The War with Mexico, Volume 2 (of 2) (part 3 of 4)

The War with Mexico, Volume 2 (of 2) (part 3 of 4)

30.18. The first Tabasco expedition. (Perry) =46=Perry, Aug. 15, 17; =165=Conner to P., Oct. 6; Conner, Home Squadron, 12-3. =162=Conner, Oct. 30. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1165-70 (Perry's report, etc.). Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 632-9. Diario, Nov. 7, 1846 (Traconis' reports, etc.). =47=Perry to Mason, Nov. 16. Taylor, Broad Pennant, 316. =76=Gov. of Chiapas, Oct. 27. =60=Champlen to Polk, Dec. 4. Semmes, Service, 89. Conner, Home Squadron, 9. Information given to the author by a Mexican civil engineer residing in Tabasco. Apuntes, 389-90. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. Aldrich, Marine Corps, 97. Ho. 4; 29, 2, p. 639. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 381. Parker, Recolls., 73-4. =76=Traconis, Nov. 16. Temístocles, Dec. 31. =76=Santalo's testimony, Nov. 2. =76=Comte. gen. Tab, Apr. 6. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 950. =166=List of vessels captured. =166=Perry to Conner, Nov. 11. =166=Merchants to Perry, Oct. 26. =76=Traconis, proclam., Aug. 12. =13=Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. Meade, Letters, i, 169.

As Perry was assigned to the Mississippi on Oct. 6, and commanded this important expedition so soon afterward, it has been supposed incorrectly that virtually, if not formally, the squadron was divided. The hope of the United States at the beginning of the war had been that Tabasco would be neutral. The orders were not to disturb it in that case (=49=Bancroft to Conner, May 19). Perry's expedition was followed in Nov. by a revolution in Tabasco based ostensibly on the failure of the Mexican government to protect the state; but really the outbreak was due to local rivalries, and probably it caused the national government no material annoyance (=76=Alcorta, Jan. 4, 1848; México á través, iv, 599; =13=Bankhead, no. 186, 1846; =76=Acta of garrison, Nov. 19, 1846; Wash. Union, Jan. 18, 1847). Frontera was a valuable point, for the Americans could obtain water and cattle there and hinder illicit commerce. The Tabasco River is now called usually the Grijalva.

30.19. For the Tampico and Pánuco expeditions: vol. i, pp. 279, 281. =162=Mason to Conner, Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175 (Conner), 1176 (Perry). Semmes, Service, 90. Bennett, Steam Navy, 93. =47=Conner, Dec. 17. =166=Perry to C., Dec. 27; to Benham, Dec. 23; to Sands and Parker, Dec. 21. =166=Benham to Perry, Dec. 22. =166=Parker to Perry, Dec. 22. =166=Conner to Hunt, Feb. 8, 1847. =166=Sands to Conner, Feb. 20. =13=Giffard, Jan. 31, 1847. The expedition set out on Dec. 17.

Many of the people of Tabasco supposed, when Perry arrived off Frontera in Dec., that he was going to S. Juan Bautista to avenge his "defeat"; and as he did not, they presumably felt more haughty than ever (Temístocles, Dec. 31).

30.20. Niles, Oct. 31, 1846, p. 132. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 775. (Bancroft) Mason to Conner, Oct. 26. Soley, Porter, 59. Farragut, Farragut, 158, 197. United Service, Feb., 1897 (Conner). México á través, iv, 419. Scott, Mems., ii, 422. N. Y. Eve. Post, June 10. =165=Conner to Bancroft, June 11 (impregnable if properly equipped and manned). Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec, 1846. Wash. Union, June 17. Diccionario Universal (Ulúa). Journal des Débats, Aug. 11, 1838. =162=Morris to Conner, June 10, 24; Oct. 24, 1846. See chap. xviii, p. 349, and note 18.2.

Oct. 3, 1846, the garrison were in a state of mutiny because hungry (=76=Morales, Oct. 4; S. Anna, Oct. 14), but the Americans did not know this. Conner suggested that he be given a landing brigade, so that he could make a combined land and water attack (Conner, S. Juan de Ulloa, 15). During the siege of Vera Cruz Perry planned to bombard the fortress and attack it with boats on a dark night in conjunction with the land forces (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1191). Many original documents bearing on the construction of Ulúa could be cited, but they would have only an antiquarian interest. David D. Porter and David G. Farragut are the men referred to. The eagerness of certain young officers led to some enterprises that were not altogether felicitous. Contrary to orders Lieut. Parker burned the Creole (Criolla), the last scrap of Mexican commerce, under the guns of Ulúa at night: but this injured Hargous, the American merchant, who owned or had chartered her (=374=Semmes to Conner, Nov. 28; Dec. 6, 1846; =374=Parker to Semmes, Nov. 27). It has been said that this ended a secret correspondence by which Conner obtained valuable information (Conner, Home Squadron, 7), but circumstances had probably put a stop to that about six weeks before (=166=Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 17). A plan was laid to blow up a Mexican powder magazine near V. Cruz, but this resulted in the capture of Passed Midshipman R. C. Rogers and another man (=162=Semmes to Perry, Dec. 6, 1846; =162=Wright to Semmes, Dec. 6; Semmes, Service, 91). For the capture of Vera Cruz and Ulúa see chap. xxii.

30.21. =162=Conner, Sept. 30, 1846. =374=Perry to C., Nov. 24. =162=Morris to C., Oct. 24. Picayune, Jan. 6, 1847. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 603-4. Griffis, Perry, 210-1, 221. =108=Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24; Apr. 27, 1847. Parker, Recolls., 92. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 945 (Mason, report). =163=Semmes to Conner, Sept. 29, 1850. =165=Conner to Perry, Mar. 20, 1847. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Apr. 6, 1847. Conner's reputation in the navy at the present day is that of a coward--one of the numberless instances of historical injustice.

30.22. Capture of Tuxpán. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1192-8, 1202 (Perry and others). Semmes, Service, 150-5. =76=Cos, Jan. 18; Apr. 4, 16, 29. Picayune, Jan. 2. Griffis, Perry, 241. =76=Soto, Aug. 31, 1846. =76=Cos to ayunt., Apr. 24. Parker, Recolls., 78, 106-7. =76=Proceeds. of Tuxpán ayunt., Apr. 22. Captain of the port, Apr. 26. American Star (Jalapa), May 2. Wash. Union, May 13, 17; June 4; Sept. 11. Soley, Porter, 72. Eagle (V. Cruz), Apr. 28. Jones, Tattnall, 64-5.

Perry's force, consisting of the steamers Mississippi, Spitfire (a vessel--similar to the Vixen--which had joined the squadron in November), Vixen and Scourge, the schooner-gunboats Reefer, Petrel and Bonita, the frigate Raritan (carrying 180 officers and men from the Potomac besides her own complement), the sloops Albany, John Adams, Decatur and Germantown, the bomb-vessels Vesuvius, Ætna and Hecla, and 300 officers and men from the ship-of-the-line Ohio, which stopped at Vera Cruz, on her way to the Pacific, to assist Scott, who were distributed on the Mississippi and smaller vessels, gathered first at Lobos Ids., where the forces were drilled about a day for the attack. Next, after having been separated by a norther, they met off the bar. The Mexicans were driven a short distance from the town, but further pursuit into the chaparral would have been vain. An expedition went some distance up the river from Tuxpán (Semmes, Service, 154). The city government had not wished Cos to defend the town, and hence he withdrew all his troops from town before the attack. Most of his troops soon scattered. The city would not help support them, but furnished the Americans with supplies cheerfully. At Perry's request steps were taken to maintain order. He now left the Albany and Reefer off the river, and sent the Hecla to blockade Soto la Marina, the Germantown to search the coast north of Lobos Ids., the Ætna to occupy Tabasco River, the Porpoise and the Vesuvius to hold Laguna. Besides the flotilla mentioned above he probably had under his command at this time the gunboats Falcon and Tampico (vol. ii, p. 338; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1182). For the loss of the Truxtun in Aug., 1846, which led to a great deal of discussion regarding the conduct of Carpender, her captain, see =162=Conner, Aug. 24; =47=Id., Aug 24; =47=Carpender to Conner, Aug. 24; Mason to Polk, Oct. 28, 1846; Semmes, Service, 82; N. Orl. Commerc. Bulletin, Sept. 8; Parker, Recolls., 78; Docs. in Conner papers; comte. gen. V. Cruz, Aug. 23 and docs.; Taylor, Broad Pennant, 260; Wash. Union, Sept. 12, 22; Nat. Intelligencer, Sept. 14.

30.23. (Small ports) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1204-8, 1223, 1228-9; =76=Buchanan to authorities of Tapantla, May 10, 1847. The main purposes of taking the small ports were to gather fresh provisions, exclude contraband trade, and obtain funds under the contributory tariff (chap. xxxiii). The usual terms required a renunciation of Mexican allegiance during the war, obedience to American orders, and the payment of all revenues to the United States.

An indefinite number of citations bearing upon the situation in Yucatan could be given, but the following are deemed sufficient. Bankhead, no. 11, 1846. Journal des Débats, Sept. 13, 1842. Constitutionnel, Nov. 2-3, 1846. Polk, Diary, Aug. 29, 1845; Feb. 27, 1847. Sen. 43; 30, 1. =49=Bancroft to Conner, May 19, 1846. =49=Mason to Id., Oct. 16, 1846; Feb. 25, 1847; to Perry, Mar. 17, 1847. Semmes, Service, 84. =335=Tinsley to Trist, Aug. 6, 1846. =335=Robira to Id., June 7, 1847. Sen. 40, 42, 43, 45, 49; 30, 1. Gaceta de Ciudad Victoria, Jan. 27, 1846. Picayune, Oct. 8, 1846; Jan. 12, 1847. México á través, iv, 599. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 382. Suárez y Navarro, Causas, 6-9. Richardson, Messages, iv, 581-3. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec, 1846. =76=Barbachano, procl., July 2, 1846. Temístocles, Dec. 27, 1846. =13=Pakenham, no. 33, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 256-7 (Walker). Wash. Union, Jan. 18, 1847. =366=Declar. of Mérida. =166=Perry to Conner, Dec. 27, 1846. =166=Conner to Sands, Feb. 8, 1847. =166=McFaul to ----, Nov. 12, 1847. Buchanan, Works, vii, 222. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1175-6 (Conner), 1204 (Perry). =165=Gen. orders, Dec. 15, 1846. (May cruise) =47=Perry, Dec. 27, 1846; Sept. 21, 1847. =47=Conner, Dec. 29. May 15 Laguna port was opened to commerce; May 18 Frontera.

30.24. Second Tabasco expedition. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1207-23, 28-32 (Perry and officers). =47=Perry, June 25. =47=Correspondence of Perry and Bigelow, July 18-23. Bennett, Steam Navy, 97. Negrete, Invasión, iii, 153-6. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 526-8. =76=Correspondence of Bigelow and Echagaray, July 1, 2; letters of E., May 31; June 9, 18, 23; July 5. México á través, iv, 703. (Later) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1233-6 (Perry); =47=Perry, Aug. 16.

On the way to S. J. Bautista Perry had six men wounded. Many fell from exhaustion. June 30 on an expedition to Tamulté, about three miles out, three were killed and eight wounded. The Mexican leaders were Bvt. Gen. Domingo Echagaray and three Maldonado brothers.

Aug. 16, 1847, the squadron was disposed as follows: (Raritan and Albany had gone home); Mississippi, Pensacola; sloop Germantown, Antón Lizardo, preparing to distribute supplies; sloop Decatur, blockading Tuxpán; sloop Saratoga, V. Cruz, maintaining connection with the army and watching the police; sloop John Adams, expected from Tuxpán probably to join bomb-vessel Stromboli in Goatzacoalcos River; gunboats Reefer and Petrel at Tampico; gunboat Falcon at Alvarado; steamer Scourge, bomb-vessel Ætna, gunboat Bonita at Frontera; bomb-vessel Vesuvius, gunboat Mahonese at Laguna; steamers Vixen and Scorpion in reserve; steamers Spitfire and Petrita laid up with injured engines; bomb-vessel Hecla ashore on Alvarado bar. Aug. 18, 1847, Perry ordered that all merchant vessels should be visited on their arrival in port to detect irregularities (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 788).

30.25. For the share of the navy in the conquest of California see chap. xvii. (Impossible) =13=P. J. Blake of Juno, Apr. 10, 1848; =53=Pakenham to Buchanan, Dec. 14, 1846; =13=Id., no. 57, 1846. (Proclam. and orders) Ho. 4; 29, 2, pp. 670, 673-4. Du Pont, Official Despatches, 9. (Cancelled, etc.) =53=Pakenham to Buchanan, Dec. 14; =12=Walker to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; =132=Howland & Aspinwall to Buchanan, Sept. 22, 1847; =13=Pakenham, no. 139, 1846; Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 1303 (Mason); =48=Mason to Biddle, Mar. 30, 1847; =48=Orders, Dec. 24, 1846; =247=Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847. =47=Stockton to Du Pont and to Hull, Aug. 20, 1846. =47=Id., reports, Aug. 22; Nov. 23. =47=Hull to Stockton, Sept. 12. =47=Du Pont to Stockton, Oct. 12. =76=Peinbert to ----, res., undated. Calif. Star, i, no. 9. (Guaymas) Du Pont, Official Despatches, 13; =47=Correspondence of Du Pont, Spanish vice consul, and Campusano; Sonorense, Oct. 9; =76=comte. gen. of Sinaloa, Nov. 11; =76=gov. Sonora, Oct. 16; =76=Campusano, Oct. 5; Cyane, journal; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888, p. 539 (Rowan). (Mazatlán) =171=Cyane, journal and abstract of journal; =47=Du Pont to Stockton, Dec. 1; Id., Official Despatches, 19; =12=Walker to Seymour, Mar. 26, 1847; =76=Téllez to Bustamante, Feb. 17, 1847; =13=A. Forbes, Apr. 17, 1847; =13=Bankhead, no. 9, 1847. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 378-80. Sen. 1; 30, 1, 948. Balbontín, Estado, 19. Memoria de ... Guerra, Dec., 1846. (Spring) =120=Shubrick to Biddle, May 4, 1847; =120=list of captures. Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 82-100. =76=Letter from Mazatlán, May 5; =247=Biddle to Larkin, Mar. 6, 1847. =47=Shubrick, May 31; June 1; Aug. 11, 1847. (Monopoly) =12=Seymour, Dec. 26, 1846, no. 70. (After May) =61=R. B. Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, 1848; =47=Shubrick, May 31, 1847. Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit., xxxii, 249.

Stockton intended to cruise for the protection of our whalers, etc., and also to invade Mexico by way of Acapulco (vol. i, p. 338); but affairs in California prevented. The Malek Adel was bravely cut out at Mazatlán, Sept. 7, 1846, under the Mexican guns. Guaymas was cannonaded because the Mexicans refused to give up two gunboats, preferring to burn them. As there were two harbors at Mazatlán, a single vessel could not blockade the port satisfactorily. In the spring of 1847 Shubrick was ordered to blockade both Mazatlán and Guaymas, but for this reason he kept both the Independence and the Cyane at Mazatlán. In Feb. and March, 1847, there might have been serious trouble between the British commander, Sir Baldwin Walker, and Captain Montgomery of the Portsmouth owing to conflicting orders and interests; but the former, having far the stronger force, knew he could afford to be considerate, and the latter treated British commerce so well that our government was thanked by England (=13=to Crampton, June 30, 1847; Sherman, Sloat, xxiv; and note particularly Journ. Milit. Serv. Institute, xxxii, 249-53). Shubrick was at Mazatlán in May, 1847, but left at the beginning of June. The Cyane remained a little longer. She and the Portsmouth anchored there, at the end of June, but both sailed away within two days. Biddle was ordered Jan. 6, 1846, to take command of the squadron, but did not receive the orders until Dec. 31 (at Lima). Mar. 2 he took command. His vessels then were the Columbus (74 guns) on which he arrived, Independence (razee, 54), frigates Congress (44) and Savannah (44), sloops Portsmouth (20), Levant (20), Cyane (20), Warren (20), Dale (16) and Preble (16), storeships Erie (8), Lexington (8) and Southampton (6), and the captured Malek Adel (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 948; =48=Bancroft to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846). The Savannah and Levant went home; and the Warren, on account of its condition, was assigned to guard duty (=120=Shubrick to Stockton, Mar. 1, 1847). The Ohio reached the squadron in the early part of 1848. Besides blockading, cruising for prizes, looking after the American whalers, and watching for possible privateers, long voyages were necessary to obtain provisions and instructions. The latter were usually very tardy and the commanders had to follow their own judgment in the main. Monterey, Calif., was in general the base of operations.

30.26. (Succeeded) =49=Bancroft to Shubrick, Aug. 21, 1846; =120=Shubrick to Biddle, Mar. 5; July 20, 1847; =47=Shubrick, July 21. (Notice) =47=Id., Aug. 11. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1072-5 (Shubrick). =76=Téllez, Nov. 4, 1847. (Guaymas) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1075-83 (Lavallette et al.), 1110 (Shubrick); Correo Nacional, Nov. 30; =13=Wooldridge, Nov. 18. (Mazatlán) Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 95; Lummis, Mex. of To-day, 150; Mofras, Explor., i, 173; Gaxiola, Invasión, 162.

Guaymas, a place of considerable importance, was summoned Oct. 19. The Mexican troops and people decamped, and the cannon were removed. Hence the cannonade did little harm. A civil official reported the evacuation to Lavallette of the Congress, who was there with the Portsmouth (Montgomery). As Campusano, who was believed to have 600-800 troops and 6-8 guns, remained in the vicinity and cut off water and provisions, the town was abandoned by its foreign residents also. American marines landed, but soon reëmbarked. Nov. 17 a landing party was ambushed in the town, and the Dale, then occupying the harbor, took part in the firing. One American was wounded. The harbor of Mazatlán was open to the worst winds.

30.27. The references to Téllez in =76= are almost innumerable. It seems enough to cite here: M. Gutiérrez, May 19, 1846; To J. I. Gutiérrez, May 13, 17; To Téllez, Aug. 18; J. I. Gutiérrez, May 9; also Gaxiola, Invasión, passim; Apuntes, 371-3; =13=Bankhead, no. 74, 1846; Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 99. See also chap. xvi, note 16.5. Téllez, who was a generous, careless person, arrived at Mazatlán at the head of an expedition bound for Upper California. During the year before the war the receipts from the customhouse were about $3,000,000. He pronounced May 7, 1846, in favor of federalism as an excuse for insubordination. In Jan., 1847, fearing the government might overpower him, he pronounced for Santa Anna as dictator. He pretended to be a loyal Mexican, and the government wavered between recognizing him as comandante general of Sinaloa and trying to crush him. Finally it decided on the latter course. Cut off from his financial resources by the Americans, he could not support his forces, and toward the end of Jan., 1848, he gave up. J. P. Anaya was then comte. gen. (Capture of Mazatlán, etc.) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1089-92, 1104, 1110, 1117; Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 144-5; Apuntes, 374-5; =76=Téllez, Nov. 10, 14, 15; =61=Shubrick to R. B. Mason, Dec. 6; =13=Wooldridge, Nov. 18; Gaxiola, Invasión, 163-6. The Erie had arrived at M. on Nov. 1.

(Nov. 20) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1105-8; Wise, op. cit., 150-7; =76=Téllez, Nov. 20; U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., 1888 (Rowan, p. 555); Apuntes, 376; =76=Horn, Nov. 15, 21; Gaxiola, Invasión, 186. A land party of 94 and a boat party of 62 set out from Mazatlán at about 1 A.M. The Mexicans, who were commanded by Lieut. Carlos Horn, a Swiss, ought to have been routed, but they had received notice of the expedition and were on the alert. The American land party fell partially into an ambuscade, and the boat party were misled. After some desultory fighting both sides retired. The Americans lost 1 killed and 21 wounded. The Mexican loss was probably somewhat larger.

Dec. 13 Americans routed a Mexican advanced party about twenty miles from the city, inflicting some loss and suffering none (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1083-4; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1121). The Mexican blockade was evaded easily by bribery.

(Fortifications) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1120 (Halleck), 1131 (Shubrick); =76=J. P. Anaya, Mar. 11, 1848. (Safe) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1083 (Shubrick).

(S. Blas) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1084 (Shubrick); comte. gen. of Jalisco, Jan. 11; Feb. 22, 1848; Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1127 (Bailey), 1128 (Chatard). S. Blas was blockaded under a fresh notice issued Jan. 1, in consequence of the delay. (Manzanillo) Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129 (Shubrick); princ. comte., Colima, Jan. 18; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. 1, 29. Altata was blockaded Feb. 13 by a hired schooner, the Triton (=76=comte. gen. Sinaloa, Feb. 21). (Expeditions) Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1133-7, 1158-61; comte. gen. Jalisco, Feb. 1. Jan. 31 Shubrick reported that not one Mexican cannon was mounted on the coast except at Acapulco (Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1129). Early in Nov., 1847, T. A. C. Jones set out from the east to meet the Ohio at Valparaiso and succeed Shubrick.

30.28. The fort at Acapulco was now in a ruinous condition. The cannon were removed and (it was reported) sold by Juan Alvarez. Shubrick (=47=Aug. 11, 1847) said it was worse than useless to blockade Mazatlán without blockading S. Blas, because vessels unable to enter at M. would then enter at S. B. and pay duties to the Mexicans. He forcibly urged upon Scott and Col. Mason, commanding in California, the importance of providing troops (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1035; =61=Dec. 6, 1847), and Mason sent as far as Oregon for volunteers (Sherman, Memoirs, i, 38); but every effort to find men was in vain (=61=Mason, May 19, 1848). All that Mason could spare went to Lower California. With the men who were ashore Shubrick said he could have sealed up the west coast (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1084).

Mason to Stockton, Jan. 11, 1847. S. José was occupied Mar. 30; S. Lucas Apr. 3; La Paz Apr. 13. In August two companies of N. Y. volunteers under Lt. Col. Burton arrived on the ground. The passing of men and munitions from the mainland to the Peninsula was promptly cut off by our navy. The towns of Mulejé (opposite Guaymas) and Comandú, several hundred miles to the north of La Paz, were the centres of the opposition. Citizens of the former under Vicente Mejía and of the latter under J. M. Moreno, all commanded by Manuel Pineda, marched south with no little devotion. Pineda moved against La Paz (held by Burton); the other two leaders against S. José (held by Lieut. Heywood of the navy). The latter were repulsed without much difficulty, but only the arrival of the Cyane, Dec. 8, ended a series of small skirmishes at La Paz. In Jan. S. José had to undergo a more serious attack. By the twelfth our garrison (27 marines, 15 seamen, some 20 volunteers) found itself, after a desultory siege of about three weeks, in a critical situation; but on the fourteenth Du Pont arrived in the Cyane, and this ensured the defeat of the Mexicans on the following day. March 22 about 150 American troops, who had left Monterey Mar. 5, arrived at La Paz. Burton, having now about 270 men, assumed the offensive, and the skirmish of Mar. 30 at Todos Santos (without loss on the American side) ended the hostilities. The American casualties in all the skirmishing were insignificant. For the principal documents see Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 103-12, 1055-64, 1086-8, 1095-1102, 1110-2, 1117-8, 1122-7, 1129-31, 1137-55; Ho. 17; 31, 1; Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 293, 299, 488-504; Du Pont, Official Despatches, 23, 31, 35; =76=Pineda to comte. gen. Sonora, Oct. 3, 1847; =47=Shubrick, Dec. 4, 21; =76=Princ. comte. of Mulejé to V. Mejía, Oct. 3; =76=Pineda and Mejía, Oct. 3; =76=Relaciones to Guerra, Feb. 26, 1848. U. S. Naval Instit. Proceeds., xiv, pp. 304-25.

30.29. =13=Bankhead, no. 168, 1846. London Times, Jan. 30, 1847. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, nos. 441, 445, 1847. =163=Semmes to Conner, Sept. 29, 1850. Conner, Home Squadron, 3-4, 21. Bennett, Monitor, 40-1. =162=Matson to Conner, Mar. 28, 1847. =162=Mason to Id., Nov. 29, 1846, priv. and confid. Richardson, Messages, iv, 570-2. =13=Giffard to Bankhead, May 27, 1846. =166=Shubrick to Conner, Aug. 19, 1845, priv. Buchanan, Works, vii, 240-1, 290-2. =47=Conner, June 30, 1846.

Spain complained of us, but unjustly. Some thought inefficiency was shown by the number of American vessels lost (besides the Somers and the Truxtun, the Boston, the Hecla and the Neptune were wrecked, the Perry and the Cumberland were damaged, and some minor losses were suffered), but considering the character of the coast this opinion seems unfair. An important feature of the war was the demonstration of the superiority of steam vessels.

30.30. =76=Lavallette, proclam., Oct. 26, 1847. Apuntes, 375-9. Conner, Home Squadron, 14. Negrete, Invasión, iii, 139-46; app., 399. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1092 (articles), 1109, 1129-33 (Shubrick). =47=Letter to Shubrick, Dec. 23, 1847. =47=Lavallette, orders, 5, 6, 1847; 3, 5, 1848. Semmes, Service, 85-7. Gaxiola, Invasión, 166-81, 217, 223. Duties to the amount of $150,000 were collected. Conner reported, June 30, 1846, that the blockade had deprived Mexico of $500,000 in duties. This paragraph belongs logically in chap. xxxi, but is placed here to complete the subject.

XXXI. THE AMERICANS AS CONQUERORS

31.1. For the conduct of naval men see pp. 208-9 and note 30.30 of that chapter.

31.2. The American policy. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 155-8, 165-6, 284. Matamoros Flag, July 14, 1846. =60=Marcy to McElroy, May 19, 1846. Polk, Diary, May 19-20. Our proclamations had some effect upon the people, but probably not much. They were accustomed to meaningless promises.

31.3. Gen. Patterson once asserted that volunteers were no worse than regulars, but the evidence of other officers and of the Mexicans was overwhelmingly against him. Regulars committed offences, but these appear to have been commonly pilfering, and to have been chargeable mostly to fresh recruits. It is probable, however, that the volunteers often bore the blame for acts done by soldiers dishonorably discharged, deserters, teamsters and other civilian employees and by the many "black legs" and "human vultures" who followed the army. The great difficulty was to identify the culprits. Mexicans were often afraid to testify against our soldiers.

31.4. After Matamoros was captured, crowds of women and girls continued to bathe naked in the river. The same thing occurred elsewhere.

31.5. A Mexican wrote to Gen. Mejía that Taylor expressly refused to accept any responsibility for such men, and that he said the people might kill them.

31.6. The Matamoros district. =91=Ayuntamiento archives. Davis, Autobiog., 102. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 91, 105, 108-9, 147. =218=Hershaw narrative. Tilden, Notes, 21. Robertson, Remins., 71. Scott (=256= to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private) gave an appalling account of the outrages and added, "As far as I can learn, not one of the felons has been punished." =291=Cushing to Pierce, May 4, 1847. Smith, Chile con Carne, 292-4. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 22. Buhoup, Narrative, 50. Oswandel, Notes, 37, 49, 193. V. Cruz American Eagle, Apr. 10, 1847. =13=Giffard to Pakenham, May 28; to Bankhead, May 20; June 9. =13=Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. French, Two Wars, 58. =65=Taylor, gen. orders 62, May 17; 65, May 23; 94, Aug. 2. =65=Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. Picayune, Aug. 4, 25. New Orl. Commer. Bulletin, Sept. 22. =69=Cushing, order, Sept. 24, 1847. =69=Longoria, statement, Aug. 17. =60=Patterson to Bliss, Oct. 21. =60=Taylor to Hepburn et al., Nov. 2. Zirckel, Tagebuch, 45-6. Matamoros Reveille, June 24. Henry, Camp. Sketches, 118, 122, 124, 137. Giddings, Sketches, 89. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178. Niles, Aug. 1, 1846, p. 341; Sept. 12, p. 23. Davis, Recolls., 236. Spirit of the Times, July 4. Sedgwick, Corresp., i., 4-5. New London Morning News, Dec. 10. History Teacher's Mag., Apr., 1912 (Vieregg). =308=Shields to Walker, Aug. 3. Nat. Intelligencer, Dec. 23, 1846. =193=Foster to father, Aug. 14, 1846 (Matamoros a "complete sink of pollution"). =180=Pillow to wife, Sept. 6, 1846. =76=Mejía, June 20. =76=Spanish consul, Matamoros, June 7. =76=García to Parrodi June 20; Aug. 10. =76=Division of the North, Noticias, July 8. =76=Gaceta de Tamaulipas, July 16. =76=Parrodi, June 3. =76=Carroll to Faulac, Aug. 9.

31.7. In June, 1847, Taylor expressed the opinion that the Texan horse had scarcely made one expedition without committing murder, and asked that no more should be sent to him (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1178). Some of them committed outrages at Parras, where the Americans had been kindly treated, and Wool then ordered that Texan volunteers should not be sent on distant expeditions except under "extraordinary circumstances" (=69=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847).

31.8. E.g.: No soldier quartered outside the town (as nearly all were) could enter it without a pass signed by his captain and his colonel. Such passes were good for only one day, and only two could be issued the same day in the same company. Soldiers could use only a particular road and had to leave the city before the retreat was sounded (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 508). Besides punishing offences, our commanders endeavored, first of all, to prevent the sale of liquor; secondly, to shut out gamblers and other undesirable followers of the army; and, thirdly, to inculcate a sense of humanity and a regard for the rights of the people. In April, 1847, well-to-do refugees were ordered to return to Monterey under the threat of occupying their houses, for while absent they were beyond the reach of American taxes and were encouraging guerillas (=97=Monterey judge, Apr. 14, 1847). A similar policy was followed elsewhere.

31.9. American officers were not, however, flabby in protecting the lives of their men, and sometimes the authorities or the people of a place where one of these fell a victim to Mexican hate were held responsible until the culprit was discovered (e.g., =61=Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848). Such wholesale justice was often the only possible kind, and there is ample evidence that even the cruel retaliation practised by our soldiers had good effects.

31.10. The Monterey district. Meade, Letters, i., 108, 130, 147, 161. =218=Henshaw narrative. Picayune, Jan. 27, 1847. =212=Hastings, diary, May 28, 1847. Giddings, Sketches, 221, 325. Buhoup, Narrative, 108. Thorpe, Our Army at Monterey, 120. =144=Cassidy, recoils. Anon, diary. =97=Ayunt., Saltillo, Apr. 14, 1847. =93=Ayunt., Monterey, Oct. 8, 1846; May 18, 1847. Durango Registro Oficial, Oct. 15, 1846. Epoca, Oct. 17. London Times, June 15, 1847. =221=Hill, diary. =280=Nunelee, diary. =303=Orders 149, Dec. 3, 1846. Everett, Recolls., 216-9. =13=Giffard to Bankhead, May 20, 1846. =13=Bankhead, no. 118, 1846. Diario, Oct. 9, 24; Nov. 2. Monitor Repub., Oct. 18, 28; Nov. 20. Washington Union, Dec. 29. National Intelligencer, Sept. 10; Nov. 11; Dec. 7, 23. Metropol. Mag., Dec., 1907 (Hamilton). Henry, Camp. Sketches, 222-5. Smith, To Mexico, 85, 89. =61=Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. =65=Wool, orders 67, Feb. 26, 1848. =65=Taylor, gen. orders, 126, Oct. 5, 1846; 149, Dec. 2. =65=Patterson, orders, Sept. 29; Oct. 14. =65=Wool, orders 7, 15, 25, 31, 64, 66-7, 94, 112, Jan.-Mar., 1848. =65=Taylor, special orders 114, Sept., 1847. =65=Wool, special orders 147, 156, Dec., 1847. =61=Wool to Hamtramck, Dec. 18, 1847. =61=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 10, 1847; to Butler, Mar. 2, 1848. =61=Wool to Pleasanton, Jan. 15, 1848. =307=Roberts, diary, Nov. 28; Dec 5, 1846. Delta, Aug. 15, 1847. =147=Chamberlain, diary. Apuntes, 65. Gaceta Extraordinaria, Victoria, Aug. 17, 1846. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 281. =69=Morales to Taylor, Sept. 29; Oct. 6. =65=Worth, orders, Oct. 8. =69=Id. to Bliss, Sept. 27; Oct. 5. =61=Id., endorsement on statement of Gaines. =61=Taylor, June 4, 1847. =61=Wool to Jones, May 9, 1848. J. Davis in Cong. Globe, 37, 1, app., p. 1034. =93=Mitchell, proclam., Apr. 6, 1847. =93=Tibbatts, orders, Sept. 8, 1847. Republicano, Apr. 14, 1847. Carpenter, Travels, 13, 29, 30. =52=Dimond, no. 341, May 24, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 430-1, 1125, 1138, 1178 (Taylor); 508, 512-3, orders 126, 146, 149; 533, spec. orders 113. Niles, Nov. 14, 1846, p. 165; Nov. 21, p. 180; Apr. 10, 1847, p. 89; Oct. 23, p. 115. =370=Taylor to Louisville Legion, Dec. 1, 1846. Hist. Mag., May, 1870 (Deas). Sen. 32; 31, 1, p. 43. =214=Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. Observador Zacatecano, Dec. 27, 1846, supplement. =76=González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. =76=Garcia to Parrodi, Aug. 10, 1846. =76=Ampudia, Oct. 4, 1846. =76=J. F. Rada, Oct. 17. =76=Letter from Cadereita, Apr. 5, 1847. =76=Many others.

By the end of the war desolation marked the route from the Rio Grande to Saltillo except at the sizable towns. To the credit of the volunteers it should be added that on Mar. 9, 1847, two priests and other citizens of Monterey presented a =93=petition to Taylor to let the Kentucky regiment garrison the city, not only because those soldiers were accustomed to it, but because their "well known morality and good conduct" inspired "security and confidence."

31.11. Some of the orders were: Strangers now here and Mexicans arriving must report for examination, no Mexican may have arms or leave town without permission, all Mexicans conducting themselves properly are entitled to civil and kind treatment as well as protection, and the troops must not molest them under pain of severe punishment (Jan. 25, 1847); All officers are to see that soldiers annoying the Mexicans are punished (Feb. 1); Not only officers but men are to arrest any soldier maltreating a Mexican (Feb. 12); Gambling-houses and drinking-houses must be broken up, no one may stay in town who would countenance such things, "improper intruders" will not be tolerated, and quiet must be maintained (March 16); Officers in town without my express permission must return to the camp at Buena Vista (June 6); No one may reside at Saltillo, if able to work, without some honest vocation, a tariff of prices will be issued from time to time, public exhibitions and dances without permission are prohibited, Mexican houses may not be taken for private uses without the consent of the owners (July 9). Some of these orders were merely repetitions of orders previously given. The policy was to have no more troops in town than were needed to guard property, etc. To prevent serious outrages, soldiers were forbidden to leave the camp at Buena Vista armed (=65=Aug. 10, 1847); and this was the rule elsewhere.

31.12. The Saltillo district. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i., 299. =300=Prickett, letters. =97=Ayuntamiento archives. =97=Jefe político to ayunt., Nov. 30, 1846. =34=Stokes to Graham, Aug. 8, 1847. Perry, Indiana, 138, 142. =61=Paine to Porterfield, Jan. 24, 1848. =69=Worth to E. González, Dec. 16, 17, 1846. =65=Wool, orders 202, 209, 219, 245, etc., Jan.-Mar., 1847. =65=Id., orders 275, 286, 308, 315, 341, 350, 394, 455, May-Sept., 1847. =65=Id., orders 138, Dec. 14, 1847. =61=McDowell to Hamtramck, Dec. 28, 1847. Picayune, June 1; July 2, 1847. =65=Worth, orders, Nov. 16, 19, 23. =97=Id., proclam., Nov. 19. =69=Id. to Saltillo officials, Nov. 17, 23. =69=Gov. Saltillo, order, Jan. 11, 1848. Correo Nacional, Mar. 3, 1848. =348=Pattridge to Miss W., Aug. 25, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1111, 1125 (Taylor). Littell, no. 165, p. 88 (Saltillo, May 11, 1847). =364=Worth to daughter, Jan. 4, 1847. Monitor Repub., Mar. 29, 1847. Arnold, Jackson, 87-90. And from =76= the following and many more. González to Worth, Nov. 30; reply, Dec. 2. Relaciones, Feb. 1, 1848. González to S. Anna, Nov. 21, 1846. Orders of Worth, Nov. 16, 19, 22, 23, 1846. González, protest, Nov. 22, 1846. Worth to González, Nov. 28; Dec. 17, 1846. S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847 (with docs. from González). Worth to ----, Nov. 17, 1846. Hunten to González, Mar. 29, 1847. Filisola, Aug. 10, 1847. Avalos, Aug. 5, 1847.

31.13. It was left for a regular to show the benefit of discipline, for he visited a suburban village, terrorized some 250 able-bodied Mexicans, and went calmly from house to house collecting blackmail.

31.14. The Tampico district. =99=Ayuntamiento archives. =146=Caswell, diary, Apr. 1, 1847. Eco, Dec. 9, 1846. =99=Shields to ayunt., Dec. 28, 1846; Jan. 2, 1847. =13=Consul Glass, Aug. 21, 1847. =69=Gates, orders 17, 26, 28, 35, Mar.-Apr., 1847. =159=Collins, diary (introduction). =65=Gates, orders 30, 48, 49; special orders 7, 10, 30, 41. Picayune, Jan. 2, 8; Feb. 18; Mar. 19. =69=Shields, orders 3, Dec. 22, 1846; to Bliss, Jan. 13, 1847. =61=J. L. Gardner, Nov. 23, 1846. =61=Gates, Dec. 4, 1846. =61=Id., orders, Sept: 18, 1847. =61=Shields, orders, Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. =61=Id., Dec. 23, 1846; Jan. 19, 1847. =75=Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 12, 24, 37, 39, 40, 46-7. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276-81. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. =76=I. Múñoz, Nov. 26, 1846, =76=R. M. Núñez, Jan. 25, 1847. =76=Testimony of Mateo Dorante. =76=F. de Garay, Jan. 22, 1847. =76=Docs. sent by Garay. =76=A. González to Urrea, Feb. 1, 1847. =76=Many others.

31.15. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 333-6 (Marcy). =224=Hitchcock, diary, Mar. 26, 1846. =52=W. S. Parrott, Oct. 4, 1845. =52=Slidell, no. 3, Dec. 17, 1845. =61=Taylor, no. 10, Feb. 7, 1846. =61=Carbajal to Taylor, Feb. 6, 1846. =61=Id., memo., Feb. 6. =61=Canales to Taylor, Jan. 29, 1846. =61=[Mesa to Taylor], statement. Monitor Repub., June 14, 1846. =93=Ayunt. to gov. N. León, Dec. 31, 1846. London Times, June 15, 1847. Picayune, Aug. 11, 1846. Ampudia, Manifiesto, 1847. Henshaw narrative. =69=Unsigned statement. =285=Mejía to Paredes, July 20, 1846. =52=Butler, Aug. 1, 1832. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 46-7. Niles, Nov. 21, 1846, p. 180. =76=Comte. gen. Nuevo León, broadside, Aug. 12, 1846. =76=Ampudia, Sept. 9, 1846. =76=Mora y Villamil, Apr. 19, 1847, res. =76=Many others.

The number of citations could be multiplied, and the author may write an article or brief monograph on the subject.

31.16. July 7, 1847, the veteran ex-editor of the Washington Globe said in a =345=letter: My son [Frank P. Blair, who had been U. S. district attorney of the province] "represents the state of things in New Mexico as horrible. It seems that even respectable men at home, have become so depraved by the license of the region they are in, that they stick at no enormity whatever." A little later the most concise report from Santa Fe ran thus, "All is hubbub and confusion here, discharged volunteers are leaving, drunk, and volunteers not discharged are remaining drunk" (Niles, Nov. 6, 1847, p. 155).

31.17. Here, as in California, military rule was softened by having a subordinate civil administration. The reader will understand, of course, that not everything was bad. In the scanty space that can be given to the subject here it is necessary to speak in broad terms.

31.18. New Mexico. Nat. Intelligencer, Dec. 8, 1846; Apr. 1; May 13; Aug. 11, 1847. Wash. Union, Mar. 18; Apr. 21, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 22, 1847. Prince, Concise History, 182-6. =13=Doyle, no. 29, Mar. 14, 1848. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 58-9. =52=Alvarez, Sept. 4, 1846. =63=Marcy to Kearny, May 10, 1847. =61=Kearny order, Sept. 22, 1846. =61=Grier, Feb. 15, 1847. =61=Newby, Sept. 18; Oct. 8, 1847. =61=Price, Feb. 26; Aug. 14, 1847. =60=Marcy to Price, Mar. 30, 1847; to Edwards, Mar. 25, 1847. =61=Ingalls, Feb. 16, 1847. =61=Fischer, Feb. 16, 1847. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 431. =61=Broadside, Feb. 15, 1847. =68=Court-martial, Feb. 4, 1848 (S. Fe). =69=Vigil, Mar. 26, 1847. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 183-6. Inman, Old S. Fe Trail, 113-40. =345=Blair to Van Buren July 7, 1847. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 445, 1847. Anzeiger des Westens, Sept. 24, 26; Nov. 16, 1846; June 21, 1847 (Kribben). =243=Kribben, letters. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 172, 174-7 (Kearny). Ho. Report 52; 37, 3. Niles, Apr. 24, 1847, pp. 119, 121; June 19, p. 252; Aug. 14, p. 375; Nov. 6, p. 155. N. Y. Courier and Enquirer, Aug. 13, 1847. Ho. 5; 31, 1, p. 104. Report of Conner, Indian Affairs, 1858, p. 188. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 11, 13, 17, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, etc. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 520, 524, 531-5, 545. =256=Polk to Marcy, June 2, 1846. =201=Gibson, diary. Picayune, Mar. 5, 1847. Ho. 41; 30, 1, pp. 498, 511-2, 551. Richardson, Messages, iv, 507, 594, 639. Wash. Union, Oct. 3; Nov. 25, 1846. Parkman, Calif, and Ore. Trail, 416-20. Elliott, Notes, 233, 247. =224=Santa Fe letter (printed). Sen. 23; 30, 1 (Abert). Ruxton, Adventures (1847 ed.), 185, 189. Benton, View, ii, 683. =61=Price, Sept. 18, 1847. =212=Hastings, diary. Cooke, Conquest, 39, 41, 50. =239=Mead to Kemper, July 26, 1841. Hughes, Doniphan's Expedition, 131. =61=Wooster, Sept. 25, 1846. Sen. 7; 30, 1 (Emory). Ho. 24; 31, 1. Price, portrait (Mo. Hist. Soc.). =61=Id. to delegates; to adj. gen., Feb. 6, 1848. =65=Id., orders 10, Feb. 5. =61=Prince to Vigil, Dec. 21, 1847. Numerous documents relating to the subject may be found among the Vigil papers (N. Mex. Hist. Soc.). Cutts, Conquest, 217-35, 240-3. =76=Varela, Sept. 6, 1847. =76=Chávez to Armijo, Aug. 24, 1847. =76=Ugarte to Filisola, July 2, 1847. =76=Bent, proclam., Jan. 2, 1847. =76=Many others. The American loss in fighting the insurgents was 8 killed, 52 wounded.

