A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography: Being Chiefly Men of the Time (part 6 of 8)

A Cyclopaedia of Canadian Biography: Being Chiefly Men of the Time (part 6 of 8)

=Emmerson, Rev. Robert Henry=, New Brunswick.—The late Rev. Robert Henry Emmerson, a clergyman of the Baptist denomination in New Brunswick, had his birth in Northumberland county, N.B., October 11th, 1826. His father was John Emmerson, who at an early age came from England with his parents to Charlottetown, P.E.I., and his mother, Maria Tozer, of Miramichi, N.B. Both were members of the Baptist church in the latter place. In his boyhood Mr. Emmerson manifested a very marked taste for reading and study, with an acute perception and tenacious memory. The exercise of his mind on the subject of religion may be dated back to his earliest recollections. “From a child” he, like Timothy, “knew the Scriptures,” hence the readiness and fluency which always characterised him when quoting from the sacred volume. He first received the ordinary education obtainable at the common schools, thence attended the Baptist seminary—a high school or academy, in Fredericton, N.B.—after which he sought the greater facilities for education to be found at Acadia College, Wolfville, N.S., in order to be the better qualified for the work to which he felt himself called, namely, that of the ministry. In 1848 the Baptist church at Maugerville, one of the oldest settlements in New Brunswick, invited Mr. Emmerson to preach to them. He continued there two years. When at college his natural abilities were observed, and while pursuing his studies he frequently preached at Windsor, N.S., and elsewhere, by request. During this period he wrote a number of articles for the press, which attracted public attention. On the 29th of July, 1852, he was regularly set apart to the work of the ministry, and accepted the pastoral charge of the church at Maugerville, Sunbury county, N.B. At this time he was nearly twenty-six years of age. On the 10th of August, 1852, he married Augusta A. Read, eldest daughter of Joseph Read, senior member of the firm of Joseph Read & Co., of Minudie, N.S., and Boston, Mass. From July, 1852, to August, 1856, he retained the pastoral charge of the church in Maugerville. The records of that church show how ably and prosperously he filled that important office. During this period he read much, circulated a large amount of religious and intellectual reading, wrote for the public press, travelled extensively in the United States, kept up private and professional studies, and performed the arduous duties of the pastor, enjoying frequent revivals which involved a great amount of labor. In the spring of 1855 Mr. Emmerson made an extensive tour in the United States. While there he attended the general meeting of the American Bible Union, held at Chicago in May of that year. His letters to the Christian Visitor (the organ of the Baptists in New Brunswick), descriptive of the places he visited, gave evidence of great powers of observation, and an ability to take up the incidents and scenes of his travels and make them of interest to others. He vastly enjoyed his intercourse there with Dr. Cone, Dr. Wyckoff, and others then eminent in the Baptist denomination in the United States. Possessing a magnetism of manner, he made many warm friends there, and was strongly urged by them to make the United States his home. They believed that his remarkable ability as an extempore speaker rendered him peculiarly fitted for the pastorate of one of their city churches, where extempore preaching was then in demand. On his return home he received a call from a church in Cleveland, Ohio, but his strong attachment to home and the provinces prevented his acceptance. Subsequent overtures from churches in New York and Boston were refused for like reasons. In November of the same year Mr. Emmerson visited the Southern States. While there he was solicited to take charge of a church in Richmond, Va., but declined. In the columns of the Christian Visitor of that day are to be found many contributions from his pen. On the failure of Mrs. Emmerson’s health, he was compelled to leave Maugerville; and having received a call from the First Baptist Church of Moncton, N.B., he accepted it, and removed there on the 1st of September, 1856. Here was the scene of his last and most prominent labors. Moncton had then suddenly arisen to a place of importance among New Brunswick towns, on account of the railway operations, which had then just commenced, and of the shipbuilding industry, which then flourished there. The result was a large influx of people, which gave a wider scope and greater prominence to Mr. Emmerson’s labors. The church soon rose under his ministry, and their house of worship was found to be altogether too small. A large and expensive building was accordingly commenced, and was finished after his death. He only lived about a year after moving to Moncton, during which time very many were added to the church. What promised to be a useful and brilliant career was too soon ended. He died on the 11th of September, 1857, at the early age of thirty years and eleven months. His death was sudden, being caused by typhoid fever. In the mysterious providence of God he was, in the prime of manhood, in the full vigor of his ministry, and in the midst of a wide field of usefulness, called to his eternal rest. Mr. Emmerson will long be remembered as an eloquent speaker, an original thinker, and an earnest and exemplary worker in the cause of his Master. It was much regretted by his friends that his sermons were not prepared for publication, which would have been done had he lived longer. Mr. Emmerson left a widow and three children—two sons and a daughter—all of whom are now living. The sons, H. R. Emmerson and F. W. Emmerson, are barristers of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick in active practice; and the daughter is Emma Emmerson Atkinson, wife of H. Atkinson, of Moncton, N.B., barrister-at-law. Mrs. Atkinson is a prominent member and worker of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union of New Brunswick.

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=Brown, Henry Braithwaite=, Q.C., LL.M., Sherbrooke, Que., was born on 7th October, 1845, at Chichester, county of Sussex, England. His parents were Rev. Thomas Brown, M.A., prebendary of Chichester Cathedral, who died in October, 1878, and Jane Lewis Brown, née Goodyear. The subject of this sketch was educated at the prebendal school, and received an excellent classical education. In 1867 he left England and settled in Sherbrooke, his first position being that of principal of the Sherbrooke Academy. In 1886 he was elected bâtonnier of the bar for St. Francis district, and is now a delegate to the general council of the bar. He is also president of the Stanstead and Sherbrooke Mutual Fire Insurance Co., city attorney of Sherbrooke, and one of the trustees of Compton Ladies’ College. In politics he is a consistent Conservative, and in religion a staunch adherent of the Church of England. In 1872 he was married, at Quebec, to Charlotte Mary Holwell Bligh, a daughter of the late John Bligh of the Ordnance department of the War office at Quebec. He was admitted to the bar in December, 1871, received the degree of LL.M. from the University of Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, in 1883, and was appointed Q.C. in 1886.

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=Carbray, Felix=, Quebec, is the senior member of the well known firm of Carbray, Routh & Co., commission merchants, of Quebec and Montreal, and not only holds a good position in Quebec commercial society, which he has won by his business ability and energy, but fills a considerable space in the eyes of the Irish Catholic population of the ancient capital, whom he represented in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec, from 1881 to 1886. As may be surmised, Mr. Carbray, though a native of Canada, is of Irish extraction. Both of his parents were from the county Tyrone, Ireland, and his father, the late Niall Carbray, who was a farmer, occupied for many years the historic Holland farm, near the city of Quebec, where the subject of this sketch was born on the 23rd December, 1835. His mother’s maiden name was Catherine Connolly. He was also educated at Quebec, where he has resided throughout his life, though he has travelled extensively in America and Europe, principally on business connected with the trade in lumber, in which his house is engaged. He was one of the pioneers of the lumber trade between the St. Lawrence and South America, and is still largely interested in it. In addition to his other duties, he fills the important position of consul of Portugal at the port of Quebec. A Roman Catholic in religion, Mr. Carbray has been honored by the St. Patrick’s congregation of Quebec with election and re-election as one of the trustees of their church, and is also a trustee of that noble Irish Catholic charity, the St. Bridget’s Asylum, of Quebec. He has taken an equally active and leading part in all the local national movements of his fellow-countrymen, and has been president of the St. Patrick’s Literary Institute, the Irish National Association, and other Irish bodies in Quebec. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and at the provincial general elections in 1881, yielding to the solicitations of his friends, he ran as the party candidate for the electoral division of Quebec West and, after a hard fight, was elected by a good majority to represent that constituency in the Legislative Assembly in the province. His parliamentary career was very creditable. Though he did not often address the House, he was always listened to with the utmost respect, being an equally good speaker and debater in both English and French, and never wasting his powder except on serious and interesting subjects with which he was most conversant, such especially as questions of finance and commerce. In fact, so marked a figure was he in this respect in the legislature from 1881 to 1886, that rumor frequently connected his name with a cabinet office, and there is little doubt that had he continued in public life and his party been re-elected to power at the general elections of 1886, he would have sooner or later, entered the provincial ministry. During the last session of his term, he was the mover in the Legislative Assembly of the resolutions adopted by that body in favor of granting Home Rule to Ireland, and expressing sympathy with Mr. Gladstone in his efforts to solve the Irish problem peacefully, without dismembering the Empire. At the general elections on the 14th October, he again ran as the Liberal-Conservative candidate for Quebec West, and, though political feeling in the province ran high at the time, owing to the Riel agitation, was only defeated by the slender majority of eight votes, owing largely to over confidence on the part of his friends. Since then, Mr. Carbray has devoted himself exclusively to the management of the large and growing business of his firm. In May, 1854, he married Margaret, daughter of William Carberry, who emigrated to Quebec from Carrick-on-Suir, Waterford, Ireland, in 1847.

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=Emmerson, Henry Robert=, LL.B., Dorchester, N.B., was born at Maugerville, in the county of Sunbury, province of New Brunswick, on the 25th day of September, 1853. He is a son of the Rev. Robert Henry Emmerson, Baptist clergyman, and Augusta Read Emmerson, his wife. His grandfather, John Emmerson, came from England, and engaged in the lumber business at Miramichi, N.B. At the time of the great fire there, in 1825, he lost much property, and came near losing his life. His grandfather, on the mother’s side, was Joseph Read, of Minudie, N.S., of the firm of Joseph Read & Co., of Minudie, N.S., and Boston, Mass. Mr. Read was one of the pioneers in the grindstone business between the provinces and the United States, and owned large and valuable quarries in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick at the time of his death. Our subject received a high school education at the following places:—St. Joseph’s College, Memramcook, N.B.; Amherst Academy, Amherst, N.S.; Mount Allison Academy, Sackville, N.B.; Boston English High School, Boston, Mass.; Horton Collegiate Academy, Wolfville, N.S., and attended lectures at Acadia College, Wolfville, N.S., for two years, pursuing a partial course, devoting his time principally to English, Latin, French, mathematics, and the natural sciences. In the year 1871 he went to Boston and attended a commercial college, and obtained a position in the office of the firm founded by his grandfather, and afterwards was given the position of bookkeeper. He continued in this position until 1874;, when he came to Dorchester, N.B., to pursue the study of the law in his native province, in the office of the then Hon. Albert J. Smith (afterwards Sir Albert J. Smith). Mr. Smith having given up his professional practice on account of his public duties as minister of marine and fisheries, he entered, in Michaelmas term, 1874, as a student-at-law in the office of Albert J. Hickman, barrister, who had succeeded to Mr. Smith’s law practice. He read law with Mr. Hickman until 1876, when he attended the Boston University Law School, in Boston, Mass. He graduated in June, 1877, with the degree of LL.B., and in Michaelmas term, 1877, was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court of New Brunswick. At the Law School he had the honor to carry off the prize from the members of the graduating class of that year for the best essay on “The Legal Condition of Married Women.” This prize, offered by the faculty of the Law School, was $50. In November, 1877, he entered into a legal copartnership with Mr. Hickman, in whose office he had studied. The firm of Hickman & Emmerson continued with success until the death of Mr. Hickman, in March, 1879, when Mr. Emmerson associated with Mr. Burton S. Read, under the firm name of Emmerson & Read. In 1882 Mr. Read retired from the practice of the law, and our subject continued alone until 1886, when the firm of Emmerson, Chandler & Chapman, consisting of William B. Chandler, LL.B., W. H. Chapman and himself, was formed. In 1883, on the death of Sir Albert J. Smith, K.C.M.G., Mr. Emmerson became the managing executor of his estate, under his will. He has been closely identified with the Westmoreland county Liberal Association for years, taking an active part in the affairs of the party in the county and province. Was one of the owners of the Daily Transcript, a Liberal newspaper, published at Moncton, N.B., until 1887, when it was purchased by Mr. Hawke. In the general election of 1887 he was selected by the Liberal party of Westmoreland to contest that county in the Liberal interest against Mr. Josiah Wood, the Conservative M.P. for that county, and who had defeated Sir Albert J. Smith in the contest of 1882. He was defeated by about the same majority that Mr. Wood had over the late Sir Albert Smith. The Liberal party in this contest pledged itself to run the election within the letter and spirit of the law relating to bribery and corruption, and the resolution was most rigidly observed. The Liberals claimed that their opponents did not observe any such rule. Mr. Emmerson has travelled over a portion of the eastern and middle States, and Canada. In religious belief Mr. Emmerson adheres to the faith of his father and mother, who were Baptists. In June, 1878, he married Emily C. Record, only daughter of C. B. Record, iron founder, of Moncton, N.B. Mr. Record was one of the first to establish an iron foundry in New Brunswick outside of St. John. Besides his practice as counsel in court, etc., our subject has a large practice in estate business. He is executor under the will of Thomas Keillor, late of Dorchester, whose estate is large. That, with Sir Albert Smith’s estate and other estates, demand much of his time. Notwithstanding his busy life, Mr. Emmerson has devoted considerable of his time to public affairs, having taken the field in every political contest since 1878. He is a speaker of marked ability, possessing a magnetism rarely found in the public speakers of the present day. He has also taken a deep interest in emigration matters, having instituted or inaugurated an emigration scheme from the kingdom of Denmark to the county of Westmoreland, N.B., the scheme being under the direct management of his firm. There is now being circulated in Denmark a pamphlet prepared by them, having for its object the encouragement of a good class of emigrants to occupy the new and unoccupied farms of that magnificent county. The expense attending upon this scheme is borne entirely by Mr. Emmerson and his firm. In his professional career Mr. Emmerson has been, during the past seven years, connected with almost every one of the important suits tried in Westmoreland and Albert counties. The case of ex parte Rand, a case arising out of the Scott Act election of 1884, involving the question as to what “scrutiny of votes” meant, was one of the important cases in which he was engaged, having been employed by the Westmoreland Prohibitory Alliance to look after their interests therein. Upon the advice of himself and Attorney-General Blair, the case was appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada, with success. In November, 1887, Mr. W. H. Chapman, one of his partners, having been appointed clerk of the county court of Westmoreland, retired from the firm, which is now Emmerson & Chandler, with offices at Dorchester and Moncton, in Westmoreland county. Mr. Emmerson’s talent as a public speaker has led him to be frequently called upon to lecture, which he occasionally does at places within the county. He is largely connected with the public enterprises of the county, and takes an active interest in the manufacturing, shipping, and other industrial institutions therein. With Mr. W. F. George, of Sackville, he has been at the back of the woollen manufacturing establishment at Port Elgin, N.B. Mr. Emmerson is solicitor for the Merchants’ Bank of Halifax, Dorchester and Moncton, and from 1882 until 1886, when he resigned, was agent of the Bank at Dorchester, not doing routine work, but having a supervision over and responsibility for the work. He is a director of the Maritime Baptist Publishing Company, the company managing and publishing The Messenger and Visitor, the organ of the Baptists in the maritime provinces. Our subject is a Liberal in English and Canadian politics, a great admirer of Gladstone and of Edward Blake. He is a strong advocate of free and unrestricted trade with the United States, and would break down all customs barriers. His commercial experience in Boston was to earn money to pursue his law studies, and also to give himself an insight into business affairs, as a help in his profession. Mr. Emmerson has three children, the eldest seven years of age.

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=Nolin, Charles=, Sheriff of St. John’s, Quebec, was born May 18th, 1819, in St. Athanase county, and district of Iberville. His father was Ambroise Nolin, Isle D’Orleans, Quebec, later of St. Luc, district of Iberville, a farmer by occupation, who married Margaret Morin, of St. Luc. Ambroise died at St. Athanase, in 1867, while his wife lived until 1882, in which year she succumbed at a ripe old age. Our subject received a good commercial education at the school of his native parish, commencing business on his own account as general merchant, at St. John’s, in 1846. This business he carried on successfully for fourteen years, and by strict business integrity, together with economical habits, was enabled to retire from active business pursuits. On the 16th of May, 1863, he was appointed high constable of St. John’s, which position he held until 1865, when he resigned to accept the office of deputy-sheriff, which was then tendered him; receiving his present appointment as high sheriff on the 17th of November, 1873. Sheriff Nolin married, in 1846, Clorinthe, daughter of J. Duquet, of Chateauguay, merchant, and whose son, Joseph, was one of the “patriots” of 1837, who were executed along with Cardinal, in Montreal, in 1838. Sheriff Nolin has had issue eleven children, seven of whom are now living, one of his sons being Professor Alphonse Nolin, who occupies the classical chair in the Ottawa College. C. A. G. Nolin, the eldest son, is now a merchant of some standing in Washington territory, U.S. Joseph, another son, is a dentist, practising at Ottawa. Of his daughters, Marie Louise married L. A. Trudeau, a dentist, of St. John’s; Marie Elmire Clorinthe married Joseph Hector La Rocque, druggist, of the same place, and Maria Eudolie married J. E. Z. Bouchard, advocate, St. John’s, and now holding the position as French translator to the government of Quebec; the youngest daughter, Rosalinda, not married, lives at home. In the troublous times of 1837-8, Mr. Nolin took part in the rebellion of that period, and was taken prisoner; he, however, being more fortunate than many of his comrades, was discharged. Sheriff Nolan is an adherent of the Roman Catholic faith, and an ardent supporter of the church and faith of his forefathers. Though now well advanced in years, he is yet full of vigor, and delights in recounting the more stirring events of his rather eventful life.

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=MacKinnon, Tristiam A.=, General Superintendent of the Ontario and Atlantic Division of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has his office in Montreal. Mr. Mackinnon belongs to that hardy, virtuous and thrifty stock of Scotch-Irish, who, to the best qualities of the race from which they sprang, have added something of the impetuosity, quick-wittedness and capacity for adapting themselves to new situations, which distinguish the Hibernian Celt. It is a stock that has been ably represented in North America. Both in the United States and Canada, a considerable proportion of the most prominent citizens in all walks of public and private life have been proud to belong to it: President Buchanan, Motley, the historian; the ill-fated Montgomery, the scene of whose death is one of the points of interest to the stranger visiting Quebec; the Workman family of Toronto and Montreal, the late Sir Francis Hincks, Bishop Charles Hamilton and his brother, the Hon. John Hamilton, and others that will, doubtless, at once occur to the reader, men as are by birth or descent, members of the same vigorous and progressive race. Mr. MacKinnon was born in Ireland, on the 7th of August, 1844. He did not enter the railway service at so early a stage in his career as some of his colleagues who have, like himself, risen to distinction. He had attained the years of mature manhood when, in December, 1868, he was offered and accepted the position of clerk and time-keeper in the Passumpsic Railroad shops at Lynderville, Vermont. His merit was quickly recognized. In 1871 he became superintendent’s clerk and acting superintendent on the same line, and remained in that twofold capacity in connection with the road until August, 1873, when he was made superintendent of the Brockville and Ottawa and Canada Central Railways. In October, 1880, he received the appointment of assistant general manager of the South Eastern Railway, in which position he acquitted himself with such satisfaction to the company and the public that it was deemed to the advantage of both to give him entire charge of the administration. Finally, on the transfer of the South Eastern Railway to the Canadian Pacific company, he was appointed (1st October, 1886), general superintendent of the Ontario and Atlantic division of that great line, and no person, directly or indirectly connected with the road, has had reason to regret his promotion.

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=Smith, William=, M.P. for South Ontario, Columbus, Ontario, was born in the township of East Whitby, November 16th, 1847, is the son of William Smith and Elizabeth Laing, his wife, natives of Morayshire, Scotland. He was educated at the public school, Columbus, and Upper Canada College, Toronto. He was a lieutenant in the 6th company (Brooklin), 34th battalion V. M. I. for a number of years. He has been a trustee of Columbus public school since 1869; was president of the South Ontario Agricultural Society in 1881; deputy reeve of the township of East Whitby from 1878 to end of 1882; reeve from 1883 to end of 1886; and is now vice-president of the Clydesdale Association of Canada. He belongs to the I.O.O.F., having joined November 11th, 1887. He has always taken an active part in both municipal and political affairs, and was defeated for the House of Commons in June, 1882, by fifty, but was successful at the last general election in 1887. In politics he is a Conservative; in religion a Presbyterian. He was married May 25th, 1880, to Helen Burns, daughter of the late James Burns, farmer, of the township of East Whitby. Mr. Smith is a farmer, and has lived on the same farm since his birth. He takes a great interest in Clydesdale horses, Durham cattle, and Cotswold sheep.

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=Power, Hon. Lawrence Geoffrey=, LL.B., was born in Halifax, N.S., on the 9th of August, 1841. His father, the late Mr. Patrick Power, was a prominent figure in Nova Scotia politics and represented the county of Halifax in the House of Commons from 1867 to 1878, with the exception of the period between the general elections of 1872 and 1874. The subject of this sketch began his school life at a day school taught in the basement of St. Patrick’s church, at Halifax, by an old gentleman named McDonald. This teacher having removed to an Acadian village called Chezzetcooke, some twenty-four miles from the city, his pupil, then eight years old, followed him, and remained under his care for about nine months longer. Shortly after his return to Halifax he became a pupil in St. Mary’s College, where he remained for some seven years. Amongst his teachers during this time were the Very Rev. Monsignor Power, lately deceased; the Rev. Canon Woods, now of Rockingham, Halifax county; and the Rev. Joseph P. Roles, now a prominent personage in the diocese of Chicago. Leaving Halifax in the Cunard steamer Europa, in February, 1858, after short visits to London and some other English cities, he entered St. Patrick’s Lay College, Carlow, Ireland, in the middle of March. At the midsummer examination he took a good place; and at the close of the next scholastic year, in July, 1859, the subject of this sketch, with three others, went over to England and passed the matriculation examination of the University of London. Two of the four candidates, hailing respectively from Australia and India, were placed in the second division, while a representative of Ireland and Mr. Power succeeded in getting into the first. It was a somewhat curious circumstance that one comparatively small Irish college should have sent to the same examination, in London, four candidates, each representing a separate continent. In October, 1859, Mr. Power matriculated at the Catholic University of Ireland, and became an inmate of St. Patrick’s House, Stephen’s Green, Dublin. Here he was a regular attendant at the various lectures for students of his year, and passed the various terminal examinations creditably. The long vacation of 1860 was spent in France, and the ensuing scholastic year was devoted chiefly to continuous and earnest study. At the close of the year he took the degree of Scholar at the Catholic University, and was placed first in each of the five classes in which he underwent terminal examinations. At the conclusion of the Dublin examinations, Mr. Power went to London, underwent the first B.A. examination in the University, and was placed in the first division. He was also one of six successful candidates at an examination for honors in Latin, held subsequently. While in Dublin, Mr. Power was an active member and secretary of the Debating and Literary Society conducted by the students of the University; and in July, 1861, was the winner of a silver medal awarded for the best English essay on a given historical subject. In a debate which had taken place some time before, he could find only one member who agreed with him in advocating the right of the Southern States to secede from the American Union. In the month of October, 1861, he returned to Halifax, and entered his father’s employ with a view of qualifying himself for the business of a merchant. A few months’ experience satisfied him that his vocation was not to mercantile life, and in the fall of 1862 he began the study of the law as an articled clerk in the office of J. W. & J. N. Ritchie. In the beginning of September, 1864, he became a student at the Law School of Harvard College, where he received the degree of Bachelor of Laws in January, 1866. Although not a hard student, he attended the lectures of the professors of that day—Joel Parker, Emory Washburn, and Theophilus Parsons—very regularly, and was generally present at the meetings of the Law School Parliament, which met fortnightly during term time. His first speech in this parliament was shortly after his entering the Law School, when he stood up alone to defend England against bitter attacks made upon her for the way in which she discharged her duties as a neutral during the civil war in the United States. As showing the American love of free speech, it may be added that he spoke without interruption, and was applauded when he closed. Among his class-mates at the Law School were Mr. Fairchild, now secretary of the United States treasury, and Oliver Wendell Holmes, jr., at present a judge of the Supreme Court of Massachusetts. Returning home in January, 1866, he completed his course of legal study, and was admitted to the bar in December of the same year. Since that time he has continued to practise law in his native city. From an early day he took a warm interest in politics, and before being admitted, wrote several articles for the Halifax Chronicle against the proposed confederation of the British North American provinces. During several months after his admission, he was a frequent editorial contributor to the Chronicle and the Citizen. In 1867, and again in 1871 and 1875, he was elected clerk assistant and clerk of bills to the House of Assembly of Nova Scotia. In this capacity it was his lot to draw up several important bills, including the Nova Scotia Medical Act, and the act defining the powers and privileges of the Provincial Legislature. In 1869 he was appointed a commissioner of schools for the city of Halifax, an office which he filled for ten years. In 1870 he was elected an alderman for ward Three, and served the usual term of three years. In 1874 he re-entered the city council, where he remained until October, 1877. In 1873 and 1874 he took an active part in the preparation of the Fourth Series of the Revised Statutes of Nova Scotia, and, in 1876, was associated with the present minister of justice in the preparation of a volume containing the laws and ordinances relating to the city of Halifax. In the beginning of February, 1877, he was called to the Senate to fill the vacancy caused by the non-attendance of Sir Edward Kenny. This appointment Mr. Power had at first declined, but after further consideration, decided to accept. The seat in the Senate was indirectly the result of a letter over the signature, “An Ultramontane,” published in the Toronto Globe, in March, 1876. This letter, which dealt with the hostile attitude assumed by the then Bishop of Montreal (Monseigneur Bourget), and some other Catholic prelates and clergymen, to the Liberal party, attracted at the time of its publication much attention. Probably his most important literary work since that time is “A Plea for the Senate,” a defence of the House of which he is a member, contained in two letters to the Toronto Globe, published in January and February, 1881. He is also the author of a paper entitled, “Vinland,” an account of the Norse discovery of America, read before the Nova Scotia Historical Society in the winter of 1887. Mr. Power drafted the charter of the University of Halifax, established by statute in 1876, and from that time until the practical extinction of the institution, owing to the withdrawal of the provincial grant by the Holmes government, in 1879, was an active and prominent member of the senate of the University, and an examiner in the Faculty of Law. Owing, in a great measure, to the numerical weakness of the Liberal party in the Senate of Canada, the subject of this sketch has, since his appointment, taken a very active part in the business of the House and its committees. While called upon to speak on subjects of every kind, he has given special attention to constitutional questions, railways, and the fisheries. Among his most important speeches may be mentioned one made in the session of 1879, in which were pointed out, for the first time in parliament, the many advantages of the Sault Ste. Marie route for a railway to the North-West; one in 1880 against the Deceased Wife’s Sister Bill; one in 1884 on the disproportion between the expenditure on the Intercolonial Railway and the receipts from that work; one on the question of Prohibition, and another on the route of the proposed “short line” railway from Montreal to the Lower Provinces, in 1885; one made during the discussion arising out of the proposal to take Senator O’Donohoe into the Cabinet, in 1886; and one made in the session of 1887 on a resolution introduced by Mr. Power, and unanimously adopted by the Senate, to the effect that in any negotiations for the admission of United States fishermen to the territorial waters of Canada, care should be taken that when admitted they should be subject to the laws and regulations governing our own fishermen. Amongst other parliamentary work done by the subject of this notice during recent years may be mentioned the drafting of the Nova Scotia Married Woman’s Property Act, which became law in 1884. Outside of politics, he has taken an active interest in various local matters of a public character, and is now a commissioner of schools for his native city; a commissioner of the Provincial Library, a director of the Victoria School of Art; a director of the Halifax Visiting Dispensary; one of the executive committee of the Halifax Ratepayers’ Association; and a member of the Nova Scotia Historical Society and of the Wanderers’ Athletic Association, as well as of certain associations connected with the Roman Catholic church. Although not a man of extreme views, but rather a conservative Liberal, Mr. Power has been consistent and resolute in his loyalty to the Reform party, and in his opposition to Liberal-Conservatism. His theory of government is that each individual, each family, each hamlet, village, town, city, county and province, should have the greatest liberty and self-government consistent with the safety of the common country, and that the business of government should be carried on according to the same principles which are adopted by prudent men in managing their own affairs. He thinks that the powers of the central government in Canada are greater than they should be, and that the machinery of that government is complicated, cumbrous, ineffective and expensive, to a lamentable degree. If these defects and abuses were removed, and the tariff framed in the interests of the mass of the population instead of as now in the interests of a very small minority, he thinks that the natural advantages of our country would ere long have the effect of largely increasing our wealth, population, and our importance in the eyes of the outside world. Mr. Power was married on the 23rd of June, 1880, to Susan, daughter of Mr. M. O’Leary, of Noodiquoddy, Halifax county.

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=McDonald, Rev. Clinton Donald=, B.A., B.L., B.D., M.A., Ph.B., B.Sc., Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Thorold, Ontario, was born in the city of Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the 17th June, 1842. His father, Angus McDonald, and his mother, Mary McDonald, both belonged to the Clan McDonald, of Glencoe, Inverness-shire, and had moved to Glasgow shortly before the birth of their only son. In Glasgow, Angus McDonald, a stalwart Highlander, over six feet in height, served for several years in the city police force, and afterwards removed to the village of Dalmuir, in Dumbartonshire, where he was employed in Tennant’s chemical works, and here he died. Both his parents died before Clinton had seen his tenth birthday, and thus the orphan boy, with his only sister, were thrown upon the world to push their way the best they could. For five or six years Clinton spent his time among the farmers in the parishes of Old Kilpatrick, Cardross, and Row; and having saved a little money he emigrated to Canada. Shortly after his arrival he found employment as a farm hand in the county of Huron, and worked there for about three years as such. Being addicted to no vices, steady, moral, and frugal in his habits, he had in these few years acquired sufficient money to enable him to obtain that which of all things he had long desired, namely, a better education. With this object in view, he gathered together his worldly possessions, and started from the backwoods of the township of Hullett, and took up his abode in the town of Clinton. Here he entered the public school, then taught by John McFaul, where he continued for a year, and then spent another year in the High school taught by George Argo, B.A. When he first entered school he had but the slightest knowledge of geography and grammar, and only the most elementary rules in arithmetic, yet at the end of these two years he had made such rapid progress that, at the examination for teachers in the county of Huron, he obtained a first class teachers’ certificate. He then took up teaching as a profession, and for about two years successfully prosecuted this work. But the desire for a still higher education had taken such possession of his mind that he determined to still further prosecute his studies. He entered Knox College, Toronto, and having passed its full literary and classical courses, entered Toronto University, and passed the first three of its five examinations in the Arts course. Before completing the Arts course in the university he entered the divinity hall of Knox College to study Theology, and on the completion of this course he entered the ministry. During his college course, which lasted about six years, the Rev. Mr. McDonald gained marked distinction, and at the competitive examinations carried off so many of the cash prizes that he was able thereby to pay all the costs of his college career. In 1877, the congregation of the First Presbyterian church of Thorold called the Rev. Mr. McDonald, who at that time had charge of the Presbyterian church at Point Edward, near Sarnia, to become its pastor, and since then the church has had a very successful career. The population of Thorold, through the completion of certain public works in its vicinity, is now about one thousand less than it was when Rev. Mr. McDonald went there, yet though the number of people in the town is much less, the number of members in the Presbyterian church is much greater; that is, while the population has fallen from about three thousand down to two thousand, yet the number of members in the church has risen from ninety-nine up to one hundred and eighty. Looking at the facts above stated, we may fairly conclude that Rev. Mr. McDonald is evidently a man of push and perseverance, and we predict for him a highly honourable career, such an one as must fall to the lot of a man who has thus steadily worked himself up to his present position in the church.

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=Coldwell, Albert Edward=, M.A., Professor of Natural Science, Acadia College, Wolfville, N.S., was born at Gaspereau, Kings county, N.S., September 18th, 1841. The Coldwell family is of English origin, the family name in its present form having been handed down for some centuries. Mr. Coldwell’s great-great-grandfather came to Nova Scotia from New England and took up lands in the beautiful valley of the Gaspereau. Many of his descendants are now living in the immediate vicinity. Our subject’s father was Ebenezer Coldwell and his mother Mary Stevens, also a well known family in Nova Scotia. Mr. Coldwell’s maternal uncle, Rev. James Stevens, was widely known and respected, not only in Nova Scotia but outside of it, as a prominent member of the Baptist ministry, up to the time of his death which occurred at a ripe old age. Mr. Coldwell was educated at Horton Collegiate Academy and Acadia College. He pursued the general classical course, graduating B.A. (with honours) in 1869. At the end of Sophomore year he won the monthly essay prize and in his senior year the Alumni essay prize of $40 open to all undergraduates. Obtained his M.A. degree in 1872. In 1877, Mr. Coldwell won the Vaughan prize of £20 sterling for the best essay on the History of Acadia College. This history is published in the memorial volume issued by the college in 1881, and apart from its historical value is a gem of literary excellence. Prof. Coldwell has not been satisfied with education derived from books alone, but has travelled somewhat extensively and thereby came into immediate contact with the scholars of other countries. For a short time he resided in London, making the most of his opportunities, and he is also familiar with the centres of thought in the eastern and middle States. It is scarcely necessary to add that he is a Baptist. He also married into a well known family of that denomination, his wife being Jessie, a daughter of W. J. Higgins, and niece of Professor Higgins, of Acadia College, and also of Rev. Dr. Higgins, pastor of the Wolfville Baptist Church. In January, 1871, Mr. Coldwell was appointed instructor in mathematics in Horton Collegiate Academy, which post he filled until 1882, when he was appointed instructor in Natural Science in Acadia College. In June, 1884, he was appointed professor in that department, which position he still holds. Prof. Coldwell’s reputation does not rest alone upon his connection with Acadia, but in consequence of the special attention he has given to science studies since graduating he is rapidly gaining a name for himself in the scientific world.

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=Spencer, Charles Worthington=, Montreal, general superintendent eastern division Canadian Pacific Railway, was born on the 31st October, 1857, at Kemptville, Ont. He would confer no small service on mankind, and especially on that portion of it which constitutes the business world of our modern civilization, who would set forth, in the form of “brief biographies,” the stages by which men attain success in the various walks of active life. Soldiers, statesmen, litterateurs, men of science, scholars, and churchmen, who have achieved distinction, rarely lack pens to celebrate their courage, their genius, their learning and their discoveries. Their names become household words in the professions or occupations by which they have risen to fame, so that those who succeed them in the same path of effort are at no loss for examples by which to shape their own careers. In the vast range of multifarious activity—the world of commerce and skilled industry, the world of railroads and steamships, to which our age is mainly indebted for its practical progress—it is unfortunately otherwise. Hundreds of the men who have blessed their kind while advancing their own interest—who have opened up new fields of human labor, who have broadened the realm of trade, and, by inventions, adaptations and administrative talent, have brought communities, severed by thousands of miles, into friendly contiguity, and given facility, safety and comfort to the intercourse between nation and nation—have been allowed to pass away with hardly a record of their existence, and still oftener without any worthy memorial of their services to their fellowmen. To the young man just beginning life; such a biographical collection, based on the careers of men who by the faithful and conscientious use of natural and acquired advantages had won for themselves a name and position in their chosen path of endeavors, would be of untold value. He would learn what qualities to accentuate, what dangers to avoid, how best to avail himself of opportunities as they offered, and, in time, how, by serving faithfully, to fit himself eventually for the task of supervision and command. When such a work, or series of works (as this), is given to the public, there is one name which it is sure to include in its list of examples, that which stands at the head of this memoir. Charles Worthington Spencer, general superintendent of the eastern division of the Canadian Pacific Railway, has the peculiar distinction of being the youngest man in his profession who fills so high and responsible a position. To what gifts and energies he owes his promotion those who have the pleasure of his acquaintance need not be informed. Able, courteous, with a mental grasp that can take in wide surveys, without at the same time neglecting details, he has risen step by step to the exalted place which he occupies with a rapidity rarely, if ever, paralleled on any of our great American lines. Mr. Spencer, at the present time, 1888, is only in his thirty-first year. He entered the railway service on the 7th day of May, 1871, and was operator and clerk at the Ottawa station until May, 1874, when he became assistant agent. He then passed successively through the stages of assistant train despatcher, chief train despatcher, traffic superintendent, assistant superintendent, and assistant general superintendent. From 1st August, 1884, to 30th April, 1885, he was assistant general superintendent of the eastern division; from the latter date to 27th September, 1886, he was assistant general superintendent of the eastern and Ontario divisions. From the latter date to 25th September, 1887, he was acting general superintendent of the same division. On the date last mentioned he received the important appointment which he still holds, that of general superintendent of the eastern division. The whole of Mr. Spencer’s experience was gained in Canada, and in connection with the great enterprise to which he is still so honorably attached. If Canada has reason to be proud of her industry and commerce, which of late have so grand a development, she owes her progress in those respects to her great public works and improvements, her chain of canals and net-work of railways, which same have made inter-communication possible. Of these, the C. P. R. takes the acknowledged lead, and of the men to whom that great route is indebted for that perfection of equipment and administration which have won it the public confidence at home and the admiration of foreigners, not the least worthy of grateful recognition is Charles Worthington Spencer.

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=Tetreau, Rev. F.=, was born at St. Hyacinthe, on October 11th, 1819. His parents were honest farmers. Left an orphan when very young, his grandparents carefully watched over his earliest education. At the age of twelve years, under the kind and generous protection of the curé of his parish, he entered and commenced his classical studies at the St. Hyacinthe College, and there terminated them with great success in 1838, in the midst of such distinguished men as the present Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario and the Archbishop of St. Boniface. After mature reflection, this young philosopher became a priest, and consecrated his life to the care and instruction of the young of that institution, which so deservedly merited all his gratitude and devotion. One day his bishop remarked to him, “Be a pillar of the seminary.” This remark became an order, accepted and carried out in its fullest extent. For more than half a century the “pillar” has been in its place, and has only bowed to the inevitable march of time, and Providence has blessed him, and crowned his ripe years with success. The aged priest has the energy and ardor of his younger days, leading a uniform life, and filling all the necessary duties of a college professor. He has practised in his deportment the ascetic maxim, “Ama nesciri et pro nihilo reputari.” This maxim did not prevent him keeping up kindly relations with his brothers in religion or his old pupils, all deeply attached to the cradle of their intellectual life. He was also much interested in the young writers of St. Hyacinthe, as well as elsewhere, Oscar Dunn being one of those of whom he retains an intimate and indelible remembrance. Who knows but that the old priest, in the exuberance of his youth, was guilty of many press delinquencies? Whether he was on the side of the press or not, it is certain he has written a great deal. Since 1849 he has chronicled, collected and made note of every event of importance which has taken place in the world, particularly in Canada, but more especially at St. Hyacinthe and the college. As every change occurs, it has been carefully committed to writing day by day, and these memoirs in the future will serve as a foundation for local history. Those who have had the privilege of seeing the manuscript agree that it is most valuable. After this short and condensed notice, it will easily be understood that the Rev. F. Tetreau has been one of the useful workers of this earth, and his life a general benefit to his fellow-creatures, always practising the maxim, “Ama nesciri et pro nihilo reputari.”

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=Fry, Edward Carey= (Henry Fry & Co., of Quebec) was born in Bristol, the commercial capital of the west of England, on the 24th June, 1842. Although, like many others of our prominent men in the various walks of life, the subject of our sketch was not born in Canada, he is, nevertheless, by commercial training, more than thirty years’ residence in the country, and also by marriage, a typical Anglo-Canadian. He is one of the leading members of Quebec commercial society. His parents were of the middle class in life, but still possessed of sufficient means to give their numerous family the elements of a good sound English commercial education. His surname at once suggests some connection with the Society of Friends commonly known as “Quakers,” and with good reason, for his immediate ancestors were certainly of that denomination, while there is little doubt that those more remote were of the band who left England for these shores to avoid religious persecution, and who appear to have settled in New Brunswick, as the name is well known around St. Stephen’s to this day. In fact, when Mr. Fry’s elder brother, Henry, first landed there in 1853, the first person to address him bore exactly the same name as himself, and with little difficulty they traced their descent to a common ancestor. A Peter Fry left New Brunswick and settled in the county of Somerset, England, where he became the founder of that branch of the family, and numerous are the mural tablets in the picturesque village churches of that county to the memory of different members of this family, who seem to have been held in the highest respect, as was its founder, of whom the following is recorded in marble in the parish church of Axbridge, Somerset:—

“To the Memory of PETER FRY,

Who resigned his spirit into the hands of his Redeemer, 21st September, 1787, Aged 52 years.

That his example may be a light to others Let this stone record his virtues. In transacting business he showed great ability and clear understanding and a sound judgment. He was much trusted and never betrayed a trust; yet his inviolable integrity was tempered with the gentlest humanity. In social life, he was benevolent, friendly and charitable. In his domestic connexions, prudent, affectionate, and tender. In his commerce with God, in whom he placed a truly Christian confidence, humble, pious and resigned. Reader,

‘Go and do thou likewise.’”

George Fry, the father of our subject, though not a member of the Society of Friends, was educated in one of their schools, and a certain amount of quiet reserve, sedateness, and plainness of speech descended from the father to several of his sons, who are still apt to call a spade a “spade” and not an “agricultural implement.” Mr. Edward Carey Fry received his education at the grammar school of Bristol, a city famous for its schools, and by the time he had received all that his friends could give him in that respect, his elder brother Henry had become a Canadian ship-owner, while several of his other brothers were at sea. It was decided that the boy, Edward, should follow their example and he was accordingly apprenticed to Henry and served some time in one of his ships, the well known old Lotus. Although by this means he acquired a knowledge of the sea and of ships, which has since been very valuable to him in his capacity of Lloyd’s Agent, life in a timber ship was necessarily distasteful to a lad of his stamp and, as it was seen, that by education and a certain amount of refinement he was more fitted for his brother’s office in Quebec than for the forecastle of a timber ship, the change was made. There the business portion of his education commenced, progressed, and was completed under his brother’s fostering care, so that for experience of Canadian timber and shipping matters and especially of all that concerns the port of Quebec and its trade, he is probably excelled by none. He was finally taken into partnership by Mr. Henry Fry, a connection only to be dissolved by the lamented break-down of the latter gentleman’s health owing to overwork very largely honorary, philanthropic, and for the welfare of his fellow citizens of Quebec, by whom no one was more highly respected or deservedly regretted. The business has since been carried on by Mr. Edward Carey Fry, under the old and honoured name. After becoming a citizen of Quebec, Mr. Edward Fry added to his previous ties by marrying Elizabeth, the daughter of the Revd. David Marsh, the well-known and esteemed Baptist minister of Quebec, who, like her young husband, was born in England, though transplanted to this country at a very early age. They have a large family of bright, intelligent boys and girls, undoubtedly showing in their physique their Anglo-Saxon origin, but Canadian born and with all the advantages of education that an excellent school system can supply. Mr. Fry has been associated from infancy with the Baptist church. In fact he was named after the great Baptist missionary, Edward Carey, and, as a child, attended Broadmead Baptist chapel, Bristol, well known to the religious world as having been the scene of the labours of Drs. Robert Hall, Foster, and Evans, whose names are historical. In politics, like his elder brother, it is understood that he declines to be tied to any party, his motto being “measures, not men,” and that he will support either side when he believes they are acting honestly for the welfare of his adopted country. If he has a bias, it is believed to be in favour of perfect liberty and equality in religion, politics and commerce, which is only what might be expected from one not very remotely connected with the freedom-loving Society of Friends. At one time his firm was largely interested in the timber business, but this branch has been abandoned by it for some years and its time and attention are now wholly devoted to shipping and commission. Mr. Fry’s position as Lloyd’s Agent and agent for other British and continental underwriters at Quebec, and representing, as he does, several large ship-owning houses, both sail and steam, have given him an extensive and unique experience in getting vessels and cargoes out of difficulties at the least possible cost to all concerned. Like most Quebecers, who have commercial relations with England, he takes periodical trips to his native land. In fact, he has crossed the Atlantic at least fifty times, and it must be said to the credit of his filial affection and sense of patriotism that he never allows his business on such occasions to prevent him, when in England, from paying a visit of love and reverence to the home of his ancestors in Somersetshire, and especially to his father’s native place, the pretty village of Winscombe, where, notwithstanding the march of modern improvement, all is still rustic simplicity. The beautiful old church, with its wealth of historic associations from the days of the Crusaders downwards, and its picturesque churchyard, which commands a series of views of a lovely country and contains one of the finest yew trees in England, are still just as his father knew them in his youth. Time has not perceptibly changed them; but the spot, more than all others, which always interests the son, is that immediately in front of the font in the sacred edifice, on which his father was held for baptism over a hundred years ago. On one of his visits to Winscombe church, Mr. Fry had the pleasure of examining its old register and has now in his possession a certified copy of his father’s baptismal record—a quaint interesting memorial of the past in the old English way of writing. It shows that the old man was born as far back as 1783, or seventeen years before the beginning of the present century, and it can be readily imagined that many notable events in the world’s history were embraced within the recollection of one whose span of existence was prolonged down to our own times in 1868. Mr. Fry still vividly recalls listening at his father’s knee to his stories of his long life, how he could just remember hearing in his boyhood the startling news of the execution of Louis XVI. and his queen Marie Antoinette, and how, as his memory became more vigorous with his growth, he retained more vivid impressions with regard to the battles of the Nile, St. Vincent, and Trafalgar, the nation’s mourning for Nelson, and the times of privateering in which Bristol took a very prominent part, and when wheat was nevertheless a guinea a bushel in the midst of all the ill-gotten wealth of that day. “Fine times those were for the landlords and farmers”—used the old man to say—“but the common people were reduced to the verge of starvation.” And he often added that, though he had probably outlived all the leading spirits of those privateering days, he could not remember any case in which the money so acquired appeared to have done any real good, and that he hoped to see the day when, in time of war, the rights of inoffensive private property would be respected and privateers receive the only rights to which, in his opinion, they were entitled—a good rope at the yard-arm as pirates. Other milestones in his memory, on which he frequently loved to descant for the benefit of his children, were the days of the Regency, the battle of Waterloo, the death of Napoleon, the trial of Queen Caroline, whose husband he thought a sensual brute, though he was styled “the first gentleman in Europe;” the passing of the Reform Bill, the opposition to which by the member for Bristol, Sir Charles Wetherall, contrary to the wishes of his constituents, caused fearful riots and loss of life in that city, the second and even the third French revolution, the abolition of slavery under the British flag in 1834, the accession and marriage of Queen Victoria, the abolition of the corn laws, and the abandonment by Great Britain of protection for the benefits of a vigorous free trade policy. It is scarcely necessary to say that these stirring reminiscences made a deep impression on young Fry’s mind and that, while as a man to-day his preference is for his adopted country and his faith strong in the greatness of its future, he still yields to none either in love for Old England or in unswerving adherence in public and private to the sturdy principles of rectitude which seem to have been so marked a characteristic of his worthy father. Ability and uprightness in business and straightforwardness in all things have won for him the respect of his fellow-citizens of Quebec, and few are held in higher or more deserved estimation by all classes of the population. Mr. Fry is a member of the Quebec Board of Trade, and, though adverse to accepting any prominent position in that or any other public body, because, owing to the demands of his business, he cannot give to them all the requisite time and attention, he nevertheless ever takes a deep and watchful interest in all that concerns the public good, whether in a commercial, municipal, political or religious sense, and can always be counted on to do his duty intelligently and as a good citizen when necessary.

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=Ogden, Charles Kinnis=, Three Rivers, Province of Quebec, was born at Three Rivers, on the 11th of February, 1829. He is a son of Isaac Governeur Ogden, who was for forty years sheriff of the district of Three Rivers, and also served as captain in H.M. 56th Regiment, and in another regiment with Colonel De Salaberry. His grandfather was the Hon. Isaac Ogden, judge of the Superior Court, Montreal, and a U. E. loyalist, who was driven out of his possessions in New Jersey by Gen. George Washington, in 1775, his lands being all confiscated on account of his loyalty to the British Crown. The city of New Jersey is now situated in the centre of his farm, but from which the Ogden family receive no income. Mr. Ogden is a nephew of the late Charles Richard Ogden, attorney-general under Sir John Colborne’s administration, in 1837. He is also a nephew of the late William Walker, advocate, of Montreal, who defended the patriots in 1837, and who was a direct descendant of the celebrated Walker who defended Derry during the ever memorable siege. Another uncle was Peter Skene Ogden, who was at one time in business with the celebrated John Jacob Astor, later becoming a partner in the North-West Fur Company, which afterwards amalgamated with the Hudson Bay Company, when he took the position of chief factor, and had charge of Vancouver and Oregon, at the time of the cession of the latter to the U.S. government, which was represented on the occasion of the transfer by General Grant. The subject of this sketch was educated at Lennoxville, P.Q., under the Rev. Mr. Doolittle, also at the high school, Montreal, under the Rev. Mr. Simpson. He has been postmaster of Three Rivers for many years; has also been in the telegraph and insurance business, and was local agent of the Hon. Hudson Bay Company. He was chiefly instrumental in building a fine rectory for the English church clergyman at Three Rivers; he also erected a fine building which was used by the telegraph and insurance companies, and as a post office, but which is now used as a private residence, Sir Hector L. Langevin, C.B., having induced the government to build a post office in Three Rivers, which is an honor to the city. Mr. Ogden has never had any connection with any secret or political societies, and he has always been liberal and conservative in his views, without prejudice to any one. He is a valued and consistent member of the Episcopal church. He was married in 1865, to Rosina Meyer, daughter of William B. Meyer, merchant, of Quebec, and niece of the Rev. Mr. Aldriche, rector of Ipswich, England.

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=Howard, Robert Palmer=, M.D., L.R.C.S.E., Montreal, was born in the city of Montreal, on the 12th January, 1823. His parents, Robert Howard and Margaret Kent, were natives of Ireland, and had settled in Montreal some years before their son Robert was born—Mr. Howard carrying on business as a merchant. The subject of this sketch was educated in Montreal, and studied medicine in the McGill University and in Great Britain and France. Returning from Europe in 1849, he practised his profession in his native city as a “general practitioner” till the year 1880, when he gave up the practice of surgery and confined his attendance to the work of the pure physician. He was appointed Professor of Clinical Medicine in the McGill University in 1856, and on the death of Dr. Holmes, in 1860, succeeded to the chair of Theory and Practice of Medicine in the same institution, which position he still occupies. Two years ago the degree of LL.D., honoris causa, was conferred upon him by the University, in which he has been a professor for thirty-four years, and dean of its medical faculty for six years. In the course of his career he has held several of the offices indicative of professional standing and responsibility. Dr. Howard has been president of the Canada Medical Association; president of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Quebec; and president of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Montreal. He is one of the vice-presidents of the Association of American Physicians. This year (1887), on the occasion of the celebration of the Centennial Anniversary of the College of Physicians, of Philadelphia, he was made Fellow of that distinguished body. For twenty-two years he was one of the attending physicians and surgeons of the Montreal General Hospital, and has been the secretary of that institution for thirty-three years. For the greater part of his professional life in his capacity as a member of the Board of Governors of the Medical Council of his native province, he has endeavoured to elevate the standard of medical education and requirements, and for several years laboured earnestly, but unhappily in vain, with many of the leading physicians in Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Quebec, to bring about a General Medical Council for the Dominion of Canada. He is a member of the Church of England, and has been twice married. First in 1855, to Mary Frances Chipman, daughter of the late Judge Chipman, of Halifax, N.S., by whom he had one son, R. J. B. Howard, M.A., F.R.C.S., Eng., who is associated with his father in the practice of his profession, and is engaged in teaching practical anatomy in McGill College. He married in 1872. His second wife is Emily, daughter of the late Thomas Severs, of London, England, and they have had two sons and two daughters born to them, three of whom are living. A physician thus puts on record his estimation of Dr. Howard’s position and work: “The life of a man of such unceasing industry as Dr. Howard, may be considered from many aspects. As an author he has contributed largely to medical literature during the past thirty years. His studies on pneumonia, phthisis and on heart disease, have made him a recognized authority in the profession. The work on anæmia, which he prepared for the International Medical Congress in 1876, was one of the earliest and remains one of the most important contributions to the subject. The elaborate articles on rheumatism and allied affections published in the System of Medicine, by American authors, 1885, are perhaps the most exhaustive in the English language. The Canadian and American journals contain many lesser contributions from his pen. As a teacher, Dr. Howard has been eminently successful. For some years he held the position of Professor of Clinical Medicine in McGill University, and in 1861, on the death of Dr. Holmes, was transferred to the chair of medicine, which he still occupies. Painstaking industry at the bed-side, a clear, logical mind, a forcible and impressive delivery, combined to make Dr. Howard a model hospital teacher, and his course of didactic lectures on medicine is the most thorough and complete with which the writer is acquainted.” For years Dr. Howard has been a zealous advocate of higher medical education, and to his energy and perseverance is due the endowment of the McGill medical faculty, as well as many other improvements. In the long struggle to establish the Medical Board of the province of Quebec, on a proper basis, Dr. Howard has been very active, and for many years has been the prominent English representative. As a practitioner, Dr. Howard has been exceptionally successful and for years he has been the leading medical consultant in the Dominion. His reputation as a careful observer and close student has gained for him the confidence of the profession in an unusual degree. A kindly, sympathetic manner, scrupulous attention to details and exceptional skill and judgment in the management of cases, have combined to give the laity implicit trust in his opinion. Important and enduring has been Dr. Howard’s influence upon the groups of students which have come under his care and upon the men who have been fortunate enough to be his confrères. Unselfish to a fault, keenly zealous for the welfare of the profession, enthusiastic as a youth, he has—perhaps unconsciously to himself—impressed all with whom he came in contact with the earnestness of life, the nobility of work, and the dignity of his calling.

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=Pope, Edwin=, Superintendent of the Great North-Western Telegraph Company, Quebec, was born at Kingston, Ontario, on the 14th of March, 1843. His father was the late Major Pope, who was for many years provincial store-keeper at Montreal. His mother was Maria Craig. He removed with his parents successively to Montreal and Quebec. He was educated in the latter city, and resided there for several years, in the employ of the Montreal Telegraph Company. In 1862 he was transferred to the company’s Toronto office; and in 1863, at the early age of twenty years, was sent to Watertown, N.Y., as superintendent in charge of the company’s line in the State of New York. In 1866 he was promoted to the still more important and responsible position of the company’s superintendent at Quebec, and was reappointed to the same position in 1881, when the lines were consolidated under the Great North-Western Telegraph Company. He still holds this office, and enjoys the general respect of the population of the ancient capital for his courtesy and blameless life. Mr. Pope is a member of the Church of England, and holds office in various organizations connected therewith, and in other local societies. In 1864 he married Mary Margaret, fifth daughter of Robert McClure, of Toronto, and by her has had issue eight children.

