant. It is of a darker shade than that in the Dominion building, and from tests at Ottawa and Boston has been pronounced to have, in addition to its admirable appearance, all the requisites for a first-class building stone, as it is easily worked, durable, and fire-resisting. The whole work was done by day’s work under the immediate superintendence of the owner and of his son, William, the latter spending all his time at the building and the quarry; and the judicious manner in which he managed the erection of derricks, hoisting of stone, and general supervision being specially noteworthy in one so young. It is considered that if the work had been let in the ordinary way the building would have cost $30,000 or upwards, but Mr. Black, by taking two years to build it, was able with his resources to construct it for a considerably smaller sum. It is the good fortune of Amherst to have citizens like Mr. Black. The value of building property in town, purchased, built and improved by him within the last few years must be about $45,000. He too takes a deep interest in farming and stock-raising enterprises, and has imported a good number of valuable Hereford stock into his county, which has benefited the community greatly. Mr. Black is a staunch temperance man, and strong advocate of all movements that have for their object the elevation of his fellow men. In politics he is a Liberal, but not an avowed follower of any party. “Measures before Party” is his motto. He was married on the 20th March, 1860, to Eunice, daughter of the late W. W. Bent, who, during his lifetime, was a member of the Provincial parliament.

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=MacMahon, Hon. Hugh=, Toronto, Judge of the Supreme Court of Judicature for Ontario, Common Pleas Division, is of Irish descent, and was born in Guelph, Ont., the 6th March, 1836. The progenitors of the family were originally from Monaghan, in Ireland, and in the troublous times of the last of the reigning Stuarts, a number of MacMahons held important positions in their native country. Colonel Art Oge MacMahon, besides holding a military command, was King James II.’s lord-lieutenant for the county Monaghan; while Hugh MacMahon, great-granduncle of the subject of this present sketch, was lieutenant-colonel of Gordon O’Neil’s Charlemont regiment of foot. This crack corps, upon its reorganization, after the Treaty of Limerick (1691), took service in France with the famous “Irish Brigade.” Reverses of fortune having impoverished the family, Mr. MacMahon’s father came to Canada in 1819, from Cootehill, county Cavan, Ireland, and settled in the Niagara district. He brought with him an excellent library of classical and mathematical works; and, as he possessed high attainments as a classical scholar, he opened school at Grimsby, where many of the youth of the western section of Upper Canada were prepared for the professions. Mr. MacMahon, senior, was one of the earliest appointed provincial land surveyors, and made the preliminary surveys of many of the townships in the lately formed province. His wife, who still survives him, and is now in her 91st year, is Anne MacGovern, a relative of the late Bishop MacGovern, of the county of Cavan. In 1853, Hugh MacMahon, our present subject, then in his seventeenth year, entered the Board of Works department of Canada, of which the Hon. H. H. Killaly was at the time commissioner, and was placed on the staff of Colonel W. B. Gallaway, C.E., as second assistant engineer. In this capacity Mr. MacMahon took part in making surveys and in preparing estimates for the projected Ottawa Ship Canal between Ottawa and Aylmer. He was also engaged in the surveys and plans for the Chats Canal, and was one of the resident engineers during the time these works were under construction. In 1857, when the monetary crisis of that year compelled the government to relinquish the latter undertaking, and when civil engineering was much depressed by the stoppage of public works, Mr. MacMahon left the service of the department, though strongly urged to remain at Ottawa by the chief of the staff. The next year, having become a matriculant of the Law Society, we find him in the law office of Thomas Robertson, Q.C., then practising in Dundas. Pursuing the legal profession, he was called to the bar in 1864, when he entered into partnership with his brother, Thomas B. MacMahon, late judge of the county of Norfolk, then practising in Brantford. Five years afterwards, on the elevation of the late John Wilson to a judgeship of the Court of Queen’s Bench, Hugh MacMahon removed to London, Ontario, where, in a few years, he built up the largest and most lucrative legal business in the west. His universally acknowledged acquirements as a commercial lawyer, sound judgment, and scrupulous honor brought him the confidence of the mercantile community throughout the country, and he became the solicitor and trusted adviser of many large firms. In 1876 he was created Queen’s counsel by the Ontario government, and in 1885 the Dominion ministry paid him a like high honor. Mr. MacMahon’s talents as an advocate won for him a successful career at the bar, and he has been retained as counsel in some of the most important civil and criminal cases before the courts. In 