Chihuahua was merely an addendum to Santa Fe. The people seemed to regard our troops "as a race of devils and with just reason," wrote a soldier in his diary. Once two Americans, fighting in their cups, tore each other's clothes off and went stark naked through the streets. Of course property suffered. The women, however, in spite of husbands, fiancés and priests, were devoted to the Americans, and when the time for evacuation came some followed their lovers for leagues, and a few even for days. For the state of things in Chihuahua: Sen. Misc. 26; 30, 1. The Anglo-Saxon, (Chihuahua), no. 1. Bustamante, Nuevo Bernal, ii, 110. Ho. Report 404; 30, 1, pp. 6, 13. Rondé, Voyage, 136, 138-9. =212=Hastings, diary. =201=Gibson, diary. Anzeiger des Westens, June 21, 1847 (Kribben). Republicano, April 10, 1847.

31.19. Kearny claimed the right to govern, but Stockton and Frémont insisted that his instructions to take possession of California and establish a civil government there had been made obsolete by events. Kearny perforce accepted the situation for a time, and with his dragoons went north at the end of January. The friction between him and Frémont was acute. Finally, when both were on their way east, Kearny had Frémont arrested. On charges--essentially insubordination--preferred by the General, Frémont was tried by a court-martial and sentenced to be dismissed from the army (=65=adj. gen., orders, Feb. 17, 1848). Polk remitted the sentence, but Frémont resigned. This controversy having been merely incidental to the war, more space cannot be given to it; but, as the opinion of the author may be desired, he will say, after reviewing all the documents of the case, that he thinks Frémont was a provokingly unprincipled and successful schemer, and that Kearny showed himself grasping, jealous, domineering and harsh.

31.20. The Mormons were free July 16, 1847, and but one company could be recruited from the battalion. This served till March 14, 1848. A part of the New York regiment was sent to Lower California (chap. xxx, note 28, and the gold-diggings led some to desert. February 1, 1848, Mason had only 621 effectives (=61=Mason to adj. gen., Feb. 1, 1848).

31.21. California. (This note, as written, included nearly two hundred items; but, as the subject concerns the history of the Mexican War only incidentally, it has been condensed.) Reports from military and naval officers in the adjutant general's office and the navy (squadron and captains' letters) archives. =323-5=Stevenson, letter book, gen. order book, regtal. ord. book. Colton, Three Years, 24, 32, 155, 172, 175. Cooke, Conquest, 45, etc. Ho. 70; 30, 1, pp. 28, etc. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 160, 229, 242, 245-6. Benton, View, ii, 715, 718. Clark, First Regt., 12, etc. =316=Sherman papers. Sen. 1; 29, 2, pp. 49-50, 65. Calif. Star, Mar. 6, 1847. London Times, Aug. 13-4, 1846. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 55-7, 947. Sherman Letters, 39. Wise, Gringos, 47, etc. Hughes, Doniphan's Exped., 204-30, 244-8. =256=Marcy papers. =247=Larkin papers. Bancroft, Pacific States, xii, 478; xvii, 417, etc. =4=Amador, Memorias, 172. =122=Bidwell, California, 180. =210=Hammond papers. Annals Amer. Acad., xii, 70-1 (R. D. Hunt). =349=Watterston papers. =120=Biddle papers. Cutts, Conquest, 65, 71, 123, 164, 248. Wash. Union, Sept. 30; Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. Journ. of Commerce, Dec. 30, 1846. Diario, Oct. 16, 1846. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 604 (Benton). Annals of the Am. Acad., xii, 71 (Hunt). Nat. Intelligencer, Sept. 22, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 332. =132=Buchanan papers. Hall, S. José, 154-6. Sherman, Home Letters, 96, 113. Id., Mems., i, 29, 34, 56. Niles, Aug. 29, p. 416; Sept. 12, 1846, p. 20; Oct. 23, 1847, p. 115. Sen. 33; 30, 1. Ho. Rep., 817; 30, 1. Sen. 439; 29, 1. Ho. 17; 31, 1. Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 47, 51, 53, etc., 1037, 1069. Revere, Tour, 78. Sen. 7; 30, 1. Sen. Rep. 75; 30, 1, pp. 14-5. Sen. 31; 30, 2, pp. 23, 28-30. Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 398-401. Tuthill, Calif., 208-13. Schafer, Pacific Slope, 269. Porter, Kearny, 31. Willey, Trans. Period, 66, 70. Royce, Calif., 197. =120=Cits. to Biddle, Mar. 2, 1847. Tyler, Concise Hist., 202-52, 277, 288. Stockton, Life, 158. =372=Hyde, statement. =70="Californias" (see Richman, California, for many of the most important). =76=Pérez, Oct. 22. =76=Comadurán to comte. gen. Sonora, Nov. 14; to Cooke, Dec. 16. =76=Id., Nov. 21; Dec. 17. =76=Cooke to Gándera, Dec. 18. =76=Cuesta, Dec. 30, 1846; July 23, 1847. =76=Estado, Tucson, Dec. 3, 1846. =76=Limón to Cooke, [Dec. 16]; reply, [Dec. 16]. =76=Cuesta to mil. comte. Arispe, Dec. 18. =76=Vanguard section, estado, Dec. 23; etc.

For the Mormons see vol. i, p. 290. P. St. G. Cooke, acting as It. col., led the Mormon battalion from Santa Fe, New Mex., to California.

31.22. "Head Quarters of the Army, Tampico, February 19, 1847. General Orders, no. 20. 1. It may well be apprehended that many grave offences not provided for in the act of Congress 'establishing rules and articles for the government of the armies of the United States,' approved April 10, 1806, may be again committed--by, or upon, individuals of those armies, in Mexico, pending the existing war between the two Republics. Allusion is here made to atrocities, any one of which, if committed within the United States or their organized territories, would, of course, be tried and severely punished by the ordinary or civil courts of the land. 2. Assassinations; murder; malicious stabbing or maiming; rape; malicious assault and battery; robbery; theft; the wanton desecration of churches, cemeteries or other religious edifices and fixtures, and the destruction, except by order of a superior officer, of public or private property, are such offences. 3. The good of the service, the honor of the United States and the interests of humanity, imperiously demand that every crime, enumerated above, should be severely punished. (Paragraphs 4-6 demonstrate the necessity of a code supplemental to the rules and articles of war.) 7. That unwritten code is Martial Law, as an addition to the written military code, prescribed by Congress in the rules and articles of war, and which unwritten code, all armies, in hostile countries, are forced to adopt--not only for their own safety, but for the protection of the unoffending inhabitants and their property, about the theaters of] military operations, against injuries contrary to the laws of war. 8. From the same supreme necessity, martial law is hereby declared, as a supplemental code in, and about, all camps, posts and hospitals which may be occupied by any part of the forces of the United States, in Mexico, and in, and about, all columns, escorts, convoys, guards and detachments, of the said forces, while engaged in prosecuting the existing war in, and against the said republic. 9. Accordingly, every crime, enumerated in paragraph No. 2, above, whether committed--1. By any inhabitant of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, upon the person or property of any individual of the United States' forces, retainer or follower of the same; 2. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person or property of any inhabitant of Mexico, sojourner or traveller therein, or 3. By any individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same, upon the person or property of any other individual of the said forces, retainer or follower of the same--shall be duly tried and punished under the said supplemental code. 10. For this purpose it is ordered, that all offenders, in the matters aforesaid, shall be promptly seized and confined, and reported, for trial, before Military Commissions to be duly appointed as follows: 11. Every military commission, under this order, will be appointed, governed and limited, as prescribed by the 65th, 66th, 67th, and 97th, of the said rules and articles of war, and the proceedings of such commissions will be duly recorded, in writing, reviewed, revised, disapproved or approved, and the sentences executed--all, as in the cases of the proceedings and sentences of courts-martial; provided, that no military commission shall try any case clearly cognizable by any court-martial, and provided also that no sentence of a military commission shall be put in execution against any individual, whatsoever, which may not be, according to the nature and degree of the offence, as established by evidence, in conformity with known punishments, in like cases, in some one of the States of the United States of America. 12. This order will be read at the head of every Company serving in Mexico." This order helps to explain the later improvement at the north which we have noted.

31.23. The ordinary safeguard ran thus: "By authority of ... The person, the property, and the family of ... [or such a college, mill, etc., and the persons and things belonging to it] are placed under the safeguard of the United States. To offer any violence or injury to them is expressly forbidden; on the contrary, it is ordered that safety and protection be given to him, or them, in case of need." Safeguards were given to towns also. The following is a specimen: "Safeguard. Office of the Civil & Military Governor, Puebla, 22nd January, 1848. Whereas the Municipality of the town of San Martin, on the main road to Mexico, has presented a Solicitation to this Government with regard to certain permissions and protection this Safeguard is given to said Municipality in the following terms.--1. The authorities and inhabitants of San Martin, their families and private property are placed under the protection of the United States forces, as long as they remain quiet, neutral and peaceable and will therefore be left unmolested and not interfered with by the troops and followers of the United States army. On the contrary their civil authorities will be respected, and protection and assistance will be given to them such as they should need or claim.--2. All honorable and peaceable inhabitants guaranteed to be such by the Municipality have permission to carry arms for the defence of the community, their persons and their property against robbers.--3. They are allowed to organize a neutral police force of twenty five armed and mounted men for protection of the town against robbers and for assisting the authorities in executing their duties, the criminals taken prisoners by them to be delivered over to the Governor of Puebla.--4. Permission is likewise granted to said authorities and inhabitants to defend themselves against any one who comes to plunder, rob or attack them, may he be robber, guerrillero [i.e., "guerilla"], or an American soldier.--5. The Municipality of San Martin has permission, to arrest and remit to their commanding officers all American soldiers, they may find within the district of San Martin, drunk dispersed or deserters.--6. It is strictly prohibited to the troops and followers of the United States army to open the prison at San Martin and put the criminals in liberty.--7. A copy of this Safeguard has been forwarded to the General in chief of the United States forces in order to communicate it to the commanding officers of the army, and of divisions, which have to pass by San Martin. Another copy has been remitted to the commanding officer of the military post at Rio Frio.--"

31.24. Numerous large monasteries, occupied by only a few monks, were found useful, and the use of them for such a purpose gave no offence (Scott, Mems., ii, 580).

31.25. Scott's policy. Scott, Mems., ii, 393-6, 547-9, 580. Hitchcock in Republic, Feb. 15, 1851. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 147. =69=Safeguard. =60=Scott, May 26, 1846. =65=Gen. orders 20, Feb. 19, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 873. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 55. So. Qtrly. Review, Jan., 1852, p. 133.

31.26. Scott called upon "the 97 honorable men in every 100" to seize in the act and report the "scoundrels" committing outrages (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 914). He thus enlisted, he believed, the coöperation of "thousands of good soldiers" (=60=to Marcy, Apr. 5, 1847). As in civil life, it was of course impossible to apprehend all the criminals.

31.27. The impracticable attempt to keep liquor out of the city was not tried here. A system of license and supervision was adopted. April 1 two taverns were authorized to sell liquor (to be used on the premises).

31.28. Worth's successors in the governorship were Col. Henry Wilson up to about the middle of December, 1847; Gen. James Bankhead for a few days; Gen. Twiggs until Mar. 25, 1848; Col. Wilson for a day or two; Gen. S. W. Kearny. When Wilson left in December, 1847, the merchants and consuls gave him a vote of thanks (Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 585). Mar. 30, 1848, the Mexican ayuntamiento was restored.

31.29. Thompson, Recolls., 4. Dysentery was prevalent and dangerous. Dec. 29, 1847, a responsible writer at Vera Cruz stated that not less than 1,200 Americans had succumbed there to the climate since April.

31.30. The Vera Cruz district. =52=Trist, May 7, 1847. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 19, 20. =100=Ayuntamiento archives. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 572-3, 584-5. Lyon, Journal, ii, 214, 221. Flag of Freedom, i, no. 4. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 112, 115, 117, 119. Niles, Sept. 25, 1847, p. 53, etc. =361=Woods, recolls. =144=Cassidy, recolls. =327=Sutherland, letters. =322=Smith, diary. =152=Claiborne, mems. =270=Moore, diary. Oswandel, Notes, 105-6. =86=S. Anna to Soto, Apr. 14, 1847. Wash. Union, July 26, 29, 1847. Amer. Eagle, V. Cruz, Apr. 3, 13; Oct. 11, 16, 1847. =76=J. Soto, July 3, 1847. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847. =13=Giffard, Apr. 13; May 15; June 15, 1847. =221=Hill, diary. =69=Scott to Patterson, Mar. 30, 1847. =65=Wilson, orders (1847) 20, 23, 64, 116, 128, 142. =65=Bankhead, orders 167. =65=Twiggs, orders 11, 14. =65=Wilson, orders (1848), 130. =65=Kearny, orders 172. =65=Scott, gen. orders 75, 87, 101. =60=Wilson to Marcy, Aug. 1, 1847. =61=Worth, orders 1-7. =61=Kearny, Apr. 9, 1848, and endorsement. Don Simplicio, Apr. 21, 1847. Diario, Apr. 13, 1847. Long, Lee, 68. =60=Scott, Apr. 5, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 914 (Scott); 938 (Dorich). =166=Pommarès to Conner, Oct. 7, 1846. Stevens, Stevens, i, 117-8. =12=Pell of Sloop Daring, Nov. 30, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 288-9.

31.31. The Córdoba district. =88=Ayuntamiento archives. Moreno, Cantón, 378, 380, 382-3. London Saturday Review, 1865, p. 6. =65=Bankhead, orders 11, 12, 28.

31.32. The Orizaba district. =94=Ayuntamiento archives. Cubas, Cuadro, 54. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 179. Diccionario Universal (Orizaba). =65=Bankhead, orders 38, 100. =69=Colección de Itinerarios.

31.33. Neither at Jalapa nor elsewhere were there many complaints from women. Here the soldiers gave parties. Harlots were the only women present, but they were treated--to the great amusement of the town--as ladies (Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 247).

31.34. The Jalapa district. =90=Ayuntamiento archives. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 62-3. Vigne, Travels, i, 14-16. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55. Velasco, Geografía, iii, 28, 37, 54, 97. =257=Orders and letters from G. H[ughes] to Frank [Markoe]. Oswandel, Notes, 196, 389. Semmes, Service, 205, 215. Nacional, Dec. 22, 1847; Jan. 5, 1848. =69=Alcalde to gov., Nov. 25, 27, 1847. =69=Orders, Dec. 3, 10, 15, 1847; Feb. 4; Apr. 25; May 7, 1848. =69=Patterson to Pillow, Sept. 22, 1846; to ----, Nov. 24, 1847. =69=Am. gov. to alcalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Feb. 28; Mar. 15, 1848. =69=Hughes, proclam., Nov. 30, 1847. =287=Parrish, diary. =332=Tennery, diary. Picayune, May 28; Dec. 19, 24, 25, 1847. Kenly, Md. Volunteer, 365-8, 382. Wash. Union, May 22, 1847. =159=Collins papers. Lyon, Journal, ii, 186. Ward, Mexico, ii, 193. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 58-9. Grone, Briefe, 62. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900-2; iv, 20, 28-34. =69=Hughes to prefect, May 31, 1848; to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848; to first alcalde, Mar. 27, 1848; orders, Nov. 29, 30, 1847; Jan. 10; Feb. 19; May 4, 5, 1848. =69=Id. to officers, Jan. 15, 1848. =68=Court of inquiry, Jalapa, May 31, 1848. Arco Iris, Dec. I, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1029. Niles, Jan. 1, 1848, p. 276. =76=Soto, proclam., Sept. 10, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 235-6, 245-7. Hartman, Journal, 13. =327=Sutherland to father, undated. =13=Bankhead, no. 42, 1847 (the conduct of Scott and his officers at Jalapa is "highly extolled").

31.35. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 272. The presence of Scott, Worth and other superior officers who, as the soldiers knew, could not be trifled with, may help to explain the mystery. (Later some outrages occurred.) The troops were kept within a large square space with sentries at each corner, and the boundaries of it could not be crossed after dark by either civilians or soldiers (Republicano, June 14). At one place on the way to Puebla, wrote a soldier in his diary, a sentry was placed at every shop, and even women selling bread on the street were guarded.

31.36. Personally Lane discouraged outrages. Once when some of his famished men had robbed a poor man's cornfield Lane, besides having him paid the full amount of the damages, added as much more from his own pocket (Brackett, Lane's Brig., 74-5). It was said that priests were sometimes ill-used, but this was natural enough when they were capable of coöperating with guerillas, inducing American soldiers to desert, and harboring such deserters.

31.37. The Puebla district. Flag of Freedom, i, nos. 1, 5. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 272. =270=Moore, diary. =95=Childs, proclam., Nov. 11, 1847 (placard). Oswandel, Notes, 345, 390. =95=Ayuntamiento archives (proceedings, correspondence with Worth, orders of Worth, etc.). =95=Fúrlong, proclam., Oct. 14, 1847. =95=Childs, proclam., Oct. 25, 1847. =95=The bishop to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Fúrlong to Scott, Dec. 1, 1847. =95=Ayunt. to prefect, Oct. 26, 1847. =304=Worth, orders, May 16, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 121, 125, 131, 136, 165, 210. =356=Whitcomb, diary. Republicano, June 13, 14, 21 (El National), 24, 1847. =69=Fúrlong to Am. gov., Aug. 10, 1847. =69=Prefect to Childs, Oct. 14; Nov. 2, 8; Dec. 20, 1847; Feb. 8, 1848. =69=Childs's official papers =61=Scott, gen. orders 187, 1847. Nacional, Dec. 18, etc, 1847. =95=Report of the committee appointed to confer with Scott, Jan. 4, 1848. =75=Jefe político Tlaxcala to Scott, Nov. 23, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 122-3. Donnavan, Adventures, 100. Colección de Documentos (Childs, orders, Oct. 16). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1030 (Childs).

There was special feeling about churches. The bishop of Puebla complained to Scott that our soldiers desecrated a church at Tlaxcala, and stole some priests' robes. But the soldiers had found that the church was the base of the guerillas they were pursuing, and discovered the robes on the floor. Our officers made great efforts to prevent outrages here and to restore the stolen property (Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 211; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 123; etc.). It seems to have been true that no church was desecrated by Americans that had not been desecrated by Mexicans, and used for hostile purposes.

31.38. The lépero dared not attack a sober American soldier. The scheme was to get the soldiers intoxicated, and, when they staggered and fell, knife them. After a time our men invented a trick to meet it. They would pretend to be intoxicated, fall to the ground, and make ready for the would-be assassin; and finally the léperos feared a drunken soldier even more than a sober one. Carrying concealed weapons was forbidden; suspected persons were searched; and any one found guilty was given twenty lashes on the bare back. This had an excellent effect.

31.39. A specimen case was that of private Gahagiun of the Seventh Infantry (=65=gen. orders 378). For breaking into a house and taking some ladies' clothing he was sentenced to receive fifty lashes on his bare back "well laid on with a rawhide," to be confined at hard labor during the rest of his term, to be then dishonorably discharged and drummed out--$250 of his pay to go to the person robbed and the rest to be confiscated. Mexicans as well as Americans were publicly flogged. In extreme cases hanging was the punishment.

Scott made the following daily details in order to ensure order and discipline (=65=gen. orders 298, September 24, 1847): "1. A general officer of the day to report to me; to superintend the good order and discipline of the garrison, visit the guards and outposts, organize patrols, and receive reports regarding order and discipline. 2. A field officer of the day of each division and of the cavalry brigade to superintend the troops in quarters, be present at the mounting and dismounting of the guards, have control of the in-lying pickets, etc. 3. One third of each regiment not on other duty will constitute its portion of the in-lying guard. 4. A captain or subaltern of the day of each regiment will superintend the quarters, attend the parading of regimental guards, have the roll called frequently and at unexpected times, visit company kitchens and messes, etc." The drill of the troops was kept up, and of course it was only when off duty that they could be disorderly. Doyle reported that a gentleman from Pachuca, a place at some distance from Mexico, said: "Nothing can be better than the behavior of the American troops at Pachuca" (no. 5, 1848). On the other hand Lane's men were guilty of excesses at Tulancingo. In =65=gen. orders 395, December 31, 1847, Scott said: "Men free at home, must maintain the honor of freeman when abroad. If they forget that, they will degrade themselves to the level of felons and slaves, and may be rightfully condemned and treated as such; for felons, according to the laws of God and man, are slaves" (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1066).

31.40. Quitman strictly forbade (Sept. 21) "any interference with or mutiliation of the books, papers, or records contained within the Palace."

31.41. Matamoros, Monterey, Tampico, Jalapa and Puebla had an American newspaper; Vera Cruz and Mexico two.

31.42. In consequence of the incapacity of our medical men and particularly their ignorance of the effects of the climate, diseases not considered dangerous by residents often proved fatal to the American soldiers (=13=Thornton, no. 5, 1847).

31.43. The Mexico district. Davis, Autobiog., 246, 258, 261-2, 277. Henshaw narrative. Donnavan, Adventures, 93, 97. Instrucciones Otorgadas. Wise, Gringos, 260. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 314-5, 321. Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 1163-5. Quitman, orders, Oct. 6, 1847, in Papeles Varios. Journ. Milit. Serv. Instit., xv, 627. McSherry, Puchero, 163. Vedette, ii, no. 10 (Brooks). Norton, Life, 172. =321=Smith, diary. =358=Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847; Feb. 22, 1848. =152=Claiborne, mems. Oswandel, Notes, 431, 433, 455, 525, 583. =92=Ayuntamiento archives. =69a=Archives of Federal District. =80=Archives of México state. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 307. =80=Gracida to Butler, Feb. 25, 1848. =13=Doyle, nos. 1, 5, 27, 1848. Britannia, Sept. 28, 1847 (Daily News). Claiborne, Quitman, i, 395. Calderón, Life, i, 139-40. National, Nov. 14, 1847. =60=N. C. to J. L. Miller, May 7, 1848. =62=Jones to Bedinger, Mar. 11, 1848. Captain of Vols., Conquest, 27. =65=Scott, gen. orders, Sept. 14, 16, 17, 24; Dec. 18, 31, 1847. London Times, Nov. 12, 13, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 205-12. Picayune, Oct. 15; Nov. 14; Dec. 19, 29, 1847. Delta, Nov. 6, 7, 12; Dec. 19, 24, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384 (Scott). Kenly, Md. Vol., 413. México á través, iv, 703-4. =65=Scott, gen. orders 190, 355. Rodriguez, Breve Reseña, 1848, 1849, p. 5. =13=Bankhead, no. 86, Sept. 28, 1847. =73=Lozano, no. 8, res., Sept. 17, 1847. Ramírez, México, 318. N. Y. Journ. Comm., Feb. 28, 1848. Monitor Repub., Dec. 7, 20, 1847. =277=Veramendi to Quitman, Oct. 8, 1847. =366=Memb. municip. council to ----, Nov. 14 and reply. (Mexican letter) Nacional, Nov. 14, 1847. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 260-3, 270-1. Apuntes, 362-7, 369. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1065. Sen. 34; 34, 3, p. 37. =132=Nowell to mother, Oct. 21, 1847. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 153. Stevens, Stevens, i, 219. =121=Placards and Notices. Lancaster Co. Hist. Soc. Mag., Mar. 6, 1908. =214=Hays and Caperton, Life of Hays. London Chronicle, Nov. 12, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 543. Lane (Adventures) shows that our officers were by no means all saints, but this is not a fact to occasion surprise.

Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 571) complains that immorality was promoted at Mexico by giving licenses to gambling places; but it would not have been possible to prevent the soldiers from gambling among themselves and in "dives," and no doubt Scott believed it would be best to have the gambling done where some control could be exercised over it, and where the men would not be in danger of the assassin's knife. Ripley admits that gambling "flourished" before licenses were given (p. 570). Ripley suggests (p. 574) that "active operations would have been the immediate and effectual remedy" for the immorality; but, as we have seen, there were not enough troops, etc., for active operations, and perhaps shooting Mexicans needlessly would have been no better business than gambling. Ripley admits (p. 577) that most of the troops were kept outside the city. Riley's brigade was at Tacubaya, Patterson's division at S. Angel, and a part of Butler's division at El Molino del Rey. The other part and Smith's brigade remained in town.

31.44. Probably fearing American interference or influence, the Mexican government at Querétaro discountenanced such elections (México á través, iv, 704). As the records are by no means complete, it is necessary in this and other cases to assume that like causes produced like effects, unless there is some evidence to the contrary. General conclusions could not otherwise be reached.

31.45. At Tampico Shields appointed three Mexican alcaldes and also (to act with these in cases between Americans and Mexicans) an American court of three American citizens.

31.46. Gaceta de Tamaulipas, July 16, 1846. =65=Scott, gen. orders 238. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 314-5. Davis, Autobiog., 246. =224=Letter from C. to Scott, Nov. 14, 1847. Instrucciones Otorgadas. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 299. Moreno, Cantón, 378, 380, 382. Quitman, order, Oct. 6, 1847, in Papeles Varios. Defensa de Iriarte. McSherry, El Puchero, 163. =358=Williams to father, Feb. 22, 1848. V. Cruz American Eagle, May 22; Apr. 3, 1847. Ayuntamiento archives, Jalapa, Córdoba, Orizaba, Puebla, Mexico, Tampico, Saltillo. =92=Quitman, proclam., Oct. 6, 1847. =366=Id., poster, Sept. 16. =95=Worth to Puebla ayunt., May 31, 1847; to alcalde, May 17, 1847; reply; proclam., May 22, 1847; to alcalde, May 22. =303=Id., orders 34. Nacional, Jan. 28, 1848. =13=Doyle, No. 5, 1848. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 251, 549. Diario, May 14, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). =65=Bankhead, orders, Feb. 16, 1848. =61=Hamtramck to McDowell, Jan. 20, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 17, 39, 40, 194, 208. =63=Marcy to Davenport, Aug. 6; Dec. 14, 1847. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 165. =69=Gov. Jalapa to alcalde, Nov. 26; Dec. 13, 1847; Jan. 17; Mar. 15, 1848; orders 352; to ayunt., Feb. 28, 1848. =69=Gates, orders 26, 35. =65=Wilson, orders 116, 142, 1847. =65=Twiggs, orders 11. =65=Kearny, orders 172. =65=Wool, orders, July 9; Dec. 14, 1847; Jan. 26, 1848. =65=Butler, orders 43, 1848. =61=McDowell to alcalde, Dec. 30, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 205 (Trist). Picayune, Jan. 2; Mar. 19; Dec. 19, 23, 1847. Republicano, June 14, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 380. =61=Worth to Bliss, Sept. 28, 1846. México á través, iv, 703-4, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 900, 902; iv, 28-34. =69=Worth to commrs., Nov. 23, 1846; orders 61, 1846. =69=Scott to Hughes, Jan. 28, 1848. =61=Shields, Jan. 19, 1847; orders, Dec. 26, 1846; Jan. 1, 2, 6, 1847. =61=Worth, orders 2, Mar. 30, 1847. =76=Worth to E. González, Nov. 23, 28, 1846. =76=S. Anna, Jan. 4, 1847, with docs. =76=Garay, Jan. 22, 1847, and docs. =76=Worth, proclam., Nov. 30, 1846. =76=Morgan to Martinez, Jan. 18, 1847. =76=Aldrete to Mejía, Aug. 30, 1846. For taxes, etc., see chap. xxxiii. =76=Mora, Feb. 18; Mar. 8, 1848. =76=Many others.

31.47. An English soldier in our army said with reference to the better class at Tampico: they were shy of "the strange, wild-looking, hairy-faced savages of the half-horse and half-alligator breed, who galloped about the streets and plazas mounted on mules and Mexican ponies, and armed with sabres, bowies, and revolvers, and in every uncouth variety of costume peculiar to the American backwoodsman"; adding that the Mexicans addressed them as "Gentlemen," but in their absence spoke of them with intense bitterness as "cursed volunteers" (Ballentine, Eng. Sold., i, 276-7).

31.48. The foreigners residing at Mexico generally received the American army well.

31.49. In a soldier's written vocabulary occurred these words: weaves (for huevos), chickketer (chiquita), sennereters (señoritas), irrancus (naranjas), onerpas (un peso), leavero (libro). There were cases in which women went long distances to give information to officers they had never seen. After the battle of Cerro Gordo ladies at Mexico wore their hair loose "à la Scott," and were rebuked by the press.

31.50. Social relations. Scott, Mems., ii, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 118. Meade, Letters, i, 86, 180, 185. =148=Chamberlain, recolls. Bullock, Six Months (1825 ed.), i, 55-6. Flag of Freedom, i, no. 5. =257=G. [Hughes] to Frank [Markoe], Dec. 13, 1847. =242=Kingsbury to mother, Oct. 14, 1846. =8=Anon. diary. Oswandel, Notes, 211, 433. Jamieson, Campaign, 48. Semmes, Service, 173, 205, 215, 263. Biog. de Alamán, 40. =221=Hill, diary. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 131, 136, 138. Rivera, Jalapa, iii, 912. Picayune, May 28, 1847. Kenly, Md. Vol., 368. =69=Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. =349=Pattridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. Apuntes, 363. Wilhelm, Eighth Infantry, i, 430. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 145. Ballentine, English Soldier, i, 276-7. _Spirit of the Times_, July 4, 1846. Perry, Indiana, 141. =76=Document sent by Garay, Dec. 30, 1846. =335=Belton to Hitchcock, Aug. 23, 1847.

31.51. This money had a powerful influence in keeping the people quiet.

31.52. Scott, Mems., ii, 396, 580. Grant, Mems., i, 102. Gutiérrez de Estrada, Méx. en 1840. =110=Barbour, diary. =95=Belton, proclam., July 16, 1847. =13=Doyle, no. 1, 1848. Delta, Jan. 19, 1847. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1848. Lawton, Artillery Officer, 24. New London Morning News, Dec. 10, 1846. Apuntes, 368. =350=Weber, recolls. Cong. Globe, 45, 3, pp. 1627-8 (Shields). Picayune, Sept. 14, 1847.

XXXII. PEACE

32.1. =52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., 17, confid., 18, 22-3. (Trist's despatches, as printed in Sen. 52; 30, 1, are not in all cases complete.) Sierra, Evolution i, 223. (Outrages) Arco Iris, Nov. 9, 1847. Razonador in Nacional, Jan. 5, 1848. Nacional, Jan. 19, 1848. =80=Almonte to Olaguíbel, Sept. 16, 1847. =335=Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5, 1847. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 308-9, 315. Calhoun Corresp., 1163, 1166. =349=Partridge to Miss W., May 22, 1848. =125=Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1847. Ills. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, pp. 17-23. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 327, 331. Wash. Union, May 22, 1847. =291=P. F. Smith to Pierce, undated. Monitor Repub., Dec. 3, 14, 1847. Picayune, Dec. 23, 1847; Jan. 7, 8, 1848. =13=Doyle, no. 18, 1848. (Damages) =76=Circular, Oct. 3, 1847.

32.2. Sierra, Evol., i, 223. =13=Thornton, no. 6, 1847. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 571. =52=Trist, nos. 18, 22-3. Picayune, Nov. 30, 1847; Feb. 20, 1848. Protesta de la Diputación. Tributo á la Verdad, 58. Nacional, Jan. 8, 19, 1848. =80=Olaguíbel, proclam., Dec. 9, 1847. =335=Thornton to Trist, Dec. 5, 1847. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 23, 40, 45, 74. Correo Nacional, Feb. 7, 19; Mar. 21, 1848. (Aguas Cal.) =76=Guerra to Relaciones, Jan. 24, 1848. =76=Olaguíbel, Nov. 29. =76=Gov. Oaxaca to Relaciones, Dec. 27. Monitor Repub., Nov. 15, 27, 29; Dec. 29, 1847. =366=Correspondence between gov. S. L. Potosí and A. O. de Parada. =335=Trist, memo, of second conference. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, private, 27 private, 28, private, 1847. No. American (Mexico), Dec. 14, 1847. =169=Taylor to Crittenden, Nov. 1, 1847. =304=Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27, 1847. Webster, Letters, 343. =61=Scott, Sept. 18. (Bankhead) =132=Cushing to Buchanan, Oct. 31, 1847. =125=Bonham to mother, Dec. 7, 1817; Jan. 12, 1848. Gallatin, War Expenses. =345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847; Mar. 9, 1848. =304=Duncan to Quitman, Nov. 27. No. American (Mex.), Dec. 14. P. F. Smith, supra. Eco del Comercio, May 9, 1848. Correspondant, Nov. 15, 1847. Times, Jan. 15, 1848.

The substantial war elements were the Eventualists, Monarchists and Santannistas. The =76=archives for this time are full of reports of political disturbances.

32.3. Polk, Diary, Nov. 20, 23, 30; Dec. 4, 18, 1847. =132=Donelson to Buchanan, May 15, 1847, private. Ho. 60; 30, 1, 1037 (Marcy). =52=Trist, no. 22. P. F. Smith: note 1. Richardson, Messages, iv, 537-46. See chap. xxix, p. 183. Had the war continued it would not have been against Paredes or Santa Anna and the military class. It would have seemed to be a war of conquest directed against the Mexican nation, and even the peace party would have had to turn against us.

32.4. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 585. =13=Thornton, nos. 6, 7, 1847. =52=Trist, nos. 16, confid., 18-20. =335=Id. to Rosa, Oct. 20, 1847. Monitor Repub., Nov. 8, 10, 13; Dec. 29. Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 58 (Rosa). Richardson, Messages, iv, 572. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 22-3. México á través, iv, 704-5. Exposición ó Programa. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 483, 516.

Trist reopened the negotiations naturally by forwarding to Luis de la Rosa, the minister of relations, a letter (dated Sept. 7) written by him as a reply to the note and counter-projet of the Mexican peace commissioners dated Sept. 6. In this he argued that Texas possessed good grounds for rebelling, and became independent; that, having been rightfully annexed by the United States, she had to be protected against invasion; that any previously existing boundary between her and Mexico had been obliterated by the revolutionary war, and she had a right to claim the Rio Grande as the boundary; that as Mexico would not negotiate on the subject, Polk was compelled to accept that delimitation; that in the resulting war the United States had occupied Mexican territory and now justly held it by right of conquest, yet not by the odious title of conquest resulting from war without good cause--not from a mere desire of obtaining territory (Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 21). This letter and a brief accompanying note, which stated that his powers had not been withdrawn and expressed a desire to resume the negotiations, were transmitted by Thornton, now acting (in the absence of Bankhead and Doyle) as British chargé, who strongly urged upon Rosa the renewal of the negotiations (=52=Trist, no. 19). Rosa replied favorably, but said he was too busy just then, and needed certain documents. Later Peña explained the delay as resulting from the provisional character of his administration (=52=to Trist, Nov. 22). In reality the government desired to ascertain and influence public and Congressional sentiment before acting (Exposición dirigida). Rosa's reply to Trist said there appeared to be little hope of peace, but this was for self-defence (Trist, no. 20).

32.5. =52=Trist, nos. 19, 23. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 239. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 23. Monitor Repub., Nov. 17, 18, 23, 27; Dec. 26. (Deserters) Nat. Intellig., June 24, 1848. =76=Rosa to govs., Oct. 20. =75=Report of the meeting of governors. México á través, iv, 706. =335=Thornton to Trist, Nov. 25, 1847. Dublán, Legislación, v, 305. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 567-8, 571-6. =335=Davidson to Thornton, Nov. 23. Picayune, Nov. 30.]

At the meeting Puebla, Querétaro, Michoacán, Guanajuato and S. L. Potosí states were represented by their governors, Zacatecas by her vice governor, and Jalisco by a commissioner. The President and the ministers were present. The meeting was advisory and confidential. The government took the ground that the war could not be continued and that Mexico should endeavor to obtain, not an honorable peace, but one as little humiliating as possible, and one that would save Mexican nationality; but it preferred war and promised to carry it on if given the necessary men and supplies. The governors naturally showed their repugnance to peace on such a basis, but could not offer adequate resources, and the one rational conclusion was inevitable. A report of the discussions may be found in the Gobernación archives, Mexico. The sessions began on Nov. 19 and concluded on Nov. 27. The insurrection came to a head on Dec. 19. News of Trist's recall helped to quiet the war party (=52=Trist, no. 22).

32.6. Pillow, address in Chicago Daily Democrat, Sept. 15, 1857. Polk, Diary, Oct. 4, 5, 20-3, 25; Dec. 30, 1847; Jan. 2, 1848. =52=Sec. state to Trist, Oct. 6, 25. Richardson, Messages, iv, 541. =335=Memo. of Trist on despatch of Oct. 6. Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 59-61 (Trist).

A private =335=note (Oct. 24) from Buchanan to Trist, taken in connection with Polk's Diary, suggests a suspicion on the part of the administration that, in intimating that the United States might possibly not insist upon the Rio Grande line, Trist had purposely played into the hands of the Whigs, who were now asserting that the intermediate region did not belong to us. This suspicion and the idea that Trist was helping Scott to injure the President's friends in the army would explain a great deal of wrath. Another personal =335=note (Oct. 24) from Buchanan shows that the terms offered by Trist in September were now regarded as too moderate to be popular, and gives one the feeling that, especially since Trist had shown a disposition to weaken them, the prestige of the administration demanded his recall. Oct. 25 Buchanan said Trist had offered to give up a part of California, but Trist denied this (=335=memo.). Oct. 6 Marcy directed Scott to inform the Mexican authorities of Trist's recall (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1008). Trist's patriotism and sense of duty do not seem to have been affected by his recall. Nov. 27 he wrote to Buchanan that a commission should be sent to take up his work on the spot (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 230); and the next day, through Mrs. Trist, he =335=adjured Buchanan to lose "not a minute" about this, proposing Scott and Butler. Dec. 31 Polk received indirectly a similar recommendation from Gen. Twiggs, and Sen. Davis (the Col. Davis of Monterey and Buena Vista) pointed out to him that, should Mexican commissioners go to Washington, probably their government would be overthrown during their absence, and they might be shot as traitors on their return (Diary, Dec. 31). Polk therefore virtually decided that Butler should take Trist's place as well as Scott's (ibid., Dec. 31; Jan. 2). Pillow (Address) attributed to his letter the recall of Trist.

32.7. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 59-66 (Trist). Sen. 60; 30, 1, p. 61 (Peña). =52=Trist, nos. 21, 23. =13=Thornton, nos. 11, 14, 1847. =335=Id. to Trist, Nov. 22, confid.; Nov. 22, private; Nov. 25. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 583, 585. =335=Trist to Thornton, Nov. 24, confid., Nov. 25, private. =75=Peña at meeting of govs. =52=Peña to Trist, Nov. 22. Trist's departure had to be delayed by the necessity of testifying at Pillow's trial.

32.8. (Traitorous) London Times, Mar. 15, 1848. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 140, 144 (Scott). =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28, 1848. Scott, Mems., ii, 576. =13=Thornton, no. 21, confid. Id. to Trist: note 7. Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2. Trist, no. 22. =13=Id. to Thornton, Dec. 4, 1847. =335=Id. to Id., Nov. 24. =335=Id. to wife, Dec. 4.

It has been said that Trist's decision was due to Scott, but Trist was not under Scott's control. Scott tried without success to dissuade him from breaking with Polk (=335=statement by Trist in his papers). Trist =335=wrote to his wife, Dec. 4, "Knowing it to be the very last chance, and impressed with the dreadful consequences to our country which cannot fail to attend the loss of that chance," I decided to-day at noon to attempt to make a treaty; the decision is altogether my own. Sen. Rep. 261, the basis of which was evidently supplied by Trist, says that Freaner, the correspondent of the New Orleans Delta, was "the only man who had been in any way instrumental in determining Mr. Trist to make the attempt." It has also been said that Scott and Trist wished to make the treaty because Polk now wanted more of Mexico, and they desired to "spite" him; but neither man was of such a type, no suggestion of the scheme appears in Trist's official or personal letters or in Thornton's reports to the Foreign Office, and public considerations are quite enough to explain Trist's course. Sen. Rep. 261 says that on Dec. 4 occurred an incident "in itself of the most casual, and trivial, and commonplace kind," which led to Trist's making the treaty. This has been thought to mean the postponement of the train with which he was to have gone down; but the above description does not seem to fit this important occurrence, and the author is inclined to believe that it refers to a chance meeting of Trist and Freaner, while Trist's decision hung in the balance. Freaner was regarded by Trist as an honest man of unusual sagacity, and he was a strong, sympathetic character. Peña held that, since his peace commissioners had been appointed, he could deal with the subject through them only, and hence, as they were at a distance, he could not possibly send a proposal to Mexico for Trist to carry home, as it was suggested to him to do. Trist counted on one fact as lessening his responsibility: the government could disavow his work without embarrassment (=52=no. 22). See Napoleon's dictum (chap. xxvii, note 27.17, p. 398).

32.9. =13=Thornton, no. 21, confid., 1847. =13=Doyle, nos. 1, 3, 1847; 10, 1848. =52=Trist, nos. 23-5. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 27, 1847, private. Sen. 60; 30, 1, pp. 61 (Peña), 62 (Trist). (Rincón) México á través, iv, 705-7. =335=Memo. re withdrawal of notice. =335=Thornton to Trist, Nov. 24, priv.; Dec. 5, 11, confid. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 590. =335=Trist to Peña, Dec. 26, 1847. Lee, Gen. Lee, 43. Noticias Muy Importantes. Richardson, Messages, iv, 545. =335=Powers of the commrs. =335=Trist, minutes of meetings, etc.

Doyle arrived at Vera Cruz on Nov. 30, and soon received from the Foreign Office a despatch (=13=no. 40) making clear its attitude of benevolent neutrality (Doyle, no. 3). Polk's message encouraged the Eventualists, because it showed that if they could defeat the present negotiations, the war would continue, the peace party would fall from power, and then the Eventualists would have American support in setting up a government according to their ideas. Rincón pretended to be ill. Associated with the ministry of Relaciones at this time as confidential advisers were such men as Pedraza, Lafragua and Cuevas.

32.10. Sen. 20; 30, 1, p. 21. =335=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 24, personal. =335=---- to Id., Oct. 25. =335=Dimond to Id., Oct. 27. =73=Lozano, no. 3, res., 1847. =335=Trist, notes and memoranda. =335=Notes of Trist and Couto. =335=Thornton's translation of Mexican draft of treaty. =335=Notes from Doyle and Thornton. (Unreasonable) México á través, iv, 706. Sierra, Evolution, i, 223. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 592, 596-7. =13=Doyle, nos. 10 (with memoranda), 29, 1848. =13=Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. =52=Trist, no. 27. Exposición dirigida, 6. (Trist's conduct) Negrete, Invasión, iv, 324.