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=Amherst, Lord Jeffery.=—Lord Amherst, who commanded the British army at the surrender of Montreal in September, 1760, one of the bravest officers that ever the nation had the great good fortune to possess, was born in Kent, England, on the 29th January, 1717. He was the second son of Jeffery Amherst, of Riverhead, in Kent, barrister-at-law, and Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Kerrill, of Hadlow, Co. Kent, who had four sons and two daughters. Sackville died unmarried, in 1763; Jeffery, the subject of our sketch; John, an admiral in the Royal Navy; and William, lieut.-general in the army, A.D.C. to the King, lieut.-governor of Portsmouth, governor of St. John’s, Newfoundland, and adj.-general of his Majesty’s forces; Elizabeth and Margaret. A pedigree extant deduces the family of Amherst from the Saxon era. Hamo de Herst is mentioned by Phillpot, to be flourishing in the second year of Edward III. In the next reign, Richard II., the name appears by record to be written, Amherst of Amherst, they (according to Collins) having dropped the Norman de and the aspirate H. Jeffery, Lord Amherst, in his childhood was noted for displaying great fondness for military life, and at that early period gave all his attention to the performance of martial evolutions. His father, observing his strong predilections, was induced to present him to one of his relatives, who was a captain. The sparkling eyes, speaking countenance, and significant manners of the young aspirant, recommended him highly to his superior officers, and at the age of fourteen he received an ensign’s commission in the Guards. Having distinguished himself on several occasions by his modest, prudent, and calm conduct, as well as by his valor, and constant attention to duty, he was, in 1741, appointed General Legonier’s aide-de-camp. In this high capacity he continued to serve in the German fields, and thus was present at the battles of Düttingen, Fontenoy, and Rocoux. He was at the side of the Duke of Cumberland, as aide-de-camp in the battle of Lauffeldt. On that remarkable day, young officer Amherst noticed and appreciated the celebrated James Wolfe, whose enthusiastic devotion and spirited bravery on the same field, drew forth the thanks of the Duke of Cumberland. No sooner had Pitt established himself in office, than he conceived the plan of an attack against the French colonies in America. This statesman had discovered in Colonel Amherst sound sense, steady courage, and an active genius. He therefore recalled him from Germany, and setting aside military forms, promoted him to the rank of major-general, and gave him the command of the troops sent against Louisbourg, Cape Breton. Hon. Edward Boscawen was chosen admiral of the fleet. Equipments were made with great zeal, and on February 19th, 1758, the armament sailed from Portsmouth, for Halifax. General Amherst’s army, which was almost exclusively British regulars, was put in motion, being divided into three brigades, under the Brigadier-Generals Whitmore, Lawrence, and Wolfe. On the 2nd of June, the armament arrived off Cape Breton. The troops were landed near Fresh Water Cove (Comoran Creek), four miles from the town. In a few days the British triumphed over every obstacle, and Amherst entered the city, July 26th, and took possession of the whole island of Cape Breton. Many illustrious persons were present at this victorious scene. Among whom were James Wolfe, the noble hero, who so gloriously fell on the Plains of Abraham, and whose daring skill even then excited great admiration; James Murray, the first British governor of Quebec; Commodore Durrell, the young Earl of Dundonald, who commanded the Grenadiers of the 12th Regiment, and the renowned Captain Cooke, then serving as a petty officer on board a ship of war. There were also Lord Rollo, Major Darling, etc., and Amherst the moving spirit, whose wisdom and energy had enshrined his name in the grateful affections of his countrymen. Amherst wished to follow up his success by pushing forward with his whole army to Quebec, but the engagement at Louisbourg, through the protracted defence of the skilful French governor, Mr. Drucour, delayed the forces of Amherst too long, so that a descent upon Canada was impracticable that year. Amherst sailed for Boston the last of August, and from thence pushed on through the wilderness to Lake George, where he left seasonable supplies with Abercrombie, and returned to Boston, and then to Halifax, to await orders from the British government. Abercrombie endeavored to sustain himself against the French troops to Ticonderoga, but was defeated near this place, and here fell the gallant and good Lord Howe, and with him seemed to pass away the energy and spirit of the army. In this year Fort Duquesne was captured, and the British officers with unanimous consent changed the name of the Fort to Pittsburg; a well-earned compliment to the minister who planned the conquest of that large country. With this expedition concluded the campaign of 1758. Early in 1759 Amherst was appointed commander-in-chief of the British North American armies in place of Abercrombie, who sailed for England the 24th of January following. For the next campaign, Pitt decided upon nearly the same plan of operations, which had partially succeeded before. The main body of the British army was assembled upon the shores of Lake George, being destined to penetrate Canada by the River Richelieu, and occupy Montreal. When Pitt cast his eyes over the maps of the western world and traced its net work of lakes and rivers, noted its far stretching wilderness of forests, so solemn, and almost impenetrable, and remembered the resources of the brave Montcalm, we should expect his zeal to have cooled, but he thought only of Wolfe and Amherst, and was sure of success. According to the plan, Amherst left New York April 28th, 1759, and arrived in Albany, May 3rd, to pursue the great plan of the campaign. An alarming spirit of desertion broke out among the militia, but Amherst’s promptness soon quelled it, and a great part of the army, with artillery and stores, arrived and encamped on the woody shores of Lake George, 21st June, and on 21st July, notwithstanding the heat of the weather, all was made ready, and troops and stores were embarked upon the lakes. Amherst took Fort Ticonderoga[1] from the French, and repaired it, and gave orders to increase the naval force on the lake. Then Crown Point was to be overcome. It was formerly called Point-a-la-Chevelure, situated about eighteen miles north of Ticonderoga. It was soon abandoned by the enemy, and Amherst took possession of it on the 4th of August, thus securing two important forts. On the 16th of August, he learned that the French were so strongly intrenched in Isle-aux-Noix, as to prevent him from joining Wolfe’s army before Quebec, and he was forced to remain inactive until October, although every hour was precious. He succeeded in crossing the lake on October 18th, when he learned that the fate of Quebec had been decided, and it was an honorable trait in the character of Amherst that, in his despatches, he allowed his brigadier the full credit of the action. From the uncommonly sickly state of his provincials, he was forced to prepare for the inglorious quiet of winter-quarters at Crown Point.[2] The next year, Amherst left New York with part of his army and proceeded to Oswego. He was followed by General Gage, and soon assembled his army on the shores of Lake Ontario, from whence he descended the St. Lawrence upon the enemy’s capital, leaving Lake Champlain to Colonel Haviland, whilst General Murray with the disposable portion of the garrison of Quebec, was to push up the St. Lawrence. On September 6th, the splendid army landed at Montreal, and invested it in form. On the 8th, the Marquis of Vaudreuil, who commanded in Montreal, signed the capitulation, and the whole of Canada became a British province. French troops were conveyed to France in British ships, and the Canadian militia allowed to return peaceably to their homes. The French colonists were guaranteed the same civil privileges as British subjects, and the free enjoyment of their customs, and laws. In the meantime the Island of Newfoundland having fallen into the hands of the enemy, General Amherst dispatched a sufficient force for the recovery of it, under the command of his brother, Colonel William Amherst, whose expedition was completely successful. The general now returned to New York, then the English capital of North America, where he was greeted with the strongest tokens of gratitude and respect, and whither, also, the thanks of the House of Commons had been transmitted to him from London. Thus General Amherst planned and executed an undertaking of the most striking interest. In 1761, he was appointed Knight of the Bath. He continued to command in America until 1764, when he returned to England. He was in reality the first British governor-general of Canada, Gage, Murray, Burton and Haldimand, being sub-governors only.[3] In 1771, he was appointed governor of Guernsey, where he gave a high idea of his talents as administrator. His venerable Sovereign George III., created him Baron Amherst, of Holmsdale, in the county of Kent in 1776, and two years later his lordship was constituted commander-in-chief of his Majesty’s land forces in Great Britain. In 1782, he received the gold stick from the king, but on the change of the administration, the command of the army and the lieutenant-generalship of the ordnance were put into other hands. In 1788, he received another patent of peerage as Baron Amherst, of Montreal, county Kent. In January 1793, he was again appointed to the command of the army in Great Britain, but in 1795, this veteran and very deserving officer, was superseded by H.R.H., the Duke of York, the second son of the king, who was only in the thirty-first year of his age, and had never seen any actual service. The government on this occasion, with a view to soothe the feelings of the old general, offered him an earldom, and the rank of field-marshal, both of which he at that time rejected. The office of field-marshal, however, he accepted in July 1796. He was formally thanked by parliament. A succession of honors attended him until the period of his death, which took place in his castle in Kent, August 3rd, 1797, at the age of eighty years. Thus the first barony expired, but the second devolved according to the limitation of the patent, upon his nephew, William Pitt Amherst, the first earl, who was afterwards ambassador to China, and governor general of India. The Amherst family seats are Montreal and Knole, near Sevenoaks, Kent, and the Motto “Constantia et virtute.” His career was wonderfully brilliant and successful. His time and talents had been devoted to military duty from his early years, and the history of his life beautifully illustrates the truth, that unbending application to any pursuit, will assuredly be crowned with success, and also reminds us, that neither exalted station, nor high enjoyment of life, can exempt from the power of death. The veteran of many battles and victories must at last resign his commission, and join the ranks of the spirit land. At that hour, all scenes of earthly magnificence, and pomp, and the glorious voice of renown, that had so often thrilled his soldier-heart, faded and grew silent, and the untold sublimity of an eternal existence asserted its sway. Happy was the great general, in his dying hour, that he could look with confidence to the great Being, “by whom king’s reign and princes decree justice.” He was twice married, first to Jane, only daughter of Thomas Dalison, of Hampton, in Kent; and secondly, to Elizabeth, eldest daughter of General the Hon. George Cary, and niece of Viscount Falkland, but left no children.

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[1] “Chi-on-der-o-ga means great noise (say the Indians). It was near Fort Carrillon of the French, built and occupied by them in 1756, and was a strong post. Its ruins are seen in Essex county, N.Y., and are annually visited by a great number of travellers.” A few years ago the compiler of this sketch picked up a couple of rough hand-made bullets on the battle field (where a heavy rain had washed away the turf) which must have lain hidden there for more than 100 years, since her great-granduncle, Sir Jeffery Amherst took Fort Ticonderoga.

[2] A stone, forming part of the wall of the old fort there, bears Amherst’s monogram and the date, 1759, at the present day.

[3] Vide—“l’Histoire du Canada,” by F. X. Garneau, book eleventh.

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=Smith, Rev. John=, Erskine Church, Toronto, was born in Armagh, Ireland, on the 28th March, 1824, and died on the 20th January, 1888, after a few hours’ illness. He came to Canada with his parents in 1827, and spent the earlier part of his life in the neighborhood of Brampton, where his brother, Robert Smith, ex-M.P. for Peel, still resides. Mr. Smith entered Knox College as a student in 1845, and after completing his course of study was in due time licensed, and very shortly thereafter settled in Bowmanville, where for twenty-four years he made full proof of his ministry, and secured and retained the respect and affection not only of those more immediately under his pastoral charge, but of the general community in which he lived. In 1875 he received and accepted a call from what was then known as the Bay Street Presbyterian Church, in Toronto. In this charge he was permitted to labor, until his demise, with great assiduity, and with an encouraging amount of success. The congregation, when Mr. Smith was called, was comparatively a handful, but under his faithful ministrations it made great progress both in numbers and influence. In 1878, under his leadership, it erected a fine new church at the head of Simcoe street, which was named “Erskine Church,” and here Christian work in all its departments has been constantly carried on with ever-growing energy and success. In addition to performing with characteristic fidelity and zeal all the duties of the pastoral office which he held, Mr. Smith showed himself to be a public-spirited citizen, who was ready to do all in his power for the best interests of the country and city in which his lot was cast. He was specially earnest in the work of temperance, and spared neither trouble nor toil in his efforts to put a stop to the ravages of strong drink. Mr. Smith was married in 1851, shortly after his settlement in Bowmanville, to Elizabeth McArthur, of West Gwillimbury, sister of F. F. McArthur, of Bowmanville, by whom he had a family of seven children. The widow and four children survive him.

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=Parker, Rev. William Robert=, M.A., D.D., Toronto, Ontario, was born in West Gwillimbury, county of Simcoe, Ontario, June 20th, 1831. His father, Robert Parker, was a native of Limerick, Ireland, whose paternal ancestors were from England, and whose maternal ancestry were German, his mother being a descendant of the brave band of exiles that found shelter in Ireland during the reign of Queen Anne, from the bitter storm of religious persecution that drove them from their pleasant homes in the Palatinate on the Rhine. It is held to be a proud distinction to be identified with this people, especially because of their ultimate influence on the character and destiny of the United States and Canada, through the agency of Methodism. In his early visits to Ireland, Wesley found this colony of erstwhile devout Germans sharing the religious apathy and demoralization so lamentably prevalent in those times. Wesley and his itinerants preached Christ to those strangers that had been as sheep without a shepherd for fifty years; and he soon rejoiced to see them revived and folded again. Wesley bears this testimony concerning the towns in which they lived: “Such places could hardly be found elsewhere in Ireland or England; there was no profanity, no Sabbath breaking, no ale-house in any of them.” Thus, these children of persecution became the fit progenitors of the American contingent of the most zealous type of Christianity known since Apostolic times; for these German-Irish Emburys and Hecks founded in New York, and in Augusta, Canada, the Methodism destined to be the predominant Protestant belief of the New World, from Newfoundland to the Pacific coast. Mr. Parker’s father was one of the heroic pioneers of Upper Canada. Upon his leaving his native land he came to Baltimore, Md., where he spent some time with an uncle, a merchant, dealing in paints and oils, and for whom he visited the West Indies, acting as supercargo of his merchant ship. He settled in West Gwillimbury about the year 1826, where he cleared one of the finest farms, and established one of the most comfortable homes of that wealthy township. He was industrious, economical, thrifty, and hospitable to a proverb. He was a devout and active member of the Methodist church, and one of its stewards and trustees. He was a Liberal in politics, though not partisan. He took an active part in suppressing the rebellion of 1837, and served as quartermaster-sergeant. After his children left home he sold his farm, and lived retired in Bradford, where he died on the 7th July, 1881, in the 84th year of his age, and was interred in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto. Dr. Parker’s mother, Sarah Sutherland, still surviving, and resident in Bradford, was a most intelligent and hearty sympathizer and co-operator with her husband in all his business plans, his home hospitality and religious duties. Her mother was one of the Talbots, and one of her kinsmen, Hon. Thomas Talbot, was recently governor of Massachusetts. Her father was one of the pioneers of West Gwillimbury. One of the Methodist appointments bears his name, the church having been built on the corner of his farm. The youngest son, Captain T. G. Sutherland, sold the homestead a few years since, when he retired to Alliston, where he and his wife now reside in a comfortable home. Dr. Parker had but one brother, the late Dr. T. S. Parker, M.P., of Guelph. He represented North Wellington in the old Canada parliament for a term just before confederation. After the formation of the Dominion of Canada, he was elected to the House of Commons for Centre Wellington by acclamation, for which he sat till the time of his death, which took place in 1868, through an accident that occurred to him while returning from a visit to a patient. He was a pronounced Liberal, and had won for himself a foremost place in his party, and a prominent position in the county and on the floor of the house, because of his personal qualities, and by his powers as a debater. His early death was a great loss to the Reform party, for he would no doubt have become a member of the government upon their coming into power. His widow is a daughter of the late Archdeacon Brough, of London, and cousin to the Hons. Edward and S. H. Blake. The subject of this sketch was educated in Victoria University, Cobourg, where he graduated, and received the degree of B.A., in 1858. He was the valedictorian of his graduating class. Some five years thereafter he received the degree of M.A., and in 1885, that of D.D. He was received as a probationer for the ministry of the Wesleyan Methodist church in 1856, and received into full connection and ordained in 1860, at the conference in Kingston, held in the Sydenham Street Methodist Church, the Rev. Dr. Stinson being president. Dr. Parker has been stationed successively in the following places: Toronto, Montreal, Odelltown, Stanstead, Brantford, St. Catharines, London, Woodstock, Thorold, Chatham, St. Thomas, and is now (1888) pastor of the Spadina Avenue Methodist Church, Toronto. He was chairman of the following districts: Niagara, London, Brantford, Chatham and St. Thomas. He was twice elected president of the London Conference. His second election was in 1886, to the present London Conference, held in St. Thomas First Methodist Church, where he was then pastor. The first election was in 1883, when he was stationed in Chatham, and when the old London Conference covered nearly all the territory now embraced in the present, London, Niagara and Guelph conferences. He has been a member of all the general conferences of the Methodist church held in Toronto, Montreal, Hamilton, Belleville and Toronto, respectively. He was opposed to the lately consummated union of all the Methodist churches, because of points in the basis, and of the haste with which it was pushed. He has pronounced views in favor of university federation. He is a member of the Board of Regents of Victoria University. His political views have been largely in harmony with those of the Liberal party, but he is now convinced of the necessity of consolidating the temperance forces of Canada in a prohibitory party, as both the existing parties so far decline to adopt the entire abolition of the liquor traffic as a plank in their platform. He has travelled in several states of the Union, and visited England, Scotland, Ireland and France. In England he “did” the International Exhibition, visiting in Scotland, Edinburgh, Glasgow and the lakes; and in Ireland, besides several centres and the Lakes of Killarney, his father’s and mother’s native places. As a preacher, Dr. Parker is clear, forceful, eloquent, and eminently practical. He fearlessly attacks the vices of the age, while insisting strongly on the great Methodist doctrines of repentance, conversion, and the necessity of true, practical holiness of heart and life. He is a vigorous opponent of all forms of priestcraft and sacerdotalism. He is no theorizer, nor idealist, but a firm believer and teacher of the great truth, that the religion of the Lord Jesus is designed to meet and bless all the requirements of human life; that in all civil, political and social life, it is not only possible, but imperative, that God should be honored, and that as a nation we are responsible for obedience to all God’s laws. In September, 1863, he was married to Annie Sophia Ruston, of Montreal. She was a native of the ancient capital, Quebec, where her father was a grain and flour merchant. She had an aunt, sister of her father, who was the wife of a Methodist minister, the Rev. R. A. Flanders, and two sisters of her mother, wives of Revs. G. H. Davis and Dr. Cox. She has one sister the wife of a Methodist minister, Rev. Dr. S. J. Hunter, now of the Centenary Church, Hamilton. Her grandfather Ruston, a Yorkshire Methodist local preacher, was induced, while a resident of Odelltown, near Montreal, to assume pastoral work by a people there as “sheep without a shepherd.” He was made eminently useful, and when Dr. and Mrs. Parker were stationed there, their first circuit after marriage, they found several of the most devout and venerable members of the church, who had been brought to Christ through his ministrations. Dr. Parker’s wife early evidenced literary taste and ability, and has contributed several articles and tales to different periodicals. She is now responsible for editing the ladies’ department of the “Missionary Outlook,” published under the direction of the General Missionary Society of the Methodist Church. This ladies’ department is conducted in the interests of Women’s Missionary Society of the Methodist church. Dr. and Mrs. Parker have been blest with three children. One dear son was called to an early immortality, and his body rests in the Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto. A daughter and son are yet left with them, the eldest and youngest. The daughter is a graduate of Alma Ladies’ College, St. Thomas, in the Provincial Arts Department. She took two prizes in paintings, “Studies,” in the Industrial Exhibition, in this city, last autumn. The son is in the fifth form in Upper Canada College, and has proved a diligent and successful student. If spared he will pursue a university course.

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=Rousseau, Joseph Thomas=, Artist, St. Hyacinthe, Province of Quebec, was born on the 9th of August, 1852, at St. Elzéard de la Beauce, P.Q. His father was Louis Rousseau, of the same place, a prominent merchant, who in later years devoted himself exclusively to agricultural pursuits. His mother’s maiden name was Luce Huard. He was educated at St. Elzéard, and also had private tuition. Having at an early age shown a decided talent for painting and drawing, his parents, knowing well the obstacles to be overcome and encountered, endeavored to dissuade him from adopting art as a profession. However, the germs of an artistic career were too strong to be lightly overcome. He went to Montreal, and there studied for three years under M. Ravau, after which he commenced church decoration, to which he devoted himself with great success for the space of five years. His great desire for improvement, and a dim sense of latent undeveloped power, induced him to go to Florence, Italy, to study the old masters and rare works of art to be found there. While thus engaged he took private lessons from the celebrated Professor Ciceri, commandant of the Artists’ Society, Florence, which art school he also attended, and passed successfully the examination imposed upon all those who are desirous of entering. After two years’ close application to his profession, he returned to Canada, and painted those many historical religious subjects which have made him famous throughout this continent. His celebrated oil painting of “Christ being Carried to the Tomb” was sold to St. Louis church, Nashua, N.H., for the handsome sum of $1,000. The paintings and decorations in the chapel of the Convent of the Precious Blood, at St. Hyacinthe, are masterpieces of art, and there is nothing in Canada or the United States to compare with it. The following is a list of some of Rousseau’s most celebrated pictures:—“The Dying Christ,” “Crucifixion,” “Mater Dolorosa,” “The Flight into Egypt,” “Adoration of the Magi,” “The Trinity in Three Figures at the very moment of the Annunciation,” “Christ Falling under the Weight of the Cross,” “Christ Giving the Keys to Peter,” “The Triumph of the Church,” a very large composition, containing more than sixty personages. In religion Mr. Rousseau is an earnest Roman Catholic, and in politics a staunch Conservative. He was married on May 2nd, 1875, to Hermine Gendron, daughter of Jacques Gendron, merchant, of St. Rosalie, by whom he has five children. Comparatively a young man, and judging by what he has already accomplished, it is safe to prophesy a still more brilliant future, and an immortal artistic fame.

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=Hale, Hon. Edward.=—The Hon. Edward Hale, second son of the Hon. John Hale, of Quebec (formerly of “Plantation,” Yorkshire, England), a descendant of the Hales of Codicote and King’s Walden, in Hertfordshire, England, and Elizabeth Frances, daughter of Gen. William Amherst, A.D.C. to the King, lieut.-governor of Portsmouth, governor of St. John’s, Newfoundland, and adjutant-general of his Majesty’s forces, was born in Quebec, on the 6th December, 1801. His father had been A.D.C. and private secretary to his Royal Highness the Duke of Kent, who stood sponsor to the subject of this sketch. He was educated at Kensington, England. Returning to his father’s home in Quebec, he entered the office of the committee of audit as secretary, which post he held for three years, until, in the winter of 1823, he received the appointment of private secretary to his uncle, Earl Amherst, governor-general of India, and, accompanied by his father, set out at once on sledges for Boston, U.S.A., whence he sailed with Captain Heard, in the good ship Bengal, for Calcutta. During his stay in India he acted for a time as military secretary, and accompanied the governor-general in his expeditions through the different provinces of India, visiting, among others, the king of Oude, the Rajah of Benares, the king of Delhi and some of the young princes who afterwards took such a conspicuous part in the Indian mutiny. A few remarks from Mr. Hale’s diary of that date may not be out of place here:

October 16th, 1816.—Having breakfasted, we prepared to hold a native durbar in the house of the Rajah of Benares, which had been placed at the governor’s disposal, and native gentlemen began to collect in the compound. Long before the appointed hour we were turned out of the billiard room, to make place for some princes of the Delhi family, who had arrived much before their time, but could not be allowed to remain outside. At eleven o’clock Lord Amherst took his seat on the throne, surrounded by his suite, while Lady Amherst and the other ladies were spectators in another room. The first was a private audience granted to the princes above mentioned, who were ushered in, and were met by his lordship at the door, who embraced them all, and they then sat down. The princes were a most wild-looking set of fellows, dressed principally in fur, and had all a cast of countenance that seemed to bespeak their readiness for any sort of desperate enterprise. They were, with one or two exceptions, nearly of the same age, being the sons of different Begums, and he who sat first on the right was a much younger man than some of the others, but the son of the eldest Begum. They requested leave to make their salaam to Lady Amherst, and having done so, took their leave. The other members of the same family then followed and took their leave; when notice was sent to the Rajah of Benares, Oodut Narrain, that he might now come. He had been waiting in his tonjon at the gate of the compound for an hour before. His procession accordingly entered, commencing with flag-bearers, then camels, elephants, a native band, empty tonjons and palanquins, tribes of sotaburdars, punkaburdars, assaiburdars, burchyburdars, and all sorts of burdahs, when the tonjon bearing the mighty man himself followed, and was accompanied by numbers of horsemen, who galloped about in all directions, going through an indiscriminate sham fight. The procession passed along the back of the house, round it to the front, and the “mighty” was ushered in, a visitor in his own house. He was so immensely fat that he could with difficulty walk, and he waddled into the room, occupying a space of at least two yards. He salaamed low, very low, much lower than I thought he could, and Lord Amherst, advancing three paces, embraced him, when he sat down in a chair which was purposely meant for him, but the exertion of coming up stairs and salaaming had deprived him of the necessary breath for talking, and he was obliged to remain mute for a short time. He was most splendidly ornamented with jewels, his turband was surmounted by a coronet of diamonds, with large emerald drops; his necklace was composed of immense diamonds, and his arms and various other parts were profusely covered with precious stones. Having offered his nuzzur to Lady Amherst he also retired, and his lordship then went down stairs to hold the public durbar.

In 1828, Lord Amherst’s administration being ended, Mr. Hale returned to England with the governor-general and his family, and after visiting Italy, Switzerland and France, sailed once more for Quebec, where, in 1831, he married Eliza Cecilia, daughter of the Hon. Chief Justice Bowen. Chief Justice Bowen was born in Kinsale, Ireland, in 1780. He was one of three brothers, the eldest of whom, Lieutenant-Colonel Bowen, C.B., Madras army, was killed at Seringapatam; and the youngest, while captain in the Royal Navy, won no little distinction for gallant conduct in H.M.’s frigate Apollo. The Bowens are descended from an old Welsh family, the name being originally Ap Owen. Mr. Bowen’s father, M.D. and surgeon in H.M.’s forces, died in the West Indies, whither he had gone with his regiment. His mother was the beautiful Isabella Cassan, daughter of Richard Sheffield Cassan, and grand-daughter of Alexander Hamilton, M.P., of Knock, county Dublin. In 1833, Mr. Hale moved to Sherbrooke, and there built for himself a homestead, now known as “Sleepy Hollow,” to which, to his dying day, he was much attached. He was a member of the Special Council for Lower Canada in 1839, and represented the county of Sherbrooke in the Legislative Assembly from 1841 to 1847; and, besides many other public offices, from 1866 to 1875 he held that of chancellor of Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, an institution for which he had a sincere affection, and which owes much of its present prosperity to his energy and good management. In 1867, he was appointed a member of the Legislative Council for the province of Quebec, which position he held for the remainder of his life. At the meeting of the Legislative Council (next following his death) November, 1875, the Hon. Messrs. De Boucherville, Ferrier and Fraser offered many tributes of respect to the memory of their venerable colleague, and Mr. Fraser, addressing the House in French, said:

Mr. Hale was a member of the Special Council of Lower Canada in 1839 and 1840, and, as such, assisted in conferring important benefits on this province, such as the law which granted the seigniory of St. Sulpice to the seminary of that name, at Montreal, the acts or ordinances of registration, turnpike roads, and other measures, which powerfully contributed to the development of the country. His grandfathers were officers of high rank in General Wolfe’s army, and distinguished themselves in the important events of those times. On his father’s side his ancestors were persons of distinction in old England, and his mother was a sister of Earl Amherst, whose ancestors were followers of William the Conqueror, and one of whose descendants, Hamo de Herst, in the reign of Edward III. (1339), held large estates in the county of Kent, which the present Lord Amherst still holds. I feel it a most pleasing duty to recall to your memories his agreeable manners—those of the perfect gentleman—which were natural to him. He was open, frank and honest, never hiding his thoughts or opinions, but always expressing them in language at once courteous and elevated. He was as cheerful as he was amiable, his conversation was most attractive, his powers of narration were great, and his mind was filled with interesting and original anecdotes, at once lively and entertaining, which rendered him a most agreeable and much desired companion.

At a meeting of the Synod in Quebec, of which he had been a delegate for many years, his lordship Bishop Williams, made the following remarks in alluding to his death:

My reverend brethren and brethren of the laity.—Before proceeding to read, in accordance with our custom, the summary statement which I have prepared of the ecclesiastical events of the diocese, I must advert, however briefly, to a matter belonging to the history of the Synod itself. Since last we met, one who from the Synod’s first creation has been an honored member of the same, has been taken from us. The death of the Hon. Edward Hale caused us a loss not easily repaired. During the whole time of my residence in this country he has been my valued friend, but for a record of his fine qualities we need not go to the reminiscence of a friend. He carried it with him wherever he went. His prompt and punctual attention to all public duties, the kindness of his heart, and the courtesy of his demeanor are known to all. His genial presence we shall see no more, his peace-loving spirit will, I trust, remain with us for ever.

Mr. Hale died April 26th, 1875, at Quebec, whither he had gone to attend to his parliamentary duties, and was buried at Sherbrooke. Mrs. Hale died at Boston, United States, in 1850. She was the mother of seven children, of whom six are now living. The eldest son, Edward John, at Quebec, at the old house which has been the home of four generations of Hales. The second son, Edward Chaloner, at “Chaloner,” near Lennoxville; and the youngest, William Amherst, at the old homestead, “Sleepy Hollow,” near Sherbrooke. Two of the daughters live in Sherbrooke, and the third is the wife of Henry Turnour Machin, assistant treasurer of the province of Quebec. During a residence of upwards of forty years in the Eastern Townships, Mr. Hale aided materially, and watched with interest, the growth of Sherbrooke from an obscure hamlet of a few straggling houses to the large and prosperous town it now is. When the rebellion of 1837 and 1838 broke out, he joined the volunteers, refused a commission, and, for the sake of example, served in the ranks. Although a Conservative in politics, Mr. Hale placed individual merit far above party, creed, or class, and by his impartiality and just judgment, living above suspicion or reproach, he won the respect and esteem of all who knew him, and of him might truly be said, as he so often said of others, “the rank is but the guinea’s stamp, the man’s the gowd for a’ that.” But it was to his children and intimate friends that his noble Christian life was best known. Possessed of charity in the widest sense of the word, full of love and compassion for those in trouble or distress, ever ready to help the poor and needy, his active sympathy and generosity made him beloved and revered by all classes. The example of his pure, unselfish life is not forgotten, and he still lives in the hearts of those who loved him.

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=Withall, William John=, Montreal, Que., was born on the island of Jersey, November 22nd, 1814. His father was born in London, and his mother in Jersey. He received what was considered in those days an education sufficient to commence training for commercial pursuits. Leaving school in 1826, and having a strong desire to visit other parts of the world, he pressed on his parents to grant him permission to leave home. Being only twelve years of age, and having an uncle and aunt in Gaspé, it was decided that he should go thither, and arriving there on the 30th April, found that country covered with deep snow. His uncle’s occupation was farming, fishing and lumbering. During that year his mother died, and being a minor, he had no choice but to make Gaspé his abode. That country was thinly populated, and almost isolated from the outside world. He received a letter from Jersey in winter, the postage of which was four shillings and sixpence. It was the custom then to dispatch a courier in January from Gaspé for Quebec, carrying the mail-bag on his back. This was a perilous journey, there being hardly any habitation between Gaspé and Quebec for two hundred and fifty or three hundred miles. When sixteen years of age, he thought, if his uncle would allow him his independence, he could, by working and trading, do something better for himself, but when he made the proposal, his uncle said he was too young, and could not provide for himself. His answer was, “Give me my freedom.” Although young, and feeling confident that where others could make a living he could do the same. On getting his uncle’s consent, he then commenced the battle of life. He managed, through perseverance and economy, to save a little money each year. At the time he arrived in Gaspé, the language spoken was French, which he could neither speak nor understand. There being no schools, he made use of the only means at his disposal. There was a local Methodist preacher from the island of Guernsey using the French language. Young Withall was punctual in his attendance every Sabbath (and has continued to identify himself with the same church ever since). He commenced by repeating the hymns and Scriptures when read out by the preacher, and soon acquired the French pronounciation, and became familiar in reading and writing that language. This in after life became very useful, and to some extent he attributes it to his financial success. The winter of 1832 was passed in St. Thomas, below Quebec, and between teaching, fishing and trading, he began to have a balance to the good. In 1835 he took passage to his native land, the island of Jersey. After visiting several places in Europe, he returned to Gaspé, having made an engagement with a Jersey merchant to take charge of his stores and fishing establishments. In 1837 he took a joint interest in purchasing a large block of land in the north-west arm of Gaspé Bay. The intention was to build a saw mill for the lumber trade. The prospect for the future not coming up to his ideas, he sold out his interests. In 1840 he left Gaspé for Quebec, and commenced, by opening a provision and grocery store. In 1841 he married Elizabeth, widow of the late Peter Bott, who departed this life in 1882. In 1883 he married Eleanor, widow of the late Richard W. Langmuir. In 1850 he commenced taking an active interest in the different institutions connected with the city of Quebec; was elected city councillor and director in the Union Building Society in 1865; was elected a director in the Quebec Bank; joined, as silent partner, in a soap and candle factory; and was one of the promoters of the National Bank; the Quebec Steamship Company; the Quebec Marine Insurance Company; the Quebec Street Railway Company; the Lake St. John Railway Company; was proprietor of the Quebec Rubber Company; took an interest in the Quebec Worsted Company; the Quebec Tow Boat Company; and was either president or director in the above companies until 1884. In 1867 he was appointed justice of the peace. In 1854 he joined a party of four for the building of two vessels intended to trade between Chicago and ports on the ocean. These were built by the Messrs. McCarthy, at Sorel, one being named Chicago, and the other Quebec. These vessels made voyages direct from Chicago to Newfoundland and Liverpool, but, being built with centre-boards and considered unsafe, the underwriters declined to cover them by insurance, and the adventure, not proving profitable, was discontinued. It is believed these were the first vessels that sailed direct from Chicago to the ocean. In 1884 Mr. Withall left the city of Quebec, and is now a resident of Montreal, filling the offices of vice-president of the Quebec Bank, and director of the Sun Life Insurance Company, the Canadian Rubber Company, the Quebec Steamship Company, the Guarantee Company of North America, the Royal Electric Company, and still holding one-half interest with his nephew, Thomas A. Piddington, in the Bulstrode Tannery, near Arthabaska, Quebec. During his mercantile life he never entered into any transaction beyond his own resources, and when anything proved unprofitable, himself only was the sufferer. Mr. Withall is now in the seventy-fourth year of his age, possessing a good constitution, sound in body and mind, and enjoying the confidence and esteem of a wide circle of friends and acquaintances.

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=Hammond, John=, St. John, New Brunswick, a professional Artist of many years’ standing, was born in Montreal in the year 1843; has studied in England, France, Holland, and Italy; is a regular exhibitor in the annual exhibitions of both the Royal Academy, London, and the Paris Salon, and is principal of the Owen’s Art Educational Institution of St. John, New Brunswick.

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=Mackenzie, Hon. Alexander=, Toronto, M.P. for East York, ex-Premier of Canada. About the end of the year 1842, three young men resided in the city of Kingston, who were destined to act prominent parts in the public life of Canada. One of the three was a rising young lawyer of pleasing address and popular manners, who had won distinction by his defence of Von Schultz and other state prisoners connected with the troubles of 1837. The second had been a student in the office of this young lawyer, and was this year—1842—called to the bar. The third was a Scottish youth of twenty, who had landed in Kingston in April, and was beginning his Canadian life as a stonemason. The young lawyer is now the Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald, First Minister of Canada. His student is now the Hon. Oliver Mowat, Premier of Ontario. The youthful stonemason is now the veteran statesman whose name stands at the head of this sketch—a name respected and honored by every clean man in the Dominion of Canada. Mr. Mackenzie was born on the 28th January, 1822, and is two years younger than his friend, the Hon. Oliver Mowat, and seven years younger than his rival, Sir John A. Macdonald. He was born in the parish of Logierait, Perthshire, Scotland. His parents had neither poverty nor riches, but they and their connections had what was better than either: they had brain-power, intelligence, untiring industry, sterling integrity, and an honorable ambition to rise in the world. Along with these good qualities they had a strong liking for Whig politics. Alexander was the third son in a large family. His school days were few. Two years in a private school in Perth; two more in the parish school of Moulin; less than a year in the grammar school of Dunkeld, and the education of the future Premier of Canada was finished so far as the schoolmaster was concerned. At the early age of fourteen his father died, and, like many another brave Scotch lad who has made his mark in the world, young Mackenzie began to earn his bread on the old Eden principle—by the sweat of his brow. Like Hugh Miller, he learned the trade of stonemason, and like Hugh Miller, he was fond of reading. His spare hours were spent in diligent study, and the habits then formed have clung to him all his days. When twitted with being a book-worm, Thos. D’Arcy McGee replied that he always preferred the society of good books to that of middling men. No doubt Mr. Mackenzie has always cherished the same preference, though perhaps he has never said anything about it. A worthy member of the House of Commons, whose reading days were over, felt lonesome in the same boarding-house with Mr. Mackenzie and David Mills, because, as he explained it “the moment Mackenzie and Mills came in from the house they sat down to their books.” In the following year, 1843, Mr. Mackenzie was joined in Kingston by his brother, Hope F. Mackenzie, who afterward represented Lambton and North Oxford in parliament. Hope Mackenzie was a man of fine spirit, great energy, and high attainments. He was rising rapidly as a public man when his career was suddenly ended by death. Had his life been spared, his ability, industry, and natural force of character would soon have placed him in the front rank of Canadian statesmen. After laboring five years in Kingston, during which time he probably became familiar with the well-known force of the man he afterwards so often faced in parliament, Mr. Mackenzie moved to the neighborhood of Sarnia. His mother and brothers came out from Scotland about the same time, and the whole family made their first Canadian home in that western town. Here Mr. Mackenzie resumed operations as a builder and contractor, lines in which he had been successful before leaving Kingston. It is useless to speculate on what might have been; but had Alexander Mackenzie continued in the building and contracting business, he might perhaps have become the millionaire head of the syndicate that built the Canadian Pacific Railway. In a country where there was so much to be built, almost anything was possible to a man of his patient industry, economical habits, sterling integrity, sound judgment, and all but invincible energy. But Alexander Mackenzie was not to be a millionaire contractor. Like many Scotchmen, he had a keen relish for politics. Five years’ residence in Sir John’s favorite city probably increased his eagerness to join in the fray. In Scotland he had been a Whig, and in Canada he joined the Liberal party as a matter of course. Though a man of quiet, retiring habits, it is no secret that Alexander Mackenzie keenly enjoys debate. To measure swords on the platform with a foeman worthy of his steel was never to him an unpleasant duty. The roar around the hustings never made him nervous. To his natural liking for public discussion and his intensely strong convictions, his love of Liberalism, his popular sympathies, his intense hatred of tyranny in all its forms, his love for the people and desire that they should have fair play—to these qualities add his undoubted capacity for public affairs, and one can easily see why it was impossible for Alexander Mackenzie to keep out of politics. Keep out of politics he certainly did not, for five years after he had started business in Sarnia we find him editing the Lambton Shield. Under his editorial management the Shield soon became a power in the west. His editorials educated the electors of Lambton in Liberalism, and were extensively quoted by other journals. Sam Jones is credited with saying that if there is one thing in this world he does hate it is a quiet time. Whether a quiet time is a good time for Mr. Jones or not, it certainly is not a good time for a politician. Mr. Mackenzie had the undoubted advantage of entering the political arena in a stormy period. The battle for responsible government was being fought out and slowly won. The fight had been long and fierce. Under Lord Sydenham and Sir Charles Bagot the recommendations of Lord Durham’s report in favor of responsible government were being carried out. Sir Charles Metcalfe succeeded Sir Charles Bagot, and spent the four years of his official career in trying to deprive Canadians of the rights secured to them by his predecessors. Mr. Mackenzie resided in Kingston during the whole time that Metcalfe was governor, and it goes unsaid that when he removed to Sarnia he was in the right humor to do battle for responsible government. In 1861, Hope Mackenzie, who had represented Lambton in parliament, declined re-election. The future Premier was offered the nomination by a convention of the Liberal party, and accepting, carried the constituency by a considerable majority. When he entered parliament he had nothing to learn but the forms of procedure, and even these he probably know as well as many who had sat in previous parliaments. His accurate and full knowledge of all public questions, his almost infallible memory, his marvellous capacity for mastering the details of every question that came before him, and his power to make clear and concise speeches on any question on the shortest notice, soon placed him in the front row, along with the most experienced parliamentarians. Mr. Mackenzie has never claimed credit for his oratorical powers, nor have his friends put forth any such claim; but the fact remains that in twenty-five years of active public life he never needed to take a back seat in any oratorical company. He could always hold his own, and generally do a good deal more. He is one of the very few speakers in this Dominion whose speeches will stand a verbatim report. He builds a speech just as he used to build a stone wall—clear, clean-cut, concise; sentences are laid one upon another in an orderly and compact manner, and when the speech is finished you can no more knock a word or sentence out of it than you can knock stones out of a well-built wall. His accurate knowledge, never-failing memory, and quick perceptive powers, make him specially formidable in reply. Running through many of his speeches, especially those delivered in hot debates, there is a mingled vein of mild sarcasm and dry, pawky Scotch humour that is very effective. The effect is greatly increased by the manner in which the work is done. You see the bolt across the house and you see quite easily that it has struck. You look to the spot from which it was thrown and you see a serious, almost solemn-looking man, going on with his work as if nothing had occurred. The plainness and apparent simplicity of the speaker give the humor and sarcasm a great effect. Soon after entering upon his parliamentary duties, Mr. Mackenzie saw his political friends take office under the premiership of Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, who had associated Hon. Mr. Sicotte with him as leader of the lower Canadian section. This government lasted about a year, and was followed by another in which Hon. Mr. Dorian took the place of Hon. Mr. Sicotte. Mr. Mackenzie had in those days some experience as a government supporter—a kind of experience which has seldom been his during his long parliamentary life. After a short and troubled reign Hon. Sandfield Macdonald resigned, and Mr. Deadlock reigned in his stead. Then came a truce and the negotiations which resulted in confederation. A coalition was formed for the purpose of uniting the provinces. Hon. George Brown and a large majority of the Liberal party were in favor of a coalition. Mr. Mackenzie was of the opinion that the Liberal party should give the government a generous outside support in forming the union, but at the same time keep itself clear of all entangling alliances. The union was not long formed until it became painfully evident to the Liberal party that Mr. Mackenzie was right. When the first parliament met after confederation the Liberals were without a leader, Hon. George Brown having been defeated in South Ontario. The position was offered to Mr. Mackenzie, who accepted it, and displayed great tact in welding into one solid body the somewhat discordant elements that came from the different provinces. The task was no easy one, but in discharging his duties as a leader of her Majesty’s loyal Opposition the member for Lambton displayed the same ability and unwearied diligence that have marked his whole parliamentary career. Ever at his post and ever faithful to his trust, Mr. Mackenzie soon gained the confidence of his followers from all parts of the Dominion. The crisis of 1873 found him not only a successful leader but a parliamentarian of recognized position and ability. When the government fell he was entrusted with the duty of forming a ministry. In less than two days the names of his colleagues were announced, and the new government was ready for business. The question on everybody’s lips was, will there be a general election? It is understood that Mr. Mackenzie received such assurances of support from some of his former opponents as might have induced a less cautious man to go on with the business of the country without an appeal to the people. But the new premier was not to be caught napping. His Scotch caution assured him that a parliament elected under the auspices of his opponents, and the influence of Sir Hugh Allan’s liberal contribution, was not the kind of parliament to be trusted in an emergency. He dissolved the house, and in January, 1874, swept the country. Had the majority given him by the people been half as large as it was, the task of the new premier might have been a good deal easier. To enumerate the good measures that were introduced and passed by Mr. Mackenzie’s government would be to write the parliamentary history of Canada for the five years ending in 1878. His friends may challenge their opponents to show a record of equal merit during any five years in the history of the Dominion, in the history of Old Canada, or in the history of any province that now forms part of the Dominion. Let these restless characters who are everlastingly clamoring for revolutionary measures and hunting for strange gods to worship, sit down for a moment, and quietly read over the titles of the acts passed by Mr. Mackenzie’s government between 1873 and 1878, and say if they have anybody in their ranks that can serve the country better than it was served by Canada’s Grand Old Man. It is quite true that he went down in ’78, but he went down with his escutcheon untarnished and all his colors flying. His was no milk-and-water policy. He did not try to run with the Free Trade hare and hunt with the N.P. hounds. He believed it was wrong to increase the burdens of the people in a time of depression. He went to the polls on this issue, and was defeated by the people he was bravely trying to help. Burke told the electors of Bristol that he advanced their interests contrary to their opinions. Mr. Mackenzie tried to do the same thing for the people of Canada and failed. A few years will show, if the revelation has not already been made, whether the electors of Canada did a wise thing when they dismissed a faithful public servant for not taxing five millions of people to enrich a few. Never did British or Colonial statesman display more moral heroism than was displayed by Alexander Mackenzie in ’78 when he stood by his principles while the pistol was pointed at his head—held at times, with shame be it said, by some who pose as moral reformers. If there is no room in the public life of Canada for a man who bravely faces defeat rather than do what he believes to be wrong, then Canada is morally rotten and should be buried out of sight. Soon after his defeat in ’78, Mr. Mackenzie became a resident of Toronto. Owing to declining health he found it inconvenient to represent a large constituency like West Lambton, and in 1882 stood for East York. For this constituency he has been twice elected. East York derives as much honor from its representative as Mr. Mackenzie derives from representing an historic constituency of which he is justly proud. For the same unfortunate reason, Mr. Mackenzie found it necessary some years ago to resign the leadership of the Liberal party. His strength was not equal to the task, and Alexander Mackenzie never was the man to undertake anything unless he could do it thoroughly. The arduous and irksome nature of the work of an Opposition leader in Canada may be learned from the fact that the distinguished gentleman who succeeded Mr. Mackenzie—a gentleman who once could work eighteen hours out of the twenty-four with impunity—has since broken down in health and has been compelled, temporarily at least, to leave public life. The one great mistake of Mr. Mackenzie’s life was his brave attempt to attend to the details of his department while Premier and Minister of Public Works. It is easy to be wise when events are over, but one cannot help thinking that had he worked less then he might be the able and trusted leader of his party to-day, and the party needs a leader badly enough. Mr. Mackenzie’s parliamentary services have not been confined to the Dominion parliament, and the parliament of Old Canada. In 1871, he ran for West Middlesex, was elected, and on the downfall of Sandfield Macdonald’s government soon after, took office under Hon. Mr. Blake, first as provincial secretary, and afterwards as provincial treasurer. Dual representation being abolished, both he and Mr. Blake left the Local Legislature at the same time. Besides his parliamentary work, Mr. Mackenzie has rendered Canada good service by his well-written biography of his friend and leader, George Brown. The tone of the book is moderate throughout, and though written by a strong party man, the facts, so far as we know, have never been seriously questioned. It has occasionally been charged against Mr. Mackenzie that his manner is cold, and his language curt. It is quite true that he calls a spade a spade, and a scoundrel a scoundrel. It may be true that when scaly politicians have asked him to help them to carry out dirty jobs he gave them a reply not always couched in diplomatic language. Quite likely he met the pious proposal of some moral reformers to tax the people for their benefit with language that may have seemed to them unnecessarily vigorous. All this may be so; but those who know Alexander Mackenzie know him to be a warm-hearted man, as kindly as he is firm and true—a man ready at any moment to help the needy, or make sacrifices for his friend. He hates humbug, and scorns shams, and can unmask a hypocrite with rare skill; but no more kindly man stands in the Dominion to-day. May a kind heaven send Canada more Mackenzies.

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=Clarke, Edward Frederick=, M.P.P., Mayor of the City of Toronto, Ontario, was born in the county of Cavan, Ireland, on the 24th April, 1850. His father, Richard Clarke, was a general merchant and flax buyer, favorably known in that capacity throughout the whole north of Ireland. His mother, Ellen Reynolds, the only daughter of the late Charles Reynolds, of Belturbet, county of Cavan, Ireland, is still living, and resides in Toronto. Mr. Clarke came to Canada early in the sixties, and after a short sojourn in Michigan, moved to Toronto, where he has ever since lived. He served his time as a printer in the Globe office, and afterwards, in the practice of his calling, was foreman of the Express, the Sun and the Liberal, and was compositor and proof-reader on the Mail, etc. He took a prominent part in the printers’ strike and attendant labor troubles of 1872, being one of those arrested for alleged intimidation. In 1877 a company was formed for the purchase of the Sentinel, the organ of the Loyal Orange Association. He was chosen manager and editor of the paper, but after a short time he purchased the shares of the stockholders, and became sole proprietor. He has since conducted the Sentinel successfully in connection with a large job printing business. He has for many years taken an active interest in secret societies, especially in the United Workmen, Freemasons and Loyal Orange Association. He is a past master of Rehoboam lodge, No. 65 A. F. & A. M., and at the regular annual meeting of the Loyal Orange Association, held at Belleville, in May, 1887, he was elected to the high office of Deputy-Grand Master of the Order in British America. At the provincial elections of 1886, Mr. Clarke was returned at the head of the poll as one of the city of Toronto’s quota of three representatives to the Legislative Assembly. In December, 1887, he was put forward as the people’s candidate for mayor of his adopted city for 1888, and was elected by a plurality of nearly nine hundred votes in a field of three candidates. He is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and during the last session of the provincial legislature made a favorable impression as a speaker and debater. He is a fluent, ready speaker, of good address, and well informed upon all public subjects. He was married on 30th December, 1884, to Charlotte Elizabeth, fourth daughter of Dan Scott, of Toronto, and has issue, two daughters. Mr. Clarke is a consistent member of the Reformed Episcopal Church, and, although not a total abstainer, is an advocate of temperance reform.

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=Carignan, Onesime=, Three Rivers, Quebec, was born on October 16th, 1839, at Champlain, district of Three Rivers, Que. His parents, Pierre Carignan and Josephte Turcotte, were well-to-do farmers, who were highly esteemed by their neighbors. The subject of this sketch was sent to the parish school, and at the age of fifteen, commenced his business career by accepting a clerkship in a general store in Champlain. Two years after he went to Three Rivers, where he procured a situation as clerk in a grocery store. In 1863 he entered into partnership with Francis Hamel, but two years after, this partnership was dissolved, and Mr. Carignan entered into business for himself in the house he still occupies. His business has continually increased, until now it is conceded that he has the leading grocery of Three Rivers, doing a wholesale as well as a retail trade. His success is due to economy, good administrative abilities, and constant attendance to the details of a growing business. He has been an alderman of Three Rivers since 1876, and has been acting mayor on more than one occasion. He has also held the position, of president of L’Union St. Joseph since 1885. Mr. Carignan has taken an active part in the public enterprises undertaken in his neighborhood, notably in connection with the Three Rivers Water Works, the St. Maurice Bridges, and the Three Rivers drainage. He has been president of several benevolent and religious societies, has been president and is now treasurer of the Three Rivers Conservative Association. He has always taken an active part in political movements, municipal, provincial and federal. In religion he is a Roman Catholic, an ultramontane. He was married on November 15th, 1864, to Aglaé Lebel, of Quebec.

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=Archibald, John Sprott=, Q.C., D.C.L., Professor of Criminal and Constitutional Law in McGill University, Montreal, was born in the village of Musquodoboit, Halifax county, N.S., on the 8th September, 1843. His father, William G. Archibald, was a native of the same county, and his mother, Nancy Archibald, a cousin of his father, was born in Truro, Nova Scotia. Their ancestors came from Londonderry, Ireland, in 1719. John is the fourth child, in a family of five, and was educated in part in the Presbyterian Seminary, Truro. In 1864 he came to Montreal, and took the arts course in McGill University; graduated B.A. in 1867, and won the Prince of Wales’ gold medal for standing in mental and moral philosophy. He then studied law in the office of the late John A. Perkins, taking in the meanwhile the law course at McGill, graduating B.C.L. in 1870, and receiving the Elizabeth Torrance gold medal for highest general standing in his class. On the 18th of January, 1871, he was admitted to the bar, and since that time has steadily pursued the practice of his profession in Montreal, at first alone and subsequently as a member of the firm of Archibald & McCormick, until the present autumn (1887), when he dissolved his partnership, and formed a firm with the Hon. W. W. Lynch, Q.C., for many years solicitor-general of the province of Quebec, and George G. Foster, B.C.L., under the name of Archibald, Lynch & Foster. It is unnecessary to say that this new firm ranks among the leading law firms practising in Montreal. In the autumn of 1871, Mr. Archibald was appointed lecturer on criminal law in McGill University, and in 1880 he was made professor of criminal and constitutional law in the same institution, a position which he has filled with credit to himself and the college. He prepares himself with great care for his arduous duties, and is a great favourite with the students. In the spring of 1887 he received from his alma mater the degree of Doctor of Civil Law, and, almost concurrently, the distinction of Queen’s counsel from the government of Canada. In 1884 Mr. Archibald was elected alderman for St. Antoine ward, one of the largest and most influential wards in the city of Montreal, which position he still holds, having been re-elected in 1887 by acclamation. In 1885 he was appointed revising officer, under the Franchise Act, for the electoral division of Montreal West, which office he still holds. Mr. Archibald is a member of the Presbyterian church, and in politics a Conservative. On the 13th July, 1871, he was married to Ellen Hutchinson, of Bluevale, Ontario, and has a family of five children.

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=Haanel, Eugene Emil=, F.R., Ph.D., Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Victoria College, Cobourg, Ontario, is a native of Breslau, Silesia, Europe, and was born on the 24th May, 1841. He is a son of Franz Haanel and Ann Herde. His father is a government officer, and occupies the position of secretary of the council in Breslau. The Haanels were originally from Sweden, the great grandfather of Franz Haanel having been forced to leave his native country on account of his politics. Eugene, the subject of this sketch, commenced his studies at four years of age, and graduated at the Gymnasium in his native city in 1858. Soon afterwards he left for the United States, and being in Baltimore when the civil war began between the Northern and Southern states in 1861, he joined the Northern army, and spent three years as a hospital steward, and one year as first lieutenant Co. K., Second Regiment Maryland Veteran Infantry, leaving the army at the close of the war in 1865. He then became a student at the Michigan State University, Ann Arbor, and in 1866 was appointed assistant professor of natural science at Adrian (Michigan) College. The next year he held the same position in Hillsdale College, Michigan; and in 1868 was master professor of the same department in Albion College, Michigan, and occupied the chair for four years. In 1872 Professor Haanel returned to Germany, and on the 7th of June, 1873, took the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the Royal University, Breslau. He then left for Canada, to occupy the chair of chemistry and physics in Victoria College, Cobourg. His coming to Cobourg caused the erection of Faraday Hall, in 1876, a brick building, 50 by 100 feet, admirably arranged for the purpose it is intended, and equipped with apparatus selected by the professor himself in the cities of London, Paris, Bonn, Leipzig, Dresden and Berlin. While at the University of Breslau in 1873, for the purpose of graduating, Professor Haanel took for his thesis “The galvanometric method for the determination of the earth’s magnetism and its oscillations,” for which he constructed, in accordance with his original designs, “the galvanic bifilar magnetometer,” which at this day constitutes the principal instrument for observation at the magnetic observatory connected with the University of Breslau. A few years ago it occurred to him that he might remove the difficulty experienced by students in distinguishing the oxyd coating on charcoal of bismuth from the similar one of lead, by converting these coatings into iodides, and his experiments turned out very satisfactory. (See paper read by him “On the application of hydriodic acid as a blowpipe re-agent,” before the Royal Society of Canada, May 25, 1883.) The method adopted then was to touch the coatings with a drop of strong hydriodic acid, and direct the blowpipe flame upon the charcoal just in front of the moistened spot. The heat of the blowpipe flame volatilized the respective iodides, which were deposited again upon the cooler parts of the charcoal, at a greater distance from the assay. The iodide of lead gave a magnificent canary-yellow coating, the bismuth a chocolate brown; cadmium and antimony, when treated in a similar manner, a white and brick-red coating respectively. In the extension of this method to other substances he found that other iodides of very characteristic colours were formed. Many of these were, however, altogether too volatile to be deposited satisfactorily on the charcoal, charcoal being too poor a conductor of heat to lower the temperature of the vapours of the iodides in question sufficiently to permit of their condensation and consequent deposition as coatings. In order to utilise to the fullest extent the value of hydriodic acid as a blowpipe re-agent, it became necessary to adopt a support which, on account of its better conductivity, would condense the various volatile iodides on its surface as coatings. The choice of the kind of support best suited was farther restricted by the following characteristics which a support, to prove entirely practical and satisfactory, should possess. 1. It must be cheap and easily made; 2. The surface of the support must be smooth and white, to bring out the colours of the coatings, uninfluenced by peculiarities of surface or admixture of tint of the support; 3. It must resist the heat of the blowpipe flame; 4. It must be of sufficiently porous texture to absorb the hydriodic acid, and supply it to the assay gradually and constantly during the progress of the operation. After some reflection and experimentation, he finally adopted plaster of Paris casts in the form of narrow thin tablets as the support, and found that it possessed the above-mentioned characteristics in an eminent degree. Though a German, Professor Haanel speaks the English language with eloquence and fluency; he is clear and concise as well as accurate in his enunciation; an attractive lecturer, a successful experimenter, and a laborious and untiring enthusiast at his work. He was married on the 5th of November, 1866, to Julia F. Darling, of Lake Ridge, Michigan, United States, a graduate of Albion College, and they have a family of five children.

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=Kelly, Thomas Eugene=, Joliette, Province of Quebec, was born at Joliette, in 1861. He is a son of Francis Kelly and Mary Collins, his wife. The subject of this sketch was educated at Bryant & Stratton’s Business College, at Montreal, taking the commercial course. He afterwards travelled extensively through the Western States. He is a Roman Catholic in religion, and is unmarried. He is engaged in the manufacturing and wholesale lumber business, being a member of the firm of Kelly Bros., Joliette, Quebec.

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=Weir, W.=, Banker, Montreal.—There are few better known faces on the streets of Montreal than that of the above named gentleman, head of the banking firm of W. Weir & Sons, and president of the Banque Ville Marie. Mr. Weir was born at Greenden, near Brechin, Scotland, on the 28th October, 1823, and came to Canada in 1842, Like a good many successful Canadians, he began life as a teacher, having taken charge of a public school before he was twenty years of age. After two years engaged in this honorable but ill remunerated occupation, during which time he devoted himself to the study of the French language, and having further improved his knowledge of that language by a short course at St. Thérèse College, Mr. Weir accepted a bookkeeper’s situation in Montreal, commencing business on his own account in 1849. In 1856 he removed to Toronto, where he remained till 1859, when he returned to Montreal. During his stay in Toronto he published and edited the Canadian Merchants’ Magazine, a monthly periodical, the vigorous style of its editorials soon bringing their author into notice. In 1858 he took the prize of the Upper Canadian Board of Arts for the best essay on the manufactures of Canada, and contributed many articles to the local press on financial and commercial subjects. Among the early promoters of what has since become known as the National Policy, Mr. Weir was a leading spirit. At his suggestion, and largely through his exertions, the great convention of manufacturers was convened at Toronto in 1858. At this convention Mr. Weir was the secretary, and he held the same position in the “Association for the promotion of Canadian Industry” then formed. This society embraced among its members many prominent members of Parliament, and its exertions and influence secured the changes in the tariff of 1858 which gave the first great impulse to Canada’s manufacturing industries. To the present generation, Mr. Weir is best remembered for his successful efforts to effect the removal of the “silver nuisance.” The suspension of specie payments in the United States, in 1862, caused a large influx into Canada of American silver coin, which, passing current in retail transactions and in payment of wages, but not being bankable, caused great loss and inconvenience to the public, who had daily to carry nearly all their receipts to the brokers’ offices, to be sold at a discount for bankable funds. For several years Mr. Weir urged upon the Government the importance of removing the evil, and at his suggestion one million dollars was exported at the public expense, he himself exporting a similar amount by contract with the leading commercial houses. In 1869, he attempted to export two millions more, but the attempt fell through owing to inadequate support. Early in 1870 (the late Hon. Sir Francis Hincks having become finance minister), Mr. Weir succeeded in obtaining the aid of the Government to remove the whole depreciated coin from circulation. He contracted with the Government to effect its removal, and carried through that great work with complete success. Five million dollars were exported between March and July, 1870, at a cost to the Dominion exchequer of $118,000, the Government being recouped by assuming the one and two dollar note circulation, a measure suggested by Mr. Weir to meet the objection on the score of expense. Seventy banks and bank agencies assisted in the work, the shipments being made from every place of importance between Quebec and Sarnia. The coin was purchased at five, five and half, and six per cent discount, for half and quarter dollar pieces, the smaller coins, to extent of $500,000, being exported by Mr. Weir at his own expense, making the total amount exported by him over seven million dollars, or over two hundred waggon loads. Since 1870, Mr. Weir has taken an active part in discussing the leading financial questions of the hour. He assisted in reorganizing the Jacques Cartier Bank, of which he was vice-president when offered the presidency of the Banque Ville Marie, a position he has held for the last six years, during which period the bank has trebled its business and strengthened its position. To the people of Cote St. Antoine and west end of Montreal, he is best known for his services and public spirit in securing the opening up of Western Avenue, destined to be the great western entrance into the city. Mr. Weir married, in 1849, a daughter of the late John Somerville, of Chatham, P.Q., and has five sons living, and one son and one daughter deceased. Three sons are in business; the two youngest are graduates of McGill University, Arthur the youngest being already well known as a talented writer both in prose and verse.