1877 he was retained by the Dominion government as leading counsel in the arbitration between the Federal government and the province of Ontario, in the protracted dispute over the western and northern boundaries of the province; and in the following year he argued the case before Sir Edward Thornton, British minister at Washington, and the Hon. Sir Francis Hincks, arbitrators for the Dominion, and Chief Justice R. A. Harrison, who represented Ontario. Their award, as our readers are aware, settled the western boundary of the province. In 1884, Mr. MacMahon was associated with Christopher Robinson, Q.C., and went to England as one of the counsel for the Dominion, when the boundary question was submitted to the judicial committee of Her Majesty’s Privy Council. The decision of this body, it is a matter of history, virtually confirmed the award of the previous arbitrators. We now come to a notable incident in Mr. MacMahon’s professional career—his retention as counsel for the prisoners in the celebrated Biddulph tragedy case. This cause célèbre, it will be remembered, arose out of the revolting murder of five members of the Donnelly family, residing in the township of Biddulph, when no less than fifteen persons were arrested for alleged complicity in the affair, though but five of them were subsequently prosecuted. Mr. MacMahon was retained as counsel on behalf of the prisoners, who, in 1880, were indicted by the grand jury for murder. Subsequently the Crown, deeming the evidence against James Carroll stronger than against the other prisoners, he was first brought to trial. The first jury disagreeing on their verdict, application was made for a change of venue, owing to the intense excitement over the tragedy at London; but this was refused. Carroll was again placed on his trial before a special commission, composed of two judges, and the proceedings extended over a week. The excitement was still intense; the court-room was thronged daily by great crowds of people; while representatives of the leading journals came from the chief cities to report the proceedings. The chief incidents of the early days of the trial were the skilful cross-examination of the Crown witnesses by Mr. MacMahon, which resulted in breaking down much of the case against the prisoner. The interest culminated in Mr. MacMahon’s singularly able speech for the defence, which created intense excitement in the court-room, and was favorably commented on by the legal profession and the press of the country. The Toronto Mail thus referred to the speech:—“Mr. MacMahon rose to address the jury at 1.40 p.m., and as he took his stand in front of the jury-box, the silence of death fell upon the immense concourse assembled in the court-room. The address, which lasted for over two hours, was a fine effort. It was not characterized by any remarkable flights of eloquence, nor did the learned counsel try to play upon the feelings of the jurors. It was, however, a clear, concise and able argument, which left a deep impression.” The Globe, portraying the scene in the court-house prior to the address of the counsel for the defence, said: “Long before the half-hour’s intermission had been brought to a close the corridors of the courthouse were packed with an excited throng, eagerly pressing forward to gain admission to the court-room, which was already so densely crowded that not another could be admitted. The scene inside the court-room was one long to be remembered. It was not the seats alone that were crowded. The steps leading to the bench, and every vacant chair within the bar was occupied, while more than half of the standing room in the aisles were occupied by ladies.” The same journal in the course of a lengthy report of the speech, observes: “When the judges took their places on the bench, after the adjournment, Mr. MacMahon rose to address the jury on behalf of the prisoners. The most absolute quiet reigned throughout the court-room, and after the learned counsel for the defence had uttered his first few sentences the crowded court-room was so hushed that one might almost have heard the fall of a pin. For two hours the learned and eloquent gentleman enchained not only the attention of their lordships and the jury, but the vast throng in the crowded court-room. The address was not what would be called a flowery one, but it was earnest, eloquent and exhaustive. Not a point that could be made to tell in favor of the prisoner was overlooked, while the most favorable and plausible construction was put upon those points that bore hardest against him. During a part of the address the prisoner sat up in the dock and listened attentively, while his sister seemed to devour every word that fell from the speaker’s lips. . . . The learned counsel for the defence closed his very able and eloquent address with a solemn and pathetic appeal to the jury on behalf of the prisoner. . . . The efforts of the defence had been a series of masterpieces, throughout the long trial; but it was felt that with the eloquent and exhaustive résumé of the evidence by Mr. MacMahon, these efforts had come to a close, and that nothing remained as an offset to what the Crown had to present.” The prisoner was acquitted, and the scene in the court-room and in the vicinity of the court-house