Trist relied for guidance on his original instructions (Ho. 69; 30, 1, pp. 43-7), the projet of a treaty accompanying the instructions (ibid., p. 47), =52=instructions of July 13 and 19, 1847, former treaties of the United States, and our general principles and policy (=52=Trist, no. 27). See also Polk's Diary, Apr. 13, 1847. In regard to the western end of the boundary the instructions were faulty, and Trist found it necessary to use his judgment (=52=enclosure in his no. 27). Greatly fearing the designs of the Monarchists, he desired to have a secret article binding upon Mexico the constitution of 1824, and was willing to promise in return that enough American troops to support the government should remain five years; but the proposition was declined (=13=Doyle, no. 10, 1848). There was a difficulty in doing anything about Tehuantepec, for British interests were involved, and that matter was dropped by Trist in order to facilitate the adjustment of the boundary (Exposición, supra). It did not signify much now, for the United States had its eye upon a better route (J. S. Reeves in Amer. Hist. Rev., x, 323). The subject that consumed the most time was the status of the people of the surrendered territory (Trist, no. 27). The Mexicans asked that their civil law should continue to rule there until the territory should be organized into states, but Trist (perhaps in the interest of slavery) would not consent (=13=Doyle, no. 10).

32.11. =13=Doyle, nos. 10, 12, 13, 1848. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 568, 579, 591, 602-3, 605-6. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1039 (Scott). =52=Trist, nos. 25-7. México á través, iv, 706-8. =335=Trist to wife, Dec. 26, 1847; to Scott, Jan. 28, 1848; to commrs., Jan. 29, 1848. =13=Doyle to commrs., Jan. 28-9. (S. L. P.) =83=Gov. S. L. P. to gov. Querétaro, Feb. 5, 1848; =77=Relaciones, circular, Jan. 17; Nacional, Jan. 26 (plan); Feb. 2; Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 41, 43; México á través, iv, 706. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28.

Peña became the chief executive again because the expiration of Anaya's term (ordered by the Congress that elected him to occur on Jan. 8, since it was expected that the new Congress would have assembled by that date) left the country without a head, and the position devolved upon him as chief of the supreme court. L. de la Rosa was then appointed minister of relations. The plan of the S. L. P. governor was that four states--S. L. P., Zacatecas, Guanajuato and Jalisco--should combine, repudiate the national government, and continue the war, expecting other states to join them; but public opinion, even in his own state, failed to support him. Almonte was actively working against peace at this time, basing his arguments particularly on the attitude of the peace party in the United States and the poverty of the American treasury. Jan. 30 he called attention to the Whig majority in our House, said our Congress would probably refuse to send more troops to Mexico, and urged the Mexican government to procrastinate. The reply of the government was a mere acknowledgment of receipt. Feb. 14 he argued that Walker's report showed we could not continue the war much longer. On the other hand there seems to be some reason to believe that personal relations and interests may have influenced the Mexican commissioners in favor of making the treaty (Puga y Acal, Documentos, letter no. 74). Marcy to Scott, Oct. 6, 1847: Your military operations are not to be modified by Mexican proposals to negotiate (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 140).

32.12. =13=Thornton, no. 11, 1847. =13=Doyle, nos. 4, 1847; 13, 14 and 18, 1848. Sen. 60; 30, 1, p. 65 (Trist). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1082 (Scott). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 604-7. =13=Doyle to commrs., Jan. 28, 29; to Rosa, Jan. 29. Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 315-6. México á través, iv, 706-8. =335=Memo. from Freaner.

The Mexican government naturally desired to keep all information about the treaty from its enemies. The public came to believe, however, that an important act had taken place on Feb. 2. Freaner carried the treaty to Washington. For two weeks escorts had been waiting at the proper points on the road to Vera Cruz. The Spanish representative, under his instructions, took no part in these negotiations. The Prussian minister, lacking both official authorization and personal influence, was equally inactive. France had no minister on the scene.

Ripley (War with Mexico, ii, 557) says that "no man who so palpably disobeys the direct instructions of his government" as did Trist, could be fit to negotiate a treaty; suggests (p. 564) that it was improper to let the British coöperate in the matter; and argues (pp. 582-4) that Scott should have broken up the negotiations or else assumed the full responsibility for them, withholding from the Mexican government the fact of Trist's recall. All this and the rest are mere fault-finding, and the critic could and would have been much more severe, had the course he recommended been adopted. Of course he proves the obvious facts that Scott and Trist, in the interest of two nations and to accomplish what their government ardently desired, at great personal risk disregarded mistaken instructions, accepted British assistance without which they would probably have failed, and obtained a treaty which Polk himself, though he hated both of them, felt constrained to accept; but this was a truly glorious achievement. Scott had no right to act as Ripley says he should have done. The armistice, a military affair, was properly his concern, but negotiating a treaty was diplomatic business. Mackintosh, says Ripley (p. 563), had a hand in the negotiations, but this seems to be an error. Rives (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 524-5) says "it might perhaps have been well to replace Trist by a stronger man." But every possible man had been considered (p. 126), and a stronger man would probably have tried to drive the Mexicans and have failed. Trist they liked and trusted, yet could not deceive or frighten.

The chief points of the treaty signed on Feb. 2 were as follows (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 38): Art. 1. Peace. 2. Immediate armistice, and so far as possible a restoration of the constitutional order in the places occupied by the Americans. 3. After ratification by both governments the blockade to cease, the customhouses held by the Americans to be given up, and the interior to be evacuated as soon as practicable. Mexico to assist. Duties collected after Mexico's ratification to be paid over to her. 4. Immediately on the exchange of ratifications all Mexican places and public property to be given up, and all prisoners surrendered. The process to be completed within three months, unless the sickly season should require American troops to remain longer at designated points. 5. The new boundary (Rio Grande, southern and western lines of New Mexico, the Gila, the Colorado, the line between upper and lower California). The line to be run and marked by a joint commission within a year after the exchange of ratifications. No change in it to be made except with the free and formal consent of both nations. 6. The United States may navigate the Gulf of California and the Colorado to the Gila, and the two governments will arrange for "a road, canal, or railway" within a marine league of the Gila, should it be found practicable. 7. The navigation of the Gila and of the Rio Grande to New Mexico to be free to both countries. 8. All Mexicans in the transferred territory may go or stay, will have full power over their property, and may elect within a year to remain Mexican citizens. 9. Mexicans not so electing shall be "admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the federal constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights of citizens of the United States," and meantime shall have the rights "now vested in them according to the Mexican laws." No interference with Roman Catholic worship, property or ecclesiastical administration. 10. Mexican grants of lands (made before May 13, 1846) to be valid, and the period for fulfilling conditions to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications. 11. The United States to prevent or punish Indian incursions from its territory, and exact satisfaction for damage done, etc. 12. The United States to pay Mexico $15,000,000. (As to method of payment, see p. 248.) 13. The United States to pay the claims against Mexico already decided. 14. Also to assume all other claims arising before Feb. 2, 1848. 15. The latter claims are to be passed upon by an American commission (which will be supplied by Mexico, on demand, with needed books, etc.), and not more than $3,250,000 may be paid to satisfy the claims. 16. Each nation may fortify any point within its territory. 17. The commercial treaty of 1831, so far as compatible with this treaty, revived for eight years. 18. Supplies for American troops in Mexico to enter free of duty. 19. Provisions respecting merchandise brought into Mexican ports occupied by the Americans. 20. A provision regarding certain merchandise arriving at Mexican ports shortly after the restoration of the customhouses. 21. Should difficulties arise between the two countries, negotiations and arbitration--not reprisals or hostilities--to be employed, unless the circumstances forbid. 22. Provisions for resident merchants and prisoners in case of war between the two nations. 23. Ratifications to be exchanged at Washington in four months or, if practicable, sooner. Secret article. The four months of Art. 23 may be extended to eight months.

32.13. If we hold that Texas extended only to New Mexico, the treaty gave us 619,275 square miles (Donaldson, Public Domain, 124, 134). (Little) =198=Gallatin, note on peace treaty; Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 618; =13=Palmerston to Mora, June 20, 1848. The U. S. Supreme Court held (Merryman vs. Bourne, 9 Wallace, 592) that the acquisition of California was "complete on the seventh of July, 1846." It said, "Conquest is a valid title, while the victor maintains the exclusive possession of the conquered country"; and the United States intended to do this in the region we took. On this and other points see Klein, Treaty, 247-81; Butler, Treaty-Making Power, i, 78, 168-9; U. S. Cavalry Journal, xxv, p. 18; Reid, Problems, 271-5. It was necessary to take territory from Mexico to offset our claims, quashed by the war (Richardson, Messages, iv, 537), and partially offset the costs of a war forced upon us, for, had the treaty awarded us a money indemnity, she would not have been willing and morally able, even if theoretically able, to pay it. (See Benton, Abr. Deb., xvi, 40-1.) Aside from the question of right, too, the American people would have been profoundly dissatisfied to see our armies return empty-handed, and this feeling would probably have meant more, to Mexico than the loss of her nominal territory (see Root in Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., p. 395). Mexico could give up more easily what she did than any equivalent territory. (Map) Gadsden line at N. E. is disputed.

An apparent inconsistency may be noted here, for on p. 138 of vol. i it was intimated that an agreement with Mexico was needed to fix the boundary of Texas. The explanation is that the United States had demonstrated its ability to hold the line, but the republic of Texas was not strong enough to prevent Mexican troops from going and remaining north of the Rio Grande.

The Mexican commissioners rejected the line of 32°, desired by the United States (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 91), for three reasons: 1, it would be for a long distance only a mathematical boundary; 2, it was liable, when surveyed, to cut off important points like Paso del Norte; 3, it would prevent land communication between Sonora and lower California (Exposición dirigida). It was proposed at one time to divide S. Diego, but for that concession Trist demanded too much. Besides, S. Diego belonged distinctly to upper California. Lower California was relinquished because inaccessible and poor. Not only for sentimental reasons but because otherwise the treaty, they believed, could not possibly be ratified, the Mexican commissioners were determined to hold all of Sonora and Chihuahua. Tamaulipas, happily, had made no protest against relinquishing her claim to the intermediate region (=52=Trist, no. 27). To ask the consent of the people in the acquired territory was not deemed necessary by the United States (Butler, op. cit., i, 83-4), but citizenship was not forced upon Mexicans by the treaty (art. viii). Art. x was demanded by the Mexicans (=13=Doyle, no. 10, 1848). Art. xix harmonized the American pledge that goods imported during our occupation of the ports should pay only the American tariff (=52=Buchanan to Trist, June 14, 1847), with the Mexican view that our tariff could not be operative beyond the limits of our occupation (Exposición dirigida).

An error regarding the assumption of our claims has prevailed. Two classes of claims were provided for: 1, those liquidated under the convention of 1839 but not covered by the three Mexican instalments (vol. i, p. 81); 2, all unliquidated claims antedating Feb. 2, 1848. Under the first head the United States paid, under the act approved July 29, 1848 (Statutes at Large, ix, 265), $2,090,253.19 including interest (A. J. Peters, asst. sec. treas. to the author, Nov. 30, 1915); under the second head the claims commission awarded (in 1852) $3,208,314.96, including interest (Sen. 34; 32, 1; documents preserved in the state dept.). The treaty provided that under the second head the U. S. should not be liable for more than $3,250,000. The phraseology of our projet regarding this matter, when literally translated, did not readily penetrate the Mexican mind, and hence was re-worked (Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 294). Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, chap. xxxiv) gives many interesting details derived from the papers of Couto. Other details may be found in the Trist papers, Doyle's reports, and the Exposición dirigida (Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296).

32.14. The armistice. =13=Thornton, no. 21, 1847, confid. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 590-1. =13=Doyle, nos. 10, 28, 29, 1848. =52=Trist, no. 26. =335=Thornton to Trist, Nov. 22, 1847, confid. =335=Trist to Scott, Jan. 28, 1848. =335=[Peña] to Mex. commrs., Jan. 11, private. =76=Many communications, principally between the Mexican government and the Mexican armistice commrs. (instructions, reports, etc.), Feb., 1848. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13. =76=Id., Feb. 21, appmt. of W. and S. =76=Lay to Mora, Apr. 27. =76=To Lombardini, Mar. 4. (Terms) Dublán, Legislación, v, 345-8; Negrete, Invasión, iv, 334, 342; =111=Butler, gen. orders, no. 18, Mar. 6, 1848. =76=Circular, Mar. 10. México á través, iv, 706, 709. =76=Otero, Mar. 31. =291=Winship to Pierce, Mar. 5. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 140 (Scott).

As we have seen, the Mexican government had frowned on elections held in occupied territory, probably fearing American pressure upon the voters. The reader may note an apparent inconsistency here. The war is represented sometimes as so lucrative that its continuance was desired by Mexicans, and yet it is said that the districts occupied by our troops felt its burdens, and for that reason desired peace. Both currents of sentiment existed. In some districts and at some times the one predominated; in other districts and at other times the other. Doyle assisted materially in the armistice negotiations. The armistice was signed on Mar. 2. Its terms were: 1, suspension of hostilities; 2, neither side to extend its occupation of territory; 3, all civilians to travel freely, all military persons under white flag; 4, "contributions" for February and March under American =65=orders 376 and 395 to be suspended, etc.; 5, Mexicans to exercise full political rights, and officials recognized by the Mexican government to be recognized by the Americans; *6, no Americans to interfere with Mexican elections; *7, Mexican authorities to levy and collect taxes; *8, Mexican postal facilities might be re-established, and the Americans would protect them; *9, the Mexican government might take the stocks of monopolized articles; *10, public offices not occupied by Americans to be given up, and also, as soon as conveniently possible, all religious and charitable buildings; *11, Mexican courts to act exclusively except when a person belonging to the American army was originally a party, or the interest of the American government is concerned; *12, police to be established; *13, person and property to be protected; *14, Mexico to act freely against savages on the northern frontier, and American commanders to help with influence; 15, church property to be respected; 16, armed bodies assembled anywhere, to commit hostilities not authorized by either government, to be opposed by both governments; 17, the armistice to remain in force during the period fixed by the treaty, unless notice of terminating it is given. The starred articles have particular reference to territory occupied by the Americans. Some of the articles merely make obligatory what the Americans had been doing. Next after Art. 1, Art. 16 was chiefly important. The purpose of it was to prevent insurrections, and it could not fail to have that effect. The first intention was to keep Art. 16 secret, but the wisdom of publishing it soon became clear. The armistice was published at Querétaro on March 11. Some slight and unavoidable violations of it, particularly in the pursuit of guerillas, occurred, but no serious trouble.

32.15. Polk, Diary, Feb. 19. (Learned) Vol. i, p. 123. Calhoun Corresp., 1119-21. =137=Fisher to Calhoun, May 25, 1847. =52=Trist, no. 27. =210=Simms to Hammond, Jan. 15, 1847. Nat. Intellig., May 19; Nov. 20, 1847. N. Y. Sun, May 17, 20; Aug. 20-1, 1847. London Times, Oct. 29, 1847. Dodd, Walker, 25. Bourne, Essays, 227-36. Benton, View, ii, 704. =108=Storms to Bancroft, July 23, 1846. (Baker) Cong. Globe, 29, 1, p. 279. (Secession) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 204-14, 287. U. S. Mag., Feb., 1847, p. 100.

32.16. Polk, Diary, May 13, 1846; Nov. 23; Dec. 7, 1847; Feb. 21, 1848. =13=Crampton, nos. 59, 1847; 8, 9, 1848. =108=Bancroft to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 541. =345=Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. 29, 1846, priv. _Cong. Globe_, 30, 1, app., 197. Foote, Remins., 220. Monitor Repub., Mar. 10, 1848 (C. Landa). Calhoun Corresp., 741 (to A. P. C. and Mrs. C.). N. Y. Journ. Comm., Dec. 11, 1847; Feb. 4, 1848. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Nov. 30, 1847. N. Y. Sun, Jan. 24, 1848. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 157-60 (Dickinson), 215 (Crittenden), 219 (Foote), 256 (Dix), 302 (Sevier), 321 (Cass); app., 488 (Tompkins), 349 (Breese). _Nat. Intellig._, Jan. 31, 1848 (Cass). =345=Blair to Van Buren, Dec. 29, 1847.

32.17. =13=Crampton, no. 19, 1848. =345=Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. =345=Dix to Id., Jan. 27, 1848. (Mad) =335=Statement by Trist, Nov. 4, 1857. Calhoun Corresp., 742 (to C.), 751 (to J. E. C.). Public Ledger, Jan. 4, 1848. N. Y. Sun, May 17, 1848. Bourne, Essays, 235. Cong. Globe, see note 32.16; also 428 (Cabell). Meade in Ho., Jan. 31, 1848, and Ho. debate on Ten Regt. Bill, Jan. 24-Feb. 3, passim. Niles, Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354. Sen. Misc., 8; 30, 1. =137=Hatcher to Calhoun, Jan. 5, 1848.

32.18. Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 7, 1847; Jan. 4, 15, 24-5, 1848. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 146, 148 (Marcy). =52=Trist, nos. 22, 25. =335=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 27, 1847, priv. =335=Trist to Thornton, Nov. 24, confid.; to wife (for Buchanan), Nov. 28. =13=Crampton, no. 38, 1847. =132=Buchanan, memo., Jan. 5, 1848. =60=Butler to Trist and reply, Mar. 17, 18, 1848.

32.19. Polk, Diary, Jan. 4, 5, 23, 1847; Feb. 19-21, 1848. =52=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 6, 25, 1847. Amer. Rev., Feb., 1848, p. 110 (Everything done by Congress for the war has been done under Polk's pledge to make peace as soon as justice and honor could be satisfied.). Richardson, Messages, iv, 544, 573-5. (P.'s looks) Monitor Repub., Mar. 10, 1848 (C. Landa); Tyler, Tyler, ii, 457. W. E. Dodd in Ills. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, pp. 17-23. Id., Walker, 25-6. Picayune, Feb. 26; Mar. 3, 1848. (Sevier) Wash. Union, Feb. 4, 1848. =13=Crampton, no. 19, 1848.

Polk intimated to the Senate that the treaty would need to be amended. Trist was confidentially authorized to pay $20,000,000 for what he actually obtained, $5,000,000 more for Lower California, and $5,000,000 for the right of transit across the isthmus of Tehuantepec (Polk, Diary, Apr. 13, 1847; Ho. 69; 30, 1, p. 44).

32.20. Polk, Diary, Feb. 19-21. =297=Report of Cabinet meeting, Feb. 20, certified by Polk's private secy. Sen. Report 261; 41, 2. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 66-72 (Buchanan). =13=Crampton, no. 21, 1848. Richardson, Messages, iv, 573-5. Klein, Treaty, Public Ledger, June 15, 1849 (Dallas).

Buchanan probably desired to have the treaty go to the Senate. He would then share in the credit of the administration, should it be popular, and in the contrary event would be able to say that he opposed it (Polk, Diary, Feb. 21). Polk's accepting the treaty as the best agreement that could be obtained under the circumstances completely vindicated Trist's decision to make it and Scott's coöperation.

In April, 1848, the question of occupying Yucatan came up. The indigenes appeared to be on the point of exterminating the whites and as a desperate resource Yucatan offered herself simultaneously to England, France and the United States. Apr. 29 Polk recommended intervention to Congress, and this has been thought (Ills. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, 17-23) to mean that he was ready to take Yucatan, upset the treaty, and bring about the dismemberment--perhaps the annexation--of Mexico. But the treaty, which had now been ratified by our Senate, contained in art. 5 a provision expressly intended to prevent us from annexing more of Mexico's territory without her consent (see Buchanan to Hilliard, Works, viii, 56), and to believe that after giving this pledge our Executive proposed to reverse his entire policy regarding Mexico and be guilty of such bad faith would require much more evidence than we have. It seems to the author that humanity combined with an avowed desire to keep European powers out of Yucatan fully explain what Polk did (see Polk's Diary, Apr. 25). Congress decided against occupying Yucatan. Its troubles were settled by an agreement between the two parties (Nat. Intelligencer, May 17).

32.21. Sherman Letters, 46-7. Polk, Diary, Feb. 28. Public Ledger, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). N. Y. Journ. Commerce, Feb. 25-6; Mar. 1, 11. Niles, Feb. 26, 1848, pp. 401-3. =139=Fulton to Campbell, Mar. 5. =198=Berrien to Gallatin, June 7. Morse, J. Q. Adams, 307-8. Adams was stricken down two days after the treaty reached Washington. By this time the Senators understood its contents fairly well, no doubt.

32.22. Polk, Diary, Feb. 25-Mar. 10; Apr. 27. =13=Crampton, no. 21, 1848. Meigs, Benton, 378. Benton, View, ii, 694. =210=Woodward to Hammond, Feb. 23. =210=Alvord to Id., Feb. 24. Calhoun Corresp., 743 (to Mrs. C.), 745 (to T. G. C.). (Politicians) Benton, View, ii, 710. =253=McLean, remarks. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Mar. 3, 1848. N. Y. Journ. Commerce, Feb. 25; Mar. 1-3, 7, 11. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 3-37 (proceedings). Wash. Union, Mar. 2, 4. Balt. Clipper, Mar. 4. Balt. Patriot, Mar. 3. Nat. Intellig., Feb. 28; Mar. 4. Public Ledger, Feb. 24. N. Y. Herald, Oct. 30, 1847. Johnson, Douglas, 123. Webster, Writings, x, 3-33. Boston Courier, Feb. 24, 1848. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 497 (Dayton).

The Whigs were suspected of trying to gain enough Democratic support so that they could not be charged with beating the treaty as a party (Polk, Diary, Mar. 3; Public Ledger, Mar. 8). Webster's policy was not only unpatriotic but unintelligent, for a continuation of the war would probably have led either to defeat or to larger acquisitions; but perhaps he believed no bad results would occur before the next Presidential election. He knew the country as a whole wanted the treaty ratified for the sake of peace (Writings, x, 7), and he was unable to make the New England Whig Senators join him against the treaty. Calhoun wrote to Gallatin that, owing to diversity of opinion in the Senate, not even a majority could have been obtained for any proposition different from the corresponding proposition of the treaty (=198=Mar. 13, 1848). What increased the danger involved in rejecting the treaty was the prospect that, with both Scott and Taylor out of the field, operations--even should they not become unsuccessful--would lack the interest which had largely prevented the public from thinking of the cost and other ills of the conflict, and hence it would be impossible to support the war (=132=W. R. King to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847; Seward, Seward at Wash., i, 62). Feb. 28 the committee on foreign relations reported the treaty without recommendation. Webster at once proposed a commission. His motion was tabled Mar. 2 (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 4, 9).

For Frémont (Benton's son-in-law) see chap. xxxi, note 31.19.

Benton was probably opposed to the treaty also because he had held that Texas ended at the Nueces. There was a particular reason for saying that we obtained the new territory by cession rather than by conquest. The latter construction would have raised the troublesome questions, What place is there under our Constitution for a conquered province, and what right has our government to hold foreigners in subjection (=210=B. Tucker to Hammond, Mar. 16, 1848)? Four senators did not vote. For an analysis of the vote see Rives, op. cit., ii, 636-7.

32.23. Dallas in Public Ledger, June 15, 1849. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 66-72 (Buchanan). Art. 10 was thought insulting to Texas and contrary to the terms of annexation. Probably American courts would not have enforced it, and almost certainly it would have caused much litigation. Sevier and Clifford were authorized to give Mexico (if necessary), after her ratification of the amended treaty, a choice between the two methods of payment (=52=to S. and C., Mar. 22, 1848). For the treaty as drawn and as amended see Ho. 50; 30, 2.

32.24. Polk, Diary, Mar. 11, 12, 14-18, 20, 23. Welles papers. =52=Buchanan to Clifford, Mar. 18, 1848. Polk to Senate, Mar. 18: Richardson, Messages, iv, 577. Claiborne, Quitman, i, 318. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 47-52 (Buchanan), 55 (Clifford, Sevier). Benton, View, ii, 711. =335=Memoranda.

The amount paid for nominal services in securing the consummation (in Mexico) of Trist's treaty was $28,728.67, while he received nothing for doing the real work. Years later he was paid (Sen. Rep. 261; 41, 2). It is true that disgust with Polk's course toward Scott and himself, and particularly with Polk's employing a man like Pillow, led Trist to say he would not serve again under Polk (=335=Nov. 28, 1847); but had the President now acted a manly part, Trist would no doubt have accepted the appointment given to Sevier. For R. E. Lee's feeling on the matter see Lee, Gen. Lee, 46. In the night of Mar. 11 Maj. Graham left Washington to notify Butler of the ratification of the treaty (Polk, Diary). Buchanan's letter to the minister of relations (Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 47-52) gave a conciliatory explanation of the amendments.

32.25. =13=Doyle, nos. 18, 29, 1848. =83=Relaciones, circular, Feb. 6. =76=Circulars, Feb. 16, 18. Atalaya, Feb. 2, 1848. Correo Nacional, Feb. 7. Kenly, Md. Vol., 464. Exposición dirigida. Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296-334. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 615, 619. Rejón, Observaciones. Communicación circular. México á través, iv, 708-9. Eco del Comercio, Mar. 15. =80=Junta legislativa of Méx. state to gov., Dec. 17, 1847; reply from Peña, Dec. 28. In view of previous notes, further citations here seem unnecessary.

32.26. (Impression) Polk, Diary, Mar. 9; Calhoun Corresp., 757 (to T. G. C.). =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 3, 13; Apr. 7. =13=Doyle, nos. 18, 29, 41, 52, 1848. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 55-6 (S. and C.), 72 (Rosa). Correo Nacional, Feb. 7. México á través, iv, 710. Long, Memoirs, 62. Apuntes, 393. (Hunt up) =291=Winship to Pierce, Mar. 5. =52=Trist, nos. 25, 27, 29. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 64. =125=Bonham to mother, May 14. Picayune, Feb. 27. (Hawked) Wash. Union, Apr. 9, 25 (letters from Mexico).

It was feared that Polk's haste in sending Sevier and Clifford would lead the Mexican Congress to feel that we were eager for peace; that the inexperience of those diplomats might tempt the Mexicans to test their ability; that the recall of Scott and Trist would have an unfavorable influence, and that Mexican Congressmen might hold off in order to be bought by the Americans with funds said to have been provided for the purpose (Polk, Diary, Feb. 7). On the other hand the refusal of the government to appropriate any part of the fifteen millions coming from the United States produced a good effect. It was an excellent sign that Almonte failed to get elected to the Senate. A quorum assembled May 3. Congress opened formally May 7. By May 9 the treaty was before it.

32.27. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 61 (S. and C.), 62-72, 76. Apuntes, 393-5. Exposición dirigida. Negrete, Invasión, iv, 296; app., 399. Ballentine, Eng. Soldier, ii, 295-6. México á través, iv, 710. Public Ledger, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). (Preparations) Richardson, Messages, iv, 544, 546. Wash. Union, June 9. Nat. Intellig., Mar. 14. =13=Crampton, no. 19, 1848. =13=Doyle, no. 54, 1848.

Peña said he regretted the amendments but--especially since no new negotiation was deemed possible--did not think the treaty should be rejected on account of them. The vote in the Chamber of Deputies, May 19, was 51 to 35; in the Senate, May 24, 33 to 4 (=60=Butler to Marcy, May 26). Action of the New Mexico Legislative Assembly looking toward absorption in the United States was of great assistance, for it stopped the cry that loyal citizens were being sold. Some 300-500 American deserters, who were at Querétaro, took a strong stand for peace, because they were likely to be captured and shot, should the war continue; and the Mexicans felt considerable responsibility for the deserters. Polk's Message of Dec. 7, 1847, declared strongly for pushing the war at the expense of Mexico, if she would not make a treaty, and announced that California and New Mexico would not in any event be relinquished. Under this spur our Congress voted additional forces. The Whigs held off, but dared not refuse to support the war (p. 291). The speeches particularly worthy of attention were those of Cass (Mar. 14) and Webster (Mar. 23). Noisy popular demonstrations of joy were lacking because there had been no business disturbances, no invasion and no sinking of ships, the seat of war was distant, for nine months nothing striking had occurred there, Taylor and Scott were out of the field, and few had personal reasons for feeling interested in our Mexican relations.

32.28. Richardson, Messages, iv, 679-87. Sen. 69; 30, 1, pp. 72-3. Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 56-79. =60=Butler to Marcy, May 21. Calendario de Ontiveros, 1847. Kendall, Narrative (N. Y., 1844), ii, 185, 192. (Distance) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1047 (Scott). Wise, Gringos (N. Y., 1849), 267-70. Richardson, Messages, iv, 630, 644. Nat. Intellig., June 24, 1848. Portrait of Peña: city hall, Mex.

Apparently the Mexican government deferred the appearance of Sevier and Clifford at Querétaro (especially as they insisted upon having an American escort) lest it should seem to be acting under pressure or lest some untoward accident should occur. This course was doubtless wise. May 19 they were invited to come, for the Deputies had just ratified the treaty and the Senators were sure to do so. Sevier was ill on May 26. He returned to the United States soon after the formalities were concluded, but Clifford remained as our minister. Rosa arrived at Washington in November, 1848, as the minister of Mexico. During their stay at Querétaro our commissioners were led to embody in a protocol some explanations of the treaty. In 1849 the Mexicans asserted that the protocol gave them additional advantages; and the Whigs--apparently encouraged by Benton, who was accused of acting in collusion with the Mexican minister--undertook to make trouble for the administration and perhaps invalidate the treaty. But it was unreasonable to pretend that such a document could modify a treaty previously ratified by the American Senate and the Mexican Congress. Besides, Sevier and Clifford gave explicit notice, before drawing up the protocol, that they had no power to modify the treaty (=52=Clifford to Cuevas, Apr. 30, 1849). At length the Mexican government admitted formally that the protocol was merely explanatory (=52=Lacunza to Clifford, July 13, 1849). See also on this subject Ho. 50; 30, 2, pp. 76-9. Polk, Diary, Feb. 4, 6, 8, 10, 1849. Foote, Remins., 332-5. Sen. 1; 31, 1, pp. 69-89. Ho. 5, pt. 1, 31, 1, pp. 69-89. Meigs, Benton, 378-9. Richardson, Messages, iv, 679-87. Foster, Amer. Diplom., 320. Buchanan, Works, viii, 350 (to C.).

32.29. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. The chief cause of difficulty was that Clifford referred certain matters to Washington that he should have settled himself, and thus caused delay. The worst consequence was that the customhouse at Vera Cruz did not pass into Mexican hands at the appointed time, because no one had authority to surrender it. At length, however, Gen. Smith assumed the responsibility of doing this, and Clifford endorsed his action. Similar difficulties arose at Tampico and Mazatlán. (On this topic one may consult: =52=Buchanan to Clifford, Aug. 15, 1848; =13=Giffard, Apr. 10; July 16; =52=Clifford to Smith, June 27; July 4; =52=Smith to Clifford, July 8; and reply, July 18; =52=Otero to Clifford, June 21; July 1; Buchanan, Works, viii, 177, 268, 272, 284.) Complaint was made because a body of our troops, in order to go from Monterey, Mex., to New Mexico, crossed territory not actually in our possession. June 30 arrangements were completed for paying the $3,000,000 which Trist, and then Butler, had been authorized to draw (Polk, Diary, Feb. 23; =52=Clifford, no. 15; Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 107-9). July 4 the treaty was duly proclaimed by Polk (Richardson, Messages, iv, 627; Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 173); and two days later he recommended that provision be made for carrying it into effect (details in note 32.31). Mexico appropriated funds to bring from the surrendered territory such of her citizens as might desire to leave it (Negrete, Invasión, iv, 342-9).

32.30. Evacuation of northeastern Mexico. =61=Wool to Jones, Mar. 21; June 8, 15; =61=Jones to Butler, May 17; =61=Id. to Wool, June 7, 17; 65gen. orders 25; =65=Wool, orders 156, June 12 (announcing that peace had been made); =76=A. de Leano, Monterey, June 25 (possession given yesterday); =76=Aguirre to Id., Saltillo, June 29 (S. evacuated, June 14). =76=Clarke to Mex. commander, Mazapil, Mar. 18. July 6, =61=Wool wrote to the adj. gen. from the Brazos that four cos. of dragoons would soon set out for California, and Bragg's battery and one co. of dragoons for S. Fe under orders from the war dept.; and that all the volunteers except five mounted cos. had embarked.

The northwest. =61=Price to Rails, Apr. 16; =61=Id. to vice gov. Chihuahua, Apr. 16; México á través, iv, 710; =76=Price to Mex. commrs., May 1; =69=Wool to Marcy, June 22; =61=Id. to adj. gen., July 6. On Aug. 6 news of peace and the retention of upper Calif. (which went overland from La]* Paz in Lower Calif.) reached Mason at Monterey. He then ordered the N. Y. vols. discharged. This process was completed on Oct. 26 (Sen. 18; 31, 1, pp. 573, 626). =61=Mason to adj. gen., Aug. 19 (anticipatory orders given to Burton in Lower Calif. to evacuate on learning of peace). Sen. 18; 31, 1, p. 513 (Burton to Mason, June 27: official news of peace have come).

Naval evacuation. Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (Buchanan). =48=Mason to Shubrick or Jones, Mar. 11, confid. =48=Id. to Jones, June 27 (Polk wished to retain Lower Calif., but did not wish to prevent peace by insisting; do what you rightfully can to help friendly Mexicans come to the U. S., if they wish to do so). July 15 at La Paz =47=Jones and Shubrick agreed that such persons should be transported to California, and that, in extreme cases of destitution caused by Mexican vengeance, reasonable compensation should be made out of the military contributions collected in that quarter. =76=Comte. gen. Sonora, July 13 (U. S. vessels left Guaymas July 5). Gaxiola, Invasión, 215 (Lavallette evacuated Mazatlán June 17). The treaty had been received at Mazatlán on June 13. Ho. 50; 30, 2, p. 52 (B.). =52=Jones to Anaya, June 13.

32.31. =60=Butler to Marcy, May 21; June 2. =80=Memo., May 30. =13=Doyle, no. 66, 1848. =52=Clifford, no. 13, 1848. México á través, iv, 711. Rivera, Jalapa, iv, 88. (Herrera) =52=Rosa to Sevier and Clifford, June 2; =80=Relaciones circular, June 13. Grant, Mems., i, 118. Sen. Rep. 32; 34, 1 (Naylor).

Arrangements were made by Butler and the ayuntamiento so that local Mexican guards began to patrol the city as soon as the Americans marched out (=92=memo.). Our troops began to leave the capital on May 30 (=60=Butler to Marcy, June 2). The order of march was: heavy artillery; Patterson's division (vols.); Marshall's division (vols.); Col. Bonham and third division (regulars); Kearny and second division (regulars); Butler and first division (regulars). Divisions were as a rule two days apart. Worth remained at the capital for a time after June 12 to dispose of surplus property. After Butler sailed (June 21) Worth was in command. July 6 Polk presented the consummated treaty to Congress, recommending the appropriation of $12,000,000 for Mexico, provision for a commissioner and a surveyor to run and mark the boundary line, and provision for commissioners to adjust the American claims against Mexico assumed by the United States (Richardson, Messages, iv, 587-93). Herrera was declared President on May 30.

32.32. =61=Thomas to Brooke, May 21. Lerdo de Tejada, Apuntes, ii, 585. =13=Giffard to Doyle, Aug. 1. México á través, iv, 711. =61=P. F. Smith, July 11. =61=Worth to Smith, June 27. =254=McClellan to "Tom," May 23. (Symbol) Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 911 (Scott). (Verse) Oswandel, Notes, 587.

It seems unnecessary to cite the numerous orders regarding details.

For the embarkation see Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 201. For one reason or another a few men remained in Mexico. There was a plan to march some of the troops north from the capital, but it did not seem wise to ask the consent of the Mexican Congress. The original intention was to have the men going by water land as near their homes as practicable, but the northern men objected strenuously to the tedious voyage. The Mexicans and Americans awaiting execution were released. The members of the Mexican Spy Co. were offered $20 apiece and a trip to Texas. Our sick and wounded soldiers were provided for on their arrival in the United States.

XXXIII. THE FINANCES OF THE WAR

33.1. On Mexican finances see also vol. ii, pp. 6-8.

33.2. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1070, table. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 13-24. =61=Scott, memoir on Mexican finances received at the war dept., Jan. 6, 1848. Mexican national accounts were kept in so peculiar a way, and the officials were so much more anxious to conceal than to reveal the truth, that it would be extremely difficult and very likely impossible to state precisely all the details regarding the finances of the government.

33.3. Ramírez, México, 243-4. Dublán, Legislación, v, 135, 172, 211, 240, 246, 255, 261-3, 286. =80=Guerra to Hacienda, Sept. 8, 1847. Diario, Dec. 31, 1846; June 17; July 6, 1847. =76=Guerra, circulars, June 17; July 6, 1847. S. Anna, Apelación, 67. =82=Proclam. of act'g. gov. Puebla, Nov. 30, 1847. =80=Méx. state legislature, address, Apr. 26, 1847. =76=S. Anna, Nov. 16, 1846. Vera Cruz state, or at least her governor, showed much zeal, but all her resources were needed for home use. See also chap. xxi, p. 9.

33.4. =75=Report of meeting of govs., Nov., 1847. S. Anna, Apelación, 45, 67. Courrier des Etats Unis, May 22, 1847. Encarnacion Prisoners, 69. México á través, iv, 667. Apuntes, 206-7. Republicano, June 17, 1847. =76=Memo., Apr. 6, 1847. Picayune, Aug. 7, 8, 1847. London Times, Sept. 6, 1847. Semmes, Service, 313. Ramírez, México, 238. Gamboa, Impug., 67. Dictamen de la Comisión, 29-30. =92=Mexico ayunt., Sept. 9, 1847. =92=Tornel to Mexico ayunt., Sept. 12. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1063 (Scott). Ripley, War with Mexico, ii, 126, 489.

The clergy may have given something in addition to the $1,500,000. See the end of chap. xxi, p. 15. The arrangement with the bondholders was known as the "conversion of 1846." This loan gave Mackintosh a particular reason for desiring to have peace made. The loan was to have been repaid in nine months. During July and August, 1847, Santa Anna appears to have raised in one way and another, as indicated in the text, about $1,000,000. The pay of officials was reduced or withheld. For forced loans see chap. i, note 1.7. In July, 1847, though foreigners were exempt from forced loans, Santa Anna evaded the agreement by taking money without going through the ceremony of promising to repay it.

33.5. =80=Lombardini to Mexico ayunt., Aug. 13, 1847. =75=Meeting of govs., Nov., 1847. Diario, July 1, 1847. Ramírez, México, 260. =90=Jalapa ayunt., Apr. 10, 1847. =94=Canalizo to Orizaba ayunt., Apr. 4, 1847. =82=Comte. milit., S. Martín, to Puebla sec. state, Mar. 31, 1847. =312=Anaya to S. Anna, Apr. 9, 1847. =76=Many memoranda, orders, etc. There was waste, of course, as well as injustice and peculation. This was brought out at the meeting of governors.

33.6. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 9; 29, 1 (Id., estimates, Dec. 4, 1845). Ho. 51; 29, 1 (war dept. contracts). Ho. 56; 29, 1 (Marcy, report, Jan. 9, 1846). Ho. 81; 29, 1.

33.7. Bankers' Mag., ii, 202-4. [B]N. Y. Herald (weekly), May 16, 23; June 6; July 3; Aug. 8, 15, 29, 1846. London Times, July 15, 1846. =198=Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. =354=Welles papers (Hist. of 29 Cong., 2 sess.). Nat. Intelligencer, Nov. 28, 1846.

[Footnote B: All the citations of the Herald in the notes on this chapter refer to the financial articles.]

33.8. Wash. Union, Nov. 30, 1846. N. Y. Herald (weekly), May 16; June 6, 1846; June 19, 1847. Scott, Repudiation, 37, 47, 162. Green, Repudiation, 11, 13, 15. Niles, Dec. 4, 1847, p. 218. (Sévigné) Buchanan, Works, vii, 66. London Spectator, May 30, 1846. =354=Welles papers. Dewey, Financial History, 245. Bolles, Financial History, 580-2. Journ. Mil. Serv. Instit., xiv, 198.

The huge state debts were mostly due to extravagant enterprises often supported by fraudulent banking. Delinquency was in reality a salutary suspension of payments that prevented bankruptcy, but the creditors did not know this at the time, and felt little disposed to be charitable.

33.9. Taussig, Tariff Hist., 113-5. Niles, June 6, 1846, p. 212; Aug. 1, 1846, p. 345; Aug. 14, 1847, p. 369. Boston Atlas, Jan. 6, 1847. Ambler, Ritchie, 264. Webster, Letters, 337-9. =308=Shields to Walker, Aug. 3, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Ho. 227; 29, 1. Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848). (Walker, Jarnagin) Welles papers. (Haywood) =1=Allen to "Effie," July 25, 1846; =210=McDuffie to Hammond, July 20, 1846. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Aug. 1, 29; Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 29, 1848. N. Y. Globe, Jan. 9, 1847. Bankers' Mag., i, 136; ii, 74. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1846). U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 42, 53, 59, 106. Lalor, Cyclop., ii, 495; iii, 864. Phila. No. American, July 16, 1846.

Walker's report of December 3, 1845, enunciated and defended his tariff principles (Ho. 6; 29, 1). These were: 1, to collect only enough revenue for the economical administration of the government; 2, to have no duty higher than the lowest rate that will yield the greatest revenue (e.g. some luxuries are so easily smuggled in that a high duty would produce little); 3, below such a rate to permit discrimination, if thought desirable (e.g. less on necessaries than on luxuries); 4, to lay the maximum rate on luxuries; 5, to have only ad valorem duties; and, 6, to discriminate against no section or class of the nation. He expressed the opinions that many of the high duties were becoming prohibitive and therefore unprofitable, and that the increased risk and costs of transportation during a war would cause nearly all of them to become so. Besides, he said, "at least two thirds of the taxes imposed by the present tariff are paid, not into the treasury, but to the protected classes" (Niles, Aug. 1, 1846, p. 349). Walker also charged that the specific duties, which formed a part of the 1842 tariff, taxed most highly the cheapest articles and therefore produced relatively little (Sen. 105; 29, 2: to Dallas). It was argued by others that war would sufficiently hinder importing to make a protective tariff unnecessary (Wash. Union, May 28, 1846).

The essential idea underlying the tariff of 1846, though it was not strictly a revenue tariff, was that it would increase the revenue by stimulating importation. But opponents argued that unless Europe should take a greatly increased quantity of our agricultural products--which there was no reason to expect--we could not pay for larger imports; while, should foreign goods be "dumped" at low prices upon our markets, American manufacturers would be ruined. Even in the year ending June 30, 1845, the balance of trade had been $7,251,589 against us, and we had exported $8,606,495 in specie (Bankers' Mag., i, 136). Under the tariff of 1842 the average rate of duty was 24 per cent; under that of 1846, 18 per cent.