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=Madill, Frank=, M.A., M.P. for North Ontario, Barrister, etc., Beaverton, Ontario, was born in the township of Scott, in the county of Ontario, province of Ontario, November 23rd, 1852. He is youngest son of Henry and Eliza Madill, who came to Canada from Monaghan, Ireland, in 1837, and eventually settled in the township of Scott. Henry Madill is one of the old pioneers, and was for many years a prominent member of the council of that municipality, until his removal to the village of Vroomanton, in same county, a few years ago, where he and his good lady still reside, amidst a large circle of children, grandchildren and friends, universally respected. The subject of this sketch was educated at Uxbridge and Whitby high schools, and the University of Toronto, where he graduated B.A., in 1873, and M.A. in 1876; studied law in the office of the late Hon. John Hilliard Cameron, Q.C., M.P., and was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas Term, 1877, and still practises his profession at Beaverton. During his university course he was one of the university athletes, and held the championship of the university. He was also a prominent member of the university football team,—the champions of the Dominion for four years. He was lieutenant of No. 4 company, 34th battalion, V.M.I., and is now paymaster of the same battalion, with rank of captain. He was first returned to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, 4th June, 1881, and sat until the general election, 1883, at which he was defeated by twenty votes. At the last general election for the House of Commons he was elected for the same riding by a majority of 158, over A. P. Cockburn, ex-M.P. He is a Liberal-Conservative, and Supporter of the government of Right Hon. Sir John A. Macdonald. He was a member of the Grand Lodge of Royal Black Knights, and was at one time D.M. of King Solomon Preceptory, 292, at Toronto. He is a member of the executive committee of the Liberal-Conservative Union of Ontario; is a Freemason, and is an ex-warden of Murray lodge, Beaverton. He has taken an active part in all political contests in the Midland District, but has never taken any active part in municipal matters. He is commodore of the Beaverton Yacht Club, vice-president of the Beaverton Gun Club, and president of the Chicker Lacrosse Club. His travels have been confined to the United States and Canada. He has always belonged to the Presbyterian church of Canada, in connection with the Church of Scotland, known as the “old Kirk,” of which his father is an elder. He was married on the 5th day of May, 1886, to Florrie, eldest daughter of Charles T. Young, of Beaverton, one of the village fathers.

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=Welton, Daniel Morse=, D.D., Professor of Hebrew, Baptist College, Toronto, Ont., was born in Aylesford, Nova Scotia, July 20th, 1831. His father was Sydney Welton, and his mother, Isabel Morse. His ancestors on both the father and mother’s side came from New England at the time of the Revolutionary war. He prepared for college in Horton Collegiate Academy, Nova Scotia; entered Acadia College, Nova Scotia, in 1850, and graduated therefrom in 1855. After occupying the place of tutor in Acadia College for twelve months (1856), he went to Newton Theological Institution, Mass., where he remained a year. In September, 1857, he was ordained to the pastorate of the Windsor Baptist Church, Nova Scotia, which position he filled till October, 1874, when he was called to the chair of Hebrew and Systematic Theology in the Theological Department of Acadia College. He remained here till 1883, with the exception of two years (1876 and 1877) which he spent in Leipzic, Germany, engaged chiefly in Semitic studies under Professor Delitzsch. He received the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the University of Leipzic in 1878, his dissertation for the same being “The History of Hebrew Learning in England.” His Semitic studies in Leipzic chiefly embraced the Hebrew, Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan and Arabic. In 1883, he was appointed to the chair of Hebrew and Old Testament Interpretation in Toronto Baptist College, which he fills at the present time. In 1884 he received the degree of D.D. from Acadia College, his alma mater. In the years 1876, 1877 and 1878 he also visited London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and the principal cities of Italy. He was married to Sarah Eliza Messenger, daughter of David and Catherine Messenger, September 23rd, 1857.

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=Gagnon, Hon. Charles Antoine Ernest=, M.P.P., Kamouraska, was born at Rivière Ouelle, Quebec, on the 4th of December, 1846. The family came originally from Vendee, France, and settled in Canada in 1633, being thus one of the oldest Canadian families, having representatives still living. The subject of this sketch is the son of Antoine Gagnon, merchant, of Rivière Ouelle, and a nephew of Senator Pelletier, C.M.G. He was educated at St. Anne’s College, and was very successful in his studies. Taking up the study of law, he was appointed notary public in 1869. In 1870 he married Marie Malvina, third daughter of Francis Gagnon, farmer. Throughout his life, Mr. Gagnon has taken the keenest interest in politics and has done yeoman service to the Liberal party with which he is identified, in numberless contests in both Provincial and Dominion affairs. He also directed considerable attention to municipal affairs, his knowledge of those being recognized by his appointment as secretary of the municipality, and, later, secretary of the Board of School Commissioners. He also fills the office of treasurer of the Fabrique. He was president of the board of liquidators of the late Stadacona Fire and Life Insurance Company of Quebec. In October, 1885, he was appointed president of the Board of Notaries, of the province of Quebec, and this position he still holds. In 1873 he was appointed valuator for the St. Lawrence District of the Intercolonial Railway, which was then under construction, and a year later was appointed receiver of wreck for the district of Kamouraska, holding those offices concurrently until March, 1878, when he resigned to contest Kamouraska in the Liberal interest. He was successful in the contest, as he was in the next election in 1881. He was unseated after this election, each party paying its costs, but was again elected in 1883, and has continued to represent the constituency ever since. He was one of the strongest and ablest supporters of the Joly administration during its short career, and when the Liberal party went into opposition he rapidly came to the front as a leading man in the small but resolute band which opposed the policy and methods of the Conservative government under its successive leaders. When the Nationalist agitation arose, he took the same position as his leader, Mr. Mercier, that the interests of the Dominion demanded that a fair field should be given to the people of Quebec, and that union on the part of those people was the best means of calling attention to their demands. Battling strongly on this line, it was natural that when the Nationalist cause triumphed under Mr. Mercier’s leadership, Mr. Gagnon should be called to a position of honor and responsibility. He was sworn in as Provincial Secretary and member of the Executive Council on 29th June, 1887.

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=Reid, Rev. Charles Peter=, Sherbrooke, Quebec, was born at Cornwall, Ont., on the 14th of August, 1811. He was the eldest son of the late Rev. James Reid, D.D., for fifty years rector of Trinity Church, Freleighsburg. He was educated at the Grammar School founded by the Royal Institution in Montreal, and taught by the late Alex. Scakel, and for a while at the similar school in Quebec, taught by the Rev. R. R. Burrage. He took his Divinity course at the Theological Seminary at Chambly, at which the late Rev. J. Braithwaite, M.A., was the principal. He was admitted to the diaconate by the Right Reverend Dr. Stewart, bishop of Quebec, on the 23rd of June, 1835, and to the priesthood at the first ordination held by the late Right Reverend Dr. Mountain, bishop of Quebec, on the first of Nov., 1836. His first mission after his ordination was Rawdon, in the present diocese of Montreal, where he remained a short time. He removed from Rawdon to St. John’s, as curate to the Rev. D. Baldwin, and missionary at Laprairie. While at St. John’s he was married to Julia Gray, eldest daughter of John Gray of her Majesty’s Customs. He then removed to Compton, where he remained fourteen years, building two churches, and organizing the work of the mission on a secure basis. On the 1st of April, 1854, he was appointed to Sherbrooke, of which place he has been rector for thirty years. During this long ministry the church under his charge has grown into a strong and flourishing one, and he has been identified with every good work which has been accomplished in the town. Not only by active interest, but by liberal donations, he has helped to support various charitable institutions. Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, is specially indebted to him. There are few figures more widely known or more truly beloved throughout the whole District of St. Francis, than that of Dr. Reid. He is spending his ripe old age in Sherbrooke, and, still active in mind and body, is never so happy as when assisting in the services of God’s house or ministering in his old field of labor, to those who have become endeared to him by a life-time of loving intercourse. Dr. Reid has been one of the trustees of Bishop’s College from the foundation, in 1843. He received the honorary degree of M.A., in 1855, and of D.C.L., in 1884. He has been for many years rural dean of the District of St. Francis.

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=Power, Michael Joseph=, was born at Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the 23rd day of February, 1834. He is the son of Michael Power. His mother’s maiden name was Ann Lonergan. Both parents are natives of Waterford, Ireland. Mr. Power received his early education at the Union Academy, in Halifax. He is a prominent representative of the Roman Catholics in that city. Mr. Power has taken an active interest in civic affairs for many years. He was an alderman for six years, representing ward 4. He has also been chairman of the City Board of Works for one term; chairman of the Fire department for eight years; vice-chairman of the Board of School Commissioners for two years; and president of the Charitable Irish Society. He does business at 75 Buckingham street, Halifax. He is the Imperial government army contractor for land transport. In his younger days he took considerable interest in militia affairs, holding various commissions in the 63rd battalion of Rifles, and is now retired with the rank of captain. Mr. Power’s connection with the city council brought him into relations with the Commissioners of Public Gardens, of which body he is vice-chairman. He is also a justice of the peace for Halifax county. At the general election of 1878, Mr. Power, together with Hon. P. C. Hill, then Provincial Secretary and Premier, and Donald Archibald, M.P.P. for several terms, and now high sheriff of the county of Halifax, were the candidates of the Liberal party, running in opposition to Charles J. McDonald, W. D. Harrington and John Pugh. The Conservatives carried the elections and the Liberals were out of power for one term. But in the next elections in 1882, Mr. Power, running with Hon. W. S. Fielding, now Provincial Secretary and Premier, and Jas. G. Foster, against W. D. Harrington, Jonathan Parsons and John Pugh, was elected. Messrs. Fielding and Harrington were also elected, Halifax being represented in that legislature by two Liberals and one Conservative. At the general election of 1886, Mr. Power, Hon. W. S. Fielding and William Roche, jr., defeated John Y. Payzant, W. D. Harrington and James N. Lyons by over 1000 majority. On the assembling of the Local parliament, Mr. Power was elected Speaker of the House. He married on the 20th November, 1860, Ann Sophia, daughter of the late Patrick Kent, a Halifax merchant. In politics Mr. Power is a Liberal.

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=Paquet, Rev. Benjamin=, Priest and Household Prelate to his Holiness Leo XIII., Doctor of Theology, Superior of the Quebec Seminary, and Rector of Laval University, was born at St. Nicholas, county of Levis, in 1832. His father was Etienne Paquet, husbandman, captain of militia, and descendant of an old French family. He was one of the most remarkable citizens of the county of Levis. His mother was Ursule Lambert. He received his education at the Quebec Seminary and Laval University. After having finished his classical course, he gave himself up to theology, to prepare for the priesthood. After having been employed in the active ministry for five years as priest at the Basilica, Quebec, he entered the Seminary of Quebec as professor of belles-lettres about a year. In 1863, he went to Rome to complete his theological studies, with the intention of teaching in the faculty of theology at Laval. He studied at Rome for three years, at the celebrated Roman College, where he took his degrees. He returned to Quebec, and taught moral theology at Laval University for a great number of years. He was afterwards purveyor of Quebec Seminary for five years. During this interval, he built the new Quebec Seminary, one of the most beautiful edifices of the Dominion. After having been director of the Grand Seminary for two years, he was, in 1887, appointed Superior of the Seminary and Rector of Laval University. In 1878, he was appointed secret domestic to his Holiness Pope Pius IX., on account of his eminent services to religion in the cause of Laval University. In 1888, he was given, by Pope Leo XIII., the title of household prelate to his Holiness, which entitles him to take part in the court of honor of his Eminence Cardinal Taschereau. Doctor Paquet has made five trips to Europe in the interests of Laval University, and sojourned in Rome eight years.

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=Campbell, Sir Alexander=, K.C.M.G., Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario, residence Toronto. Like several of Canada’s leading statesmen, Sir Alexander Campbell was not born in this country, but he was only two years old when his father, an English physician, came to Canada in the year 1823, and took up his residence at Lachine, in the province of Quebec. Sir Alexander’s birthplace was the village of Hedon, near Kingston-upon-Hull, in Yorkshire, England; and he has ever retained the warmest sentiments of loyalty and attachment to the British empire. Sir Alexander’s parents gave him the best educational advantages the country afforded. They placed him first under the tuition of a Presbyterian clergyman, and afterwards sent him to St. Hyacinthe College, Quebec, and still later to the Royal Grammar School at Kingston, Ontario. He was of a studious turn of mind; and, although he left school at what would now be considered a comparatively early age, he had imbibed all the essential elements of a liberal education. At St. Hyacinthe College he acquired a considerable knowledge of the French language, and a consequent interest in French literature which has accompanied him through life. On occasion he could make a French speech in the Senate; though he rarely exercised the gift, and only perhaps to meet some playful challenge of the French members. He studied the classics also up to a certain point; but above all he acquired a knowledge and command of his own language, and a habit of using words with a peculiar force and directness. The phrase may not always be the smoothest, but it has a quality that tells—something a trifle Cæsarean in its brevity and point. However this is a good opportunity for reminding ourselves of Buffon’s dictum that “le style c’est l’homme.” Mere school education does not give this. A man may learn at school to avoid technical errors of speech; but the style he eventually acquires will be more or less the reflex of his own personality. Mr. Campbell was only seventeen years of age when he entered on the study of the law at Kingston, whither his family had some years previously removed. No stories have reached us of his student days, but he seems to have applied himself earnestly to his work, seeing that he was able, on completing his course and being called to the bar, to form a partnership immediately with John A. (now Sir John) Macdonald, whose reputation even then was rapidly growing. The partnership subsisted for many years under the name of Macdonald and Campbell; and the business, in the hands of these two exceptionally able men, was a lucrative one. Politics, however, soon began to absorb the attention of the senior partner, and the burden of the office work fell upon Mr. Campbell. The experience which the latter thus acquired, aided by his studies, made him one of the soundest lawyers at the bar of Upper Canada; and had he not, while still a comparatively young man, diverged into politics, there is little doubt that he might long since have occupied a distinguished position on the bench. It was in the year 1858 that Mr. Campbell made his début in politics by carrying an election for the Cataraqui division, and taking his seat in the Legislative Council of Old Canada. He very quickly familiarised himself with his new surroundings, and became an efficient and highly esteemed member of the Upper House. No new member probably ever had less crudeness or inexperience to rub off; and no one seemed at all surprised when, in three or four years after his first election, the member for Cataraqui division was placed in the Speaker’s chair. The position was, indeed, one for which, by temperament and character, he was pre-eminently fitted, but not one in which his practical energies could find much scope; and a wider sphere of usefulness was opened up to him, while the administrative strength of the government of 1864 received a great reinforcement when the Speaker of the Council was assigned to the position of Commissioner of Crown Lands. Here his knowledge of law and prompt business methods found ample exercise, and it was admitted on all hands that he filled the office in an admirable manner. From this time forward Mr. Campbell was looked upon as one of the strong men of his party, though one whose strength was shown rather in council than in fight. His was the balanced judgment and sound knowledge of affairs, and one can only regret that the influence he was so fitted to exert, and must at many critical moments have exerted, in favor of sound, safe and honorable methods of party management, could not have asserted itself at all times. A very ugly chapter of Canadian political history might then never have been written. In 1867 the first government of the Dominion was constituted under the leadership of the then newly knighted Sir John A. Macdonald, and Mr. Campbell was sworn in as Postmaster-General. The new position did not call, to the same extent as the previous one, for the exercise of legal acumen, but it involved dealing with large public interests and a very extended patronage. During the period that Mr. Campbell remained at the head of the post office much solid progress was made, in all of which he took a lively interest, and exerted a judicious control. As regards the patronage of the department, it was administered by the Postmaster-General with a constant eye to the good of the service, and occasionally with a wholesome indifference to mere party demands. One of the chief characteristics of Mr. Campbell during his administrative career was that he was never willing to descend to the level of the mere party politician. Some have said that this was due to the fact that his position exempted him from dependence on the popular vote; but we have seen other senators whose high position did not seem to exercise any very elevating effect on their political methods. After a six years’ tenure, exactly, of the Post Office department, Mr. Campbell accepted the portfolio of the newly constituted department of the Interior. Here everything was to create, order had to be called out of a most discouraging chaos; but the new minister was proceeding bravely with his task, when the government of which he was a member met an inglorious defeat over the “Pacific Scandal.” The operations which led to this result had been carried on wholly without Mr. Campbell’s knowledge: he was not indeed the kind of a man to whom the schemes formed at that time for creating an election fund were likely to be confided. He did not, however, like Sir Richard Cartwright, see in the occurrences to which we are referring sufficient reason for separating himself from his party. He probably judged that he could render better service to the country in the ranks of the Conservative party than anywhere else; and he looked forward, doubtless, to the time when that party, rendered wiser by experience, would again be called to control the destinies of the country. From 1873 to 1878 Mr. Campbell acted as leader of the opposition in the Senate, and discharged the duties of the position with the same ability as well as with the same fairness and moderation as when he had represented the government. To act a really factious part was, we may say, almost wholly out of his power: certainly, it would have been foreign to his nature. When the Conservative party returned to office in November, 1878, Mr. Campbell first accepted the position of Receiver-General, but in the spring of 1879 he returned to his old office of Postmaster-General. Thence he passed in the month of January, 1880, to the department of Militia and Defence, which, during a brief term of office, he did not a little to invigorate. The end of the year saw him back in the Post Office department, which he again left in the month of May of the year following (1881), to assume the portfolio of Justice. Meantime (24th May, 1879) he had been created by her Majesty a Knight Commander of the Order of St. Michael and St. George, an honor which his eminent public services had very fully merited. Sir Alexander remained at the head of the department of Justice until the latter part of the year 1885, when he once more returned to the Post Office department, which he finally left in the spring of 1887 to accept the Lieutenant-Governorship of Ontario. His appointment to the latter office was viewed with pleasure and approval, even by his political opponents. On all hands it was felt that in Sir Alexander Campbell her Majesty would have one of the most constitutional of representatives, such a man as she probably would herself have delighted to choose for the position. Before proceeding to Toronto, however, Sir Alexander went to England at the request of the government, to represent Canada at the Colonial conference. That conference was not empowered to enact any measures, or even to concert any scheme, for the modification of the relations existing between Great Britain and the colonies; but it gave an opportunity for a confidential exchange of views between members of the British government and leading representatives of the colonies; and there is little doubt that it has smoothed the way for the future discussion of questions of the greatest moment. As a departmental chief, Sir Alexander Campbell was deservedly popular. He was not, perhaps, the most accessible of men, and his general manner may have been a trifle distant and brief; but it was soon discovered that he had a kind heart and a strong sense of justice. He was not a man to be trifled with; he believed in holding men to their duty; but on the other hand, he was always glad of an opportunity of rewarding faithful service. He had a keen insight into character, and had, consequently, little difficulty in dealing with men on their merits. His confidence was seldom given where it was not deserved, or withheld where it was deserved. He was always ready to form his own independent opinion on any matter properly submitted to him, and having formed his opinion, he knew how to stand by it. No department of the government came amiss to him, for the simple reason that his sound business methods were applicable everywhere. How useful such a man must have been to the cabinet as a whole, and particularly to its leader, may be imagined, but the full details are not likely ever to become known. It will be remembered that while Minister of Justice it became the duty of Sir Alexander to draw up a memorandum explaining and defending the policy of the government in executing Riel. This he did in a manner that for force, conciseness, and logic left nothing to be desired. Perhaps, however, the chief merit of the statement was the strong accent of conviction that pervaded it. It was not a partisan manifesto; it was the fitting utterance of the highest organ of executive justice in the country.

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=Vidal, Henry Beaufort=, Major in the Infantry School Corps. He was born on the 16th of May, 1843, at the town of Chatham, in the county of Kent. He is the only surviving son of the late Alexander Thomas Emeric Vidal, a vice-admiral in the Royal Navy, and for some years a resident in the county of Lambton, and Marie Antoinette, his wife, daughter of the late Henry Veitch, for many years H.B.M’s Consul-General in Madeira. Vice-Admiral Vidal was the youngest, and Captain Vidal, R.N., of Sarnia, the eldest son of Emeric Vidal, who was for many years a flag officer’s secretary in the Royal Navy. He preferred to remain in the service of Britain at the time that the remainder of his family elected to return to France, from which country their forefathers had emigrated on the revocation of the Edict of Nantes, being at that time settled at the town of Montauban, in the department of Tarn et Garonne. The subject of this sketch was educated by private tutors and at Trinity College School in Toronto. He was admitted as student-at-law in Easter term, 1860, and was called to the bar of Ontario, Michaelmas term, 1872. He entered the militia of Canada as ensign in the 24th battalion, Lambton, 3rd August, 1860. On the 23rd May, 1862, he joined the British army as ensign, became a lieutenant in the 4th regiment of foot on the 16th of August, 1804, and served with that regiment in the Mediterranean, India, Abyssinia, etc. He was present at the action of Arogie and capture of Magdala. Having retired from the British army, he at once re-entered the Canadian militia, as a captain of the 7th battalion “Fusiliers,” London. In 1882 he became a regimental major in the 12th battalion, from which corps he was transferred to the permanent infantry on its first formation. Major Vidal is a Freemason, a Royal Arch Mason, and is also in the A. & A. Rite. Since his return to Canada he identified himself with the Conservative party, and is in politics a Tory. In religion, he is a member of the Church of England. He has travelled in all the four great continents. He was married in January, 1869, to Kate Allen, who died in 1884, and by whom he had issue (surviving), an only son and daughter. Charles Emeric Kerr, the son, was born on the 6th of February, 1870; educated at Upper Canada College, Toronto, and at the high schools of St. John and Halifax. He matriculated as student in medicine at Bishop’s College, Lennoxville, 1885; entered the militia of Canada at the age of fifteen years and ten months as 2nd lieutenant, 6th Fusiliers, and became lieutenant in June, 1887.

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=Rogers, Rev. Jabez A.=, Windsor, Nova Scotia, is the son of David and Rebecca Rogers, and was born at St. John’s, Newfoundland, on the first day of March, 1843. He received his early education at the Wesleyan Academy in St. John’s, and at the Grammar School in Harbour Grace. At the age of sixteen he was converted and united with the Wesleyan Methodist Church, an occasion of great joy in his father’s household—prayer being turned into praise on the happy night when he made his peace with God. The event was the more a subject of heart-felt joy inasmuch as his friends had expected that he was destined for the legal profession, a career in which a man of his brilliant parts and great eloquence would assuredly have attained no mean place. Shortly after his conversion Mr. Rogers felt that he was called to preach the gospel. He still attended the Grammar School at Harbour Grace, devoting his time to the study of the classics and the Greek Testament, under the direction of the scholarly and accomplished Principal, J. J. Roddick. When but seventeen years of age he preached his first sermon, and was appointed a local preacher of the Wesleyan Methodist church. He then entered upon theological studies, with the view of preparing to offer himself as a candidate for the ministry. In his twentieth year he was recommended by the Newfoundland District Meeting to the Methodist Conference of Eastern British America, and was received on probation. This is the first step in the Methodist ministry. In June, 1862, he was appointed as a probationer to Catalina, Trinity Bay, and in 1864 to Exploits Notre Dame Bay, Newfoundland. In June, 1866, he was received into full connection by the Methodist Conference of Eastern British America, and was ordained a minister in full standing in the Centenary Church in St. John, New Brunswick. His first appointment as minister was to Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, for one year, as the assistant of that great light in the Methodist church, the Rev. Matthew Richey, D.D. In the next year, 1867, Rev. Mr. Rogers was appointed to the church in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, where he remained the full itinerary term of three years, and gained a great reputation as a fervid and eloquent preacher. On the Lyceum platform he also occasionally appeared with marked success. A very popular and able lecture of his was delivered in Halifax, Windsor and other places on the subject of “True Greatness.” In more recent years he has lectured on “Moral Warfare,” “The Old Lamp and the New Lights,” and “The Land of the Pharaohs.” In 1870 he was appointed to Brunswick Street Church, the largest of the eight Methodist churches in Halifax. Here he remained three years, or until 1873, when he removed to Wesley Church, Yarmouth. Three years later the exigencies of the itinerary system placed him in Truro. In 1879 he removed to the church in Amherst, and three years later he returned to Wesley Church, Yarmouth. In 1885 he was appointed to the Methodist Church in Windsor, a pulpit which has for many years been filled by the very best men in the ministry. His next field of labour will be Brunswick Street Church in Halifax again, he having received an invitation to that church in 1887. Rev. Mr. Rogers has always been a hard-working man in his chosen sphere, and has from time to time been honored with many of the most honorable offices in the church. From 1876 to 1878 he was Journal secretary, and from 1879 to 1884 secretary of the Nova Scotia Conference of the Methodist Church of Canada. He worthily filled the office of chairman of district from 1879 to 1852, and again from 1884 to 1887. He was a delegate to the General Conferences of 1878, 1882, 1883 and 1886. He was also appointed a member of the Union Committee which met in Toronto in November, 1882, and which formulated the basis for the union of the different branches of the Methodist church. This union, in the face of much opposition and controversy, was consummated in 1883. There were great financial difficulties to be overcome, and old time differences between the Methodist Episcopal church and the Wesleyans had to be smoothed over. In 1884 Rev. Mr. Rogers was elected the first president of the Nova Scotia Conference of the Methodist church. In 1870 he was united in marriage to Jane M., daughter of Rufus S. Black, M.D., of Halifax, N.S., grandson of the Rev. Wm. Black, the founder of Methodism in Nova Scotia. The Black family have, with few exceptions, continued staunch members of the church of their forefathers. Three years ago there was opened at Sackville, N.B., a handsome memorial hall in honor of the Rev. Wm. Black, on which occasion Rev. Mr. Rogers, by appointment, represented the Nova Scotia Conference. Rev. Mr. Rogers has a family of six children living.

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=Paquet, Hon. Anselme Homere=, M.D., St. Cuthbert, province of Quebec, Senator for De la Valliere, was born at St. Cuthbert, on the 29th September, 1830. He is a son of the late Captain T. Paquet and Mary F. Robillard. He received his education at the College of L’Assomption. He is one of the numerous pupils of the “Ecole de Médicine et de Chirurgie de Montréal,” and was licensed as a physician by the provincial medical board on the 10th of May, 1853. In 1863, he entered politics, but was an unsuccessful candidate in March of that year for the Legislative Council. He was, however, elected to the Legislative Assembly in June, 1863, where he sat until Confederation. He was elected for the House of Commons in 1867, and again in 1872, after contests, and by acclamation in January, 1874. He was called to the Senate by Royal proclamation in February, 1875. He was president of the Permanent Building Society of Berthier, one of the originators and directors of La Banque Ville Marie, Montreal, and one of the governors of the Medical College of the Province of Quebec, from 1877 till 1880. He was appointed in 1879, as professor on hygiene in the Medical School, Montreal, affiliated with Victoria University, and is now one of the consulting physicians in Hotel Dieu Hospital, and professor of medical clinics in the same hospital. He was appointed in September, 1887, a member of the provincial commission on hygiene. In religion, Hon. Mr. Paquet is an adherent of the Roman Catholic church, and in politics a Liberal. He was married at L’Assomption, on the 24th September, 1854, to Marie Alp. Henriette Gariépy, fourth daughter of Captain P. Gariépy and Mary Roy.

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=Kelly, Samuel James=, M.D., M.S., Joliette, Quebec province, was born on the 12th of August, 1856, at Joliette. His parents were Francis Kelly and Mary Collins. He received his classical education in his native parish, and prosecuted his medical studies in Quebec and Montreal. Having graduated, he returned to Joliette, where he began the practice of his profession, and has succeeded in building up a good business. In addition to his professional practice, he has an interest in the lumber business of Kelly & Brother, Joliette. He is a member of the Roman Catholic church. He was married on the 29th of November, 1881, to Emmelie Mandehard.

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=Russell, Willis=, Quebec.—While this work was under compilation, the subject of this sketch was somewhat suddenly called to appear before the tribunal of Heaven, after a long and well-spent life of seventy-three years, and with him has passed away one of the oldest and best known landmarks of the ancient capital. A local paper, the Daily Telegraph, of the 17th October, 1887, the day after his deeply lamented death, had the following biographical notice of the deceased gentleman:—

For nearly half a century the name of Willis Russell has been a household word, not only in the city of Quebec, but amongst all who have been in the habit of coming here, on visits of business or of pleasure, and we know of no one whose loss would be more widely felt than his, or more deeply regretted amongst both residents in and visitors to the old rock city. A native of one of the New England states, where he was born in 1814, the late Mr. Russell took up his abode in Quebec over forty-three years ago, and has been an uninterrupted resident of our city ever since, remaining identified all that time with the business in which he lived and died—the maintenance and the management of the principal hostelries of the ancient capital. It would be difficult at this distant date to follow the deceased gentleman very minutely through the early part of his career in this city. Suffice it to say that in 1844 he entered, on his arrival here, upon the business which he made his life work, and that his untiring efforts to make the houses which he controlled the best of their kind in the locality never failed of success. For some time Mr. Russell was proprietor of an hotel known, we believe, as the St. George’s, situated in the old union, building on Place d’Armes, now the property of Mr. D. Morgan, merchant tailor. This was before he became proprietor of the Albion Hotel, on Palace street, which, during his management, extending over a long term of years, was the leading hostelry of the then capital of united Canada. Mr. Russell’s later career as proprietor of the St. Louis Hotel and Russell House is well known to the present generation of Quebecers and to all travellers and tourists in the habit of visiting Quebec. For some years back, there has not been sufficient business in town to keep both houses open during the winter season, but in summer they are frequently crowded to their utmost capacity, and some time back Mr. Russell also became the lessee of the Albion Hotel on Palace street, and sometimes utilised it for the excess of his summer business. Mr. Russell’s success in business was, of course, largely due to the attention which he gave it, and to his admirable adaptability for it. His career is an example to all young men about to start out in business, to first select that particular line to which they feel they can devote their best energy and efforts, and then, so far as they legitimately can, to permit nothing to stand between themselves and success. Mr. Russell’s attention to his business was proverbial, and the comfort of his guests was his first and principal care. With this object in view, he skilfully contrived to have the best possible menu always before them, so that travellers from all parts of the United States and Canada have always been able to claim that the best tables to which they have been accustomed have been those of the St. Louis Hotel. In the matter of gentlemanly and polite attendance the same hotel has always stood deservedly high, the leading officials connected with the management having been always selected from those foremost in the business. In common with all the citizens of Quebec, Mr. Russell has been for some time aware that Quebec is behind the age in the matter of a proper hotel building. He has always been foremost, therefore, in the various efforts that have been made to secure a new hotel for our city. A few years ago it seemed as if success was about to crown Mr. Russell’s efforts in this direction. He had all but completed the formation of a company to build a splendid new house on Dufferin terrace, on the site of the old Normal School. The necessary charter incorporating the Chateau St. Louis Hotel was duly obtained from the local legislature, and large subscriptions of stock were being made by a number of prominent citizens towards the undertaking. Mr. Russell brought on a famous architect from New York to draw the plans of the proposed hotel, and everybody remembers how much they were admired at the time, and how they received the approval of the Princess Louise, who manifested considerable interest in the undertaking. However, after the expenditure of an immense amount of money and time on the subject, Mr. Russell had the mortification of seeing the scheme fall through, in consequence of some difficulty at Ottawa about the land required for the site. It will be observed, all the same, that it was not Mr. Russell’s fault if the city of Quebec was unsuccessful in her attempt to obtain the new hotel. The deceased gentleman has occupied many important positions of trust amongst his fellow-citizens. He was a J.P. for many years past. Realizing its vast promise of success, and the necessity which existed for it, he became one of the most active promoters of the North Shore railway. Years afterwards he was a member of the city council for about six years. He was elected to represent St. Louis ward in the municipal body, and retired from office nearly four years ago. During most of the period in which he occupied a seat at the council board, Mr. Russell was chairman of the fire committee. This was immediately after the last great fire in the suburbs, and Mr. Russell was indefatigable in his efforts to secure a thorough reorganization of the fire department, and the acquisition of additional steam engines and other appliances for fighting the flames. The prolongation of the old Durham terrace to the dimensions of the present Dufferin terrace is also largely due to Mr. Russell’s determined efforts. The deceased gentleman has always been a determined advocate of the proposed Quebec and Levis bridge. In American politics, in his earlier days, he was a great Dan Webster man. Though a naturalized Canadian, he never took a very decided stand in our politics, though he formed many personal friendships amongst our public men. One of his closest friends for the past thirty years has been the esteemed member for Quebec West, Owen Murphy. Another was Colonel Rhodes. Mr. Russell’s active mind was never content to remain fixed alone upon the hotel business, and he speculated largely at different periods in lumber and mines. His mining property was situated principally in the eastern townships, and for some time he was at the head of a number of saw mills and a lumber company at Arthabaskaville. His recreation consisted principally in salmon fishing, and his favorite fishing ground was the Marguerite river, above Tadousac, of which he controlled the right, and where, in company with a number of American capitalists, he formed the St. Marguerite fishing club. The deceased gentleman was the proprietor of the Music Hall (now the Academy of Music), which he purchased some five years ago, and in which he has given at various periods an immense number of the most brilliant public dinners and balls, the sine qua non of a fashionable event of the kind in Quebec being that it should be entrusted to Mr. Russell’s management. Our regretted friend was a member of the congregation of the English Cathedral, and in his last illness received the consolations of religion at the hands of the Revs. Messrs. Petry and Fothergill. Notwithstanding the delicate state of his health for some years past, he attended to business to the very last day, and his death may be considered both sudden and unexpected. He was downstairs in the public office of the St. Louis Hotel on Friday, apparently as well as he had been at any time during the last year, and on Saturday he was dead. It is supposed he must have taken cold, for congestion of the bowels declared itself, and when he felt compelled, by his inflammatory pains on Friday afternoon, to retire to his room, he was destined never to leave it again. He grew rapidly worse during the night, and on Saturday morning it was evident that the end was approaching. All day he continued to sink rapidly, expiring at ten minutes to ten o’clock at night. He was surrounded by his wife and children, and was perfectly conscious to the last. With Mrs. Russell and her children—W. E. Russell and Mrs. H. J. Miller—we sincerely sympathize in this hour of deep affliction. Their sorrow is shared by all our people, who feel that they have lost one of their best, most useful and most patriotic citizens. The rotunda of the St. Louis Hotel without his well-known figure, pleasant countenance, hearty laugh and amusing anecdote, will indeed be sadly changed.

The Morning Chronicle, the leading paper of Quebec, also had an extended notice of the deceased, and the French papers of the city devoted much of their space to praise of his useful life and the expression of regret at his death. His funeral was one of the largest and most imposing ever witnessed in Quebec, and was attended by all classes of the local population, including the ministers of the federal and provincial governments in town at the time, ex-provincial ministers, members of the Dominion parliament and provincial legislature, and leading citizens generally.

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=Monk, Hon. Samuel Cornwallis=, LL.D., Senior Puisné Judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench of the Province of Quebec, Montreal, was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, on 29th July, 1814. His father, Samuel Wentworth Monk, was descended from a family of U. E. loyalists, who left Boston, in Massachusetts, on the breaking out of the revolutionary war, and settled in Nova Scotia. The Monk family was related to the Goulds, Wentworths, Deerings, Apthorps, and the Hon. Edward Cornwallis, at one time governor of Nova Scotia, all of whom were persons of note in those early days. Judge Monk’s great grandfather was attorney-general of Nova Scotia, and his grandfather a judge of that province. One of his granduncles, Sir James Monk, was chief justice of the Court of Queen’s Bench for Montreal. Samuel Cornwallis Monk was educated in Windsor, N.S., and was subsequently prepared for entering Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, but it was thought advisable that he should immediately begin the study of law in Canada, and this he did in 1831, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. He then made an extended tour, which occupied two years, in Europe, and on his return entered into a partnership with Sir John Rose, baronet, now of London, England, who at that time was carrying on an extensive law business in Montreal. In 1854 Mr. Monk was appointed a Queen’s counsel, and for some years represented the attorney-general of Lower Canada in Crown prosecutions. In 1859 he was raised to the bench, and for a period of nine years sat as a puisné judge in the Superior Court of Lower Canada. In 1868 he was promoted to the Queen’s Bench, on the retirement of Justice Aylwin. His reputation as a judge stands high. His natural talents, united to his vast knowledge and graceful elocution, have made him one of the most instructive and agreeable persons to listen to whenever he has a judgment to deliver in the Court of Appeals or a charge to make in the Criminal Court. His knowledge of both the English and French languages is so perfect that it would be impossible for a stranger to tell by his speech to which nationality he belonged. The old French law, which forms the basis of the jurisprudence in the province of Quebec, is so familiar to him that when a case is heard in the Court of Queen’s Bench before him and his associates, after reading the printed factum of both parties, he is generally ready to give his opinion and support it with the most learned arguments. The capabilities of this learned judge, as shown in criminal matters, are always very highly appreciated. When he represented the Crown before the criminal courts as Crown prosecutor, before being elevated to the bench, he met with great success, and his reputation as a criminal lawyer stood very high. Upon the bench he has met the expectations of his admirers by the dignity with which he presides in court, and the vast legal knowledge, combined with the high sense of justice which he displays in discharging his duties. He had the degree of LL.D. conferred upon him a number of years ago by Laval University, Quebec. Judge Monk was married in 1844 to a daughter of the late Hon. P. D. DeBartzch, member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. The fruit of this marriage has been five sons and one daughter, the latter having died some years ago.

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=Taillon, Alphonse Antoine=, Sorel, Quebec, was born at Ottawa, on the 17th July, 1847. His parents were John Taillon and Dame Geneviève Lionais. His father was one of the first merchants of Bytown, and took a prominent part in promoting the interests of the future city of Ottawa. Wm. P. Lett, Ottawa’s poet, in his poem, “Recollections of old Bytown,” alludes to him as one of the good, honorable citizens of the time, and a man of genial character. The subject of this sketch received a full commercial course at the College of Ottawa, now the University. He served in the “Chasseurs Canadiens” at St. John’s, Laprairie and St. Armands during the first Fenian raid in 1866; was appointed lieutenant in 1869, and captain in 1870. He entered the Merchants Bank, at Montreal, in 1867, and became manager of the Sorel branch in 1871. The bank closed its branch in 1881, and handed the business over to Mr. Taillon, who continued as a private banker, and is one of the leading business men of the town. He was an alderman and chairman of the Finance Committee in 1883 and 1884, and was elected by a large majority over Senator Guévremont as mayor in 1887. He is president of Richelieu County Conservative Association, and was several times called on to be a candidate for both local and federal parliamentary honors, which he invariably declined. He was president of several local societies, and was the promoter of many public enterprises. He is a Roman Catholic. On the 12th January, 1871, he was married to Josephine de Boucherville, eldest daughter of P. V. de Boucherville, M.D., of Beauharnois. He has had eight children, six of whom are living.

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=Vallee, Thomas Evariste Arthur=, M.D., Quebec, is one of the leaders of the medical profession in that city, and a well-known specialist in insanity and toxicology. He was born in Quebec on the 22nd December, 1849, of the marriage of Prudent Vallée and Henrietta Casault, and was educated at the Quebec Seminary and Laval University, from which last institution he graduated as an M.D. in 1873. He also had the advantage of a three years’ course of medical study in London and Paris. In 1878 his alma mater, Laval University, fittingly recognized his abilities by appointing him one of the professors of its medical faculty. First called to the chair of medical jurisprudence and toxicology, which he filled with distinction, he was, on the death of the late Dr. Alfred Jackson, in 1885, transferred to that of tocology and gynæcology, which he still occupies. In 1879 he was further appointed visiting physician of the Beaufort Insane Asylum, and medical superintendent of the same great institution in 1885. For several years past he has also been visiting physician of the institutions of the Good Shepherd, the Sisters of Charity, the Hotel Dieu and the Lying-in Hospital, at Quebec. In questions of insanity and toxicology, Dr. Vallée is one of the recognized authorities of his native province, and his great skill as an analyst, where death by poisoning is suspected, has frequently been of the most valuable service to its authorities and the cause of justice. Among the causes célèbres in Lower Canadian criminal annals in which it has more recently been called into requisition to assist the administration of the law, may be mentioned more specially the Coats’ case at Sherbrooke, and the Boulet and Lagacé poisoning cases in the Quebec district. In the Boulet case, the prisoner, Mrs. Boulet, was found guilty and sentenced to be hanged, but during the night preceding the execution, and after the gallows had been erected, her sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life, owing to some technical objection raised by the unfortunate woman’s counsel, F. X. Lemieux, M.P.P. (of notoriety also as Riel’s counsel), and to the popular dislike of visiting the last penalty of the law on a woman. As an expert in insanity, Dr. Vallée also figured very prominently before the public in the celebrated Lynam case, which created so much excitement in Montreal a couple of years since. While studying for his profession, in 1871, the subject of this sketch further obtained a diploma from the Quebec military school. A gentleman of literary taste and culture, he was elected president of “L’Institut Canadien de Quebec” in 1878, and filled that office down to 1880. He has travelled extensively in the United States, England, France, Belgium, Italy, Turkey and the East for pleasure and to extend his knowledge of his profession. In religion Dr. Vallée is a Roman Catholic, and on the 30th April, 1878, he married Honorine Chauveau, daughter of the eminent French-Canadian littérateur, educationalist and statesman, Hon. P. J. O. Chauveau, late premier of the province of Quebec, and now sheriff of Montreal.

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=Walker, Thomas=, M.D., St. John, N.B., was born on the 20th March, 1840, at Hampton, in Kings’s County New Brunswick. He is of English extraction and is the eldest son of Rev. William Walker and Anne Walker. He is descended on the paternal side of the house from Elizabeth Yates, who was a sister of the famous Pendrell brothers, who was instrumental in saving King Charles II., after the fatal battle of Worcester. In consideration of these services, a pension was granted to the Pendrell family when the merry monarch came to his own. The pension is still received by the descendants of the Pendrells, though cut up by a failure of male heirs. Though coming of good old royalist stock, the subject of this sketch is a thorough Liberal of the Liberals and opposed the confederation of the provinces. He served his party actively and well in many fights. His early school days were passed at the Grammar School of his native county. He completed his classical course of study at King’s College, Fredericton, from which university he received the degree of B.A. From this college, which was modelled after King’s College, Windsor, N.S., the oldest degree-conferring college in British North America, have gone forth many of the ablest men in the learned professions in the Maritime provinces. It is an unsectarian institution, liberally endowed and supported out of the Provincial treasury. In order to prepare himself for the labors of the medical profession, Dr. Walker crossed the Atlantic in 1859, and spent the following four years in close study at the University of Edinburgh, where he graduated M.D. in August, 1863. In the same year he obtained the license of the Royal College of Surgeons. In July, 1866, Dr. Walker married Mary R., eldest daughter of the late William Jack, Q.C., formerly Advocate-general of New Brunswick, and sister of I. Allan Jack, D.C.L. recorder of the city of St. John, N.B. Of this marriage, have been born seven children. Dr. Walker speedily arose to eminence in his profession, and was president of the New Brunswick Medical Society in 1884 and 1885. He now holds the office of treasurer of the society. He is also a member of the Council of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick. He has never seen any active service in warfare, but holds the position of surgeon in the 62nd, St. John Fusiliers. No troops from New Brunswick were ordered to the front during the late troubles in the North-West. He is a member of the Church of England, holding moderate views in the many divisions of his church. Like most medical men, Dr. Walker is an active member of the Masonic fraternity, which order he joined in 1871. He is N. and E. Commander of the Encampment of St. John Knights Templars, on the registry of the Chapter General of Scotland. Among his other positions of public esteem and influence, Dr. Walker is a commissioner of the St. John Public Hospital.

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=Shehyn, Hon. Joseph=, Provincial Treasurer, Quebec, is politically, commercially and socially one of the conspicuous figures of the hour in the province of Quebec. As the Treasurer of the Province, he is at the head of the most important of its public departments, and, as one of the leading merchants of the port of Quebec, his commercial and social standing is of the highest. With talents rather of the solid than the brilliant order, he is pre-eminently what is termed “a safe man,” and a striking example of the success which attends a well-regulated character—his probity and industry in business being only equalled by his consistency and moderation in politics. Of Irish and French-Canadian parentage, Mr. Shehyn was born in the city of Quebec, in 1829, and was also educated there, partly at the Quebec Seminary, and partly by private tuition. Entering commercial life, he rapidly rose to wealth and distinction, finally becoming a member of the great wholesale dry goods firms of Sterling, McCall & Co., and McCall, Shehyn & Co., of London, Montreal and Quebec. For many years he has been the representative and head of the last named firm at Quebec, where it holds a foremost position in the dry goods importing trade, and does an extensive wholesale business with all parts of the province through its commercial travellers. But it was not until he entered the Quebec Board of Trade that the subject of our sketch began to attract much public attention outside of commercial circles. As a member of that body, his natural taste for figures, his intimate acquaintance with financial questions, his seemingly inexhaustible fund of statistics and the earnest and intelligent lead he always took in all that concerned the trade of Quebec and generally of the St. Lawrence, soon made him a marked man. Elected a member of the Council of the Board of Trade, his name was prominently and constantly before the public as one of the ablest champions of Quebec’s interests. On different important occasions he represented them as a delegate to Ottawa, or defended them before the Board in speeches and published papers with a logic and force which commanded wide-spread notice and respect, and the Board expressed its confidence in him by electing and re-electing him its president until he was compelled to decline further acceptance of the honor, on being called in 1887 to the discharge of still higher public duties, which promised to absorb all his available time from his private business. It was during his presidency of the Board that he contributed to its records an important paper entitled “Railways vs. Canals,” which was considered so valuable that the Board unanimously ordered it to be printed in pamphlet form for the public information. No more powerful argument has yet been adduced against the injustice of saddling the Dominion at large with Montreal’s harbor debt, including the cost of deepening Lake St. Peter, and against the folly generally of expending public money on the improvement of artificial water courses in the face of the overshadowing competition and advantages now-a-days of railways as inland trade carriers. Mr. Shehyn’s services were also warmly appreciated by his fellow citizens of Quebec outside of the Board of Trade. A Liberal in politics, though a moderate man in his views, he was first selected as the party’s candidate for the important division of Quebec East at the general elections for the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec in 1875, and was returned by a large majority. At the general elections of 1878, he was re-elected for the same division by a handsome majority, and again at the general elections of 1881 he was elected by acclamation. At the last general elections in October, 1886, opposition to his re-election was deemed futile by his adversaries, and he was accordingly again returned by acclamation. These were the elections which brought the Liberal opposition into power in the province under Hon. H. Mercier, and, in the latter’s assumption of the reins of office as Premier of Quebec, in January, 1887, Mr. Shehyn, as one of the ablest of his lieutenants, and as the financial authority and critic par excellence of his party, was among the first invited to enter his cabinet, which he did to the general satisfaction as Treasurer of the province, when the electors of Quebec East immediately signified their approval by once more electing him by acclamation. During the session of the legislature, which followed in March, the new Treasurer did not disappoint the high estimate formed by the public of his financial abilities. His Budget speech dealt in a masterly manner with a fiscal situation of unusual complication and difficulty, and the remedial measures he proposed not only met with the sanction of the House, but the approbation of all business minds. The result has been eminently satisfactory. Under Mr. Shehyn’s skillful management the finances of the province, which were very seriously embarrassed when he took charge, have steadily improved; new sources of revenue, hitherto undeveloped, have been opened up, the license laws have been more vigorously enforced, as well to the benefit of the public treasury as of public morals; and some long-pending questions in legislation or in dispute, such as the tax on commercial corporations, etc., have been advantageously settled. Method and economy are the prevailing characteristics of his administration, and, as a whole, the province of Quebec has reason to be congratulated upon it. As a member of the Quebec government, Mr. Shehyn also took an important and leading part in the late Inter-Provincial Conference at Quebec, and his princely residence of Bandon Lodge, opposite the parliament buildings, was the home of Premier and Mrs. Mowat, of Ontario, as well as the scene of many of the splendid social festivities on that memorable occasion. In religion, Mr. Shehyn is a Roman Catholic. He has been a member of the commission of the peace for the Quebec district since 1874. On the 16th of August, 1858, he married Marie Zoe Virginie, daughter of Ambroise Verret, of Quebec, and by her has had a large issue of children, six of whom are living; the eldest son, Lieutenant Shehyn, of the 9th battalion of Quebec, served with distinction with his regiment in the Northwest, during the last rebellion. Mrs. Shehyn is one of the leaders of Quebec society, and much of its brilliancy is due to her graceful influence and example.

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=Maclaren, James=, Lumber Manufacturer, Buckingham, province Quebec, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, about the year 1818. His parents came to Canada when he was a young boy and settled in the township of Tarbolton, on the Upper Ottawa. His father, who was a man of education and culture, set to work vigorously to make himself a new home in his adopted country. Among other enterprises, he went into the manufacture of lumber, and had succeeded in erecting a saw mill, when a freshet came and carried away the dam, thereby entailing upon him a heavy pecuniary loss. But nothing daunted by this mishap, he went to work, again constructed the dam, and soon had his mill in running order. James, the subject of our sketch, at this time was a mere lad, but an observing one, and picked up from his father a fund of practical knowledge with regard to mills and dams, which, when he went into the lumbering business on his own account years afterwards, proved of great benefit to him. Mr. Maclaren’s first business as a merchant was at the “Pesche,” in the township of Wakefield, on the Gatineau river, where his sagacity enabled him to select a spot between the hills and the Gatineau river, where there was just land enough for the road, and a store and a dwelling, and where consequently every one going up and down the Gatineau must pass at the very door of his store. He soon built up a large and lucrative business with the farmers and settlers all around; erected grist and other mills, and supplied many jobbers and others engaged in getting out saw logs and timber. About this time he, in company with the late J. M. Currier, leased the extensive saw mills, &c., at the mouth of the Rideau river, near Ottawa, belonging to the late Hon. Thomas McKay, and for years, carried on a large business. Later on Mr. Maclaren purchased these mills and the adjoining property and carried on the business in his own name. About the year 1864, he purchased the large lumbering establishment and extensive lumber limits on the River du Lievre, formerly owned by the late Baxter Bowman, and changed his residence to the village of Buckingham, where he has since resided. He was also largely interested for some years in the saw mills and large lumber business carried on, on the opposite side of the River du Lievre, as well as in the saw mills on the North Nation river. For some years, too, he carried on a square timber business, near Lake Temiscamangue, on the Upper Ottawa. In spite of these varied and important occupations, Mr. Maclaren found time to establish the Bank of Ottawa, of which he has been president since its establishment, and is now its largest stockholder. He is also largely interested in railways, and is the vice-president of the Ontario Central. His business operations are not confined to Canada. At Burlington, Vermont; at Boston, Massachusetts; and in Michigan, he is interested in large and flourishing lumber concerns, whose success is largely due to his great energy, clear-headedness and business sagacity. In religion, Mr. Maclaren is a Presbyterian, and his munificent gift to Knox College, Toronto, testifies to the interest he takes in religious education. He is now a wealthy man, being possessed of property worth millions of dollars. This fortune has all been acquired by hard work, honesty and integrity, and while making his money he has retained the respect and esteem of all who know him. In politics Mr. Maclaren is a Liberal.

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=Denoncourt, Nazaire Lefebvre=, Advocate and Q.C., Three Rivers, Que., was born in the parish of La Pointe du Lac, in the county of St. Maurice, district of Three Rivers, on May 4th, 1834. His father was Joseph Lefebvre Denoncourt, a descendant of Ignace Lefebvre Sieur de Belle Isle, who came to Three Rivers in 1656. His mother was Marie Louise Panneton. The subject of this sketch was sent to Nicolet College and received an excellent classical education. After the usual course of study in law he was called to the bar on 1st September, 1861, and was made a Queen’s counsel on the 11th September, 1880. He has since practised his profession successfully in the city of Three Rivers. He has appeared for the Crown in several cases, was appointed city attorney on May 16th, 1878, and legal adviser of the Hochelaga Bank in 1885; has pleaded before all the courts of the province; and successfully maintained the rights of the local legislature before the Supreme Court and Court of Appeal, to authorize municipalities to levy taxes on the sale of liquors and on commercial travellers. On October 14th, 1862, he married Marie Ann Cecile Garceau, a daughter of Louis Benjamin Garceau, descendent of an Arcadian family. Her mother was Adele Poulin de Courval, one of the ancient and most important families of New France.

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=McConville, Joseph Norbet Alfred=, Advocate, Joliette, Que., was born at Berthier (en haut) Que., on March 1st, 1839. His father, John McConville, who was headmaster of the Berthier Academy from 1833 to 1846, was born at Newry, county Down, Ireland, came to Canada in 1818, was married at Berthier, on January 7th, 1832, and died at St. Paul, Quebec, September, 10th, 1849. His grandfather, Meredith McConville, while living at Portadown, county Down, Ireland, joined the United Irishmen in 1798, and died March 4th, 1838. His grandmother, Mary McCardle, died on Easter Sunday, 1827, in church, having lived to a good old age: her father, who died at the age of 109, was well able to plough two years before. His mother, Mary Magdalen McKie, was born at St. Melanie, Quebec, June 28th, 1813, was married at Berthier, January 7th, 1832, and died at Joliette, April 30th, 1878. Her father, John McKie, surveyor, was born at Alloa, Scotland, 1767, was married at Sorel, Quebec, September 23rd, 1805, and died at St. Melanie, October 11th, 1818. Her mother, Mary Magdalen McKay, was born at St. Cuthbert, Quebec, about 1790, was married at Sorel, September 23rd, 1805, and died at St. Melanie, September 25th, 1817. Angus McKay, one of his mother’s grandparents, was of extraordinary physical strength, married Magdalen Fauteux, at Sorel, August 19th, 1789. The subject of this sketch was educated at L’Assomption College, Quebec, studied law at Drummondville, and was admitted to the bar at Three Rivers, in February, 1865. He was captain and paymaster of No. 1 Joliette Provisional Battalion, from 1872 to 1875. He was secretary-treasurer of the Municipal Council and School Commissioners of Grantham, Windover and Simpson, from 1862 to 1866; town councillor of Joliette from 1872 to 1875; and is now one of the school commissioners of Joliette. He is a shareholder in the St. Jacques Brewery; a shareholder and secretary of the Joliette Lumber Co.; was editor and proprietor, in conjunction with his late brother, (L. Arthur McConville) of the newspaper L’Industrie in 1872-73; and is now shareholder in L’Imprimerie de la Gazette de Joliette. In politics he is a Conservative, and was the defeated candidate at the Dominion general election in 1882, contested the election, but was again defeated at the new election in the fall of the same year. In 1885, he was, however, more successful, being elected a member of the Quebec legislature in September, but was again defeated at the election in October, 1886. In July and August, 1883, he made a foreign tour, visiting in the course of his travels, Londonderry, Dungannon, Portadown, Newry, Drogheda, with the Boyne battle-field, and Dublin, in Ireland; Liverpool, Leicester and London, in England; and Boulogne, Amiens, Paris, Rouen and Dieppe, in France. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He was married at Berthier, Que., May 12th, 1874, to Annie Magdalen Kittson, daughter of the late Alexander Kittson, merchant, and Sophie Desantels, born in Berthier, October 12th, 1842, and a niece of Commodore Norman Kittson, of St. Paul’s, Minnesota.

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=Dunn, Timothy Hibbard=, Quebec, is one of the veterans of the Quebec timber trade, and certainly one of the most conspicuous and best respected citizens of the ancient capital, with whose history and commerce he has been closely identified for nearly half a century. He is of Scotch descent, but thoroughly Canadian in sentiment. He was born, like his father (the late Charles Dunn) before him, at Ste. Ursule, near Three Rivers, in the year 1816, and received his education in the common school of his native place. He was early initiated into acquaintanceship with the staple industry of the country, the lumber trade, and in 1841 entered as a clerk in the Quebec office of the great timber firm of Calvin, Cook & Counter, of Kingston, Ontario. Four years later he was admitted to the position of a partner of this house, and was entrusted with the management of the extensive business of its Quebec branch, which was thenceforward carried on under the name of Dunn, Calvin & Co. After the dissolution of the firm in 1850 or thereabouts, Mr. Dunn, whose ability and success had won general confidence and respect, associated himself with the late Thomas Benson, and, in partnership with that gentleman under the name of T. H. Dunn & Co., continued the business at Quebec. Two years later, Mr. Benson went out, and down to 1860 Mr. Dunn remained the sole head of the house, which ranked among the foremost of the Quebec market in making advances to timber manufacturers in the west, and doing business on commission, especially in hardwoods. About 1860 he formed a new partnership with the late William Home, of Quebec, under the name of Dunn & Home, and, among other important ventures of this firm, was the successful building of one of the most difficult sections of the Intercolonial Railway below Quebec. In 1872, the firm of Dunn & Home was dissolved, Mr. Home going out, Mr. Dunn then retired from active business on his well-earned wealth and honors, and his two sons, Logie and Stewart Dunn, assumed control of the old house under the name of Dunn Bros. In 1877 W. A. Griffith, of Quebec, was added to the firm, when its name was changed to Dunn, Griffith & Co. In 1884, Mr. Griffith retired, and ever since the firm has been Dunn & Co. In its fortunes, the subject of our sketch still continues to take a keen paternal interest, notwithstanding his seventy-one years, with unimpaired physical and mental vigor, which is an object of envy to many of his juniors. He can yet be seen any day on “Change,” and no figure is better known on St. Peter street, where the business men of Quebec most do congregate. He is one of the last remaining representatives of the old school who were identified with the ancient capital in its palmier days, and a type of a class of men who, unhappily for its present prosperity, have nearly all passed away. Strange to say, notwithstanding his extensive mercantile connections, Mr. Dunn never crossed the Atlantic, but he has travelled a good deal in North America, and especially in the West. In 1845 he married Margaret Turner, of Sorel, a niece of the late Captain Charles Armstrong, and a cousin of the present ex-chief justice of the Windward Islands, Hon. James Armstrong, now of Sorel, and by her had issue nine children, four sons and five daughters. As already stated, two of the former have succeeded him in the business at Quebec. The other two have boldly struck out in a new field and are now successful farmers in Manitoba. Mr. Dunn has been a widower for the last fourteen years, his wife having died in 1874. He is a member of the Church of England, and has always taken a hearty interest in its affairs. He was one of the founders of St. Mary’s Church and parsonage on the Island of Orleans, where his beautiful summer retreat, “Island Home,” is an object of admiration to every visitor and to the passengers in every vessel passing up and down the St. Lawrence from the harbor of Quebec. In politics he is a Conservative, but has never taken an active part in public affairs, though frequently pressed by his fellow-citizens to do so. He was, however, for many years a conspicuous member of the Quebec Board of Trade and its Council, and a director of the Quebec Bank. He was also a delegate to the first railroad convention held in Boston in 1851. In his younger days he held a commission as captain in the militia, and served under the late Colonel Boucher, of Maskinonge, P.Q. Throughout all the relations of life, Mr. Dunn has been an exemplary citizen, and his long and successful career is only another illustration of the triumph of well-applied industry and honorable dealing with his fellow men.