was indescribable. Speaking of the memorable trial, another Toronto journal subsequently remarked: that Mr. MacMahon’s address to the jury “is still remembered as one of the most brilliant efforts of oratory ever heard within the walls of London court-house.” While a resident of London, Mr. MacMahon was mainly instrumental, in connection with Colonel James Shanly, in founding the Irish Benevolent Society in that city, of which both gentlemen, at various times, were president. This successful national society has been conducted irrespective of creed, and has been of the greatest possible good, in allaying religious prejudices and in softening religious rancour among the Irish residents of the Forest City. At the general elections of 1872 Mr. MacMahon unsuccessfully contested the City of London, for a seat in the House of Commons, against the Hon. John Carling; and again in 1878 he was a candidate for the County of Kent, against Rufus Stephenson, the then sitting member, but was defeated. Mr. MacMahon removed to Toronto at the close of the year 1883, where he successfully practised his profession. His wide legal experience, forceful and pleasing manner in addressing juries, and great natural and acquired abilities, made him one of the leading nisi prius lawyers on the western circuit. On the 30th November, 1887, he was appointed judge of the Supreme Court of Judicature for Ontario, Common Pleas Division. Outside of his profession, Judge MacMahon is a man of very considerable culture and much fondness for art, his judgment as a connoisseur of paintings being frequently appealed to. His collection of paintings has been much admired, and indicates a highly educated taste. In 1864 Mr. MacMahon married Isabel Janet, eldest daughter of the late Simon Mackenzie, of Belleville, by whom he has two sons.

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=Ryan, Hon. Patrick George=, Caraquet, N.B., M.P.P. for Gloucester county, was born at Bathurst, N.B., 9th May, 1838. He is of Irish descent, his parents having come from the Emerald Isle many years ago. Hon. Mr. Ryan received his early education at the Grammar School in Bathurst. After finishing his studies he went into business as a manufacturer of leather, for the preparing and tanning of which Caraquet possesses exceptional facilities. The town is situated on an inlet of Baie des Chaleurs, forty-eight miles from Bathurst. It is one of the most important fishing stations in the Dominion. The lighthouse on Caraquet Island, at the entrance to the harbor, exhibits a fixed white light fifty-two feet above the level of the sea. Bathurst, Mr. Ryan’s native place, is the shire town of Gloucester county, and is situated on Bathurst Bay, a well-sheltered sheet of water, three and a half miles long and two miles wide, opening into Baie des Chaleurs. Here an extensive trade in the salmon fishery is carried on. The Intercolonial Railway runs near the town. Hon. Mr. Ryan has for many years been a leading man in his constituency, and is one of the county magistrates. He has also held the position of warden of the municipality of Gloucester, and has been chairman of the pilotage commission for the district of Caraquet. He began political life in February, 1876, when he was elected to the House of Assembly. Mr. Ryan exhibited in the house the same forcible business qualities which had caused him to be respected outside. At the general election of 1878 he was again nominated, and was a second time elected. At the general election, held 15th June, 1882, he contested his constituency for the third time with success. His great natural abilities, and his long experience as a parliamentarian, now entitled Mr. Ryan to a share of honors, and, on the 3rd of March, 1883, he was appointed a member of the Executive Council and chief commissioner of the board of works. He was considered to be so sure of his seat in the house that when he went to his constituency no opposition was offered to him, and he was re-elected by acclamation, 26th March, 1883. Hon. Mr. Ryan, as a departmental officer, amply fulfilled the expectations formed of him by the premier and attorney-general, Hon. A. G. Blair. The latest general election was held 26th April, 1886, and the government returned from the country unbroken. Messrs. Young and Ryan, the sitting members, were opposed by such strong candidates as T. J. McManus and T. Blanchard; but the former won easily, the vote standing—Young, 1,212; Hon. P. G. Ryan, 1,177; defeating McManus, 988; Blanchard, 835. Hon. Mr. Ryan is a staunch Liberal, and believes in progressive measures. He married, 26th January, 1862, Margaret, daughter of John Murphy. While yet in the prime of life, possessed of a good private business, and well to the fore in political position, he has probably still many years of usefulness ahead of him. The north shore of New Brunswick, with its extensive forests and fisheries, will come up as a manufacturing centre. Financial reverses have to some extent, during the last few years, hindered the prosperity of the country, but with the increase of railways and the consequent diversion of travel in this direction, will come a new era of commercial and industrial activity. Such men as Hon. P. G. Ryan are the backbone and life of the country.