One natural effect of the uncertainty caused by the new fiscal laws was to check business, but this was offset by its tendency to check speculation and inflation. The specie feature tended to contract the currency, and many deemed this unfortunate in view of the large calls for money likely to result from the war. Good judges thought its enforcement would have to be deferred, therefore. A special cause of alarm was that in preparing for the second war with England the duties had been increased instead of reduced. Senator Haywood of North Carolina opposed the new scale of duties as sure to plunge the country into debt, opposed putting them into effect so promptly (Dec. 1, 1846), and opposed the adoption of such a combination of new financial measures (Wash. Union, Aug. 18, 1846). He therefore resigned, and this endangered the plan of the administration.

The warehouse system consisted in deferring the payment of assessed duties without an interest charge, the government retaining the goods meanwhile as security for the eventual payment of them. Goods could therefore wait for a purchaser, instead of going--if not at once in demand--for what they would bring at a forced sale. This encouraged importation and built up extensive stocks, which in turn attracted purchasers from afar (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2). This system, like that of the sub-treasury, proved highly advantageous. The specie provision of the sub-treasury bill required the government to accept only specie after Dec. 31, 1846, and to pay out only specie after Mar. 31, 1847 (U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 64), with the exception of treasury notes.

33.10. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Polk, Message, June 16; Walker, June 15, 1846, etc.). Polk, Diary, Sept. 29, 1846. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Id., report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 2 and 10; 29, 2. Ho. 9, 51, 56, 81, 82; 29, 1. Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 395. Sen. 27; 30, 1.]

The warehouse bill also delayed the payment of duties. Walker's estimate of the customs revenue for 1846-7 was $27,835,731 (report, Dec. 9, 1846, in Sen. 2; 29, 2). The receipts were actually $23,747,865 (report, Dec. 8, 1847, in Ho. 6; 30, 1). Walker pointed out that nearly half a million was due on warehoused goods (Niles, July 31, 1847, p. 337); but these goods might not all have been imported, had it been necessary to pay the duties at once, and some of them were practically sure to be exported, and hence not all the duties assessed upon them could be considered a part of the revenue, as Walker intimated. The Democrats feared that taxes would make the war unpopular, and the Whigs hoped to obtain that result by less expensive methods.

33.11. Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Walker to Polk, June 15, 1846). Gallatin, War Expenses, 15-6. Niles, Sept. 19, 1846, p. 48; Oct. 3, 1846, p. 80. Bankers' Mag., i, 193-4, 322. N. Y. Herald (weekly), July 18; Aug. 15; Sept. 19; Oct. 31, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. Bayley, National Loans, 70-2. Polit. Sci. Qtrly., i, 375-84. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 24, 1848. U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 39. Knox, U. S. Notes, 63-4.

The Act of July 22, 1846, was based upon and virtually embodied that of Oct. 12, 1837. Notes redeemed could be reissued. Any fraction of the $10,000,000 could be issued in notes or in stock (bonds) at the President's discretion, but the amount of both could not exceed that figure. The bonds were to conform to the Act of Apr. 15, 1842, and to "be redeemable at a period not longer than ten years from the issue thereof." Walker thought that only a war with a powerful maritime nation, exposing our commerce to peril and causing a great loss in customs revenue, would be thought to warrant excise and direct taxes. (The idea of a direct tax was widely unpopular, because such a tax would be based upon population, and therefore would favor the capitalistic sections.) Before issuing treasury notes Walker used up much of the surplus lying in the banks. The notes were issued at par. They could not become a circulating medium. For redemption they went to the city banks. So long as these banks had deposits of public funds, they were accepted as cash. After that, their tendency was to fall. About Oct. 1, 1846, the notes were quoted at 98-1/2 in St. Louis. For a time the New Orleans banks would not receive the notes, but retaliation brought the banks round. Since only specie and treasury notes were to be receivable after Jan. 1, 1847, for dues to the government, the sub-treasury Act aided the notes. On the other hand the issuance of the notes offset the specie requirement of that Act, and therefore prevented or modified some of its anticipated consequences--particularly a drain upon the specie of the banks. One advantage of the notes was that, should the war suddenly end, they could be withdrawn and the interest on them stopped. This was not true of loans.

33.12. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Polk, Diary, Sept. 29, 1846. Gallatin, War Expenses, 14-6. Niles, Sept, 12, 1846, p. 17. De Knight, Currency, 69. N. Y. Herald (weekly), June 6; Aug. 15, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847; Jan. 29, 1848. Bankers' Mag., i, 193-4.

The authority to issue these notes was limited to one year; but on Jan. 28, 1847, the time was extended to six months after the ratification of peace with Mexico, with the proviso that the notes thus authorized should not exceed $5,000,000 in amount (§ 15, U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 121-2). In his report of Dec. 9, 1846, Walker stated that $3,853,100 of these notes had been issued, $1,766,450 bearing interest at one tenth of 1 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 69), and the residue at 5-2/5 per cent per annum payable on redemption. Nov. 2, 1846, treasury notes of prior issues amounting to $412,283.97 were outstanding. The surplus, July 1, 1846, was $9,126,439. Sept. 29, 1846, the treasury contained "only a fraction over" four millions (Polk, Diary, Sept. 29).

33.13. =13=Pakenham, nos. 127, Oct. 29; 130, Nov. 12, 1846. (Walker) Wash. Union, May 10; Dec. 9, 1847; N. Y. Express, Dec. 12, 1846; Welles papers; Boston Courier, Feb. 17, 1848; =345=G. A. Worth to V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847; =198=Gallatin to Newboldt, Feb. 8, 1848; =198=Id. to Rockwell, May 8, 1848; =181=Buchanan to Donelson, May 13, 1847. Miss. Hist. Soc. Pubs., vi, 363. Dodd, Walker, 24, etc. Wash. Union, Nov. 16; Dec. 8, 1846. N. Y. Express, Nov. 18, 1846. Bankers' Mag., i, 321-2. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Sept. 19; Nov. 7, 14, 28, 1846. Bayley, National Loans, 71. De Knight, Currency, 70. Niles, Oct. 10, p. 81; Oct. 17, p. 97; Oct. 24, p. 128; Nov. 7, pp. 146-7, 1846. Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Walker to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Polk, Diary, Oct. 1, 13, 15-7, 22, 30; Nov. 7, 1846. London Times, Oct. 27, 1846. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Cong. Globe, 29, 2, app., 124 (Ingersoll). Dewey, Financial History, 256.

Professor Tucker proved, it was said, that Walker's argument for free trade made an error of $1,000,000 per year in the productive industry of the United States. Stewart of Pennsylvania charged him in Congress with a number of errors. Rockwell of Connecticut made a startling analysis of treasury statements (Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 404-7); but it would lead us too far afield to enter upon such a discussion. $4,999,149 of the loan was issued (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 71). On $363,900 there was an average premium of .277 of 1 per cent, while the rest went at par (De Knight, Currency, 70). Opponents of the government attributed the success of the loan to Marcy's statement that it would not be necessary to call for more volunteers. As a new call for volunteers went out almost immediately after the bids were opened, he was charged falsely with having played a trick on the public (N. Y. Express, Nov. 18, 1846). For the truth in this matter see vol. i, p. 351. Most of the loan was taken at New York, but it became fairly well distributed. Walker's offering the loan only ten days after advertising an issue of $3,000,000 in notes (Niles, Nov., 1846, p. 147) was rather alarming, it must be admitted. A less reasonable criticism on his policy was that he could and should have borrowed liberally June 1 and July 1 at 5 per cent. At those dates he had a large surplus, the tariff had not been changed, and the administration did not expect a serious war.

33.14. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Dewey, Financial History, 255-6. U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 118. =247=King to Larkin, Nov. 7, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. 16. =13=Pakenham, no. 13, Nov. 12, 1846. Niles, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113; June 5, p. 224; Aug. 21, pp. 392, 400; Feb. 5, 1848, p. 354 (McLean). Wash. Union, Jan. 14; Apr. 12, 1847. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Apr. 24; Nov. 30, 1847; Feb. 26; Mar. 4, 11, 18, 1848. Bayley, Nat. Loans, 72. De Knight, Currency, 71-2. Knox, U. S. Notes, 64, 69. =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, Dec. 29, 1846, priv.

The estimated deficit, July 1, 1847, was $4,779,042 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846 in Sen. 2; 29, 2). By the Act of Jan. 28, 1847, the treasury notes were to be redeemable in one or two years, to bear interest (not more than 6 per cent) at the discretion of the President, and to be convertible into bonds. None could be issued, used as security for loans, or bought up by the government, at less than par plus the accrued interest. New notes could be issued for those redeemed, but the total outstanding amount of notes and bonds issued under the Act could not exceed $23,000,000. The public lands were in effect pledged as security for the loan, which was made payable at any time after Dec. 31, 1867. The Act provided that the notes to be issued under it and all previous treasury notes could be converted into 6 per cent stock (bonds).

It was predicted that the loan could not be placed at better than 90, if at all (N. Y. Express, Dec. 14, 1846). Bids (to be in by Apr. 10) for $18,000,000 of it were invited on Feb. 9, 1847. The New York and Boston banks appear to have agreed on a price, but some New York capitalists offered more, and they in turn were outbid by Corcoran and Riggs of Washington, who seem to have taken a very large part of it. The bids above par totalled about $55,000,000, and the premiums offered ran as high as 2 per cent. It has been called a mistake to pay 6 per cent on long-term bonds, and this is proved by the premium they soon commanded. But before the bonds were issued grave doubts regarding their acceptability were entertained, and a saving in interest was of relatively little importance. Many had expected that the whole amount($23,000,000) would be issued in treasury notes and practically increase the amount of the currency; but the amount issued at first was largely taken for investments (N. Y. Herald (weekly), Mar. 20, 1847). Hence the currency in circulation was diminished. However, the specie coming from abroad soon made up for this.

Bids for $5,000,000 of notes were invited on Feb. 26. The Rothschilds (represented by A. Belmont) were soon understood to be interested, and were in fact successful to a large extent in the bidding. Their bidding encouraged American capitalists. Probably the notes could safely, and therefore should, have been made convertible into 5 per cent, instead of 6 per cent, bonds. The interest paid on them at redemption was 5-2/5 or 6 per cent (De Knight, Currency, 71).

June 1, 1817, Walker reported treasury notes as outstanding (minus $789,700 of cancelled notes on hand): of issues prior to July 22, 1846, $303,817; of issues under the Act of July 22, $3,565,600; of issues under the Act of Jan. 28, $8,100,000; net total, $11,179,717 (Niles, June 5, p. 224). About the middle of August, 1847, they sold at 106-1/2, but within a week (probably because reports that Scott had captured Mexico City were found to be false) they fell at New York to 103-1/2. The issuing of more notes was objected to on the ground that it would virtually mean a government bank controlled by a party. It was argued by some that notes for small amounts bearing interest at a nominal rate should have been put out. These, it was said, would have been purchased by persons of small means, who actually put their savings into specie needed by the government. The question was raised why Polk asked in December, 1846, for funds to cover the fiscal year 1847-8 (N. Y. Express, Dec. 14, 1846). Walker's report included estimates for that period, but this fact does not seem to be an adequate explanation. One suspects that Polk and Walker knew the money would be needed, and thought this the easiest way to get it.

33.15. Richardson, Messages, iv, 516. Pakenham, no. 6, Jan. 28, 1847. Sen. 2; 29, 2 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1846). Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Id., report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). Sen. 105; 29, 2 (Id. to Dallas, Feb. 1, 1847). Sen. 392; 29, 1 (Id. to Polk, June 15, 1846). Taussig, Tariff Hist., 115. Welles papers. Polk, Diary, Jan. 2, 1847. Niles, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston Courier, Feb. 17, 1848. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 281, 298. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Jan. 9, 1847. (Pessimists) =345=G. A. Worth to Van Buren, May 20, 1847.

In Dec., 1847, Polk had to admit that a deficiency of $15,729,114 on June 30, 1848, was probable. The British minister reported that one reason for proposing the tax on tea and coffee was a wish to defeat anticipated attempts of the protectionists to repeal the tariff of 1846. It was suspected that Walker made the appeal to Congress in order to display his influence or to relieve that body of responsibility for modifying the tariff it had so recently voted. The motives of the House were mixed. Some members doubtless objected to the plan on principle, others because they wished to be consistent with their action in accepting that tariff, others because the estimated return from such a tax ($2,500,000 or $3,000,000 per year) did not seem enough to meet the requirements, and others, perhaps, to rebuke what struck them like dictation on Walker's part; but the main considerations appear to be those mentioned in chap. xxxiv (e.g., p. 285.) The vote in the House was taken Jan. 2, 1847. Walker persisted, but without effect. Benton's idea was adopted in 1854. See "Public Lands, Bill to reduce and graduate the price of," in Senate index of Cong. Globe, 29 Cong., 1 and 2 sess.; 30 Cong., 1 sess., etc.

33.16. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). =13=Pakenham, no. 147, Dec. 29, 1846. Stockton, circular, Aug. 15, 1846. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 905 (Marcy); 930, 1085 (Scott); 931 (Worth). London Times, June 8, 1846. Richardson, Messages, iv, 548-9, 570, 672. Vattel, book 3, chap. 9, sect. 161. Balt. American, Feb. 17, 1847. Wash. Union, Apr. 12, 1847. N. Y. Herald (weekly), May 1, 1847. Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 552, 558, 561 (Polk); 553 (Walker). Niles, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113. Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1075 (Shubrick). =47=Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. =76=Lavallette, proclam., Oct. 26, 1847. Sen. 24; 30, 1 (Polk, Message). Ho. 20; 30, 2 (Polk, Message). Polk, Diary, Mar. 10, 1847.

We do not positively know that Walker originated the idea of the tariff in Mexican ports, nor that it had any relation to the tea and coffee tax; but one would naturally assume as much, and so the Washington Union stated (Niles, Apr. 24, 1847, p. 113). At first, however, Walker did not perceive that the tariff would have to rest upon the President's military authority. Contributions took the place of the pillage formerly practised in war. An advantage of the plan, perhaps not contemplated at first, was that it would greatly discourage smuggling, and therefore, since imports would mostly have to pass the inspection of American officers, contraband could much more fully be excluded. This tariff was fiercely attacked in Congress, but the position of the Executive was impregnable. Complaint was also made that Americans as well as neutrals had to pay it; but had they not done so, they would have been able to defy competition, foreign nations would have complained, the Mexicans would have benefited by the low prices of merchandise, and the United States would have obtained no revenue.

The American policy prior to March 31, 1847, is shown by Walker's circular of June 30, 1846 (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 158) and by Marcy's =63=instructions to the commanding officer at Tampico, Dec. 15, 1846. The latter said: Only United States vessels may enter, and those only when carrying articles produced in the United States or imports upon which United States duties have been paid, and on all such goods no duties will be charged. "But in a spirit of accommodation" clearances to Tampico of cargoes of foreign products, etc., in American vessels will be granted (duties having been paid) without being unloaded in the United States. Vessels admitted at Tampico may take out return cargoes of the property of Americans or neutrals without paying export duties; and specie belonging to neutrals may be freely exported. Indeed this export of specie should be encouraged, since it prevents Mexico from seizing the means of waging war. Pakenham complained that this policy would give American goods (which would not have to pay a duty) a monopoly of the Mexican market; but it seemed impossible at this time to run the risk of the military injury liable to result from admitting neutral vessels generally. He seems to have felt inclined to protest, but he did not find that the ministers of France, Spain and Germany intended to do so (=13=no. 147). Previous to Dec. 15, 1846, American goods had been extensively smuggled into Mexico across the Rio Grande, and of course that process continued.

33.17. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 975, 1014 (Marcy); 1083 (Shubrick). Sen. 1; 30, 1, pp. 552-76, 583, 585 (Marcy); 585 (circular); 586 (Walker); 951 (Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, pp. 1073, 1086 (Shubrick). Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 9 (Marcy); 10 (Walker). London Times, June 8, 1846; June 15, 1847. Polk, Diary, June 11; Nov. 6, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 531-2, 548. =52=Chargé Martin, no. 31, May 15, 1847. =13=Consul Glass, July 12, 1848. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). Constitutionnel, May 15, 1847. =13=Mora to Palmerston, May 19, 1847. Nat. Intelligencer, Apr. 24, 1847. =48=Mason to Perry, Apr. 3; June 16, 1847.

In some cases the Mexican tariff was reduced very much more than one half, and many articles of daily use, that had previously been prohibited, became available. No tonnage dues were assessed on vessels (chartered by the United States) laden exclusively with supplies for our army or navy (=60=Marcy to Scott, May 10, 1847), and United States officers, soldiers and sailors were exempted from the operation of the order to pay duties (Richardson, Messages, iv, 548). At Matamoros, Tampico and Vera Cruz the military governors acted as collectors. At places held by the navy, naval officers did so. On the Pacific coast it proved necessary to modify the tariff. June 11, 1847, the regulations were somewhat modified (Polk, Diary, June 11), and additional changes were made in Nov., 1847 (Polk, Diary, Nov. 6; Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 11). July 31, 1847, the duty on books was made 20 per cent ad valorem (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 585).

Chargé Martin reported from Paris that the French newspapers, alarmed by the protest of the Mexican consul at Havre, called on their government to demand guaranties from ours. Martin justly took the position that our admitting French commerce to Mexican ports was a pure favor, to be enjoyed at the risk of those caring to take advantage of it, but expressed the opinion freely that in the treaty of peace we should protect the interests invited by our policy, as in fact we pledged ourselves to do and did (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847 in Ho. 6; 30, 1, 619; chap. xxxii, p. 468).

33.18. N. Y. Herald (weekly), May 1, Dec. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1037 (Marcy). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1148 (Shubrick). =13=Consul Giffard, no. 37, Oct. 20, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 548. =13=Consul Glass, Dec. 1, 1847; July 12, 1848. =75=Hacienda to Relaciones, Dec. 3, 1847. =75=Gov. Tamaulipas to Relaciones, Dec. 10, 23, 1847. =75=Gates, order, Nov. 27, 1847. =76=Hacienda to Guerra, Dec. 3, 29, 1847. =13=Crampton, no. 30, Aug. 13, 1847. =76=---- to Amador, Feb. 2, 1848.

The governor of Tamaulipas wrote frankly to the central government that prohibition would merely promote robbery and smuggling while injuring good Mexicans. He therefore did nothing except to collect a duty. Yet Gates, commanding at Tampico, had to send escorts with traders, and could not fully protect them.

33.19. N. Y. Express, Dec. 1, 1846. Sumner, Amer. Currency, 167. Economist, Apr. 24, 1847. Gallatin, War Expenses, 3, 10. Bankers' Mag., i, 513-6, 609-12, 673-4; ii, 201, 706-7. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Dec. 19, 1846; Feb. 6; Apr. 17, 24; July 24, 31; Nov. 20; Dec. 11, 1847. Niles, Feb. 13, 1847, p. 384; Feb. 27, p. 416; Sept. 11, p. 18; Sept. 25, p. 60; Oct. 2, p. 80; Oct. 9, p. 82; Oct. 23, p. 128; Nov. 6, p. 145. =52=Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847. Welles papers. =198=Gallatin to Everett, Dec. 16, 1847. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). =181=Buchanan to Donelson, Jan. 29, 1847.

During the year ending June 30, 1848, almost thirty-seven and a half millions in breadstuffs were exported (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848 in Ho. 7; 30, 2). As early as March, 1847, the Bankers' Magazine estimated the increase in the value of our "present" exports of grain and cotton as $12-15,000,000. The customs receipts for the year ending June 30, 1847, were $23,747,865; for the following year $31,757,071. Of course the rising tide of prosperity, besides increasing the customs receipts and bringing specie, enhanced the credit of the government generally, and assisted the country in other ways to support the burden of the war. The crops of 1847 were fine in Europe; the importations were found there to have been excessive; and prices fell sharply. British business proved to be far less solid than it had been supposed to be. Bancroft, our minister, reported "a whirlwind of bankruptcies overspreading the land" (no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847). Orders for American goods were cancelled. Owing to a want of confidence the practice of consigning goods to English houses, with bills drawn on the consignees for a considerable part of their value, was to a large extent abandoned. Every vessel from England brought large parcels of American bonds to be sold for what they would fetch. Early in November the rate of exchange went up and specie began to be exported from this country, though much remained in the interior. Numerous failures occurred in the United States. All called in their resources. But here the trouble did not prove to be long or very serious; and while another year of war might have caused embarrassment, the country, despite the revolution in France, soon found itself comfortable.

33.20 Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). U. S. Stat. at Large, ix, 217. =13=Crampton, no. 40, Apr. 2, 1848. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Jan. 29, 1848. Bayley, National Loans, 73. De Knight, Currency, 73. For the debates in Congress consult the Cong. Globe. Boston Courier, Feb. 23, 1848. =345=Niles to V. Buren, Dec. 16, 1847. Polk, Diary, Feb. 1, 1848.

The debate in the House began Feb. 8 and ended Feb. 17. In the course of the discussion it came out that the treasury really had about $7,000,000 more than had been supposed, but that $4,000,000 were desired by the war department to make good certain deficiencies. The amount of the loan was therefore reduced from $18,500,000 to "not more than" $16,000,000 (Bayley, Nat. Loans, 73). The power to borrow under this Act was to continue one year. The bonds were to bear not more than 6 per cent interest, be sold at not less than par, and be reimbursable at any time after July 1, 1868. Before July 1, 1868, the secretary could purchase the bonds at the market price (but not below par). Coupons could be attached to the certificates, and such certificates be transferable by mere delivery. The secretary of the treasury was required to advertise for bids--these to be received 20-60 days from the date of the earliest advertisement at Washington. In order to give the loan the aid of assured peace, Walker arranged the advertising so as to defer the time of opening the bids until June 17, 1848. The premium obtained was $487,169. Though assisted with this loan, the treasury ended the fiscal year with a balance of only $153,535.]

33.21. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 354 (Taylor); 994 (Scott); 1005 (Mason); 341, 1007, 1037 (Marcy). =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, 1847, private. =256=Marcy to Scott, Nov. 17, 1847. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 5 (Marcy), 6 (Scott). Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 423-4. Polk, Diary, Sept. 19, 1846; Aug. 31; Oct. 4, 5, 1847. =63=Mason to Scott, Sept. 1, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 546-8. =13=Crampton, no. 58, Nov. 28, 1847. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 124 (Scott); 145 (Marcy). Scott, Mems., ii, 552-3. Diario, May 23, 1847. Republicano, June 9, 1847. Ho. 6; 30, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 8, 1847).

For the olive branches (i.e. offers to treat) see pp. 122-4. A particular difficulty in attempting to live on the country would have been the general sparseness of the population, especially since the Americans had to keep together. For this reason, though some of the enemy expected us to rouse the nation by undertaking to enforce such a policy, the wiser Mexicans did not look for it. On the ground that places would be occupied alternately by the contending armies, the British chargé at Washington deplored the order to exact contributions; but the course of the war preserved the Mexicans from this misfortune in a way he did not anticipate.

33.22. Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1062, 1081, 1085 (Scott), 1050, 1063, 1066 (gen. orders). J. Parrott to Marcy (note 33.21). =256=Id. to Id., Dec. 28, 1847, private. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 7, 1848. =69=Wool to Marcy, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14; 30, 1, pp. 11, 13. =63=Marcy to Gates, Mar. 7, 1848; to Davenport, May 2, 1848. =65=Scott, gen. orders 358, 376, 395 (1847); 15, 31 (1848). Scott, Mems., ii, 553, 582. Grant, Mems., i, 170-1. =61=McDowell to Hunter, Feb. 20; Mar. 5, 1848. Rodríguez, Breve Reseña, 1849, 5. =69=Scott to commander at Jalapa, Jan. 6, 1848. =61=McDowell to Monclova ayunt., Mar. 5, 1848. =80=Actg. treas., Méx. state, Feb. 29, 1848. =60=Taylor to Marcy, Nov. 20, 1847. =60=Butler to Marcy, Mar. 2, 7, 1848. =92=Mex. ayunt., session of Sept. 16, 1847. =92=Quitman, proclam., Sept. 22. =92=Veramendi to ayunt., Sept. 24. =65=Wool, orders 157, Dec., 1847. Delta, Dec. 19, 1847 ("Mustang"). =61=Memoir on Mex. finances. Sen. 19; 30, 1, pp. 2-4 (Scott). Moreno, Cantón, 380. =69=Wool to Taylor, Mar. 7, 1847. =61=McDowell to Webb, Apr. 15, 1848. =358=Williams to father, Dec. 27, 1847.

Besides the $150,000, Scott collected some $70,000 (about $12,000 captured at Cerro Gordo, nearly $50,000 for captured tobacco, and smaller amounts for licenses, etc.). Polk was accused of inconsistency for holding that Mexico could pay us no indemnity except in territory and yet expecting to draw large revenues from that country (Amer. Review, Jan., 1848, p. *2). The reply is threefold: 1, in the latter case he assumed that Mexico was to be deprived by military force of the revenues normally used by a nation; 2, even if a Mexican government might have had the physical power to raise a cash indemnity for us, it could not actually have obtained the money from the people for that purpose, as our own armies were expected to do by force; and, 3, Polk's expectations were not realized. Polk was also charged with encroaching upon the prerogatives of the House both in taxing the Mexicans and in spending the proceeds. Webster and Calhoun concurred in this view (Cong. Globe, 30, 1, 495-6). But if Gen. Taylor had a right--as all admitted--to impress a Mexican donkey into the service of his army, Polk had a right to do all that he did in this regard. The authority of the commander-in-chief in the enemy's country, waging war according to the Constitution, was quite broad enough to cover it. See Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 423-4.

The estimated possible revenues were as follows: import duties, $12,000,000; duties on goods passing to the interior, $2,400,000; direct taxes on real estate, professions, trades, etc., $3,000,000; duties on the production of gold and silver, $600,000; melting and assay dues, $50,000; export duties on coined gold and silver, $1,000,000; revenue from the monopolies, $3,525,000 (=61=Memoir). Transit dues on animals and goods, including the duties at city gates (alcabalas), were to be discontinued. For a short time in 1847 Perry allowed logwood to be exported under a 10 per cent duty. It seemed impracticable to seize the mines, for the miners would probably have fled on the approach of American troops.

Scott resolved not to take the ordinary state and city revenues, because he felt that such a course would be "to make war on civilization"; since every civilized community requires the means of paying for administration, without which it would fall into anarchy (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1049). His broad taxation orders were based upon an announced intention of spreading over the country. He proposed to send out expeditions soon. One actually proceeded, as we have seen, to Toluca, another to Cuernavaca, and another to the important mining town of Pachuca (Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1048, 1061-2). The occupation of Córdoba and Orizaba was partly in pursuance of the same policy (=61=Scott to Twiggs, Dec. 26, 1847). He proposed in particular to send 7000 men to San Luis Potosí in order to open the communication between Tampico and the mining city of Zacatecas. But his lack of troops and the peace negotiations prevented this.

In order to force the products of the mines into circulation for the benefit of both Americans and Mexicans, Scott forbade the exportation of gold and silver bullion, and on gold and silver coin exported he imposed a duty of 5 per cent (=65=gen. orders 362). Walker's and Polk's views on these points had been different from Scott's, and Scott's action was taken subject to revision at Washington, where he presented his reasons. At the end of April, 1848, Walker's instructions were put into force by General Butler.

Scott instructed his officers to execute his orders in a conciliatory manner, if possible, but apply force should that be necessary. Should there be no other way, the commanding officer was to collect the assessment in money or some equivalent from the wealthier inhabitants.

In the northeast Wool carried out the financial purposes of the government to the best of his ability, beginning at Saltillo as early as May, 1847, with a revenue system, the occupation of buildings, and the seizure of cattle, mules, etc. He punished refractory towns and places violating pledges of neutrality with special taxes. Mar. 2, 1848, he reported that all were paying their taxes. The owners of houses taken for the use of the army were indemnified through a tax on all the real estate of the vicinity. In northwestern Mexico only coast towns were in our hands. California and New Mexico, which the United States government intended to retain, were of course viewed in a different light. Naturally all possible attempts were made by the Mexicans to protect their property against us. Subsistence, forage, etc., continued to be paid for, since the interests of the army prescribed that policy still. Our officers were not permitted to have any interest (e.g. claim for special services) in cases of seizure, etc.

33.23. Richardson, Messages, iv, 591, 651, 678. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 107-9. =69=Hughes to Scott, Jan. 5, 1848. =63=Marcy to Twiggs, Mar. 7, 1848. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1062 (Scott). Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 588. Ho. 47; 30, 2, pp. 2 (Marcy), 109 (Mason). Ho. 1; 30, 2, p. 1131 (Shubrick). =47=Shubrick, Apr. 15, 1848. =69=Wool to Marcy, Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 14; 30, 1, p. 11 (Scott).

Import, export and tonnage duties produced in all only $3,434,665; contributions from other sources, $553,055; captured money and property, $163,573; assessments on states and the City of Mexico, $225,649; and state and municipal revenues, together with some other sources of income, $163,055. From these amounts the costs of collection, drawbacks on goods disposed of to men in the service, and the expenses of the state and municipal governments had to be deducted. It was to make up for surrendering the monopolies that Scott quadrupled the state assessments originally contemplated. $769,650 derived from the military contributions were applied on the first instalment due to Mexico. All of the $3,000,000 appropriated by the Act of March 3, 1847, was paid to her shortly after she ratified the treaty of peace (Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 107-9; Richardson, Messages, iv, 588).

33.24. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 589. =13=Pakenham, no. 74, June 13, 1846. Ho. Rep. 503; 31, 1. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1004 (Marcy). Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 125 (Scott). Scott, Mems., ii, 583. Polk, Diary, Aug. 18-20, 24-5, 28; Nov. 13, 1847. Wash. Union, Dec. 9, 1847. N. Y. Herald (weekly), May 23; June 20; Oct. 31; Nov. 7, 1846; Aug. 21; Oct. 16; Nov. 6, 1847. Ho. Report 503; 31, 1. Picayune, Sept. 14, 1847. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 20, 27, 1847, private. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Aug. 9, 1846.

Scott spent nearly $64,000 of the funds that he derived from the Mexicans for blankets and shoes given to private soldiers; and $10 each were given to a large number of wounded men when they left the hospital. Probably Belmont's arrangement left the Rothschilds a handsome profit, for John Parrott, who had been our consul at Mazatlán, offered, if the government would open a credit of two or three millions in London, to take charge of supplying cash in Mexico at the rate of five dollars for every pound sterling, and a pound sterling would have cost the government only about $4.80. One main purpose of our government in laying an export duty on gold and silver was to facilitate the exchange of treasury notes for specie with Mexican citizens; but probably little was accomplished, for nearly all the specie in Mexico was held by foreigners. In the offices at Washington a good deal of carelessness in making estimates and handling funds appears to have prevailed (e.g. Polk's Diary, Aug. 18-28, 1847), and Walker's relations with Belmont and with Corcoran and Riggs were perhaps a little too intimate (ibid.); but one finds no reasons for suspecting Walker of crookedness. Of course property was handled more or less wastefully in the field, and contractors took an advantage sometimes. Roa Bárcena (Recuerdos, 249) states that some men buying grain, etc., for the American army required the sellers to give receipts for larger sums than were paid to them. See also Polk, Diary, July 10, 1847. The largest loss resulted from Gaines's unauthorized calls for troops, which probably cost $1,500,000 (=13=Pakenham, no. 74, 1847).

33.25. Sen. 15; 30, 1. Semmes, Service, 472-3. Bancroft, Pac. States, viii, 545. Ho. 70; 30, 1, p. 11. Ho. 9, 27; 30, 2. Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1846; Feb. 16; Nov. 6, 9, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. Sen. 27; 30, 1. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, June 29, 1847. Richardson, Messages, iv, 591. Ho. 6; 29, 1 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). Ho. 7; 30, 2 (Id., report, Dec. 9, 1848). Lalor, Cyclop., iii, 864. N. Y. Herald (weekly), Apr. 10, 1847; July 1, 1848.

33.26. (Webster) Wash. Union, Dec. 11, 1846; Niles, Jan. 9, 1847, p. 303. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 912 (Stephens). The national debt, Oct. 1, 1845, was $17,075,446 (Walker, report, Dec. 3, 1845). July 6, 1848, Polk gave it as $65,778,450 including the bonds and treasury notes still available for issue (Richardson, Messages, iv, 591). Walker's report, Dec. 9, 1848, gave the increase of the national debt over that of March 4, 1845, as $48,036,151.

In a sense the war with Mexico cost too little. The estimates were pared below our needs. Troops could not be called out when they should have been. Transports and many other necessaries were lacking at critical times. This point will come up in the text of the next chapter. At the end of the war the country and the treasury were in a sound condition, and the government's income was ample. A period of solid prosperity ensued. It may be worth mention that American capitalists offered more than $100,000,000 for the less than $50,000,000 of government securities, and that the total received by the treasury in premiums was $555,511 (Walker, report, Dec. 9, 1848, in Ho. 7; 30, 2).

An account of the money market during the war (based mainly on the financial columns of the New York Weekly Herald) may be of interest. During the early spring of 1846 the Oregon controversy with England was a strong depressing influence. The outbreak of the war with Mexico caused a panic (May 11), but this passed immediately (May 12), and by May 19 the market was rather buoyant, largely in consequence of favorable news from Taylor. It then declined; but about the middle of June there was a plethora of money, and much activity prevailed in consequence of the settlement of the Oregon controversy. This faded gradually away into dulness, but quickened again about the first of August. Fluctuations followed. The first half of September saw a decline. Sept. 5 United States bonds that had sold at 113 before the war brought only 102, but the prospect of foreign demands for grain caused a revival (Sept. 20-Oct. 3). Dulness then returned; the general feeling about the war was reflected in very low prices about the middle of November, and Dec. 7 was a "blue day." Though the treasury required all payments to it to be in specie on and after Jan. 1, 1847, it did not begin to pay out specie until Apr. 1. Hence it piled up coin during the interim. Jan. 3, 1847, the market was rather stringent. During the second half of February, the Bank of England rate rose from 3 to 4. Prices continued to decline until by April 4 good prospects at the seat of war and an influx of specie turned the tide. May 1 the New York banks were said to have more than $12,000,000 in specie. May 10 Reading R. R. difficulties precipitated a panic, but this was only a flurry. Money was extremely abundant in a few days (May 19) and prices advanced until about the middle of July. During the second week of August the increasing war expenses bore hard on the market, and treasury notes fell about 2 per cent. About Oct. 1 the report that Scott had entered Mexico City was found to be untrue, and a panic set in (Oct. 4), due to that fact and bad news regarding the financial situation in Europe. The "explosion" of "corners" followed. By Nov. 11 the banks were "shaking in the wind," and a crisis came on at once (Nov. 14). Paper money was loudly called for. After a troubled month, however, money became much easier and prices responded (Dec. 19). Another month, and the banks (really in a tight place themselves) were believed to be tightening everything to force a change in the financial policy of the government (Jan. 25, 1848); but by Feb. 10 natural conditions revived buoyancy, and there was a loud call for more treasury notes. Things then quieted down, but the arrival of the draft of a treaty stimulated activity once more. Absurd rumors about the terms of the treaty next caused a temporary reaction; but when it was accepted, prices went up (Mar. 11). For the day-by-day prices of United States securities, Dec. 1, 1846, to Dec. 1, 1847, see Ho. 6; 30, 1, p. 71.

Other financial legislation of the war period. U. S. Statutes at Large, ix, p. 35, Act of June 27, 1846, sec. 2: $75,000 in U. S. stock belonging to the Seneca Indians to be cancelled, and interest to be paid them on a credit of that amount to be entered on the books of the secretary of the treasury. P. 94, Act of Aug. 10, 1846: Mexican Indemnity Stock (see Bayley, National Loans, 71, modified by statements of this work). P. 106, Act of Aug. 10, 1846: Treasury notes, stolen and put into circulation, to be redeemed by the government. P. 125, Act of Feb. 11, 1847, sec. 9: Any non-commissioned officer, musician and private entitled under this Act to receive a certificate or warrant for 160 acres (or 40 acres) may take instead of it $100 (or $25) in 6 per cent treasury scrip, redeemable at the pleasure of the government. P. 248, Act of July 19, 1848: Three months' extra pay to all who actually served out their term or were honorably discharged, or the heirs of those who lost life or died after being honorably discharged. P. 249, Act of July 21, 1848: Act of July 4, 1836, granting half-pay and pensions to widows, orphans, etc., made applicable to cases of these in the Mexican War. P. 412, Act of March 3, 1849: To provide for settling accounts of those who received money from military contributions, etc., in Mexico. P. 414, Act of March 3, 1849: To provide payment for property lost or destroyed in the military service of U. S. P. 520, Act of Sept. 28, 1850: Bounty lands to be given to certain officers and soldiers who served in the Mexican War.

XXXIV. THE WAR IN AMERICAN POLITICS

34.1. The chief sources for this chapter were personal correspondence, the debates of Congress, and periodicals representing all shades of politics. The leading newspapers were examined for every day of the war and also before and after it.

34.2. Parker, Sermon. Rhodes, U. S., i, 88. Weekly N. Y. Herald, May 23. No. Amer., May 15, 21. =191=Fairfield to wife, July 10, 1846.

34.3. London Times, Aug. 31. Welles papers (account of 29 Cong., 2 sess.). =108=Marcy to Bancroft, Apr. 28, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 717 (to T. G. C), 1096 (Fisher). =13=Pakenham, nos. 119, 132, 1846; 6, 9, 1847. =139=Gentry to C, Feb. 20, 1847. =139=A. to D. C., Jan. 20, 1847. Journal des Débats, Nov. 4, 1846. (Elections) N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 26, 1847; =132=Stokes to Buchanan, Jan. 3, 1847; Welles papers; Schurz, Clay, ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 336; N. Y. Herald, Nov. 7, 14, 1846; Wash. Union, Oct. 16, 22; Nov. 9, 14, 19, 27, 1846; May 5, 1847; Nat. Intellig., Nov. 7, 1846. Pub. Ledger, Dec. 23, 1846. In the winter we find some state legislatures passing resolutions (Ho. 93, 97; 29, 2) in favor of prosecuting the war, but these are signs of prevailing discouragement.

34.4. (Nomination and election) Smith, Annex, of Texas, 250-2, 310-5. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. =234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846, private. London Times, July 15, 1846. Welles papers. Nat. Intellig., Nov. 20, 1847. (Cabinet) Polk, Diary, Feb. 8, 1847; =345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 29; Feb. 29, 1848; =297=correspond. between Polk and M. Van Buren, C. Johnson, A. V. Brown and others, Dec, 1844-Feb., 1845; Poore, Perley's Remins., i, 334; Welles papers; =297=Simpson to Polk, Nov. 13, 1848. (Myself) Tenn. Hist. Mag., Sept., 1915 (to C. J., Dec. 21, 1844). Boston Atlas, Dec. 31, 1846. =206=Mangum to Graham, Feb. 21, 1845. (Polk's discretion distrusted) Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 554 (Allen), 567 (Webster).

What is said of Polk in this and succeeding paragraphs should be supplemented by referring to vol. i, pp. 128-9 and to the concluding chapter.

34.5. For a study of Polk's character see vol. i, pp. 128-9. =345=Pauling to Van Buren, Feb. 5, 1847. (Pillow) Polk to Johnson, May 17 [14], 1844: Tenn. Hist. Mag., Sept., 1915. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 51. =345=Frearoon to Van Buren, Jan. 23, 1847. =345=Blair to V. B., Jan. 29, 1848. Tyler, Tyler, ii, 457 (Gardiner). =345=G. A. Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. =139=Gentry to Campbell, Feb. 20, 1847. Schurz, Clay, ii, 289. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 273, 292, 336. Boston Atlas, Dec. 12, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 75 (Badger). Kohl, Claims, 71.

Taking advantage of the feeling about Polk's personality and methods, his enemies felt warranted in straining points against him. It was called treachery to negotiate with Santa Anna while negotiating with Paredes (No. American, Dec. 15, 1846), even though the latter negotiation had practically ended before the former began. His dwelling upon our claims against Mexico in his annual Message of 1846, which it was quite proper to do in reviewing the Mexican situation, was represented as an afterthought, intended to justify a blow already struck and discrediting the assertion that Mexico had caused the war by invading our territory (Boston Atlas, Dec. 12, 1846). It was pointed out that the proclamation sent to Taylor for distribution ascribed to the United States aims different from those professed in the Message of May 11 (Nat. Intellig., Aug. 14, 1846), as if Polk could be required to say everything every time.

34.6. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Oct. 5; Nov. 7; Dec. 12, 1846. Welles papers. =345=Wright to Van Buren, Nov. 10, 1846. =345=Cambrelong to Id., Nov. 30. =345=Thompson to Id., Dec. 23. =345=Blair to Id., Dec. 26. =345=Albany Atlas, extra, Dec., 1846. =345=G. A. Worth to V. B., Mar. 20, 1847. =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 27, 1846. =132=Wright to Buchanan, Sept. 8, 10, 1846. Bigelow, Tilden, i, 110-1. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 78. Buchanan, Works, viii, 365-7. =234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846, private.

The "Conservative" party arose in 1837 from the opposition to Van Buren's sub-treasury plan, which Silas Wright championed. Many honest Conservatives, realizing they had been mistaken, left the party; but their places were taken by canal claimants.

34.7. Welles papers. Calhoun Correspond., 713 (to Mrs. C). (Hang) =234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846. (Office-seekers) Polk, Diary, Feb. 24; Apr. 7, 1847, etc. (Oregon) Polk, Diary, Feb. 24, 1846; Polit. Sci. Qtrly., xxvi, 458 (R. L. Schuyler); Cong. Globe, 29, 1, p. 815 (Delano); Boston Atlas, May 20, 1846; Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65; Wash. Union, Aug. 18, 1846. (Veto) =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 8, 1846; =108=Appleton to Bancroft, July 16, 1847; Wash. Union, Aug. 3, 1846, quoting Nat. Intellig.; N. Y. Herald, Aug. 15, 1846; No. American, Jan. 14; Dec. 20, 1847. (Generals) Von Hoist, U. S., iii, 298; Rhodes, U. S., i, 89; Buchanan, Works, viii, 365-7; Calhoun Corresp., 727-8 (to D. G.). =345=Butler to Van Buren, Nov. 6, 1847.

34.8. Lowell, Biglow papers, i, 59. (Adams) =260=Winthrop to N. Hale, Wash., "Sunday." (Giddings) Wash. Union, June 30; July 2, 1846. Cole, Whig Party, 118-9. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 258-80. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, p. 309. (La.) Vol. i, p. 205 and note 10.3; N. Orl. Jeffersonian in Nat. Intellig., Aug. 28, 1846; Wash. Union, June 30; July 2; Aug. 11, 1846. Calhoun Corresp., 1096-7 (Fisher). N. Y. Tribune, May 13; Dec. 15, 1846. =137=Prescott to Calhoun, Aug. 20, 1847.