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=Steadman, James=, Fredericton, N.B., Judge of the County Court for the Counties of York, Sunbury and Queen’s in the province of New Brunswick, was born at Moncton, in the county of Westmoreland, N.B., on the 27th March, 1818. His father was William Steadman, who was born in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, but settled in Moncton about the first of this century. He married in 1803, Hannah Trites, also of Moncton. Judge Steadman was educated at Moncton. He studied law in the office of the present Judge Botsford, of Westmoreland county, and was admitted an attorney in the month of February, 1844. For the next twenty-four years he practised law at Moncton and then, in the year 1866, removed to the city of Fredericton, where he has continued to reside up to the present time. He was elected to the Provincial legislature in 1854, and, being a prominent man, in May 1860, was sworn in as a member of the Executive Council and Postmaster General of New Brunswick. These offices he held until April, 1865. Judge Steadman, thus has seen the last days of parliamentary life in his native province, days which produced such men as the late Governor L. A. Wilmot, the late Judge Fisher, the late Sir Albert L. Smith, Sir Leonard Tilley, Judges King and Palmer, and many others whose eloquence enlivened the political campaigns and the sessions of the legislature for many years. Between the years 1836 and 1845 the battle of Responsible Government was fought out in New Brunswick. Those were stormy times in all of the provinces of British North America. The visit of Earl Durham to the Canadas, and his famous report upon the lines of which all the later political movements in the provinces have proceeded, gave an extraordinary impetus to the popular wish for a larger measure of political power. In all of the English speaking provinces the Reform party were steadily and fiercely opposed by small governing bodies variously known as “family compacts,” “council of xii,” and other suggestive appellations. Another stormy period in which Judge Steadman was himself a prominent figure, was the era just preceding the Confederation in 1867. As we have said, during these years he was a member of the Executive and Postmaster General. Party spirit ran very high in New Brunswick, and the first time that the question of Confederation was submitted to the people it was lost. In Nova Scotia the people were never asked to sanction the measure until the British North America Act had been passed and the union was consummated. After twenty years the question is still keenly debated in both of the leading Maritime provinces. Judge Steadman is connected with the Baptist denomination. He has for many years been a strong temperance man, having joined the order of Sons of Temperance in March, 1848. In 1865 he was elected Grand Worthy Patriarch, and still maintains his connection with this leading order. In June, 1887, he was appointed judge of the County Court. Judge Steadman has seen his native town of Moncton from the smallest beginning expand into a city of 9000 inhabitants, and become the headquarters of the Intercolonial Railway, with streets lighted by electricity, daily newspapers, an extensive and increasing trade, and all the signs of outward and moral improvement.

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=Macdonald, Lawrence George=, Q.C., St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born at Chateauguay, Que., on July 30th 1831. His parents were born at Fort Howe, N.B. His father, James Macdonald, was a second son of the late Adjutant and Quarter-master, William Macdonald, late of the 104th Regiment of the line, and his mother Eliza Holland, a daughter of Captain E. Holland of the same regiment. Captain Holland served in Egypt and saw the great Napoleon while a prisoner at Elba. Adj. Macdonald took an active part in the war of 1812-14. Mr. James Macdonald was a merchant for many years in Chateauguay, and was actively engaged on the Loyalist side during the rebellion of 1837-38. The subject of this sketch commenced his studies under the Rev. Dr. Black, of Laprairie, afterwards attending two private schools, and finally taking a full classical course at the High School, Montreal. While studying law he continued to take private lessons from the Rev. David Robertson, chaplain to the forces in Canada. After leaving school he studied law in the office of Meredith, Bethune and Dunkin, of Montreal, and four years later was admitted to the bar in December, 1852. In 1854 he removed to St. John’s, where he has since resided. He was appointed a Queen’s counsel under the Joly government in March, 1878, which appointment was afterwards confirmed by the Dominion government. Mr. Macdonald has taken an active part in military affairs, obtaining a first-class certificate on May 12th, 1865, when he was appointed cornet in the St. John’s troop of cavalry, and was sent to the front during the Fenian raids. He was Crown prosecutor for several years in the Court of Queen’s Bench, St. John’s, district of Iberville. At present he is a director of the Richelieu Bridge Co. He is a member of the Episcopalian church, and in politics is a Conservative. He was married at St. John’s, in August, 1856, to Louise Gertrude, second daughter of the late Deputy Commissary-General Lister. Mr. and Mrs. Macdonald have one daughter, who is married to Dr. Robert Howard, of St. John’s, and who has issue four children.

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=McCaffrey, Charles=, Lumber Merchant and Steam Saw Mill Proprietor, Nicolet, province of Quebec, was born at Drummondville, county of Drummond, Quebec. He is the son of Hugh McCaffrey and Rose McEvay. His father, Hugh McCaffrey, served as a soldier In the 27th British Regiment of the line, obtained his discharge at Chambly, and located, together with a number of other discharged soldiers, at Drummondville. The late Colonel Harriette procured lands for them to settle upon, and also obtained supplies from the government for them until they were able to build homes and clear sufficient land to enable them to supply themselves with the necessaries of life. During the time the government furnished the provisions, the commissariat stores were under the charge of Hugh McCaffrey, who was authorized to distribute the provisions to all those entitled to receive the same. The great majority of the new settlers, not being inured to farming life, or clearing the bush land given them by the government, sold out their claims for a nominal sum, and left for other parts. Hugh McCaffrey, however, settled down in his new home, and commenced getting out lumber, which he supplied to Colonel Harriette, who owned a saw mill near by, and his son Charles, the subject of this sketch, has continued in the lumbering business for the past forty years, with fair success. Apart from the regular annual output of sawed lumber, he has shipped hundreds of thousands of tamarac railway ties to Whitehall and Plattsburgh, N.Y., for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Co., and has contracted with the same company to supply a large number during the present season. He received his education partly in the common schools and partly at the hands of private tutors, high schools being at that time few and far between. In politics, he is a Conservative, and wields considerable influence in his locality. He has often been requested to allow himself to be put in nomination for both the Federal and Provincial parliaments, and in municipal and town councils, but has steadily refused to do so, or to accept any public office. He has travelled through several of the States, both east and west, also through the upper and lower provinces in connection with his lumber business. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married in 1860, to Ann McLeod, a native of Campbelltown, N.B., who is of Scotch origin, and Presbyterian in religion. Mr. McCaffrey has resided in Nicolet for twenty-five years, and is much respected by the residents.

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=Seymour, James=, Collector of Inland Revenue, St. Catharines, was born in Limerick, Ireland, in 1824, came to Halifax with his father four years later, and died in St. Catharines on the 9th of January, 1888. Mr. Seymour spent his boyhood in the maritime provinces, and after leaving school learned the business of printer. He then came west and worked in several offices, among others the Toronto Globe and the Hamilton Spectator. In 1856 he purchased from Mr. Giles the St. Catharines Constitution, an influential weekly newspaper, which he continued to publish until he received the appointment of collector of inland revenue, and this office he held until the day of his death. In 1851 he joined St. George’s Masonic lodge, and very soon, through his faithfulness and zeal, became to be looked upon as one of the main pillars of the order. In 1871 he was elected Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Canada, and this position he filled during the term of his election with great credit. He was a member of the Scottish Rite, and a P.G.M.G. of Royal and Oriental Freemasonry 33-96°⁂90°. He was buried with Masonic honors.

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=Tims, Frank Dillon=, Deputy Provincial Auditor of the Province of Quebec, is a prominent figure in official life at Quebec, and few members of the Civil Service enjoy a larger share of the public respect. He is the youngest son of the late William and Catherine Dillon Tims, and was born in Oldcastle, county Meath, Ireland, on 26th December, 1829. The family came to Canada in 1834, and settled in the city of Quebec, where Mr. Tims, sr., died in 1836 and his widow in 1862. An elder brother of the subject of this sketch, Thomas D. Tims, now occupies the important position of Financial Inspector of the Dominion of Canada, at Ottawa, and their sister, the Reverend Mother St. Catherine, who entered the Monastery of the Ursulines at Quebec many years ago, is still living, after having occupied for two consecutive terms, the longest period permitted by the regulations, the high position of Lady Superior. Our subject was educated at the Seminary of Quebec and the Quebec High School, and subsequently studied law with Charles Alleyn, Q.C., subsequently Provincial Secretary of Canada, and now sheriff of Quebec. Seized with the “gold fever” in 1849, he gave up the study of the law, and on the 12th November, 1849, sailed on the barque Rory O’Moore, the first vessel leaving Canada bound for California, by the way of Cape Horn, finally reaching San Francisco after a five and a half months’ voyage. He remained in California, engaged principally in mining, until the fall of 1851, when he started on his homeward journey down the Pacific coast, stopping at San Juan del Sur and Lake Nicaragua for some weeks and then proceeding to Panama, where he crossed the isthmus and took steamer to New York from Chagres in January, 1852. He reached Quebec in February of the same year, and on the 23rd October following, was married at Sherbrooke, to Caroline Dudley, youngest daughter of the late Captain John Fraser, of H.M. 76th regiment, formerly town mayor of Quebec. He next removed to Upper Canada, where he was principally engaged in mercantile pursuits down to 1857, when he went to Illinois, entered the lumber business for some time, and while there in 1859, was licensed to practice as an attorney and counsellor-at-law in that state. Returning to Canada in 1861, he entered the employ of the late Hon. Jas. Skead, senator, then one of the largest lumber producers of the Ottawa district, where he remained in charge of the business until January, 1868, when he was appointed to the Audit branch of the Treasury department of the province of Quebec, and promoted to the office of Deputy Provincial Auditor in 1884, which he still holds. In religion, Mr. Tims is a Roman Catholic. In 1856, he held a commission as lieutenant and adjutant in the Waterloo (Ont.) Militia. He is a past president of the St. Patrick’s Society of Quebec, and has taken a prominent interest in the progress of the Geographical Society of Quebec, of which he has been the secretary for several years. In this last capacity, he was one of the principal promoters of the government exploring expedition, which was sent out within the last few years to endeavor to solve the mystery surrounding Great Lake Mistassini, in north eastern Canada. By his marriage, he has had issue thirteen children, seven of whom are living, four sons and three daughters. Of the former, three are actually settled in the Canadian North-West, at Swift Current and Beaver Lake, near Edmonton, where they are largely engaged in commercial pursuits. One of them, F. F. Tims, had the honor to be the first to erect a building at Regina, the present capital of the province of Assiniboia. During the late rebellion this son rendered valuable public service in freighting for the troops and in provisioning the Battleford contingent and Mounted Police.

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=Ostigny, Joseph Henry=, Manager of the Bank of Hochelaga, at Joliette, Quebec, was born at St. Hilaire, county Rouville, Quebec, on the 5th of January, 1849. His father, Zephirin Ostigny, was an agriculturist, and lived for more than thirty years in the parish of l’Ange Gardien, county Rouville. His mother’s name was Sophie Montplaisir. The subject of this sketch, when fifteen years of age, told his father of his wish to give up farming, and get his livelihood in some other way. For that he required more education, and through the kindness of a father, who sacrificed his own personal interests to promote those of his children, he was sent to school at St. Césaire from 1863 to 1866, and from 1867 to 1869 at the Jacques Cartier Normal School, at Montreal. In the year 1870, he took the course at the Montreal Business College, and was for nearly two years a professor of that institution. When the Bank of Hochelaga commenced operations, April 6th, 1874, he entered it, and since then has worked up to be manager, which position he has held since January 25th, 1885. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on February 9th, 1886, to Maria Georgiana Athala Piché, daughter of Urgel Piché, broker, of Joliette.

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=Ratcliffe, John=, was born in Lanarkshire, Scotland, on the 9th September, 1813. His father, Daniel Graham Ratcliffe, was a native of Cumberland, England, but removed to Scotland in early manhood, married Elizabeth Latham, a native of Hamilton parish, Lanarkshire, and spent the remainder of his days mostly in Avondale parish. The father was suddenly cut off in the prime of life, leaving a heavy burden to rest upon the shoulders of his son John, the eldest of the family. Before he had completed his twentieth year, in the spring of 1833, he sought the shores of Canada, in the hope of securing a better home and portion for the family. The township of Whitby, county of Ontario, was the part of Upper Canada to which he was directed. He purchased from the government the north half of lot 6, concession 6, where he settled. The following year the family removed to Canada, where they found a home ready for them. On October 31st, 1836, Mr. Ratcliffe married Margaret Hepburn, eldest daughter of John Hepburn, a native of Lanarkshire, who also came to Canada in 1833. To them were born seven sons and three daughters, all of whom are still alive. The subject of this sketch was a man of more than ordinary ability. Not having educational opportunities beyond a few months in the parish school, his pathway was made more difficult, but this loss was largely compensated for by extensive and careful reading. Time for reading was not abundant in the life of a pioneer, but moments were utilised, and to such good advantage that, having the misfortune to break his leg, he was, during the time of enforced rest from work, chosen to teach a school opened in the neighbourhood. When municipal affairs began to demand attention, he was alive to every question that agitated the public, and occupied a seat at the council board for many years, presiding as reeve over its affairs during the greater portion of the time. In the year 1863 he occupied the warden’s chair, thereafter retiring from public municipal life. For many years he was an active justice of the peace, and in the discharge of the magisterial functions won the respect and confidence of the whole community. During the years that East Whitby was without a township hall, his house was the court-room in which most of the petty trials of the township had a hearing. He always counselled a harmonious settlement of difficulties; and many a quarrel was satisfactorily disposed of, without “going to law,” by having the parties meet and talk over the trouble with him. In politics he was a consistent and pronounced Liberal, and for many years held the honorable and responsible position of president of the South Ontario Reform Association. His name was frequently mentioned when a candidate was to be selected, but he always declined the honor. In religion he was a loyal Presbyterian. With all his interest in public affairs, his relation to the church of Christ, and his responsibility to its Head were never allowed to be interfered with. In the year 1856 he was ordained to the eldership of the United Presbyterian church, which office he adorned until called higher. Only ill-health or absence from home ever kept him from his accustomed place in the house of God, or from his class in the Sabbath school. He was a most successful teacher, personally interested in every member of his class, and many were by his instrumentality led to decide for Christ. In his home he was tender and affectionate, yet firm, and his children remember with gratitude his kindly, wise counsel, and, above all, his Christian instruction and personal example. Suddenly, on March 9th, 1878, he was called to his rest and reward.

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=Torrington, Frederic Herbert=, Organist of the Metropolitan Methodist Church, Toronto, Conductor of the Toronto Philharmonic Society and of the great Toronto Musical Festival, 1886, and without doubt the most prominent executive musician in Canada, was born at Dudley, Worcestershire, England, October 20th, 1837. He commenced playing the violin at the early age of seven years, and as he even then showed marked ability, he was placed under competent musical instructors at Birmingham, and articled, after the good old English fashion, to James Fitzgerald, then organist and choirmaster of St. George’s and Mary’s Churches, Kidderminster. At the age of sixteen he became organist and choirmaster of St. Anne’s Church, Bewdley. In 1857 he left England for Montreal, where he was, immediately on his arrival, appointed organist of Great St. James street Methodist Church, a post which he occupied for twelve years. During this period he founded several vocal societies and the Montreal Amateur Musical Union Orchestra, and was for two years bandmaster of the 25th regiment (regulars). Visiting Boston in September, 1868, he gave a performance on the Great Music Hall organ, which was warmly noticed in Dwight’s Journal of Music and the Boston daily press. Shortly after, at the invitation of P. S. Gilmore, he formed the Canadian orchestral contingent for the first great Boston jubilee. A few weeks after the close of the festival, Mr. Torrington accepted the position of organist at King’s Chapel, Boston, and held it for four years. During this period he was one of the regular solo organists at the Music Hall, one of the first violins in the Harvard Symphony Orchestra, a teacher of the piano at the New England Conservatory of Music, and conductor of six vocal societies. On several occasions he was solo organist at the concerts in Henry Ward Beecher’s church, Brooklyn. In 1873 he came to Toronto, and was appointed organist and choirmaster of the Metropolitan Church, and conductor of the Philharmonic Society. This society was, at this time, in its infancy, and in a languishing condition, but Mr. Torrington’s energy and the enthusiastic music-lovers with whom he was able to surround himself enabled him to develop it into the greatest factor in the musical world of Canada, and into one of the greatest societies on the American continent, as will be shown by a glance at the society’s performances in fourteen years:—“Messiah” (4), “Elijah” (5), “Creation” (3), “Lay of the Bell” (2), “Fridolin” (2), “St. Paul” (2), “Stabat Mater” (2), “May Queen” (3), “Hymn of Praise” (2), “Walpurgis Night,” “Naaman” (2), “Spring’s Message,” “Bride of Dunkerron,” “Judas Maccabæus” (2), “Gypsy Life,” “The Last Judgment,” “Acis and Galatea,” “Preciosa,” “Redemption” (2), “Rose Maiden,” march and chorus (Tannhæuser), “March Cortege” (Reine de Saba), “Crusaders,” “Fair Ellen,” “Rose of Sharon,” “Mors et Vita,” “Spectre’s Bride,” “Golden Legend.” To this imposing list of choral works must be added numerous unaccompanied part songs, and the following orchestral works:—Larghetto, Second Symphony (Beethoven), Larghetto, Jupiter Symphony (Mozart), Surprise Symphony (Haydn), Hymn of Praise Symphony (Mendelssohn), the Maritana, Martha, Oberon and Preciosa overtures, Andante, First Symphony (Beethoven), G minor Concerto (Mendelssohn), Beethoven’s Piano Concerto, Beethoven’s Emperor Concerto, Arditi’s L’Ingenue Gavotte, and Delibes’ Valse lente e pizzicati, many of these works being heard for the first time in Canada, and some for the first time on this side of the Atlantic. The influence of the Philharmonic Society is most strikingly reflected in the immense improvement in the condition of church choirs throughout the city, and in the establishment of other flourishing vocal societies. But Mr. Torrington’s greatest work in the cause of music was undoubtedly the initiation and successful performances of the great musical festival of 1886. In this a monster chorus of over nine hundred voices, accompanied by an orchestra of one hundred skilled musicians, sang Handel’s “Israel in Egypt” and Gounod’s “Mors et Vita” with a degree of musical splendor that astonished every auditor. The soloists were of world-wide repute, being Fraulein Lilli Lehmann, Mrs. E. Aline Osgoode, Mrs. Gertrude Luther, Miss Agnes Huntington, Mr. Albert L. King, Mr. Max Heinrich, Mr. D. M. Babcock, Mr. Frederic Archer, Mr. Otto Bendix, Mme. Josephine Chatterton, Herr Henry Jacobsen, and Mr. Fred Warrington. Two miscellaneous concerts were also given in which the soloists and orchestra were assisted by a chorus of over one thousand three hundred school children, in whose training he was ably assisted by E. W. Schuch and A. P. Perrin. Mr. Torrington conducted these performances, which have been unparalleled outside of four or five of the largest American cities. The support and interest of the public were most gratifying, the receipts being $13,561.48, yielding a net profit, after all expenses were paid of $599.19, and entirely obviating the necessity of calling on the immense guarantee fund of $35,000. In the respect of being self-sustaining, the festival was unique, this rarely being the case, even in the largest cities of the United States. The ability of the city to provide such immense choral forces, and to support such an undertaking so liberally, may clearly be traced to the confidence placed in Mr. Torrington by the musical public, and to the great influence exerted by his unwearied efforts to advance and popularise the cause of true and pure music in Toronto. Mr. Torrington has laboured assiduously to organise a permanent orchestra in Toronto, and his efforts have been crowned with success; an efficient orchestra of sixty instrumentalists being now one of the chief musical features of the city, and one of its principal musical educators. Mr. Torrington’s wisdom in introducing the amateur element into this orchestra is shown by the fact that a well-balanced band, which is capable of performing oratorio accompaniments, is now in active life in the city. His labors have extended to Hamilton, where, as conductor of the Hamilton Philharmonic Society, he has produced “The Lay of the Bell,” “Messiah,” “Elijah,” “Hymn of Praise,” “Naaman,” “Rose of Sharon,” “The Three Holy Children,” and “Samson.” As conductor of the University College Glee Club, he has produced Mendelssohn’s music to “Antigone,” and Max Bruch’s “Frithjof.” As a composer, he has produced several church services, hymn tunes, organ voluntaries, secular choruses and songs. Mr. Torrington was brought up a member of the Church of England, but has for many years been connected with the Methodist church as organist. He is a Freemason, being a life member of Ionic lodge, Toronto, and is a fellow and gold medallist of the Society of Science, Letters and Art, London, England. He has also been, for the past five years, director of the musical department of the Ontario Ladies’ College, Whitby.

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=Owens, John=, St. John, New Brunswick, an enterprising ship-builder and shipowner, but better known in these latter days as a public spirited and philanthrophic citizen, was born in St. John, New Brunswick, in the year 1790, and died in his native city in the year 1867. The Owens Art Institution of St. John is the outcome of his bequest “to be applied by his executors for the purpose of establishing a gallery, or school of art, for the instruction of young persons in drawing and other works of art.” The fact of this institution having been created without any outside assistance, and of its being operated with the view to be self-sustaining through voluntary support on its merits alone, warrants some reference to the circumstances which led up to its present efficiency as a thoroughly equipped art educational establishment. Hence, it may be said, the amount left for art purposes proving to be quite inadequate to effect the object as set forth, led the executors to believe the testator intended the amount so left to be merely a nucleus, to be added to by other persons desirous of promoting a love for the fine arts. From the outset the money was much sought after, but the fund remained unapplied, in consequence of all propositions for its use being destitute of the practical and financial accompaniments which the executors deemed absolutely necessary for the accomplishment of the object, in accordance with the terms of the will. A church property, together with a limited endowment fund, formed another bequest, vested in five trustees and their successors, the clergyman officiating in the church to be of either the Methodist, Presbyterian, Baptist, Independent or Episcopal persuasion. By reason of a combination of restrictions and limitations governing the trust, so much difficulty was experienced in its administration that a cessation of the church services took place in the year 1882, with little prospect of their early renewal. In this state of the two interests it became the opinion of the then sole surviving executor, Robert Reed, and the trustees of the church estate, namely, Robert Reed, Francis Jordan, Thomas Jordan, John Hegan, and Andrew D. Robertson, the latter having succeeded John Duncan, deceased, who was Mr. Owens’ business partner for about forty years, under the firm of Owens & Duncan, that if the several trusts were concentrated upon art, that object which the testator had in view might possibly be carried out; whereupon they joined in an application to the legislature to change the trusts, which was done by an act passed in the session of 1884. Immediately thereafter steps were taken, by the same trustees, to remodel the church edifice into what now appears to be a building thoroughly adapted for the purpose of art education, with the view of making the institution as attractive and as useful as possible under the circumstances; thereby hoping to create a more general interest in the fine arts, the trustees have put forth the whole strength of the means at their command, resulting in the gallery walls being covered with high class work, consisting mostly of examples from the brush of English Royal Academicians and other eminent artists of the present and previous two centuries, besides a very full and complete school outfit of casts from the antique, and drawing examples by leading artists, characteristic of the South Kensington schools. In consequence of the funds being thus exhausted, the institution is now solely depending for its income upon its school fees and a charge for admission to the gallery, but its being thus sustained solely on its intrinsic merits, is a problem now in course of solution. If the experiment succeeds in its aims it will prove to be a new departure in the maintenance of educational establishments of a kindred character. The school is in charge of John Hammond, a native of Montreal, who, in addition to being a professional artist of many years’ standing, has, since his connection with the Owens Art Institution, spent two years in European art study, and his works having been repeatedly hung in the annual exhibition of the Royal Academy of London, and the Paris Salon, gives him rank as among the leading artists of the day. In addition to the patronage from the city and outlying districts of New Brunswick, the school has thus far attracted pupils who have registered respectively from Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Ontario, Maine and Massachusetts.

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=Corning, Thomas Edgar=, Barrister, Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, is of English descent. His ancestors came to America in 1640, and settled in Beverley, Massachusetts. His great grandfather removed in 1764, and was one of the first settlers in Yarmouth. His father is Nelson Corning, of Chegoggin, Yarmouth. Mr. Corning was born at Chegoggin on the 11th April, 1842. He received his early education in Acadia College, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, and graduated on the 6th June, 1865. Besides holding the degree of bachelor of arts, he has been elected a scholar and member of the senate of the University of Acadia. This latter event occurred in 1883. Having finished his classical studies, Mr. Corning entered upon the study of the law, and was admitted to the bar on 30th October, 1869. His thoroughness and practical business turn of mind soon secured to him a fair share of the legal business in Yarmouth, and he now enjoys the reputation of being one of the best lawyers in Yarmouth county. He is head of the firm of Corning & Chipman. In politics he is a Liberal-Conservative, but resides in a constituency which has always been intensely Liberal. However, at the general elections in 1882, Mr. Corning was elected as a supporter of the then Liberal-Conservative government led by the Hon. J. S. D. Thompson, now minister of justice at Ottawa. This government resigned shortly after the elections, giving place to the Liberal government first led by the Hon. Mr. Pipes, afterwards by the Hon. Mr. Fielding. In the House of Assembly Mr. Corning took a leading part in all the debates, and carefully considered every question upon its merits, aiming to give an intelligent vote always. Although staunch to his party, his candor and fairness made him popular and respected by the dominant party. On the dissolution of the house, in 1886, he was nominated by his party. But the secession agitation had begun, and the Fielding ministry went to the country with the cry of “Repeal.” To this issue Mr. Corning presented an unwavering opposition, but the popular enthusiasm was too great for him, and he was defeated in June, 1886, by a majority of one thousand. Since then he has continued in private life, but his integrity and ability will, no doubt, before many years bring him again to the fore in political matters. Mr. Corning has never travelled much outside of his native province. He has held the office of treasurer of the municipality of Yarmouth since 1874. Although one of the largest towns in the province, Yarmouth has never been incorporated, and is still managed in the old way. Nine of the county councillors, elected in the limits of the polling district of Yarmouth town, manage its affairs. Mr. Corning married, on the 25th August, 1880, Jane Alden Baxter, daughter of John Baxter, of Yarmouth. He is a Baptist in religion.

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=Black, J. Burpee=, M.D., Windsor, N.S., was born at St. Martin’s, New Brunswick, on the 15th August, 1842. Dr. Black is of Irish extraction, his father, Thomas Henry Black, having been a native of county Armagh, Ireland. His mother’s maiden name was Mary E. Fownes, and resided in St. Martin’s. Dr. Black received his early education in St. Martin’s, and continued his course in St. John, New Brunswick, and at the Mount Allison Wesleyan Academy, Sackville, N.B. His family were Baptists, but, owing probably to his educational associations, Dr. Black has for twenty-five years worshipped with the Methodists, and has for some years been an active member of their church. Having completed his studies at Sackville, where he made the acquaintance of the lady who afterwards became his wife, he studied medicine at Berkshire Medical College, in Massachusetts, and received the degree of M.D., after finishing his course at the University of Philadelphia. He commenced the practice of his profession in the village of Hantsport, Hants county, N.S., but after residing there for five years removed to Windsor, where he has since resided, and has worked up one of the largest practices in Nova Scotia. Hantsport has been in its growth one of the most prosperous villages in Nova Scotia. It owes the greatest part of its success to the business ability, integrity and enterprise of the Hon. Ezra Churchill, who worked his way up from the humblest beginnings to the position of M.P. in Nova Scotia before confederation, and a senator of the Dominion. When he died, at Ottawa, in the spring of 1874, he owned a fleet of upwards of forty ships of various sizes, and his property was estimated at $800,000. He literally made Hantsport, most of the houses there having been erected under his supervision. His daughter, Bessie, was married to Dr. Black at Hantsport, on the 11th May, 1864. They have been blessed with a family of ten children, nine of whom are living, and one, the eldest, is married. Like his father-in-law, Dr. Black has always been a Conservative in politics, and in some campaigns has taken the stump in behalf of his friends. He has also been freely spoken of as a possible candidate for legislative honors. He was elected a member of the town council of the town of Windsor in October, 1882, and held the position until his time of service expired in 1884, when he was elected warden of Windsor without opposition. Windsor became an incorporated town in the year 1878. Previous to this time its affairs had been administered by justices of the peace sitting at quarter sessions. Its public moneys were voted at a town meeting held once a year. The chief officers were the town clerk, the commissioner of streets, and the collector of rates. During Dr. Black’s period of service as councillor the town was supplied with water from a reservoir on Fall Brook, a stream of water running from lakes on the South Mountain, six miles in rear of the town. The actual length of the water mains is about three miles. The cost of this public work, the greatest yet undertaken by the town, was $48,000, and $8,000 has since been expended in extending the system. Debentures paying five per cent in two half-yearly instalments were issued to raise this sum, which was readily procured, and has proved to be excellent stock, the bonds now selling considerably above par. All parts of the town are supplied cheaply and plentifully with excellent water, while the pressure, 86 lbs., is so great that the town has no need of fire engines, the supply from the hydrants being sufficient to quickly extinguish any fire which has yet broken out. Dr. Black was chairman of the water committee, and the works under his management were constructed for a less cost than that estimated by the engineer—a result very rare in public works. Dr. Black has also been interested in most of the new manufacturing enterprises of the town. On the expiry of his first term of service as warden, in 1884, he was re-elected by acclamation, and held the office until he retired in 1885. He is connected with no secret society except the Masonic fraternity. He was made a Mason in Mount Lebanon lodge, R.E., Prince Edward Island, in 1866. He held the office of master of Poyntz lodge, at Hantsport, from 1867 to 1870. In 1873 he became high priest of Hiram Chapter, at Windsor. He was also district deputy grand master of the Nova Scotia Grand Lodge in 1883 and 1885.

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=Bingay, Thomas Van Buskirk=, Yarmouth, N.S., was born in 1814, at Shelburne, Nova Scotia. He comes of an old loyalist family. His mother, Sarah Van Buskirk, was the daughter of Jacob Van Buskirk, who saw stirring times during the American revolution. In the first American war he held the position of major, and during the war of 1812 he was colonel. Later on he became a judge of the old inferior court of Common Pleas, of Nova Scotia, in the list of the judges of which court occur some of the brightest names of Nova Scotians, such as Judge Haliburton (“Sam Slick”), John G. Marshall, and Peleg Wiswell. Jacob Van Buskirk’s father was Abraham Van Buskirk, who was colonel in the 4th battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, and second in command to Brigadier-General Arnold in his expedition to New London (being specially mentioned in his despatches for active exertions), and who, at the close of the revolutionary war, in 1784, settled in Shelburne. Shelburne was then a city of some ten thousand inhabitants, and Abraham Van Buskirk was its first mayor. Mr. Bingay is the eldest son of the late John Bingay, of Shelburne, who for some years represented the county of Shelburne in the provincial parliament, and who was deputy-sheriff of the county of Yarmouth, and subsequently, in 1836, first high sheriff of the county, which office he held until his death, which occurred in 1851. He was educated at Church Point, in Digby county, with the venerable Abbé Sigogne, for many years parish priest of the Acadian district of Clare, in which settlement he exercised great influence, and where his name is still held in great reverence. The abbé was a great friend of T. C. Haliburton whilst that author practised law in Annapolis Royal and represented the county of Annapolis in the House of Assembly. He was not only a very learned man, but also a typical country clergyman, being consulted by his flock on all occasions about affairs of every class. Mr. Bingay subsequently attended school in Halifax. He began to study law in Liverpool, N.S., but completed his term of apprenticeship in Halifax, where he was enrolled as attorney in 1835. In those days, a year elapsed before an aspirant for forensic honours after becoming an attorney, could be admitted to practice at the bar of this province. In 1835, Mr. Bingay became a barrister and began the active duties of his profession in Yarmouth. In 1839, he was appointed judge of probate, and in the next year, master in chancery. He was also a captain of the Yarmouth militia in 1839. In 1852 he left Yarmouth and made a voyage to Australia. On his way home he stopped in California, where his son, Thomas V. B., was born. He returned to Yarmouth in 1857, and has resided there ever since. Mr. Bingay has lived through the most prosperous times of Yarmouth. Has seen the rise, good times, and decadence of one of the most enterprising shipbuilding eras of this province, and has been professionally connected with most of the leading enterprises of his town. His first wife was Lois, daughter of the late Joseph Tooker, by whom he had two sons, who both died in early manhood, and a daughter who died in infancy. His second wife was Margaret J., daughter of the late James Budd Moody, who was a brother of the late Elisha W. B. Moody, and grandson of Col. James Moody, of New Jersey. Col. James Moody, at the close of the American war, settled in Weymouth, N.S. Of this marriage there were eight sons and a daughter, of whom two sons and the daughter died in infancy. Of his sons, the oldest three reside in Yarmouth. These are James Wentworth Bingay, Q.C., revising barrister, and major of Yarmouth county militia; George Bingay, barrister and captain of militia, and Thomas V. B. Bingay, accountant in the Exchange Bank of Yarmouth. All of these are men in first-rate standing. Mr. Bingay and his two oldest sons constitute the legal firm of Thomas V. B. Bingay & Sons. They are the solicitors of the following local corporations, viz.:—The Bank of Yarmouth; The Western Counties Railway Company (James Wentworth Bingay, sec’y.-treasurer); The Mutual Relief Society of Nova Scotia (James Wentworth Bingay, director and trustee); and the Yarmouth Water Company (George Bingay, sec’y.-treas.). Of the latter company George Bingay was one of the three original corporators. From his family antecedents, as well as his professional and social environment, as may be supposed, Mr. Bingay’s sentiments lean strongly towards Conservatism. He is the oldest representative of a family, which for a hundred years, has held a very prominent position in the western counties of Nova Scotia. His ancestors made great sacrifices for British connection. The family are Episcopalians in religion.

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=Shields, John=, of Toronto, was born at Crammond Bridge, nine miles from Edinburgh, Midlothianshire, Scotland, on the 26th day of June, 1842. His father was Alexander Shields, a farmer from Fifeshire, Scotland, and mother, Margaret West. They came to Canada in 1854, and settled in the township of Markham, afterwards removing to the township of the Gore of Toronto. The subject of this sketch commenced his education at Edinburgh, and afterwards attended the Collegiate Institute, Toronto, graduating with prize honours. He then passed a regular examination which enabled him to take a position as head master of a school in the township of Toronto, which occupation he continued at for two years. He then successfully passed the civil service and excise examination, taking a clerkship with John Morrow, who now holds the position of inspector of Inland Revenue, Toronto. At the time excise duty was put on petroleum he was sent to Petrolia and Sarnia by the Dominion government to organize the staff for the Inland Revenue department. After getting this branch of the service in active operation, he resigned in 1872 and commenced the production of oil by sinking a large number of wells on his own account. After a very short time he became one of the largest Canadian oil operators, continuing in this business a number of years. During this time his fellow operators and the citizens generally having seen that his administrative talent would be of great service to the town of Petrolia, they elected him in 1875 to the office of reeve, he being the youngest member ever elected to the county council. This was his first experience in politics, and from that time forth he took an active part in the interests of the Liberal-Conservative party by fighting in that Reform stronghold the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie and his brothers. From oil he gradually began the formation of railway companies, and was largely interested with the late F. C. Cline, in promoting and building the Kingston and Pembroke Railway. About this time, while still reeve of Petrolia, he organized the Erie and Lake Huron Railway, which was afterwards carried out to a successful issue in 1876. He removed again to the city of Toronto, since which time he has been actively engaged in building railways, canals, bridges and other large works of a public character, among which may be mentioned that most difficult engineering undertaking of the Canadian Pacific Railway between Lake Superior and the city of Winnipeg. This part of the line was considered the most inaccessible part of the road between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. He and his confrère finished this difficult task one year before the allotted time, much to the surprise of the government, the officials of the board, and the public generally. This unheard of result showed to great advantage his ability in controlling a large body of men. After finishing the line, he operated the same for traffic purposes for a year, and inaugurated the first through train service, when it was taken over by the company. During this time he saw the opportunity and necessity for a large business in the lumber trade, in which he, with his usual enterprise, at once embarked, and built the first saw-mill and the first house in Brandon, Manitoba. He also built several other extensive saw-mills in various parts of the province. In 1886-7 he rebuilt and enlarged the Welland Canal, and also built a considerable portion of the St. Catharines and Niagara Central Railway, being the sole contractor for that line. In 1887 he commenced to build the Harvard bridge, between the cities of Boston and Cambridge. This bridge will have twenty-six spans, will be over half a mile long, and when completed will doubtless reflect great credit on Mr. Shields as a builder, justifying the confidence his American cousins have placed in him. He also owns and develops large granite quarries on the coast of Maine, particularly at Deer Isle. Mr. Shields is a consistent member of the Church of England, and was first married on the 8th of October, 1870, to Essie Annis Smiley, of St. Catharines, who died on the 20th July, 1881, at Rat Portage, leaving four children to mourn her loss, two sons and two daughters. Mr. Shields afterwards married a second time Matilda Esther Gould, at Rochester, N.Y., on the 5th of November, 1884.

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=Hale, Hon. John.=—The late Hon. John Hale belonged to an ancient and distinguished family, and was a descendant of Nicholas de Hales, of Hales Place, one of whose sons, Sir Robert, treasurer of England, prior of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem, temp. Edward III., 1381, was killed by the insurgents in Wat. Tyler’s insurrection; and of Thomas Hale, who, in 1400, held Codicote, the family seat in Hertfordshire, England, as per inscription in the old mansion there, which was pulled down and rebuilt in 1774; and of Richard Hale, of King’s Walden and Stagenhoe, in Hertfordshire, temp. Elizabeth, 1567 and 1588. His father, General John Hale, came to Canada with General Wolfe in 1758, and as colonel commanded the 47th Regiment at the memorable battle on the Plains of Abraham, September 13th, 1759, and was the one chosen by Wolfe, during his dying moments, to carry home the despatches. We give an extract from The Literary Gazette, London, December 11th, 1847:—

For a change of subject we proceed to an original notice of an eminent native of Cleveland, General Hale, a companion of Wolfe at Quebec, from the pen of an affectionate daughter, the eldest representative of the family, which can hardly fail to be interesting to readers:—

“My father, General Hale, was born in 1728. Being intended for the bar, he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, but becoming associated with his brother Bernard, then in the Guards, he finally determined to follow the profession of arms. He obtained a commission in the 47th Regiment (then called Lascelles), and in 1752 was ordered to join in the disastrous struggle in America. The war with France in 1755 caused the attack, in 1758, on Louisbourg and Cape Breton, which were taken by the army under Wolfe. In the spring of 1759 Wolf attacked Quebec, whilst Amherst attacked Montreal, and the battle of September 13th, 1759, decided the fall of the province. My father commanded the 47th on that day. I have heard him state that he remonstrated with Wolfe for wearing a new uniform, as he thereby became conspicuous to the Indian marksmen. My father was dispatched home in the Lowestoke frigate, with the news of that glorious battle and the death of that brave commander, in the arms of victory. For that Service he was rewarded with the sum of £500, and an order to raise the 17th Light Dragoons, which regiment he resigned on being appointed governor of Londonderry and Culmore forts. (This regiment he raised at his own expense.) He married, in 1764, on his return from the Havanna (where he went as military secretary to Lord Albemarle, and received prize money to the amount of £10,000), Mary, second daughter of William Chaloner, Esq. Her dower was the estate of Tockett’s Hall, afterwards called ‘Plantation,’ about a mile north-east of Gisborough, where was an ancient house to which the General added largely and made it his residence.”

Mrs. Hale was sister of Anne, Countess of Harewood, and was one of the celebrated beauties of the day, her portrait having been painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds as “Euphrosyne.” This life-size painting now forms the centre picture in the gallery of the Earl of Harewood. The portrait of her husband, the general, also painted by Sir Joshua, is now in the possession of his great-grandson, Edward John Hale, of Quebec.

“Mrs. Hale died in 1803, and General Hale in 1806, and both are buried in Gisborough Church, leaving issue ten sons and eleven daughters; but of this large family not one is now to be found in the Vale of Gisborough. ‘Plantation’ was purchased in 1809 by Robert Chaloner, Esq., and again added to the Gisborough estate, and the mansion demolished in 1829. In addition to the above, we append the following particulars in a letter to the late Thomas Small, of Gisborough, by the same writer:—‘I have read the copy of your letter to my nephew, George Grote, M.P. (the historian), and as I am now left the eldest member of the Hale family, being sister of the late Mrs. Lewin, whose daughter Mr. Grote married. I cannot but thank you for the faithful history of the late General John Hale. With regard to my father being aide-de-camp to General Wolfe, I think you are incorrect, for Wolfe’s words were, after receiving his mortal wound, “I am aware it is the aide-de-camp’s privilege to carry the despatches home; but I beg as a favor to request that my old friend, Colonel Hale, may have that honour.” Also, General Hale’s portrait is not inserted in that fine print of Wolfe’s death, and why? Because he would not give the printer the sum of £100, which he demanded as the price of placing on a piece of paper what his own country knew so very well, viz.: that he (General Hale) fought in the hottest of the battle of Quebec, whether the printer thought fit to record it or not. In reply to another part of your letter respecting the quantity of land granted to my father, for his services at Quebec, the whole of it merged, through lapse of time, to the Crown, and was never available to my brothers; but my brothers possessed very extensive property there, and such property is termed in Canada, seigniory, or what we should call here a lordship. My eldest brother, Mr. Hale (the Hon. John), died at Quebec last Christmas (1838), at the age of 73 years, leaving the office of receiver-general to his second son, Jeffrey.’”

The Hon. John Hale came to Canada as A.D.C. and military secretary to his Royal Highness, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, in 1793. Returning to England in 1798, he married, in April of that year, at St. George’s, Hanover Square, London, Elizabeth Frances, the talented and highly accomplished daughter of Gen. Wm. Amherst, and sister of Earl Amherst, who was governor-general of India in 1825. In June, 1799, he returned to Quebec as paymaster-general of the forces, which office he held until it was merged into the duties of the commissariat. He was a member of the Legislative Council of Lower Canada. He purchased from the De Lanaudière family the seigniory of St. Anne de la Pérade, where he lived to a ripe old age, at the manor house, on the best of terms with his tenants, amongst whom he introduced many improvements. He returned with his family every winter to Quebec, where he and Mrs. Hale were prominent leaders in the social life of the ancient capital. In 1824 he was appointed receiver-general of the province, which office he held up to the time of his death, the duties being discharged during the infirmities of his last illness by his son, Jeffrey Hale, who retired from the navy and devoted his life to good works, and established in Quebec the first savings bank, the first Protestant Sunday school, and was the founder of the Jeffrey Hale Protestant Hospital. Mrs. Hale died in June, 1826, and Mr. Hale in December, 1838; both are buried in Mt. Hermon cemetery, Quebec. There were twelve children issue of this marriage, eight sons and four daughters. Three died in their infancy. Of the surviving seven the Hon. Edward, of Sherbrooke, was in public life; Jeffrey, captain in the Royal Navy; Bernard, a barrister-at-law, in London; Richard, captain in the 81st regiment; William Amherst, captain in the 52nd regiment, and George Carleton remained at the seigniory of St. Annes after the death of his father. Frances Isabella died unmarried; Mary married Rev. Henry Hotham; and Elizabeth Harriot married Admiral Orlebar. Mr. Hale was of the old school, with the usual liberality and independence of an English gentleman. He had some strong hereditary feelings about the duties of a public officer, which were better securities than the strictest laws and superintendence in those times when offices were frequently sought and obtained through intrigue and popular favor. He neither gave nor asked for favors, but ever prepared to do all that he was authorized to do. Both in public and private life he carried out to the full the family motto, “Vera sequor.”

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=Trenaman, Thomas=, M.D., City Medical Officer, Halifax, N.S., was born in Halifax, July 16th, 1843. He is a son of Samuel and Mary Ann Trenaman, who settled in Nova Scotia from the West of England, about the year 1835. Dr. Trenaman was educated at King’s College, Windsor, N.S. He pursued his preparatory medical studies in the office of Hon. D. McN. Parker, M.D., Halifax, and graduated in 1869 at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. The degree of doctor in medicine ad eundem, was conferred by the University of King’s College, Windsor, N.S., at its Ericœnia in 1887. From the date of the formation of the 66th Volunteer Battalion of Infantry—the Princess Louise Fusiliers—in 1869, to the spring of 1885, he was one of its surgeons. The pressing nature of professional duties, which were continually increasing, necessitated his retirement, at this date, from active service. In the year 1876 Dr. Trenaman was chosen by acclamation to represent his fellow citizens in the city council for ward two, the one in which he resides, and was for three successive terms, of three years each, returned as alderman for that ward. From 1879 to 1882 he was, a member of the Board of School Commissioners of the city of Halifax, the last year of which he was honored by his brother commissioners in being made chairman of the board. Dr. Trenaman was elected county physician in 1881, and in 1883 was chosen by the city council, city medical officer, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the previous incumbent. Our subject is also, at this writing, attending physician to the Victoria General Hospital, visiting physician to the Poor’s Asylum, and also to the city prison, as well as being police surgeon and surgeon to the fire department. Dr. Trenaman was initiated into the mysteries of the Masonic craft in St. Andrew’s lodge, No. 1, R.N.S., F. & A. M., in 1871. In 1877 was elected its worshipful master, and at the present time fills the office of district deputy grand master for district No. 1, R.N.S., and is also representative of the Grand Lodge of Connecticut, near the Grand Lodge of Nova Scotia. Dr. Trenaman is a companion of Royal Union Chapter, No. 1, R.A.M. The doctor is also a member of Mystic lodge, No. 18, I.O.O.F., and a patriarch of Halifax Encampment, No. 12, belonging as well to the Manchester Unity of that order, being a member of Prince of Wales lodge, No. 5291, and its surgeon, and that of Lansdowne lodge, No. 6703. Dr. Trenaman is surgeon to the St. George’s Society of Halifax, and is the medical examiner for some of the leading life insurance companies doing business in Halifax. In June, 1881, our subject was elected president of the associated alumni of King’s College, Windsor, and has been continued in that office uninterruptedly since that time. In 1883 he was selected by the Dominion government statistical officer for the registration of mortuary statistics in the city of Halifax. Dr. Trenaman has travelled extensively through Canada and the United States, but has not as yet visited the old world. In religious belief he is a Methodist. In 1871, he married Harriett Helen Robinson, of Windsor, N.S. The doctor is, in the fullest sense of the term, a busy man, yet he finds time, notwithstanding his large and lucrative practice, to take an active interest in everything that pertains to the welfare of his native city. He is an enthusiastic supporter of its clubs for the development of aquatic and field sports, and generally is a citizen of whom Halifax has a right to be proud.

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=Machin, Henry Turner=, Assistant Provincial Treasurer, and Secretary of the Treasury Board, Quebec, is one of the best known and most esteemed citizens of the ancient capital. He is of English and Scotch extraction. His father, the Rev. Thomas Machin, a clergyman of the Church of England, came of an old Gloucestershire family; and his mother, Emily Mackintosh Chisholm Fraser, a daughter of Simon Fraser, of Alvie, Inverness-shire, who was a cousin of the distinguished statesman and historian, Sir James Mackintosh. Mr. Machin was born at Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire, England, on the 26th November, 1832, and came to Canada with his parents in 1840, the voyage from Liverpool to New York being made in the steamship Great Western, one of the first two passenger steamships that regularly crossed the Atlantic. He was educated at the Brockville Grammar School, and at Upper Canada College, Toronto. He entered business life in 1849, in the office of the British American Land Company, at Sherbrooke, P.Q., the commissioner of the company at that time being Sir A. T. Galt, and remained in the company’s service until 1860, when he retired from it to engage in commercial business in Portland, Maine. Respected by the whole community, he was, on leaving Sherbrooke, presented with a farewell address, to which the following reference was made at the time by the leading local newspaper:

It affords us a sincere pleasure, which will be shared by the numerous friends and admirers of Mr. Machin, who may peruse it, to insert the following address and reply. Mr. Machin, though a young man, has resided sufficiently long in Sherbrooke to develop those qualities which have secured for him the esteem and confidence of his numerous acquaintances and friends. On Monday last Rev. Mr. Reid, accompanied by several of the most respectable inhabitants, representing the signers of the following document, waited on Mr. Machin, to perform the pleasant duty of presenting him with a flattering, though only just, testimony of the public appreciation of his character. There is a feeling of regret at Mr. Machin’s departure from Sherbrooke, but that feeling is joined to hearty wishes for his future welfare and success. It must be a source of honest and legitimate pride to this gentleman to reflect that last week he was presented by his brother Free Masons with a testimonial of their esteem, and that this week a more general expression of the sentiment is spontaneously given by the public here.

In 1873, Mr. Machin returned to Canada, and in 1874 he was appointed the first inspector of public offices of the province of Quebec. His executive and financial abilities soon pointed him out for preferment, and in October, 1874, he was elevated by the Quebec government to the still more important and responsible position of assistant treasurer of the province, which office he still holds. In his official capacity he has been connected with all the financial operations of the province since 1874, and in 1878 he was sent by the government to New York, where he materially assisted in the successful negotiation of the provincial loan for $3,000,000. He has been chiefly instrumental in bringing the organisation of the treasury department to its present state of efficiency. He has never taken a leading part in politics, but has had the confidence and respect of every administration, whether Conservative or Liberal, that has been in office since his appointment as a deputy minister of the Crown. As one of the founders of the Quebec and Levis Electric Light Company, of which he is a director, the city of Quebec is indebted to his enterprise and spirit for a vast improvement in street and interior lighting, the electric current being generated at the famed Falls of Montmorency, nine miles from the city. Mr. Machin is a member of the Church of England, is a Freemason, and has held a commission in the militia. In 1863, he married Lucy Anne, daughter of the late Hon. Edward Hale, of Sherbrooke, a member of the Legislative Council of Quebec, and grand-daughter of the late Hon. Chief Justice Bowen, of Quebec.

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=Martin, Joseph=, LL.B., Advocate, Quebec, is one of the rising members of the Lower Canadian bar, and a young man of considerable note and influence in the politics of that province. He was born at Champlain, in the Three Rivers district, on the 1st May, 1855, his parents being Zephirin Martin and Sophie Vivier, both French Canadians. He was educated at the Christian Brothers’ Commercial School, Three Rivers, and the De La Salle Institute, Toronto, and studied law at the Montreal branch of the Laval University, where he took his degrees. Admitted to the bar of the province of Quebec, after a brilliant examination, on the 14th January, 1881, he practised law in Montreal till 1882, when he was appointed one of the secretaries to the commission named to revise and consolidate the statutes of the province, and took up his residence in Quebec. A Conservative in politics, he separated from the party represented by the Ottawa government on the question of the North-west rebellion, and the execution of its leader, and took a very active and prominent part in the Riel agitation and the formation of the National party in the province of Quebec, besides contributing in no slight degree by his exertions to the wave of popular opinion which carried the present premier of that province, Hon. H. Mercier, and his friends, into office at the general elections in October, 1886. In January, 1887, on the eve of the general elections for the Dominion, Mr. Martin resigned his position of secretary to the commission, on being chosen as the National-Conservative or Opposition candidate for the important county of Quebec, against the minister of militia, Sir A. P. Caron, and, although almost a complete stranger to the constituency, was only defeated by a very narrow majority. In religion, Mr. Martin has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th May, 1883, he married Olierie de Bondy, daughter of Dr. A. Douaire de Bondy, of Sorel, by whom he has had three children.

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=Mackay, William=, M.D., M.P.P., Reserve Mines, C.B., was born on 11th Sep., 1847, at Earltown, in the county of Colchester, Nova Scotia. For a sketch of his parents, John Mackay and Dolina Mackay, see “Paterson’s History of the County of Pictou,” page 278. His father was one of the pioneer settlers in Earltown, and took a prominent and leading part in all the public affairs of the place from the time of settlement there until his death, in 1869. A granite monument from his native hills, Rogart, Sutherlandshire, Scotland, presented to the family by his Grace the Duke of Sutherland, was shortly afterwards erected to commemorate a life largely devoted to advancing the interests and ameliorating the wants of the inhabitants of the neighbourhood in which he lived. His mother is still living and among the few who can recall the incidents relating to the early history, both of church and state in eastern Nova Scotia, her residence being often the temporary home of churchmen and statesmen. The subject of this sketch was educated at Truro, and graduated at Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York, in 1873, and after graduating he practised medicine for one year with his brother, Dr. D. G. Mackay, at Little Glace Bay, Cape Breton. In May, 1874, he was appointed resident physician to the Loway, Emery, and Reserve collieries, in Cape Breton county, In 1879, Dr. D. G. Mackay removing from Little Glace Bay, he received the appointment (in addition to the former) of physician to the Little Glace Bay, Caledonia, and Ontario collieries, and in 1885, was appointed physician to the old Bridgeport mine, in addition to the above. The appointment to the Caledonia mine he has since resigned. He was instrumental in organizing and perfecting a system of quarantining of infectious and contagious diseases for the mining districts which worked so satisfactorily that the municipal council have caused it to apply to the whole county. He has been a member of the board of health of Cape Breton county for the last five years, and is also a member of the provincial medical board. He has been twice elected president of the Cape Breton Medical Society, and is now president of the Nova Scotia Medical Society; he is also a P.M. of Tyrian Youth Lodge, No. 45, R.N.S., A. F. & A. M., and a past high priest of Prince of Wales Chapter No. 10, R.A.M., of Nova Scotia. Dr. Mackay is a Liberal-Conservative in politics, and was elected to represent Cape Breton county in the local legislature of Nova Scotia at the election in June, 1886. A liberal government being in power, and it having been sustained at the election, Dr. Mackay was, at the first meeting of the newly elected legislature, honoured with the position of leader of the opposition. In religion, he is a consistent and honoured member of the Presbyterian church. He was married on November 10th, 1875, to Catherine Campbell Sutherland, youngest daughter of Gilbert Sutherland, of “the Falls,” Colchester county, N.S., by whom he has one son and two daughters.

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=Carson, Rev. W. Wellington=, Pastor of the Dominion Methodist Church, Ottawa, Ontario, was born in the township of Osgoode, county of Carleton, Ontario, on the 7th of January, 1845. He is a son of Thos. and Maria Carson, who came to Canada from Ireland in the year 1833, and who were among the pioneer settlers in that now prosperous part of Ontario. The subject of this sketch attended the Ottawa Grammar School, and the academy in Iroquois, being assistant teacher in the latter previously to commencing a course of theological study. He was called to the ministry of the Methodist church in 1867, and was received into full connection and ordained by the late Rev. W. Morley Punshon, in 1871. After ordination he held the pastorate of the First Methodist Church, Hamilton; Brant Avenue Church, Brantford; the Woodstock Church, and Centenary Methodist Church, Hamilton. He was missionary treasurer of the London conference four years; examiner of ministerial candidates on apologetics and hermeneutics, and also held the office of chairman of district, 1884-5. He has travelled extensively over this continent, and over nearly half the world, including, of course, various parts of Europe, England, and France, all this being done with the view of enlarging his knowledge of mankind, and the religious institutions of other nations. His religions views may be known by his identification with the Methodist church, but his credal beliefs are wider than those of any denomination. His present charge is the Dominion Church, Ottawa, where he is exceedingly popular and, what is better, useful. His congregations are large, and the church prosperous. An intimate friend of the reverend gentleman writes as follows: “I have known Mr. Carson from the time of his commencing his theological studies, and his entrance on the work of the ministry. He is one of the most devoted and studious of the Methodist ministry, not confining himself to the literature of his own sect, but making himself master of most lines of modern thought. His firm and unwavering belief in the verities of Holy Scripture guards him against the reception of every wind of doctrine that blows from this or that point of the compass. In preaching, he is calm at the beginning, energetic as he proceeds, fervent and eloquent in his perorations. Hearing him frequently, it may be added that he is progressive, and capable of grasping the highest and best form of thought, distinct in annunciation, and clear in his modes of expressing his conclusions.”

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=Reed, Robert=, St. John, New Brunswick, was born in the north of Ireland, on the 28th April, 1814. After a shipwreck on the Atlantic in 1820, he arrived with his parents at their original destination, St. John, New Brunswick, in June of the following year. In January, 1830, he became chief clerk in the shipping and steam-boat office of James Whitney, who was then entering upon that fuller development of steam communication on the Bay of Fundy and River St. John for which he afterwards became famous. In 1835 Mr. Reed joined his brother in general business, the partnership continuing until 1886, under the firm of J. and R. Reed. The fact of this name having now, after a successful and creditable career of half a century’s duration, passed from the arena of commercial life with an honorable record for the strictest business integrity, into a mere historical item, warrants more than a passing notice. Hence it may be said the affairs of this house were from the first of a progressive character, reaching to business relations with nearly every important sea-port in the several oceans and seas, and thus their operations as importers, as exporters, as manufacturers and as shipowners became at times among the largest of a New Brunswick character. And in order to show the business habits and precautionary financial arrangements of its members, it may be mentioned that throughout the many commercial panics and business convulsions which occurred during the long period of the firm’s existence, its financial engagements,whether at home or abroad, were in all cases duly met, free from protest. Mr. Reed having had no aspirations towards political distinction, holds no office or title in the gift of any government. His political record is embraced in the following. In 1856 he consented to be one on a ticket formed to run a provincial election in support of a prohibitory liquor law passed the previous session; but the whole party being defeated, a repeal of the law followed. This, and the acceptance, during a temporary residence in England the following year, of a government appointment in connection with the purchase of rails and bridge material for the European and North American Railway, then under construction, embrace his entire association with active political life. But as a private citizen he has ever been noted for a generous public spirit, willing to assist in any movement which he deemed for the interest of the city and province of his adoption. He has travelled much, coupled with observation, consequently his ideas, whether of a private or public character, have always kept pace with the progress of the age. He is president of the Owens Art Institution, of St. John, to the development of which, as a leading art educational establishment, he has, from its inception in 1884, devoted much of his personal attention. His latest effort for the general good is set forth in a prospectus for a first-class hotel, of large capacity, having in view making St. John “a grand central rendezvous and diverging centre” for summer tourists visiting the maritime provinces. For that purpose he proposes the utilization of his private residence, with other and prospective erections within a plot covering eight acres, situate on the summit of an eminence overlooking the city and its surroundings as far as the eye can reach. The scheme appears feasible, and got up with a due regard to existing facts bearing upon its financial success. Its consummation would undoubtedly be a benefit to St. John, and the province generally. Mr. Reed, though well advanced in years, is at this writing still full of energy, and bids fair to yet see many years of usefulness added to his already full and useful life.