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=Wainwright, William=, Assistant Manager Grand Trunk Railway, Montreal, like not a few of the prominent railway men of North America, is a native of England. He was born in a city which, from its situation and industrial and commercial importance, could not fail to be closely associated with whatever was most enterprising in the British railway movement of from forty to fifty years ago. It was not surprising that a young man of ability and ambition should be early attracted to a branch of business which had prizes for those who could win them. Mr. Wainwright, born on 30th of April, 1840, was not quite eighteen when he entered the service in January, 1858. He applied himself diligently to the tasks assigned him, and that he succeeded in mastering them in all their details was shown by the successive steps of promotion of which he was deemed worthy by his superiors. He began as junior clerk in the chief accountant’s office, but in due time rose to the positions of senior clerk, secretary to assistant-general manager, and general manager of the road with which he was connected. That line was the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway, which traverses a most important portion of central England. In 1862, Mr. Wainwright came to Canada and obtained a position on the Grand Trunk. For a year, he served as senior clerk in the accountant’s office. Then he was appointed secretary to the managing director, and in that capacity he continued for three years. We next find him filling the office of senior clerk in the manager director’s department, and taking charge of the car mileage. Thus passed six years more, and then Mr. Wainwright became general passenger agent. As such he was widely known and gave general satisfaction as well to his colleagues and superiors as to the public that had dealings with him. He remained in that position for upwards of eight years, until in May, 1881, he received the appointment of assistant-manager, the duties of which he still so ably discharges. Mr. Wainwright was also general manager of the North Shore Railway, from April, 1883, until the transfer of that line to the Canadian Pacific Railway. Mr. Wainwright is highly esteemed in private life, being as agreeable in social intercourse as he is assiduous and conscientious in the discharge of his official duties.

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=Rose, Hon. Justice John E.=, LL.D., Toronto, one of the Judges of the Court of Common Pleas, was born at Willowdale, county of York, on the 4th of October, 1844. His father, who came from the vicinity of Kingston, was born in 1806, and is at the present time the oldest Methodist minister in Canada, and was long and favorably known to the denomination as the manager for many years of the Methodist book concern in Toronto. His mother, who belongs to the Street family, was a native of the Niagara District. Judge Rose received his early education at the Dundas Grammar School, and after a successful academic course at Victoria College, Cobourg, graduated there in 1864. Making choice of law for his profession, he diligently pursued his studies in the offices of Ross, Bell & Holden, of Belleville, and of Patterson, Beaty, & Hamilton, of Toronto. In 1866 he took his degree in law, and in the following year was called to the bar of the province. He commenced the practice of his profession in Toronto, and was soon successful in building up a large and remunerative business, the firm ultimately including five partners and giving employment to about a score of clerks. In 1881 he obtained his silk gown as Queen’s counsel, and with this merited honor and the enhanced professional status, came increase of business and the continued confidence of a large and rapidly extending circle of clients. He was specially retained by Parkdale to procure from the railway committee of the Privy Council an order for the construction of the sub-way on Queen street, which was the first order of the kind made under the Act, and was obtained in spite of the opposition of four powerful railway companies. Mr. Rose was equally successful in conducting the well-known case of Moore v. the Mutual Insurance Company which eventually was decided in the plaintiff’s favor by the Imperial Privy Counsel; and in other important suits of a commercial character his professional abilities have won him deserved honors. From an early age he took a deep interest in the affairs of the Methodist church, and became an active and zealous worker in its ranks. He was at first connected with Elm street Church, Toronto, but on the erection of the Metropolitan Church he associated himself with those who were the founders of that edifice, and on Dr. Punshon’s departure for England he became an official member and trustee of the Metropolitan Church, and the recording secretary of the board. Mr. Rose is also a member of the Senate of Victoria University, in whose affairs he takes a warm interest, and in 1886 that university conferred upon him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1883 the Dominion government appointed him to a judgeship in the Common Pleas Division of the High Court of Justice for Ontario, rendered vacant by the elevation of Mr. Justice Osler to the Court of Appeal. The appointment gave universal satisfaction to the profession, by whom the learned judge is held in high esteem, for to this elevated and honorable position on the bench of his native province Mr. Rose brought eminent abilities, a well read, judicial mind, industrious and pains-taking habits, and a ready faculty of discerning the essential points of a case and of soundly determining the law. In not a few of his charges to juries he has shown himself a wholesome and stern moralist, and determined to exercise for good his high position on the bench. Judge Rose was a Liberal Conservative in politics. In 1868 he married Kate Macdonald, of Toronto, by whom he has three children.