34.9. Ho. 85; 29, 2. =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 8, 1846. Taussig, Tariff Hist., 114-5. =345=Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846. London Times, Dec. 3, 1846. Courrier des Etats Unis, Oct. 17; Nov. 6, 1846. N. Y. Sun, July 9, 1846. N. Y. Express, Nov. 10, 17, 21, 30, 1846. Niles, July 18, p. 305 (Sentinel); Aug. 1, p. 345 (_Nat. Intellig._); Sept. 12, p. 17, 1846. Boston Courier, July 8, 1846. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65. Boston Atlas, Jan. 6, 1847. Wash. Union, Aug. 18, 28, 1846. Nat. Intellig., Aug. 5, 1846. N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 3, 1846. No. American, July 16, 17; Aug. 1; Dec. 9, 1846. (Betrayed) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 314.

34.10. =241=W. to J. Kent, Dec. 11, 1846; Jan. 17; Mar. 5, 1847. Amer. Review, Oct., 1847, 333-46. Johnston and Browne, Stephens, 210-1. London Times, Dec. 3, 1846. Sherman Letters, 38-9. Webster, Writings, x, 12. Winthrop, Winthrop, 61. =13=Pakenham, no. 98, 1846. N. Y. Sun, Aug. 28, 1846. No. American, Dec. 30, 1846; Jan. 18, 1847. Rhodes, U. S., i, 91. Wash. Union, Sept. 30, 1846 (Mass. convention). Nat. Intellig., July 18; Dec. 25, 1846; Apr. 17; Nov. 20, 1847. St. Louis Republican, July 23, 1846. Journ. of Comm. in Wash. Union, Aug. 6, 1847.

Stephen A. Douglas, who stood quite close to the administration, said in the Senate: "Conquest was not the motive for the prosecution of the war; satisfaction, indemnity, security, was the motive--conquest and territory the means" (Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 222).

34.11. Ho. 23, 81, 85; 29, 2. Sen. 97; 29, 2. Webster, Writings, ix, 260; x, 12; xiii, 359. Sherman Letters, 38-9. Boston Advertiser, Oct. 3, 1846. Niles, Sept. 18, 1847, p. 44. Rhodes, U. S., i, 91. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 65. Winthrop before the Mass. convention (note 34.10). Courrier des Etats Unis, Oct. 17; Nov. 6, 1846. Wash. Union, Apr. 29, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 140, 144, 146. Lowell, Biglow papers, i, 56. Livermore, War, 92. Curtis, Webster, ii, 324. Amer. Review, 1847, p. 441. =13=Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Benton, Abr. Debs., xvi, 54 (Morehead). (West) =198=Berrien to Gallatin, June 7, 1848. The North American of Oct. 8, 1847, used this language: "The abstract question of the extension of slavery is not the only nor the greatest issue of this contest. The great question is, shall we become the dependants and vassals of a Southern political ascendancy?... The nabobs of the South will dictate to us the terms upon which, in the face of their hostile policy, we shall struggle for existence. Our agriculture, our manufactures, our commerce, will be committed to their guardianship--the guardianship of the wolf over the lamb." At the Springfield Whig convention, Sept. 29, 1847, Webster said he would "resist any further increase of slave representation," which meant the same thing (Writings, xiii, 362). Nat. Intellig., Dec. 29, 1846. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis). (Heroes) =345=Law to Van Buren, Aug. 2, 1847. Welles papers. Calhoun Corresp., 1096-7 (Fisher). Nat. Intellig., May 13, 1846. London Times, Dec. 18, 1846. =13=Pakenham, no. 93, 1846. Louisville Journal, Mar. 31, 1847. N. Y. Express, Apr. 2, 1847. Wash. Union, Aug. 13, 1847. (Debasement, etc.) Amer. Review, 1847, p. 441; Lyell, Second Visit (N. Y., 1849), ii, 257; Ho. 81; 29, 2; Monitor Repub., Feb. 2, 1847 (quoting Boston Atlas); Nat. Intellig., Nov. 28 (quoting N. Y. Eve. Post); Dec. 29, 1846; Norfolk Herald, Apr. 12, 1847; etc.

34.12. N. Y. Tribune, May 19, 1846. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 788 (Crittenden), 835. Welles papers. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 5, 1847. Hammond, Wright, 672. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252. Amer. Review, Feb., 1847, 109, 118. Wash. Union, Mar. 19, 1847. Schurz, Clay, ii, 289. Detroit Free Press, Nov. 28, 1846. Cincin. Enquirer, Dec. 16, 1846. No. American, May 12, 1846. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 19, 1846. (Capital) =139=Fulton to Campbell, Jan. --, 1847.

The proper stand for the Whigs was pointed out by Gov. Briggs of Massachusetts in general orders: "Whatever may be the difference of opinion as to the origin" of the war, the constitutional authorities have declared that a war exists; patriotism and humanity dictate that it should be brought to a speedy and successful end; hence all should coöperate (Niles, July 11, 1846, pp. 293-4). It will be noted that the author is dealing in this chapter with politics, not the convictions of private persons, which, even when mistaken, were entitled to respect, because sincere and associated with worthy sentiments.

34.13. Nat. Intellig., May 13, 15; July 18; Sept. 19, 1846; Jan. 27; Aug. 5; Dec. 11, 1847. =253=Mower to McLean, Mar. 1, 1847. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, app., 919 (G. Davis); 29, 2, 34-6 (Giddings). Boston Atlas, May 15, 18, 20; June 11, 1846. Balt. American, Dec. 2, 1846. N. Y. Tribune, May 26, 1846; Sept. 3; Nov. 18, 1847; Jan. 7, 1848. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, 566 (Hilliard). ($68) [Tribune] Whig Almanac, 1847, p. 21. (Express) Wash. Union, June 19, 1847. These and the citations of the following notes could be multiplied.

34.14. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 274-5. =198=J. R. Ingersoll to Gallatin, Dec. 25, 1847. Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 78 (Colquitt). Louisville Journal, Sept. 17, 1847. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, app., 643 (Giddings); 30, 1, app., 227 (Cobb). Mr. Winthrop's Vote on the War Bill. Webster at Phila. (Writings, iv, 26-34). Wash. Union, Dec. 6, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, May 15, 1846. N. Y. Courier and Enquirer, Aug. 31, 1847. Giddings, Speeches, 259.

34.15. N. Y. Tribune, May 13, 1846. =130=Gentry to Campbell, Feb. 20, 1847. Wash. Union, May 12; Oct. 1, 1846; May 15, 1847. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 815, 931; app., 928-32. Boston Atlas, Dec. 11, 1846; May 13, 1847. Ky. Observer, July 8, 1846, in Wash. Union, July 14. N. Y. Tribune, May 13, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 573-4. Nicolay and Hay, Lincoln, i, 317-20, 327-45. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 154-6 (Lincoln's speech). Though Lincoln's speech was later than the time referred to in the text, his argument was not. (Conn.) Clark, Conn., 200-1.

34.16. =375=Taylor to Davis, Feb. 16, 1848, in Madigan, cat., 1914. Pennsylvanian, Nov. 4, 1846. Winthrop, Speeches, i, 574. N. Y. Eve. Post, June 4, 1846. Wash. Union, July 14, 1846; Mar. 29, 31; Aug. 16, 20, 1847; Jan. 2, 13, 1848. U. S. Gazette, Oct. 13, 1846. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 534 (Brinkerhoff); app., 916 (Hudson). Boston Atlas, Dec. 11, 1846; May 13, 1847. Nat. Intellig., May 16; Oct. 19; Dec. 18, 1846; Apr. 17; May 17; June 22, 1847. N. Y. Courier and Enquirer, Aug. 9, 17, 1847. (Recognized) Crittenden's amendment: vol. i, p. 473; Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 276. (Smallness) Vol. i, pp. 161, 455-6, 464.

Another interesting fact was that on Mar. 26, 1846, McIlvaine of the House, discussing an appropriation bill, raised the issue that in sending Taylor to the Rio Grande Polk had been "invading Mexico," yet, although the bill was objectionable from several points of view, it passed by a vote of 111 to 38 (Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 558, 574). See also Lumpkin's speech, ibid., 834-7. Polk was mercilessly ridiculed for believing that Santa Anna would favor peace, but his opponents had to admit that a Whig general, Taylor, believed (or appeared to believe) Ampudia's assertions to the same effect (chap. xii, p. 504) made under circumstances that rendered the idea far less plausible.

34.17. See vol. ii, p. 73. Wash. Union, Feb. 25, 1847. St. Louis Republican, July 3, 1847. McCulloch, Men and Measures, 65. Seward, Autob. of W. H. S., 774. An undated slip from the Chicago Times, found by the author, contained a letter from Burlington, Ia., which stated that Col. Sweney, proprietor of the Barret House, had known Corwin well from boyhood on, and that he had heard Corwin say with tears in his eyes that his speech was made by arrangement with Webster and others, who desired to prevent the appropriation of more money for the war, and agreed to follow Corwin.

34.18. For a discussion of the Philadelphia speech see vol. i, p. 458. Webster, Writings, iv, 7; ix, 253; xiii, 348-50. Public Ledger, Dec. 6, 15, 1846. N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 4, 7, 1846. N. Y. Herald, Aug. 22, 1846. N. Y. Sun, Dec. 5, 1846. Wash. Union, Dec. 2, 4, 7, 11, 1846; Mar. 10; Oct. 14, 16, 1847. Charleston Mercury, Dec. 8, 1846. =253=Dowling to McLean, Mar. 24, 1848. Nov. 6, 1846, at Faneuil Hall, Boston, Webster called forth rapturous applause by saying, in a manner quite unworthy of a Senator and a great constitutional lawyer, "In my judgment it is an impeachable offence" for the President so to act as to involve the country in war without the consent of Congress (Niles, Nov. 21, p. 186). This, if it meant anything, was a begging of the question. Webster could not deny that the President had a right to repel invasion without consulting Congress, and Polk believed the Mexicans had invaded our territory, thus precipitating the war.

Polk's Message of May 11 mentioned, as was natural, the rejection of Slidell and the failure of Mexico to pay our claims, but its practical gist was contained in the following sentence: "As war exists, and, notwithstanding all our efforts to avoid it, exists by the act of Mexico herself, we are called upon by every consideration of duty and patriotism to vindicate with decision the honor, the rights, and the interests of our country."

34.19. (Independent, ground) Webster, Writings, iv, 24; xiii, 351. (Senseless, fight) Ibid., ix, 157-60. (Prosecute) Ibid., iv, 33; N. Y. Tribune, Dec. 3, 1846. (Refused) Writings, ix, 157. (Approve) Pierce, Sumner, iii, 112. (Narrow) Webster, Letters, 350. (Tired) Writings, xviii, 246. Lowell, Biglow Papers, i, 54, etc. (see a paper, written by the present author, on the Biglow papers in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceeds., May, 1912, p. 602).

34.20. (Jay) Pellew, Jay, 310. The clerical quotations in the text are from a non-partisan paper, the N. Y. Herald, Feb. 20, 1847. The extract from Osgood may be found in his Solemn Protest, p. 13. That from Parish the author has not been able to verify, but presumably it was correct. That such sentiments were entertained will not be questioned. Osgood denounced the authors of the war as "desperate in wickedness," etc. See quotations from him and others in Cong. Globe, 29, 1, app., 930-1. Weekly N. Y. Herald (non-partisan), Jan. 16, 1847: They who oppose this war will one day stand before the country like the men of the Hartford Convention. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 139.

34.21. Boston Atlas, May 18, 20, 1846. Monitor Repub., Feb. 2, 1847. Nat. Intellig., May 11; Oct. 15 (Thompson), 26, 1847; Jan. 26, 1848. (Hudson) Cong. Globe, 29, 2, p. 418. N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 6, 1847. (Calhoun) Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 58. Wash. Union, Sept. 24, 1846; June 2, 1847. Diario, Dec. 20, 1846. Meade, Letters, i, 180. (Joy) Boston Daily Chronotype in N. Y. Globe, May 14, 1847. =137=McLane to Calhoun, Jan. 18, 1848. Richardson, Messages, iv, 473. (1813-14) Wash. Union Dec. 10, 1846. See also vol. ii, p. 125.

In the office of the sec. of relaciones was found a large collection of extracts from American speeches and newspapers (N. Y. Herald, Feb. 5, 1848: Gen. Pierce). Whig journals assured Mexico that her cause was just; that a majority of the Americans detested the war; that our treasury could not bear the cost; that our government was incompetent; that it was disloyal to our commanders; that our armies could not win the war; that soon the administration would be rebuked and its policy be reversed. The government "stand ready to yield anything that Mexico may demand as the price of peace," asserted the N. Y. Courier and Enquirer (Wash. Union, July 10, 1847). For numerous other quotations see Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 347. April 27, 1847, El Progreso of Querétaro said: The peace party in the United States "have been encouraging us to sustain ourselves until we could obtain from them a satisfactory arrangement of our difficulties as soon as they should come into power" (Wash. Union, May 28, 1848).

34.22. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 21; Dec. 5, 12, 1846. Welles papers (Review of Pol. Hist. of U. S.; 2d sess. of 29 Cong.). =253=Mower to McLean, Aug. 27, 1846. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 20; Nov. 27, 1846. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846. =345=Thompson to Van Buren, Dec. 23, 1846. =345=M. Van B., Jr., to Van Buren [Apr. 28, 1846]. Polk, Diary, July 13; Sept. 11, 1846; Jan. 5, 1847. =108=Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. =108=Wescott to Bancroft, Mar. 1, 1848. =253=Reed to McLean, Oct. 26, 1846. =206=J. Graham to Gov. G., Jan. 10, 1847. Courrier des Etats Unis, Oct. 17, 1846. =379=Ewing to ----, Mar. 11, 1846. Wash. Union, Nov. 19, 1846. Niles, May 16, 1846, p. 175. =234=A. Johnson to ----, July 22, 1846, private. N. Y. Journ. of Comm., Dec. 9, 1846. N. Y. Herald, Nov. 14, 1846. Bragg to Van Buren, Mar. 10, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 68, 71. "Old Hunkers" and "Barnburners" (the Van Buren wing) were the two N. Y. factions.

34.23. Welles papers: note 34.22. =253=M. Brown to McLean, June 5, 1846. Bragg: note 34.22. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren, May 24, 1846; Apr. 6, 1847. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 37, 51. Nat. Intellig., Jan. 6, 1847. Picayune, Feb. 26, 1848. N. Y. Journ. Comm., Jan. 7, 1847. Public Ledger, Feb. 12, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 12, 1847. Polk, Diary, Nov. 7, 1845; Jan. 28; Mar. 22, 23, 1846; Jan. 14, 1847. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Nov. 27, 1846. Boston Atlas, Jan. 9, 1847. =345=Welles to Van Buren, July 28, 1846. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Apr. 23, 1848. (Aspirants) =231=Jackson to Blair, Dec. 14, 1844.

34.24. The author's remarks on Benton, Calhoun and Cass are based on sources too numerous to be specified, and will not, it is believed, raise any question. The principal out-of-the-way sources are the following: Welles papers: note 34.22. =137a=Calhoun to Mathews, Sept. 19, 1847. =210=Hammond-Simms corresp., Mar.-Nov., 1847. =253=M. Brown to McLean, June 5, 1846. =345=Blair to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1846. =345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. =345=Gilpin to Van Buren, Nov. 23, 1845. London Times, Apr. 17, 1847. =206=J. Graham to brother, Jan. 10, 1847. Polk, Diary, May 21; June 22, 29, 30, 1846; Jan. 9, 14, 15, 22; Feb. 8, 13; Apr. 7, 16, 1847. =108=Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 707 (to T. G. C). =132=King to Buchanan, Oct. 5, 1847. Calhoun, Works, iv, 371. Boston Atlas, June 1, 1846. Boston Courier, Feb. 23, 1847. Penna. Mag., xi, 462 (Dallas, Dec. 16). =168=D. H. Lewis, May 11, 1848. Wash. Union, Feb. 13, 18; Mar. 15, 17; Apr. 5, 1847. N. Y. Journ. Comm., Feb. 15, 1847. Public Ledger, Feb. 12, 16, 1847. =210=Tucker to Hammond, Apr. 24, 1847.

Allen of Ohio, noted for vanity and a powerful voice, felt so disgusted about the outcome of the Oregon business, that at the beginning of this session he threw up the chairmanship of the committee on foreign relations and declined to serve on any committee. Niles, an excellent man, was a protectionist, like the Pennsylvania Senators. Hannegan was a man of force but a rabid westerner. He, Dickinson and Breese were distinctly Cass men. Calhoun's partisans were Butler (So. Carolina), Lewis (Alabama) and the Florida senators, while Colquitt and Speight were thought to be guided considerably by him; but as time went on his influence over most of this group waned. Of the Whig Senators Webster spent most of his time in the practice of law. Crittenden was in general honest and sensible; but he and Clayton had induced Jarnagin to vote for Walker's tariff, believing that it would discredit the Democrats, and the failure of this unworthy trick damaged their prestige considerably. Clayton had unusual ability and experience, but was crafty and insincere. Mangum enjoyed a deserved respect, but was not of striking ability.

Of the House Democrats, P. King stood high in the confidence of his colleagues, and had no little skill in leading. C. J. Ingersoll was the most important Pennsylvanian, but his attainments and eloquence were accompanied by erratic judgment. Thurman surpassed the other Ohio Representatives in good conduct and talents, but Brinkerhoff displayed more activity than he. Douglas ranked first in the Illinois group, and perhaps first among the supporters of the administration in the House. Dromgoole (Virginia) possessed remarkable legislative abilities and reputation; but did not care to exert himself overmuch. McKay (North Carolina) and Haralson (Georgia) were chairmen, respectively, of the ways and means and the military committees, but did not distinguish themselves. Rhett, an able and acute man, was a more consistent representative of South Carolina principles than Calhoun. Of the Whigs Severance (Maine) possessed more than average ability. Winthrop (Massachusetts) was a gentleman, a fine speaker and debater, honest, scholarly and conservative--an ideal public man. Hudson (Massachusetts) had energy and character but was too partisan. J. R. Ingersoll (Pennsylvania) had good abilities and good sense. Giddings (Ohio) has to be considered a calculating fanatic, not enthusiast, of the abolition school. Vinton (Ohio) stood among the best on either side of the House in wisdom, sincerity and good conduct.

34.25. Welles papers: note 34.22. =13=Pakenham, no. 150, 1846. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252-4. =139=Fulton to Campbell, Jan. --, 1847. =198=Ingersoll to Gallatin, Dec. 25, 1847. (Embassy) Webster, Writings, ix, 157, see vol. ii, p. 123; Wash. Union, June 27; Oct. 1, 1846. Public Ledger, Dec. 8, 1846. (Sublimity) No. American, Jan. 11, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111, 139. Charleston Mercury, Jan. 26, 27, 1847. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. (The generals, etc.) Marcy to W., Nov. 14, 1846; Greeley, Recolls., 211; Welles papers; =345=Wright to Van Buren, Jan. 28, 1847; =169=Letcher to Crittenden, Dec. 20, 1847; =13=Crampton, no. 9, 1848; Johnston and Browne, Stephens, 224; Calhoun Corresp., 713, 715-6 (to Mrs. C.); =108=Buchanan to Bancroft, June 14, 1847; =206=J. Graham to Gov. G., Jan. 10, 1847; =181=Buchanan to Donelson, May 13, 1847; Wash. Union, Jan. 30. Scott was "in" politics but inactive.

"Old Whitey," it will be recalled, was Taylor's favorite horse. When the author refers to the course of "the Whigs" or "the Democrats" it is to be understood, of course, that exceptions existed.

34.26. The principal speeches have been cited elsewhere. They are to be found, of course, in the Congressional Globe under the proper headings, and less fully in Benton's Abridged Debates. Public Ledger, Feb. 25, 1847. =191=Fairfield to wife, Apr. 14, 1846.

34.27. See particularly the debate on the $3,000,000 bill and the Ten Regiment bill, and, in the House, the Loan bill. Wash. Union, May 18, 1846.

34.28. Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 1846. Benton, View, ii, 678. House proceedings in Cong. Globe, 29, 2, Dec. 8-16. Richardson, Messages, iv, 506-7, 594-600. U. S. vs. Rice: 4 Wheaton, 246, 253. Story, Commentaries on the Constitution, § 1318. Butler, Treaty-making Power, i, 128, 168-9. (Decision, Castine, Harrison) Wash. Union, Dec. 11, 15, 26, 1846; Dec. 12, 1847. Kent, Commentaries, i, 282. Cong. Globe, 29, 2, app., 130, col. 1. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 261, note 1, 336. (Kearny a Whig) Richmond Whig in Nat. Intellig., Oct. 19, 1846. (Unhappy) Amer. Review, Feb., 1848, p. 110. Public Ledger, Feb. 8, 1847.

The National Intelligencer had the hardihood to state (Dec. 25, 1846): "It is the opinion of the President that the fact of conquest annexes foreign provinces to the United States." The Texans complained because the part of New Mexico claimed by them was occupied by Kearny; but since the enemy had held it by military force this action was proper, and Buchanan assured Henderson that the temporary military occupation would not affect the rights of his state (Buchanan, Works, vii, 215). The author did not find Harrison's proclamation in Ms.; but Mr. D. M. Matteson discovered it in Niles, Nov. 27, 1813, p. 215. Copies of official documents in the Burton Historical Collection, kindly furnished to the author, throw further light on the fact that American sovereignty over a portion of Canada was declared in 1813. The subject is certainly an interesting one.

34.29. The Whigs wished to repeal all of the new fiscal policy. Welles papers: note 34.22. Wash. Union, Mar. 9, 1847. Lyell, Second Visit (N. Y., 1849), 256. Public Ledger, Dec. 8, 1846. (Nat. Intellig.) Charleston Mercury, Jan. 12, 26, 1847. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 122. Niles, Jan. 2, 1847, p. 288. Boston Atlas, Jan. 6; Feb. 6, 1847. (Webster) Niles, Jan. 9, 1847, p. 303. N. Y. Journ. of Comm., Jan. 4, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, Feb. 14, 1847. No. American, Dec. 24, 1846; Jan. 4, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 22, 1847. Nat. Intellig., Jan. 14, 1847 (if the government desires the coöperation of the Whigs, let it repeal the tariff and sub-treasury Acts). Note also the treatment of the important public land question (vol. ii, p. 261).

34.30. Cong. Globe, 29, 1, pp. 1211-21. Greeley, Amer. Conflict, i, 189. Smith, Annex. of Tex., 314, 351-2. Welles papers. McLaughlin, Cass, 229. Cole, Whig Party, 119, 122-4. Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 23, 1846; Jan. 4, 16, 22, 23, 1847. Benton, View, ii, 695. Wilson, Rise and Fall, ii, 15, 16. =13=Pakenham, no. 5, 1847. =108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private. Meigs, Benton, 371. Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1911, i, 187-95 (C. E. Persinger). Cong. Globe, 29, 2, pp. 453-5, 541-55. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 301, 306-7. Calhoun, Works, iv, 323. =137=Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. Stephens, U. S., 391. Cutts, Questions, 154. Garrison, Extension, 254-68. Boston Atlas, Jan. 4, 1847. Blaine, Twenty Years, i, 73. So. Qtrly. Review, Jan., 1851, p. 196. Wash. Union, July 3; Aug. 12, 1846; Jan. 16, 1847. N. Y. Herald, Jan. 16; Feb. 20, 1847. Merriam, Bowles, i, 48. =139=Gentry to Campbell, Apr. 18, 1848.

The Proviso, offered as an amendment to the $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 bills, was objected to because: 1, J. Q. Adams, Benton and others argued that any territory acquired from Mexico would come to us "free" by law, and slavery would not exist there unless subsequent legislation and also the natural conditions should be favorable to it; 2, the question would necessarily be settled when Congress should have to decide regarding the government of such territory, and present action would not bind a future Congress; 3, it did not relate to American territory, property or citizens--in short it related to nothing that existed; 4, the only way to reach the end aimed at by the Proviso would be through a treaty, and, should the treaty be violated, Mexico would have a right to interfere with our domestic affairs; 5, the President would have no right to sign such a treaty, for the subject belonged to Congress; 6, the American Senate would not ratify such a treaty, and hence the adoption of the Proviso would prevent peace and the acquisition of territory; 7, it was insulting to Mexico to legislate about territory belonging to her, would scandalize the world, and might prolong the war; 8, the Proviso stood in the way of needed war legislation, tended to alarm the South and lessen its interest in the war, incited to discord at a time when harmony was peculiarly desirable, promoted sectionalism, and, if adopted, might render the administration powerless to wage the war successfully. As is well known, Brinkerhoff of Ohio was the father of the Proviso, but for strategical reasons Wilmot was asked to introduce it. Wilmot himself did not insist upon the Proviso, when Polk explained to him some of the difficulties. For a convenient review of the later history of the Proviso principle see Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 1115-7. The Proviso threatened Whig unity and success, of course, because the northern wing and the southern wing of the party could not agree regarding slavery.

34.31. =137=Fisher to Calhoun, Aug. 22, 1847. (Committed) Richardson, Messages, iv, 536-41. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 5, 8, 1847. =330=J. P. to Z. Taylor, Sept. 8, 1847. Merriam, Bowles, i, 48. Curtis, Webster, i, 303-7, 324 5[missing hyphen of 324-5?F1]. Webster, Writings, ix, 257-9; xiii, 328. =13=Pakenham, no. 18, 1847. Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 1105. Amer. Review, Oct., 1847, 345-6. Louisville Journal, Sept. 17, 1847. Cincinn. Enquirer, Nov. 15, 1847. Cong. Globe, 29, 2, pp. 555-6 (Webster); app., 296-302 (Berrien). =132=Donelson to Buchanan, Jan. 8, 1847. =132=Bancroft to Id., Oct. 18, 1847. Boston Courier, Feb. 14, 1848. Corwin to F., Feb. 4, 1847: Ohio Phil. and Hist. Soc. Pubs., July-Sept., 1914. Benton, Abr. Debs., xvi, 42 (Berrien). Wash. Union, Feb. 8, 25; Sept. 8, 13, 16; Oct. 5, 1847. Public Ledger, Feb. 8, 17, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 119-22. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 159. Nat. Intellig., Sept. 7, 1847.

Berrien's words (Benton, Abr. Debates, xvi, 42): The war "ought not to be prosecuted ... with any view to the dismemberment of that republic, or to the acquisition by conquest of any part of her territory"; this government "will always be ready to enter into negotiations, with a view to terminate the present unhappy conflict on terms which shall ... preserve inviolate the national honor ... of Mexico"; "it is especially desirable ... that the boundary of the State of Texas should be definitely settled, and that provision be made by the republic of Mexico for the prompt and equitable settlement of the just claims of our citizens." Naturally the Whigs endeavored to recommend the "No territory" idea by dwelling on other points (e.g. the country was already large enough; this plan would prevent a struggle between North and South over slavery; without it no treaty with Mexico could be ratified). How much merit these arguments possessed, it is unnecessary to point out; but no doubt there was more or less honest belief in them, especially among the rank and file. The people in general, however, were against giving up all the fruits of our victories, and even Calhoun admitted that we could not get out of the war with credit unless we made a large gain in territory.

34.32. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 12, 1846. =108=Appleton to Bancroft, Feb. 24, 1847. =108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private. Welles papers. Public Ledger, Mar. 2, 1847. Boston Atlas, Jan. 18, 21; Feb. 8; Mar. 3, 1847. Polk, Diary, Jan. 19, 1847. Nat. Intellig., Aug. 11, 1846; July 22, 1847. N. Y. Journ. Comm., Jan. 7, 1847. N. Y. Express, Sept. 4, 1847. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 8, 1847; Jan. 27, 1848. Balt. American in Wash. Union, Sept. 8, 1847. No. American, Dec. 30, 1846; Oct. 6, 1847. Slidell to Buchanan, Nov. 5, 1846: "The fate of the administration depends on the successful conduct of the war" (Curtis, Buchanan, i, 601).

34.33. (Elected) Smith, Annex. of Texas, 307-9. =169=Burnley to Crittenden, Dec. 12, 1847. =132=R. Taylor to Buchanan, Nov. 18, 1847, private. Seward, Seward at Washington, i, 57-8. Schurz, Clay, ii, 290-2. Wash. Union, Nov. 16-18, 24 (Clay's speech in full, which Colton does not give complete), 27, 29; Dec. 1, 1847. N. Y. Sun, Nov. 16, 1847. N. Y. Herald, Nov. 17, 1847. Cincinn. Enquirer, Nov. 15, 1847. (Abhorrent) Amer. Review, Feb., 1848, 110. Lexington Observer, Nov. 17, 1847. Clay, Works (Colton, ed.), iii, 60-7. No. American, Dec. 4, 1847. Cole, Whig Party, 120. Shackford, Citizen's Appeal, 18. Hill, Lawrence, 76. (In Mexico) =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Dec. 27, 1847, private. Webster, Writings, xiii, 328.

34.34. =169=Rives to Crittenden, Feb. 8, 1847. =13=Pakenham, no. 132, 1846. Cong. Globe, 29, 2, app., 211-8 (Corwin), 282-9 (Severance). Corwin to Follett, Feb. 4, 1847: Ohio Phil. and Hist. Soc. Pubs., July-Sept., 1914. N. Y. Tribune, Jan. 25, 1847. No. American, May 27, 1847. Sumner, Orations, ii, 143, 187. Pierce, Sumner, iii, 138, 140. =253=Dowling to McLean, Dec. 7, 1847.

34.35. Semmes, Service, 69. =253=Mower to McLean, Nov. 22; Dec. 13, 1847. =345=Niles to Van Buren, Jan. 20, 1848. =137=Rhett to Calhoun, May 20, 1847. =169=Prunt to Crittenden, Dec. 5, 1847. London Times, Feb. 15, 1848. =13=Crampton, no. 42, 1847. Calhoun Corresp., 727-8 (to D. G.), 737-9 (to W. T.). Sherman Letters, 38. Welles papers. =108=Polk to Bancroft, Jan. 30, 1847, private. Nat. Intellig., Aug. 17; Dec. 27, 1847; Jan. 10, 1848. Public Ledger, Dec. 25, 1847; Jan. 31; Feb. 11, 1848. Bourne, Essays, 227. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 93 (withdrawal), 94 (vote), 95 (unconstitutional), 391-2 (Schenck), 396 (Henley), 495, 530 (Webster), 566 (Hilliard). Amer. Review, vi, 331, 342. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 289, 337. Amer. Hist. Assoc. Report, 1911, ii, 83 (Lamar). N. Y. Journ. Comm., Jan. 27, 1848. Cincinn. Atlas in Wash. Union, Aug. 25, 1847. Ohio State Journal: ibid., Aug. 30. Wash. Union, Nov. 4; Dec. 16, 1847. =335=Dimond to Trist, Oct. 27, 1847. =335=Buchanan to Trist, Oct. 7, 24, 1847, private. N. Y. Tribune, Nov. 5, 1847. N. Y. Herald, Dec. 4, 1847. =198=G. Davis to Gallatin, Mar. 6, 1848. =345=Law to Van Buren, Aug. 2, 1847.

Public sentiment was well voiced by the governor of Virginia in a =42=Message to the Assembly, Dec. 6, 1847 (exec. letter book, no. 73, p. 325): "Shall the insolent Mexican go unpunished? Shall the glories of Palo Alto, Resaca de La Palma, Monterey, etc., pass away in a dream, leaving no solid memorials behind them of a skill, a gallantry, and a self-sacrificing devotion unsurpassed in the history of man? I regard this war as a practical question, and to be disposed of accordingly. That morbid sympathy that lives only for Mexico--that Mexico which murders the drunken soldier, and lances the wounded on the field of battle--I cannot approve, nor can I respect that closet philosophy that calls on us to surrender everything because we are victorious. No, my sympathies are for my country, for the gallant dead, for those whose mighty deeds have given a bolder and a broader light to our glorious constellation, for the widows and for their orphans.... I would be just to Mexico, but just also to my own country."

The difficulty of reaching an agreement in Congress about the relation of slavery interests to the war was thought by the British representative to stand in the way of compelling the administration to stop hostilities (=13=Crampton, no. 71, Dec. 30, 1847), and no doubt had considerable effect. In the speakership contest 220 Representatives voted (Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 2). To hold that Congress had power to prescribe the objects of the war was virtually to declare Congress the supreme commander and treaty-making power. It was also to declare the nation impotent to wage the war, for, as the parties stood, it could not pass a bill over the President's veto.

34.36. =345=Poinsett to Van Buren, June 4, 1847. =345=Blair to Id., Dec. 9, 1847. Webster, Writings, x, 262 (re Ten Regiment bill: the war unnecessary and unconstitutional). =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 28, 1848. Public Ledger, Dec. 15, 1847; Jan. 31; Feb. 2, 1848. Wash. Union, Mar. 24, 1848. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, pp. 57-8 (Goggin), 154-6 (Lincoln), 267-9 (resolutions), 415-7 (Smith), 495-6, 530-5 (Webster), etc. (Direct taxes) N. Y. Journ. Comm., Dec. 25, 1847. (Chairman) N. Y. Herald, Feb. 13, 1848 (financial article). Nat. Intellig., Jan. 17, 1848.

The British chargé at Washington, though that legation was strongly in sympathy with the Whigs, reported that the Whigs lost no opportunity to embarrass and discredit the administration (=13=Crampton, no. 19, Feb. 9, 1848). Slidell's instructions never having been acted upon, were practically a dead letter, and it was important not to make them public, lest the Mexicans, knowing on what terms the United States had been willing to restore friendly intercourse, should use the information to embarrass future negotiations; but the House, admitting this point by promising to keep them secret--which everybody knew could not be done--demanded them, and resented Polk's wise refusal to transmit them. The National Intelligencer (Dec. 18, 1847) asserted that Slidell had been "ordered not to negotiate a settlement of the Boundary of Texas ... unless in complication with the cession to the U. S. of California," which was positively false. Polk, Diary, Jan. 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, 17, 23; July 6, 1848. After peace was declared he sent them (Richardson, Messages, iv, 594-600).

The Mexican tariff gave rise to some of the best declamation of the war period. The National Intelligencer accused Polk of exercising "absolute monarchical power" in that matter (Apr. 3, 1847). The Albany Statesman (Apr. 9) said, "This is surely the most flagrant usurpation and the most matchless piece of impudence with which any ruler in modern times has ever ventured to insult an intelligent people." In March, 1848, the subject came up in Congress, and Webster (Writings, x, 262) declared the President had no right to lay the duties, and that the duties were paid by Americans and neutrals; whereas in fact his military powers gave the President ample authority, and of course the duties were added to the prices of the goods. The National Intelligencer went so far as to deny that the President had any military initiative whatever, and to assert that as commander-in-chief he was merely "a subordinate" of Congress (see Wash. Union, Aug. 21, 1847).

34.37. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Dec. 5, 1846. Spirit of the Age, Feb. 3, 1848.

34.38. Wash. Union, June 9, 1848. =157=Barclay to Cobb, Dec. 24, 1847. Nat. Intellig., June 10, 1848. (Illegal) Delano's words, p. 277. (Advised) =370=To Davis, Apr. 18, 1848. (Mil. spirit) Wash. Union, May 22, 1847. Norfolk Herald, Apr. 12, 1847. Every Representative who had voted or said that Polk began the war unconstitutionally was bound to move for his impeachment.

34.39. By "Hosea Biglow" the author means, of course, the ideas expressed by Lowell in his Biglow Papers.

34.40. As early as Jan. 2, 1847, the N. Y. Herald, a non-partisan journal, said the course of the Whigs with reference to the war had almost ruined them in public estimation. Indeed that fact has been in a general way recognized (Pierce, Sumner, iii, 111; Schurz, Clay, ii, 289; Von Holst, U. S., iii, 252). Probably the reasons why the Democrats behaved better than the Whigs were that (1) circumstances did not involve them in such dilemmas, and (2) they had the responsibilities of conducting affairs.

XXXV. THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE WAR

35.1. It should be remembered that American newspapers and public men were saying unpleasant things about England at this period. The dislike was mutual as well as natural. She still entertained, no doubt, a smouldering resentment against this country for having dared to become independent, and she noted with a jealousy that is quite easily understood the rapid growth of her sometime colony in population, wealth and commercial importance.

35.2. Polk said: "Even France, the country which had been our ancient ally, the country which has a common interest with us in maintaining the freedom of the seas, the country which, by the cession of Louisiana, first opened to us access to the Gulf of Mexico, the country with which we have been every year drawing more and more closely the bonds of successful commerce, most unexpectedly, and to our unfeigned regret, took part in an effort to prevent annexation and to impose on Texas, as a condition of the recognition of her independence by Mexico, that she would never join herself to the United States" (Richardson, Messages, iv, 387). For further information regarding the interference of England and France see J. H. Smith, The Annexation of Texas. Polk was treated alternately by the Journal des Débats and by most of the English press as a nonentity and as a power for evil.

35.3. Standing of the United States abroad. =108=Sumner to Bancroft. Feb. 1, 1846. (Hate) =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). Bennett, Mems., 386. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. =77=Mangino, no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837; Jan. 29, 1846, res. Smith, Annex. of Texas, 382. London Morning Post, Apr. 5, 1846. Jameson, Calhoun Corresp., 653, 698. N. Y. Herald, June 8, 1844. =77=Murphy, nos. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.; 2, Jan. 1, 1846. Nat. Intelligencer, June 22, 1847. =132=Donelson to Buchanan, Jan. 8, 1847. =52=King, nos. 21, 25, 28, 29, Jan. 1, 30; June 1, 30, 1846. Constitutionnel, Jan. 15, 1846. National, Nov. 28, 1844; Dec. 3, 1845; Jan. 22; May 16, 1846. =52=McLane, nos. 18, May 21, 1830; 5, Sept. 18, 1845; 54, 55, June 3, 18, 1846. Morning Chronicle, Dec. 25, 1845; Jan. 17; July 27, 1846. Britannia, Jan. 10; Mar. 28; Apr. 18, 1846. Spectator, Feb. 7; Sept. 26, 1846. Examiner, Mar. 29, 1845. Standard, Nov. 25, 1844. Richardson, Messages, iv, 387. Times, Sept. 23; Dec. 27, 1845; Jan. 26, 1846; Mar. 27, 1847. Journal des Débats, Jan. 22; May 15, 1846; Jan. 2-3, 1848.

Martin, our chargé at Paris, wrote (=52=no. 17, Aug. 15, 1845) that the skill, prudence, firmness and disregard of European interference exhibited by our government in dealing with the annexation of Texas had improved our position in Europe; and McLane expressed the opinion (no. 5, Sept. 18, 1845) that our spirited preparations during the summer of 1845 to fight Mexico had had a good effect; but these were matters to increase respect rather than favor. The London Morning Chronicle of July 27, 1846, after we had shown our prowess, politely explained our occasional coarseness of manners and speech as due to the working out of the principle of political equality, and asserted that the English middle classes viewed the United States with admiration and pride as a "magnificent demonstration of the progressive energy and self-governing power of their own victorious race." Probably a similar feeling lurked in the upper and controlling classes. McLane's report to Polk, cited at the end of the paragraph, was made in June, 1846; but such a state of feeling could not have arisen in a few months.

35.4. Standing of Mexico abroad. Duflot de Mofras, Exploration, i, 32. (Odium) =13=Foreign Office to Bankhead, no. 53, Dec. 31, 1844. =13=Bankhead, no. 99, July 30, 1846. =52=McLane, nos. 18, May 21, 1830; 69, Aug. 15, 1846. =77=Mangino, no. 10, Mar. 8, 1837. =77=Relaciones to ministers at London and Paris, July 30, 1845. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Dec, 1846. =77=Murphy, no. 5, Apr. 1, 1845. =77=Peña to Garro, no. 24, Oct. 28, 1845. =77=Cuevas to Garro, no. 15, July 30, 1845, res. (Told) =73=Lozano, no. 3, Aug. 25, 1847, res. V. Cruz Locomotor, July 26, 1846. Amer. Review, Jan., 1846, p. 87. Dwinelle, Address, 11. London Athenæum, Sept. 13, 1845. Journal des Débats, Feb. 18; July 9, 1845; July 8, 1846. National, Nov. 19, 1844; Jan. 18, 1846. London Morning Chronicle, Sept. 15, 1846. Thompson, Recollections, 236. Spectator, Sept. 19, 1846. Examiner, Aug. 2, 1845. Smith, Annexation, 382, etc. London Times, Apr. 11; Aug. 25, 1846.

Even during the war Mexico gave offence to England by her treatment of the offer to mediate (vol. ii, p. 368) and by her action regarding her debt. In the latter business Bankhead charged her with a "breach of publick faith" (=77=to Relaciones, May 18, 1847).

35.5. Buchanan wished to give a pledge to take no Mexican territory, insisting that unless we should do so, if interrogated, it was "almost certain that both England and France would join with Mexico." Polk refused, however, to do this, adding that such an inquiry would be "insulting" and would not be answered, and adding also that he would like to obtain a proper territorial indemnity (Polk, Diary, May 13, 1846). Doubtless Buchanan had an eye to his standing with the northern Democrats, who did not wish the area of slavery extended.

35.6. See vol. i, p. 181 for the Message.

35.7. For this paragraph. Buchanan, Works, vi, 484-5. =59=Confidential circular, May 14, 1846. See also Ho. Rep. 752; 29, 1, pp. 50-2.

35.8. For commercial reasons Spain was particularly jealous of our blockade, and although treated with special indulgence, she complained more than any other power; but no real friction resulted. See chap. xxx, notes 30.7, 30.8.

35.9. For these two paragraphs. =52=Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847. Gutiérrez de Estrada, México en 1840, p. 32. Gaceta de la Nueva Granada, Aug. 16, 1846, etc. Peruano, passim. Comercio, passim. =72=Span. govt. to capt. gen. Cuba, June 18, 1846 (including correspondence with the Spanish minister at Washington). Dix, Speeches, i, 214, note. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 207. Heraldo, Apr. 26, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1009. Buchanan, Works, vii, 290-2; viii, 282-3, 298-9. =52=Irving, July 18; Aug. 15; Oct. 8, 1846. =52=Saunders, nos. 1, Aug. 6; 6, Nov. 16, 1846; 8, Feb. 13; 24, Nov. 6, 1847.

R. M. Saunders, the American minister, mistakenly invited an offer of mediation from Spain, but she felt very much afraid that we should reject it, and also that it might give offence to England and France. No written communications on the subject passed between him and the Spanish government, however. El Heraldo also remarked that the war would tend to unite the Spaniards of both Americas against the U. S., and that Spain, seizing the opportunity, should offer them her protection and tolerate no other influence. Such a suggestion was not likely to help Mexico.

35.10. =108=Bancroft to Polk, June 3, 1847. =355=Wheaton, no. 287, June 23, 1846. =181=Donelson to Buchanan, July 7, 19; Sept. 18, 1846. =132=Id., Jan. 8; Feb. 21, private, 1847. =181=Canitz to Wheaton, June 25, 1846.