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=Girouard, Theophile=, Quebec, is one of the most prominent, enterprising and successful of the French Canadian businessmen of the ancient capital, and its subsidiary districts. Born at Gentilly, Nicolet county, on the 1st December, 1826, of the marriage of Joseph Girouard and a French lady named de Cormier, he is essentially a self-educated and a self-made man, and an admirable specimen of the class of his fellow-countrymen who have done so much of late years to develop the resources of their native province. As a lad, he laboured hard to instruct himself, and thus succeeded in acquiring a good French and English education. As a man, he has, with similar energy and perseverance, striven to make his way in the world, and his efforts have been crowned with equal success. His experience has been varied. In 1849, he was impelled by the gold fever to California, like many other young and enthusiastic spirits of the time, but unlike not a few of them he was fairly successful during his stay of four years there. Returning to Canada, he engaged in the lumber business, in the province of Quebec, and has been connected with it ever since. For a number of years the principal seat of his operations was in the eastern townships, where he also resided; but in 1872 he extended them to the region along the north shore of the St. Lawrence below the Saguenay, where he founded the outpost of Betsiamits for the purpose of manufacturing and shipping lumber, and where he erected extensive saw mills at a cost of $152,000. These mills are supplied with the raw material from 750 square miles of limits, and the establishment employs from two to three hundred men. Mr. Girouard has also been the promoter of some of the largest manufactures in the province. Nor has he been without honours marking the respect and confidence of his fellow citizens. He has been a captain of militia and a justice of the peace, and the important municipality of Stanfold, in the eastern townships, elected him its mayor during seven years. In politics, he was a Conservative down to the time of the Riel affair, when he seceded, joined the Liberal ranks, and became a Nationalist. His travels have been extensive. Including his voyages to and from California, he has crossed the ocean over thirty times, has visited most of Europe, and by a singular coincidence which has happened in the lives of few men, was carried by a gale of wind to latitude 62½° south below Cape Horn, while he went on another occasion as far in the opposite direction as 62½° north during his travels in Sweden and the Gulf of Bothnia. In religion, he has always been a Roman Catholic. On the 9th October, 1861, he married Alexneia Pacand, daughter of Charles Pacand, of Arthabasca, by whom he has had issue five children. His eldest son, Raoul, has distinguished himself as an electrician at Ottawa.

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=Pacaud, Gaspard=, M.P.P., Windsor, Ontario, editor of Le Progress, and M.P.P. for North Essex, was born at St. Norbert d’Arthabaska, province of Quebec, on the 24th June, 1859. He was educated at St. Joseph Grand Seminary, Three Rivers, P.Q., and graduated therefrom in 1880. He then entered the law office of his brother, Ernest Pacaud, well known in Quebec city as a man of ability and learning, but the spirit of activity within him was such as to induce him to forsake the law for the equally honorable and more exciting profession of journalism, and accordingly, in 1881, he became editor of Le Patriote, published in Bay City, Michigan, by another brother, H. A. Pacaud. In 1884 he returned to Canada, and took the editorial chair of Le Progress, published in Windsor by still another brother, Aurèle Pacaud, and has edited this paper ever since. Le Progress is the only French paper published in Western Ontario, and has a high standing among the reform papers of the province. At the last general election Mr. Pacaud was returned by the Reformers of North Essex as their representative in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, and there is no member of that body who tries more to advance the interests of his constituents than he does. A fact which may be taken as strong evidence of the magnetism and personal popularity of Mr. Pacaud is this, that although such a young man—young in years as well as in political life—and although resident but a short time in a county which never before elected a Liberal, yet he defeated Mr. Sol. White, who was so well known as the leader of the Opposition’s first lieutenant. The attention which Mr. Pacaud has given to his parliamentary duties, and the fluency of his speech when he has addressed the house, are evidences to his friends that, although the youngest member of the house, Mr. Pacaud is destined to make his mark, and possibly to rise to a yet higher position in the future. Mr. Pacaud is the son of Philippe Napoléon Pacaud, who so powerfully seconded Papineau, in 1837 and 1838, by putting his life and his immense wealth at the service of the great cause of his fellow countrymen, and is one of five brothers, three of whom are journalists, and two lawyers. Every reader of Canadian history knows the name of Pacaud, the bearers of this name having distinguished themselves in many ways. The Pacaud family, indeed, is well known as one of the oldest and most distinguished in the province of Quebec.

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=Mowat, Hon. Oliver=, Q.C., LL.D., Premier of the province of Ontario, is descended of a stock that has given Canada many of its foremost men in almost every public department in the land, namely, the Canadian-Scotch. His father, John Mowat, was from Canisbay, Caithness-shire, Scotland. He was a soldier who had seen stern service during the Peninsular wars. His wife, Helen Levack, was also a native of Caithness-shire. They came to Canada in 1816, and settled in Kingston, where their son Oliver was born, on July 22, 1820. His education was as good as the schools of that city afforded at that date. At about the age of seventeen he entered the law office of Mr. (now Sir) John A. Macdonald, who, a young man but five years his senior, had just been admitted to the bar, and had settled down to practise his profession. At the outset of his student life young Mowat was called on to serve as a volunteer in the rebellion of 1837. It may well be supposed that the state of parties and affairs in Canada to which his attention was thus early and practically called must have afforded him food for thought, and had much effect in shaping his after course. It is certainly noteworthy, as indicating both mental independence and moral earnestness of no common order, that, born as he was of Conservative parents, surrounded with Conservative influences, and trained in the study of a profession which is more closely related to politics than any other, in the office and under the direct influence of a man whose brilliant talents and personal magnetism have long been and still are the strongest forces on the side of Conservatism in Canada, Oliver Mowat should have chosen that broad-minded, moderate Liberalism, of whose principles he has ever since been so able an exponent, and so steadfast a promoter. He was called to the bar in 1842, and commenced his practice in Kingston, but very soon afterwards came to Toronto, where he has ever since resided. At a time when the line of demarcation between common law and equity was much more clearly drawn than at present, Mr. Mowat chose the latter branch. He rose quickly to eminence at the Chancery bar. In 1856 he was appointed by the government of which Hon. John A. Macdonald was a member, as commissioner for consolidating the Statutes of Canada and of Upper Canada respectively, a position which he held until 1859. In 1857 he was elected to parliament as member for South Oxford, and continued to represent that constituency until 1864. Upon the fall of the Macdonald-Cartier government, in 1867, he was selected, though he had been but one year in the house, to fill the office of provincial secretary in the Brown-Dorion administration. He held the portfolio of postmaster-general in the Coalition government formed by Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, in 1861, a position which he retained until the defeat of that government, in 1864. He was also a member of the memorable Union Conference which met at Quebec in 1864, and framed the confederation scheme; but his acceptance, a few months later, of the vice-chancellorship of Upper Canada deprived the framers of the Confederation Act of his services in the subsequent deliberations. When the Dual Representation Act compelled the retirement of Messrs. Blake and Mackenzie from the leadership of the Ontario legislature, in 1872, he was called on by the lieutenant-governor, acting no doubt on the advice of the retiring premier, to form an administration. His descent from the bench and re-entrance into political life gave occasion for a good deal of discussion at the time, on the part of those who thought, or affected to think, that the purity of the judicial ermine must be in some way contaminated by the change. The answer, if any is needed, to those who think that the position of head of the Provincial government is one requiring either mental or moral qualifications of a lower order than those of even the chancellor’s bench, is to be found in the record of sixteen years of able, upright, and progressive government of the affairs of Ontario. Those must be wilfully purblind who cannot now see that the judicial temperament and habit, with all of mental training and capacity, and of moral integrity they imply, furnish the very best of qualifications for the responsible and honorable position of virtual ruler of a great province. Sound discretion, marked ability, and sterling integrity have characterised Hon. Mr. Mowat’s career in each division of his professional and official life. As a lawyer, his talents quickly gained recognition, and, reinforced by his clear judgment and scrupulous conscientiousness, soon won for him a high place in the confidence of the profession and of the court in which he practised. Though not fluent, he was energetic, forcible, and convincing as a pleader. His patience was admirable, his industry untiring, his fertility in resources great. He was said to be endowed in large measure with the power of “thinking out” a subject, and was believed to be stronger in ability to go to the bottom of the subject than any of his contemporaries. As a judge, he exhibited qualities of both head and heart which, while they won for him respect and admiration, gained also esteem and friendship in high degree. His great business and executive ability quickly showed itself in the improved conduct and quicker despatch of the business of the court. As the head of the government, his record has long been before the people of Ontario. The mere enumeration of the reforms that have been effected, and the beneficial acts passed during his régime, would occupy more space than we have at our disposal. The judicious settlement of the vexed question of the municipal loan fund; the liberal and salutary provisions of the local Railway Acts; the consolidation of the Provincial Statutes; the local option principle reduced to practice in the Liquor Acts; the General Incorporation Act, by which so much economy of time has been secured in the Legislative Assembly; the well-considered and systematic aid to public charities; the changes by which the education department has been relieved of irresponsible and bureaucratic character, and put in charge of a responsible minister; the progressive legislation in connection with higher education and the University of Toronto; the introduction of the ballot in political and municipal elections; the liberalising of the franchise up to the verge of universal suffrage; all these, and many other legislative reforms wrought under this régime, will be lasting monuments of his statesmanship. Mr. Mowat’s legislation, though uniformly Liberal and progressive, has never been sensational. His opponents have sometimes charged him with timidity. That wise caution that refuses to move blindly under irresponsible pressure, that waits to look on all sides of a question, and goes forward only when the way is made clear, is certainly his. But that cowardly fear of censure which shrinks and hesitates on the brink of what is seen to be right and just, for fear of consequences, cannot be laid to his charge. No really urgent legislation in the interests of Liberalism and progress has been unduly delayed through his fault. The manner in which he has met and vanquished, not only in the local political arena, but in the highest court of the realm, Sir John A. Macdonald, with all the power and prestige of his own high reputation and the Dominion premiership at his back, sufficiently attests his courage in doing what he deems the right. The vindication of provincial rights in the matters of the Boundary, the Rivers and Streams Bills, and the license question, are services rendered by Oliver Mowat which will long be remembered by a grateful province. As leader of the Ontario government, in the house and out, Mr. Mowat’s address and tactics are admirable. Clear-headed and logical in debate; cautious in committing himself, yet, when occasion demands, prompt in decision and firm in action; uniformly courteous and affable, yet ready and keen in retort, and often turning the tables on an opponent most effectively; keeping himself thoroughly informed on all important questions; exhibiting on all occasions a sound judgment, combined with a ready wit, he inspires his colleagues and followers with confidence, and generally holds at bay or discomfits his most eager assailants. In some of these respects, notably in the extent and fulness of his knowledge of the subjects under debate, and in the soundness and acumen of his opinions on juridical and jurisdictional questions, his record compares most favorably with that of his great antagonist, the veteran leader of the Dominion government. To say that he may have sometimes made mistakes in judgment and policy, and that he has not uniformly steered clear of the dangerous reefs which abound in the streams of patronage, is but to admit that he is human and consequently fallible. Hon. Mr. Mowat has always taken a deep interest in social and religious questions. He is a member of the Presbyterian church, and was for many years president of the Evangelical Alliance. Like most men who have wrought earnestly and conscientiously for the public good in any sphere, his philanthropy and integrity are, no doubt, deep-based upon the firm foundation of religious principle. It has been sneeringly insinuated that he has claimed for himself the high honor of being a “Christian politician;” but it is unnecessary to say that the charge is without foundation. It seems to have originated in a perversion of a hypothetical allusion in one of his speeches to what might be considered the duty of a Christian politician, in some specified case. To arrogate to himself the distinctive title was farthest from his thought, and a boast would be as repugnant to his good sense and taste as to the modesty for which he is distinguished. That he is a faithful and devout member of an influential Christian church is a crime which will be readily forgiven him in view of the great services he has rendered to society and the state.

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=Desaulniers, Denis Benjamin William=, Nicolet, Governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec, was born on the 5th of December, 1839, at St. Anthony de la Rivière du Loup, near Maskinonge. His father, Antoine Lesieur Desaulniers, was an agriculturist of Rivière du Loup. His mother was Maria Emelie Beland. The Lesieur-Desaulniers were a numerous family, and inhabited a large portion of the parishes of Yamachiche and Rivière du Loup. Our present subject was brought up with his family until the age of thirteen, and in the month of September, 1853, he entered the seminary of Nicolet, where he made his classical course with great success. In the month of May, 1860, he obtained from the Board of Physicians his license for the study of medicine, and studied two years under the patronage of Dr. Alexis Milette. In 1862, in the month of September, he entered the Laval University at Quebec to complete his course, and was the most solid and substantial of all the students of his time. During his last two years he carried off the first “Morin,” this prize having been only twice offered to the pupils whilst pursuing his course. On the 10th October, 1865, he was admitted to the practice of medicine, after a severe examination before the Provincial Board of Physicians, and the same year he established himself in the parish of Rivière du Loup, now Louiseville. A year after, in October, 1866, being equally successful in the practice of his profession as well as literary pursuits, he was called to Nicolet to take charge of the seminary there, the pupils and all connected with this important institution, a post which he still fills. Later, upon the establishment of the convent of the Sœurs de l’Assomption at Nicolet, he was made physician to the institution. In 1886, when L’Hotel Dieu of Nicolet was inaugurated by the Sœurs Grises of St. Hyacinthe, he was again selected as first acting physician to the house. Dr. Desaulniers has been very fortunate in the practice of his profession, but his great specialty has been midwifery. He has closely followed the progress of medicine in its many branches, and therefore is one of the foremost physicians of the day. His unprecedented success in the past promises a brilliant future. On the 31st of August, in the year 1881, he was appointed coroner, in conjunction with Dr. S. Ed. Badeau, for the district of Three Rivers, and occupied this office for two years, when he was obliged to resign to fulfil the requirements of his profession. Seven years after Dr. Desaulniers arrival at Nicolet, the village was raised to a town, and it then became necessary to form a town council, of which he was chosen and elected by a large majority first mayor of Nicolet. Of course he had everything to do, and the greater part of the rules and regulations now in force were passed during his administration. At the completion of his term of office he retired, and gave himself up entirely to the practice of his profession, which had become very extensive. In 1877, he was elected governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the province of Quebec for the district of Three Rivers, and has held that position since that date. He was born in the Roman Catholic religion, and has ever remained faithful to his church principles. Dr. Desaulniers married on the 12th January, 1869, Marie Rose de Lima Proulx, second daughter of Hubert Proulx, of Nicolet, and in May, 1879, his wife died, leaving three infant daughters. He was married the second time, on July 13th, 1880, to Marie Célanire Gagnon, widow of late Louis Ludger Richard, and daughter of Antoine Gagnon, agent for the Crown lands at Arthabaskaville. In May, 1884, he again had the misfortune of losing his wife, who left an infant daughter.

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=King, James=, Quebec. Few men engaged in the staple trade of the port of Quebec hold a more conspicuous position or enjoy a larger share of public confidence and respect than the subject of this sketch, not only for his business enterprise and success, but for his integrity in all the relations of life. Mr. King is the Quebec member of the great lumbering and lumber exporting firm of King Brothers and King Brothers & Co., which are among the largest operators in the province, their establishments being scattered all over, from the Eastern townships to Gaspé. In fact, few commercial houses have been or are more powerful contributors to Lower Canadian development. Their chantiers and saw mills at St. Jean Deschaillons, Lyster, Levis, River Ouelle, Cedar Hall, Grand Pabos, and Robertson Station, give employment and support to considerable communities, the products of whose industry, chiefly in the shape of pine and spruce deals, are annually exported to the United Kingdom and the continent of Europe. The firms, of which Mr. King is a leading member, are also largely interested in the important asbestos industry of the province of Quebec, being the proprietors of extensive areas of asbestos-bearing lands in the eastern townships, and notably of the “Hampden” and “Thetford Royal” mines in Thetford, Megantic county; and Mr. King himself is a director and manager of the Asbestos Mining and Manufacturing Company of Canada. He is further largely interested in rural real estate, being the seigneur of the seigniories of St. Jean Déschaillons and Lake Matapedia. He is the youngest son of the late Charles King, of Lyster, Megantic, and was born at St. Antoine de Tilly, in Lotbinière county, P.Q., on the 18th February, 1848. Educated at Lennoxville, he took his degrees of B.A. in 1867, and of M.A. in 1873, at the University of Bishop’s College, and during his university course was a member of the college volunteer corps. In religion he belongs to the Church of England, and has been a lay delegate to the Synod of the diocese of Quebec. In politics he is a Liberal-Conservative, and has frequently been pressed to offer himself for Parliamentary honors, but has hitherto refused to accept nomination at the hands of his party, feeling that his business engagements absorbed too much of his time and attention. Nevertheless he has always taken a strong interest in educational matters. His travels have extended to the United Kingdom and the continent of Europe. He is unmarried, and a member of the Garrison Club, Quebec.

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=Davidson, Hon. Justice Charles Peers=, Montreal, was born at Huntingdon, province of Quebec, where his family had long been prominent in the development of the county, and defence of the frontier. His grandfather, Colonel Davidson, came from Scotland, and was in command of the Huntingdon volunteers, in which his father held a captaincy, and which formed part of the brigade under the command of the late Major-General Campbell. Colonel Davidson, at the commencement of the troubles of 1837 and the following year, was sent for by the commander-in-chief of the British forces in Canada, Sir John Colborne, who requested him to raise a regiment. He accepted, and soon after his return to Huntingdon, succeeded in enrolling about six hundred stalwart men from among the farmers, most of whom were immigrants from the old country. The regiment, which was called “The Huntingdon Frontier Volunteers,” numbered in its ranks many men who afterwards became prominent in political and social life. One company was stationed at Russelltown, a second at Covey Hill, and the third as far as Hemmingford. Colonel Davidson, for the first year, was in command, not only of the regiment, but of the whole district; in the second year, Colonel Campbell, subsequently major-general, assumed command of the district, and the volunteers were enrolled in the brigade which was afterwards under the gallant Sir George Cathcart, then only colonel, who fell at the battle of Inkerman at the head of the 1st Dragoon Guards, which he commanded. One company of this regiment was commanded by Captain Reid, a veteran of Waterloo. In this company also was Sir John Rose, the eminent statesman and financier, now of London, England. The Huntington volunteers did good service, but were only in one action, that of St. Regis. From the foregoing it will be seen that Justice Davidson comes of a military family, his mother, Marion Peers, being the daughter of the late Lieutenant Peers, of Her Majesty’s Dragoon Guards. He went to the Huntington Academy, subsequently attended at Victoria College, Cobourg, and thence passed to McGill University, from which he received the degree of B.A. and M.A. in arts, and B.C.L. and D.C.L. in law, and was for a number of years one of its fellows. Even while a student he studied the public questions of the day, being a welcome contributor to the press, and for a time was assistant editor on the Daily News. Had he followed the profession of journalism, he would have achieved marked success. The press proved a good training school, and those who listened to Justice Davidson’s eloquent speeches gave him a high place among public speakers. He studied with the present Justice Cross, and subsequently entered that gentleman’s law firm as junior partner. Several years ago he was created Queen’s counsel by the Provincial government, but the Supreme Court holding that the provinces were without authority to confer this title, he subsequently received a new patent from the Dominion authorities. He has been a life-long supporter of athletic exercises, having been for sometime president of the Beaver Lacrosse Club, of the Montreal Snow-Shoe Club, and of the Victoria Skating Club. During the Trent affair in 1862, which threatened to involve Great Britain in hostilities with the United States, he was one of the first to enrol himself in the ranks of the newly formed Victoria Rifles, and rose by successive promotions until he became its commanding officer. His bonhommie and dash render him very popular in his regiment, while his pre-eminence in athletic sports and engaging social qualities, make him as popular in society as his legal attainments, quick perceptive faculties, convincing oratory, devoid of florid ornamentation, did among the shrewd practical plutocrats of Montreal. In politics Mr. Davidson was a Conservative, having been president of the Junior Conservative Club for several years. In 1881 he was a candidate for the Quebec parliament for Montreal Centre, but was defeated by George Washington Stephens, a powerful opponent, by ninety-eight votes. He married Alice, daughter of the late Wm. Mattice, of Cornwall, who for a number of years represented Stormont in the parliament of the united Canadas. Mr. Justice Davidson was called to the bench of the Superior Court in June, 1887, upon the death of the late Justice Torrance.

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=Coursol, Captain Charles Joseph Quesnel=, St. John’s, Quebec, was born 17th August, 1856, at Montreal. His parents are Charles J. Coursol, Q.C., M.P., and Helen Taché. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Jesuits’ College, Montreal, taking a full classical course. He received a commission as lieutenant in the Victoria Rifles of Canada in October, 1877; was transferred to the 65th Batt. in November, 1880, and promoted to a captaincy in April, 1881. He served for eighteen months with A Battery, R.C.A., and also several months with H.M. 19th or Princess of Wales’ Own Regiment, then stationed at Halifax. On the 21st December, 1883, he received a commission in the Infantry School Corps, now stationed at St. John’s, Quebec. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 18th October, 1882, to E. F. Pearce Serecold, daughter of the late Captain Pearce Serecold, of H.M. 66th regiment, and Miss Duval, daughter of the Hon. Justice Duval. Captain Coursol is also a grand nephew of the late Hon. F. A. Quesnel of the Legislative Council.

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=Pim, Richard=, Toronto. This gentleman, who was a resident of Toronto for over fifty years, died on the morning of the 14th February, 1888, in the seventy-eighth year of his age. He was a native of Herefordshire, England, and spent part of his early life in Russia, whither his father had gone to erect paper mills of the then most improved description for the Russian government. Upon the death of his father, at Helsingfors, near St. Petersburg, he returned to England, and married Mary Hargrave, grand-daughter of William Lane, a poet of considerable local distinction in Buckinghamshire. He emigrated to Canada in 1834, and during the stirring political events of 1837, served in the militia called out to repress the rebellion of that year, and was on guard below the Falls of Niagara when the American steamer Caroline was cut loose by a British attacking party, and sent burning over the Falls. Mr. Pim led a quiet life, and was well-known in Toronto.

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=Irvine, Hon. George=, Q.C., D.C.L., one of the best known and most eminent members of the Quebec bar, is the eldest son of the late Lieut.-Colonel Irvine, principal A.D.C. to the Governor-General of Canada, and grandson of the Hon. James Irvine, for many years a member of the Executive and Legislative Councils of Lower Canada, and of the Hon. Matthew Bell, of Three Rivers, P.Q., at one time member for St. Maurice in the Legislature of Lower Canada, and afterwards a member of the Legislative Council of that province. He was born at Quebec on the 16th November, 1826, and was educated at Dr. Lundy’s school in that city. Having chosen the law as his profession, he was called to the bar in 1848, after the usual course of study, and rapidly rose to distinction, his services being retained in nearly every important case, especially of a commercial nature. In partnership with the late C. G. Holt, Q.C., afterwards judge of the sessions of the peace for the Quebec district, and subsequently with E. H. Pemberton, he practised his profession with steady success and honor, and in 1867 was created a Q.C. in recognition of his leading position at the Quebec bar. Some years previously to this, in 1863, the electors of Megantic county, P.Q., had marked their appreciation of his abilities and exalted character, by returning him at the general election of that year to represent them in the Canadian House of Assembly, in which he continued to sit until confederation, when he was returned for Megantic to the Commons, and represented that county at Ottawa until the abolition of dual representation and the general election of 1872, when he declined re-election. He also represented the county in the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec from confederation until January, 1876, and during this period successively held the important Cabinet offices of solicitor-general and attorney-general of that province in the Chauveau and Ouimet administrations, being regarded as the leader of the English element in those governments, and the special champion of the English-speaking and Protestant minority in Lower Canada. In January, 1876, he resigned his seat in the Legislature, on being appointed one of the railway commissioners for the province, which office he also resigned in 1878, in order to present himself for re-election as a supporter of Mr. Joly’s administration, in which he was offered, but declined, a seat. At the general election of that year, he was again returned to represent Megantic in the Legislative Assembly, and once more at the general election of 1880, when he went with his leader, Mr. Joly, into opposition to the Chapleau and Mousseau governments, until June, 1884, when he resigned his seat on accepting the appointment of judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec. Throughout his public career, Mr. Irvine was one of the most conspicuous men in the house and before the country, and the organization and legislation of the province of Quebec, under confederation, still bear the impress of his powerful mind. A gentleman of wonderful tact and suavity of manner, a skilful parliamentarian, and a man of rare executive ability, he wielded an immense influence in the councils of that province, and on public opinion. As a speaker and debater, he was not only remarkable for his ready eloquence, but above all for his clearness, precision and logical force. He was a host in himself, and the side which received his support seldom failed to score a victory. As the representative of the English-speaking minority, he retained the public confidence to the last, as much by the independence and personal purity of his character as by his commanding talents. A Conservative by tradition and instinct, he nevertheless did not hesitate to separate himself from the party in provincial politics when the acts of some of his colleagues in the “Tanneries Land Swap” and other matters brought disgrace upon its escutcheon, and his conduct was not only ratified by his own immediate constituents of Megantic, but warmly approved by his fellow-countrymen generally. During the Joly administration he was the “power-behind the throne,” and afterwards, until his resignation of his seat in the house for good, the most conspicuous figure in the Provincial Opposition, next to the leader himself. Although actually the judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec, an Imperial appointment, the subject of this sketch still practises his profession in the other courts, and is generally found engaged in all the more important cases, both civil and criminal. He was formerly professor of commercial law in Morrin College, Quebec, and was also chancellor of the University of Lennoxville, P.Q., from which he received the honorary degree of D.C.L., in 1875. He has also been bâtonnier of the Quebec bar and a vice-president of the Union Bank of Canada, at Quebec, which he helped to found. In religion he is a member of the Church of England, and has always taken a keen and active interest in its affairs. He has travelled a good deal on public and professional business, and has repeatedly crossed to England to plead before the Privy Council in appeals of great importance. Has two brothers living, the elder, Commissary-General Matthew Bell Irvine, C.B., C.M.G., and the younger, Lieut.-Col. Acheson Gosford Irvine, a member of the Council of the North-West Territories, and late Commissioner North-West Mounted Police. He married, in August, 1856, the third daughter of the late Henry Le Mesurier, a well-known merchant of Quebec, and formerly an officer in H.M. 48th regiment, and by her has had issue ten children.

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=Cadman, James=, Civil and Mining Engineer, Quebec, is a good type of the men to whose professional skill and energy the eastern section of the Dominion is indebted for so much of its development by railways within the last twenty years. An Englishman, by birth, he has all the Englishman’s well known doggedness of character, and all the trained engineer’s abiding faith in the invincibility of science and the power of mind over matter. The word “impossible” has long since been erased from his lexicon, as illustrated especially by the great undertaking with which his name has been more prominently connected of late, the construction of the railway from Quebec to Lake St. John through a region of unparalleled difficulty from the engineering point of view. Mr. Cadman was born in Dudley, Worcestershire, England, on the 31st January, 1832, his father’s name being also James Cadman, and his mother’s originally, Sarah Forrest Brown. He received a good plain English education at the Blue Coat School, Dudley, and studied civil and mining engineering under S. H. Blackwell, of Russell’s Hall Colliery, Dudley, of which he was afterwards appointed resident engineer. He subsequently distinguished himself in the same capacity in a number of the other great English collieries and iron works until 1862, when he came to New Brunswick as mining engineer for the New Brunswick Charcoal and Pig Iron Company. In 1867, he became connected as resident engineer with the European and North-American Railway, and in 1868 was appointed assistant engineer of the Intercolonial Railway, in the location and construction of which he took an active part until 1875, when he was retained for the survey of the Newfoundland Railway. On his return from Newfoundland, he was named locating engineer of the North Shore Railway, in which position he continued to act until 1879, when he was raised to the still more prominent and responsible post of chief engineer of the Quebec and Lake St. John Railway, which he still holds with great advantage to the success of that arduous and important enterprise. Mr. Cadman is a member of the Church of England, and a Freemason. He has never taken any part in politics in England or Canada, not even to vote. In his early manhood, he was for three years a member of the South Staffordshire Rifle Volunteers. In 1860, he married Margaret Doughty, a niece of the celebrated mining engineer, John Yardley, of East Worcestershire, by whom he has had a family of five children, three of whom are still living.

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=Kelly, Francis=, J.P., Joliette, Quebec province, is a native of Ireland, having been born in Carlow, Leinster, on the 17th of March, 1819. His parents were James Kelly and Margaret Crosby, both natives of the same place. When he came to Canada he took up his residence in Montreal, where he received a commercial education. In 1845 he removed to New York, where he remained till 1850, and then went to California, and for some time worked in the gold mines. He spent four years travelling through the far west, and also visited Mexico and Cuba. Becoming surfeited with travel, he returned to Canada, and settled in Joliette. Here he began the lumbering business, in which he succeeded, and is now spending the remainder of his days in peace and comfort. In religion Mr. Kelly is a member of the Roman Catholic church; and in politics a Liberal. He was married on the 10th January, 1854, to Mary Collins.

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=Howe, Henry Aspinwall=, T.C.D., M.A., LL.D., Rector of the High School, Montreal, province of Quebec, was born near Guildford, Surrey, England, 8th July, 1815. He is the elder and only surviving one of two sons of the late Captain Aspinwall Howe, formerly of the war office, Somerset House, latterly of her Majesty’s 88th regiment (Connaught Rangers), and Mary, eldest and very beautiful daughter of Charles Wickens, of Turnbridge, Surrey, England. The Howes are a branch of the Aspinwalls, an old county family in Lancashire. The subject of the sketch was educated at Elizabeth College, Guernsey, and Trinity College, Dublin, passing through both with high credit. He resided afterwards for some years in France, where he acquired a complete knowledge of the French language. Soon after leaving college he became private tutor to the youngest son of the Earl of Ellesmere, in whose family he became domesticated, and was indebted both to the Earl and his amiable Countess for their kind consideration and firm friendship. Mr. Aspinwall Howe was not desirous of making teaching his profession, but Lord Ellesmere considering that he was peculiarly fitted for it, persuaded him to accept the head mastership of the Montreal High School, which Lord Colbourne and Professor Pillans, of Edinburgh University, offered him. Thus, in 1848, he came to Montreal as rector of its High School, which office he has held with eminent success since that date, very many of his pupils having attained high and honorable positions in the Dominion, in the Mother Country and elsewhere. On first entering, however, upon his school duties, he had great cause for disappointment. The Board of High School Directors received him with marked kindness, but the school was undisciplined, and, still worse, in a bankrupt state. A regular income with residence had been promised—the former could not be realized from the funds of the school, the latter was a “mistake”—and many years elapsed before the school was prosperous enough to pay its rector a tolerably fair income. This proved a serious loss and trial, and obliged the rector to draw assistance from his resources at home. In the reconstruction of McGill College, some twenty-eight years ago, Dr. Aspinwall Howe, while retaining his position in the High School, occupied also the chair of mathematics and of natural philosophy in McGill College, without remuneration, retiring from these with the title of emeritus professor of three branches, when the university was sufficiently re-established to pay independent professors. He is also a fellow of the University, and has long been matriculation examiner to the medical faculty of McGill College. He has likewise for some years been president of the Board of Examiners for the preliminary examination of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Province of Quebec. Dr. Aspinwall Howe is a prominent member and liberal supporter of St. John the Evangelist Church of England, in Montreal. His moral influence over the many young people who come in contact with him in school and elsewhere is excellent. Dr. Aspinwall Howe is an exception to most highly educated scholars in that his attainments are varied; he excels in classics as well as in mathematics, and has a taste for the arts and for games of skill. He attained a high degree of perfection in drawing; is an accomplished amateur musician, and is well known as a strong player of the royal game of chess. In 1847 he married Louisa, daughter of the late Rev. J. C. Fanshawe, formerly of Franklin Hall, near Exeter, of Coelhaey’s Park, Devon, etc., and of Fanny Delia, daughter of Chancellor Carrington, of Evington, in Devonshire, by whom he had issue as follows:—Louisa Blanche Fanny, married to Hon. Henry, second son of Right Hon. Lord Aylmer; Amelia Egerton; Catharine Maria Fanshawe Coke, deceased; Henry South Leïdebach; Arthur Fanshawe Vernon, deceased; Fanshawe Gardiner, deceased; and others. Mrs. Aspinwall Howe is also Countess Nürenallen de Leïdebach, an honorable recognition given to her branch of the family for valuable service, rendered during the continental troubles of 1814-15.

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=Guest, Sheriff Geo. Hutchinson=, Yarmouth, N.S., was born on 14th July, 1849, at Yarmouth, Nova Scotia, and is the son of Robert and Mary (Utley) Guest. His grandfather, John Guest, was born in Waterford, Ireland, and settled in St. John’s, Newfoundland, in the latter part of the eighteenth century. He was for some years a leading merchant in St. John’s. He married Dorothy Eustace, of Tor Bay. Robert Guest, the father of the sheriff, arrived in Yarmouth, in the year 1827, and became identified with the business of shipping, then, as now, the leading industry of the place. Robert Guest died February, 1867. His wife, Mary Utley, was a daughter of Nathan Utley, and grand-daughter of the Nathan Utley who represented Yarmouth county in the Provincial legislature from 1800 to 1806. Mrs. Guest died in September, 1887. Sheriff Guest was educated at the Yarmouth Academy. He engaged in the shipping business, and is a shipowner. He was a director of the Yarmouth Marine Insurance Association until it ceased to do business. In politics he is a Liberal, and when T. B. Flint resigned the office of high sheriff of the county, in January, 1887, Mr. Guest received the appointment from the local government. He is connected with the Methodist church, holding the position of a trustee of Providence Church. On the 11th of November, 1874, he married M. E. Lovitt, youngest daughter of the late John Lovitt, who was a grandson of Andrew Lovitt, who settled in Yarmouth in 1766. The Lovitts have always been identified with the best interests of Yarmouth. They have been prominently connected with the shipbuilding and other industries, and the county is at present represented in the Dominion House of Commons by one of the family.

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=Moore, Alvan Head=, Magog, Quebec, was born in Hatley, county of Stanstead, province of Quebec, April 20th, 1836. His father, Thomas Moore, was born in Concord, N.H., United States, Dec. 5th, 1787. His mother, Margaret Moore, whose maiden name was Margaret Dickey, was born near Concord, N.H., July 24th, 1795. They were married Dec. 6th, 1812, and came to Canada in the beginning of the present century. They were amongst the early pioneers who settled Stanstead county. His father was on duty during the war of 1812-14 and the rebellion of 1837-8. He held a commission dated August, 1811, as lieutenant in the Eastern Townships Royal Volunteers and ensign in the militia of 1837-8. The subject of this sketch was liberally educated in Canadian academies and United States collegiate institutes, and at the present time is mayor of Magog, postmaster, commissioner of Superior Court, superintendent of the Government Fish Hatchery, justice of the peace for the district of St. Francis, president of the Waterloo & Magog Railway Company, director in the Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly Railroad Company, director in the Magog Textile and Print Company, was for years president of the Stanstead County Agricultural Society, chairman of the school commissioners of Magog, and secretary and treasurer of the above mentioned W. & M. R. Co., which office he resigned in 1887 to take the presidency of the company. He has been connected with and was one of the principal promoters of all the public enterprises of the place, the most important of them being the Waterloo & Magog Railway and Magog Textile and Print Works. He was an active promoter of both schemes, and has a large amount of money invested in them. He is an active politician, and has been engaged in every political contest which has taken place in the county since confederation. Being a protectionist, he is consequently a Conservative. He has been looked upon as the successor of the present member in the House of Commons, but so far has steadily refused to accept any nomination for parliamentary honors. He is and has always been a temperance man and opposed to the license system, and one of the few men of his age who never signed a requisition for a license. The adoption of the Temperance Act of 1878 in the county of Stanstead was largely due to his exertions. He is a Protestant in religion, and in favor of the alliance and amalgamation of all Christian denominations, and the destruction of sectarian walls that serve to divide and weaken the members of the Christian church. He was married August 12th, 1858, to Julia Ann Merry, eldest daughter of the late Ralph Merry, of Magog, who was one of the most prominent and most public-spirited men of his time, and was for many years mayor of Magog. At the time of his death he was president of the Waterloo & Magog Railway Company; vice-president of the Stanstead, Shefford & Chambly Railroad; and one of the early promoters of both schemes. Mrs. Moore was born at Magog, March 13th, 1838, was educated in Canadian and United States academies, and was also for some time a student in the convent at Longueuil, near Montreal. Immediately after their marriage they went to Kentucky, U.S.A., where they lived for nearly two years and engaged in teaching in the Pleasant Green Seminary until it was accidentally burned, Jan. 1, 1860. The war cloud being about ready to burst over the slavery question, they returned to Canada in the spring of 1860. Mr. Moore became associated in that year with his father-in-law (Mr. Merry) in building the Waterloo & Magog Railroad and in mercantile business. They continued in partnership until 1867, when Mr. Merry retired from the firm and Mr. Moore continued, and is now one of the largest and most successful merchants in the eastern townships. They have three children living, Ralph Merry Moore, born in Kentucky; Catharine Louise Moore and Elizabeth Florence Moore, the two last born in Magog, province of Quebec.

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=Freer, Lieut. Harry Cortlandt=, 1st Battalion, South Staffordshire Regt., and Lieutenant and Brevet Captain and Adjutant, B Company, R.S.I., St. John’s, Quebec, was born at Sherbrooke, Quebec, on the 9th of May, 1859. His father, Cortlandt Freer, of the Grand Trunk Railway engineer staff, is a son of Noah Freer, late captain in the Nova Scotia Fencibles, and at one time A.D.C., or military secretary, to Sir George Prevost. His mother, M. A. Sicotte, is the eldest daughter of the Hon. L. V. Sicotte, judge of the Superior Court, St. Hyacinthe. The subject of this sketch was educated at Trinity College School, Port Hope, and afterwards graduated at the Royal Military College, Kingston. He entered the British service, and served a year each in Malta and Ireland. On the breaking out of the Egyptian war he served with the 1st battalion South Staffordshire regiment, and served throughout the campaign of 1882, receiving the Queen’s and Khedive’s medals for his gallantry. After his return to Canada, the Northwest Rebellion of 1885 again called him to active service, and he was appointed A.D.C. to Major-Gen. Sir Frederick Middleton, K.C.M.G., and was present at Batoche. For his gallantry on that occasion he was mentioned in the despatches, and received the medal with clasp. He has been an extensive traveller both in Europe and the East, as well as in our own country, having travelled as far west as British Colombia. In religion he is a member of the Roman Catholic church, and is unmarried.

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=Montgomery, Donald=, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Chief Superintendent of Education for Prince Edward Island, was born at Valleyfield, 3rd May, 1848. His parents came to the island from Scotland in 1840. Mr. Montgomery received his education at Prince of Wales College in Charlottetown, the foremost seat of learning in Prince Edward Island, and at McGill University, Montreal. He progressed rapidly in his chosen profession of teacher, and in 1874 was appointed principal of the Provincial Normal School. This position he held for three years. The progress of education in the island has been very gradual. At the original distribution of the land in 1767, thirty acres were reserved in each township for a schoolmaster, and there the matter rested until 1821, when a national school was opened at the capital. Later on a board of education was appointed for the island and other schools were opened. In 1836 a central academy was established in Charlottetown. In 1837, John McNeil was appointed the first superintendent of schools. At this time the total population of the island was about thirty-five thousand, and there were only fifty-one schools, with a total attendance of 1,533. Means were scanty and the schoolmaster was literally “abroad” most of his time, removing from house to house, as he got his board among the different families of his district. In 1842, there were 121 schools and 4356 pupils. In 1852, a free school act was passed by the Legislature. In 1853, the office of general superintendent for the island, abolished in 1848 (a county superintendent for each county being substituted), was re-established. In 1855, a bill was passed establishing a Normal School, which was opened in 1856. The question as to whether the Bible should be read in the Central Academy and the Normal School was earnestly debated by the people and brought to the notice of the Legislature in 1858. The House decided against the use of the Bible in the schools. In 1861, however, was passed an act admitting the Bible into the schools. The Prince of Wales College was established in the same year. Many of the best men in the island have received their earlier education at this institution, which, however, they frequently supplement by a course at other seats of learning in the Dominion, the United States and Great Britain. In 1878, Mr. Montgomery embarked in politics, and on the 20th September in that year was elected to a seat in the local legislature for his native district of Belfast. This was a bye-election caused by the resignation of William Welsh. At the general election, Mr. Montgomery again offered, and was re-elected in April, 1879. He was a moderate Conservative. He resigned his seat in the House in the summer of that year, and on the 26th September, 1879, was appointed to the position of chief superintendent of education. This position he has continued to hold up to the present time. He is connected with the Presbyterian denomination. He married, on 10th August, 1887, Mary Isabella, daughter of William McPhail, of Orwell. His residence is situated on Prince street, in Charlottetown. A man in the very prime of life and usefulness, Mr. Montgomery occupies a position of the highest importance.

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=Rivard, Antoine Majorique=, M.D., Sheriff for the district of Joliette, was born on the 24th September, 1838, at St. Leon, district of Three Rivers, province of Quebec. He is descended from a family that came from France, and settled at Batiscan, province of Quebec, in 1660. His father was Pierre Celestine Rivard, merchant at St. Leon, and his mother Marie Angèle Caron. He was educated at the Lanigan Academy, Three Rivers, and Nicolet College. He was admitted as a physician and surgeon on October 8th, 1861, and practised at St. Leon until 1865, when he removed to Joliette, where he has since resided. He has been councillor and mayor of the town of Joliette, vice-president of the Agricultural Society, county of Joliette, president of School Commissions, director of La Compagnie Manufacturier de Tabac Canadien de Joliette, secretary of the Medico-Surgical Association of the district of Joliette, and surgeon of the 83rd battalion since 1874. He was a governor of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the province of Quebec from 1877 to 1880, collector of inland revenue from 1880 to 1882, and was made sheriff on the 24th February, 1885. Dr. Rivard was married on the 16th February, 1863, to Marie Corine Asilda Lemaitre Angé, of Rivière du Loup, en haut, and has always been a strict adherent of the Roman Catholic faith. He is an ornament to the profession which he has made the study of his life, and his talents are only second to his indomitable energy and perseverance.

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=Cartier, Sir George Etienne.= This illustrious statesman was born in the village of St. Antoine, in the county of Verchères, on the 6th of September, 1814. It was claimed for him that he was descended from one of the nephews of Jacques Cartier, the adventurous Breton navigator, who showed to France the ocean pathways to a western empire. But George Etienne stood in no need of the dim and flickering lustre reflected from remote family achievement. He made for himself, in the history of his country, a name and a fame which, by right of native ability and resolute and fortunate effort, are permanently his own. His immediate ancestors were of the better class of French Canadians. His grandfather, a successful merchant, was one of the first members chosen for the county of Verchères, when the Constitutional Act of 1791 gave to Lower Canada the right to representative institutions. In Lower Canada, in the early days of George Etienne Cartier, two avocations possessed, and still possess, a strong attraction for the more gifted amongst the younger population. These avocations were the church and the bar. Cartier chose the latter. To qualify himself for his intended profession, he pursued, for eight years, a course of study at the college of St. Sulpice, in the city of Montreal. There is no tradition to show that he was a brilliant student. In this respect he adds another to the number of eminent men who reserved, not for the ideal world of the school-room, but for the actual world of after life, powers and faculties previously unsuspected, because undisplayed. After leaving college he entered upon the study of the law, and in 1835 he began practice in the city of Montreal. The legal profession, crowded at that period, overcrowded at the present time, still affords, to use the simile of Daniel Webster, “room in the upper story.” To that place of vantage Cartier made his way. The explanation of his success is not far to seek. He possessed at that time, and until the end of his life, an industry that never knew cessation, an energy that never faltered, and an ever-present consciousness of his own ability. But, for young Cartier, another pursuit besides law presented imperative claims to attention. This was politics. To him, and to the majority of his countrymen, they seemed to mean political existence, and the preservation of their language and institutions. Cartier had scarcely begun the practice of his profession when he was drawn into the vortex. Louis Joseph Papineau, speaker of the Legislative Assembly since the year 1817, had been flaming, like a portentous meteor, in the troubled sky of Canadian politics. Under his influence, Cartier, like the overwhelming majority of French Canadians, fell. It was no wonder. Papineau was an impetuous leader; he had a popular cause; he appeared to be fighting an unequal battle. To narrate in detail the causes which created a leader out of Papineau, and which attracted to his banner all the more enthusiastic among the French Canadians, would be to fill volumes: to write a history of a country, and not the brief biography of a man. But a few words may serve to convey a faint idea of the political condition of Lower Canada, at the time when Cartier ventured into the perilous pathways of the provincial politics of that epoch. From the conquest of Canada, in 1760, to 1791 (the year of the passing of the Constitutional Act), Canada was a portion of the British empire, but was an alien in respect to British institutions. This Act divided what was known as the Province of Quebec into two new provinces—Upper and Lower Canada. A legislature was, by the Act, established in each province. It consisted of a House of Assembly and a Legislative Council. The people elected the Assembly; the Crown nominated the Council. Herein lay the monstrous defect of the Constitutional Act; the poisonous leaven that corrupted the body politic in Upper and Lower Canada; the pestilent germ that developed into outrageous misgovernment, jeopardy of British connection, and ultimate rebellion. The Upper House, nominated by the Crown, was not only irresponsible to the people, but set their wishes at absolute defiance. The popular Assembly might pass necessary measures; the Council expunged the provisions that made them useful, or trampled them under foot. The oligarchy, which was continually in a minority in the Assembly, but always in a majority in the Council, lorded it over Lower Canada in contemptuous indifference to the wishes of the French Canadian majority.[4] The Governor, who was commissioned to represent the King, was the mere puppet of the oligarchy. While they flattered him they ruled him, and cajoled while they enslaved. Thus, for long and weary years, was enacted the wretched drama of despotism under a constitutional mask. There seemed no sign of relief. The governors and the oligarchy, by their machinations, had gained the ear of the imperial authorities, and tricked them into the belief that to rule in contempt of British institutions was the only means of perpetuating British rule in Upper and Lower Canada. With the intention to act justly, the British government, above all others, seemed, at this period, to be beyond the reach of the warnings of experience; seemed doomed never to know the truths as to the dismal history of colonial misgovernment. The loss of the thirteen colonies had been a lesson taught in vain. Not until the Earl of Durham, in a state paper which eclipses, for ability, conscientiousness, vast industry, and fearless truthfulness, any other of the kind in the diplomatic literature of the British American colonies—not until he laid bare the ulcers and festering wounds on the Canadian body politic, did the imperial authorities learn the truth, and set themselves to prepare a remedy. In the year 1837 the patience and prudence of the French Canadian leaders gave way. The pleading for reform had been scouted as treason; now insurrection was about to take the place of argument. Among the deplorable elements engendered in the long struggle for a better state of things was that of race-hatred. For this dangerous passion, Papineau, often violent in language and unwise in denunciation, was more responsible than his opponents. To this passion, Cartier, even in his hot youth, would not surrender himself. But, when the movement which Papineau for nearly a quarter of a century had fostered, burst away from his control, and leapt from agitation into rebellion, George Etienne Cartier, throwing to the winds considerations of selfishness and prudence, boldly took his life in his hand, and appealed to the arbitrament of the sword. The autumn of 1837 was ominous of coming troubles. The government, even if no other source of information had been at their command, could not fail to perceive in the speeches of the more impetuous of the French Canadian leaders that an appeal to arms was in immediate contemplation. After waiting for a period which to their friends seemed perilously prolonged, the authorities determined at length to grapple with the incipient insurrection. On the 16th of November, 1837, warrants for high treason were issued against the Montreal agitators who were inciting the people to rebellion. Papineau was included in the number, but he had been warned in time. He placed the St. Lawrence between himself and arrest, and made good his way towards the Richelieu river. His arrival in that locality brought to a focus the latent elements of revolt. The disaffected peasantry of the surrounding districts trooped to their headquarters, a village named Debartzch, in the parish of St. Charles. But, in addition to the encampment at St. Charles, there was another and more memorable mustering-place of the “patriots.” This was at St. Denis, on the Chambly river. The leader of the patriots was Dr. Wolfred Nelson, a man whose energy, courage and principles won him the unshaken confidence of the peasantry. At St. Denis we find George Etienne Cartier. A British force under Colonel Gore, a Waterloo veteran, was sent against St. Denis. Accompanying the expedition was a deputy-sheriff armed with a warrant for the arrest of Dr. Wolfred Nelson on a charge of high treason. On the morning of the 23rd of November, 1837, the troops, after twelve hours’ march through the sloughs, mud, and pit-falls of a winter road in Lower Canada, approached the village of St. Denis. A contemporary account thus narrates the result of the attack on the position of the insurgents:—

The necessary orders were given for the troops to advance; an order which was promptly obeyed, notwithstanding the harassing and fatiguing march of the night. Towards the north-eastern entrance of the village of St. Denis there is a large stone house, of three or four stories, which was discovered to be full of armed men, who opened a sharp and galling fire upon the troops. The skirmishing party here consisted of the light company of the 32nd, under Captain Markham. Within a quarter of an hour after the firing commenced, Captain Markham was severely wounded in the leg; and, almost at the same moment, received two dangerous wounds in the neck, which brought him to the ground. In conveying him to the rear, he received another wound, a proof of the dexterity and precision of the fire kept up by the patriots. It was found by Colonel Gore that the infantry, deprived of the assistance of Colonel Wetherall’s force, was inadequate to cope with the terrible fire of the musketry that was kept up and directed against them from the stone house. The field-piece, accordingly, was brought to bear upon this fort of the insurgent army, and injured it considerably, sending many of the inmates to their final account. Notwithstanding, as the ammunition was nearly exhausted, it was deemed prudent to retire, in order to maintain the communication with Sorel, as many of the inhabitants were seen gathering from all directions to the scene of action. About half-past two in the afternoon, the order to fall back was given; and, with the loss of six men killed and ten wounded, a retreat was commenced. The roads were so bad it was impossible to get farther than three miles that night, and Colonel Gore was under the necessity of bivouacking till daylight of Friday morning (24th), when he again commenced his march upon Sorel, which he reached that afternoon.

On the 25th of November, 1837, Lieutenant-Colonel Wetherall and a British force drove the patriots from their position at St. Charles. A few days after this event Colonel Gore, with his command reinforced marched upon St. Denis. But the victory at St. Charles had caused defections in the ranks of Dr. Nelson. He did not wait a second attack, but abandoned his position, and sought to make his escape to the United States. Thus ended the operations on the Richelieu, and with them the rebellion south of the River St. Lawrence. George E. Cartier was with Dr. Nelson in the combat at St. Denis. In after life, a political opponent would sometimes taunt him with cowardice on that occasion. To such reproaches he never replied, and hence there were some persons who suspected that there might be truth in the accusation. But Cartier himself knew better, and could afford to be silent. Ten years or so after St. Denis his conduct was described by Dr. Nelson, who was qualified to speak on the subject. In La Minerve, of Montreal, under date of September 4th, 1848, Dr. Nelson’s “attestation,” dated Montreal, 21st August, 1848, was published in French. “Seeing,” says the Doctor, “that an appeal has been made to me to give my testimony concerning certain events at St. Denis, in 1837, I will do so in the interest of truth and justice. I owe this to my friends, and to the country in general.”

It is true that M. Henri Cartier[5] remarked that it would be well to retreat, seeing the destruction caused by the discharges of the enemy, the want of munitions, and the flight of a number of persons of consequence. I strongly opposed this retreat; but, notwithstanding that, Mr. Henri Cartier vigorously supported us during all the day. M. GEORGE CARTIER never made allusion to the retreat, and he like his cousin, M. H. Cartier, valiantly and effectively contributed to the success of this struggle. And these gentlemen only left me when I was myself obliged to leave, nine days after this event, when the second expedition of troops moved against St. Denis; resistance then having become impossible, I sent M. George Cartier, towards two o’clock in the afternoon, for some stores to St. Antoine, and he promptly returned with succour, after about an hour’s absence. Mr. George Cartier did not wear a tuque bleu[6] on the day of the battle.

WOLFRED NELSON. MONTREAL, 21st August, 1848.