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=Macallum, Archibald=, M.A., LL.B., Hamilton, Ontario, was born in the parish of Killmichell, Argyleshire, Scotland, on the first day of August, 1824. His parents were Donald and Mary Macalpine Macallum. He was the third son and the eighth child in a family of eleven. When he was about six years of age he came with the other members of the household to Canada, and after a short delay settled in East Hawkesbury, county of Prescott. He was, during the first fourteen years of his life, a healthy, active boy, full of life and spirits, and always cheerful and hopeful. But at the end of that period he had a severe attack of inflammation of the lungs, which, owing to the heroic treatment then in vogue, permanently weakened his constitution and probably laid the foundation of the disease that caused his early and lamented death. During Mr. Macallum’s boyhood he spent a number of years in attending school and working at intervals on the farm. The facilities for securing an education were, in those days, and in that locality, very limited. The schools in the country sections were of an inferior character, and books were difficult to obtain, but by availing himself of every opportunity of securing tuition, and perseverance in private study, he was enabled, at a comparatively early age, to fit himself, in some measure at least, for the profession of a teacher, and taught for a few years in his own vicinity with acceptance and success. Sometimes, in order to keep ahead of his more advanced pupils, he was compelled to study with great diligence in the intervals of school work, but he then formed the habit of constant progress in the search for knowledge which remained with him for life. He was always advancing in his attainments, and never satisfied with the progress he had made. Once only did he yield to the restlessness and love of change that characterize the average boy. He tried for one winter the life of a lumbering man, and went to Quebec on a raft during the following summer; but that life was not to his taste, and he returned to the work of teaching. When the Normal School at Toronto was about to be opened, the late Dr. Ryerson proposed that each county council should send one student, who, after taking the Normal course, at the expense of the council, should return and illustrate and apply, in a sort of model school, the principles he had learned in the provincial institution. In accordance with this suggestion, the council of the counties of Prescott and Russell arranged for an examination of candidates for this purpose to be held at L’Orignal. Mr. Macallum was advised to attend this examination. He succeeded in the competition, and was sent as the leading student of his county to Toronto. He was one of the earliest pupils of the Normal School, immediately took a high position, and obtained the first first-class certificate ever granted by the Educational department of Upper Canada. He was soon appointed to the position of principal of the Provincial Model School in connection with the institution in which he had received his training. Nothing could more fully show the high esteem in which he was held by the instructors of the school, and by Dr. Ryerson, who at that time took a direct personal interest in the welfare of the Normal and Model Schools. It is worthy of remark that Mr. Macallum’s high sense of honor would not allow him to accept the distinguished office offered him until he had received the full permission of the Prescott county council, and pledged himself to refund all advances made by them on his behalf. He entered upon his duties as principal with his usual energy, and from the first the Model School was a success. He secured the respect and affection of his pupils, and received many tokens of their esteem. He remained in Toronto until the year 1858, when he removed to Hamilton to take charge of the public schools in that city. He was principal of the Hamilton Central School until the passing of the Educational Act of 1874, when he became Public School Inspector. For twenty years he remained at the head of the school system of Hamilton, and the marked progress of the institutions under his care gave evidence of the ability and assiduity with which his important duties were prosecuted. He died in the midst of the people in whose service he had spent the richest and ripest years of his life. The flags flying at half-mast in every part of the city, the distinguished cortege that followed his remains to their last earthly resting-place, and the resolutions of sympathy sent to his widow from all the leading societies, told of the esteem in which he was held. Hamilton mourned for him as for an honored father. Mr. Macallum’s career as a student kept pace with his work as an educator. In 1864 he took the degree of B.A., in Toronto University; in 1866 he obtained his M.A., and in 1877 his LL.B. As an author, Mr. Macallum occupied no mean place. His publications were principally practical