Baron Gerolt, the Prussian minister at Washington, sympathized with and assisted our government (=181=Buchanan to Donelson, May 23, 1848).

35.11. =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =13=To Bankhead, nos. 18, 34, May 31; Oct. 1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. =52=McLane, nos. 5, Sept. 18, 1845; 50, 54, 55, 69, May 29; June 3, 18; Aug. 15, 1846. =77=Murphy, no. 2, Jan. 1, 1846. =52=King, no. 28, June 1, 1846. Journal des Débats, Feb. 4, 1845. =137=Saunders to Calhoun, June 27, 1846. Gordon, Aberdeen, 183-4. London Morning Post, Jan. 17; Apr. 5, 1846. =335=McLane, May 29, 1846. Morning Chronicle, Feb. 3; May 30, 1846. Morning Herald, June 24, 1846. Britannia, May 3, 1845. Times, Sept. 1, 1845; May 14; June 1, 11; Aug. 25, 31, 1846. =13=Bankhead, no. 94, Sept. 29, 1845. =52=Everett, no. 337, July 4, 1845. Calhoun Correspondence, 698.

35.12. McLane did not feel quite so confident. His private =297=letter of January 17, 1846, to Polk said that in case of war with England he was not sure popular sentiment would be able to restrain the French government; but the representative of Mexico at Paris believed that in such an event the government would probably be unable to "neutralize the effects of the innate hatred of the French toward their neighbors and rivals," the British (=77=Mangino, Jan. 29, 1846, res.).

35.13. =77=Garro, May 30, 1845, res. =11=Mexique, xi, 215 (Deffaudis). =297=McLane to Polk, Jan. 17, 1846, private. Charleston Mercury, Sept. 8, 1846 (Paris letter). =52=King, nos. 25, 28, 29, Jan. 30; June 1, 30, 1846. National, June 27, 30, 1846. Correspondant, May 1; Nov. 15, 1846; Jan. 15, 1817. Morning Chronicle, Feb. 3, 1846. Journal des Débats, Feb. 4; July 9, 1845.

35.14. Aberdeen's intimation was construed in England as an offer of mediation, while the American government insisted that no such offer was made by him; but this difference of view did not lead to friction. Pakenham told Buchanan he had received no instructions on the subject, but knew that his government would be glad to bring about peace by interposing its good offices. Buchanan replied that he was afraid formal mediation would prove a vain and "entangling" affair for the mediating power. So thought Pakenham, for he believed the United States would make territorial demands which England would not be willing to countenance or advise Mexico to accept. Buchanan added that we should be glad to have England persuade Mexico to listen to reason, since our government was anxious to establish peace on just and even generous terms (=13=Pakenham, no. 82, June 28, 1846). Pakenham concluded that our government relied on "the anxiety which England must feel, for the sake of her trade with Mexico and the safety of British interests committed in so many ways in that country, to see peace reëstablished between the two Republics" (=13=Id., no. 93, July 13, 1846). Senator Archer hinted to Polk that he (Archer) could bring about mediation through his friend Pakenham, but met of course with no encouragement (Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 1846).

35.15. This was described by Palmerston in Parliament as a definite offer of mediation (Morning Chronicle, Aug. 26). The settlement of the Oregon difficulty made such an offer more proper than it would have been at an earlier date.

35.16. Buchanan was absent from Washington at this time (Pakenham, no. 16). According to the New York correspondent of the London Times, the Americans feared that unsuccessful mediation might be construed as giving some color of right to authoritative interposition (Times, Oct. 15, 1846).

35.17. British mediation. Polk, Diary, Sept. 4, 10, 11, 1846. =52=To McLane, no. 44, July 27. =52=McLane, nos. 55, 69, June 18; Aug. 15, 1846. =52=Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18. =13=To Pakenham, no. 10, Aug. 18, 1846. =13=Pakenham, nos. 82, 93, 99, 107, 116, 119, 132, June 28; July 13, 29; Aug. 13; Sept. 13, 28; Nov. 23, 1846; no. 56, Apr. 28, 1847. London Times (Bentinck, Disraeli), Aug. 25; Oct. 15, 1846. =1=Ms. speech of Aug. 6, 1846. Morning Chronicle, Aug. 26, 1847. Journal des Débats, (fop) June 30; Aug. 27, 1846.

Both of these British attempts to mediate were accompanied with similar offers to Mexico, which proved equally unfruitful (vol. ii, p. 368). At the end of October Bankhead was instructed to advise Mexico that, since the United States had rejected the British good offices, she should settle with us at once on the most favorable terms that she could obtain.

35.18. For the benefit of the Mexican government, the Foreign Office wrote to Bankhead (=13=no. 15), June 1, 1846: "She [Great Britain] would find herself engaged in a war with a Nation with whom she would have no personal cause of quarrel, in behalf of a Nation and Government which she has repeatedly warned in the most friendly and urgent manner of their danger, and which, solely in consequence of their wilfull contempt of that warning, have at last plunged headlong down the precipice from which the British Government spared no efforts to save them"; and Bankhead was instructed to let Paredes know "the real state of the case without disguise." Aberdeen's thus declining to interfere on behalf of Mexico was particularly natural in view of the talk that had occurred with the Mexican minister at London while the Oregon issue was pending (vol. i, p. 115, and note 5.27 infra). As a step intended to settle that issue had now been taken, it appeared probable that there would be no longer any occasion to tow Mexico along, and, as Aberdeen was aware on June 1 that hostilities had occurred near the Rio Grande, it seemed important to disentangle himself completely, so as to be able to act with a free hand.

35.19. July 26, 1846, the Times asserted that a war with the United States "would be the very farthest from being unpopular" (denied the next day by the Morning Chronicle so far as the mass of the Liberals were concerned), and on September 28 said there had been few modern cases in which England could have "imposed" her arbitration with greater reason than upon the United States and Mexico.

35.20. For this paragraph. =13=To Bankhead, nos. 18, May 31; 34, Oct. 1, 1845; 15, June 1, 1846. =77=Murphy, no. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res. London Globe, Aug. 25, 1846. London Spectator, May 30; Sept. 26, 1846. =13=Palmerston, memo. of reply to Bankhead's no. 46, Apr. 30, 1847. =52=McLane, no. 54, June 3, 1846. London Times, July 26; Aug. 25, 26; Sept. 16, 1846. Morning Chronicle, July 27, 1846. Britannia, Mar. 9, 1844; Apr. 18, 1846; Jan. 9, 1847. Examiner, May 30, 1846. Morning Herald, June 24, 1846.

35.21. =77=Murphy, nos. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.; 19, Dec. 1, 1845, res.; 4, Feb. 1, 1846, res. =77=Peña y Peña to Murphy, no. 14, Dec. 27, 1845. Diario, Dec. 29, 31, 1846. Mora, Papeles Inéditos, 71-3. Gordon, Aberdeen, 183-4. =13=Mora to Palmerston, Dec. 15, 1847. =13=Palmerston, memo. in reply to Mora, Dec. 25, 1847; Jan. 1, 1848, to Mora. =13=To Bankhead, nos. 18, May 31, 1845; 15, June 1; 4, Aug. 15, 1846. London Times, Sept. 10, 1845; July 15, 1846. For the attitude of England in reference to California see chap. xvi, note 16.8.

35.22. Aberdeen told Murphy about the first of August, 1845, that the course of England and France in the event of war between Mexico and the United States would very likely depend upon incidents that might occur, and gave Murphy the impression that he would like to have the war take place and prove favorable to Mexico (=77=Murphy, no. 9, August 1, 1845). Some friction arose between American authorities and French subjects in California. The United States justly attributed it to the latter, but took occasion to assure France that we would not "tolerate" any action on the part of American agents giving "just cause of complaint" to foreigners inhabiting regions occupied by our troops (Buchanan, Works, vii, 372).

35.23. The London Examiner of May 15, 1847, said: "Much of the British goods in depot at the West Indian Islands have been forced into Mexico through the medium of the new American custom house at Tampico;" the capture of Vera Cruz will facilitate this operation; "and thus, instead of quarreling with the Americans in behalf of Mexico, we, or at least our traders, are quietly sharing with the Americans the profits of Mexican subjugation." See, however, chap. xxxiii, p. 263.

35.24. For this paragraph. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 951. (Broglie) =108=Bancroft to Polk, Oct. 18, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 10, 17. =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =52=Id., no. 69, Aug. 15, 1846. =52=Bancroft, nos. 25, May 3; 46, Dec. 4, 1847. =13=Pakenham, nos. 102, Aug. 13; 111, Sept. 13, 1846. =13=Crampton, no. 21, July 29, 1847. (Invariably) =13=Doyle, no. 5, Jan. 13, 1848. =132=Bancroft, Nov. 3, 1846. Buchanan, Works, vii, 290-2, 366-8, 372-3. National, May 1, 1847. Correspondant, May 1, 1846. =53=Buchanan to Pageot, July 21, 1847. Examiner, May 15, 1847. =77=Murphy, no. 9, Aug. 1, 1845. See chap. xxx, note 30.8. The Mexicans expected that the injury done to neutral commerce by the war would lead foreign nations to help them (=13=Bankhead, no. 162, 1846). For privateering see vol. ii, pp. 191-3; for the low tariff, see vol. ii, pp. 261-3.

35.25. Revolutionary movements broke out in Italy (January), France (February), Germany, and Austria (March). Louis Philippe lost his throne.

35.26. For this paragraph. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4; May 14, 1847. =108=Id. to Buchanan, Nov. 3, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5. London Globe, Aug. 25, 1846. =52=Bancroft, no. 46, Dec. 4, 1847. National, Nov. 24, 1845. Correspondant, Feb. 1, 1846. =297=McLane to Polk, Aug. 2, 1846. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 294, res., July 28, 1846. =13=To Bankhead, no. 15, June 1, 1846. =52=Martin, no. 13, May 15, 1847. =52=Boyd, no. 2, Sept. 3, 1846.

Peña y Peña (Comunicación Circular) said publicly and distinctly in 1848 that foreign powers signified to Mexico that they regarded the annexation of Texas as an accomplished fact; and he added that the one most interested to prevent the aggrandizement of the United States felt that its economic interests required it to digest in silence its own grievances rather than compromise those interests by declaring war.

35.27. Aberdeen said to Murphy that England did not wish to fight the United States alone, but added that "if France would join her, the case would be very different"; and he actually requested the French minister at London to sound Guizot on the subject (=77=Murphy, no. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.). After another talk Murphy reported to the same effect: "[Aberdeen] would not mind in the least having a war [with the United States] if he could drag France along behind him" [Nada le importaría esa Guerra si pudiese arrastrar tras sí á la Francia] (=77=no. 17, Nov. 1, 1845, res.). It is of course possible that Murphy attached too much seriousness to Aberdeen's remarks; but the authorities at Mexico had to take his reports as they stood.

35.28. Murphy, who seems to have been at this time in the most intimate relations with Aberdeen, reported (=77=no. 15, Oct. 1, 1845, muy res.): France, in accordance with her long-standing disposition and animosities, "would be capable not only of opposing the views of Great Britain, but even of going so far as to make common cause with the United States against her, forcing Louis Philippe to adopt this extreme course however repugnant it might be to him. It is therefore not strange that the British minister views with dread anything that might expose him to war with the United States without securing a perfect understanding in advance with France, not because he needs the aid of her physical strength in a conflict with those States, but to commit her in such a manner that her physical strength would not be added to that of the enemy, causing perhaps a general conflagration of incalculable consequences in the world."

35.29. For this paragraph. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5-6. =52=Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. =77=Murphy, nos. 15, Oct. 1, muy res.; 17, Nov. 1, res., 1845. =132=Bancroft, Nov. 3, 1846. =52=King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. Journal des Débats, July 9, 1845; Oct. 6, 1846. =52=Martin, no. 11, Feb. 28, 1847. Dict. Nat. Biog. (article on Peel).

Dec. 28, 1847, Chargé Thornton was instructed (=13=no. 2) that, should Mexico propose British mediation, he was merely to say that he would transmit the proposal to London.

35.30. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847. =52=Martin, nos. 34, Aug. 31, 1846; 13, May 15, 1847. Dix, Speeches, i, 207. Revue des Deux Mondes, Aug. 1, 1847, 429-31. Washington Union, Oct. 6, 1846 (Paris letter, Sept. 17). (L'Epoque) Niles, July 25, 1846, p. 336. =52=King, no. 29, June 30, 1846. Courrier des Etats Unis, July 20, 1846 (résumé of the French press). =77=Mangino, Jan. 29, 1846, res.

35.31. =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). =52=Id., nos. 50, May 29; 54, 55, June 3, 18, 1846. =132=Bancroft, May 18, 1847. Journal des Débats, Sept. 19; Dec. 21, 1846. =13=Palmerston, memo. of reply to Bankhead's no. 46, Apr. 30, 1847; to Mora, May 31, 1847. London Times, Sept. 16, 1846. =335=McLane, May 29, 1846. =108=Bancroft to Polk, May 14; June 3, 1847; to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847. Howe, Bancroft, ii, 18, 28. (Anderson) Lawton, Artillery Officer, 232. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. =52=King, nos. 28, 29, 31, June 1, 30; July 20, 1846.

J. F. Ramírez, who saw numerous letters from Europe, concluded by April 3, 1847, that Mexico would receive no aid from that direction (Ramírez, México, 224-5).

35.32. (Credit) =297=McLane to Polk (received June 21, 1846). (Ranelagh) =76=Murphy, Oct. 1, 1845; Mora, Papeles Ineditos, 97. (Paredes) Buchanan, Works, vii, 411-3; Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 787, 789, 791, 796, 798; =47=Perry to senior British naval officer at V. Cruz, Aug. 18, 1847, and reply, Aug. 21. Britannia, Oct. 17, 1846; Jan. 3, 23; June 5, 1847.

35.33. There are three reasons for presenting the newspaper quotations of this chapter: 1, They form a part of the history; 2, many indicate that the American task was not considered an easy one; and 3, many show how the Mexicans were encouraged by the European press. This encouragement stood constantly in the way of our making peace. It is well to remember that gibes, quite as offensive, against England could be found in American journals of that period.

35.34. Times, Oct. 30; Nov. 9, 1846; Jan. 1; Feb. 18; Mar. 15; Apr. 20, 26, 1847. Britannia, Feb. 20, 1847. Examiner, Dec. 22, 1846.

35.35. Times, May 10, 12, 1847. Amer. Review, Mar., 1848, p. 249.

35.36. =297=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848. Journal des Débats, Nov. 4, 1846; Feb. 22, 1847. Constitutionnel, Dec. 18, 1846. Times, Aug. 31, 1846; Jan. 1; May 10; Sept. 30; Nov. 13; Dec. 2, 1847; Jan. 4, 20, 1848. Chronicle, Mar. 6; June 1; Sept. 30, 1847. Britannia, Oct. 9, 30; Nov. 13, 1847.

Some of the French papers also bore heavily upon the operations of 1846. Le Journal des Débats said they had been a failure; that no foresight, energy or skill had been displayed; that the war had proved costly and was likely to prove endless. Le Constitutionnel thought our resources might not hold out. But the press of France made no such exhibition of conscious weakness and humiliation trying to hide themselves (=108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 28, 1848) as did that of England.

35.37. =108=Bancroft to Polk, Jan. 4, 19; May 14; June 3; Nov. 18, 1847; Jan. 28, 1848. =52=McLane, no. 50, May 29, 1846. =52=Boyd, no. 3, Sept. 18, 1846. =52=Bancroft, no. 25, May 3, 1847. Journal des Débats, Jan. 21; June 1-2, 1846; Oct. 5, 1847; Aug. 15, 1848. =132=Bancroft, May 18, 1847. =52=King, nos. 21, Jan. 1; 29, June 30, 1846. National, June 18, 1846. 13To Thornton, no. 2, Dec. 28, 1847. =13=Mora to Palmerston, Apr. 22; May 26; Dec. 15, 1847; June 26, 1848. =13=Palmerston to Mora, May 31 (2); Oct. 7, 1847; June 30, 1848. Britannia, Nov. 13, 1847.

Dr. J. M. L. Mora, beginning in April, 1847, endeavored to secure British aid in settling the terms and guaranteeing the permanence of peace, and did not give up until near the end of June, 1848; but Palmerston would not meddle, and cautioned the representative of England that, should a request for British mediation be presented to him, he should simply say the proposition would be transmitted to London. Dec. 28, 1847, the British Foreign Office wrote to Thornton (=13=no. 2) that Cuevas had asked England to guarantee the treaty of peace; that it was highly improbable the United States would join in making this request; that to guarantee the treaty without a joint application would be equivalent to a contingent alliance with Mexico against the United States; and that England was not likely to take that step in any event.

XXXVI. CONCLUSION

36.1. Webster in the Senate, June 24, 1846: "We certainly wished her [Mexico] success.... We wished her well; and I think now that the people of the United States have no desire, it would give them, I think, no pleasure, to do her an injury beyond what is necessary to maintain their own rights. The people of the United States cannot wish to crush the republic of Mexico; it cannot be their desire to break down a neighboring republic; it cannot be their wish to drive her back again to a monarchical form of government, and to render her a mere appanage to some one of the thrones of Europe" (Writings, ix, 158). Crittenden spoke as follows in the Senate, May 11, 1846: "From the first struggle for liberty in South America and Mexico, it was the cherished policy of this country to extend to them sympathy, comfort, and friendship.... They were regarded as a portion of that great system of republics which were to stand forth in proud contrast with the Governments of the Old World.... As the head of the republican system, our policy was to cheer and cherish them, and lead them in the way to that liberty we had established, and of which we had set the example ... it was our interest to cherish them, and cultivate their friendship" (Cong. Globe, 29, 1, p. 788). As it may be thought that these statements were made for public effect, the following passage is quoted from resolutions passed by the people of Bloomington (now Muscatine), Territory of Iowa, June 5, 1846: "Mexico, being a sister republic, has been looked to by citizens of the United States with the sincere hope that that country would become an enlightened, free and liberal nation ... and thereby, become another beacon (as the United States already is) to the monarchies of the world, to show them that men are capable of governing themselves, and let them see the advantages of a free, republican government" (Iowa and War, no. 12). These statements were no doubt fundamentally true despite the resentment produced by the outrages perpetrated upon Texans and Americans, etc., which was mainly directed toward official Mexico.

Senator Hannegan rebuked sentimentality (often feigned for political reasons) in these words: I cannot "participate in the sympathy which I have heard invoked in behalf of Mexico as a sister republic. In the first place the wrongs she has done us, and our citizens resident within her borders, show no very sisterly affection on her part; and in the next, I must confess my want of sympathy with any people where anarchy rules in the name of liberty. Her history is a libel upon republican government. When human sympathy shall follow insubordination, misrule, and bloodshed, then, but not till then, will it be properly invoked for Mexico" (Cong. Globe, 29, 2, p. 517, col. 1). =354=Welles papers.

35.2. London Times; Aug. 6, 1847. Webster to Thompson, Apr. 5, 1842: "Every nation, on being received, at her own request, into the circle of civilized Governments must understand that ... she binds herself also to the strict and faithful observance of all those principles, laws, and usages, which have obtained currency among civilized States.... No community can be allowed to enjoy the benefit of national character, in modern times, without submitting to all the duties which that character imposes" (Ho. 266; 27, 2, p. 32). Mex. Nat. Museum, Boletín i, no. 9. Ramírez, México, 235. London Spectator, Dec. 9, 1911: "When a country can not manage its own affairs, and can not keep order among its own people, it has already lost its independence."

36.3. This and following paragraphs are of course a very incomplete summary, which the reader can fill in from the first chapters of this work. With reference to the annexation of Texas Cass justly said: "The peace [and prosperity] of the world cannot be put to hazard by the pertinacious obstinacy of any nation, which holds on to nominal claims, without the power or the disposition to maintain them" (Cong. Globe, 30, 1, app., 425). It was the reasonable opinion of many that if Taylor had had a strong army, well placed [especially had he been a general capable of impressing the Mexicans] there would have been no war (e.g. =132=W. R. King, June 1, 1846; So. Qrtly. Rev., Nov., 1850, 428).

36.4. Grant, Mems., i, 168-9: "I have seen as brave stands made by some of these men [Mexican troops] as I have ever seen made by soldiers." =113=Beauregard: The Mexicans stood artillery and infantry fire "fully as well as our own troops," etc. Picayune, Oct. 4, 1846 (Haile): All admit that the Mexicans handle guns in battery as well as we could. =364=Worth to S., Nov. 2, 1846. The Americans won mostly with the bayonet. The Mexicans lacked the discipline and the confidence in themselves, one another and their officers which were necessary to sustain them against a charge. Constitutionnel, Aug. 17, 1847. Negrete, Invasión, iii, app., 443; 489 (Otero). S. Anna, Apelación, 57. Id., Comunicación Oficial. =76=To Ocampo, Dec. 18, 1847 (the chief cause of our ills is a want of military men possessing a political conscience). Richtofen, Zustände, 59, 60. =76=Mora, Apr. 14, 23, 1847. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. Consideraciones, 7, etc. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 242. =76=Olaguíbel to Relaciones, Aug. 15, 1847. Puebla Nacional, Jan. 19, 1848 (Payno). México á través, iv, 698-9. Pacheco, Exposición. Ramírez, México, 234-5.

The Mexican newspapers did much to sap courage. From north to south there was a chorus of disheartening epithets for the adored patria: sad, unfortunate, lamentable, ill-starred, suffering, doomed. The whole diapason of misery filled the air. On all sides echoed confessions--on one another's account, of course--of mistakes, blunders and vices; egotism, cynicism, deceit, selfishness, hypocrisy, rancor, partisanship, dissension, indifference to the welfare of the nation, unscrupulous ambition, malfeasance in office, wholesale plundering, rascality favored by the authorities, personal degeneracy, social demoralization, military incompetency. Even the orthodox estimate of the Americans tended the same way. What had become of justice in heaven and hope on earth when our "infamous," "incompetent" generals could triumph again and again, with a handful of barbarians and adventurers, cowardly, ill-clad, ignorant, debased and undisciplined, over devout Catholics and valiant patriots? A particular fact tended to promote dissension. There were three groups of states--the north, the centre and the south; and the first and the third felt that their interests had always been sacrificed to those of the centre. This paragraph and most of the other paragraphs of the present chapter are of course to be read in the light of what has already been said. For this one may refer to the index.

Some readers may feel that the author is inconsistent in saying (vol. i, p. 116) that Mexico wanted the war and here that she was not really in it; but (1) many persons desire things which they feel unwilling later to pay for, and (2) the course of the war was very different from that which Mexico had expected. The nation desired the uprising against Santa Anna, December, 1844, but was soon dissatisfied with the results of it.

36.5. Sedgwick, Corresp., i, 150; Kenly, Md. Vol., 391; Encarnacion Prisoners, 69; Stevens, Stevens, 145.

36.6. Balbontín, Invasión, 135-6. Scott, Mems., ii, 466. =13=Doyle, no. 1, 1848. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 242. =13=Bankhead, no. 86, 1847. Sierra, Evolution, i, 376. =76=Mora, Apr. 28, 1847. Monitor Repub., Nov. 8, 1847. Id., Nov. 30, 1847 (Uraga). Apuntes, 347. México á través, iv, 698.

Judging Santa Anna one must allow for the facts that his subordinates were incompetent, and that neither he nor they had known what real armies and real wars were. But this condition of things was far more due to him than to any other person. It should be remembered, too, that while the Americans had numbers against them, they possessed the advantage of the offensive. But this, again, was very largely the fault of Santa Anna.

36.7. (Kendall) Wash. Union, Mar. 1, 1847. =257=C. to F. Markoe, Jan. 3, 1847. Our commanders never had enough troops to garner the fruits of victory. =256=Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, priv.: "For God's sake give me a reinforcement of 12,000 regulars, at the least, for a sure and uninterrupted march from Vera Cruz upon the city of Mexico." Upton, Military Policy, 215: If Scott had had 15,000 regulars after Cerro Gordo he could have taken Mexico City. If troops, vessels, etc. had been supplied promptly, there would have been no battle of Cerro Gordo (Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 908).

36.8. Scribner, Campaign, 21.

36.9. Polk's Diary contains ample evidence regarding the character of his administration; e.g. May 16, 19; June 23-4; Aug. 18; Sept. 22, 24, 1846; Aug. 19, 23; Nov. 10-1, 1847; Jan. 24, 1848. (Period) Lalor, Cyclopædia, iii, 864. As Taussig says (Tariff Hist., 122), our prosperity from 1846 to 1860 should not be attributed solely to the tariff of 1846. London Examiner, Jan. 2, 1847 ("Polk has been the greatest of American conquerors, the most successful of American diplomatists," and yet his recent Message does not boast). Curtis, Buchanan, ii, 72. Schouler, Hist. Briefs, 138 (Dallas said of Polk: "He left nothing unfinished; what he attempted he did").

Our problem was hard. The report of the quartermaster general, Nov. 24, 1847, said that our nearest dépôts were farther from the source of supply than Algiers from Marseilles, yet we had accomplished more in a few months at the beginning of the war than France had accomplished in Africa in seventeen years (Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 549). Polk's relations with Pillow offer a curious problem in psychology and in morals; but one sees from his diary how deeply Buchanan's cleverness impressed his plodding mind, and a person like Polk, with more taste than talent for subtlety, was naturally fascinated by Pillow's readiness and cunning. Besides, he was much indebted to Pillow. His treatment of Scott is another problem. Perhaps he felt that as President he was above the ordinary requirements of fair dealing, and certainly he was intensely partisan.

36.10. Jomini, Précis, i, 143. Grant, Mems., i, 100. Greene, Army Life, 142 (Napoleon). =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Nov. 2, 1846.

36.11. So. Qtrly. Rev., Jan., 1851, p. 31. Polk, Diary, Nov. 21, 1846; Mar. 28; May 6, 1847, etc. Garrison, Extension, 242. Henderson, Science of War, 14. =139=W. B. to D. Campbell, Mar. 20, 1847. _Amer. Hist. Review_, Apr., 1919, 446, 454-6, 462 (Marcy).

36.12. =256=J. Parrott to Marcy, Apr. 19, 1847, private. Lawton, Artill. Officer, 246. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 187. Grone, Briefe, 80 (punctuation modified). Semmes, Service, 378. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1255 (Jesup). (Shackle) Hitchcock in Mo. Republican, Nov. 3, 1857. =113=Beauregard, remins. Hamley, Operations, 20. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 465 (Lee).

36.13. =335=Trist to Mrs. T., Oct. 18, 1847. =335=Id., Notes for letter to Ho. of Repres. Lawton, Artill. Off., 151, 246. Sen. 52; 30, 1, pp. 190-1. =52=Trist, Aug. 14, 1847. Sen. 65; 30, 1, p. 465 (Lee). Hitchcock in semi-weekly N. Y. Courier and Enquirer, Mar. 1, 1847. Id. in Republic, Feb. 15, 1851 (re a Mexican book). Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1255 (Jesup). Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 635 (after Mexico was captured, Scott became "the most sincere and powerful of the friends of peace"). So. Qtrly. Rev., xviii, 428.

36.14. Lawton, Artill. Off., 151. Sen. 52; 30, 1, p. 190. Picayune, Oct. 22, 1847. Grant, Mems., i, 139. =253=Harvey to McLean, June 13, 1847.

36.15. The earlier statements issued by our government were in many instances incorrect. The figures of the text are from the adj. gen.'s report of Dec. 3, 1849 (Ho. 24; 31, 1). They may be given more precisely as follows. I. REGULARS. Apr., 1846, 7224 in all. On the Texas frontier, May, 1846, 3554 present and absent. 27,470 (15,736 of "the old establishment," 11,186 of the new regiments, and 548 Marines), including recruits, joined the army in Mexico. The total in the service up to and including July 5, 1848, was about 31,024 (35,009 were recruited from May 1, 1846, and 32,190 of these were put en route; but some died or were killed in Mexico before becoming attached to a regiment, and some cannot be accounted for). Losses. A: Old establishment. Discharged on expiration of term, 1561; for disability, 1782; by order or by civil authority, 373; total, 3716. Killed in battle, 41 offs.--422 men; died of wounds, 22--307, respectively; ordinary deaths, 49--2574; accidental deaths, 5--134; total deaths, 117--3437. Wounded in battle, 118--1685. Resignations, 37. Desertions, 2247. B: New regiments. Discharged on expiration of term, 12; for disability, 767; by order or by civil authority, 114. Killed in battle, 5 offs.--62 men; died of wounds, 5--71; ordinary deaths, 36--2055; accidental deaths, 0--30; total deaths, 46--2218. Wounded in battle, 36--236. Resignations, 92. Desertions, 602. C: Marines serving with the army. Killed in battle, 1--5; died of wounds, 0--3; ordinary deaths, 3--33; total, 4--41. II. VOLUNTEERS. Mustered in, May, 1846, and later (16,887 mounted; 1129 artillery; 55,244 infantry) 73,260, including 3131 commissioned officers. Of this number 14,448 (3-months and 6-months men; two regiments of 12-months men from Ohio and Missouri; one Iowa company) did not serve. Total serving, 58,812. Discharged before the end of their term, 9169, including 7200 for disability. Killed in battle and died of wounds, 607; ordinary deaths, 6216; accidental, 192; total, 7015. Wounded, about 1340. Resignations, 279. Desertions, 3876. The number of ordinary deaths and discharges for disability was probably still larger, for the returns were incomplete. Some "ordinary" deaths probably resulted from wounds. July, 1848, there were (officers included) 24,033 regulars and 23,117 volunteers. Nearly all official figures of casualties are approximate. (Discrepancies exist in the accounts)

One may consult also: Ho. 42, 48; 29, 2. Sen. 36; 30, 1. Ohio Arch. and Hist. Qtrly., 1912, p. 280. Ill. State Hist. Soc. Trans., 1912, p. 17 (W. E. Dodd). Lawton, Artill. Off., 317. Sen. 4; 29, 2. Picayune, Nov. 4, 1847. Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 1114. =117=R. Jones to Mayer, Feb. 8, 1849. Brackett, Lane's Brigade, 131, 292. Claiborne, Quitman, ii, app., 311. Semmes, Service, 472. =61=R. Jones to Cass, Mar. 9, 1848. Cong. Globe, 45, 3, pp. 1627-8 (Shields). U. S. Army and Navy Journal, Apr. 25, 1885, p. 787. =288=Naylor, Alphab. list of American prisoners (1063 in all). Sen. 1; 29, 2, p. 56. Mich. Pioneer Soc. Colls., vi, 20. Rowland, Register, 412. =61=Wool to Jones, Jan. 7, 1848.

One of the principal histories of the war gives the deaths resulting from battle as 5101, and the total number as "not less" than 25,000! Many men afflicted with chronic diseases enlisted in the hope of deriving benefit from the climate of Mexico, but died there. Many came home bringing the germs of disease or with enfeebled constitutions.

36.16. (New regiments) =364=Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846. (Invalids) =291=Smith to Pierce, Feb. 2, 1848; =254=McClellan, diary, Dec. 5, 1846; Meade, Letters, i, 161-2. (Waste) Meade, Letters, i, 161-2. (Arms) =256=Scott to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, private. (Undisciplined) =221=Hill, diary; =95=report of comtee., Jan. 4, 1848; Ho. 60; 30, 1, p. 336 (Taylor); =327=Sutherland to father, Aug. --, 1847; Scott, supra. (Close) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 346; Olmsted, Journey, 463. (One) =280=Nunelee, diary. (Another) Oswandel, Notes, 476. (Officer) =146=Caswell, diary. (N. Car.) Greensborough (N. C.) Morning Post, Apr. 5, 1903. (Braver) Grant, Mems., i, 167-8. (Unreliable) Balbontín, Invasión, 75; Smith, To Mexico, 151. (Imperilled) Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 336, 1178 (Taylor); 1049 (Scott); Scott, Mems., ii, 540. =256=Marcy to Wetmore, Jan. 6, 1847. (Stimulated) Cong. Globe, 35, 1, pp. 971-2 (Quitman); Stevens, Campaigns, 12; =152=Claiborne, mems.

To suppose, as many appear to do, that the only business in war is to fight, is as if one should think that in railroading the only work is to run the trains. The following from Scott's =256=letter to Marcy, Jan. 16, 1847, is pertinent: "A regiment of regulars, in fifteen minutes from the evening halt, will have tents pitched and trenched around, besides straw, leaves or bushes for dry sleeping; arms and ammunition well secured and in order for any night attack; fires made, kettles boiling, in order to wholesome cooking; all the men dried, or warmed, and at their comfortable supper, merry as crickets, before the end of the first hour.... Volunteers neglect all those points; eat their salt meat raw (if they have saved any at all) or, worse than raw, fried--death to any Christian man the fifth day; lose or waste their clothing; lie down wet, or on wet ground--fatal to health, and, in a short time, to life; leave arms and ammunition exposed to rain and dews; hence both generally useless and soon lost, and certainly hardly ever worth a cent in battle," etc., etc. So in the field "the want of the touch of the elbow (which cannot be acquired with the best instructors in many months); the want of the sure step in advancing, falling back and wheeling; ... the want of military confidence in each other, and, above all, the want of reciprocal confidence between officers and men" cause frightful losses.

McClellan wrote in his =254=diary: "I have seen more suffering since I came out here than I could have imagined to exist--it is really awful--I allude to the sufferings of the Volunteers. They literally die like dogs--were it all known in the States, ... all would be willing to have so large a regular army that we could dispense entirely with the Volunteer system." Trist stated in a =335=letter to the N. Y. Tribune, July 14, 1853, that the volunteer system was a debasing humbug, because the generals, aiming at political success, posed as great commanders with no basis except the courage of their men and the skill of their (regular) aides. Worth said that the intelligent volunteers ridiculed the system, except for home defence, more than the regulars did (=364=to Capt. S., Nov. 2, 1846).

Webster said the advantage of the volunteer service was that it was generous and patriotic, entered into mostly to gain distinction, and because it gave men what they liked--an opportunity to bear arms under officers chosen by themselves (Webster, Letters, 347); but one sees at once that these views came far short of covering the case practically. That very ambition to win distinction, for example, made them dissatisfied and insubordinate when expected to do the ordinary work of soldiering (=169=Taylor to Crittenden, Jan. 26, 1847); and volunteer officers like Pillow did not compare with regulars like Scott and Taylor in kindness toward the men. The battle of Buena Vista was popularly supposed to have proved the efficiency of volunteers, but failed to do so (see chap. xx; =316=Bragg to Sherman, Mar. 1, 1848; =330=Taylor to brother, Mar. 27, 1847; Zirckel, Tagebuch, 9), though they had had a sufficiently long training (Upton, Military Policy, 209). The Marquis de Radepont, who accompanied Scott's army to observe its operations, was particularly astonished that the General had so little control over the volunteers, a state of things that more than once endangered all, he said. Scott, Taylor, Worth, Twiggs, Wool, Quitman, Smith and Shields were not West Pointers, but the first five were professionals. Some of the volunteer officers, who had been in business, surpassed the regulars in such work as transportation.

36.17. (Tilden) Cong. Globe, 29, 1, p. 543. (Aristocrats) N. Y. Herald, June 20, 1846. (Steadied vols.) Stevens, Camps., 12; Ruxton, Adventures (1847), 178; Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 346. (Reg. offs.) Grant, Mems., i, 168; =364=Worth to S., Sept. 5, 1846; =13=Crampton, no. 17, 1848; Collins, diary, Jan. 29, 1847; Lawton, Art. Off., 276. (Took care) =254=McClellan, diary, Dec. 5, 1846; =148=Chamberlain, recolls. (Science) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 310; Cullum, Biog. Register, i, p. xi.

36.18. Grone, Briefe, 83. Commerc. Review of S. and W., Dec, 1846, 426-30 (Poinsett). Grant, Mems., i, 143. Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 332 (Smith). Observador Zacatecano, Dec. 27, 1846, supplem. (Requena). Owing probably to the exigencies of the case the engineers were given a somewhat exaggerated importance. Some of their officers were not experts; were perhaps hardly more than engineers by commission. And engineers were frequently employed to do reconnaissance work that was more properly the function of infantry patrols.

36.19. Commerc. Rev.: note 18. Grone, Briefe, 70, 81. Revue des Deux Mondes, Aug. 1, 1847, 385. =73=Bermúdez de Castro, no. 517, 1847.

36.20. (Immigrants) Ho. 38; 30, 2. =278=Niehenke, statement. =136=Butterfield, recolls. Grone, Briefe, 84. Metrop. Mag., Jan., 1908. (1000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 431. (600) Hitchcock, Fifty Years, 293. (6000) Sen. 1; 30, 1, p. 384. (Miracle) =358=Williams to father, Oct. 1, 1847. Journal des Débats, Aug. 15, 1848.

36.21. (Legally) =250=Lieber to Ruggles, Apr. 23, 1847. Curtis, Buchanan, i, 609. Cong. Globe, 29, 2, app., 125. (Welfare) London Athenæum, Sept. 13, 1845. (Right of way) Von Holst, U. S., iii, 272; London Atlas, May 18, 1844.

We are now trying to outgrow the old view of war and the analogous view of commercial and industrial competition, but in 1846 these had not become practical issues. This paragraph is to be understood in a broad, large way, of course. The London Chronicle said: In our colonies we fine owners who in a certain number of years do not develop their lands, and this fine is preparatory to ejectment; "The Americans have acted on this principle after a kind of public lynch-law" (Aug. 13, 1845). (Its direct reference was to the annexation of Texas, but the principle applied to the war with Mexico.) Rives argues that the war was "begun for the purpose of acquiring territory" in payment of our claims, and that therefore its morality was questionable (U. S. and Mexico, ii, 657-8). But (1) the territory was wanted in payment of what was justly due us, and therefore we could rightfully collect, and that Mexico could pay us only in land was not our fault; (2) the war was not entered into by us for the purpose of obtaining territory; and (3) it was not "begun" by the United States.

36.22. (Humboldt) =181=Donelson to Buchanan, Sept. 18, 1846. Royce, Calif., 51. Lieber: note 36.21. Von Holst, U. S., iii, 269-72. (Nation) Chap. vi, note 6.11; Cong. Globe, 29, 2, p. 387 (Giles); Polk, Diary, Dec. 19, 1846; Jan. 23, 1847; =1=Senator Allen in secret session, Aug. 6, 1846; Curtis, Buchanan, i, 609; Howe, Bancroft, i, 286. Public Ledger, June 15, 1849 (Dallas). Welles, Study. (Bryce) This quotation is taken from a writer of good standing. The present author has not been able to find the passage, but presumes it was correctly quoted. Davis, Autobiog., 291-2.

July 6, 1848, Polk informed Congress that we had more than 700 whaling ships in the Pacific, representing not less than $40,000,000, and employing fully 20,000 seamen, and that owing to the acquisition of California we were less than thirty days from Canton. These facts explain how important that acquisition was, and how serious it would have seemed to let a European power make it.

36.23. Ramírez, México, 319. Memoria de ... Relaciones, Jan., 1849, p. 8. (Obstacle) Vol. ii, p. 234. (Invited) Scott, Mems., ii, 581-2. (Trist) =335=Thornton to Trist, May 26, 1848. =52=Walsh, Nov. 10, 1848. (Europe) J. H. Smith in Mass. Hist. Soc. Proceeds., June, 1914, p. 462; Howe, Bancroft, ii, 5; =108=Bancroft to Greene, Nov. 3, 1847; =108=Id. to Polk, Jan. 19, 1847; Bennett, Mems., 386. (Harmony) Richardson, Messages, iv, 587, 631; =132=McLane to Buchanan, June 18, 1846; Wash. Union, Nov. 3, 1846; N. Y. Herald, July 25, 1846; Cong. Globe, 29, 2, app., 125.

The war helped to save Mexican nationality because (1) it was to some extent a national issue; (2) it cut off the parts most likely to set the example of secession; (3) contact with the Americans convinced the people of Tamaulipas, N. León, etc., that they could not hold their own in competition with our citizens; (4) the Mexicans received a stern lesson in political wisdom, which was taken to heart for a time, and had some permanent effect; and (5) the money that we paid strengthened the Mexican government. The war helped the liberals, for it demonstrated our superiority.

36.24. Roa Bárcena, Recuerdos, 635. Ceballos, Capítulos, 123. London Times, Nov. 13, 1847. Lee, Gen. Lee, 43. Parker, Sermon. Cong. Globe, 30, 1, p. 499. Webster, Writings, x, 9. For Scott's treatment of prisoners see, e.g., Ho. 60; 30, 1, pp. 1055-9.

APPENDIX--THE SOURCES

A. MANUSCRIPT AND PERSONAL SOURCES

As a number of the owners or holders of MSS. (whose names are preceded below by colons) did not desire to receive applications for the use of their papers, it has been thought best to omit all addresses.

Some documents belonging to large collections are, for convenience of citation, listed separately. A few verbal statements (so described) are included.

The numbers preceding collections, etc., correspond to numbers preceding citations of MS. documents in the notes.

Allen, William. =1=Papers: Library of Congress.

Allred, R. N. =2=Recollections: R. R. Allred, Esq.

Alvarado, J. B. =3=Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll., Univ. of California.

Amador, J. M. =4=Memorias sobre la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Anaya, P. M. =5=Memoria: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.

Anderson, Robert. =6=Papers: Mrs. James M. Lawton.

Anderson, W. E. =7=Document.

Anonymous. =8=Soldier's Diary sent anonymously to the author.

Antrim, Jay. =9=Sketches: Library of Congress.

Aram, Joseph. =10=Narrative: Mrs. Grace Aram.

Archives of France. =11=Dépt. des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.

Archives of Great Britain. =12=Admiralty Papers; =13=Foreign Office Papers: Public Record Office, London.

Archives of States. =14=Alabama, =15=Arkansas, =16=Connecticut, =17=Delaware, =18=Georgia, =19=Florida, =20=Illinois, =21=Indiana, =22=Iowa, =23=Kentucky, =24=Louisiana, =25=Maine, =26=Maryland, =27=Massachusetts, =28=Michigan, =29=Mississippi, =30=Missouri, =31=New Hampshire, =32=New Jersey, =33=New York, =34=North Carolina, =35=Ohio, =36=Pennsylvania, =37=Rhode Island, =38=South Carolina, =39=Tennessee, =40=Texas, =41=Vermont, =42=Virginia, =43=Wisconsin.

Archives of the =44=U. S. Embassy at Mexico.

Archives of the =45=U. S. Legation in Texas: State Dept., Washington.

Archives of U. S. Navy Dept. =46=Captain's Letters; =47=Squadron Letters; =48=Confidential Letter Books; =49=Orders; =50=Executive Letters; =51=Marine Corps.