The authority of Dr. Wolfred Nelson must be accepted as conclusive evidence respecting the personal courage of Cartier, who, it would seem, acted in the capacity of aide-de-camp to the valiant doctor. Cartier, at this battle, was in the twenty-third year of his age. It was also charged against him by some of his political opponents, that for his participation in the events of 1837, a reward was offered for his head. The present writer has not been able to verify this fact. The name of Cartier does not appear in the lists of those for whose apprehension the governor proclaimed rewards. Some time after the fight at St. Denis, Cartier took refuge in the United States. Although he was unnamed in the proclamations, his course of action was well known to the government. He would have been arrested at the time if it had been possible, and his fate would probably have been like that of his commander at St. Denis—banishment. He returned secretly from the United States to Canada, and remained in hiding for a time. His seclusion, however, was not of very long duration. An intimation from the authorities assured him that on presenting himself in public he would not be arrested. The promise was faithfully kept. The result of Mr. Cartier’s participation in the rebellion of 1837 was that for nearly ten years after its close he took no active part in public life. In 1848, yielding to the pressure of his friends, he was returned to parliament as the representative of his native county of Verchères. He could not have made his entry into public life at a more favorable moment for a man of the liberal tendencies which then dominated him. The governor-general was the Earl of Elgin, the greatest man, with the exception of the Earl of Durham, ever commissioned by the British government to perform the functions of viceroy of Canada. The Lafontaine-Baldwin cabinet, never before or since excelled for ability and administrative talent, swayed the political destinies of the province. A seat in the House of Assembly, for two sessions, in the time of Baldwin and Lafontaine, was in itself a political education. Cartier was an apt learner. In the session of 1850 he showed how well he understood the needs of his native province. In that year Lafontaine proposed, in the House of Assembly, a series of resolutions for the abolition of the Seignorial Tenure. Like every other abuse which has the plea of age for its defence, the Seignorial system found determined advocates. But its opponents were not only more numerous, but had an infinitely better cause. Some great debates arose on this subject, for it was one that went home to the whole body of the French Canadian peasantry. It appealed, also, to the dearest interests of the seigneurs. Cartier was one of those who offered strong opposition to the tenure. As the representative of a purely agricultural county he could take no other course, but the position he assumed was in accordance with his convictions. In his place in the house he boldly stated that that portion of the province which had been settled under the Seignorial Tenure had not made as much progress as the part which had been settled under the Free Tenure. He contended that it was as much the advantage of the seigneur as of the tenant to abolish the Feudal System; and that the proper time for so doing had presented itself. The general opinion of the house was that the session was too far advanced to deal effectively with the question. It was also considered that the seigneurs had not had time enough afforded them to plead their cause. The Hon. Robert Baldwin and Mr. Cartier were in favor of settling the Seignorial question at once, and would have prolonged the session for that purpose; but Mr. Lafontaine refused to consent. He considered that the legal remedies proposed would not lead to a definite settlement of the problem. He had no desire to reform and perpetuate the Tenure; he wished to sweep it out of existence. The Tenure was abolished in the year 1854, by the Hincks-Morin administration. Those two leaders having retired in 1855, Sir Edmund Head, then governor-general, called upon Sir Allan MacNab to form a Cabinet. Sir Allan allied himself with Colonel E. P. Taché; and the latter on the 27th of January, 1855, selected Mr. Cartier as provincial secretary. He was not eager for office. Under the previous administration he had refused the position of commissioner of public works. The Legislature, in 1856, devoted a great deal of attention to the subject of public education. Mr. Cartier entered heartily into the question. He had the principal share in preparing two measures which were adopted by the house. The one provided for the establishment of a Council of Public Instruction for Lower Canada, and for allowing school municipalities to levy their own quotas. The other authorized the establishment of Normal schools in Lower Canada, and erected a permanent fund of $88,000, to be devoted to superior education in that province. Part of this money was made up out of the revenues of the Jesuits’ estates; $20,000 of it came from the Consolidated Fund. A sum of $20,000 was at the same time voted for the purposes of superior education in Upper Canada. The opposition endeavored to alter these two measures. It was contended that the distribution of $88,000 by the superintendent of education, under an Order in Council, would be placing means of corruption in the hands of the government. It was further contended that it was unconstitutional to deprive the House of Assembly of the right to vote, annually, the public moneys. The arguments of the opposition were sound, but were urged in vain, and the government measures were carried. The MacNab-Taché administration, in 1856, fell to pieces. There was weakness within its membership. There was, in addition, the disturbing question of the settlement of the seat of government. The house, at the end of a long and exciting debate, resolved that, after the year 1859, the city of Quebec should be the permanent capital of Canada. A considerable number of the representatives of Upper Canada were discontented with this arrangement. They considered that Quebec was too far removed from the centre of the province. The government, in accordance with the resolution of the house, placed in the estimates the sum of $200,000 for the erection of public buildings. The Hon. Luther Hamilton Holton proposed the following amendment:—“That the conduct of the administration on the subject of the question of the seat of government, and on other questions of public importance, has disappointed the just expectation of the great majority of the people of this province.” The discussion which followed lasted some days. The amendment of Mr. Holton was defeated by a majority of twenty-three. But, among the forty-seven yeas, were thirty-three members from Upper Canada; while, from that province, twenty-seven only voted with the ministry. The vote was followed by the resignation of two members of the government, Messrs. Spence and Morrison. These gentlemen belonged to the Upper Canada section of the ministry. The Hon. John A. Macdonald was the next to secede. He was of opinion that the vote on the question of the capital had weakened the government, and as there was no security that the same votes would not be repeated he thought it best to remain no longer in the Cabinet. The Hon. Mr. Cayley, also from Upper Canada, followed the footsteps of Mr. Macdonald. Sir Allan MacNab was reluctantly forced to resign. The governor-general requested Colonel Taché to form a new administration. He chose for his colleague the Hon. John A. Macdonald, in the stead of Sir Allan MacNab. The new ministry was virtually a continuation of the old one, with two exceptions: Mr. Vankoughnet replaced Sir Allan MacNab in the Upper Canada section; Mr. Terril replaced Mr. Drummond in the Lower Canada section. Mr. Cartier, in passing from one ministry to the other changed his portfolio. He became attorney-general for Lower Canada, in the place of Mr. Drummond. His new office was no sinecure. The session which opened on the 26th of February, 1857, was signalized by a ministerial project which was of far-reaching importance to Lower Canada. This was the codification of the Civil Laws, and of the Laws of Procedure. The measure was the work of Attorney-General Cartier. He expended on it great industry; he made it a labor of love. As he himself observed, the necessity of codification made itself felt the more because the province was settled by people of different races. The knowledge which everyone should possess of the laws of his country could only be attained by codification. The sources whence those laws were derived were so varied that an acquaintance with them demanded great research. Part of the civil laws of Lower Canada had been borrowed from the Roman law; part from a body of jurisprudence known as the Custom of Paris; part was found in the Edicts and Ordonnances, and in the Provincial Statutes. The time was ripe for this great and beneficent work. The peasantry of Lower Canada had been emancipated from the control of the seigneurs. The land laws which had ruled them had been swept away, and an improved system of jurisprudence, suited to the new state of things, was demanded. Mr. Cartier was determined to satisfy this demand. But there were those in parliament who wished to proceed farther than he then wanted to go. The Hon. Mr. Drummond, attorney-general in the late administration, and an able jurist, was of opinion that the laws of both provinces should be assimilated, so that there might be but one code for Canada. The reply of Attorney-General Cartier was to the effect that it was necessary to begin first with the codification, of those laws which Lower Canada imperatively demanded. After this, it would be time to think about accomplishing what was proposed. The measure passed through the House of Assembly and the Legislative Council without opposition. The commissioners appointed by the government to codify the laws began their labors in 1859, and finished them in 1864. Some readers of this sketch will remember the occasion on which, in the Legislative Assembly in the city of Quebec, Attorney-General Cartier rose to move the resolution which would make the Civil Code the law of the land. He addressed the house in French, and with more seriousness and deliberation than marked his ordinary utterances. He spoke with the feeling of a man who is conscious that he is placing the crowning stone on an edifice which has cost him years of labor and anxiety to build. As he finished with the words, “I desire no better epitaph than this—‘He accomplished the Civil Code,’” the house did honour to itself and to him by a hearty burst of applause. The eastern townships of Lower Canada are peopled mainly by an English-speaking population. But the French Canadians, in course of time, found their way into these districts. The result was, that there were two systems of civil law. To remedy this evil, Mr. Cartier prepared and carried through parliament a measure which introduced the French Civil laws into the eastern townships, and rendered uniform the holding of lands. Another most important measure which he succeeded in passing during the session of 1857 was an Act for the Decentralization of Justice. Its object was to cheapen justice, and to render it more easily attainable. “The administration of justice in criminal cases, and in all civil matter where the amount involved was over fifty pounds, was confined to seven places: Quebec, Montreal, Three Rivers, St. Francis, Aylmer, Sherbrooke and Gaspé, in a country exceeding seven hundred or eight hundred miles in length.” The act divided Lower Canada into nineteen judicial districts, adding twelve to those already mentioned. It provided for the erection of courts of justice and prisons in the new districts, increased the number of the judges of the Superior Court to eighteen, and the number of the judges of the Court of Appeal to five. The act provided that there should be four terms of the Court of Appeal in Quebec, and made other regulations respecting procedure and the salaries of the judges. The care and labor which this statute imposed on Mr. Cartier, in originating it, in passing it through the house, and in devising the multifarious machinery necessary to put it into successful operation, were enough to have overcome a man of less mental and physical energy. The majority of the people of Lower Canada welcomed the Act with open arms, and it endeared its author to his French Canadian fellow-countrymen. The parliament of 1857 had not been long in session when the question of the permanent seat of government again came to the front. In the previous session, as we have seen, the Assembly had decided that Quebec should be the capital and had authorized the expenditure of $200,000 for the erection of necessary buildings. But the Legislative Council had refused its assent to the supplies. The question, therefore, in 1857, was practically undecided: and so thought a great many of the members. The ministry decided to overlook the Assembly’s vote last session in favor of Quebec; and resolved to leave the question of the permanent seat of government to the decision of the Queen. The ministry further proposed that a vote of $900,000 should be taken for the erection of new parliamentary and departmental buildings. Attorney-General Cartier was of opinion that many of the members could not have been serious in voting in favor of Quebec; his reason being that they had voted immediately afterwards against the expenditure of the $200,000. Besides, the Legislative Council had refused assent to the supplies. The government would not act unless the two branches of the legislature were in agreement; but it was impossible to have the consent of the Council. The better plan, therefore, in his opinion, was to leave to her Majesty the selection of the future capital of Canada. This proposition was opposed by many members from the lower province. Mr. J. E. Thibaudeau moved an amendment to the effect that it was not expedient to take into consideration the question of the seat of government, because it had been decided the previous session. He contended that the rejection of the supplies by the Legislative Council was not a sufficient ground for annulling the decision of the Legislative Assembly, the more especially as many councillors from Lower Canada were absent when the vote was taken. The amendment was lost. The same fate befell a motion to make Montreal the seat of government. The result was that an address to the Queen, praying her to select the capital, was carried by a majority of nine. Her Majesty selected Ottawa as the seat of government. On the 25th of November, 1857, Colonel Taché the nominal head of the administration, resigned office, and the Hon. John A. Macdonald was called upon to form a new government. He made no change in the Upper Canada section of the cabinet. At his request, Mr. Cartier proceeded to select the ministers for Lower Canada. His object was to combine the two political parties in his native province. Two moderate Liberals, Messrs. Belleau and Sicotte, accepted office under Mr. Cartier. The offer of a portfolio to the Hon. A. A. Dorion was, with the consent of Mr. Cartier, made through Mr. Sicotte. But Mr. Dorion refused the inducement, and remained true to his political allegiance. The Macdonald-Cartier administration was formed on the 26th of November, 1857. Mr. Cartier was the only Lower Canadian minister who belonged to the old cabinet. His colleagues from that province were all new men. On the 28th of July, 1858, Mr. Piché moved an amendment: “That, in the opinion of this chamber, the city of Ottawa ought not to be the seat of the government of this province.” The amendment was carried by a majority of six. The ministry, on account of this vote, tendered their resignation next day, the 29th of July. Sir Edmund Head requested Mr. George Brown to form an administration. This gentleman, as the leader of the Opposition, had for years waged a resolute battle against the party represented by the defeated ministry. Following constitutional precedents, it was the duty of the governor-general to ask Mr. Brown to form a cabinet. It was also his duty to smooth the way for the accomplishment of the object he wished Mr. Brown to accomplish. But the governor, instead of removing obstacles from Mr. Brown’s path, was the first to place them in that gentleman’s way. He would not give to Mr. Brown the promise of a dissolution, but he would consent to a prorogation, if one or two measures were passed, and if a vote of credit were taken for the supplies. Mr. Brown was thus over-weighted from the very beginning. Still, with that political courage which had always characterized him, he undertook the formation of a cabinet. He chose as his colleague, and as leader of the Lower Canada section of the government, the Hon. A. A. Dorion, a gentleman with an untarnished political record. On the 2nd of August, 1858, Mr. Brown had completed his task, and the cabinet took the oath of office. The existence of this administration was brief, in fact the shortest known to our history, it having existed for only two days when it resigned, being defeated on a motion of want of confidence. The governor-general having in vain requested Mr. Galt to form a cabinet, Mr. Cartier became the head of a new Administration. He chose the Hon. John A. Macdonald as the leader of the Upper Canada section. The government was completed on the 6th of August. Then followed what is known as the “Double-Shuffle.” By the Independence of Parliament Act of 1857, it was provided that if a cabinet minister in either house should resign his office, and within a month afterwards accept another, he should not go back to his constituents. Some of the members of the Macdonald-Cartier government, who had entered the Cartier-Macdonald government, took advantage of this law in order to avoid the ordeal of re-election. They accepted, on the 6th of August, in the Cartier-Macdonald cabinet, offices different from those they had held in the Macdonald-Cartier cabinet. But on the 7th of August they discarded their portfolios of the 6th, and resumed those which they had held in the Macdonald-Cartier administration when it resigned on the 29th of July. Mr. Cartier, when he resigned, on the 29th of July, was attorney-general for Lower Canada. On the 6th of August he became inspector-general. On the 7th of August he resumed the office of attorney-general. This constituted the “Double Shuffle.” The action cannot be defended, and he never attempted to defend it. The ministry seemed to be ashamed of the part they had played. Many of their own supporters blamed them. The political conscience of the country seemed to have become sensitive, when it fully realized the extent of the wrong which had been done to constitutional and parliamentary government. The ministry were forced, by public opinion, to repeal the Independence of Parliament Act, under which they had accomplished the “Double-Shuffle.” The Cartier-Macdonald administration, after it had been formed, announced that it would give serious attention to the question of a Federal Union of the Provinces of North America. They further promised that they would approach the imperial authorities on the subject, and also enter into communication with the governments of the Maritime provinces. After the session of 1858, Messrs. Cartier, Galt and Ross visited England in the interest of a Federal Union. To communications from the colonial secretary on the subject of union, the government of the Maritime provinces answered by requesting time for the consideration of the project. The result was that no action was at that time taken. The Cartier-Macdonald government proceeded no farther in the direction of union. On this visit to England, Attorney-General Cartier was, for three days, the guest of the Queen at Windsor Castle. Parliament was opened, in Toronto, in the month of January, 1859. The question of the seat of government again came to the front. The ministry stated that they were obliged to uphold the Queen’s decision in favor of Ottawa. Mr. Sicotte, who had left the cabinet on this question, proposed an amendment to the Address in reply to the Speech from the Throne. He had seceded because he held that, after the vote of the Legislative Assembly at its last session, the government could not abide by the decision of the Queen without violating the principle that the majority should rule. The amendment he now proposed was to the effect that the principles of the Constitution required that the opinion of the majority should be respected; and that, in declaring, during the preceding session, that Ottawa should not be the capital, the house had expressed its views in conformity with the ordinary and constitutional exercise of its privileges. Mr. Langevin seconded the amendment. He was of opinion that Attorney-General Cartier could not make any one believe that Ottawa was the most convenient place for the seat of government. The capital ought not to be fixed before the question of Confederation was decided. Mr. Cartier argued that the conduct of the cabinet in this matter was constitutional. The simple declaration, by the house, that Ottawa ought not to be the capital, did not suffice to set aside the Queen’s decision, and bind the ministry to take account of it. The choice of Ottawa was a good one, because the immediate pressure of public opinion would make itself less felt there than elsewhere. The French-Canadians would find, in Ottawa, a population in part Catholic, and having the same institutions. The result of the debate was a government majority of only five. The Upper Canada Opposition contributed to the victory so narrowly won. Ottawa, sorely pressed, snatched the capital from the other competitors. The session of 1859 was marked by another advantage secured by Mr. Cartier for his native province. This was an Act to amend the Seignorial Act of 1854. The object of his measure was the complete redemption of the Seignorial rights, with one exception. It was stated that the funds provided by the Seignorial Act of 1854 had proved insufficient for the redemption of certain feudal obligations still pressing upon the habitants. For this purpose a new appropriation of between $1,600,000 and $2,000,000 was demanded by Mr. Cartier. With the exception of one member, Mr. Somerville, all the Lower Canada representatives supported this measure. But the Upper Canada Liberals, led by the Hon. George Brown, assailed the proposal with the utmost vigor. They proclaimed that it was nothing more than an attempt to rob Upper Canada. They opposed it in the press, and combated it with unflinching courage on the floor of the house. But in vain: the Lower Canada phalanx voted down all attempts to amend the measure, and with them voted their Upper Canada allies. The end was, that the law was carried by 66 to 28. The session of 1861 was marked by a long and vehement debate on the question of Representation by Population. It was opened by Mr. Ferguson proposing an amendment to the Address. The amendment declared the regret of the house that the governor-general had not been advised to allude to the recent census of the people, which census the house could not but regard as preliminary to legislation upon the great question of Parliamentary Reform, based upon the numbers and wealth of the people, etc. The amendment was voted down by 72 to 38. The Lower Canada phalanx and its Upper Canada allies were again victorious. Mr. Ferguson then proposed a measure in modification of the existing system of representation. The new project was to give to a county of at least 15,000 inhabitants one representative; to a county of 20,000, two representatives. Mr. Cartier, in a strong and uncompromising speech, announced his unalterable opposition to what he styled the unjust pretensions of Upper Canada. He maintained that the upper province had no right under the Union Act, to claim a larger representation than Lower Canada. The union had been consummated with the understanding that the equality of the representation would be maintained. He concluded in protesting that he would never sacrifice the rights of Lower Canada. The government of which he was first minister would not yield Representation by Population, in spite of the efforts of the members from Upper Canada who advocated that measure. It must be admitted that, on this particular question, Mr. Cartier shows to great disadvantage. The lawyer and the sectionalist are seen everywhere: the statesman and the Canadian nowhere. Because the Union Act was silent on the subject of representation, the great upper province must chafe under a galling injustice. Containing 285,000 people more than Lower Canada, this vast number was to remain without a voice to make known their wishes in the councils of the country. In this instance, Mr. Cartier showed himself devoid of that rare element, political equity: the element that distinguishes the statesman from the politician. After a discussion prolonged through several days, the measure of Mr. Ferguson was defeated by a majority of 18. For the motion 49; against it, 67. Upper Canada had 49 representatives who voted for the motion, and a dozen who voted against it. If Mr. Cartier had been a man of ordinary political prescience on this question he would have foreseen, from this vote, that Upper Canada was determined to have her claims satisfied, and that it would not be possible much longer to refuse them. The parliament was prorogued on the 18th of May, 1861. On the 16th of June following, it was dissolved by proclamation. In the general election which followed, Mr. Cartier defeated Mr. Dorion in Montreal East. The seventh parliament of the province of Canada was opened on the 20th of March, 1862. In the debate on the Address, the burning question of Representation by Population again came up. The Hon. William Macdougall, one of its most able and ardent supporters, moved an amendment to the Address. It set forth that, by the recent census, the population of Upper Canada exceeded that of Lower Canada, in February, 1861, by no fewer than 285,427 souls. The amendment expressed the regret of the house that the governor-general had not been advised to recommend some measure for securing to this large population in Upper Canada their rightful share of the parliamentary representation, and their just influence in the government. The Hon. John Hillyard Cameron, though Conservative as he was, raised his eloquent voice in favor of the claims of Upper Canada. But facts, reasoning, justice, pleaded in vain. The Lower Canada majority, to a man, voted down Mr. Macdougall’s proposition; but he was supported by forty-two of the representatives of Upper Canada. Mr. Cartier, this session, failed again to see that the headlong voting of his followers was paralyzing the constitution which, in their common political blindness, they fancied they were perpetuating. But the day of his supremacy was drawing to a close. His colleague, the Hon. John A. Macdonald, brought forward a measure intended to increase the efficiency of the militia. It was based on the suggestions of a special commission, amongst whose members were Mr. Cartier and Mr. Macdonald. The commissioners recommended that an active force of 50,000 men should submit to a drill extending over twenty-eight days in each year; and that a reserve of an equal number should be embodied. The opposition at once began to question the ministry. The Hon. Mr. Galt, the minister of finance, informed them that he would ask for $850,000 to set the new scheme in operation. After this outlay, the annual expenditure would be about $500,000. The French Canadian constituencies took the alarm. They dreaded a conscription which would every year take away so many thousands of needed workers from their homes and farms. They raised their voices against the enormous increase of the provincial liabilities which this new scheme would necessitate. Some of the friends of the government sought in vain to induce them to modify the measure. They defied a vote. On the second reading the vote was taken. The government was beaten by 61 to 54. Mr. Macdonald was supported by a majority of seven votes from Upper Canada; but Mr. Cartier was left in a minority of thirteen. His political power was shattered. On the 21st of May, 1862, he tendered his resignation. The Hon. John Sandfield Macdonald, at the invitation of Lord Monck, succeeded in forming a cabinet. How it was compelled to resign, and how successive cabinets were subjected to a similar ordeal; how the scheme of Confederation was matured, as the only way out of the dead-lock, it will be the province of other sketches to detail. At present, our concern is with Mr. Cartier alone. To those who can remember the political events of 1863 and 1865, it is needless to say that Mr. Cartier succeeded in forcing the scheme of Confederation on Lower Canada. He had managed to array on his side, amongst other influences, those of the Roman Catholic church. Against a scheme thus supported the efforts of the Liberals were directed in vain. The cry of Confederation swept Lower Canada like a hurricane. Under the new system of Confederation, Mr. Cartier was, on the 18th of July, 1867, appointed minister of defence for the Dominion. In August, 1868, he was created a baronet of the United Kingdom. He represented Montreal East in the Quebec Legislature from the union until the general election of 1871, when he was chosen as member for Beauharnois. He remained in the local parliament until the abolition of dual representation. To his credit be it said that the majority of the British population of Lower Canada looked up to him, when he was a member of the Quebec Assembly, as their special champion. This they did, to the setting aside of the timid and trimming representatives of their own nationality. It must be admitted that, from the era of Confederation, the political stature of Sir George Cartier began to grow less. Larger interests than those of Lower Canada usurped the public attention. His province had no grievances to bring into the Confederation. He was still her foremost man, but she needed him no longer as her champion. In the general election of 1872 he suffered the mortification of defeat in Montreal East. He sought political shelter in the distant Manitoba county of Provencher, a region wherein he had never set foot. He was in England when, in 1873, the Pacific Scandal burst, like a thunderclap, upon the people of Canada. That Sir George was deeply implicated in the degrading bargain was only too clear. He died in England, on the 20th of May, 1873. On the 13th of June following, his remains were accorded, in Montreal, the honor of a public funeral. Men of all ranks and nationalities made up the multitudes who escorted his remains to their last resting-place, in the cemetery on the Montreal mountain.

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[4] It is but justice, however, to the Legislative Council of Lower Canada to say that, on more than one occasion, in those times of political tumult, the refusal of that body to yield to the Legislative Assembly was the means of preserving the interests of the British minority from being sacrificed.

[5] The italics and small capitals are in the original.

[6] The tuque bleu is the blue woollen night-cap, the distinctive national head-dress of the habitants.

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=Brown, William.=—This gentleman, in conjunction with Thomas Gilmore, started the first printing press in Canada. Nothing is known of them beyond that they came from Philadelphia to Quebec, in 1763, having formed the idea of starting newspapers in Canada; that immeasurable difficulties beset them in their arduous undertaking, not the least of which was that Mr. Brown had to proceed to England to procure the proper materials, such as press, ink and paper, before he could issue his first broadsheet. On his return he opened his printing office, and on the 21st of June, 1764, brought out the first number of the Quebec Gazette. He had only one hundred and fifty subscribers, but, nevertheless, he succeeded in introducing “a new and potent element of civilization.”

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=Cook, Rev. John=, D.D., LL.D., Quebec, for many years minister of St. Andrew’s Church, of that city, but now retired, was born in Sanquhar, Dumfriesshire, Scotland, on the 13th April, 1805, and educated at the universities of Glasgow and Edinburgh, where he studied under Dr. Chalmers. Dr. Cook was ordained a clergyman of the Church of Scotland in 1835, and came to Canada in 1836. He has ever since taken a prominent part, first in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Canada in connection with the Church of Scotland, and since the general union of Presbyterians, in 1875, in those of the United Church. In 1844, when those who sympathised with the secession from the church in Scotland withdrew from the Canadian church in connection with the Scottish establishment, Dr. Cook was, for the second time, after the departure of the Free Church party, elected moderator of the Synod. He opposed the division of the Canadian church, maintaining that, without regard to the divisions in Scotland, it was the duty of Canadian Presbyterians to remain united in upholding the general interests of Presbyterians in Canada. While steadily laboring to promote the extension of the old branch of the Presbyterian church, Dr. Cook remained consistent to his opinions of 1844, and at the Synod of 1861 proposed a resolution, the effect of which was to promote the union of all the Presbyterians of the province. At the time this failed, but in 1875 the union so manifestly desirable, though long retarded by mutual prejudices, was brought about, and by the general sense of the united church, and in recognition of his exertions to restore union, Dr. Cook was chosen first moderator of the Presbyterian Church of the Dominion. In connection with the church, Dr. Cook was one of the delegates sent home to obtain a Royal charter for the University of Queen’s College, Kingston, of which he was long a trustee, and over which he presided as principal in 1857 and 1858. In 1855, when the clergy of the Church of Scotland in the province, sacrificing their own interests for the benefit of the church, created with the proceeds of their allowances a general endowment fund, Dr. Cook acted for his brethren, and it was through him that the commutation with the government was effected. Both before and since the union, Dr. Cook’s great ability and energy have enabled him to render the greatest services to the church. He has had a large share in all branches of church work, and no clergyman is better known or more respected throughout the dominion. In 1875, Dr. Cook was the spokesman of a delegation from Canada to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland, which sought and obtained the approval of the mother church to the then contemplated union. While zealously laboring in ecclesiastical matters, Dr. Cook has been a useful and public-spirited citizen of Quebec, taking part, not only in purely religious affairs, but in many others of a public nature. In 1845, memorable in the history of Quebec for the two great fires by which the suburb of St. Roch and the suburb of St. John were consumed, Dr. Cook, as a member of the relief committee, took an active part in the aid of the sufferers, and the masterly defence of the committee at the close of its labors, in answer to the charges of the London committee, was from his pen. In 1866, when St. Roch and St. Sauveur suburbs were again swept by another disastrous fire, his experience was found very valuable, and he gave it freely, together with active assistance in promoting relief measures. At many public meetings he has eloquently advocated what he deemed to be for the public good. But it is perhaps in the matter of education that Dr. Cook has been most useful in Quebec. The High School, justly regarded as one of the best schools in the country, was established mainly through his exertions in 1843, and for many years, as chairman of the board of directors, he took a warm interest in its struggles and its success. Dr. Cook was named by the late Dr. Morin as principal of the college then about to be established in Quebec with the funds given by him for that purpose, and since 1861 Dr. Cook has filled, as he still does, the office of principal. In 1880, the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by Queen’s University, Kingston; that of D.D. he holds from the University of Glasgow. In 1883, Dr. Cook retired from the active duties of the ministry, amid the hearty regrets of his beloved congregation. Dr. Cook’s preaching accords with the straightforward energy of his character. His sermons are distinguished by close adherence to the special point under consideration, by logical precision and practical earnestness. They contain many passages marked by beauty as well as power. A volume of them has been lately published, which has been reviewed in a very favorable light by both the secular and religious press. We extract the following from a review in the Halifax Presbyterian Witness:—

These doctrinal treatises give us a glimpse of the teaching which has ministered to the people of St. Andrew’s Church, Quebec, for a long period. They bring up before our minds many a quiet Sabbath, and many a solemn and impressive service in that old historic town. These addresses, replete with true and unpretending eloquence, must have been listened to with the breathless attention and stillness of beating hearts. These are evangelical inasmuch as they give prominence to the great facts and dogmas of Christianity. Not to present these in their proper place, connexion and views, is not to present the divine remedy for man’s spiritual disorders, but something else. They do not present the gospel as if it were a system of ethics merely, or even a scheme of moral duties. They do not ignore the fact of sin or the need of regeneration in order to holy obedience. But they are also evangelical in this higher sense, that, while they build upon evangelical fact and evangelical dogma, and assume that the teachings of Christ and the Apostles are divine, they do not merely reiterate, but explain, defend, illustrate and enforce these evangelical elements. There is throughout an endeavor to show the reasonableness of gospel truth—its internal harmony—its conformableness to the fitness of things, and its agreement with the natural impressions of the human mind and the demands of the moral sense. In this respect these sermons are like those of Vinet, F. W. Robertson, and the great preachers of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and they are as able and eloquent. Dr. Cook’s discourses are especially adapted for cultivated readers. By such a class they cannot fail to be greatly appreciated. They are calm and elevating treatises upon great gospel themes. The preacher has utterly discarded the traditional sermon mould. Unshackled by pulpit traditions, he handles each subject with the skill of a great orator and teacher. The language is impressive, and the metaphors and illustrations are appropriate. His starting-points are skilfully chosen, and from these he advances, gradually opening up his subject, so that it becomes more and more luminous to the close. Whatever the subject be, it is made to appear reasonable and accordant with those principles upon which men reason and act in common life. Sometimes he states and accentuates an apparent incongruity in morals or religion, and the discourse is then devoted to its solution. It is to be hoped that many persons, and especially many ministers, may be induced to read discourses so full of instruction, so admirable as models of pulpit teaching, and so interesting as a memorial of the pulpit of St. Andrew’s Church, Quebec, and its noble and venerable occupant for so many long and eventful years.

Dr. Cook has a family of five surviving children, all of whom are now grown up to man’s and woman’s estate. One of his daughters is the wife of Andrew Thomson, of Quebec, president of the Union Bank, of that city. Two of his sons—William and Archibald Cook—are eminent members of the Quebec bar, in large practice, and the former is a Q.C. His youngest daughter is the wife of Edward Greenshields, a merchant in Montreal, and a director of the Montreal Bank.

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=Macdonald, Hon. John=, Toronto, Senator of the Dominion of Canada, is one of the most enterprizing and successful of the merchants Canada is proud of. He is a Scotchman by birth, having been born in Perthshire, in December, 1824, and when a mere lad came to this country. He received his educational training, first at the Regimental School of the 93rd Sutherland Highlanders, in which regiment his father served; subsequently at Dalhousie College, Halifax, and then at the Bay street Academy, Toronto, which at that time was conducted by the late Mr. Boyd, father of Chancellor Boyd, of Ontario. In this academy our future senator had the honor of winning the medal for classics. After leaving school, he chose the mercantile profession, and leaving Toronto, entered the employ of C. & J. Macdonald, general merchants at Gananoque, where he served for two years. Returning to Toronto, he took a position in the mercantile house of the late Walter McFarlane, on King street east, who at that time was doing perhaps the largest business in Upper Canada. After working in this establishment for about six years, he was compelled, through failing health, to give up his situation, and seek change of climate. With this end in view, he sailed for Jamaica in 1847, and, after resting for a short time, entered the mercantile house of Nethersoll & Co., the largest on the island. Here Mr. Macdonald remained for somewhat less than a year, when he returned to Toronto. In 1849 he commenced business on his own account, in a shop on Yonge street, near Richmond street, and made the then bold attempt to establish there an exclusively dry goods business. The venture having proved a success, in 1853 he moved to larger premises on Wellington street, not far from his present warehouse, and here was laid the foundation of the present large wholesale importing house of John Macdonald & Co. After a period of nine years of successful business in this warehouse, Mr. Macdonald removed to larger and handsomer premises on the south side of Wellington street, which after a while proved too small for his ever-increasing business, and a few years ago he was compelled to enlarge these premises, which he did by adding another pile of buildings, which now occupies the ground formerly covered by the North American Hotel and the Newbigging House on Front street. These premises were bought at a great outlay of capital. They have a frontage of 100 feet, with 140 feet in depth, and are six stories high. About one hundred men are employed, including the buyers in the British and American markets, and the establishment is, without doubt, the largest of its kind in Canada, and will compare favorably with any of the wholesale houses in the largest cities in the United States. Mr. Macdonald, realizing the idea that the world had claims upon him outside his warehouse, entered public life as member for West Toronto, in the Legislative Assembly of Canada. His opponent on this occasion for parliamentary honors was the Hon. John Beverley Robinson, late lieutenant-governor of Ontario, whom he defeated by a majority of 462 votes, and then sat in parliament until confederation was accomplished. At the next general election he was defeated for the House of Commons by the late Robert Harrison, who afterwards became chief justice of Ontario. In 1875, a vacancy having occurred in Centre Toronto, a constituency established in 1872, Mr. Macdonald was invited to become a candidate, and having consented, he was returned by acclamation. In 1878, however, when the national policy cry was raised, and people imagined they could be made rich by Act of Parliament, Mr. Macdonald was defeated by Robert Hay, by a majority of 490 votes. In politics Mr. Macdonald has always been what may be styled an independent Liberal, discarding party views when they seemed to trammel his settled convictions. He opposed the coalition of 1864, and voted against the confederation of the provinces. This attitude towards party, when its claims conflicted with duty, he clearly defined in his reply to a request asking him to be a candidate in 1875. He promised to give the government a cheerful support, but declined to promise more; and, to the credit of the requisitionists, they conceded to him in advance a perfect freedom of judgment in deciding upon all questions. Mr. Macdonald takes a deep interest in all public questions, and is never afraid to speak out boldly when the occasion demands it. During the exciting debates that took place in the Board of Trade during the fall of 1887, on the question of commercial union with the United States, he was present, and made his voice to be heard. Indeed, he has the honor of being the author of the resolution which carried, and was the means of allaying the political feeling that was beginning to show itself in that important body. The resolution alluded to was as follows:—

That this Board desires to place on record the conviction that the largest possible freedom of commercial intercourse between our own country and the United States, compatible with our relation to Great Britain, is desirable.

That this Board will do everything in its power to bring about the consummation of such a result.

That in its estimation a treaty which ignored any of the interests of our own country or which gave undue prominence to any one to the neglect or to the injury of any other, is one that could not be entertained.

That in our agricultural, mineral, manufacturing, and our diversified mercantile interests, in our fisheries, forests, and other products, we possess in a rare and in an extraordinary degree all the elements which go to make a people great, prosperous and self-reliant.

That these are fitting inducements to any nation to render reciprocity with Canada a thing to be desired, and such as should secure for us a reciprocal treaty with the United States of the broadest and most generous character which, while fully recognising these conditions, would contain guarantees which would prove of mutual and abiding ad vantage to both nations; but that this Board cannot entertain any proposal which would place Great Britain at any disadvantage as compared with the United States, or which would tend in any measure, however small, to weaken the bonds which bind us to the Empire.

Education has claimed some of Mr. Macdonald’s time, and for some years he has been a senator of the Provincial University, Toronto, a visitor of Victoria College, Cobourg, and a member of the High School Board. In all religious and moral movements he has lent his aid, and is always ready to help everything calculated to elevate humanity, by tongue, pen and purse. Mr. Macdonald is a member of the Methodist church, and had it not been that his health failed him when a young man, and on the advice of his physician, he would have studied for the ministry, and to this church he has for many years devoted much time and talents. He has long been a member of the executive committee of its General Conference, and treasurer of the Missionary Society. Outside of his own denomination he has taken a conspicuous part in the work of the Evangelical Alliance, the Bible Society, the Temperance reform, the General Hospital, and the Young Men’s Christian Association, and has been twice elected president at the united convention of Ontario and Quebec. Mr. Macdonald has been a director in several business companies, and was, at the last annual meeting of the Board of Trade, elected a member of its executive council. In 1887 he made the handsome donation of $40,000 towards the erection of a new city hospital, as a memorial of his daughter Amy, who during her lifetime took a very deep interest in this kind of charity. And since then he has also donated a large sum of money to enable his church to carry out its scheme of establishing a university in Toronto. Mr. Macdonald has written two very interesting brochures, “Business Success,” originally a lecture, and a practical address to “The Young Men of his Warehouse,” both of which should be in the hands of young men. In November, 1887, he was chosen a senator of the Dominion, a choice which reflects great credit on Sir John A. Macdonald, and which has been approved of by all political parties. Mr. Macdonald’s career is a striking instance of what energy and perseverance, combined with integrity and uprightness, may accomplish for a young man just starting upon life’s battle.

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=Gouin, Antoine Nemese=, Sorel, Quebec, was born on February 25th, 1821, in the parish of Ste. Anne de la Pérade, Quebec. He is a son of Charles Gouin, merchant, and Marguerite Elizabeth Richer Lafleche, his wife, first cousin to his grace Bishop Lafleche. In 1825, Mr. and Mrs. Gouin removed from Ste. Anne to Sorel, then called the borough of William Henry. The subject of this sketch attended the College of St. Hyacinthe, from 1832 to 1839, and on leaving this seminary of learning entered the office of Cherrier & Mondelet, in Montreal, to study law, and was admitted to the bar in November, 1843. He practised his profession in Montreal for two years, when he removed to Sorel, where he has resided ever since. At the general election in December, 1851, he was elected member of parliament for the county of Richelieu, as a Liberal-Conservative, and, as such, took part in the discussions on all the leading questions of the day, such as the clergy reserves, the seignorial tenure, the Grand Trunk Railway, etc. On May 18th, 1858, he was appointed prothonotary of the Superior Court, clerk of the crown, of the peace, and of the circuit court, in and for the district of Richelieu, which office he is still holding. Mr. Gouin is a French Canadian and a Roman Catholic. He was married March 18th, 1863, to Adele Catherine Penton, daughter of Henry Penton, sen., of Pentonville, England, and of Catherine Cordier de la Houssaye, a French lady. Mrs. Gouin was born in Calais, France, on October 25th, 1825, and died at Sorel, on February 19th, 1886, leaving two daughters and a son—the issue of her first marriage with Assistant Commissary-General James Lane.

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=Clinch, Robert Thomson=, St. John, N.B., is descended from an old Irish family of record in Ireland since the time of Edward the Second. His ancestors, Peter and Simon Clinch, took an active part on the Stuart side, in the troublous times of James the Second and William the Third. He was born at St. George, New Brunswick, June 27th, 1827, and is the seventh son of Patrick and Eleanor Clinch, and grandson of Captain Peter Clinch, who, for special services rendered the British government during the American revolutionary war, was awarded a large tract of land. Nearly half of the land on which the city of St. John now stands, and where at that time Captain Clinch resided, was ungranted. Taking with him two Indians, Captain Clinch traversed the province of New Brunswick, and on reaching Charlotte county was so struck with the beauty of Magaguadavic Falls that he resolved to select his land grant in this neighborhood. He then retired from the army, and became the first settler, and the founder of the town of St. George. This gentleman represented Charlotte county in the first House of Assembly in New Brunswick, which was opened in St. John, January 3rd, 1786, by Governor Thomas Carleton. His son, Robert Clinch’s father, also represented Charlotte county in the House of Assembly, some eight or ten years, and was a justice of the court of common pleas, and for several years editor of the Provincialist, a newspaper, published in St. Andrews. Mr. Clinch has been connected with the telegraph service ever since its introduction into New Brunswick, and for the past twenty years has been superintendent in the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. He is a member of the Church of England, and has been four times elected representative to the Provincial Synod, and in 1880 was appointed one of the delegates from the Provincial Synod to the convention of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, then assembled in New York. Mr. Clinch, for thirty-four years, has been an active member of the Masonic fraternity. In 1866 he was appointed district grand master by the late Earl of Zetland, and after the formation of the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick was thrice elected grand master. He is now the representative of the Grand Lodge of England to the Grand Lodge of New Brunswick, and is also past commander of the Knights Templars of St. John, and a member of the supreme council of the 33rd Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite for the Dominion of Canada. He married in 1860, Henrietta, daughter of George W. Cleary, barrister, who died April 3rd, 1862. In 1866 he married Helen E., daughter of Thomas Barlow, a member of the old late house of E. Barlow & Sons.

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=Baudouin, Philibert=, St. John’s, province of Quebec, was born at Repentigny, Quebec, April 27th, 1836. He is a son of Pierre Baudouin and Margaret Hétu, his wife. He is a descendant of Jean Baudouin, who was a resident of Montreal in 1663, and whose son, Guillaume, settled at Repentigny, on the estate where M. Baudouin was born, and which has been in the family since its cession by the seigneur in 1698. The family name of Baudouin is derived from the language of old Gaul, and is the origin of the name Baldwin, which was first spelled Baudwin. The subject of this sketch was educated at L’Assomption College, and took a full classical course. He is a notary public for the province of Quebec, and in 1858 resided at Coteau Landing; in 1860, at Iberville; from 1862 to 1873, he was county clerk, clerk of the circuit court, etc., for Iberville county, and town clerk of Iberville; from 1875 to 1877, he was manager of the agency of the Banque de St. Jean, at Farnham; from 1877 to 1886, cashier of the Banque de St. Jean, at St. John’s; and since 1886 he has been manager of the agency of the Banque du Peuple, at St. John’s. He has travelled through the Eastern States, and was one of the many thousands at the Philadelphia exposition of 1876. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. Mr. Baudouin is a total abstainer from liquor, and is in the enjoyment of perfect health, although a hard brain-worker. He was married, August 22nd, 1864, to Caroline Annie Marchand, of the Marchand family, long established in St. John’s, the most prominent of which now are the Hon. F. G. Marchand, M.P.P., speaker of the Quebec legislature, etc., and Henri Marchand, prothonotary, S.C., at St. John’s; and on her mother’s side, a granddaughter of Isaac Phineas, long agent at Maskinonge of Seigneur Pothier’s estate, and one of the English Jews who settled in Canada about a century ago.

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=Lamarche, Felix Oliver=, Mayor of Berthierville, province of Quebec, was born at Montreal, Quebec, on 1st December, 1837. He is the son of Charles Lamarche and Marguerite Tranque, his wife, who is descended from an ancient Norman family, who, on leaving the old land, settled in Montreal. The subject of this sketch received an elementary school education at Berthier-en-haut. In 1839, he left Montreal for that town, and has resided there since. He was for several years actively engaged in the shipping interest, being the owner of several vessels, and for nine years commanded a vessel sailing on the St. Lawrence river. As a sailor, he was on several trips down the gulf to St. John’s, N.F.; Halifax, N.S.; St. John, N.B.; La Baie des Chaleurs, P.E.I., etc. For the past sixteen years he has been in the hay and grain business, and is now one of the largest hay shippers in the province of Quebec, having nine hay barns or sheds, with eleven hay presses, employing fifty men, and shipping some five thousand tons of hay annually to the United States and local markets. He is president of the Compagnie Industrial of Berthierville, and of the bolt manufactory; was a shareholder in the late Stadacona Insurance Company; and also in the Union Steam Navigation Company. In politics, he is a strong Conservative, and a liberal subscriber to its funds. He has been repeatedly solicited to allow himself to be brought forward as a candidate in the Conservative interest, but invariably refused. He was also offered government positions, but would not accept them in view of his business connections, and also because his busy life could not stand the restraint such a position would place upon him. In religion, he is a fervent Roman Catholic. He has been married twice—first to Alphonsine Ducharme, on the 7th November, 1858, by whom he had two children. This lady died on the 22nd August, 1861. Again to Caroline St. Cyr, on the 30th August, 1875, and by whom he has had seven children. Of the nine children, three only are living.

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=Bresse, Hon. Guillaume (William)=, Quebec, is the leading boot and shoe manufacturer of the ancient capital, and a member of the Legislative Council of the province of Quebec. An admirable type of the self-made man, Mr. Bresse has risen from obscurity to a commanding position of industrial eminence and affluence by the sheer force of native talent and enterprise. With no other educational advantages than those afforded by the parish school of St. Athanase, d’Iberville, P.Q., at which the present premier of the province of Quebec, Hon. H. Mercier, also received the rudiments of his education; he has climbed the ladder of fortune until he now stands on the topmost rung of wealth and influence, while still a comparatively young man. But he has not forgotten that he was once a workingman himself. One of the largest employers of labor in the province of Quebec, his workmen and women are more his friends than his employees, and the interest he takes in their comfort and welfare is altogether paternal. Born in Chambly, near Montreal, he is now in the fifty-third year of his age. His parentage was humble, but respectable. His father was a farmer, a typical French-Canadian habitant, and his mother was a member of the Rocheleau family, of Chambly. His uncle, Major Bresse, served in the Canadian militia under De Salaberry, at Chateauguay, during the war of 1812, and was the Lower Canadian hero’s most trusted lieutenant. After receiving such education as the school of St. Athanase could impart, our subject went out into the world to earn his own livelihood, and his life down to about 1863 was that of the ordinary workingman, laboring for his day’s wage in Montreal and the manufacturing centres of the New England States. During his sojourn in the latter, he formed a close intimacy with another workingman and fellow countryman, who has also since risen to wealth and fame in his native province—Louis Coté, the great boot and shoe manufacturer of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q., for many years the popular mayor of that city, and now a member of the Dominion Labor Commission. The two young French-Canadians were kindred spirits. Both were of an observant turn of mind and actuated by a laudable ambition to advance themselves. Happily, too, for themselves and their native province, they were both gifted with more than the usual pluck and enterprise of their race. Noting the preference given to their countrymen as factory hands in the United States, on account of their peculiar adaptability to the work, their orderly character, and their contentment with moderate earnings, they quickly came to the conclusion that if the French-Canadians were so profitable to their employers abroad, where the cost of living was high, they would be much more so at home. They accordingly returned to Canada with the determination to start in the business of boot and shoe manufacturing on their own account. The old city of Quebec seemed to offer the most favorable field for their undertaking. One of its staple industries, shipbuilding, was declining, and a large element of the local population were out of employment and ready to embark in any new branch which promised steady work. The tanneries of Quebec, already famous for the abundance and excellence of their leather, also offered the attraction of a cheap, plentiful, and convenient supply of the raw material, and altogether the situation appeared exceedingly propitious to make a bold bid for the Canadian trade. But the two young adventurers were without means or friends to help them, and their beginning was, consequently, on a very small and humble scale. By the merest accident, when they reached Point Levis, opposite Quebec, on their return from the United States in the winter of 1863, they met François Langelier, then a young lawyer returning, after completing his studies in Europe, and now the Hon. François Langelier, mayor of Quebec and member of the House of Commons for the electoral division of Quebec Centre. While being conveyed through the floating ice of the St. Lawrence over to Quebec, an acquaintanceship was formed between the three young men, which has since ripened into a warm and lasting friendship, personal and political. The encounter was a fortunate one for all three. To Messrs. Bresse and Coté it was particularly so, for a few days afterwards a reference to Mr. Langelier enabled them to secure the lease of a building in St. John’s suburbs, on favorable terms, suited to their purpose. It has often been asserted that the Messrs. Woodley were the pioneers of the great boot and shoe industry of Quebec city, but such is not the case. The Woodleys did not start in it until 1866, or three years after the firm of Coté & Bresse, who began manufacturing with machinery in St. George street, in St. John’s suburbs, in the spring of 1863. To these two enterprising French-Canadians rightfully belongs the credit of leading the way in a branch of trade which is now the most important of Quebec, and furnishes a means of support to a larger body of the population even than the lumber trade. From St. George street they removed to Des Fosses street, in Quebec East, when the partnership was dissolved, Mr. Coté going to St. Hyacinthe, and Mr. Bresse remaining in Quebec and removing to St. Paul street. His present factory and palatial residence on Dorchester street, Quebec East, erected in 1871, cover an entire block, and the factory itself is the largest and finest of its kind in the city. It gives constant employment to an average of four hundred hands, male and female, and the quantity of boots and shoes it turns out is enormous, while their excellence has rendered Mr. Bresse’s name famous all over the Dominion. From Newfoundland in the east to Vancouver in the west, his goods find a ready market, and his numerous hands are kept busy all the year round in filling orders. In addition, Mr. Bresse is the patentee of several valuable labor-saving machines of his own invention, and owns a large tannery at Arthabaska, several farms in the district surrounding Quebec, and property in Winnipeg, Montreal, and elsewhere. He also holds a controlling interest in the St. Hyacinthe Water Works Company, of which he is a director. He was a member of the Senecal Syndicate which purchased the North Shore Railway from the provincial government of Quebec, under the premiership of Hon. Mr. Chapleau, the present Dominion secretary of state, and acted as administrator of that road until it passed into the hands of the Canadian Pacific Railway Company. In fact, there are but few local undertakings, financial or industrial, in which he has not been, or is not now, concerned, and he may be truly said to be an eminently successful man. As a citizen, he is deservedly held in the highest respect, and his fellow townsmen some years ago marked their confidence in him by electing him as one of their representatives in the city council for Jacques Cartier ward. He sat in the council for one term, after which he declined re-election on account of the demands of his extensive business upon his time. As an employer of labor, he is probably one of the most popular in Quebec, having a genuine workingman’s sympathy for workingmen, and treating them more as his children than his servants. In politics, Mr. Bresse has always been a warm and consistent Liberal, and the opposition leader in the Dominion parliament, the silver-tongued Laurier, has no stronger admirer or supporter in his constituency of Quebec East. Hon. H. Mercier, the present premier of the province, is also one of his warmest friends, and it was by his government that Mr. Bresse was, in December, 1887, called with general public approval to the Legislative Council as the representative of Les Laurentides division upon the resignation of Hon. J. E. Gingras. On that occasion, the pleasant relations existing between him and his employees was marked by their presentation to him of a congratulatory address. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic, like the great majority of his fellow countrymen. He is unmarried.

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=Moreau, Right Rev. Louis Zephirin=, Bishop of St. Hyacinthe, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, was born at Becancourt, province of Quebec, the 1st of April, 1824. His father was Louis Moreau, farmer, and his mother, Marie Margaret Champoux. He followed a classical course of study at the seminary of Nicolet, from 1839 to 1844, and taught in the same college for upwards of two years. In September, 1846, he went to the palace of the Bishop of Montreal, where he was ordained a priest in December of the same year. From 1846 to 1852, he remained at the palace in the capacity of chaplain to the cathedral, and assistant secretary of the diocese. On the 2nd of November, 1852, he left Montreal for St. Hyacinthe, as secretary to the first bishop of that place, Monseigneur J. C. Prince. He then occupied the position of parish priest and vicar-general of the diocese. On the 19th of November, 1875, he was appointed by His Holiness Pope Pius the IX. the fourth bishop of St. Hyacinthe, and was consecrated on 16th January, 1876. Since then his lordship has made two trips to Rome in the interest of his diocese, which is comprised of 120,000 Roman Catholics, and 18,000 Protestants, containing seventy-six churches, one hundred and sixty priests, two seminaries, three colleges, two male communities, five communities of women, and five hospitals in charge of nuns. The St. Hyacinthe Cathedral is one of the finest edifices in the Dominion, and it is owing to Bishop Moreau’s indefatigable efforts and energy that the citizens are indebted for its erection, as well as for the establishment of the other above-mentioned institutions of learning and benevolence.

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=Stevens, Hon. Gardner Green=, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born on 13th December, 1814, at Brompton, Quebec. His father was born at Newfane, Windham county, Vermont, and his grandfather, Lemuel Stevens, at Petersham, Worcester county, Mass. The family moved into Canada soon after the close of the struggle for the independence of the colonies, they being strong adherents of the British crown. His mother came from Brookfield, Vt. His father, Gardner Stevens, was one of the early settlers in Brompton, and was, in his day, an industrious, well-to-do farmer, and a prominent citizen. He met with an accident in 1845, when sixty-three years of age, which terminated fatally. The subject of this sketch received the ordinary education of farmers’ sons in this locality fifty years ago; aided his father in cultivating the soil until of age; then took charge of a farm, mill, and store at Waterville, county of Compton, and was thus employed for ten years, when, in March, 1851, he became agent for the British American Loan Company, taking up his residence at Waterloo, and he has since devoted his attention almost entirely to that agency. Except four years spent at Roxton Falls, he has resided there for thirty years, holding various positions of trust and honor, both at Roxton and Waterloo. While at the former place, he was municipal councillor and mayor of the town. Here he has been justice of the peace for a long period; has been councillor, mayor of the township from 1870 to 1875 inclusive, and warden of the county. While warden he was ex-officio a director of the South-Eastern Railway. He has been a director, and is now president, of the Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Railway, of which company he was the first treasurer. He is one of those enterprising men who like to have a hand in any movement calculated to benefit the country—its material interests, or for the improvement of the people. Since February 19th, 1876, he has represented the constituency of Bedford in the Senate of the Dominion, taking the place of Hon. Asa B. Foster, who resigned that year. In 1847, Senator Stevens married Relief Jane, daughter of Sidney Spafford, of Compton, and has issue five children—three sons and two daughters. The family attend the Methodist church. It was during the first term of Senator Stevens’ service in the mayor’s chair that Prince Arthur visited Waterloo, June 13, 1870, and he had the honor of presenting an address to His Royal Highness. The Chronicler of Shefford thus speaks of our subject: “Mr. Stevens is emphatically a self-made man, and like all men of his class, his perceptive faculties, sharpened by cultivation, made him keenly cognizant of whatever affects his own interests, or anything committed to his trust. A man of extensive reading and retentive memory, with ready powers of conversation, he is eminently qualified to amuse or instruct. Accustomed to habits of industry, he appreciates this quality in others, and while he is ever ready to assist the young man who is bravely fighting the battle of life, he has no sympathy for one who shrinks from hardships, or who, with everything in his favor, makes shipwreck of his possessions.”

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=Wood, Rev. Enoch=, D.D.—This reverend gentleman, who died at Davenport, Toronto, on the 31st January, 1888, was among the early missionaries sent out to America from the old country. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1804, and entered the service of the Wesleyan Missionary Society in 1825. After serving for three years in the West Indian missions, he was transferred to the province of New Brunswick, where he labored for nineteen years. At the close of this term of service he was appointed by the British conference superintendent of missions in Canada, when he removed his residence to Toronto. Dr. Wood had pastoral charges in St. John, N.B., in 1829, 1836, 1838, 1841, and 1844, and in Fredericton in 1846, in addition to others in New Brunswick. Of his work in that province, a writer says:—“The older Methodists of New Brunswick still treasure the memory of his long and powerful labors among them with emotions of almost filial gratitude, and recall his gentle, lovable manner and character with ever fresh delight.” In 1874, Dr. Wood came to Toronto as superintendent of missions, and afterwards as missionary secretary, and continued to hold that office while he was president of the Wesleyan Conference for seven years, from 1851 to 1857. He was again president of the conference in 1862. The honorary degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Victoria University, in 1860. He was elected first president of the Toronto Conference in 1874, after the union of the several denominations in that year. He was on the list of superannuated ministers at the time of his death. Dr. Wood had been suffering for several years, and had been confined to his room, but he bore his illness with great patience and Christian resignation. He was strongly attached to the old-fashioned Methodism, and was a conservative with regard to any changes. He was a man of great tenderness, and of a very sympathetic nature, which made him a very impressive preacher. His sermons were suggestive rather than exhaustive. He possessed a very considerable amount of administrative ability, and presided with dignity over the conference during the time he was president. The death of his son-in-law, Rev. Dr. Nelles, some months ago, gave him a great shock, which doubtless hastened his end. He left behind him a daughter, the widow of the late Rev. Dr. Nelles, and two sons, John and R. A. Wood, of Toronto.

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=Courtney, Rev. Dr. Frederick=, Episcopal Bishop of Nova Scotia, is a native of Plymouth, England, and is fifty years old. He was educated in part at Christ’s Hospital, first at the preparatory school at Hartford, then the Bluecoat School in Newgate street, London. After that he graduated in the first class from King’s College, London, in 1863. He was curate of Hadlow, near Pembridge, Kent, from 1864 to 1865; incumbent of Charles Chapel, now St. Luke’s, Plymouth, from 1865 to 1870; incumbent of St. Jude’s, Glasgow, Scotland, from 1870 to 1876, and assistant minister of St. Thomas’ Church, New York, of which Dr. Morgan is rector, from 1876 to 1880. He began his labors with St. James’ Church, Chicago, in 1880, and remained in that pastorate until March, 1882, when he removed to Boston. He was elected Bishop of Nova Scotia in 1888. Dr. Courtney is tall, erect, and well formed. He has greyish blue eyes. His cast of mind is not one-sided, and yet it is logical, analytical, and acute, rather than emotional, poetical, or imaginative. In theology, he describes himself as “high, low, and broad.” It is sufficiently evident, however, that he has no doctrinal sympathy with ritualism, and that he is decidedly evangelical and spiritual in his views of the Christian religion. As a preacher, Dr. Courtney in many respects, at least, has very few equals. His sermons are about thirty-five minutes in length. He uses no manuscript or notes, and yet his discourses have a rhetorical finish which is marvellous. In a whole sermon he will not hesitate for a word, or use one infelicitously. His diction is not floral, but copious and expressive, and includes a fair proportion of metaphor. His illustrations are drawn mostly from Scripture, and he seems to carry the very words of the whole Bible on his tongue’s end. His delivery is generally calm and deliberate, but occasionally becomes impassioned. His enunciation is distinct, and his emphasis always correct.

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=Aubrey, Rev. François Fortunat=, Parish Priest, St. John’s, Quebec, was born in the parish of St. Lawrence, near Montreal, in July, 1830. He is the son of Hyacinthe Aubrey, a farmer, and Genevieve Leduc, his wife. The great-grandfather of Hyacinthe Aubrey was an Irishman, born in Ireland, and bearing the name of Cornelius O’Brennan. The subject of this sketch went through his classical course of studies in the College of Ste. Therese, county of Terrebonne, Quebec, and at 22 years of age entered the clerical order, and was ordained priest in September, 1855. He was professor in Ste. Therese college from 1852 to 1857, teaching rhetoric and natural sciences. In 1857 he was curate at Longueuil, and St. John’s, Quebec; in 1858-9 he was missionary at Prince Edward Island, and in the fall of 1859 he was appointed parish priest at Ste. Marthe, county Vaudreuil, diocese of Montreal. In the fall of 1862 he was called by the late Bishop Joseph Larocque, to be parish priest of the Cathedral of the city of St. Hyacinthe; but in the fall of 1864 he returned to Ste. Marthe, and remained two years. In the fall of 1866, he was called to succeed as parish priest of St. John’s, the late Bishop Charles Larocque, who had been appointed Bishop of St. Hyacinthe. He established, in 1868, an hospital conducted by the Grey Nuns of Montreal, and the same year had the Brothers of the Christian schools to teach the young boys. In the spring of 1878, he left for Europe; where he spent five months, visiting in the course of his tour the chief cities of France, Italy, Belgium, etc. Father Aubrey was always and hopes to be always a devout child of the Roman Catholic church, knowing quite well that the Holy Catholic Roman church is the only one founded by our Saviour Jesus Christ.

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=Lefebvre, Joseph Hubert=, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born March 3rd, 1853, at Lawrenceville, township of Stukely, county of Shefford, Quebec. He is the eldest son of Joseph Lefebvre, a notary by profession, and who died May 11th, 1884. This family came from France and settled in Lower Canada, in the early part of the 17th century. His mother, Eulalie Boisvert, was a resident of the township of Stukely. The subject of this sketch received an excellent education, spending six years at an English Academy in Knowlton; then taking a classical course at St. Hyacinthe College; and afterwards a business course at the Montreal branch of Bryant & Stratton’s College. In 1870, he was articled to his father as a law student, and was admitted as a notary public, his commission being dated October 4th, 1877. From 1873 to 1876 he was in the lumber business with his brother, William R. Lefebvre, to whom he sold out his interest when he left the place. On being admitted to the notarial profession, Mr. Lefebvre practised a while at Granby, and in May, 1879, settled in Waterloo, where he succeeded to the business of Mr. Brassard, who had a large practice which was transferred to the hands of our subject, and his business consequently was brisk from the start. He was secretary-treasurer of the municipalities of the village of Waterloo, and township of Shefford, and of the schools of the village of Waterloo, and was secretary-treasurer of the municipality and schools of the parish of St. Joachim, when it was erected into a separate municipality, but he only held that position for a short time in order to get the municipality and school board into working order. He resigned all these secretaryships upon being appointed successor to his late father as registrar of the county of Shefford, his commission as such being dated November 7th, 1884. He was president of the Board of License Commissioners appointed under the License Act of 1883, and was appointed revising barrister for the county of Shefford, under a commission of the governor-general, dated October 26th, 1885. He is one of the promoters of the Shefford Agricultural Park Association, was instrumental in getting it incorporated, and has been its secretary-treasurer since its inception. He is largely interested in real estate, having purchased several thousand acres in the township of Minerve, in the county of Ottawa, which he is now colonizing. He was a volunteer in the frontier corps at the time of the Fenian raid in 1870; and was graduated at the Military Academy at Montreal, in 1872. He is a Conservative in politics, and has taken part in some of the political campaigns in Shefford and Brome counties; but is not a bitter partisan. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. He was married April 10th, 1877, to Clara Dorval, a daughter of the late Cajetan Dorval, formerly a merchant and postmaster of St. Césaire, and they have had seven children—six of whom are living and one is dead.