works on education. Several valuable charts, some historical, and one relating to the animal kingdom, were prepared by him. He was the author of a work on grammar, and another on history, and in 1878 he published an English Literature Primer, the merit of which was so universally recognized that in a single year it ran through five editions. As a lecturer he met with considerable success, choosing in almost every case scientific subjects. As a citizen and a man of business Mr. Macallum’s abilities were known and appreciated. He was a director of the Canada Fire and Marine Insurance Company, the Canada Loan and Banking Co., the Hamilton Street Railway Co., and The Hamilton Ladies’ College. In the several patriotic and fraternal societies which draw men nearer to each other, and foster brotherly feeling and national sentiment, Mr. Macallum found a worthy place. As a Scotchman he had that love for his native land that characterizes every good man and true. At the time of his death he was the honored president of the St. Andrew’s Society in Hamilton. He was an organizer, and chief, of the Caledonian Society. He was also a respected member of Barton lodge, A. F. & A. M. His charities in connection with these and other institutions were large, and so unostentatiously dispensed, that their full extent was not known until after his death. In politics Mr. Macallum was a Liberal. Though he held decided views on many of the public questions of the day, he was moderate in expressing them, and kind and considerate towards all who differed from him. He had deep convictions of the responsibilities and duties belonging to good citizenship, and he was never led by mere sentiment. He made up his mind carefully on these as well as on other subjects, and was not to be moved from his conclusions after having reached them. His piety was deep and fervent, but undemonstrative. He was not the man to parade his cherished emotions and experiences before a mixed multitude, yet with those of kindred spirit he delighted to hold Christian fellowship. His parents belonged to the Established Church of Scotland, in which communion they remained to the end of life. Their son found his way, while yet a youth, to a Wesleyan place of worship, and at the age of sixteen years, he remained after the public service to a class-meeting led by the Rev. Franklin Metcalf, and united with that church. To the day of his death he remained a Methodist, and during his residence in Hamilton he held the positions of class-leader, trustee, and steward, in the Centenary Church. He was a consistent, earnest, and thoughtful Christian, and kept himself unspotted from the world. His sympathies and efforts were not, however, confined to his own communion, for every evangelical community found in him a brother and co-worker. The esteem in which he was held by the Christian public appeared in the fact that he was chosen as the first Canadian delegate, with the Rev. Dr. Gibson (then of Montreal), to the International Sunday School Lesson Committee from 1872 to 1879, the year in which he died. His eminent literary abilities, his rich scholarship, and his profound acquaintance with the word of God, made him an exceedingly valuable workman in this important field. In connection with these duties he visited New York, Baltimore, Chicago, Indianapolis, Atlanta and New Haven. During the early part of Mr. Macallum’s residence in Toronto, he married Maria, daughter of the Rev. Ezra Adams. This union was a very happy one, though not of long duration. Her early and unexpected death was deeply felt by him. Some years after, in 1859, he married Mary Biggar, daughter of Herbert Biggar, of Mount Pleasant, in the county of Brant. Mr. Biggar is still living at the advanced age of more than eighty years. He was for some years a member of the old Canadian parliament, and served his friends nearer home for a length of time in the county council. Mr. Macallum’s second marriage was an exceedingly happy one. Their home was one of quiet comfort, made bright and beautiful by mutual kindness. All that a wise and thoughtful affection could do to aid him in health and soothe and comfort him during the lingering illness that took him away, was done. His wife and five children survive him. Though he died at the early age of fifty-five years, few names were so long and prominently before the public as an educator. For more than thirty years he occupied a position amongst the teachers of this province second to none. Largely self-educated and self-developed, he was a bright example of what may be done, with little or no aid from others. His life in the home, the school, the church, and among his fellow-citizens was one of quiet power. Few men did more for the educational interests of this country in his day than he did. But his intellectual attainments and accomplishments were rendered more influential by the unswerving integrity of his life and the moral beauty of his character.

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