Archives of U. S. State Dept. =52=Correspondence (and enclosures) with diplomatic and consular agents in Mexico, Great Britain, France, Spain, Prussia and Texas; =53=Notes to and from the legations of those countries; =54=Report Books; =55=Confidential Report Books; =56=Special Missions and Correspondence with confidential agents in Mexico, Texas and California; =57=Domestic Letter Books; =58=Miscellaneous Letters and Replies; =59=Circulars issued to diplomatic and consular agents. See also Claims Commission.

Archives of U. S. War Dept. =60=Secretary of War's files; =61=Adjutant General's files; =62=Quartermaster General's files; =63=Military Book; =64=Adjutant General, Miscellany; =65=Orders; =66=Engineer's office; =67=Bureau of Topog. Engineers; =68=Judge Advocate General's office, courts martial, courts of inquiry; =69=Discontinued Commands, etc.

Archivo =69a=del Distrito Federal, Mexico.

Archivo =70=General y Público (particularly "Guerra"), Mexico.

Archivo =71=Histórico-Nacional, Madrid.

Archivo =72=Nacional de Cuba.

Archivo =73=Particular del Ministerio de Estado, Madrid.

Archivos (National) de =74=Fomento (Maps); =75=Gobernación (formerly called "Relaciones Interiores"); =76a=Hacienda; =76=Guerra y Marina; =77=Relaciones (i.e., Exteriores). At Mexico City.

Archivos (State) de =78=Coahuila, =79=Jalisco, =80=México, =81=Nuevo León, =82=Puebla, =83=Querétaro, =84=San Luis Potosí, =85=Tamaulipas, =86=Vera Cruz, =87=Zacatecas. At the state capitals.

Archivos (Municipal) de =88=Córdoba, =89=Guadalajara, =90=Jalapa, =91=Matamoros, =92=Mexico, =93=Monterey, =94=Orizaba, =95=Puebla, =96=Querétaro, =97=Saltillo, =98=San Luis Potosí, =99=Tampico, =100=Vera Cruz, =101=Victoria, =102=Zacatecas.

Avila, Juan. =103=Notas Californianas: Bancroft Coll.

Ayer =104=Collection: Newberry Library, Chicago.

Baldridge, William. =105=The Days of 1846: Bancroft Coll.

Bancroft =106=Collection: Univ. of California.

Bancroft =107=Papers: New York City Public Library.

Bancroft, George. =108=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Bandini, Juan. =109=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Barbour, H. H. =110=Diary: Mrs. Barbour.

Beauregard, P. G. T. =111=Papers: C. S. Hook, Esq.

Beauregard, P. G. T. =112=Papers: Justin H. Smith.

Beauregard, P. G. T. =113=Reminiscences (done by him from diary and notes): Claiborne papers, Mississippi Dept. of Hist.

Beeler, Louis F. =114=Recollections.

Belden, Josiah. =115=Statement: Bancroft Coll.

Bell, A. N. =116=Document.

Benjamin, W. R. =117=Collection.

Berlandier, Luis. =118=Papers: Library of Congress.

Bevan, William. =119=Statement.

Biddle, James. =120=Papers: Library of Congress.

Biddle, Charles J. =121=Papers: Charles Biddle, Esq.

Bidwell, John. =122=California, 1841-8: Bancroft Coll.

Bidwell, John. =123=Statement: Harvard Univ. Library.

Blocklenger, Benjamin. =124=Letter.

Bonham, Milledge L. =125=Letters: Dr. Milledge Lake Bonham, III.

Botello, Narciso. =126=Anales del Sur de la California: Bancroft Coll.

Boyle, John. =127=Letter: Miss Esmeralda Boyle.

Brackett, A. G. =128=Diary: Mrs. Brackett.

Breckenridge, Robert J. =129=Papers: Library of Congress.

Brichta, A. C. =130=Letter: belonging to the family.

Brindle, William. =131=Statement: J. D. Parrish, Esq.

Buchanan, James. =132=Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.

Buck, Dr. Solon J. =133=Collection.

Burton, C. M. =134=Collection, Public Library, Detroit.

Butler, Anthony. =135=Papers: Univ. of Texas.

Butterfield, James. =136=Recollections.

Calhoun, John C. =137=Papers: Clemson Coll.

Calhoun, John C. =137a=Papers: Library of Congress.

Campbell, William B. =138=Letters: John DeWitt, Esq.

Campbell, William B. (and David). =139=Papers: Lemuel R. Campbell, Esq.; Mrs. James S. Pilcher.

Cantwell, John L. P. =140=Letter: Miss Jessica R. Smith.

Carson, J. C. =141=Statement: Bancroft Coll.

Carson, J. H. =142=Gold Mines of 1848: Bancroft Coll.

Cary, T. G. =143=California Papers: Boston Public Library.

Cassidy, P. A. =144=Recollections.

Castro, Manuel. =145=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Caswell, William R. =146=Diary and Letters: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Chamberlain, S. E. =147=Diary: loaned by the writer.

Chamberlain, S. E. =148=Recollections (verbal).

Chase, Salmon P. =149=Papers: Library of Congress.

Cheatham, B. F. =150=Diary and Papers: Mrs. Telfair Hodgson.

Claiborne, J. F. H. =151=Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept. of Hist.

Claiborne, Thomas. =152=Memoirs: belonging to the family.

Claims Commission of 1849. =153=Book of Awards; =154=Book of Opinions; =155=Journal: U. S. State Dept.

Clay, Henry. =156=Papers: Library of Congress.

Cobb, Howell. =157=Papers (printed later by the Amer. Hist. Assoc.): Dr. U. B. Phillips.

Cobb, Howell. =158=Papers: Dr. R. P. Brooks.

Collins, Francis. =159=Papers (published later in the Qtrly. Publication of the Hist. and Philos. Soc. of Ohio, 1915, Nos. 2-3).

Columbus. =160=Record of Punishments, 1846-7: U. S. Naval Academy Library.

Congress. =161=Journal of a Cruise, 1846: U. S. Naval Academy Library.

Conner, David. =162=Papers: Hon. Franklin D. Roosevelt.

Conner, David. =163=Papers: P. F. Madigan, Esq.

Conner, David. =164=Papers: Library of Congress.

Conner, David. =165=Papers: Navy Dept. Library.

Conner, David. =166=Papers: New York City Library.

Coutts. =167=Diary of a March to California: Bancroft Coll.

Crallé, R. K. =168=Papers: Library of Congress.

Crittenden, J. J. =169=Papers: Library of Congress.

Crooker Family (of South Carolina). =170=Papers: Dr. E. M. Shealy.

Cyane. =171=Journal of a Cruise; Abstract of Journal: U. S. Naval Academy Library.

Cyane. =172=Log Book: Library, U. S. Navy Dept.

Davis, Jefferson. =173=Address: Library of Congress (reading-room desk).

Davis, Jefferson. =174=Papers: Confederate Memorial, New Orleans.

Davis, Jefferson. =175=Papers: Library of Congress.

Davis, Jefferson. =176=Papers: State of Mississippi, Dept. of Hist.

Davis, John W. =177=Statement of the Battle of San Pascual: Bancroft Coll.

Davis, T. F. =178=Diary: belonging to the family.

Diario =179=Esactísimo de lo ocurrido en México, etc.: Bancroft Coll.

Dreer =180=Collection: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.

Donelson, A. J. =181=Papers: Mrs. Wm. A. Donelson (now in the Library of Congress).

Dormitzer, Walter. =182=Collection.

Drum, R. C. =183=Recollections (verbal).

Duke, Moses S. =184=Letters: Miss Winnie V. Lynch.

Duncan, James. =185=Papers: U. S. Military Academy.

Duncan, W. L. =186=Notes on Bishop's Journal: McLean County (Ill.) Hist. Soc.

Eddy =187=Manuscripts: Charles Carroll, Esq.

Edwards, Marcellus B. =188=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.

Evans, Mrs. Lucy. =189=Letter: belonging to the family.

Ewing, J. C. =190=Diary: belonging to the family.

Fairfield, John. =191=Papers: Library of Congress.

Ford =192=Collection: New York City Public Library.

Foster, R. C. =193=Letters: Mrs. Edward W. Foster.

Fourth (Mexican) Infantry. =194=Book of Accounts: New York Hist. Soc.

Fowler, W. P. =195=Collection.

Frémont, John C. =196=Statement: Library of Harvard Univ.

Gaines, E. P. =197=Papers: Library of Congress.

Gallatin, Albert. =198=Papers: New York Hist. Soc.

García, Señ. Lic. D. Genaro. =199=Collection.

Gibbes, W. H. =200=Collection.

Gibson, George R. =201=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.

Giménez, M. M. =202=Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.

Gleason, James. =203=Letter.

Gouverneur, S. L. =204=Diary: Mrs. Rose Gouverneur Hoes.

Graham, L. P. =205=Memorandum Book: E. W. McGlenen, Esq.

Graham, W. A. =206=Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.

Griffin, John S. =207=Journal of 1846: Bancroft Coll.

Guadalajara (Public library) =208=Collection.

Guitar, Aldon. =209=Letter.

Hammond, J. H. =210=Diary and Papers: library of Congress.

Hardie, James A. =211=Papers: Library of Congress.

Hastings, D. H. =212=Diary: loaned by the writer.

Hatch, John P. =213=Letters: Library of Congress.

Hays, John C., and Caperton, John. =214=Life and Adventures of John C. Hays: Bancroft Coll.

Heald, Nathan. =215=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.

Heiman, A. =216=Services of the First Regt. of Tennessee: Tennessee Hist. Soc.

Henshaw, J. C. =217=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Henshaw, J. C. =218=Narrative, prepared by Mrs. Henshaw from his papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Heráldica =219=del Ejército Mex., etc.: Biblioteca Nacional.

Higgins, H. H. =220=Plans and letters: Mrs. T. M. Coxe.

Hill, D. H. =221=Diary: Pres. D. H. Hill.

Hiney, E. F. =222=Diary.

Hirschorn, Jacob. =223=Recollections: Justin H. Smith.

Hitchcock, E. A. =224=Diary and Papers: Mrs. E. A. Hitchcock (now in the Library of Congress).

Holt, Joseph. =225=Papers: Library of Congress.

Hook, C. S. =226=Collection.

Hoyle, E. D. =227=Recollections.

Illinois University. =228=Collection.

Indiana State Library =229=Collection.

Itúrbide, Agustín de. =230=Papers: Library of Congress.

Jackson, Andrew. =231=Papers: Library of Congress.

Jameson, J. Franklin. =232=Collection.

Janssens, Agustín. =233=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Johnson, Andrew. =234=Papers: Library of Congress.

Jones, Roger. =235=Papers: W. R. Benjamin, Esq.

Judah, H. M. =236=Diary: Library of Congress.

Kearny, S. W. =237=Letter Book: Missouri Hist. Soc.

Keating, E. H. =238=Map of Monterey, Mex.: Monterey City Govt.

Kemper, Jackson. =239=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.

Kennerly, W. C. =240=Narrative.

Kent, James. =241=Papers: Library of Congress.

Kingsbury, D. M. =242=Letters to his Mother.

Kribben, Christian. =243=Home Letters: B. D. Kribben, Esq.

Lakin, George W. =244=Papers: Univ. of Wisconsin Library.

Lamar, M. B. =245=Papers: Texas State Library.

Lane, Joseph. =246=Autobiography: Bancroft Coll.

Larkin, T. O. =247=Papers: Bancroft Coll.

Lasselle, Stanislaus. =248=Papers: Indiana State Library.

Leese, Jacob P. =249=Bear Flag Papers: Bancroft Coll.

Lieber, Francis. =250=Papers: Library of Congress.

Lowry, Robert. =251=Narrative.

Mackall, W. W. =252=Letters: belonging to the family.

McLean, John. =253=Papers: Library of Congress.

McClellan, Geo. B. =254=Diary and Papers: Library of Congress.

Mangum, W. P. =255=Papers: A. W. Graham, Esq.

Marcy, W. L. =256=Papers: Library of Congress.

Markoe and Maxcy. =257=Papers: Library of Congress.

Marshall, Henry. =258=Recollections: Bancroft Coll.

Maryland Hist. Soc. =259=Collection.

Massachusetts Hist. Soc. =260=Collection.

Mémoires. =261=I, Apparently prepared by the French agent in Mexico; =261a=II, Sur les Revolutions du Mexique: Dépt. des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.

Memorias. =262=Reports issued under this title by Depts. of the Mexican government (see also "Memorias" under the head of Books and Pamphlets. A number of the Memorias were not published--unless in newspapers--but exist in MS. in the library of the Sría. de Relaciones).

Mervine, William. =263=Letter Books and Papers: Navy Dept. Library.

Mexican Hist. =264=Documents: Museo Nacional, Mexico.

Miller, N. C. =265=Letter.

Miller, W. D. =266=Papers: belonging to the family.

Mississippi Dept. of Hist. =267=Collections (Dr. Dunbar Rowland, Director).

Missouri Hist. Soc. =268=Collection.

Molina, Señ. D. Ignacio. =269=Recollections (verbal).

Moore, H. Judge. =270=Diary.

Morales, J. B. =271=Papers: Library of Congress.

Morgan, George. =272=Memoir of: Col. J. M. Morgan.

Mullan, James. =273=Diary: belonging to the family.

Neeld, Peter C. =274=Letter.

Nelson, T. B., Jr. =275=Letter: Mrs. Annie J. Holland.

Neville, Harvey. =276=Diary: Chicago Hist. Soc.

New York Hist. Soc. =277=Collection.

Niehenke, R. =278=Statement.

Notes. =279=Sur les Possessions Espagnoles en Amérique: Dépt. des Affaires Etrangères, Paris.

Nunelee, S. F. =280=Diary: James Howell Nunelee, Esq.

O'Keefe, Michael. =281=Statement: Justin H. Smith.

Olivera, Agustín. =282=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Orders (General and Special). =283=Army of the North under Mejía, Ampudia and Arista: New York Hist. Soc.

Otero, M. =284=Comunicación que sobre las Negoc. Diplom., etc.: Yale Univ. Library.

Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano. =285=Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.

Parker, James. =286=Statement.

Parrish, P. C. =287=Diary.

Pennsylvania Hist. Soc. =288=Collection.

Pérez de Acal. =289=Papers: Guadalajara Public Library.

Pico, Pio (Familia Pico). =290=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Pierce, Franklin. =291=Papers: Library of Congress.

Pillow, Gideon J. =292=Letters: W. R. Benjamin Collection.

Pillow, Gideon J. =293=Letters: Library of Congress.

Pillow, Gideon J. =294=Letters: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.

Pinto, Rafael. =295=Apuntaciones para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Poinsett, Joel R. =296=Papers: Pennsylvania Hist. Soc.

Polk, James K. =297=Papers: Library of Congress (including the Polk papers examined by the author at the Chicago Hist. Soc.).

Porter, Andrew. =298=Papers: Major John Biddle Porter.

Posey, Carnot. =299=Letters: Dr. Walter L. Fleming.

Pricket, John A. =300=Letters.

Primer Battn. Activo de Oaxaca. =301=Libro de Servicios: Rhode Island Hist. Soc.

Puryear, J. F. =302=Document.

Quitman, John A. =303=Papers: in possession of the family.

Quitman, John A. =304=Papers in the Claiborne Papers.

Richardson, C. T. =305=Recollections: Justin H. Smith.

Riser, J. J. =306=Recollections (Mormon Battalion).

Roberts, B. S. =307=Diary and letters: Brigadier General B. K Roberts.

Roberts, Charles. =308=Autograph Collection: Haverford Coll.

Roessler, Edward. =309=Diary: belonging to the family.

Roque, J. K. =310=Document.

Santa Anna, A. L. de. =311=Papers: Señ. Lic. D. Genaro García.

Santa Anna, A. L. de. =312=Papers: Library of Congress.

Saunders, J. L. =313=Papers: Library of Congress.

Sawyer, Charles H. =314=Documents for the Hist. of the Conquest of California: Bancroft Coll.

Schouler, William. =315=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Sherman, W. T. =316=Papers: Library of Congress.

Sibley, H. H. =317=Papers: Minnesota Hist. Soc.

Smith, C. B. =318=Papers: Library of Congress.

Smith, George. =319=Diary: belonging to the family.

Smith, Persifor F. =320=Papers: State Normal School, West Chester, Pa.

Smith, T. F. =321=Diary: belonging to the writer.

Smith, W. B. =322=Diary: belonging to the family.

Stevenson, J. D. =323=Letter Book; =324=General Order Book; =325=Regimental Order Book: New York Hist. Soc.

Sumner, Charles. =326=Papers: Harvard Univ. Library.

Sutherland, D. H. =327=Letters: belonging to the family.

Sweet, G. N. =328=Statement.

Taliaferro, William B. =329=Papers: Miss L. S. Taliaferro.

Taylor, Zachary. =330=Papers: Library of Congress.

Taylor, Zachary. =331=Papers: Henkels catalogue.

Tennery, Thomas D. =332=Diary: Rev. John S. Cook, D.D.

Tlacotálpam, Mex. =333=Judicial Archives.

Torres, Manuel. =334=Peripecias de la Vida California: Bancroft Coll.

Trist, Nicholas P. =335=Papers: Library of Congress.

Turner, C. B. =336=Letter: belonging to the family.

Turner, H. S. =337=Diary: Missouri Hist. Soc.

U. S. House of Representatives. =338=Files: Capitol, Washington.

U. S. House of Representatives. =339=Papers: Library of Congress.

U. S. Military Academy (West Point). =340=Collection.

U. S. Senate. =341=Files: Capitol, Washington.

University of Illinois. =342=Collection.

Vallejo, M. G. =343=Documentos para la Hist. de California: Bancroft Coll.

Vallejo, M. G. =344=Recuerdos Hist. y Personales: Bancroft Coll.

Van Buren, Martin. =345=Papers: Library of Congress.

Wade, W. P. =346=Document: belonging to the family.

Washburne, Elihu B. =347=Papers: Library of Congress.

Watterston, George. =348=Notes on U. S. History: Library of Congress.

Watterston, George. =349=Papers: Library of Congress.

Weber, Juan L. =350=Recollections (verbal).

Webster, Daniel. =351=Papers: Library of Congress.

Weeks, J. W. =352=Reminiscences: Bancroft Coll.

Welles, Edgar T. =353=Collection: Connecticut Hist. Soc.

Welles, Gideon. =354=Papers: Library of Congress.

Wheaton, Henry. =355=Papers: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Whitcomb, T. M. =356=Diary: T. J. Whitcomb, Esq.

Wilcox, C. M. =357=Diary (portions copied by him): Claiborne papers, Mississippi Dept. of History.

Williams, Thomas. =358=Letters: Rt. Rev. G. Mott Williams.

Winthrop-Clifford. =359=Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Winthrop-Kennedy. =360=Correspondence: Massachusetts Hist. Soc.

Woods, William. =361=Recollections.

Worth, G. A. =362=Papers: Library of Congress.

Worth, W. J. =363=Papers: W. R. Benjamin Collection.

Worth, W. J. =364=Papers: Mrs. K. S. Hubbell.

Wyse, F. O. =365=Papers: Miss Mary Wyse.

Yale University. =366=Collection (University Library).

Yell, Archibald. =367=Papers: Mrs. R. H. Fitzgerald.

Map Division, Library of Congress. =369=Map of Palo Alto.

Taylor, Zachary. =370=Papers: Mrs. W. R. Stauffer.

Mitchell, W. I. =371=Statement.

Hyde, George. =372=Statement of Hist. Facts on California: Bancroft Coll.

Evans, Joseph. =373=Narrative: Justin H. Smith.

Conner, David. =374=Letters: Henkels catalogue.

Madigan, P. F. =375=Collection.

Nicholson, A. S. =376=Recollections (verbal).

Willing, Wildurr. =377=Paper on Scott's operations (published later).

Winthrop, R. C. =378=The Mexican War Bill (Massachusetts Hist. Soc.).

De Witt, John. =379=Collection (see also No. 138). #/

B. SERIALS

As these titles, when occurring in the notes, are self-explanatory, it has been thought best to group them by themselves in order to give a comprehensive view of the sources of this class and make it a little easier to use the "list of books and pamphlets." Most of the volumes of serials here cited as having been examined contained nothing of value for the author's purpose.

Academy of Pacific Coast History, 1910-11.

Academy of Political Science in the City of New York, 1910-17.

Alabama Hist. Society. Transactions. Publications, 1899-1904.

American Antiquarian Society. Proceedings, 1849-1918. Transactions and Collections, 1857-1911.

American Catholic Hist. Society. Records and Researches, 1887-1915.

American Economic Association. Publications, 1889-1905.

American Geog. Society. Bulletin I, pt. 1.

American Hist. Association. Papers, 1885, 1887, 1889-91. Reports, 1889-1916.

American-Irish Hist. Society. Journal, 1898-1905. Record, 1901-02.

American-Jewish Hist. Society. Publications, 1893-1914.

Annals of Iowa. 3 series.

Buffalo Hist. Society. Publications, 1879-1914.

California Hist. Society. Papers.

Columbia (D. C.) Hist. Society. Record, 1895-1912.

Connecticut Hist. Society. Collections, 1860-1916.

Delaware Hist. Society. Papers, 1879-1913.

Essex Institute. Hist. Collections, 1859-1914.

Firelands Hist. Society. Pioneer, 1862-78.

German-American Hist. Society. Annals, 1901-11.

Hist. Society of Southern California. Publications, 1888-1916.

Illinois State Hist. Library. Collections, 1903-15. Governors' Letter Books, 1840-53. Publications or Transactions, 1899-1917.

Illinois State Hist. Society. Journal, 1908-14. Transactions (see Ill. State Hist. Lib.).

Indiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1897-1912.

Iowa, Hist. Dept. Annals, 1893-1914.

Iowa State Hist. Society. Annals, 1863-74. Historical Record, 1885-1902. Messages and Proclamations of Governors. Iowa and War, No. 12, 1918.

Kansas State Hist. Society. Transactions, i-x. Collections, 1909-12.

Kentucky State Hist. Society. Register, 1903-14.

Lancaster County Hist. Society. Papers, 1897-1913.

Long Island Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1867-89.

Louisiana Hist. Society. Publications, 1895-1912.

McClean County (Ill.) Hist. Society. Transactions, 1899-1903.

Maine Hist. Society. Collections, 1847-87. Collections and Proceedings, 1890-99.

Maryland Hist. Society. Miscellaneous and "Fund" Publications, 1846-81.

Massachusetts Hist. Society. Collections, 1846-1918. Proceedings, 1859-1918.

Michigan Pioneer and Hist. Society. Collections, 1877-1912.

Minnesota Hist. Society. Collections, 1860-1915.

Mississippi Hist. Society. Publications, 1898-1909.

Mississippi Valley Hist. Society. Proceedings.

Missouri Hist. Society. Collections, 1880-1914.

Montana Hist. Society. Contributions, 1876-1910.

Nebraska State Hist. Society. Proceedings and Collections, 1894-1913. Transactions and Reports, 1885-93.

Nevada Hist. Society. Biennial Reports, 1909-13.

New Hampshire Hist. Society. Collections, 1850-93. Proceedings, 1872-1905.

New Jersey Hist. Society. Collections, 1846-1900. Proceedings, 1845-1914.

New Mexico Hist. Society. Publications, 1881-1908.

New York Hist. Society. Proceedings, 1844-49. Collections, 1868-1916. Miscellany.

New York State Hist. Association. Publications, 1901-13.

Ohio Hist. and Philos. Society. Publications, 1873-85, 1906-17.

Ohio State Archæol. and Hist. Society. Publications, 1888-1915.

Old North West Geneal. Society. See "Periodicals."

Oregon Hist. Society. See "Periodicals."

Pennsylvania Hist. Society. Memoirs, 1850-95. Bulletin, 1845-47. Magazine of Hist. and Biog., 1877-1917.

Rhode Island Hist. Society. Collections, 1867-1902. Publications, 1893-1900. Proceedings, 1872-92, 1900-14.

Schuylkill County Hist. Society. Publications, 1907-13.

Société de Géographie. Bulletin No. 51.

South Car. Hist. Society. Collections.

Southern Hist. Association. Publications, 1897-1906.

Tennessee Hist. Society. Quarterly, 1902-4.

Texas State Hist. Society. See "Periodicals."

Trinity College Hist. Society. Publications, 1897-1912.

U. S. Naval Institute. Proceedings.

University [of California]. Chronicle, I-XIV.

University of Pennsylvania. Publications.

Virginia Hist. Society. Collections, 1882-92. See also "Periodicals."

West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Society. See "Periodicals."

Western Reserve Hist. Society. Publications, 1870-1914.

Wisconsin State Hist. Society. Collections, 1855-1911. Proceedings, 1891-1917.

Worcester Society of Antiquity. Proceedings, 1875-1909.

Wyoming Hist. and Geneal. Society. Proceedings and Collections, 1858-1912.

C. PERIODICALS

This list includes the principal ones. The best collections are at the American Antiquarian Society, which has numerous Mexican broadsides also, the Library of Congress, the City Hall of New Orleans (southwestern journals), the Biblioteca Nacional and the Dept. of Hacienda Library at Mexico, and the British Museum. In a number of instances only scattered copies of a periodical were found or quotations in some other paper.

Advertiser. Boston. Advertiser. Detroit. Advertiser. Newark, N. J. Aguila del Norte. Matamoros, Méx. Aguila Mexicano. Matamoros, Méx. Aguila Mexicano. México. American. Baltimore. American. New York. American. Portland, Me. American Eagle. Vera Cruz. American Economic Review. American Flag. Matamoros, Mex. American Flag. Vera Cruz, Mex. American Historical Magazine. New York. American Historical Record. Philadelphia. American Historical Review. New York. American Home Journal. American Pioneer. Monterey, Mex. American Political Science Review. Baltimore. American [Whig] Review. New York. American Sentinel. Philadelphia. Americana. New York. Amigo del Pueblo. México. Anglo-Saxon. Chihuahua, Mex. Annals of the American Academy. Philadelphia. Anteojo. México. Anzeiger des Westens. St. Louis. Arco Iris. Veracruz. Argonaut. San Francisco. Army and Navy Journal. New York. Athenæum. London. Atlantic Monthly. Boston. Atlas. Albany, N. Y. Atlas. Boston. Atlas. Cincinnati. Atleta. México. Autograph. New York. Bankers' Magazine. Baltimore. Bee. New Orleans. Boletín de la Democracia. México. Boletín del Norte. Matamoros, Méx. Boletín de Noticias. Puebla, Méx. Boletín Militar. México. Boletín Oficial. San Luis Potosí, Méx. Britannia. London. Brownson's Quarterly Review. Boston and New York. California Star. Monterey, Cal. Californian. Monterey, Cal. Católico. México. Century Magazine. New York. Chronicle. Cincinnati. Church and State Gazette. London. Clipper. Baltimore. Collector. New York. Columna de la Libertad. Querétaro, Méx. Comercio. Lima, Peru. Commercial. Wilmington, N. C. Commercial Advertiser. New York. Commercial Bulletin. New Orl. Commercial Review of the South and West. New Orleans. Commonwealth. Lexington, Ky. Congressional Globe. Washington. Constitutionalist. Augusta, Ga. Constitutionnel. Paris. Correo de la Federación Mexicana. México. Correo Nacional. Querétaro, Méx. Correspondant. Paris. Correspondent. Port Gibson, Miss. Cosmopolita. México. Courier. Boston. Courier. Charleston, S. C. Courier. New Orleans. Courier and Enquirer. New York. Courier and Journal. Natchez, Miss. Courrier des Etats Unis. New York. Courrier Français. Mexico. Courrier Français. New York. Crepúsculo. México. Defensor de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Méx. Delta. New Orleans. Democrat. Columbus, Miss. Democratic Review. Washington and New York. Diario del Gobierno. México. Diario del Gobierno de la República Mexicana. México. Diario del Gobierno de los Estados Mexicanos. México. Diario del Gobierno Mexicano. México. Diario de México. México. Diario Oficial del Gobierno Mexicano. México. Don Simplicio. México. Dwight's American Magazine. New York. Eagle. Memphis, Tenn. Eagle. Vera Cruz. Echo de la Louisiane. New Orleans. Eco. Tampico, Méx. Eco del Comercio. México. Eco del Norte de Tamaulipas. Matamoros, Méx. Economist. London. Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh. English Historical Review. Enquirer. Cincinnati. Enquirer. Richmond, Va. Epoca. San Luis Potosí, Méx. Epoque. Paris. Espectador. México. Esperanza. Tampico, Méx. Evening Post. New York. Examiner. London. Express. New York. Federalista. Querétaro, Méx. Federalista Puro. México. Fenix de la Federatión. Toluca, Méx. Flag of Freedom. Puebla, Méx. Forum. New York. Fraser's Magazine. London. Fredonian. Free American. Vera Cruz. Free Press. Detroit. Gaceta de Ciudad Victoria. Victoria, Méx. Gaceta de la Nueva Granada. Bogotá. Gaceta del Gob. de México. México. Gaceta del Gob. ... de Tamaulipas. Victoria, Méx. Gazette. Alexandria, Va. Gazette. Cincinnati. Gazette. Corpus Christi, Tex. Gazette. Holly Springs, Miss. Gazette. Philadelphia. Gazette de France. Paris. Genius of Liberty. Vera Cruz. Georgian. Savannah, Ga. Globe. New York. Globe. Washington, D. C. Guard. Holly Springs, Miss. Guard. Toluca, Méx. Harper's Magazine. New York. Herald. Cincinnati. Herald. New York. Herald and Tribune. Mobile, Ala. Heraldo. Madrid, Spain. Historical Magazine. Morrisania, etc. History Teacher's Magazine. Philadelphia. Ilustrador Católico. México. Imparcial. México. Independiente. San Luis Potosí, Méx. Indiana Magazine of History. Indianapolis. Indicador. Veracruz. Infantry Journal. Washington. International Military Digest. New York. Iowa Journal of History and Politics. Iowa City. Iris Español. México.

Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Méx. Jeffersonian. New Orleans. Journal. Louisville, Ky. Journal. Lowell, Mass. Journal. Providence, R. I. Journal des Débats. Paris. Journal of American History. Journal of Commerce. London. Journal of Commerce. New York. Journal of Military Service Institution of U. S. Governor's Island, N. Y. Journal of Political Economy. Chicago. Journal of the U. S. Artillery. Fort Monroe. Journal of U. S. Infantry Association.

Kennebec Journal. Augusta, Me.

Liberal. Zacatecas, Méx. Liberal Moderado. Matamoros, Méx. Liberator. Boston. Lima de Vulcano. México. Littell's Living Age. Boston. Locomotor. Veracruz. Louisiana Advertiser. New Orleans. Louisiana Courier. New Orleans. Louisianais. New Orleans.

Madisonian. Washington. Magazine of American History. New York. Magazine of History. New York. Maryland Historical Magazine. Baltimore. Massachusetts Quarterly Review. Boston. Memorial Histórico. México. Mentor del Pueblo. Puebla, Méx. Mercantile Journal. London. Merchants' Magazine. New York. Mercury. Charleston, S. C. Metropolitan Magazine. New York. Mexicano. México. Military Historian and Economist. Cambridge, Mass. Military Service Institution Journal. New York. Mississippi Valley Historical Review. Cedar Rapids. Missouri Historical Review. Columbia. Missouri Reporter. St. Louis. Missouri Republican. St. Louis. Monitor. México. Monitor Constitutional. México. Monitor del Pueblo. Puebla, Méx. Monitor Republicano. México. Morning Advertiser. London. Morning Chronicle. London. Morning Herald. London. Morning News. New London, Conn. Morning News. New York. Morning Post, Greensborough, N. C. Morning Post. London. Morning Star. Houston, Tex. Mosquito Mexicano. México. Mountaineer. Greenville, S. C. Mountaineer-Herald. Ebensburg, Pa.

Nacional. Puebla, Méx. National. Paris. National Anti-Slavery Standard. New York. National Intelligencer. Washington, D. C. National Register. Washington, Tex. National Vindicator. Washington, Tex. New England Historical Genealogical Society Register. New Englander. New Haven. News. Galveston, Tex. News. London. Niles' National Register. Baltimore. North American. Mexico. North American. Philadelphia. North American Review. New York. Noticioso. San Cristóbal, Méx. Nueva Era Constitucional de Oaxaca. Oaxaca, Méx. Observador Judicial. México. Observador Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Méx. Observer. Lexington, Ky. Ohio Archæological and Historical Quarterly. Columbus. Ohio State Journal. Columbus. Old and New. Boston. Old North West Quarterly. Columbus, O. Old School Democrat. St. Louis. Opinión del Ejército. San Luis Potosí, Méx. Opinión Pública. Morelia, Méx. Oposición. México. Oregon Historical Society Quarterly. Portland. Pabellón Nacional. México. Patria. New Orleans. Patriot. Mobile, Ala. Patriota Mexicano. México. Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Philadelphia. Pennsylvanian. Philadelphia. Pensador Mexicano. México. Peruano. Lima, Peru. Picayune. New Orleans. Picket Guard. Saltillo, Mex. Political Science Quarterly. Boston. Politician. Nashville, Tenn. Político. México. Porvenir. Toluca, Méx. Post. Boston. Potter's American Monthly. Pregonero. Morelia, Méx. Progreso. Querétaro, Méx. Public Ledger. Philadelphia. Puritano. México. Quarterly Journal of Economics. Boston. Razonador. México. Reforma. México. Regenerador. Oaxaca, Méx. Regenerador Republicano. Puebla, Méx. Registro Oficial. Durango, Méx. República de Rio Grande y Amigo de los Pueblos. Matamoros, Méx. Republican. Jacksonville, Ala. Republican. New Orleans. Republican. St. Louis. Republican. Santa Fe, N. Mex. Republican. Savannah, Ga. Republican Banner. Nashville, Tenn. Republicano. México. Republicano Federado. México. Republicano Jalisciense. Guadalajara, Méx. Reveille. Matamoros, Mex. Reveille. St. Louis. Revista Econ. y Comerc. de la Repúb. Mexicana. México. Revue Britannique. Paris. Revue de Paris. Brussels. Revue des Deux Mondes. Paris. Revue des Races Latines. Paris. Revue Historique. Paris. Revue Indépendante. Paris. Saturday Review. London. Scribner's Magazine. New York. Scribner's Monthly. New York. Seminario Político. Monterey, Méx. Sentido Común. Morelia, Méx. Sentinel. Tampico, Mex. Sentinel. Vicksburg, Miss. Siglo XIX. México. Sinaloense. Mazatlán, Méx. Sol. México. Sol. Tampico, Méx. Soldado de la Patria. San Luis Potosí, Méx. Sonorense. Hermosillo, Méx. South Atlantic Quarterly. Durham, N. C. South Carolina Historical and Genealogical Magazine. Charleston, S. C. Southern Advocate. Huntsville, Ala. Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond. Southern Magazine. Baltimore. Southern Quarterly Review. New Orleans. Southwestern Historical Quarterly. Austin, Tex. Spectateur Militaire. Paris. Spectator. London. Spectator. Washington, D. C. Spirit of Jefferson. Charlestown,Va. Spirit of the Age. Woodstock, Vt. Spirit of the Times. New York. Standard. London. Star. Columbia, S. C. Star. Raleigh, N. C. State Sentinel. Indianapolis. Statesman. Albany, N. Y. Sun. New York. Sun of Anahuac. Vera Cruz. Telégrafo. Puebla, Méx. Telegraph. Houston, Tex. Telegraph. Washington, D. C. Temístocles. San Juan Bautista, Méx. Texas Democrat. Austin, Tex. Texas Review. Austin, Tex. Texas State Historical Society Quarterly. Austin, Tex. Texian Democrat. Houston, Tex. Tiempo. México. Times. London. Tribune. New York. Tropic. New Orleans. Union. Nashville, Tenn. Union. Washington, D. C. Unión Nacional. Oaxaca, Méx. United Service. New York and Philadelphia. United Service Magazine. London. U. S. Army and Navy Journal. New York. U. S. Cavalry Association Journal. Fort Leavenworth. U. S. Magazine and Democratic Review. Washington and New York. Vedette. Washington. Veracruzano Libre. Veracruz. Verdadero Liberal. Guanajuato, Méx. Vigía del Pacífico. Mazatlán, Méx. Virginia Historical Society Magazine of History and Biography. Voz de Michoacán. Morelia, Méx. Voz de la Patria. México. Voz del Pueblo. México. West Virginia Hist. and Antiq. Soc., Historical Mag. Charleston. Western Monthly Magazine. Cincinnati. Whig. Nashville, Tenn. Whig. Richmond, Va. Whig Review. See American Review. William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine. Yale Review. New Haven. Zacatecano. Zacatecas, Mex. Zempoalteca. Jalapa, Méx.

D. BOOKS AND PAMPHLETS (EXCEPT SERIALS)

These were used primarily, like the other printed matter, on account of first-hand material contained in them, secondly for ancillary information on biography, topography, industries, customs, etc., and thirdly for suggestions, many of which were too general to cite. Some are mentioned simply to show that the author did not overlook them. Others were examined that did not seem worth noticing at all here. To have expanded this list into a bibliography would have been foreign to the author's aim and would have made it intolerably long. For these reasons titles have frequently been shortened. The main use of the list was to make it possible to give very brief titles in the notes. Numerous broadsides examined by the author are not mentioned.

¡A las Armas, Mexicanos! Méx. 1846.

Acta. Mazatlán. 1847.

Acta Celebrada por el Ejército de Reserva. Méx. 1829.

Acta Constitutiva y de Reformas, etc. Atlixco. 1847.

Acta del Pronunciamiento. Méx. 1829.

Adalberto de Cardona, S. Méx. y Sus Capitales. Méx. 1900.

Adams, E. D. British Interests and Activities in Texas. Balto. 1910.

Adams, Henry. Albert Gallatin. Phila. 1879. History of the United States. 9 v. N. Y. 1889-91.

Adams, J. Q. Memoirs. 12 v. Phila. 1874-77.

Addey, Markinfield. "Little Mac." N. Y. 1864. "Stonewall Jackson." N. Y. 1863.

"Adopted Citizen." Texas Question Reviewed. N. Y. 1844.

Aguilar y López. Breve Impugnación, etc. Méx. 1848.

Ah, Traidores Gachupines. Puebla. 1827.

Al Público. Puebla. 1847.

Al Pueblo Méx.: Relación de las Causas, etc. (Aug. 24, 1847). Méx. 1847.

Alamán, Lucas. Defensa. Méx. 1834. Dissert. sobre la Hist. de la Repúb. Mexicana. 3 v. Méx. 1844-49. Hist. de México. 5 v. México. 1883-5. Liquid. General de la Deuda Exterior de la Repúb. Mex. Méx. 1845. Memoria [on Agriculture and the Industries]. Méx. 1844.

Alcáraz, Ramón, et al. Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra entre México y los Estados Unidos. Méx. 1848.

Aldrich, M. A. U. S. Marine Corps. Boston. 1875.

Alexander, E. P. Amer. Civil War. London. 1908.

[Allen, George.] The Complaint of Mexico. Boston. 1843.

Allen, G. N. Mexican Treacheries and Cruelties. Boston and N. Y. 1848.

Allen, H. W. Recollections (S. A. [Ellis] Dorsey, ed.). N. Y. [1866.]

Allen, J. C. Roster of Soldiers, Sailors and Marines of the War of 1812, etc. Lincoln, Neb. 1893.

Allen, L. L. Scenes upon the Rio Grande. N. Y. 1848.

Almonte, J. N. Noticia Estad. sobre Tejas. Méx. 1835.

Alocución dirigida en Chacapa al General de las Fuerzas Amer. Puebla. 1847.

Alvarez, Juan. Manifiesto. Méx. 1845.

Alvarez, V. S. Breve Noticia de Algunos Manuscritos. Méx. 1908.

"Amante de Su Patria." Causas para Declarar la Guerra á los EE. UU. Méx. 1829.

Ambler, C. H. Thomas Ritchie. Richmond. 1913.

"American, An." See Robinson, A.

American Gift Book. N. Y. 1848.

American State Papers. Class I, vol. vi. Wash.

Ampudia, Pedro de. To Fellow-citizens (July 10, 1846). [Méx. 1846.] Manifiesto. Méx. 1847. El Ciud. P. de A. ante ... la Opin. Pública. S. Luis Potosí. 1846.

Analasis del Manif. de la Legisl. de V. Cruz. Puebla. 1827.

Anderson, Robert. Diary ("An Artillery Officer in Mexico"), edited by Mrs. Eba A. Lawton. N. Y. 1911.

Andrews, C. M. Guide to the Materials for Amer. Hist. to 1783, in the Public Record Office of Great Britain. Wash. 1912.

Annual Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. Wash. 1918.

Antonio López de Santa Anna, Candidato. Méx. 1850.

Apelación del Gen. I. Reyes al Buen Sentido de los Mexicanos. Zacatecas. 1847.

Appleton. Biog. Dictionary (Article on Z. Taylor by Jefferson Davis).

Apuntes para la Biog. del ... Alamán, etc. Méx. 1854.

Apuntes para la Hist. de la Guerra. See Alcáraz.

Aranda, A. L. Exposición. Morelia. 1847.

Arispe, Ramos de. Memorial. 1814.

Arista, Mariano. Reseña Hist. de la Revol. ... 1833. Méx. 1835.

Arkansas History Commission. Bulletin No. 6 (June, 1913).

Arnold, T. J. Early Life and Letters of T. J. Jackson. N. Y. [1916.]

Arrangóiz, F. de P. de. México desde 1808 hasta 1867. 4 v. Madrid, 1871-72.

Arrillaga, J. B. Recopilación. Méx. 1839.

Arróniz, J. Hist. de Orizaba. 1867.

Arróniz, Marcos. Manuel del Viajero en México. Paris. 1858.

Articulos Selectos ... del Aguila Mex. Méx. 1828.

Atocha, A. J. Memorial. 1852. Statement. [Wash. 1845.]

Austin, G. L. Wendell Phillips. Boston. 1884.

Aviraneta é Ibargoyen, E. de. Mis Memorias Intimas, 1825-29. Méx. 1906.

Aviso á los Estados. Méx. 1834.

Babcock, Elkanah. War Hist. of Sixth U. S. Infantry. Kansas City. 1903.

[Babcock, J. F.] Fate of Fred D. Mills. [New Haven. 1848.]

Bache, R. M. Gen. G. G. Meade. Phila. 1897.

Baker, D. W. C. Texas Scrap-Book. N. Y. [1875.]

Balbontín, Manuel. Estado Militar de ... México en 1846. Méx. Invasión Americana. Méx. 1883.

[Ballentine, George.] Autobiog. of an English Soldier in the U. S. Army. 2 v. London. 1853.

Banco de Avío. Informe. Méx. 1835.

Bancroft, H. H. Chronicles of the Builders of the Commonwealth. 7 v. S.Francisco. 1891-92. Hist. of the Pacific States, Mexico and Texas. 16 v. S. Francisco. 1883-90. Resources and Development of Mexico. S. Francisco. 1893.