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=Howe, Hon. Joseph.=—The late Hon. Mr. Howe was born at the North-west Arm, about two miles from Halifax, in December, 1804. His father was John Howe, a U. E. loyalist, who was at one time a printer in Boston, but who subsequently became a writer for the newspapers. Young Howe went to school in an irregular fashion in Halifax, and picked up the rudiments of a rough-and-ready sort of education. He was of a rugged frame, had an exuberance of animal spirits, and was fond of crag, and forest, and hill. He had, indeed, those who knew him say, the “poetic temperament,”—though it must be confessed that he did not show much of it in the verses, by so many called poetry, which he afterwards wrote. In 1817 he began to learn the printing business at the Gazette office, Halifax. This paper was owned by his younger brother, John. He served out his full apprenticeship, and then engaged himself in journeyman printing work. While learning his trade young Howe is said to have read voraciously every book that he could lay hands upon. He also published in the Gazette a lot of verses, which, however, did not amount to very much as poetry. “One morning,” says a Canadian writer, “while taking a solitary swim in the Arm, he was seized with cramp and felt himself sinking. He cast an agonized look round, and caught sight of the dearly-loved cottage on the hillside, where his mother was just placing a lighted candle on the window-sill. The thought of the grief which would overshadow that woman’s heart on the morrow inspired him with a strength to give a last despairing kick. The kick dispelled the cramp, and, hastily swimming ashore, he sank down exhausted, but thankful for his deliverance. It was long before he could summon courage to acquaint his parents with the circumstance.” Joseph Howe began a newspaper business on his own account, in 1827, becoming part proprietor of the Weekly Chronicle, the name of which was afterwards changed to that of the Acadian. He, however, soon sold out the latter, and purchased the Nova Scotian. In this newspaper he wrote with great earnestness, eloquence, and force. His style was pregnant, trenchant, and sometimes overwhelming. Mr. Howe’s celebrated Legislative Review began to appear in 1830, and attracted wide notice. In 1835 he published an article which the oligarchists could not tolerate, and he was indicted for libel. He consulted various lawyers. “There can be no successful defence made for you,” they all said, and some invited him to make a humble apology, and throw himself upon the mercy of his prosecutors. He borrowed a lot of law books, read all he could find on libel, and convinced himself that the learned men of the law were wrong. He pleaded his own case, and his heart became comforted, as he saw among the jurors an old man, with tears streaming from his eyes. The jury returned in ten minutes with a verdict of “not guilty,” and the lawyers who had said, “he who pleads his own case has a fool for a client,” were in a way dumbfounded. From this day forward Mr. Howe was a noted man. In 1836 he was elected to parliament for the county of Halifax; and two years later he travelled through Europe, in company with Judge Haliburton, better known as “Sam Slick.” Mr. Howe returned in 1838, and plunged into public work again. Sir Colin Campbell, the iron-headed autocrat, who was then governor, could not understand what the “common” people meant by talking about their “rights,” and with him, Mr. Howe, it need not be said, was at issue. On petition of the province, Governor Campbell was recalled, and was succeeded by Lord Falkland, a son of William IV., by Mrs. Jordan. After a time Falkland became a cat’s-paw in the hands of the Tories, and provoked fierce hostilities from the Liberals, at the head of whom was Joseph Howe. In 1848, the day of triumph came for the Liberals. Mr. Mackie was called upon to form a government, and Mr. Howe became provincial secretary. In 1851 he retired from the representation of Halifax; and in 1863 he became premier, in the place of Mr. Young, who was elevated to the bench. Since the entry into public life of Dr. Tupper, in 1855, there had been a steady, often a furious, hostility between himself and Mr. Howe. The strife was greatest between them on the question of union, to which Mr. Howe was opposed. But Dr. Tupper prevailed, not that he was a greater man than Mr. Howe; but because luck was on his side—there being a general movement in the direction of union, and the Imperial government desired the measure. When confederation was accomplished the now almost broken-down veteran was made to see, by Sir J. A. Macdonald, that he could be loyal to his province, by accepting the inevitable, and making the best of the new order of things. Hence he entered the Dominion cabinet in 1869 as president of the council. Ten months later he became secretary of state for the provinces and superintendent-general of Indian affairs. His health was now all the while growing feebler, and his mental retrogression seemed to keep pace with his physical. In 1873 he was appointed lieutenant-governor of Nova Scotia; but he died a few weeks afterwards. As an orator, Joseph Howe was the greatest man that the provinces which compose Canada have ever produced. He married, in 1828, Catharine Susan Ann, a daughter of Captain John McNab, of the Nova Scotia Fencibles.

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=Coté, Louis=, Manufacturer, St. Hyacinthe. St. Hyacinthe is one of the most flourishing cities of the province of Quebec, and probably also its greatest manufacturing centre. Its tanneries, and its manufactories for boots and shoes, of woollen and knitted goods, of machinery, organs, etc., are not only numerous, but important and thriving establishments. These great industries impart to the local trade an extraordinary amount of activity, which is further enhanced by the well-known fertility of the surrounding agricultural region, and moreover, provides business for a local bank and two branch banks, in addition to the business of the same kind done in Montreal. When a stranger visits this pretty little town, he is always struck by the pervading air of ease, progress, and prosperity. Its buildings are noted for the remarkable taste shown in their construction. The streets are fine, straight, well kept, generally lined with handsome shade trees, and, after dark, lit with the electric light. Besides the magnificent promenade provided by Girouard street, there are also those of the Park, which will be a charming spot when the plantations of trees, made within a few years back, shall have increased in growth. Altogether, the place bears the stamp of activity, enterprise, and progress in every shape. Although founded upwards of seventy-five years ago, it is only about twenty years since St. Hyacinthe entered upon its present era of extraordinary development. In and about 1860, it was still nothing more than a big country village, inhabited by a sleeping population. The magnificent water power of the Yamaska river was only utilized to run two grist mills and a rope factory, the remainder of the water running to waste, while no one dreamt of making use of it for manufacturing purposes calculated to furnish employment to a working population steeped in want. The only establishments which gave the city any importance were its splendid college and convents. A few years before this, the two Coté brothers, in partnership with Guillaume Bresse, had introduced into Quebec the boot and shoe industry, which has since developed to such an extraordinary extent in that city. The Messrs. Coté had been born and reared in the environs of St. Hyacinthe, and their native city had naturally a warm place in their regard. They had long been sensible of the adaptability of its advantages to manufacturing industry, and only an occasion, some happy circumstance, was needed to induce them to turn them to account. Mr. Bourgeois, now judge of the Superior Court at Three Rivers, was then a practising lawyer at St. Hyacinthe, where he wielded an amount of influence as extensive as it was well deserved. A gentleman of broad and patriotic views, sincerely anxious for the progress of his town, he believed it had all the requirements of a manufacturing centre, and, as the cousin and intimate friend of Louis Coté, he pressed the point upon his attention, and urged him to establish himself in St. Hyacinthe, convinced that, with the assistance of so intelligent and enterprising a man, the place could not fail to fulfil its manifest destiny. The proposition was favorably entertained by Louis Coté, for whom Judge Bourgeois also found a partner with some capital in the person of Victor Coté. Leaving Mr. Bresse at Quebec, Louis Coté removed to St. Hyacinthe in 1863, and in partnership with his brother George and Victor Coté, he opened the establishment which marked St. Hyacinthe’s first step towards manufacturing eminence. The success of this establishment, now one of the largest in the country, is too well known to be dwelt upon. But it is not alone as a successful business man that Louis Coté has distinguished himself. He is also famous as an inventor, and the boot and shoe industry is indebted to his ingenuity for several machines which have largely contributed to its development. Most of his inventions have, in fact, become so indispensable to the trade that no one dreams at present of manufacturing shoes without them any more than of driving nails without a hammer. Attempts have been made to infringe his patents, and, to vindicate his rights, Mr. Coté had even to do battle for them before the Supreme Court of the United States, but he won his case, and to-day his machines are deservedly regarded as the ne plus ultra of perfection. His inventions are now in use all over in the great boot and shoe factories of Canada, the United States, England, Germany, and France. It will be easily understood that a man so intelligent and enterprising as our subject could not fail to exercise a marked influence on the progress of the city which had the advantage of counting him among its population, and the still more direct advantage of having him as its mayor during a number of years. In concert with Judge Bourgeois, who was also for many years a councillor and mayor of St. Hyacinthe, he always favored and stimulated industrial progress, or the encouragement of promising branches of manufacture. His own example, his prosperity, and the ever increasing success of his own establishment, were the means by which St. Hyacinthe was raised to the pinnacle of manufacturing importance on which it stands to-day, and on which it rests its claim to the dignity of the greatest industrial centre, in proportion to population, not only of the province of Quebec, but of the Dominion of Canada. But Mr. Coté’s beneficial influence was not alone felt in the commercial and industrial departments. As a member of the city council, and especially as mayor, he did much towards endowing St. Hyacinthe with improvements which are usually found only in the most populous and advanced cities. The superb waterworks which supplies the city and protects it against the recurrence of the disastrous conflagrations which ravaged it in the past, was built by a company of which Mr. Coté was the initiator, and is the principal stockholder and president. In the work of reform of the local school system, Mr. Coté labored hand in hand with the Rev. Mr. Gravel, then parish priest of St. Hyacinthe, and acting bishop of Nicolet; Jos. Naud, registrar; Euclide Richer, stationer; Charles Ledoux, and Mr. Chenet, all of whom gave in the matter proof of a zeal and devotion which entitles them to the lasting gratitude of their fellow citizens. He inspired, and was to a large extent the author of all the measures adopted to make the place the most prosperous and attractive manufacturing centre, not only in the province of Quebec, but in all Canada, outside of the great commercial cities. In a word, Mr. Coté, by his industry and example, made St. Hyacinthe. The brilliant and fruitful career of this good man furnishes a striking illustration of what can be done by intelligence, industry, good conduct, and love of country. He started out in life without education or pecuniary resource. After learning his trade in the United States, he returned to Montreal, where he soon secured a position as foreman in one of the great shoe factories of that city. There he devoted all his leisure time to study, and saved his earnings in order to procure for himself a good education. He followed the courses of the Jacques Cartier Normal School, and, thanks to the kindly interest taken in him by the Abbé Verrault, principal of that institution, he completed his studies there, and left it with that superior education in which so many of our great manufacturers and mechanics are deficient. Since then he has continued to instruct himself, and his library to-day offers him a source of information upon which he draws abundantly. The money which he saved by his self-denial not only furnished him with education but with a small capital which enabled him to start business on his own account, and to conquer fortune. By his intelligence and good conduct he has also given to the great question of capital and labor the only practical solution of which it is susceptible—he acquired capital by labor. To-day Mr. Coté is one of the wealthiest manufacturers in his line. He enjoys, in the fullest measure, the esteem and gratitude of his fellow citizens, and is known all over the country as a remarkable man. Although a Liberal in politics, the Federal government has paid homage to his merits and abilities, by appointing him a member of its labor commission, and, thanks to his intimate acquaintanceship with economic questions, his experience and practical knowledge, he is sure to make his mark in that connection as he has done in all others in the past. Louis Coté is still a comparatively young man, being only in his fiftieth year, so that, if he should be spared, there is still a bright career of usefulness before him for the good of his native city and the country at large. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He married, in 1868, Louise, daughter of Charles Pigeon, a most charming and distinguished lady; he has no family.

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=Casavant, Joseph Claver & Samuel=, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec. Joseph was born on 16th September, 1855, and Samuel on 4th April, 1859, in the city of St. Hyacinthe. These two gentlemen compose the firm of Casavant, Frères, organ builders, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province. They are the sons of Joseph Casavant, who died the 9th March, 1874, aged 67 years, after a successful career as an organ-builder, in the course of which he built the organs for Kingston and Ottawa Roman Catholic Cathedrals, and many others. The subjects of this sketch were educated at St. Hyacinthe college, and after leaving this seminary of learning they were entered as apprentices with a prominent firm of organ builders. After acquiring a thorough insight into the details of the business, they went to Europe in 1878 and made an extensive tour of England, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and France, the primary object of their travels being to gain an idea of the more recent improvements made by the more prominent organ builders in the countries visited. Returning to Canada in 1880, they entered into business on their own account, and have built many organs which testify to the ability of the builders, and the thoroughness with which they have grasped every detail of their profession. Among the best specimens of their work are the organs in the St. Hyacinthe Roman Catholic Cathedral, Varennes parish church, Notre Dame de Lourdes, in Montreal, etc. Ever on the watch for improvements, and determined to have a knowledge from personal investigation, of every new invention relating to their business, the brothers, in 1886, took another tour through the principal centres in Europe, returning by way of the United States. In the course of this tour they obtained many valuable hints which they have turned to good account in their latest instruments. They are now building an organ for Notre Dame French Church in Montreal, which will contain eighty-five sounding stops (one hundred knobs), and is estimated to cost thirty thousand dollars. It will be provided with all the modern improvements, and will contain several new features which have not yet been used in Canada, the most important being that of electric action. This magnificent organ will be the largest in Canada, and will be a credit alike to the builders and to the Dominion of Canada.

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=Kincaid, Robert=, M.D., Peterboro’, Ont., Surgeon-Major, was born June 10th, 1832, in the county Donegal, Ireland. He is the son of George Kincaid, and Elizabeth Virtue, his wife, daughter of George Virtue, a wealthy mill owner of Donegal. She was also related to the Virtues of the great publishing house, London, England. Dr. Kincaid, the subject of this sketch, came to Canada in 1847, and received his education at Queen’s University, Kingston, graduating with honors in 1863. He has been the surgeon of the 57th battalion, Peterborough Rangers, since it was gazetted in 1866, and now holds the rank of surgeon-major. He entered the service of the United States in 1863, and served until the termination of the war, being present at the engagements of the Wilderness, Mine Run, Coal Harbor, Spottsylvania Court House and Petersburg. He was for a time surgeon in charge of Governor’s Island Hospital, at the foot of Broadway, N.Y., the most important medical office in the gift of the government of the United States; and was afterwards, in 1864, transferred to Maine, as medical director of that state, with headquarters at Portland. Upon the conclusion of the war he returned to Canada, and in 1865 settled in Peterborough, where he has resided ever since and built one of the largest and most important practices in the midland district. In addition to his medical practice he conducts a large stock farm of about 400 acres a few miles from town, and has been prominently identified with the different agricultural societies for some years. He has been surgeon of the county of Peterborough since 1867; surgeon to the corporation of the town of Peterborough since 1868, and he still holds both offices; he is also senior surgeon of the Nicholls’ Hospital, examining surgeon for the Canada Life, North American Life, Equitable Life, Federal Life and the Manufacturers’ Life Insurance companies. In politics he has been a life long Conservative, and still holds the same views, although at the last Dominion election he warmly supported George A. Cox, the Reform candidate, on strong personal grounds. In 1883, upon the death of the late W. H. Scott, Q.C, M.P.P., the doctor was elected by acclamation to represent West Peterborough in the Ontario legislature, he being the only man in the riding acceptable to both parties, and the only man in Canada who was ever nominated for parliament by both political parties at the same time. At the end of his term, he declined re-nomination. Dr. Kincaid is a fluent speaker. For many years he held the office of coroner for the town and county of Peterborough, and in that capacity conducted many important inquests; but upon his election to parliament he resigned the office, and has since declined re-appointment. He has frequently been asked to run for municipal honors, but always declined, preferring to devote all his time to his profession. He was chosen to the Senate of Queen’s University in 1886. For many years he was prominently identified with the Masonic order, and held all the different offices until he reached the high position of district deputy grand master of Ontario district. He was initiated into Masonry in 1863, in St. Lawrence lodge, Montreal, under the Grand Lodge of England. The doctor has travelled through every state in the American Union and through all parts of the Dominion. He was brought up in the faith of the Episcopal Church, and was confirmed by John Toronto. He is still in sympathy with the doctrines of that church, but being opposed to the high church views which prevail in Peterborough, he does not attend the services. Has attended the Presbyterian churches here, and for some time was chairman of the Board of Managers of St. Andrew’s Church, but left that body, consequent upon the change of ministers, when the Rev. D. J. Macdonnell left Peterborough for Toronto. Dr. Kincaid was married in 1865 to Margaret M., daughter of James Bell, then manager of the Commercial Bank of Canada, at Perth, now registrar of the county of Lanark; niece of the Rev. Dr. Bell, of Queen’s College; niece of Judge Malloch, of Brockville, and cousin of Prof. Bell of the Geological Survey of Canada. The union has been blessed with several children, one girl and three boys of whom are now living.

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=Laurier, Hon. Wilfrid=, B.C.L., Q.C., Quebec, M.P. for Quebec East, leader of the Liberal party in the House of Commons at Ottawa, was born at St. Lin, L’Assomption, Quebec province, on the 24th November, 1841. He is descended from a distinguished French family, who were among the first to settle in Canada. His father was the late Carolus Laurier, who in his lifetime was a provincial land surveyor. The future leader of the Liberal party was educated at the college of L’Assomption, and having finished his literary course there, he was entered for the study of the law in the office of the Hon. R. Laflamme, Q.C. Here he devoted himself diligently to the study of his chosen calling, and in due time was called to the bar of Lower Canada. This was in the year 1865; but the year previous he had taken, at McGill University, the degree of B.C.L. In October, 1880, he was appointed a Queen’s counsel. Hon. Mr. Laurier always from a very early age took a deep interest in public questions, and was resolved, when the first opportunity offered, to seek a position in the legislature. With this object in view, he gave his attention to literature and journalism, and for a period edited Le Defricheur newspaper. He was an earnest advocate of temperance, and was a delegate to the Dominion Prohibitory Convention, held in Montreal, in 1875. At the general election of 1871 his ambition to get into public life was realized, he being that year elected to the Legislative Assembly of the province of Quebec for Drummond and Arthabaska. He remained in the legislature till January, 1874, when he resigned in order to contest the same seat for the House of Commons. In the provincial parliament his record had been excellent. He was known to be a sincere, upright, able and well-informed public man, and had proven himself a genuine Liberal in the truest and best sense of the word; so when he came to ask his constituents to send him to the wider sphere of usefulness they did not refuse him. On taking his seat in the House of Commons, his brilliant abilities and his high character were at once acknowledged. Sir John A. Macdonald, through his Pacific Railway transaction, had been relegated to the opposition benches, and the Hon. Alexander Mackenzie had been called upon to form an administration. Mr. Laurier was invited by the new premier to enter his cabinet, and he was sworn in as member of the Privy Council, September, 1877, and given the portfolio of Inland Revenue. This office he held until the following year, when the Mackenzie government resigned. On seeking re-election in his old constituency, at the general election which followed, he was rejected; but the Hon. I. Thibaudeau having resigned his seat in Quebec East, Hon. Mr. Laurier was elected as his successor, and he has represented that constituency ever since. On the retirement of the Hon. Edward Blake in 1887, in consequence of ill health, from the leadership of the Liberal party in the House of Commons, Hon. Mr. Laurier was unanimously chosen as his successor, and his friends have great hopes that he will prove a leader worthy of the name. He is calm and reasonable, and always receives respect and attention when he rises, and has always, on such occasions, something to say. He speaks with a very pure French accent, and is a very effective speaker. Hon. Mr. Laurier is a director of the Royal Mutual Life Insurance Company. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 13th May, 1868, to Miss Lafontaine.

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=O’Sullivan, Dennis Ambrose=, M.A., D.C.L., Barrister-at-Law, etc., Toronto, Ont., is the youngest son of the late Michael O’Sullivan, of Campbellford, farmer. His father came to this country from Cork, Ireland, in 1832, and was one of the most respected men in his county. His mother belongs to the family of Hennessys, well known to this day in the south of Ireland. In the early days of this province, farmers’ homes were frequently used for the purpose of having divine service therein, and for many years, in the parish of Seymour, mass was said every second Sunday in the house of Michael O’Sullivan, every year, in fact, up to the building of the present Roman Catholic Church at Campbellford. He brought up his children strictly within the church, and died in 1866, greatly regretted. One of his sons, the late Dr. J. O’Sullivan, was well known as a professional man; and in political life sat for eight years as Conservative member for East Peterboro’. Dr. D. A. O’Sullivan was born on the 21st February, 1848, in Seymour, Northumberland county, Ontario. He is a practising lawyer in Toronto, and was called to the bar in 1875. He was educated in a common school and in St. Michael’s College, 1866-72, and graduated in the latter year in the University of Toronto. He received the degree of M.A. in 1876, and the degree of LL.B. in the following year, having been scholar and prizeman in the Toronto University during each year of the course. Since that time he has applied himself to the study of the law, and devoted his leisure hours to legal and historical literature. In 1879 he published the first edition of his “Government in Canada,” and a second edition of the same work in 1887. This book is the text book on the Canadian constitution in the Law Society of Ontario, and is extensively used in colleges throughout Canada. In 1881 he published a volume on “Practical Conveyancing,” and another on “How to Draw a Simple Will,” a little volume intended for clergymen and doctors of medicine, and containing a good deal of instructive and curious matter. In the following year he was named a member of the senate of the University of Toronto by the lieutenant-governor, and subsequently appointed one of the commissioners of the Ontario government to inquire into the workings of the Central Prison, and to report on prisons generally. He has lately devoted himself to historical studies regarding the church in Canada, and the origin of the Canadian laws. For essays and other productions in this direction, published in American magazines, and by the Canadian Institute annals, and for some light literature, the University of Laval conferred on him, in June, 1887, the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. He is a regular contributor to several magazines and reviews, and is a member of a number of historical societies in Canada and the United States. He does not belong to any national, political or other societies, except charitable societies; is secretary and one of the managers of the House of Industry; a director of the Toronto Conservatory of Music, etc. He is solicitor for all the Roman Catholic charities in Toronto, for the Roman Catholic Episcopal Corporation, and the colleges in the city. He was married, in 1881, to Emma Mary, the eldest daughter of W. H. Higgins, editor of the Whitby Chronicle.

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=Tartre, Joseph Raphael=, Notary Public, Waterloo, province of Quebec, was born at St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, on the 3rd October, 1843. His father, Charles Tartre, was a farmer and bailiff, of Roxton Falls, Quebec, and a son of Charles Tartre and Marie Legros dit St. Pierre, who settled on the south side of the Yamaska river during the first years of the present century. His mother, Marie Adelaide Beaudry, is a descendant of the Beaudry family which settled in St. Jean Bte. de Rouville, Quebec, early in the present century. His father was settled first in St. Pie, county of Bagot, and moved thence to Roxton Falls, in September, 1851. The subject of this sketch is the second of eleven children, the oldest being a grey nun (called in religion Sister Ste. Elizabeth), since 1858. He was educated at St. Hyacinthe College, from 1856 to 1861. When twenty-one years of age, on account of ill-health, he was admitted, on the 13th May, 1864, a bailiff of the Superior Court, and settled at Waterloo on the 24th May, 1864. While practising as a bailiff, he began the study of the notarial profession on the 15th June, 1866, and was admitted to practise on the 3rd May, 1871. He was acting deputy registrar of the county of Shefford, from May, 1874, to August, 1876; and was secretary of schools for the township of Shefford, Waterloo included, for 1872 and 1873. He has been secretary-treasurer of the municipality of the county of Shefford since the 11th June, 1879; and a member of the Roman Catholic school board of examiners of the district of Bedford since 1875; also secretary-treasurer of the Roman Catholic schools of Waterloo since April, 1883, the date of their organization; and a commissioner of the Superior Court since 1872. He has also been secretary-treasurer of the Waterloo Imperial Building Society since the 1st May, 1877. He has always taken a moderate part in politics, and in municipal matters, and was mainly instrumental in having the parish of St. Joachim de Shefford erected into a municipality, and was one of the many who helped in starting the newspaper in Waterloo, called The Independent. He is a staunch Roman Catholic in religion. He was married, on the 29th January, 1866, to Malvina, second daughter of Gabriel Hubert and Justine Marchessault, of Contrecœur, Quebec, and has had issue ten children, eight of whom are still living. The eldest, C. U. R. Tartre, twenty-one years of age, has just completed his classical course at the St. Hyacinthe College, and is now studying the notarial profession with his father. Mrs. J. R. Tartre is now (March, 1888,) a candidate in the election of popularity, the object and proceeds whereof are to erect, if possible, a commercial college in Waterloo. This election closes on the 2nd July, 1888.

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=Edgar, James David=, Barrister, Toronto, M.P. for West Ontario, was born in the Eastern Townships, Quebec province, on the 10th August, 1841, where he received his early educational training. He is descended from the elder branch of the Edgars of Keithock, Forfarshire, Scotland, a family which has impressed its name on the annals of that country. Mr. Edgar adopted law as a profession, and having gone through the usual course of study, was called to the bar of Upper Canada, in Michaelmas term, 1864. Since then he has successfully practised his profession in Toronto, and is at present the head of the firm of Edgar, Malone & Garvin, barristers, solicitors, notaries, etc. He first presented himself for parliamentary honors at the general election of 1872, when he was elected, and sat in the House of Commons at Ottawa until the general election in 1874, when he was defeated. In 1872 he unsuccessfully contested Centre Toronto, but on the 22nd August, 1884, upon the resignation of the sitting member, he was elected by the Reformers of West Ontario to represent them in parliament. At the last general election he was again chosen by the same constituency, and continues to sit in the House of Commons as their representative. In 1874, Mr. Edgar was sent by the Dominion government to British Columbia to arrange terms for the postponement of the construction of the Canada Pacific railway. He is of a literary turn of mind, and, apart from his books on law, such as “Insolvent Act of 1864, with Notes, Forms,” etc., published in 1864; “An Act to Amend the Insolvent Act of 1864, with Annotations, Notes of Decisions,” etc., published in 1865, he frequently contributes to the columns of our daily press and periodicals. Indeed, he has entered the realm of poetry, and a couple of years ago published a no mean volume on a Canadian subject. He is a director of the Confederation Life Association, of the Globe Printing Company, and of the Midland Railway Company. In politics he is a staunch Liberal, and in religion belongs to the Episcopal church. In September, 1865, he was married to Matilda, second daughter of the late T. G. Ridout, of Toronto.

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=Price, Herbert Molesworth=, Timber Merchant, Quebec, was born on the 31st of August, 1847, at Benhall, Ross, Herefordshire, England. His father was William Price, gentleman. He was educated at private schools at Hereford, and Norwood, near London, where he made rapid progress, English and mathematics being his principal studies. Having at an early age evinced a predilection for banking, a position was secured for him in the West of England and South Wales District Bank, at Ross. He entered on his duties in 1864, and remained in the service of that institution until January, 1869, when he relinquished his situation for a higher post in the Bank of British North America, London. He was soon after transferred to the Montreal branch of that bank, and successively filled positions at the following branches, viz., St. John, N.B., Halifax, N.S., New York and Hamilton, Kingston, Brantford, and Dunnville, Ont., and Quebec. After serving at the latter branch as accountant for four years, with great acceptance to the board, he resigned his office and entered the Merchants Bank of Canada, Quebec, as manager. This responsible position he held from 1879 until March, 1884, when he retired from banking, after a continuous service of twenty years, and joining the important firm of Hall Brothers & Co., in connection with the Montmorency mills, embarked into business. His firm is now composed of Peter Patterson Hall, and H. M. Price. Their operations are confined to two mills besides those of Montmorency. The firm makes 300,000 logs per annum on the rivers Chaudière, Gentilly, Nicolet, Bécancour, Duchene, and Montmorency, employing in the work a large number of men. In politics, Mr. Price is a Conservative of independent and broad views. A member of the Church of England, he has always taken a deep interest in religious thought and movement, and his active mind has found expression in the conduct of the temporal affairs of his church, where for some years he has been a member of the select vestry of the English cathedral. He has held several prominent offices, among which may be named those of the first vice-president of St. George’s Society; provisional director of the Quebec Railway Bridge Company; member of the council of the Quebec Board of Trade; member of the Central Board Church Society, and member of the council of the Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. In this latter position his literary, historical, and antiquarian tastes find ample development. He is a qualified justice of the peace. Mr. Price has always taken considerable interest in athletic sports and pastimes. He has been captain of the Quebec Cricket and Football clubs, and was a member of a Football team for Canada which played against the Harvard University Club of Cambridge, Mass., in Montreal, in 1875. J. M. LeMoine has given an interesting sketch of Mr. Price, and of his summer residence, Montmorency cottage, in his late book, “Monographies et Esquisses.” In March, 1877, Mr. Price was married to S. A. Martha Hall, daughter of the late George Benson Hall, of Montmorency Falls, P.Q., a lady of fine social qualities and culture.

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=Phelan, Cornelius J. F. R.=, M.D., C.M., Waterloo, Quebec, was born on the 10th of May, 1840, at St. Columbin, county of Two Mountains, Quebec. His father, John Phelan, was born 10th June, 1787, at Kilkenny, Ireland. He was major of militia, mayor and magistrate. As magistrate he generally settled disputes amicably and to the perfect satisfaction of the litigants, thus saving acrimony and heavy law costs; he was also a merchant and farmer, and did a very extensive business; he was generous to a fault, always the poor man’s friend, and died the 9th April, 1862, deeply mourned by all who knew him far and near. Dr. Phelan’s mother, Mary Phelan, was born on the 15th August, 1798, and died on the 26th July, 1874. She was a pious woman, a loving mother, and a devoted and industrious wife. The late Bishop Phelan, of Kingston, was her brother. He was a first-class administrator, a general favorite alike among Protestants and Catholics, and his untimely death was universally regretted. The subject of this sketch was educated at the seminary of Ste. Therese de Blainville, Quebec, taking a full classical course, afterwards pursuing his medical studies at McGill College, Montreal, and graduating therefrom in 1865. In the spring of 1865, he began to practise at Iberville, and in November of the same year removed to Knowlton, Brome, Quebec, where he remained until January 8th, 1880, when he went to Waterloo, his present home. As he took up the study of medicine from pure love of the profession, it is not strange that his success has been far above the average; and that the older he grows the more he is in love with his calling. He is a member of the district of Bedford Medical Association; a leading member of the Board of Health of Waterloo; medical examiner for several leading Life Insurance companies and has been physician to the Maple Wood Convent since 1881. This is one of the finest institutions of the kind in the province, and is under the direction of the Sisters of J.M.J., of Hochelaga. The house was formerly the residence of the Hon. A. B. Foster, and is a splendid edifice surrounded by beautiful and well-kept grounds. Dr. Phelan has been secretary of the St. Patrick’s Benevolent Society of Shefford, and also president of the St. Joseph Society of Waterloo. He has always been a Conservative, but the duties of his profession have prevented him from taking any active part in politics though often strongly urged to do so. In 1864 he travelled through the United States, making a prolonged stay at Washington to visit the military hospitals there, they being such excellent schools for surgery. In religion he is a Roman Catholic. He was married on the 8th November, 1864, to Mary Eledeanne M. Guindon, of Montreal, a cousin-german of Judge Ouimet; she was educated in the Congregational convent there. They have one daughter who is now pursuing her studies at Maple Wood Convent.

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=Bernier, Michel Esdras=, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Notary, J.P., and M.P. for St. Hyacinthe, was born at St. Hyacinthe, on the 28th September, 1841. His ancestors came from France, and settled in the county of L’Islet, Quebec, removing afterwards to St. Hyacinthe. He is the youngest son of the late Etienne Bernier, farmer, and Julie Lussier, his wife. The subject of this sketch was educated at the St. Hyacinthe Seminary, afterwards studying law under H. St. Germain, notary and registrar for the county of St. Hyacinthe, and was admitted to practise as a notary in June, 1867. He was a member of the volunteer force from 1862 to 1865, and held the rank of captain. He served as a member of the notarial board for the district of St. Hyacinthe, from 1867 to 1870, and for the provincial board from 1873, and president for the same from 1882 to 1885, and is still a member of the board; was secretary-treasurer of the municipal council and school commissioners of the parish of St. Hyacinthe, from 1864 to 1878, and of the municipal council of the county of St. Hyacinthe from 1864, and still holds that position; also official assignee for the county of St. Hyacinthe from 1869 to 1874, and for the district of St. Hyacinthe from 1874 to 1880. He has been a director of the St. Hyacinthe Agricultural Society from 1881, and its president since 1884, and holds that position to-day. He is a director of the Bank of St. Hyacinthe; also of the St. Hyacinthe Manufacturing Company, owners of the water powers, flannel mill, grist mill, and carding mill, at St. Hyacinthe; of the St. Hyacinthe Gas and Electric Light Company; of the St. Hyacinthe Macadamizing Company, and of the United Counties Railway Company. He is the head of the firm of N. Bernier & Co., grain and flour dealers; of the notarial firm of Bernier, Morin & Bordua; is a commissioner for the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick, and a commissioner per Dedimus potestatem; is also engaged in farming, and owns the “Bellevue farm,” near the city limits. Mr. Bernier is a staunch Liberal in politics, and has taken an active part in political movements since 1867; was offered, but refused, the candidature for the county of St. Hyacinthe for the House of Commons, in 1878, and for the Quebec house in 1879; but in June, 1882, he accepted the nomination of the party for the House of Commons, and was elected, his opponent being the Hon. L. Tellier, now a judge of the Superior Court. Mr. Bernier ran again in 1887, and was again successful. His interest in agricultural, industrial, and commercial pursuits has been of the most active character. In religion, he is a Roman Catholic. He was married, on the 28th November, 1865, to Alida, a daughter of the late Simeon Marchesseault, one of the chiefs of the rebellion of 1837, and who was afterwards exiled to the Bermudas. Two daughters were born of this marriage, the eldest being married to Dr. L. V. Benoit, physician and apothecary at St. Hyacinthe.

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=d’Orsonnens, Lt.-Col. the Count Louis Gustave d’Odet=, was born at L’Assomption, April 17th, 1842. He is a descendant of a Swiss patrician family of the Canton of Fribourg, who, according to Blanc de Charney, in his history of the patrician families of Fribourg, “came towards the end of the fourteenth century to settle in that city, and continue there its lustre.” The General Lexicon of Switzerland, by Leu, published at Zurich, in 1758, mentions the d’Odet d’Orsonnens with honor. Later, in 1789, Jean Jacques Holtzhalb, in his supplement to the Lexicon or Dictionary of Leu, has also continued its history. The first member of this distinguished family who came to this country, was Prothais d’Odet d’Orsonnens, patrician of Fribourg, who came to Canada about the year 1810, with the famous Meuron’s regiment, as captain of the grenadier company. After the disbandment of his regiment, Captain d’Orsonnens went to the Red River with a strong party, and took Fort William for Lord Selkirk, who was the governor of the Hudson Bay Company. The conduct and bravery of Captain d’Orsonnens on this occasion was highly commended by his superiors. He finally settled at St. Roch de l’Achignan, where he built a house in the style of the manors of that time, and which he named “La Chaumière Suisse.” He died suddenly of heart disease on the 16th March, 1834, leaving two sons and two daughters to mourn his loss. The eldest, Thomas Edmond d’Orsonnens, was born at St. Roch de l’Achignan, on 30th October, 1818, and was for many years president of the medical faculty of the Victoria University in Montreal, knight of St. Gregory, etc. His eldest son, Louis Gustave, the subject of this sketch, upon whom the family nobility and titles were recognised with the title of count, by his holiness Pope Pius IX., was educated for the army, and was to have joined the Swiss regiment at Naples, in which his cousin was captain, when the kingdom of Naples was overthrown by the revolution. He joined the 1st battalion of rifles as ensign, on the 17th of November, 1859; in 1860, he exchanged into the 2nd troop of cavalry, being gazetted a cornet; was promoted to the rank of lieutenant on 3rd June, 1861, and commanded the troop for nearly a year. He resigned his command to study law, and was soon called to the bar. He then re-entered the service and joined the 4th battalion of Canadian Chasseurs, and was gazetted lieutenant on the 15th December, 1865. He served on the frontier at Niagara, in 1866, as ensign and adjutant, and was promoted to rank of captain in the 4th Chasseurs on the 8th of March, 1867. His subsequent promotions are brigade-major, 3rd January, 1868, and lieutenant-colonel, 19th February, 1869. In 1871, he held the temporary command of the 6th military district at the divisional camp of Laprairie. Lieutenant-Colonel d’Orsonnens holds certificates from all the schools, as follow: Infantry school, 1st class, 24th August, 1864; gunnery, 1st class, 4th July, 1868; cavalry, 1st class, 27th March, 1869. Towards the close of the year 1869 he went to Switzerland, where, upon the invitation of the president of the Confederation he joined the federal staff at Berne, and followed the army in its autumn manœuvres. In 1874, inspired, doubtless, by the remembrance of the manœuvres of the Swiss army, he published a pamphlet on the military organization of the Canadian Confederation. He also was the first who, in 1867, suggested the idea to his co-religionists to send military aid to the papal See, and was instrumental in the decision of the movement which sent to Rome more than 600 Canadian Zouaves. This expedition, which resembled, in more respects than one, that of the first crusades, has, it is affirmed, contributed more to make Canada known to Europe than many other things. In 1883 he was sent, along with the other commandants of the infantry schools, to England, by the Dominion government, to study the organization of and follow the Imperial service, preparatory to taking command of one of the infantry schools now in existence in Canada. Like many other old families, the d’Odet family retains many souvenirs and marks of appreciation from distinguished personages, such as autograph letters from kings, princes, and others; amongst some of these in their possession is a letter dated 8th of March, 1670, signed by Emmanuel, Duc of Savoie, and King of Cyprus, in which the duke invites the family to ask for favors in return for services rendered him. The Count d’Odet d’Orsonnens was married in 1870, to Marie Louise Adèle Desbarats, and has issue four sons and one daughter. The eldest, Viscount George Joseph Gustave was born in 1872. ARMS: Azure, a lion, or, rampant, holding a horn of plenty, of the same. COUNT’S CORONET; MOTTO: Certa fides, certa manus.

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=Guilbault, Edouard=, Joliette, Quebec, Mayor of Joliette, was born at d’Aileboust, county of Joliette, on the 14th April, 1834. He is the son of Charles Guilbault, and Marie Blanchard, whose ancestors came from Normandy, France, in 1697, and were among the first settlers of Charlesbourg, Quebec. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of Joliette, where he took a commercial course. He sat in the Joliette town council for twenty years; was elected mayor in 1875, and has continued to fill that responsible position since, having been re-elected on the 10th January, 1888, for a further term of three years. He is a Conservative in politics; is now president of the Conservative Association, and has long taken an active interest in political affairs. He was first returned to parliament at the general election, in 1882; but resigned, and was re-elected, 7th December, 1882, and again, at the general election of 1887. He organized the Agricultural Society of the county in 1854; filled the position of secretary for twenty-five years, and is now the president. He is the proprietor of several large farms, in which he takes a deep interest, always working hard to improve agriculture. In 1871 he formed a company which engaged in the lumber business, and he continues as director of this company still; he is also a director in a large foundry and agricultural implements works. In 1865 he established a boot and shoe factory, which he conducted under his own name, and which he superintends personally, and has succeeded in building up an extensive trade in that line. In the year 1884 he formed a company to enter into the manufacture of Canadian tobacco, and is president of this company, to which he gives considerable attention. This is an industry which will bear a great deal of development. In 1885 he visited Europe, and made an extensive tour, with the object of acquiring information as to trade and agriculture. He is a Roman Catholic, but believes in liberty of conscience. He was married, in 1858, to Marie Hermine Lemaitre Auger, daughter of Major Desire Lemaitre Auger, of Louisville.

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=Dawson, Sir J. William=, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S., Principal of the McGill University, Montreal, was born at Pictou, Nova Scotia, on October 13th, 1820. His parents had come from Scotland several years before, and, if the Biblical knowledge of their son is any criterion, they were doubtless good examples of that high piety and religious education which distinguish the Scottish people. Young Dawson seems to have shown an early interest in natural history and geology, and the opportunity for an intellectual career was placed within his reach. He attended the school and college at Pictou, and was then sent to Edinburgh University, where he took the degree of M.A. at the age of twenty-two. Natural history and practical chemistry occupied his attention chiefly at Edinburgh; and it may be supposed that he listened with deep interest to the fading echoes which would be heard then regarding the respective claims of the Wernerian and the Huttonian hypotheses in geology. Here he made his first attempts at authorship, which were published in Edinburgh newspapers. He returned to Canada in 1842, and accompanied Sir Charles Lyell in his geological exploration of Nova Scotia. He entered into the work with characteristic enthusiasm, and the valuable assistance which he was able to render to the great English geologist was not unrecognised. Sir Charles Lyell has paid many tributes to the abilities of Sir William Dawson as a geologist. He was then appointed to the direction of a geological survey of the coal fields in that province, and his report to the government proved a very valuable one. In 1850 his attention was taken, so far as the business of his life was concerned, from geology to education. He was appointed superintendent of education for Nova Scotia. It was a reforming period in educational matters in that province, and the new superintendent was entrusted with the work of putting a new School Act into operation. His interest in education, to judge from the articles which he published at that date, was not less pronounced than his interest in science. The work was, therefore, congenial, and the experience afforded in the task of administering the affairs of the Nova Scotia schools doubtless proved valuable to the future principal of McGill. His appointment to the principalship of McGill in 1855 marks the beginning of an epoch in Canada’s intellectual development. It is not a matter of ordinary course that McGill should be the university she is to-day, or that she should wield the influence that she does. It is a matter of surprise. The conditions which fifty and a hundred years ago favored the advancement of great institutions of learning in the American republic have ever been absent from Canada. The wealth which poured into the treasuries of American colleges has only been represented in Canada by dribbling subscriptions and small legacies. Our colleges have struggled up with the aid of trusty and generous, but seldom very wealthy, friends. The fortunes of McGill were at a low ebb in 1855, and Principal Dawson had an extensive work before him. The work of a college principal and president is supposed to be limited to the duties of administration, but the financial condition of McGill at that time made it necessary for the new principal to undertake several laborious professorships as well. His influence, however, soon began to make itself felt throughout the country, and the fortunes of the university steadily advanced. Its stability is now assured, and from being a matter of anxiety to Montrealers it has become an object of pride. That the result is largely due to the vast energy and administrative abilities of the principal there can be no question; and it is a significant fact that when the university came in sight of the horizon of prosperity he annually contributed to its resources by still retaining arduous and unpaid work which he had taken upon his shoulders at the outset. Leisure might seem to be an unknown experience in the midst of labors indicated by the foregoing, but in addition to many pamphlets on educational matters, and some excellent text-books on geology and zoology, Sir William Dawson has published the following volumes: “Archaia,” (1860); “Air Breathers of the Coal Period,” (1863); “The Origin of the World,” (1869); “The Story of the Earth and Man,” (1873); “Fossil Men and Their Modern Representatives” (1880). As indicated by their titles, the three latter volumes deal more particularly with the vexed questions concerning the nature of man’s first appearance upon the earth, and the apparent conflict between Biblical history and the result of modern scientific research. If his treatment of the subject is not in all respects satisfactory to the present schools of scientific thought, it is at least independent and earnest. Whether his interpretations of the archæological facts bearing upon prehistoric man will stand the test of time or not, time only can show. At present he stands alone with regard to that subject, as far as his scientific peers are concerned. The fact, however, has not prevented the scientific worlds of Britain and America from recognizing and honoring him for his many and valuable contributions to the science of the day. These have comprised an extensive amount of original research in biology, chemistry, mineralogy and microscopy, which has been distinguished not only for its high scientific merits, but for the attractive literary form in which it has been presented to the world. For many years he has been an active and esteemed member of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and was elected president of that learned body for 1886. It was also through his instrumentality that the British Association met in Montreal in the summer of 1884, and it was at the opening meeting in the Queen’s Hall that Lord Lansdowne announced the honor of the knighthood. The American Association testified to its appreciation of his scientific labors by electing him to the presidency in 1883. The recognition which Sir William Dawson’s scientific attainments have received abroad, however, should not withdraw attention from the valuable services he has rendered, and is rendering, to Canada’s intellectual development. With this every Canadian is more or less practically concerned. The fact that a united nationality can never be built up in this Dominion without an educational foundation has been recognized by a good many of our public men, but by none more earnestly than by Sir William Dawson. He early took a broad view of the duties and privileges of a university as an intellectual centre. Besides taking an active part in scientific and other societies in Montreal, he has paid close attention to the interests of struggling schools and colleges in the province, and for many years has been perhaps the most active worker in connection with elementary education. This latter subject has all the importance, in Quebec province especially, which he attaches to it, and his efforts should be more generally seconded. Like Principal Grant, he is also a strong advocate for the higher education of women, who are now admitted to McGill, thanks to the generosity of Sir Donald A. Smith. This sketch would be incomplete without a reference to the annual excursions of the Montreal Natural History Society. It is on occasions like these that Sir William Dawson’s qualities as a teacher are well displayed. The members go by rail to some point likely to be interesting to varied scientific tastes, and then disperse for the purpose of collecting whatever specimens, mineralogical, geological, or botanical, the district will afford. A few hours generally suffice to bring in a large heap of “booty,” which is placed before the president, usually Sir William Dawson, who explains the nature of the specimens in clear and simple language. These excursions have been the means of awakening an interest in natural science in the minds of many who have been inclined to think that “the long, learned names of agaric, moss, and fern” were invented chiefly as a form of modern torture. Sir William Dawson is a pleasing speaker, and it is a tribute to the real taste of the day to say that he is always listened to with interest in spite of the fact that he does not indulge in the cheap fire-works of oratory. The charm of his address lies in this, that he conveys clear and definite ideas in clear and definite language. His pronouncements at convocation are always awaited with interest, and seldom fail to have a weighty effect upon the deliberations of the governing board of the university, or upon educational matters of the province when these are touched upon. His university lecture, a short time ago, on the question of examinations for the learned professions, was awaited by the friends of Protestant education in the province of Quebec with as much interest as British politicians await a premier’s speech at the Mansion House banquet. This question, which affects not only the interests of the Protestant universities of the province of Quebec, but the rights of the English minority, is doubtless familiar to all who take an interest in education. The action of the Council of the Bar of Quebec bears with great severity upon McGill, and the Council is supported by the immense power of the Catholic majority; but Sir William Dawson has opened the battle for the Protestant universities in such a manner that there can be no question about the ultimate removal of the difficulties. He is relying upon a determined use of the weapons of irrefragable logic and appeal to the highest courts of the empire for victory. The battle will be a severe one, and it will result not only in winning security for the universities, but in establishing the principle that the rights of the minority in Quebec must be recognized. At such a crisis in the history of Quebec education, it is a matter for the deepest congratulation that such a man as Sir William Dawson should be leading the fight of liberty and justice. Canada, indeed, is fortunate in having able, broad-minded, and progressive men at the head of her principal universities. No other circumstance can tell so strongly in the future for the building up of all that is best and lasting in the nation. Like all growth, the effect of educational work is imperceptible to the observer watching its progress, but the growth and effect are there. When the historian in the next century takes account of the elements concerned in the development of Canada during this century, he will not neglect to mark the broad and solid lines of our educational progress attributable to Sir William Dawson.

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=Cockburn, George Ralph Richardson=, Toronto, M.P. for Centre Toronto, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, 15th February, 1834. He received his education in the High School and University of his native city, where he graduated in 1857, with the highest classical honors, carrying off the Stratton prize. He subsequently prosecuted his classical studies in Germany under the celebrated Professor Zumpt. On his return home he engaged for several years as a teacher at Merchiston Castle Academy and at Montgreenan House Academy. In 1858 he came to Canada and began his career here as rector of the Model Grammar School, having been appointed to this position by the Council of Public Instruction for Upper Canada. Some time afterwards he was commissioned by the government of Canada to inspect the higher educational institutions of the province of Ontario, and the results of this investigation, which extended over a period of two years, were given to the public in two comprehensive reports, in which the condition and modes of higher education were carefully and elaborately set forth. Mr. Cockburn then visited a number of the principal institutions of learning in the United States, in order to make himself familiar with their methods. In 1861 he was appointed principal of Upper Canada College, and a member of the Senate of Toronto University. For over twenty years he had a successful career as an instructor of youth, and his able management of Upper Canada College raised the institution high in public estimation both for the thoroughness of its teaching and the excellent moral influence which prevailed within its walls. After the resignation of the rectorship, Mr. Cockburn travelled for two years in Europe, making himself acquainted with the various systems of government on that continent. There are few men in Canada who have done more than Mr. Cockburn for the cause of education. The celebrated Dr. Schmidt, of Edinburgh, said of him that he was no ordinary scholar, but a thorough philologist, possessing a good insight into the structure, the relation and affinities subsisting between the ancient and modern languages of Europe, and always characterized him as one of the best Latin scholars that Scotland has produced. Mr. Cockburn takes an interest in all public questions, and is one of the live citizens of Toronto. He is president of the Toronto Land and Investment Company; a director of the London and Canadian Loan and Agency Company, the Building and Loan Association, the Glasgow and London Assurance Company, and of the Ontario Bank. He was a member of the Senate of the University of Toronto for over twenty years. At the general election of 1887 Mr. Cockburn presented himself to the electors of Centre Toronto for parliamentary honors, when they returned him by a large majority—his opponent being Mr. Harvey. In religion he is a Presbyterian; and in politics a Conservative. He is married to Mary, daughter of Hampden Leane, of Kentucky, United States.

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=Prior, James=, Manager of the Lybster Cotton Mills, Merritton, Ontario, was born in Toronto, on the 12th November, 1849. His father, Richard Prior, was a British soldier, who settled in Canada about the year 1847. James was educated in the common schools of his native city. Shortly after leaving school he went into a grocery store, where he served about four years, and then into the warehouse of Gordon, Mackay and Co., wholesale dry goods merchants, Toronto. Here he remained about a year, when in 1868 he was transferred to that firm’s cotton mills at Merritton. Here he began his upward career, and worked in a subordinate position until 1878, when he was appointed manager. Since then he has steadily devoted himself to the business, and we can say there is now not a more competent manager of a cotton mill in the Dominion. For several years Mr. Prior has travelled through the New England States to visit the New England mills, and pick up all the new ideas introduced, and by this means he has been able to produce in the Lybster mills the finest cotton fabrics in the Canadian markets. Mr. Prior has been a temperance man from youth, and has in consequence exerted a good influence among the employees in the mill and in the neighborhood in which he resides. He has in his day taken a lively interest in the Liberal-Conservative cause, especially in its protective policy; does not favor commercial union with the United States. In religion he is an adherent of the Episcopal church. He was married in October, 1878, to Sara Ann, daughter of Alexander and Mary Winslow, of Thorold, Ontario, and has a family of four children, two boys and two girls.

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=Lemieux, François Xavier=, Barrister, M.P.P. for the county of Levis, province of Quebec, is the leading criminal lawyer of the district of Quebec, and well-known throughout the Dominion as the principal counsel for the defence in the Riel case, in which he was associated with Messrs. Fitzpatrick, of Quebec, and Greenshields, of Montreal. His connection with this great cause célèbre, and the popular excitement to which it and its tragic sequel gave rise throughout the country, but especially in the province of Quebec, made his name very familiar at the time. Mr. Lemieux was born at Levis, on the 9th of April, 1841. His parents were of the farming class, but his uncle, the late Hon. François Lemieux, was a man of great public note in his day, a leading member of the Quebec bar, member for Levis county in the Legislative Assembly of Canada, and one of the commissioners of crown lands and public works before confederation. His memory is still warmly cherished by the people of Levis. Our subject was educated at the Levis College and Quebec Seminary, and studied law at Quebec with Hon. M. A. Plamondon, then a prominent practitioner and now resident judge of the Superior Court in the Arthabasca district, whose daughter, Diana, he afterwards married. Called to the bar in 1872, he soon distinguished himself, especially as a criminal pleader, and his fame in that branch of the profession has since risen to such a pitch that no prisoner arraigned for trial before the criminal courts of the Quebec and surrounding districts considers his interests at all safe unless Mr. Lemieux has been retained for the defence. This popular confidence in his abilities is undoubtedly warranted by his wonderful success in the great majority of the cases with which he has been connected. It has almost passed into a proverb among the French Canadians of the Quebec district, that if any man can cheat the gallows of its due, François Xavier Lemieux is the man to do so. Indeed, as in the Boutel poisoning case, he has been known to save his client from the last penalty of the law, even after the gallows had been actually erected and within a few hours of the time fixed for the execution. A man of rare eloquence and knowledge of human nature, deeply versed in the criminal jurisprudence of the country and always armed at all points for the fray, and endowed with marvellous energy and versatility, he may be said to have no equal, and certainly no superior in his specialty at the Lower Canadian bar to-day. The secret of his forensic triumphs must unquestionably be looked for in his skill in cross-examination and his power to sway juries, and it was these characteristics which pointed him out as the fit and proper person to lead for the defence in the Riel case at Regina. It was thought in Lower Canada that if any one could snatch the half-breed leader from his perilous position, Mr. Lemieux was the man, and, when he volunteered his services for the purpose, his offer was accepted with an enthusiastic burst of gratitude from a great body of his fellow-countrymen. For these hopes on the occasion, the result of the trial proved disastrous, but the effort he made to save Riel from the scaffold, as well on the trial as afterwards, only served to increase Mr. Lemieux’s popularity and to intensify the bitterness of the agitation which followed the rebel leader’s execution. In that agitation Mr. Lemieux took a most active and prominent part, figuring and speaking with his impassioned eloquence at nearly all the great meetings at Quebec, Montreal, Levis, etc., to protest against Riel’s hanging and the oppression of the half-breeds. In fact, few men contributed more to the success of the so-called national movement, which overthrew the Ross administration and brought the Liberals and Conservative bolters into power under Hon. H. Mercier in the province of Quebec after the general election of October, 1886. For some years before the Riel trial, Mr. Lemieux had been a member of the Quebec Legislature. He had been an unsuccessful candidate for Bonaventure during the Joly administration in 1878, and again for Beauce at the general election of 1882; but in November, 1883, on the resignation of Hon. T. Paquet to accept the shrievalty of Quebec, he was returned after a hard contest as the representative of Levis county, and re-elected for the same constituency at the last general election, when he passed over with his friends from the Opposition to the treasury benches in the Legislative Assembly on the defeat of the Ross and the formation of the Mercier government, during the session of 1887. In the house, Mr. Lemieux is a ready debater, and few of his adversaries care to cross swords with him. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith; and in politics is a Liberal.

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=Jolicœur, Philippe Jacques=, Q.C., Assistant Provincial Secretary, Quebec, is one of the prominent figures of official life at the ancient capital, and a gentleman who has made his mark in the profession of the law. He was born in Quebec, on the 30th April, 1829, and was educated in the classics at the Quebec Seminary, which has turned out so many eminent men in the church and the learned professions. On the completion of his classical course, in 1849, he began the study of the law under Sir N. F. Belleau, then a prominent practitioner at the Quebec bar, and afterwards first lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and on his admission to the bar, in 1854, the two entered into a law partnership which was only dissolved in 1858, when Sir Narcisse entered actively into politics. Down to 1867, Mr. Jolicœur continued to divide his attention between his extensive law practice and his duties as a member of the city council of Quebec, in which he occupied a seat for a number of years with honor to himself and advantage to his fellow-citizens. During his career in the council, he was elected by his colleagues to act as pro-mayor for the city in the absence of the regular incumbent of that office, and gave public satisfaction in the position of chief magistrate. A sound lawyer and one of the most respectable and self-respecting practitioners, with talents rather of the solid than the brilliant order, he was elevated to the silk and created a Q.C. in July, 1867, and later on in the same month, on the organization of the provincial departments at Quebec, at the outset of confederation, he was offered and accepted the important post of assistant provincial secretary, which he still holds, though he has been tempted to accept more exalted appointments. The position of resident judge of the Superior Court at Gaspé was in this way tendered to him, but family bereavements and failing health compelled him to decline. As an official, Mr. Jolicœur is noted for his efficiency, urbanity, and assiduity and generally esteemed by all who come into contact with him officially or otherwise. Though he never took a very active part in politics before he entered the civil service, he was always an adherent and supporter of the Conservative party. In religion he is a Roman Catholic; and as a French Canadian he has ever taken a deep and intelligent interest in the advancement of his race, holding office for years in the St. Jean Baptiste Society of Quebec, and filling for some time, also, the position of president of L’Institut Canadien of that city. In 1858, he married Honorine Matte, of Quebec, by whom he has had issue eleven children, all of whom except four boys were carried away by the hand of death while still young.

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=Cabana, Hubert Charon=, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Prothonotary of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec, district of St. Francis, was born on the 14th of June, 1838, at Verchères, a parish situate on the south side of the St. Lawrence river, about thirty miles from Montreal. He is the son of Lambert Charon Cabana, a well-to-do farmer, of Verchères, and of Marie Louise Endfield, granddaughter of Colonel Thomas Endfield, who came direct from England to what is now the province of Quebec, in 1760, and died in 1812, being eighty-two years of age. The subject of this sketch was educated at the College of L’Assomption, in the town of L’Assomption, a classical college, incorporated as such over fifty years ago. He took a full classical course, leaving the college in June, 1858; entered on the study of the law in October, 1858; was admitted to practice on October 7th, 1862, at Sherbrooke, and practised there as advocate, solicitor, and attorney, until the 17th September, 1885, when he was appointed prothonotary. On the 3rd October, 1880, the degree of Law Licentiate Magister was conferred on him by Lennoxville University; has been professor of civil law at the Lennoxville University since 1880; made Queen’s counsel on the 26th June, 1883; elected bâtonnier of the bar, district of St. Francis, on the 1st May, 1884; elected member of the city council of Sherbrooke, for the first time, in January, 1876, and was continued in office until his appointment as prothonotary, which appointment rendered him by law unable to act any longer as councillor, when he was unanimously elected mayor of Sherbrooke, in January, 1880, and again in 1885. On the 13th October, 1866, he established the Pionnier de Sherbrooke, it being now the oldest established French newspaper published in this part of the province of Quebec, known as the Eastern Townships, in partnership with L. C. Belanger, now practising in Sherbrooke as advocate. He bought out Mr. Belanger’s interest in the paper on the 24th July, 1874, and continued to publish it till April, 1878, when he sold it to “La Compagnie Typographique des Cantons de l’Est,” of which company he was chosen president, and continued to act in that capacity until September, 1885. In September, 1883, he went to Europe, and in the course of his tour visited the principal cities and places of interest in France, Belgium, and Italy. He is a Roman Catholic in religion. On the 13th July, 1866, he was married to Marietta, eldest daughter of Francis Carr, a well-to-do farmer of the township of Compton, about twelve miles from Sherbrooke, and who had become a Catholic some time before her marriage, her family being Protestant.

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=Botsford, Hon. Bliss=, Moncton, N.B., was born on the 26th November, 1813, at Sackville, N.B. The Botsford family have taken a prominent part in New Brunswick and Canadian history. He is the seventh son of the late Hon. William Botsford, who was speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly, and one of the judges of the supreme court of the province. His grandfather, Amos Botsford, was a United Empire loyalist, from Newton, Conn., and was the first speaker of the New Brunswick Assembly after it became a separate province, and held that office for twenty-eight years. Hon. Lieut.-Col. Amos E. Botsford, senator from New Brunswick, is an elder brother of the subject of this sketch. Hon. Bliss Botsford was educated at King’s College, Fredericton; studied law with the late William End, of Bathurst; was admitted as an attorney in 1836; called to the bar of New Brunswick in 1838; and practised his profession at Moncton from 1836 to 1870. During those thirty-four years he had a fair share of criminal as well as an extensive civil practice, and gained well-merited distinction at the bar of his native province. He was brought into special prominence by the celebrated Albertite suit, in which he was the defendant’s attorney, and won the case. While at the bar, his vigorous, earnest, and persuasive style of delivery always made a favorable impression on a jury, being, like most of the members of his family, of commanding presence, with a personal magnetism that was often irresistible. He sat for Westmoreland in the New Brunswick Assembly, from 1851 to 1854, from 1857 to 1861, and from 1865 to October 24th, 1870, when he was elevated to the bench. As a judge, he is held in high esteem by the profession, being very painstaking, carefully weighing in his mind all cases presented for his consideration, and is logical and concise in his charges to the jury. He is not over-exacting in his requirements of younger members of the profession, generally allowing them considerable latitude and freedom; but when called upon to decide any point of a relevant or irrelevant character, he is prompt and firm in his decision. He was appointed surveyor-general in 1865, and was a member of the executive council during the administration of the late Hon. Sir Albert Smith, and speaker from 1867 until the general election in 1870, his politics being Conservative. Judge Botsford was married in 1842, at Moncton, to Jane, daughter of John Chapman, from Cumberland, England, and has had five children, three daughters and one son living, all married, and another son who died. Sarah L., the eldest daughter, is the wife of William J. Croasdale, civil engineer, Moncton; Eliza is the wife of George C. Peters, son of Dr. George Peters, deceased, St. John; Robert L. married Emily C., eldest daughter of Lewis Carroll, and is a physician and surgeon, practising at Richibucto, N.B.; and Florence is the relict of the late Thomas Byers, Moncton.

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=Bain, James William=, St. Polycarpe, Quebec, M.P. for Soulanges, was born at St. Polycarpe, Quebec, on the 22nd June, 1838. Mr. Bain is one of that very large class of French Canadians who, though thoroughly identified with their fellow-countrymen, are partly of Scottish blood. The father of the subject of this sketch was Daniel Bain, from Caithness-shire, a thorough Scot, having all the best characteristics of his race. The mother was Adelaide Lantier, a descendant of an old French Canadian family, sister of the late J. P. Lantier, M.P. for Soulanges. The son has the Scottish cast of countenance, and might readily be mistaken for a native of the “land of the mountain and the flood.” He was educated in his native town, where he has ever since resided. On arriving at man’s estate, he entered business with his father, who carried on a large trade as a merchant in Polycarpe. Though taking an active and prominent part in public affairs in his own district from an early age, he has continued to devote his attention to his business, extending it in every way, until it has brought him a large amount of worldly prosperity. Mr. Bain first devoted attention to school affairs, and when elected to the school board was soon made president of that body, a position which he has retained for ten years. At the death of J. P. Lantier, in 1882, the Conservatives of the county chose Mr. Bain as their candidate in the election which was to follow. The contest was a keen one, and resulted in the election of his opponent, G. R. S. De Beaujeau, by a majority of two votes. Mr. Bain protested the election, and an appeal being made to the Supreme Court, Mr. Beaujeau was unseated. A new election followed in February, 1885, and Mr. Bain was returned by a majority of twenty-six votes, and took his seat in the House of Commons at Ottawa. The lot of the French Conservative member of parliament was not altogether a happy one during the contest in 1887, owing to the prejudice stirred up in relation to the unfortunate Riel affair; but Mr. Bain did not shrink from the contest, and again accepted the nomination of his party. The struggle was one of the keenest ever known in the district; but the people had faith in their old representative, and so he still sits in the house as the representative for Soulanges. Though differing from the younger school of French Canadian politicians, in that he lays little claim to being an orator, and makes no effort to shine in the theatrical way so many of them affect, Mr. Bain performs the duties of a representative of the people faithfully and well. He is strictly regular in his attendance, and brings to bear upon the legislation of the house practical experience in business affairs, and good common sense. In 1877 Mr. Bain married Georgiana, daughter of the late J. O. Lantier, well known in Montreal for many years as a prominent merchant.

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=Chisholm, Mrs. Addie=, Ottawa, President of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union of Ontario, is a native Canadian, having been born in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. Her early life was spent there, excepting a few years devoted to study in the Genesee Wesleyan Seminary, at Lima, New York, where she was distinguished for diligence, aptitude, and general proficiency. Both before and after her marriage she was known as an enthusiastic worker in every religious and charitable movement, and many benevolent institutions had the advantage of her wise counsel, gentle sympathy and bright encouragement. As an infant class teacher in one of the Methodist Sunday schools of Hamilton, she was remarkably successful in developing on right lines the tender minds that were entrusted to her care, and here she passed through just the training to fit her for the broader sphere of usefulness that was waiting her riper talents and attainments. Sympathizing very deeply with the temperance reformation, she could not but be drawn strongly towards the crusade work which was so successful in the United States some years ago, and when that great uprising of loving, ill-treated womanhood, was crystalized into the effective and permanent form—the Women’s Christian Temperance Union organization, Mrs. Chisholm at once came to the front as one of its enthusiastic supporters, warmest advocates, and most efficient directors. Mrs. Yeomans was the first president of the Ontario Union, and was succeeded by Mrs. Chisholm, several years ago, and has held the position up till to-day, being annually reinstated by the unanimous vote of her appreciative sisters. Her success in this sphere of responsibility must be judged by the facts already so well known in regard to the results attained by this great organization—results that were only possible through the united, prayerful, determined work of many loving hearts and heads, as well as a skilful leadership possessed of the faculty to govern, and guided and blessed by the wisdom and strength without which all labor is in vain. Not merely in the many organizations with which she has been connected, chief among which, of course, is the Union, has Mrs. Chisholm shown her genius and skill. For near four years she has been publisher and editor of the Woman’s Journal, the Canadian organ of the White Ribbon Army. She has also written tracts and pamphlets that have blessed and helped the temperance cause everywhere. She has visited, spoken, organized, and worked with an untiring energy that could only come from deep sympathy and fervent zeal; while every act has been characterized by Christian gentleness and kindness, that won where more openly aggressive methods would be sure to fail. We earnestly hope that our good sister may long be spared to aid with her tongue, her pen, and her brain, the cause that is so near to our heart, and that under the management and direction of such as she, and “the blessing that maketh rich and addeth no sorrow,” the Women’s Christian Temperance Union may continue a mighty power for good, until the end for which it was organized has been fully attained.

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=Noyes, John Powell=, Q.C., Advocate, Waterloo, Quebec province, was born at Potton, county of Brome, Quebec, on the 15th September, 1842. His father, Heman B. Noyes, was of English descent, coming to Canada from Tunbridge, Vermont, where six generations of the family are buried. His mother, Sarah Powell, is also of English descent, but was born at Potton, Quebec. The subject of this sketch was educated at Bangor, Franklin county, N.Y., and at Fort Covington Academy. In 1861 he settled at Waterloo, studied law first with Huntington & Lay, and afterwards with Hon. Mr. Laframboise; graduated at the law school connected with St. Mary’s College, Montreal; was admitted to the bar in October, 1866, and was created a Queen’s counsel in 1879. He has held the offices of secretary-treasurer of the township of Shefford and village of Waterloo, chairman of the Waterloo school board, special commissioner of Bolton lands, bâtonnier of the Bedford bar, and is at present bâtonnier-general of the bar of the province of Quebec. He has been secretary-treasurer of the Stanstead, Shefford, and Chambly Railway for more than ten years. In 1864 he became editor of the Waterloo Advertiser, and continued to be so until 1875, making the paper a strong exponent of the principles of the Liberal party, as well as a very readable general newspaper. He is a leading member of the Masonic Order in his district; was worshipful master of his lodge for three terms; first principal of the R.A. Chapter; and grand Z. of Grand Chapter of R.A.M., of Quebec, for 1885 and 1886. He has taken part in all political contests, and in municipal affairs, since 1860; has been secretary, and later chairman, of Shefford County Reform Club for many years; and this has kept him in politics a great deal, as it has been remarked that this county seems to have a political contest always on hand. As if to make good our words, a contest is now (February, 1888) going on, and Mr. Noyes has been selected by the Reform or national convention of the county as its candidate; but in a county where the parties are so evenly divided, it is always difficult to tell in advance who will be elected. In religion, he is Protestant, and belongs to the Church of England; has often been a delegate to the Synod, and a valued member of various committees there. He was married, in November, 1867, to Lucy A., daughter of Joseph Merry, of Magog, Quebec, whose father was one of the early pioneers there, by whom he had issue six children, only four of whom are now living. Mrs. Noyes graduated before her marriage, at McGill Normal School, with academy diploma, and is at present provincial superintendent of the department of physiology and hygiene of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union of the province of Quebec.

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=Pope, Hon. James Colledge=, was born at Bedeque, Prince Edward Island, on the 11th June, 1826. He was the second son of the Hon. Joseph Pope, and his mother was Lucy Colledge, daughter of Capt. Colledge, of the 1st regiment of foot, who married a daughter of the Hon. Thomas Wright, several times administrator of the government of the island, and who was one of the commissioners appointed to administer the oath to the members of the first parliament which met in Charlottetown in 1773. The subject of this sketch received his early education on the island, and was afterwards sent to England to complete it. In early manhood he entered upon a mercantile career, as merchant, shipbuilder and shipowner, at Summerside, P.E.I., where he lived for many years, and which he was largely instrumental in building up. He was one of the passengers by the brig Fancy to California, when the gold fever broke out there in 1849. In 1863 he took up his residence in Charlottetown, where he remained until 1878, when his acceptance of the portfolio of minister of marine necessitated his removal to Ottawa. The last three years of his life he spent at Summerside, his old home, where he died on the morning of the 18th May, 1885; and was buried at St. Eleanor’s, in St. Mary’s churchyard (Episcopal), where a very handsome granite obelisk, erected as a tribute from his many friends, marks the last resting-place of one of Prince Edward Island’s most gifted and patriotic sons. Mr. Pope entered political life in 1857, and from that time onwards he was engaged in a constant turmoil of political excitement, having his ups and downs like most politicians. On the 10th September, 1870, he became leader of a coalition government, which, however, only lasted two years; but he was, on the dissolution of the house, triumphantly returned for Charlottetown, although he failed to secure a majority in the new house. On the 19th October, 1878, he was sworn a member of her Majesty’s Privy Council for Canada, and received the portfolio of minister of marine and fisheries, a position he held but a short time, when in 1881 he was forced, to the inexpressible grief of his many friends, by a general breaking up of his mental and physical powers, to retire from the active duties of his office, never, as the sequel proved, to resume them again. He always occupied a foremost place among those with whom his lot was cast. In his early life he took a very active interest in the volunteer movement, and passed through the various grades, retiring with the rank of lieutenant-colonel. Besides being one of the most prominent merchants, he was also one of the largest landholders on the island, and farmed more extensively than any other man on it. He was also engaged in fishing industries, besides being interested in many other business ventures. He, however, attempted too much for his powers of endurance, and thus brought a useful life to an early close. In everything that he undertook, however, whether political, commercial or agricultural, he had the interests of the island at heart, and his memory will ever be revered by his countrymen, who possess monuments of his energy and worth more enduring than brass. The Prince Edward Island Railway is a memento of his public career that will ever serve to keep his memory green. In 1852 he married Eliza, second daughter of Thomas Pethick, of Charlottetown, by whom he had issue eight children.

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=Germain, Adolphe=, Barrister, Sorel, province of Quebec, was born in St. Ours, in the same province, in June, 1837. His father was François Germain, an old patriot of 1837-38. Mr. Germain received a classical course of education at St. Hyacinthe College, Quebec province, and afterwards studied law; and for over fifteen years he has successfully practised his profession in Sorel, first alone, but latterly under the firm name of Germain & Germain, his partner being his eldest son, S. Adolphe Germain. In 1878 he was created a Queen’s counsel. He has been frequently called upon to represent the attorney-general of Quebec province in Crown cases, and was one of the joint counsel in the celebrated Provencher trial, in which the accused was found guilty, along with his paramour, of poisoning the latter’s husband, and afterwards executed for the murder—the woman being sent to the penitentiary for life. Mr. Germain has been mayor of Sorel, and is dean of the bar of Quebec, for the district of Richelieu. He is a public-spirited gentleman, and has identified himself with the leading improvements—among others the fine public buildings recently erected—in the thriving town in which he resides. He has also taken an active interest in all the political movements of the country, and stands high in the estimation of his fellow-citizens. In religion he is an adherent of the Roman Catholic church; and in politics is a staunch Liberal. In February, 1862, he was married to Marie Louise Demers, and the issue of the marriage has been five children.

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=Sears, James Walker=, Lieutenant South Staffordshire regiment, was born in St. John, New Brunswick, on the 22nd January, 1861. He is a son of John Sears, of St. John, N.B., and Ann, daughter of the Rev. William Blackwood, of Nova Scotia, and grandson of Thatcher Sears, a United Empire loyalist, of the former place. He received his primary education in various private schools in his native city. He left St. John in 1877, and after spending a year at the Collegiate Institute at Galt, Ontario, became a cadet at the Royal Military College at Kingston. Here, on the 25th June, 1881, after a course of studies lasting for three and a half years, and having passed a successful examination, he was awarded a commission in the Canadian militia, and a commission in Her Majesty’s 38th South Staffordshire regiment of foot. In this regiment he served throughout the Egyptian campaign of 1882, was present at the reconnaissance in force at Kafr-el Dwar on the 5th August, the surrender of Damietta by Abdulal, and the subsequent occupation of Cairo. For those services he received a medal and the Khedive’s star. He visited the Holy Land in April, 1883, and in May of the same year returned to Malta from Egypt with his regiment. He was appointed Lieutenant in the Infantry School corps by the Canadian government in December, 1883, in which corps, at Toronto, he has since held the appointment of adjutant. He served in the North-West rebellion of 1885 as brigade major of the Battleford column, and was present at the battle of Cut Knife Hill, and subsequently commanded the scout corps of the Turtle Lake column in the pursuit of Big Bear. He was mentioned in despatches, and received the medal and clasp. He became brevet captain in the Canadian militia on the 21st December, 1887.

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=Proulx, Hon. Jean Baptiste George=, Nicolet, province of Quebec, was born at Nicolet, on the 23rd April, 1809, and died on the 27th January, 1884. He was the son of J. B. Proulx and Magdalen Hébert. His great grandfather was one of the oldest settlers of Nicolet, having settled there in 1725. The subject of this sketch was educated at Nicolet College. He was elected, in 1860, for De La Vallière, and sat in the Legislative Council until the union. In 1867, he was appointed to the Legislative Council for life. He was a Liberal in politics. He was one of the patriots of 1837; and was charged with having cast bullets, but was not arrested. He was married, on the 20th January, 1835, to Julia, daughter of Dr. Calvin Alexander, a graduate of Harvard, and had issue as follows:—Rev. M. G. Proulx, of Nicolet College, and Revs. Edward and Stephen Proulx, of the Society of Jesus.

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=Charlebois, Alphonse=, Contractor, Quebec, is well known throughout the Dominion as an extensive and successful undertaker of great public works. A French-Canadian, he is endowed with more than the ordinary energy and versatility of his race, and his career furnishes an apt illustration of the triumph of tact and pluck over adverse circumstances. He was not of the fortunate class who are said to come into the world with “a silver spoon in their mouth.” His parents were simple Lower Canadian habitants, and our subject was born of their marriage at the town of St. Henri, Hochelaga county, on the outskirts of Montreal, on the 15th December, 1841. His father, Arséne Charlebois, was a native of Pointe Claire, in Jacques Cartier county, P.Q., and his mother was Edwidge Chagnon, of Verchères, P.Q. On his father’s side he is closely related to the late Mr. Charlebois, M.P.P. for Laprairie; to the Rev. Mr. Charlebois, curé of Ste. Therese, and to the late Dr. Charlebois, of Bleury street, Montreal; and, on his mother’s, to the late Sir George Etienne Cartier, who owed his election for Verchères, then one of the most Liberal constituencies in Lower Canada (after his defeat in Montreal East by the present Chief Justice Sir A. A. Dorion), mainly to the exertions and influence of her brother, the late Paschal Chagnon, of Verchères. Young Charlebois was educated partly at the Christian Brothers’ School and partly at Maxwell’s Commercial School, both in Montreal, receiving a fair commercial training, in French and English. After leaving school he served about a year to the builder’s trade in Montreal, and then entered the hardware trade in that city as a clerk to the late Mr. Brewster, with whom he remained nine years down to 1865, when he bought out the business on the retirement of his employer. Two years later, he abandoned hardware, and boldly took up the lumber trade in Montreal, making advances to the lumberers on the Gatineau, and otherwise speculating in the great staple of the country with more or less success until 1872, when he took a new and still more enterprising departure. Since the days of the Hon. François Baby in Lower Canada, no French-Canadian had figured prominently as a public contractor. In that field, the English speaking element were virtually without competition. Mr. Charlebois pluckily resolved to enter it, and the results have more than justified this step on his part. He is to-day known from Halifax to Vancouver as a leading contractor, and the country is indebted to him for the successful execution of some of its most important public works. His first undertaking in this line was on the Lachine canal, and since then he has been connected with the contracts for the Dufferin improvements at Quebec, the graving dock at Levis, the Georgian Bay branch of the C.P.R., the construction of four sections of the same road in British Columbia, and the erection of the new parliament buildings at Quebec, and of the new departmental buildings on Wellington street, Ottawa. The two last mentioned structures remain as lasting monuments, as well to his taste and skill, as to his energy as a builder. He is a director of the Clemow syndicate for the construction of the Great North-Western Central Railway, Manitoba, and before his removal from Montreal to Quebec, which is now his residence, he was during three years an alderman, and afterwards, during four years, mayor of his native town of St. Henri. He belongs to the Roman Catholic faith, and during his residence in the Montreal district was elected people’s trustee for life of the Roman Catholic parish church of St. Henri. He has travelled exclusively in Canada and the United States, chiefly on business. In 1865 he married Marie Flore Charlotte Valois, daughter of the late Dr. Valois, of Pointe Claire, and at one time M.P. for the county of Jacques Cartier, P.Q., and by her has had issue four children, all of whom are still in their teens.

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=Dupré, Rev. L. L.=, Sorel, province of Quebec, was born in Sorel, in 1841, and educated at the Seminary of St. Hyacinthe, P.Q. In 1868, he was ordained a priest, and placed as vicar in the Roman Catholic cathedral. In 1873, he was called as vicar to his native town, and in 1875 was appointed to the important post of curé of Sorel. Sorel being the most considerable place in the Roman Catholic diocese of St. Hyacinthe, requires the unremitting exertions and oversight of the pastor, and no one could perform the duties more zealously and unremittingly than does the present worthy incumbent. The rev. father has, in addition to his special duties, assisted in many ways in promoting the material welfare of his native town. As an instance, it may be mentioned that in 1880, by his exertions amongst his parishioners subscriptions were raised to an amount sufficient to build a large addition to the general hospital of Richelieu county, rendering that institution much more comfortable for the patients, and more suitable to the growing requirements of the town. He was also mainly instrumental in furthering the erection of the new college building, which is acknowledged to be the finest structure of the kind in the province. Since his incumbency, he has had the former parish of St. Peter’s divided into three distinct parishes—St. Peter’s, Ste. Anne, and St. Joseph. The parish of Ste. Anne, of which parish Mr. Dupré is the curé, is quite a populous one, and through his active exertions, a commodious stone church was soon built in the parish, on one of the finest sites of the St. Lawrence. That the curé possesses very superior administrative abilities is sufficiently proved by the foregoing, and is further attested by the manner in which he performs his onerous ecclesiastical duties. He has a remarkable memory, is a fluent speaker, and as a pulpit orator is unequalled by few. He is an ardent admirer of art, which he patronises liberally, and is possessed of a considerable collection of valuable and rare books, engravings, etc., proving a literary and cultivated taste. He is much esteemed by his parishioners and by the community of Sorel generally.

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=Tessier, Jules=, Barrister, Quebec, M.P.P. for Portneuf, is one of the most conspicuous and popular figures in the legal, political and social life of the ancient capital. His distinguished father, Hon. U. J. Tessier, is a judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, and was formerly member for Portneuf in the Canadian parliament, commissioner of public works in the Macdonald-Sicotte administration, speaker of the Legislative Council before confederation, and at one time mayor of Quebec. Between the careers of the father and son there are many points of resemblance. The father was one of the most prominent members of the Quebec bar in his day; the son is a rising member of the same bar. The father represented Portneuf in the Canadian parliament; the son represents the same constituency in the Quebec legislature. Lastly, the father was a member of the city council and mayor of Quebec; the son to-day is one of the councillors for St. Louis ward of that city, and a prominent member of the civic body, though still quite a young man. He was born at Quebec, in 1852. His mother, now deceased, before her marriage, was a Miss Kelly, and a member of the Drapeau family, seigneurs of Rimouski. His maternal grandfather was of Irish extraction, but the remainder of his parentage is French-Canadian on both sides. Educated in the classics at the Quebec Seminary and the Jesuits’ College, Montreal, he afterwards studied law, and was called to the bar in 1874, and soon acquired a considerable practice, together with the confidence of the public and the esteem of his professional brethren. He is one of the editors of the ‘Quebec Law Reports.’ In politics, Mr. Tessier, like his father while in public life, is what is termed a moderate Liberal, but almost from his youth he has been actively identified with all the struggles of the Liberal party in the Quebec district. He was secretary of the National Convention held in 1880, and was elected president of the Quebec Liberal Club after its reorganization for the last provincial and federal electoral campaign, which office he still holds. As such, he was selected as the party’s candidate to oppose ex-Mayor Brousseau, of Quebec, in Portneuf county, for the Legislative Assembly of the province, at the general election of October, 1886, and defeated his adversary, who had been the sitting member, by a very heavy majority. In the house, he is recognized as one of the staunchest supporters of the Mercier government, and has proved himself a most useful member. To his exertions Quebec was mainly indebted for its selection for the holding of the Provincial Exhibition of 1887, which was so great a success. Mr. Tessier is a member of the Church of Rome; and for many years past one of the principal officers of the St. Jean Baptiste Society, of Quebec. He is a director of the Lake St. John Railway Company, and a member of the Provincial Board of Arts. He is married to a daughter of Edmund Barnard, the well-known Q.C., of Montreal, and his two sisters are the wives respectively of the Hon. Alexander Chauveau, who was solicitor-general in the Joly administration, and is now police judge at Quebec, and of Lieut.-Col. Duchesnay, deputy adjutant-general for the Quebec military district.

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=Aikins, Hon. James Cox=, P.C., Lieut.-Governor of Manitoba and Keewatin Territory, was born in the township of Toronto, Peel county, Ontario, on the 30th of March, 1823. His father, the late James Aikins, emigrated from the county of Monaghan, Ireland, to Philadelphia, in 1816, and after a residence of four years there he removed to Upper Canada, and took up a quantity of land in the first concession north of the Dundas road, in the township of Toronto. The subject of our sketch was the eldest son, and was brought up on his father’s farm, and was early inured to the hardships of rural life in Canada in those primitive times. He united with the Methodist body at an early age. He attended the public schools in the neighborhood of his home, and afterwards spent some time at the Upper Canada Academy, at Cobourg, which subsequently developed into Victoria College and University. At the first collegiate examination, which was held in 1843, he figured as one of the merit students. After completing his education he settled down on a farm in the county of Peel, a few miles from his paternal homestead. In 1845, soon after leaving college, he married Mary Elizabeth Jane Somerset, the daughter of a neighboring yeoman. In 1851 he was tendered the nomination as the representative of his native constituency in the Legislative Assembly, and declined, but at the general election held in 1854, he offered himself as a candidate on the Reform side, in opposition to the sitting member, George Wright, and was elected. Upon taking his seat he recorded his first vote against the Hincks-Morin administration, and thus participated in bringing about the downfall of that ministry. He voted for the secularization of the clergy reserves, and his voice was occasionally heard in support of measures relating to public improvements. In the election of 1861, owing to his action on the county town question, which excited keen sectional opposition, he was defeated by the late Hon. John Hillyard Cameron. The following year he was elected a member of the Legislative Council for the Home Division, comprising the counties of Peel and Halton. He continued to sit in the council so long as that body had an existence; and when it was swept away by confederation he was called to the Senate of the Dominion. On the 9th of December, 1867, he accepted office in the government of Sir John A. Macdonald, as secretary of state, and has ever since been a follower of that statesman. During his tenure of office the Dominion lands bureau was established—which has since extended until it has become an independent department of state under control of the minister of the interior. The Public Lands Act of 1872, is another measure which dates from Mr. Aikins’ term of office. The disclosure with reference to the sale of the Pacific Railway charter resulted, in November, 1873, in the overthrowing of the government. Upon Sir John A. Macdonald’s return to power in October, 1878, he again accepted office as secretary of state, and retained that position until the month of November, 1880, when there was a readjustment of portfolios, and he became minister of inland revenue—which he held until his resignation, 23rd May, 1882. On the 22nd September, 1882, he was appointed lieutenant-governor of the province of Manitoba, and Keewatin Territory. He is major of the 3rd battalion Peel Militia, and chairman of the Manitoba and North-West Loan Company.

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=Taschereau, Hon. Jean Thomas=, LL.D., Quebec, late Judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion of Canada, is a gentleman, the simple mention of whose name recalls a family famous in the political annals of Lower Canada, and which has given more eminent men to the church and bench than probably any other in the country. It has almost passed into a proverb among the French Canadians of the province of Quebec that “there is always a Taschereau on the bench.” As a matter of fact, three generations of the family have been represented on it, and five Taschereaus in all have exercised the highest judicial functions in the province or in the dominion. In the case of our distinguished subject not only was he himself a judge, but his father before him was a judge, his son after him is a judge of the Superior Court of the province, and another of his relatives, the Hon. Elzear Taschereau, is at present one of the judges of the Supreme Court of the Dominion. Still another member of the family, Hon. Andrée Taschereau, now deceased, was resident judge of the Superior Court in the Kamouraska district, and one of the most eminent jurists of his day. Others again have held the office of sheriff of the Beauce district; one is now a prominent member of the bar of that district, and was the representative of Beauce county in the Canadian House of Commons during the last parliament; and one, Lieutenant-Colonel Taschereau, holds one of the most important military commands in the Quebec district. But the judicial, political, and military distinction of the Taschereau family is altogether eclipsed by the lustre conferred upon it by the fact that the first Canadian wearer of the Roman purple was selected from among its members. His Eminence, Cardinal Taschereau, Archbishop of Quebec, is a brother of our subject, and the “bright particular star” whose elevation to the exalted dignity of a Prince of the Roman Catholic church, has made the name of Taschereau famous all over the civilized world. The family is also one of the oldest and most distinguished in Lower Canada, its founder there being Thomas Jacques Taschereau, of Touraine, France, who was a son of Christopher Taschereau, King’s counsellor, director of the mint and treasurer of the city of Tours, and who came to New France towards the beginning of the last century, was appointed by the French viceroy as treasurer of the marine, and in 1736 obtained from the French Crown the grant of a valuable seigniory along the banks of the river Chaudière in Beauce, P.Q. Our subject’s father was the Hon. Jean Thomas Taschereau, senior, long a prominent member of the parliament of Lower Canada, and one of the advocates and champions of constitutional liberty in that province, who suffered imprisonment for their opinions in 1810. He was afterwards raised to the dignity of puisne judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for his native province, and distinguished himself as an able and upright magistrate. Our subject was one of his sons by his wife, Maria Panet, daughter of the late Hon. Jean Panet, first speaker of the Lower Canadian House of Assembly (an office which he held for twenty consecutive years), and was born in the city of Quebec, on the 12th December, 1814. He was educated at the Quebec Seminary, where, like his brother, the present cardinal, he greatly distinguished himself in different branches, taking the leading prizes, especially for Latin, mathematics, etc. On the completion of his classical course, he studied law with two of the most eminent local practitioners of the day, Hon. Henry Black, afterwards judge of the Vice-Admiralty Court at Quebec, and Andrew Stuart, Q.C., afterwards Her Majesty’s solicitor-general for Lower Canada, and was called to the bar of that province in 1836, subsequently following several law courses in Paris, France. On his return to Canada, he opened a law office in the city of Quebec, and for the next twenty years practised his profession with success and distinction. In 1855, he was honored by Laval University with the title of LL.D., and in September of the same year he was called by the government to act as assistant judge of the Superior Court in the place of one of the regular judges of that court, during the sitting of the special court formed under the act to abolish feudal rights and seignorial dues in Lower Canada. Twice afterwards, in 1858 and in 1860, in which last mentioned year he was also created a Q.C., was he honored by a similar mark of the government’s appreciation, and in 1865 he was definitely appointed to the bench as a puisne judge of the Superior Court, as successor to the Hon. A. N. Morin, deceased. On the 11th February, 1873, he mounted another rung of the judicial ladder, being appointed puisne judge of the Court of Queen’s Bench for the province of Quebec, and some two years later on, the 8th October, 1875, he was elevated to the still more exalted position of puisne judge of the Supreme Court of the Dominion, which he retained until the 19th October, 1878, when he resigned on account of ill-health, and retired on his well-earned pension, after having served the public in all nineteen years on the bench as a judge. Our subject enjoyed to the utmost the confidence of the bar and the people, as well for his scrupulous and painstaking character, as for the almost invariable soundness of his decisions. It is needless to say that his religion is the Roman Catholic. In the spring of 1887, the Roman Pontiff, Leo XIII., conferred on him the decoration or cross of the Order of St. Gregory the Great. He has been twice married—firstly, in 1840, to Louise Adele, daughter of the late Hon. Amable Dionne, M.L.C., who died in 1861; and lastly in 1862, to Marie Josephine, daughter of the late Hon. R. E. Caron, second lieutenant-governor of the province of Quebec, and a sister of Sir A. R. Caron, Dominion minister of militia. He is the father of twelve children, ten of whom survive. His eldest son, Hon. Henri Thomas Taschereau, formerly Liberal M.P. for Montmagny, has been a judge of the Superior Court for the province of Quebec since 1878; and another son, by his second union, is now a rising member of the Quebec bar.

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=Morin, Eusebe=, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec province, was born on the 14th of July, 1853. He is the son of François Morin, merchant, and Marguerite Maheux. At the age of ten years he entered the St. Hyacinthe Seminary, which he left after taking a classical course of education. At the age of sixteen years he entered as clerk with L. V. Sicotte, dry goods merchant, but after spending one year in this establishment he left, and entered into partnership with Mr. Lamoureux, and traded under the firm name of Lamoureux & Morin for about fifteen months, when he bought his partner out, and assumed the business himself. When he entered into this business, a friend lent him $800 to start with, and this money he honorably paid with interest about a year after he had received it. He continued alone in business until he was twenty-three years of age, in the meantime becoming the first merchant in St. Hyacinthe, in his line, thus proving what can be done by close attention to business. After this, and by the time he had reached his twenty-seventh year, he had established small wholesale and retail houses, trading under the various names of Morin & Lamothe, Morin & Dion, Morin & Robitaille, Morin & Brodeur, both in the city of St. Hyacinthe and the neighboring country. Being of delicate health, he was almost given up by the doctors, and was obliged to liquidate the firms in order to proceed to Europe for the benefit of his health. After an extensive tour through England, Scotland, Ireland, France and Italy, he returned to Canada with a large and varied assortment of European goods, and was thus enabled to re-establish his trade on a sound and more extensive basis than ever, creating the following firms:—Morin & Co., in the liquor trade; Morin & Laline, general store; Morin & Bergeron, dry goods, all in St. Hyacinthe, with a capital of $200,000, he being principal partner in all the above establishments. When thirty-two years of age, becoming tired of the retail trade, he sold to his partners his interest in all the stores he had established, with the object of embarking in real estate transactions, and in this he has proved equally successful. He has built one of the finest private residences in the city of St. Hyacinthe, and finds himself, at the age of thirty-three, the most important property owner in the county of St. Hyacinthe. He enjoys a good reputation, and his numerous partners and friends have reason to be thankful to him for his aid at various times. The city of St. Hyacinthe is also indebted to him for the erection of numerous blocks of magnificent stores, and several private residences. Although Mr. Morin is yet comparatively young, he is exceedingly popular in his district, and has been several times requested to enter public life, but has invariably declined, on the ground that he could be of greater use to his friends and the country at large, in promoting private and public enterprises. He is looked upon as the Vanderbilt of St. Hyacinthe.

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=MacDowall, Day Hort=, Prince Albert, M.P. for Saskatchewan, North-West Territory, was born in 1850, at Carruth House, Renfrewshire, Scotland. He is the second son of Henry MacDowall, of Garthland, Renfrewshire, Scotland, vide “Nesbitt’s Heraldry.” Mr. MacDowall was educated at Windlesham, Surrey, England, and Trinity College, Glenalmond, Scotland. He was a captain in the Renfrewshire Rifle Volunteers from 1872 to 1879. He accompanied Gen. Middleton’s force through the Northwest rebellion of 1885, and took charge of the party dispatched by the general through the rebel district from Humboldt to Prince Albert. He was a member of the North-West Council for the district of Lorne, from June, 1883, to October, 1885; and was returned to Parliament, as the member for Saskatchewan, at the general election in 1887. He is a Conservative in politics. He was married August 12th, 1884, to Alice Maude Blanchard, daughter of Charles Blanchard, Truro, N.S. He is a member of the Manitoba Club, Winnipeg; Wanderers’ Club, Pall Mall, London, Eng., and Rideau Club, Ottawa, Ont.

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=Prévost, Oscar A.=, Brevet-Major, (late of the regiment Canadian artillery, then A and B batteries, permanent artillery), Quebec, was born in Montreal on the 9th of May, 1845. His father, Amable C. Prévost, was a descendant of an old French family of Anjou, (Prévost de la Boutèlière). He was a merchant of Montreal, very successful in business, leaving an estate of over half a million dollars. He died in February, 1872. His mother, Rosalind E. Bernard, was born in Montreal, educated at Notre Dame congregation, and was married to Amable C. Prévost, March, 1838. The subject of this sketch was educated at St. Mary’s College, Montreal, taking a classical course, including mathematics and natural philosophy; he afterwards studied law; was admitted to the bar of Lower Canada in October, 1866, and practised his profession until 1870. He joined, as lieutenant, the 4th battalion in the year 1865; served on the frontier during the Fenian raid of 1866; was transferred in 1870 to the Quebec rifle regiment of the North-West expeditionary force under Colonel (now General, Sir) Garnet Wolseley; remained stationed in the North-West till February, 1872, being transferred in July, 1872, to the School of Gunnery, Quebec, and gazetted to B battery as lieutenant with rank of captain; was adjutant of the School of Gunnery B battery, August, 1873, till February, 1880. He went to Woolwich, England, for a special course in the Royal Arsenal, and on his return was appointed superintendent of the government cartridge factory at Quebec, and still holds that appointment. In 1882 he was sent by the minister of militia and defence, Sir A. P. Caron, to England to purchase machinery required for a small ammunition factory to be erected in the government buildings in Quebec. The plans, specifications, alterations to buildings, placing machinery, including boilers and steam engines, and putting the whole plant in working order, was done under his immediate supervision, bringing forth his ability as a practical engineer, and his scientific attainments. This factory has now been at work since 1883. It produced 2,000,000 rounds of ball ammunition, in three months, during the North-West rebellion of 1885, and now supplies the whole Dominion with service ammunition. It can give employment to four hundred hands. He submitted to a board of artillery officers in September, 1886, a new projectile for light and heavy rifled guns, which increased the range and accuracy of guns in a remarkable degree. A foundry, in connection with the cartridge factory, was erected for the manufacture of these projectiles, in July, 1887, and the work now goes on daily. Thus two entirely novel industries have been started in Canada, and the military efficiency of the Dominion increased. In 1876 he travelled through France, Italy, Austria, Hungary and Germany, being authorized to visit the imperial arsenal at Vienna, and obtain information with regard to the new field ordnance and carriages at that time introduced into the Austrian service. Major Prévost was married on 25th May, 1874, to Louisa J., daughter of Hon. Juschereau Duchesnay, of Quebec, ex-senator for the division of Lassale, province of Quebec; seigneur of the seigniories of Fossambault and Gaudarville. Hon. Mr. Duchesnay’s father commanded a company of Voltigeurs under Colonel de Salaberry, his cousin, at the victorious battle of Chateauguay, in 1812. The Juschereau Duchesnay family were connected to Robert Giffard, first seigneur of Beauport, near Quebec, to whom this seigniory had been granted in 1635 by the “Compagnie de la Nouvelle France,” under authority of the French King. The Duchesnays inherited this seigniory in 1668, and they owned it for over two hundred years.

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=Champlain, Samuel de.=—Standing on the summit of one of the rocky eminences at the mouth of the Saguenay, and looking back through the haze of two hundred and eighty-five years, we may descry two small sailing craft slowly making their way up the majestic stream which Jacques Cartier, sixty-eight years before, christened in honor of St. Lawrence. The vessels are French build, and have evidently just arrived from France. They are of very diminutive size for an ocean voyage, but are manned by hardy Breton mariners for whom the tempestuous Atlantic has no terrors. They are commanded by an enterprising merchant-sailor of St. Malo, who is desirous of pushing his fortunes by means of the fur trade, and who, with that end in view, has already more than once navigated the St. Lawrence as far westward as the mouth of the Saguenay. His name is Pontgravé. Like other French adventurers of his time, he is a brave and energetic man, ready to do, to dare, and, if need be, to suffer; but his primary object in life is to amass wealth, and to effect this object he is not over-scrupulous as to the means employed. On this occasion he has come over with instructions from Henry IV., King of France, to explore the St. Lawrence, to ascertain how far from its mouth navigation is practicable, and to make a survey of the country on its banks. He is accompanied on the expedition by a man of widely different mould; a man who is worth a thousand of such sordid, huckstering spirits; a man who unites with the courage and energy of a soldier a high sense of personal honor and a singleness of heart worthy of the Chevalier Bayard himself. To these qualities are added an absorbing passion for colonization, and a piety and zeal which would not misbecome a Jesuit missionary. He is poor, but what the poet calls “the jingling of the guinea” has no charms for him. Let others consume their souls in heaping up riches, in chaffering with the Indians for the skins of wild beasts, and in selling the same to the affluent traders in France. It is his ambition to rear the fleur-de-lis in the remote wilderness of the New World, and to evangelize the savage hordes by whom that world is peopled. The latter object is the most dear to his heart of all, and he has already recorded his belief that the salvation of one soul is of more importance than the founding of an empire. After such an exordium it is scarcely necessary to inform the student of history that the name of Pontgravé’s ally is Samuel De Champlain. He had already figured somewhat conspicuously in his country’s annals, but his future achievements were destined to outshine the events of his previous career, and to gain for him the merited title of “Father of New France.” He was born some time in the year 1567, at Brouage, a small seaport town in the province of Saintonge, on the west coast of France. Part of his youth was spent in the naval service, and during the wars of the League he fought on the side of the King, who awarded him a small pension and attached him to his own person. But Champlain was of too adventurous a turn of mind to feel at home in the confined atmosphere of a royal court, and soon languished for change of scene. Erelong he obtained command of a vessel bound for the West Indies, where he remained more than two years. During that time he distinguished himself as a brave and efficient officer. He became known as one whose nature partook largely of the romantic element, but who, nevertheless, had ever an eye to the practical. Several important engineering projects seem to have engaged his attention during his sojourn in the West Indies. Prominent among these was the project of constructing a ship-canal across the Isthmus of Panama, but the scheme was not encouraged, and ultimately fell to the ground. Upon his return to France he again dangled about the court for a few months, by which time he had once more become heartily weary of a life of inaction. With the accession of Henry IV. to the French throne the long religious wars which had so long distracted the country came to an end, and the attention of the government began to be directed to the colonization of New France—a scheme which had never been wholly abandoned but which had remained in abeyance since the failure of the expedition undertaken by the brothers Roberval, more than half a century before. Several new attempts were made at this time, none of which were very successful. The fur trade, however, held out great inducements to private enterprise, and stimulated the cupidity of the merchants of Dieppe, Rouen and St. Malo. In the heart of one of them something nobler than cupidity was aroused. In 1603, M. De Chastes, governor of Dieppe, obtained a patent from the King conferring upon him and several of his associates a monopoly of the fur trade of New France. To M. De Chastes the acquisition of wealth—of which he already had enough, and to spare—was a matter of secondary importance, but he hoped to make his patent the means of extending the French empire into the unknown regions of the far West. The patent was granted soon after Champlain’s return from the West Indies, and just as the pleasures of the court were beginning to pall upon him. He had served under De Chastes during the latter years of the war of the League, and the governor was no stranger to the young man’s skill, energy, and incorruptible integrity. De Chastes urged him to join the expedition, which was precisely of a kind to find favor in the eyes of an ardent adventurer like Champlain. The King’s consent having been obtained, he joined the expedition under Pontgravé, and sailed for the mouth of the St. Lawrence on the 15th of March, 1603. The expedition, as we have seen, was merely preliminary to more specific and extended operations. The ocean voyage, which was a tempestuous one, occupied more than two months, and they did not reach the St. Lawrence until the latter end of May. They sailed up as far as Tadousac, at the mouth of the Saguenay, where a little trading-post had been established four years before by Pontgravé and Chauvin. Here they cast anchor, and a fleet of canoes filled with wondering natives gathered round their little barques to sell peltries, and (unconsciously) to sit for Champlain for their portraits. After a short stay at Tadousac the leaders of the expedition, accompanied by several of the crew, embarked in a batteau and proceeded up the river past deserted Stadacona to the site of the Indian village of Hochelaga, discovered by Jacques Cartier in 1535. The village so graphically described by that navigator had ceased to exist, and the tribe which had inhabited it at the time of his visit had given place to a few Algonquin Indians. Our adventurers essayed to ascend the river still farther, but found it impossible to make headway against the rapids of St. Louis, which had formerly presented an insuperable barrier to Cartier’s westward progress. Then they retraced their course down the river to Tadousac, re-embarked on board their vessels, and made all sail for France. When they arrived there they found that their patron, De Chastes, had died during their absence, and that his company had been dissolved. Very soon afterwards, however, the scheme of colonization was taken up by the Sieur, de Monts, who entered into engagements with Champlain for another voyage to the New World. De Monts and Champlain set sail on the 7th of March, 1604, with a large expedition, and in due course reached the shores of Nova Scotia, then called Acadie. After an absence of three years, during which Champlain explored the coast as far southward as Cape Cod, the expedition returned to France. A good deal had been learned as to the topographical features of the country lying near the coast, but little had been done in the way of actual colonization. The next expedition was productive of greater results. De Monts, at Champlain’s instigation, resolved to found a settlement on the shores of the St. Lawrence. Two vessels were fitted up at his expense and placed under Champlain’s command, with Pontgravé as lieutenant of the expedition, which put to sea in the month of April, 1608, and reached the mouth of the Saguenay early in June. Pontgravé began a series of trading operations with the Indians at Tadousac, while Champlain proceeded up the river to fix upon an advantageous site for the projected settlement. This site he found at the confluence of the St. Charles with the St. Lawrence, near the place where Jacques Cartier had spent the winter of 1535-6. Tradition tells us that when Cartier’s sailors beheld the adjacent promontory of Cape Diamond they exclaimed, “Quel bec!”—(“What a beak!”)—which exclamation led to the place being called Quebec. The most probable derivation of the name, however, is the Indian word kebec, signifying a strait, which might well have been applied by the natives to the narrowing of the river at this place. Whatever may be the origin of the name, here it was that Champlain, on the 3rd of July, 1608, founded his settlement, and Quebec was the name which he bestowed upon it. This was the first permanent settlement of Europeans on the American continent, with the exception of those at St. Augustine, in Florida, and Jamestown, in Virginia. Champlain’s first attempts at settlement, as might be expected, were of a very primitive character. He erected rude barracks, and cleared a few small patches of ground adjacent thereto, which he sowed with wheat and rye. Perceiving that the fur trade might be turned to good account in promoting the settlement of the country, he bent his energies to its development. He had scarcely settled his little colony in its new home ere he began to experience the perils of his quasi-regal position. Notwithstanding the patent of monopoly held by his patron, on the faith of which his colonization scheme had been projected, the rights conferred by it began to be infringed by certain traders who came over from France and instituted a system of traffic with the natives. Finding the traffic exceedingly profitable, these traders erelong held out inducements to some of Champlain’s followers. A conspiracy was formed against him, and he narrowly escaped assassination. Fortunately, one of the traitors was seized by remorse, and revealed the plot before it had been fully carried out. The chief conspirator was hanged, and his accomplices were sent over to France, where they expiated their crime at the galleys. Having thus promptly suppressed the first insurrection within his dominions, Champlain prepared himself for the rigours of a Canadian winter. An embankment was formed above the reach of the tide, and a stock of provisions was laid in sufficient for the support of the settlement until spring. The colony, inclusive of Champlain himself, consisted of twenty-nine persons. Notwithstanding all precautions, the scurvy broke out among them during the winter. Champlain, who was endowed with a vigorous constitution, escaped the pest, but before the advent of spring the little colony was reduced to only nine persons. The sovereign remedy which Cartier had found so efficacious in a similar emergency was not to be obtained. That remedy was a decoction prepared by the Indians from a tree which they called Auneda—believed to have been a species of spruce—but the natives of Champlain’s day knew nothing of the remedy, from which he concluded that the tribe which had employed it on behalf of Cartier and his men had been exterminated by their enemies. With spring, succours and fresh immigrants arrived from France, and new vitality was imported into the little colony. Soon after this time, Champlain committed the most impolitic act of his life. The Hurons, Algonquins, and other tribes of the St. Lawrence and the Ottawa, resolved upon taking the war-path against their enemies, the Iroquois, or Five Nations—the boldest, fiercest, and most powerful confederacy known to Indian history. Champlain, ever since his arrival in the country, had done his utmost to win the favor of the natives with whom he was brought more immediately into contact, and he deemed that by joining them in opposing the Iroquois, who were a standing menace to his colony, he would knit the Hurons and Algonquins to the side of the King of France by permanent and indissoluble ties. To some extent he was right, but he underestimated the strength of the foe, an alliance with whom would have been of more importance than an alliance with all the other Indian tribes of New France. Champlain cast in his lot with the Hurons and Algonquins, and accompanied them on their expedition against their enemies. By so doing he invoked the deadly animosity of the latter against the French for all time to come. He did not foresee that by this one stroke of policy he was paving the way for a subsequent alliance between the Iroquois and the English. On May 28th, 1609, in company with his Indian allies, he started on the expedition, the immediate results of which were so insignificant—the remote results of which were so momentous. The war-party embarked in canoes, ascended the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Richelieu—then called the River of the Iroquois—and thence up the latter stream to the lake which Champlain then beheld for the first time, and which until that day no European eye had ever looked upon. This picturesque sheet of water was thenceforward called after him, and in its name his own is still perpetuated. The party held on their course to the head waters of the lake, near to which several Iroquois villages were situated. The enemy’s scouts received the intelligence of the approach of the invaders, and advanced to repel them. The opposing forces met in the forest on the south-western shore, not far from Crown Point, on the morning of the 30th of July. The Iroquois, two hundred in number, advanced to the onset. “Among them,” says Mr. Parkman, “could be seen several chiefs, conspicuous by their tall plumes. Some bore shields of wood and hide, and some were covered with a kind of armour made of tough twigs, interlaced with a vegetable fibre, supposed by Champlain to be cotton. The allies, growing anxious, called with loud cries for their champion, and opened their ranks that he might pass to the front. He did so, and advancing before his red companions-in-arms stood revealed to the astonished gaze of the Iroquois, who, beholding the warlike apparition in their path, stared in mute amazement. But his arquebuse was levelled; the report startled the woods, a chief fell dead, and another by his side rolled among the bushes. Then there arose from the allies a yell which, says Champlain, would have drowned a thunder-clap, and the forest was full of whizzing arrows. For a moment the Iroquois stood firm, and sent back their arrows lustily; but when another and another gunshot came from the thickets on their flank they broke and fled in uncontrollable terror. Swifter than hounds, the allies tore through the bushes in pursuit. Some of the Iroquois were killed, more were taken. Camp, canoes, provisions, all were abandoned, and many weapons flung down in the panic fight. The arquebuse had done its work. The victory was complete.” The victorious allies, much to the disgust of Champlain, tortured their prisoners in the most barbarous fashion, and returned to Quebec, taking with them fifty Iroquois scalps. Thus was the first Indian blood shed by the white man in Canada. The man who shed it was a European and a Christian, who had not even the excuse of provocation. This is a matter worth bearing in mind when we read of the frightful atrocities committed by the Iroquois upon the whites in after years. Champlain’s conduct on this occasion seems incapable of defence, and it was certainly a very grave error, considered simply as an act of policy. The error was bitterly and fiercely avenged, and for every Indian who fell on the morning of that 30th of July, in this, the first battle fought on Canadian soil between natives and Europeans, a ten-fold penalty was exacted. “Thus did New France rush into collision with the redoubted warriors of the Five Nations. Here was the beginning, in some measure doubtless the cause, of a long succession of murderous conflicts, bearing havoc and flame to generations yet unborn. Champlain had invaded the tiger’s den; and now, in smothered fury the patient savage would lie biding his day of blood.” Six weeks after the performance of this exploit, Champlain, accompanied by Pontgravé, returned to France. Upon his arrival at court he found De Monts there, trying to secure a renewal of his patent of monopoly, which had been revoked in consequence of loud complaints on the part of other French merchants who were desirous of participating in the profits arising from the fur trade. His efforts to obtain a renewal proving unsuccessful, De Monts determined to carry on his scheme of colonization unaided by royal patronage. Allying himself with some affluent merchants of Rochelle, he fitted out another expedition, and once more despatched Champlain to the New World. Champlain, upon his arrival at Tadousac, found his former Indian allies preparing for another descent upon the Iroquois, in which undertaking he again joined them; the inducement this time being a promise on the part of the Indians to pilot him up the great streams leading from the interior, whereby he hoped to discover a passage to the North Sea, and thence to China and the Indies. In this second expedition he was less successful than in the former one. The opposing forces met near the confluence of the Richelieu and St. Lawrence rivers, and though Champlain’s allies were ultimately victorious, they sustained a heavy loss, and he himself was wounded in the neck by an arrow. After the battle, the torture-fires were lighted, as was usual on such occasions, and Champlain for the first time was an eye-witness to the horrors of cannibalism. He soon afterwards began his preparations for an expedition up the Ottawa, but just as he was about to start on the journey, a ship arrived from France with intelligence that King Henry had fallen a victim to the dagger of Ravaillac. The accession of a new sovereign to the French throne might materially affect De Monts’ ability to continue his scheme, and Champlain once more set sail for France to confer with his patron. The late king, while deeming it impolitic to continue the monopoly in De Monts’ favor, had always countenanced the latter’s colonization schemes in New France; but upon Champlain’s arrival he found that with the death of Henry IV. De Monts’ court influence had ceased, and that his western scheme must stand or fall on its own merits. Champlain, in order to retrieve his patron’s fortunes as far as might be, again returned to Canada in the following spring, resolved to build a trading post far up the St. Lawrence, where it would be easily accessible to the Indian hunters on the Ottawa. The spot selected was near the site of the former village of Hochelaga, near the confluence of the two great rivers of Canada. The post was built on the site now occupied by the hospital of the Grey Nuns of Montreal, and even before its erection was completed a horde of rival French traders appeared on the scene. This drove Champlain once more back to France, but he soon found that the ardor of De Monts for colonization had cooled, and that he was not disposed to concern himself further in the enterprise. Champlain, being thus left to his own resources, determined to seek another patron, and succeeded in enlisting the sympathy of the Count de Soissons, who obtained the appointment of lieutenant-general of New France, and invested Champlain with the functions of that office as his deputy. The count did not long survive, but Henry de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, succeeded to his privileges, and continued Champlain in his high office. In the spring of 1613 Champlain again betook himself to Canada, and arrived at Quebec early in May. Before the end of the month he started on his long deferred tour of western exploration. Taking with him two canoes, containing an Indian and four Frenchmen, he ascended the Ottawa in the hope of reaching China and Japan by way of Hudson’s Bay, which had been discovered by Hendrick Hudson only three years before. In undertaking this journey Champlain had been misled by a French impostor called Nicholas Vignan, who professed to have explored the route far inland beyond the head waters of the Ottawa, which river, he averred, had its source in a lake connected with the North Sea. The enthusiastic explorer, relying upon the good faith of Vignan, proceeded westward to beyond Lake Coulange, and after a tedious and perilous voyage, stopped to confer with Tessouat, an Indian chief, whose tribe inhabited that remote region. This potentate, upon being apprised of the object of their journey, undeceived Champlain as to Vignan’s character for veracity, and satisfied him that the Frenchman had never passed further west than Tessouat’s own dominions. Vignan, after a good deal of prevarication, confessed that his story was false, and that what the Indian Chief had stated was a simple fact. Champlain, weary and disgusted, abandoned his exploration, and returned to Quebec, leaving Vignan with the Indians in the wilderness of the Upper Ottawa. His next visit to France, which took place during the summer of the same year, was fraught with important results to the colony. A new company was formed under the auspices of the Prince of Condé, and a scheme was laid for the propagation of the gospel among the Indians by means of Recollet missionaries to be sent out from France for the purpose. These, who were the first priests who settled in Canada, came out with Champlain in May, 1615. A province was assigned to each of them, and they at once entered upon the duties of their respective mission. One of them settled among the Montagnais, near the mouth of the Saguenay; two of them remained at Quebec; and the fourth, whose name was Le Caron, betook himself to the far western wilds. Champlain then entered upon a more extended tour of westward exploration than any he had hitherto undertaken. Accompanied by an interpreter and a number of Algonquins as guides, he again ascended the Ottawa, passed the Isle of Allumettes, and thence to Lake Nipissing. After a short stay here he continued his journey, and descended the stream since known as French River, into the inlet of Lake Huron, now called Georgian Bay. Paddling southward, past the innumerable islands on the eastern coast of the bay, he landed near the present site of Penetanguishene, and thence followed an Indian trail leading through the ancient country of the Hurons, now forming the northern part of the county of Simcoe, and the north-eastern part of the county of Grey. This country contained seventeen or eighteen villages, and a population, including women and children, of about twenty thousand. One of the villages visited by Champlain, called Cahiague, occupied a site near the present town of Orillia. At another village, called Carhagouha, some distance farther west, the explorer found the Recollet friar Le Caron, who had accompanied him from France, only a few months before, as above mentioned. And here, on the 12th of August, 1615, Le Caron celebrated, in Champlain’s presence, the first mass ever heard in the wilderness of western Canada. After spending some time in the Huron country, Champlain accompanied the natives on an expedition against their hereditary foes, the Iroquois, whose domain occupied what is now the central and western part of the State of New York. Crossing Lake Couchiching, and coasting down the north-eastern shore of Lake Simcoe, they made their way across country to the Bay of Quinté, thence into Lake Ontario, and thence into the enemy’s country. Having landed, they concealed their canoes in the woods and marched inland. On the 10th of October, they came to a Seneca[7] village, on or near a lake which was probably Lake Canandaigua. The Hurons attacked the village, but were repulsed by the fierce Iroquois, Champlain himself being several times wounded in the assault. The invading war-party then retreated and abandoned the campaign, placing their wounded in the centre, while armed warriors guarded the front and rear, returning to where they had hidden their canoes, in which they embarked and made the best of their way back across Lake Ontario, where the party broke up. The Hurons had promised Champlain that if he would accompany them on their expedition against the Iroquois, they would afterwards furnish him with an escort back to Quebec. This promise they now declined to make good. Champlain’s prestige as an invincible champion was gone, and, wounded and dispirited, he was compelled to accompany them back to their country near Lake Simcoe, where he spent the winter in the lodge of Durantal, one of their chiefs. Upon his return to Quebec in the following year, he was welcomed as one risen from the dead. Hitherto, Champlain’s love of adventure had led him to devote more attention to exploration than to the consolidation of his power in New France. He determined to change his policy in this respect, and crossed over to France to induce a larger emigration. In July, 1620, he returned with Madame de Champlain, who was received with great demonstrations of respect and affection by the Indians upon her arrival at Quebec. Champlain found that the colony had rather retrograded than advanced during his absence, and for some time after his return various causes contributed to retard its prosperity. At the end of the year, 1621,[8] the European population of New France numbered only forty-eight persons. Rival trading companies continued to fight for the supremacy in the colony, and any man less patient and persevering than the Father of New France, would have abandoned his schemes in despair. This untoward state of things continued until 1627, when an association, known to history by the name of “The Company of the One Hundred Associates,” was formed under the patronage of the great Cardinal Richelieu. The association was invested with the vice-royalty of New France and Florida, together with very extensive auxiliary privileges, including a monopoly of the fur trade, the right to confer titles and appoint judges, and generally to carry on the government of the colony. In return for these truly vice-regal privileges the company undertook to send out a large number of colonists, and to provide them with the necessaries of life for a term of three years, after which land enough for their support and grain wherewith to plant it was to be given them. Champlain himself was appointed governor. This great company was scarcely organized before war broke out between France and England. The English resolved upon the conquest of Canada, and sent out a fleet to the St. Lawrence, under the command of Sir David Kertk. The fleet having arrived before Quebec, its commander demanded from Champlain a surrender of the place, and as the governor’s supply of food and ammunition was too small to enable him to sustain a siege, he signed a capitulation and surrendered. He then hastened to France, where he influenced the cabinet to stipulate for the restoration of Canada to the French Crown, in the articles of peace which were shortly afterwards negotiated between the two powers. In 1632, this restoration was effected, and next year Champlain again returned in the capacity of governor. From this time forward he strove to promote the prosperity of the colony by every means in his power. Among the means whereby he zealously strove to effect this object, was the establishment of Jesuit missions for the conversion of the Indians. Among other missions so established was that in the far western Huron country, around which the Relations des Jesuites have cast such a halo of romance. The Father of New France did not live to gather much fruit from the crop which he had sown. His life of incessant fatigue at last proved too much even for his vigorous frame. After an illness which lasted for ten weeks, he died on Christmas Day, 1635, at the age of sixty-eight. His beautiful young wife, who had shared his exile for four years, returned to France. But few particulars have been preserved with reference to Madame de Champlain’s life. Her maiden name was Helen Boullé, and she was the sister of a friend and fellow-navigator of her husband’s. After her return to France she renounced the Protestant faith, and became a devout Roman Catholic. Having resolved upon adopting a conventual life, she became an Ursuline nun, under the name of Mother Helen de St. Augustine. She founded a convent at Meaux, in which she immured herself during the remainder of her life. She survived her husband nearly nineteen years, and died on the 20th of December, 1654, at the age of fifty-six. There was no issue of the marriage, and the patrimony descended to a cousin of the founder of New France. Champlain’s body was interred in the vaults of a little Recollet Church in the Lower Town, Quebec city. This church was subsequently burned to the ground, and its very site was not certainly known until recent times. In the year 1867, some workmen were employed in laying water-pipes beneath the flight of stairs called “Breakneck Steps,” leading from Mountain Hill to Little Champlain street. Under a grating at the foot of the steps, they discovered the vaults of the old Recollet Church, with the remains of the Father of New France enclosed.

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[7] The Senecas were one of the Five Nations, composing the redoubtable Iroquois Confederacy. The Tuscaroras joined the League in 1715, and it is subsequently known in history as the “Six Nations.”

[8] In this year, Eustache, son of Abraham and Margaret Martin, the first child of European parentage born in Canada, was born at Quebec.

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