Bandini, H. E. Hist. of California. N. Y. [1908.]

Bárcena, J. M. Roa. See Roa Bárcena.

Baril, V. L. Le Mexique. Douai. 1862.

Barker, E. C. (ed.). Johnson's Hist. of Texas and Texans. 5 v. Chicago. 1914.

Barragán, M. Manifesto. Méx. 1830.

"Barrister, A." [Forbes]. Trip to Mexico. London. 1851.

Barrows, William. Oregon. 10 ed. Boston. 1898.

Bartlett, D. V. G. Franklin Pierce. Auburn. 1852.

Bassett, J. S. Andrew Jackson. 2 v. Garden City, N. Y. 1911.

Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. 4 v. N. Y. [1887-89.]

Battles of Mexico. N. Y. 1848.

Bayley, R. A. National Loans of the U. S., 1776-1880. Wash. 1881.

Baylies, Francis. Wool's Campaign in Mexico. Albany. 1851.

Baz, Gustavo. Vida de Benito Juárez. Méx. 1864.

Beechey, F. W. Voyage to the Pacific and Beering's Strait. 2 v. London. 1831.

Beltrami, J. C. [G. C.]. Le Mexique. 2 v. Paris. 1830.

Benet, S. V. Ordnance Dept. Reports, etc., ii. Wash. 1880.

[Benham, H. W.] Recollections of Mexico and the Battle of Buena Vista. Boston. 1871.

Bennett, F. M. The Steam Navy of the U. S. Pittsburgh. 1896. The Monitor and the Navy under Steam. Boston. 1900.

Bennett, J. G. See "Journalist."

Benton, J. G. Ordnance and Gunnery. 2 ed. N. Y. 1862.

Benton, T. H. Thirty Years View. 2 v. N. Y. 1854, 1856.

Benton, T. H. (ed.). Abridgement of the Debates of Congress. 16 v. N. Y. 1857-60.

Béristain y Souza, J. M. Biblioteca Hispano--Amer. Setent. 2 ed. Amecameca. 1883.

Berlandier (L.) y Chovel (R.). Diario de Viage de la Comisión de Límites. Méx. 1850.

Berry, Philip. Review of the Mex. War. Columbia, S. C. 1849.

Berthet, A. Quatre Ans au Mexique. Paris. 1885.

Bertie-Marriott, Clément. Un Parisien au Mexique. Paris. 1886.

Bigelow, John. J. C. Frémont. N. Y. 1856. Samuel J. Tilden. 2 v. N. Y. 1895.

[Billings, Mrs. Eliza (Allen).] Female Volunteer. [1851.]

Biografía de Alamán. Méx.

Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Méx. 1847.

Biog. del Gen. Santa-Anna. Méx. 1857.

Biog. del Gral. Santa Anna. Méx. 1849.

Birkhimer, W. E. Hist. Sketch of ... the Artillery, U. S. Army. Wash. 1884.

Bishop, W. H. Mex., California and Arizona. N. Y. 1889.

Bishop, W. W. Journal of the Twelve Months Campaign of Gen. Shields's Brigade, compiled from notes of Lieuts. J. J. Adams and H. C. Dunbar. St. Louis. 1847.

Bixby, W. K. [collector]. Letters of Zachary Taylor. Rochester. 1908.

Blackmar, F. W. Spanish Institutions of the Southwest. Balto. 1891.

Blackwood, E. J. See Smith, E. K.

Blaine, J. G. Twenty Years in Congress. 2 v. Norwich. 1884, 1886.

Blanchard (P.) et Dauzats (A.). S. Juan de Ulúa. Paris. 1839.

Blümer, Bodo von. El Corazón del Anahuac. (Plano Topográfico.) Méx. 1882.

Bocanegra, J. M. Disertación Apologética del Sist. Fed. Méx. 1825. Memorias. 2 v. Méx. 1892.

Bolles, A. S. Financial History of the U. S., 1789-1860. N. Y. 1883.

Bolton, H. E. Guide to Materials for the Hist. of the U. S. in the Principal Archives of Mexico. Wash. 1913. Texas in the Middle XVIII Century. Berkeley. 1915.

Bonsal, Stephen. E. E. Beale. N. Y. 1912.

Bourne, E. G. Essays in Historical Criticism. N. Y. 1901.

Brackenridge, H. M. Mexican Letters. Wash. 1850.

Brackett, A. G. Hist. of the U. S. Cavalry. N. Y. 1865. Lane's Brigade in Central Mexico. Cincin. 1854.

Bravo, Nicolás. Manifiesto. Méx. 1828.

Breve Exposición que el Gen. M. Paredes y Arrillaga hace, etc. Méx. 1847.

Breve Impugnación á las Observaciones acerca, etc. Méx. 1848.

Breve Reseña Histórica. [Méx.]

Breve Resumen de lo Ocurrido en esta Diócesis, etc. Méx. 1846.

Brewer, W. Alabama. Montgomery. 1872.

Brooks, N. C. Complete Hist. of Mex. War. Phila. 1849.

Brown, Alexander. First Republic in America. Boston. 1898.

Brown, F. R. Hist. of Ninth U. S. Infantry. Chicago. 1909.

Brown, J. H. Hist. of Texas. 2 v. St. Louis. [1892, 1893.]

Brown, W. G. Stephen A. Douglas. Boston. 1902. The Lower South in Amer. Hist. N. Y. 1902.

[Bruell, J. D.] ("Old Salt"). Sea Memories. Biddeford Pool. 1886.

Bryan, H. L. Treaties in Force. Wash. 1899.

Bryant, Edwin. What I Saw in California. N. Y. 1848.

Buchanan, James. Works (Moore, ed.). 12 v. Phila. 1908-11.

Buckingham, J. S. The Slave States of America. 2 v. London. [1842.]

Buhoup, J. W. Narrative of the Central Division. Pittsburgh. 1847.

Bulletin de la Société de Géog., Nos. 51, 77. Paris.

Bullock, William. Six Months' Residence and Travels in Mexico. London. 1824.

Bullock, W. H. Across Mexico. London. 1866.

Búlnes, Francisco. Las Grandes Mentiras de nuestra Historia. Paris. 1904.

Bureau of Amer. Republics. Mexico. Wash. 1900.

Bustamante, Anastasio. Manifiesto que el Vicepresidente ... dirige á la Nación. Méx. 1830.

Bustamante, C. M. de. Apuntes para la Hist. de ... S. Anna. Méx. 1845. Campaña sin Gloria. Méx. 1847. Cuadro Histórico de la Revol. Mexicana. 2 ed. 5 v. Méx. 1843-46. Gabinete Mexicano, etc. 2 v. in one. Méx. 1842. Gobierno del Gral ... S. Anna. Méx. 1845. Hist. del Emper. D. A. de Iturbide. Méx. 1846. Nuevo Bernal Díaz del Castillo, etc. 2 v. Méx. 1847.

Butler, C. H. The Treaty-Making Power of the U. S. 2 v. N. Y. 1902.

C[alderón] de la B[arca, F. E.] Life in Mexico. 2 v. Boston. 1843.

Calendario de Ontiveros. Méx. 1847.

Calhoun, J. C. Correspondence. See Jameson. Works (Crallé, ed.). 6 v. N. Y. 1851-6.

Callahan, E. W. Officers of U. S. Navy and Marine Corps. N. Y. 1901.

Cámara de Repres. (La), á la Nación. Méx. 1845.

Campaña contra los Amer. del Norte. Primera Parte: Relación Hist. de los Quarenta Dias. Méx. 1846.

Campos, S. I. Recuerdos Hist. de ... Veracruz. Méx. 1895.

[Capen, Nahum.] Republic of the U. S. of Amer. N. Y. 1848.

"Captain of Volunteers, A." Alta California. Phila. 1847. Conquest of Santa Fé, etc. Phila. 1847.

Cardona, Adalberto de. Méx. y sus Capitales. Méx. 1890.

Carleton, J. C. Address (27th Ann. Meeting, Nat. Assoc. Mex. War Veterans).

Carleton, J. H. Battle of Buena Vista. N. Y. 1848.

Caro, R. M. Verdadera Idea de la Primera Campaña de Tejas, etc. Méx. 1837.

Carpenter, W. W. Travel and Adventure in Mexico. N. Y. 1851.

Carreño, A. M. Jefes del Ejército Mex. en 1847. Méx. 1914.

Carson, J. H. Early Recollections of the Mines, etc. Stockton. 1852.

Carta de un Ciud. Méx. á un Oficial del Ejérc. Norte-Amer. Atlixco. 1847.

Carta de un Filósofo sobre la Ocupación de los Bienes del Clero. Méx. 1847.

Casasus, J. D. Hist. de la Deuda contraida en Londres, etc. Méx. 1885.

Castañares, M. Documentos Relativos al Depto. de Calif. Méx. 1845.

Castillo Negrete. See Negrete.

Causa Criminal instruida al ... S. Anna. Méx. 1846.

Causas y Efectos de la ult. Revol. de Méx. [Méx.] 1841.

Cavo, Andrés. Los Tres Siglos de Méx. durante el Gob. Español. 4 v. Méx. 1836-38.

Ceballos, Ramón de. Capítulos en Vindic. de Méx. XXIV. Madrid. 1856.

Censura Particular é Imparcial del Cuaderno titulado "Verdadero Origen, etc." Méx. 1821.

Cerems. on the presentation of the Swords voted Gen. J. E. Wool. Troy. 1860.

Chadwick, F. E. Relations of the U. S. and Spain: Diplomacy. N. Y. 1909.

Channing, W. E. Works. 19 ed. 6 v. in three. Boston. 1869.

Charleston (S. C.) Year Book. 1883.

Chase, L. B. History of the Polk Administration. N. Y. 1850.

Chevalier, Michel. Mexico Ancient and Modern. 2 v. London. 1864.

Child, D. L. The Taking of Naboth's Vineyard. N. Y. 1845.

Chism, R. E. Una Contribución á la Historia masónica de México. Méx. 1899.

Church, G. E. Mexico: Its Revolutions. N. Y. 1866.

Church, W. C. John Ericsson. 2 v. N. Y. 1890.

"Citizen of the U. S." France and Mexico. 1839.

Ciudadano (El). P. Ampudia ante ... la Opinión Pública. S. Luis Potosí. 1846.

Claiborne, J. F. H. John A. Quitman. 2 v. N. Y. 1860.

Claimants on Mexico. 1845.

Clamor (El) de las Ovejas, etc. Veracruz. 1847.

Clark, F. D. First Regiment, N. Y. Vols. N. Y. 1882.

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INDEX

Aberdeen, Earl of, and Oregon controversy and Mexico, =1.= 115; and California, 321, =2.= 302; counsel to Mexico, =1.= 434; warning on annexation, =2.= 299, 508; offers mediation, 301, 503; and interposition, 302, 304, 504-6.

Abert, J. J., chief topographical engineer, =1.= 475.

Aburto, Juan, guerilla, =2.= 421.

Academy of Fine Arts, =1.= 14.

Acapulco, as port, =1.= 3; not occupied, =2.= 207, 448.

Acordada, insurrection of the, =1.= 41; building, 413.

Activo corps in Mexican army, =1.= 157.

Acuerdo, meaning of citation to, =2.= 346 n.

Adams, J. Q., Texas speech, =1.= 70, 111; and Oregon, 152; on secession, =2.= 272; effect of death on treaty of peace, 246.

Aetna, in attack on Tuxpán, =2.= 444; in Home Squadron, 445, 446.

Agiotista, as term of reproach, =2.= 327.

Agriculture, Mexican products, =1.= 1-2; farms, 5; conditions, 16, 410.

Agua Nueva, Taylor's advance at, =1.= 374; Santa Anna's advance, Taylor's retreat, 381-4, 554; Santa Anna's retirement to, parley, 398, 561.

Aguascalientes battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Aguirre, J. M. de, and occupation of Saltillo, =1.= 266, 508; and guerilla warfare, =2.= 170; efforts to apprehend, 418.

Aiken, William, opposes war, =1.= 188.

Alabama troops, first enlistments, =1.= 195; at Tampico, 282, 512; at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343; in Alvarado expedition, 344; leave Scott, 356; call (1847), 364, 365; in Taylor's later force, 417; slow response to call, 431.

Alamán, Lucas, industrial scheme, =1.= 16; appearance, 25; as real ruler, character, 43; and boundary negotiations, 60, 418-9; and Butler, 62, 420; and monarchy, 90, 214; on judicial system, 409; on Mexican character, 410; and American troops, =2.= 230.

Alamo massacre, American indignation, =1.= 117.

Albany, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18; in attack on Tuxpán, 444; in Home Squadron, 445, 446.

Albany Statesman, on tariff for Mexican ports, =2.= 500.

Alcorta, L. J., and executive power (1847), =2.= 180; and armistice, 394; and war policy, 430.

Alemán, Lieutenant, at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.

Aliens, Mexican antipathy and treatment, =1.= 58, 74, 103, 416. See also Attitude towards United States.

Allen, G. W., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164.

Allen, James, and Mormon battalion, =1.= 290.

Allen, William, and war bill, =1.= 183; and Democratic dissension, =2.= 496.

Alleye de Cyprey, Baron. See Cyprey.

Almonte, J. N., character, =1.= 26; and annexation of Texas, 84, 87; belittles American chances in war, 104, 105, 107, 110, 115; excites fear, of Spanish America, 111; and European protection, 122; and outbreak of war, 201, 442; treachery to Paredes, 215; combination with Santa Anna, 216, 222; return to Mexico with Santa Anna, 486; Presidential candidacy (1846), =2.= 5, 82, 84; arrested (1846), 84; anti-peace attitude (1847), 235, 236, 466; combination against Santa Anna, 134; and privateering, 191, 192; subsides, 242; candidacy for Senate, 474.

Altata, blockaded, =2.= 448.

Alvarado, J. B., leader in California, =1.= 319; and American occupation, 335.

Alvarado, expedition, =2.= 38, 344-5; blockade, 194; naval attacks, 197-9, 442; map, 198.

Alvarez, Juan, at Acapulco, revolt (1846), =1.= 216, =2.= 448; seizes California expedition, =1.= 522; supports Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 86, 88; character, 88; in plan of defence of capital, 90; and Scott's advance to San Agustin, 95, 97, 374; and combination against Santa Anna, 134; at Molino del Rey, 142, 146; at siege of Puebla, 174, 175, 425; force (Oct. 1847), 182; and Scott at Puebla, 363; "pintos" in force, 369; and Contreras, 380; and Chapultepec, 408; in the city, 414; later movements, 425, 433; and Santa Anna's surrender of command, 429.

Alvarez, Manuel, American consul at Santa Fe, and Armijo and Kearny's expedition, =1.= 289.

American Review, on spirit of expansion and unrest, =1.= 123, 124; on Slidell mission, 133; on advance to Rio Grande, 459-61; on British criticism of military operations, =2.= 307; on peace negotiations (1847), 400.

American Star, accompanies Scott's army, =2.= 227.

Amigo del Pueblo, on Herrera's rule, =1.= 56; on incitation to war, 87; on Slidell mission, 436; on California, 522.

Amnesty, for Mexican political offenders, =2.= 367.

Amozoc, Worth at, Santa Anna's attack, =2.= 69-70, 360.

Ampudia, Pedro de, cruel execution of Sentmanat, =1.= 117; commands at Matamoros, 148; and Taylor, 148, 149, 158, 455; intention to attack, subordinated to Arista, 149, 455; and guerillas, 153; character and appearance, 158, 234; propaganda among American troops, 160; in advance, 162; before Fort Brown, 164, 166, 176, 468; at Palo Alto, 165; and rumors of Arista's treachery, 168, 172; at Resaca de la Palma, 174; preparations and force at Monterey, 230-1, 234, 494; position and policy in command at Monterey, 234; "Culinary Knight," 241; during attack on city, 241, 242, 248, 255, 258, 259, 501; capitulation and retirement, 259, 502, 504; and Pass of Rinconada, 265, 508; at Buena Vista, 366, 388-91; and Wool's march, 510; force at San Luis Potosí, 550; trial, 550; hostility to Santa Anna, =2.= 82; sent away, 84.

Amusements, Mexican, =1.= 19, 23, 24, 27.

Anaya, J. P., at Mazatlán, =2.= 448.

Anaya, P. M., substitute President, =2.= 15; council to consider defence of capital, 79; on effect of Cerro Gordo, 80; and Santa Anna, 82, 92; and Santa Anna's return to capital, 83; at Churubusco, 110; chosen interim President, 236; suppresses war-party insurrection, 236; term expires, 240; appearance, at exchange of ratifications, 251; brigade, 369; in meeting of governors on peace, 464.

Anderson, Robert, military book, =1.= 451; and volunteer officers, 481; on American rule in Puebla, =2.= 225; on effect of victories, 305; on Cerro Gordo, 354; on Worth, 360.

Andrade, Manuel, at Cedral, =1.= 553; at Buena Vista, 557; at Molino del Rey, =2.= 141, 146, 404.

Andrews, T. P., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154; regiment, 363; at Churubusco, 385. See also Voltigeurs.

Angeles. See Los Angeles.

Angostura, at Buena Vista, =1.= 383-6.

Annexations of Mexican War, Mexican desire for, effect on, of occupation, =2.= 125, 215, 323; as only guaranty of order, 234; plan to absorb Mexico, 243-4, 309; opposition to any, 274, 287-9, 492, 498, 502; and Wilmot Proviso, 287-8, 498; foreign opinion on, 297, 308; Yucatan, 472; Polk and policy, 502. See also California; Expansion; Peace; Texas.

Antigua, expedition, =2.= 38, 344.

Antislavery sentiment, as expected factor in war, =1.= 105, 107; and Mexico, 119. See also Slavery.

Antón Lizardo, rendezvous of Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 17, 332.

Apache Canyon, N. Mex., expected fight at, =1.= 293-5, 516.

Apodaca, Juan Ruiz de, and liberal constitution, =1.= 32.

Appropriations for American navy, =1.= 190, =2.= 189. See also Finances.

Arab, Santa Anna returns in, =1.= 486.

Arbitrary rule, tradition, =1.= 30.

Arbitration of claims on Mexico, =1.= 79-81, 429-31.

Archer, William S., and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 152; and war bill, 182; and British mediation, =2.= 504.

Argüelles, D., at Belén garita, =2.= 159, 160.

Arista, Mariano, position, commands at Matamoros, =1.= 149; orders troops to cross and attack, 149; on beginning of war, 155; force, 158; propaganda among American troops, 160; and outlook, 161; advance on Taylor's communications, 162, 464; battle of Palo Alto, 164-70, 465; treachery rumored, 168, 172; battle of Resaca de la Palma, 170-6, 467; position after battle, 177; retires from Matamoros, 177-8, 469; relieved of command, 178; pursuit, 204; effect of defeat, 213; rebuilds army, 225, 489; and Fort Brown, 468; hostility to Santa Anna, =2.= 82; sent away, 84; refuses command, 182.

Aristocracy, conditions, aspect, =1.= 5, 23-7; fears American influence, 103. See also Oligarchy.

Arkansas troops, and Santa Anna's advance, =1.= 383, 554; at Buena Vista, 386, 555, 558; in Wool's march, 509; call (1847), =2.= 365; in Taylor's later force, 417.

Arlégui, J. M. de, and Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 521.

Armijo, Manuel, control of New Mexico, character, =1.= 285, =2.= 216; and advance of Kearny's expedition, =1.= 289, 292-3, 516; wavering and flight, 294-5, 516-7.

Armistice, Taylor's, at Monterey, =1.= 259, 501-6; terminated, 263-4; after Churubusco, =2.= 133; Santa Anna's activity and position, 134; peace negotiations during, 135-8, 396-400; question of extension, 136, 398; Santa Anna violates, 137; terminated, 138, 399; results, 138; terms, 394; wisdom, 394; clashes during, 396; opposing views on, 399; question and renewed peace negotiations, 240, 242; after signing of peace treaty, terms, 242, 471.

Arms, Mexican, =1.= 156-7, 462; of American army, 450.

Army, American, character of official reports, =1.= ix, 404; belittled by foreigners, 105; condition, arms (1845), 139, 450-1; war acts on regulars, 190, 191, 474; attitude of regulars, 208, 481; size before call for Vera Cruz expedition, 537; regular force during war, recruiting, 537; Ten Regiment Bill and amendment, =2.= 74-6, 363; question of lieutenant generalcy and major generalcy commanding for Benton, 75, 365; character of new officers under Ten Regiment Bill, 76; statistical facts, 318, 511, 512; regulars and volunteers contrasted, 319-20, 512-3; character of special arms, 320, 513; general character and achievement, 321; Voltigeurs, 363; bounty, 364; authorized regular (1847), 431; supposed size (Nov. 1847), 432. See also Morale; Mounted Riflemen; Voltigeurs; Volunteers; and officers and campaigns by name, regular regiments by number, and volunteers by name of state.

Army, Mexican, position and character of officers, =1.= 8-10, 408; of rank and file, 10; cavalry and artillery, 11; and Itúrbide, 35; power, 36; supports Guerrero, 41; and Bustamante, 43; backs Santa Anna (1832), 45; Farías' attempted reforms, 45; makes Santa Anna dictator, 46; and Seven Laws, 47; and financial crisis, 48; revolts against Santa Anna, 53; and Herrera, 55; foreign opinion, 106, 440; Mexican opinion, 106; organization and condition (1845), 156-7, 461-2; size then, 157; and Paredes, 214; fragmentary character, 494; condition and command after elimination of Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 182, 429-30; as fighters, 311; and civil discouragement, 509. See also commanders and campaigns by name, especially Ampudia; Arista; Santa Anna.

Army of the East, Mexican, =2.= 88, 369.

Army of the North, Mexican, =2.= 88, 369. See also Valencia.

Army of the South, Mexican, =2.= 88. See also Alvarez.

Arrangóiz, J., Mexican consul at New Orleans, on hope in privateering, =1.= 109.

Arriero, =1.= 18.

Arroyo, Miguel, and douceur fund, =2.= 391.

Arroyo Colorado, Mejía's ruse at crossing, =1.= 147.

Art of war, =1.= 405.

Arteaga, M., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347, 352.

Artillery, Mexican, =1.= 11, 156, 461-2; in Monterey campaign, =1.= 228; field, of American army at outbreak of war, 450; in Scott's army. =2.= 77, 365; character of American, 320. See also regiments by number.

Artillery Battalion, in Monterey campaign, =1.= 241, 242, 244, 492, 496, 501, 508; at Resaca de la Palma, 467. See also Childs.

Ashburnham, Charles, British chargé at Mexico, on Mexican relations, =1.= 74; on Mexican obduracy, 134.

Ashburton, Baron, and California, =1.= 524; and control of Mexico, =2.= 309.

Ashmun, George, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456.

Assessments, American, on Mexicans, =2.= 264-6, 485-8.

Atalaya, hill at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 45; occupied by Americans, 50-3.

Athenæum, and American absorption of Mexico, =2.= 297.

Atlixco, aspect, Rea at, =2.= 178; Lane's attack, 179, 426.

Atocha, A. J., and Santa Anna, =1.= 202; and peace negotiations, =2.= 123, 124, 126, 387.

Atristain, Miguel, peace commissioner, =2.= 135, 239.

Attitude toward Mexico, American, =1.= 58, 60, 61, 65, 76-8, 85, 88-91, 95, 100, 101, 117-21, 125-7, 130-4, 323, 332, 422, 428, 429, 434-6, 439, 443-5, 458-61, =2.= 121, 123, 310, 508. See also Conquered territory; Diplomatic intercourse; Outbreak; Preparation.

Attitude toward the war, of Mexican people, =1.= 115-6, 442, =2.= 312, 510. See also Opposition; Popularity; Preparation.

Attitude toward United States, Mexican, =1.= 28, 57-61, 63, 67, 70, 77, 81, 83, 102-4, 109, 111, 116, 161, 375-6, 418, 423, 431, 484, =2.= 124, 310. See also Diplomatic intercourse; Outbreak; Preparation.

Aulick, J. H., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 238.

Aurora de la Libertad, excites fears of Spanish America, =1.= 112; appeal to Europe, 114.

Avalos, F., and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165, 419.

Ayotla, Twiggs at, =2.= 94.

Ayuntamientos, in occupied territory, =2.= 229, 461.

Backus, Electus, at Monterey, =1.= 252, 500; on mistakes there, 502.

Badillo, Colonel, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44.

Bahía company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Baker, E. D., wounded, =1.= 207; on war and expansion, 444; and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243; at Cerro Gordo, 352.

Balderas, Lucas, killed at Molino del Rey, =2.= 145.

Baldwin, John, claim, =1.= 427.

Ballentine, George, on American infantry, =1.= 451; on Tampico and American occupation, =2.= 461.

Baltimore American, on California, =1.= 325.

Baltimore troops. See Washington and Baltimore battalion.

Bancroft, George, on Polk and California, =1.= 127; on Polk's reluctance to fight, 127, 133; on Polk's ability, 129; and war, 181; instructions to Sloat, 530; as secretary of the navy, =2.= 190; and plan to attack Ulúa, 201; and Conner, 201; and absorption of Mexico, 243; on war finances, 260; on victories and foreign relations, 305; on British and war annexations, 309; on influence abroad of war, 324.

Bancroft, H. H., on Castro's meeting, =1.= 526; on Gillespie, 526; on Sloat, 530, 531.

Baneneli, J., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55.

Bankhead, Charles, British minister at Mexico, and annexation of Texas, =1.= 85; and Mexican-American relations, 91-3, 435; and Oregon and Mexican controversies, 114-5; on Rio Grande campaign, 179, 180; on Mexican abandonment of California, 319, 322; on Mexican war enthusiasm, 442; on Santa Anna and peace (1846), 487; on factions of Federalists, =2.= 4; on Mexican finances, 8, 328; on Mexican attitude toward peace (1846), 122, 386; and Trist mission, 129-31, 133, 390; and privateering, 192; and mediation, 368, 504; on evacuation of city, 415.

Bankhead, James, occupation of Córdoba and Orizaba, =2.= 184-5, 222, 433; at siege of Vera Cruz, 335; in command at Vera Cruz, 432, 457.

Banking, Mexican attempt, =1.= 17. See also Finances.

Baranda, Manuel, and return of Santa Anna, =1.= 221, =2.= 368; and Trist mission, 132, 390.

Barbour, P. N. at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 174.

Barker, E. C, acknowledgment to, =1.= 450.

Barnburners, and Polk, =2.= 270, 281.

Barrios, Colonel, at Belén garita, =2.= 159, 160.

Barron, E., British consul at Tepic, and California, =1.= 524.

Beach, Moses Y., in Mexico, intrigue, =2.= 11-4, 65; escape, 14, 332; and absorption of Mexico, 243; on intrigue, 331.

Beale, E. F., and battle of San Pascual, =1.= 535.

Beale's grant, =1.= 449.

Bear Flag war, =1.= 331-3, 528-9, 531.

Beauregard, P. G. T., and landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 23, 336; at Cerro Gordo, 50, 350; reconnoitres Contreras route, 103; on plan of attack of capital, 149; at Belén garita, wounded, 160, 415; engineer with Scott, 366; at battle of Contreras, 379; reconnoitres southern approach of capital, 408; on Mexican soldiers, 509.

Béjar company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Belén garita and citadel, =2.= 147; Quitman's attack, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-6.

Belknap, W. G., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164; at Resaca de la Palma, 174.

Belknap, Camp, =1.= 206.

Belmont, August, and American funds in Mexico, =2.= 266, 488; and war loans, 482.

Belton, F. M., at Tampico, =1.= 281, 512.

Benham, F. G., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.

Benham, H. W., on Taylor's carelessness at Agua Nueva, =1.= 549.

Benjamin, Calvin, at Chapultepec, =2.= 156; at Belén garita, killed; 160.

Benjamin, Park, on call to arms, =1.= 193.

Bentinck, Lord George, and interposition, =2.= 302.

Benton, T. H., on Polk and war, =1.= 130; and war, 182, 183, 471; on cause of war, 189; and Scott, 197, 354; welcome to Doniphan's force, 314; war plan, 349, 351; on advance to Rio Grande, 458; and Doniphan's expedition, 517; on Gillespie's mission to Frémont, 528; and lieutenant generalcy, =2.= 75, 363; and peace, 123; opposes Slidell as peace commissioner, 126; and treaty of peace, 247, 473, 475; public land gradation policy, 261, 482; and tariff for Mexican ports, 261; character and leadership, 282, 291; and major-generalcy, 365.

Bent's Fort, Kearny's expedition at, =1.= 288-9, 515.

Bermúdez de Castro, Salvador, Spanish minister at Mexico, and Slidell mission, =1.= 100; on Mexican aggression, 455; on Mexican finances, =2.= 8; on difficulties of march to Mexico City, 37; on Trist mission, 132; and peace, 133; and privateering, 192; and war, 298; on American army, 321; on Scott's expedition, 357.

Berra, F., at Monterey, =1.= 248.

Berrien, J. M., and war bill, =1.= 183; and treaty of peace, =2.= 247; no-annexation plan, 287-8, 498.

Biddle, James, on Asia station, =2.= 189; commands Pacific squadron, vessels, 206, 447.

Bidwell, John, and Bear Flag war, =1.= 529.

Bishop's Palace at Monterey, in battle, capture, =1.= 239, 245, 247-8.

Bissell, W. H., at Buena Vista, =1.= 390, 391, 394.

Black, John, American consul at Mexico, and restoration of intercourse, =1.= 89, 91, 96; and Slidell mission, 145, 453; report on Santa Anna's attitude, 201; expelled, =2.= 41; and peace negotiations, 122.

Black, S. W., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174, 424.

Black Pass. See Hoya.

Blair, F. P., Sr., warning on political effect of war, =1.= 353; on Polk, =2.= 270; on excesses in New Mexico, 453.

Blake, J. E., at Palo Alto, =1.= 165.

Blanchard, A. G., in Monterey campaign, =1.= 241, 245, 247, 492, 496-8; advance to Saltillo, 264.

Blanco, Colonel, and Wool's march, =1.= 273, 274, 510; guerilla, 274, 283.

Blanco, S., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389.

Bliss, W. W. S., as Taylor's adjutant, =1.= 141, 261, 451, =2.= 318; on Rio Grande campaign, =1.= 179; parley after Buena Vista, 398; at Palo Alto, 466.

Blockade, not feared by Mexico, =1.= 110; expected European difficulty, 114; policy, character, =2.= 193, 208, 303, 440; physical difficulties, 194-5; on Pacific coast, 205-6, 446, 448.

Bloomington (Muscatine), Iowa, on good will toward Mexico, =2.= 508.

Boca Chica, =1.= 205, 480.

Bocanegra, J. M., character, =1.= 25; American correspondence, 68; and decree expelling Americans, 73; and Texas, 84, 85, 419, 433.

Bocas, force at, =1.= 553.

Boletín Oficial, on Mexican army, =1.= 106; on Santa Anna, 487.

Bonham, M. L., regiment, =2.= 363; leaves Mexico City, 476.

Bonita, captured, =1.= 511; at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 238; added to navy, 438; in Home Squadron, 442, 446; in attack at Tuxpán, 444.

Bonneville, B. L. E., and Wool, =1.= 509.

Borland, Solon, carelessness and capture, =1.= 370-1. See also Encarnación prisoners.

Boston, wrecked, =2.= 449.

Boston Atlas, demand for war, =1.= 456; on Polk's Cabinet, =2.= 270; on Polk, 275, 276; on outlook of war, 277; encourages enemy, 280; on tariff, 286; on Polk's war policy, 288.

Botts, J. M., opposes war, =1.= 189.

Bouck, W. C., federal appointment, =2.= 271.

Boundaries, Mexican negotiation on Louisiana Purchase, =1.= 59-61, 418; Sabine River, 63; offer of compensation for proper Texan, 84-5, 88, 91, 95, 436; southern, of Texas, 138, 449, 457, 470; Texan, in peace negotiations, =2.= 135-6, 238, 396, 399, 463, 464, 469. See also Annexations.

Bounty in Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 364, 490.

Bowles, W. A., at Buena Vista, =1.= 388, 390, 391, 555, 557.

Boyd, J. McH., American chargé at London, reports cited passim.

Bragg, Braxton, force in Texas, =1.= 146, 452; at Fort Brown, 163; at Monterey, 251, 254, 492, 496; at Buena Vista, 388, 390-2, 395, 555, 557, 558; on reports, 404; field battery, 450; in Harney's brigade, 541; on Scott's order against the cabal, =2.= 436; sent to New Mexico, 475.

Bravo, Nicolás, as partisan leader, =1.= 32; revolt against Itúrbide, 35; Presidential candidacy, 37; attempted revolt (1827), 38; pardoned, 44; acting President (1846), reforms, 217; and revolt, 217; incites against United States, 418; and Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 82, 83; retires, 84; at Churubusco, 113, 117; and desire for peace, 122; at Chapultepec, surrenders, 153, 155, 157, 408, 411; and guerilla warfare, 173.

Bravos battalion, formation, =2.= 3; at Churubusco, 111.

Brazito affair, =1.= 301-2, 518.

Brazos Island, camp, =1.= 205.

Breckenridge, H. M., claims commissioner, =1.= 430.

Breese, Sidney, position in Senate, =2.= 496.

Bribery money in peace negotiations, =2.= 131-2, 390.

Bridgehead at Churubusco, =2.= 111; maps, 112, 113; attack and capture, 114-6, 383.

Briggs, G. N., on attitude toward war, =2.= 492.

Brinkerhoff, Jacob, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456; position in House, =2.= 496; and Wilmot Proviso, 498.

Briscoe, W. F., guerilla attack on, =2.= 423.

Britannia, on American army, =1.= 105; on military titles, =2.= 295; on people, 295; on Polk, 300; on conquests in India, 302; on guerilla warfare, 306; criticism of military operations, 307, 308; on absorption of Mexico, 309.

British in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5, 17; mining companies, 15.

Broglie, Duc de, and war, =2.= 303.

Brokers, in Mexican public finances, =2.= 327.

Brooke, G. M., and reinforcement of Tampico, =1.= 282, 512; and alarm over Buena Vista, 400.

Brooks, W. T. H., at Contreras, =2.= 108.

Brough, C. H., in Lane's march to Puebla, =2.= 426.

Brown, ----, American agent to Santa Anna, =1.= 479.

Brown, Jacob, at Fort Brown, =1.= 163; killed, 176, 468.

Brown, Milton, on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 457.

Brown, Fort, construction, position, map, =1.= 148, 159, 463, 468; attack on, and battle of Resaca de la Palma, 164, 176, 467-9; former names, 454.

Bryce, James, on justice of expansion, =2.= 323.

Buchanan, James, and Almonte, =1.= 87; and Slidell mission, instructions, 95, 100, 127, 436-7; on war spirit, 126; on peaceful policy, 131; and monarchist plans in Mexico, 135, 448; and southern boundary of Texas, 139; and California, 327; and defensive-line policy, 348; and Patterson, 351; and war programme, 351; and Parrott, 434; and Gillespie, 528; desire for peace negotiations, =2.= 121; overtures (1846), 122, 386; and Trist, 127, 128; appearance, 128; and recall of Trist, 236, 237, 464; and absorption of Mexico, 243, 244; opposes treaty, 246, 471; as Cabinet officer, 282; and Dallas faction, 282; circular and conciliation of European opinion, 297, 502; and British offer of mediation, 301, 504; and Beach, 331; and Scott-Trist, 390; does not expect peace, 391; on Texas and Kearny's occupation of New Mexico, 497; and annexation and slavery, 502; and Polk, 510.

Buena Vista, later force at, =2.= 417, 418; mutiny, 418. See also next title.

Buena Vista campaign, Taylor's insubordinate advance to Agua Nueva, =1.= 368, 373-4, 547-8; carelessness and capture of Wool's scouting parties, 370-1; lessened morale of Wool's force, 371; Taylor's unstrategic position and carelessness, 374, 549, 550; assembling of Santa Anna's army, 374-9, 550; plan to attack Taylor's weak and isolated force, 379, 543, 552; Mexican advance for surprise, 380-8, 553, 554; map of route between Mexico and Agua Nueva, 381; Mexican force, 381, 552; flight of Americans to Buena Vista, 382-3, 554; map of roads between Monterey and El Encarnación, 382; Taylor's trips to Saltillo, 383, 388, 555, 556; pursuit of Americans, 384, 555; Santa Anna's failure to charge, 384; his play for time, 385, 555; field, 385; American position and force, 386, 548, 555; flank movement on American left, 386, 388; map of field, 387; condition of troops during night, 388; second day: mass in Mexican army, 388; continuation of flanking, 389, 390; repulse of Blanco's frontal charge, 389; Pacheco's advance on American left, 389-91, 557, 558; repulse of flanking force, 391; repulse of Pacheco, 391; rout of flanking force, ruse to save it, 392-3, 558; criticism of Santa Anna's tactics, 393, 558; Hardin's charge and repulse, 393, 559; repulse of Pérez's charge on centre, 394-5; Miñón's repulse at Saltillo, 395, 555, 556, 559; factors in American success, Taylor, 395-6, 559; Mexican valor, 396; losses and condition of American army, 396, 561; Taylor's determination to hold ground, 397, 561; condition of the Mexican army, 397; Santa Anna's retirement to preserve organization, 397-8, 562; parley, 398, 562; horrors of Mexican retreat, 399; Santa Anna credited with victory, 399; Taylor's tardy advance, 399; forays in his rear, 399, 562; alarm in United States, reaction, 400; Mexican batteries, 556; question of Taylor's order to retreat, 558; foreign comment, =2.= 307.

Bullion, export forbidden, =2.= 487.

Burke, Edmund, on arbitrary government, =1.= 52; on political slavery, =2.= 311.

Burnett, E. C., acknowledgment to, =1.= 419.

Burnett, W. B., wounded at Churubusco, =2.= 117.

Burns, ----, paymaster, and Leonidas letter, =2.= 435, 437.

Burr, Aaron, and spirit of expansion, =1.= 123, 444.

Burrita, expedition, =1.= 177, 469; camp, 206.

Burrough, Marmaduke, American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited passim.

Burton, H. S., in Lower California, =2.= 448, 449, 476.

Bustamante, Anastasio, Vice-President, revolt, =1.= 43; as President, 43; resigns, reëlevates Pedraza, 45; returns to power, Santa Anna undermines, 47-51; and California, 319; and chief command, =2.= 182.

Butler, Andrew P., position in Senate, =2.= 496.

Butler, Anthony, as minister at Mexico, =1.= 62, 419, 420; and Sabine River boundary, 64; and claims, 76, 427, 428; and Scott, 476.

Butler, B. F., on Polk, =2.= 272.

Butler, P. M., killed, =2.= 117. See also Palmetto.

Butler, W. O., division in march to Monterey, =1.= 229, 492, 496; in battle of Monterey, 252-4, 499; command and force at Monterey (Dec. 1846), 283, 357; and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 351; and expected attack, 358; Scott's instructions on troops for Vera Cruz, 362; in command at Saltillo, 370, 549; at Brazos, 476; takes reinforcements to Scott, =2.= 184; succeeds Scott, 188, 438; evacuates Mexico City, 252, 476; and Price's Rosales expedition, 419; retained in service, 432; division garrisoned at Molino del Rey, 461; and peace commission, 464.

Cabinet, character of Polk's, =2.= 269, 282.

Cadereita, aspect, =1.= 357.

Cadwalader, George, reinforcements for Scott, =2.= 77; brigade in Scott's army, 78, 363; at Contreras, 105, 108, 379; at Churubusco, 110; advance after armistice, 142; at Molino del Rey, 144-6, 402, 403; at San Cosme garita, 161, 414; and douceur, 391; and plan of attack on capital, 408; at Chapultepec, 410; occupies Toluca, 433; leaves Mexico, 438.

Cahuenga, capitulation of, =1.= 345.

Calderón de la Barca, J. M., Spanish minister at Washington, on Mexican army, =1.= 106.

Calhoun, J. C., and annexation of Texas, =1.= 84, 86, 433; opposition to war, 123, 182, 183, 185-7, 189, 443, 472; desire to supplant, 123,=2.= 257; on unrest, =1.= 124; and defensive-line policy, 348, =2.= 183; and advance to the Rio Grande, =1.= 457, 458; and Oregon question, 458; and lieutenant generalcy for Benton, =2.= 75; and peace, 125; and Polk's Cabinet, 269; encourages enemy, 281; followers and Polk, 281, 496; character and leadership, 282, 291; and Wilmot Proviso, 287; on treaty of peace, 472; and war annexations, 499.

California, Jones at Monterey, =1.= 69, 423; abuse and expulsion of Americans, 71, 73, 423; misgovernment and expulsion of Mexican officials, virtual abdication, 87, 319-22, 522, 523; European interference feared, American precautions against it, 90, 95, 325-6, 530; offer to purchase, 95, 436; attitude of American government, 127, 324-5; conditions under Mexican rule, 315; population, 315; character and life of Californians, 315-7; map of coast, (1846), 316; map of northern, 317; foreign element, commerce, 317-9, 521; question of future, American interest, 322-4, 444, 523; Great Britain and, 323-5, 334, 336, 524, 527, 531, =2.= 302, 308, 505; France and, =1.= 324, 327, 523; expected peaceful acquisition, 325; and cause of Mexican War, 326, 526; attitude of Californians toward foreign control, 327-9, 526; factional war (1846), 329, 527; Frémont and Castro, 331, 528; Gillespie and Frémont's return, Bear Flag war, 331-3, 528-9, 531; its results, 333; Sloat's hesitation, 333-4, 530, 531; possession taken at Monterey, 334-5, 531; defensive union of factions, 335; Stockton-Frémont union and address, 336, 532; first southern campaign, 336-7, 532; Stockton's rule, 337-8; rising in south against Gillespie's rule, 338-9, 533-4; second southern campaign, 339-46, 534-6; Kearny, battle of San Pascual, 341, 534; American force, 342, 535, =2.= 219, 432; advance and recapture of Los Angeles, =1.= 342-4; Frémont's conduct, his capitulation with insurgents, 345-6, 535-6, =2.= 218; results, =1.= 346, 536; in peace negotiations and treaty, =2.= 135, 136, 238, 240, 248, 468, 469; under American rule, 217-20, 285, 454; justice of acquisition, 322, 514; friction between Kearny and Frémont, 454.

Callender, F. D., at Contreras, =2.= 104, 105.

Camargo, occupation, as camp, =1.= 210, 484; camp broken up, 356; troops left at, 493; force at (Oct.), 506.

Cameron, J. A., American consul at Vera Cruz, reports cited passim.

Campbell, J. A., opposes war, =1.= 189.

Campbell, R. B., American consul at Havana, and Santa Anna, =1.= 221; on strength of Ulúa, 536; and spy for Scott, =2.= 332.

Campbell, W. B., in battle of Monterey, =1.= 249, 252; on mistakes at Monterey, 502, 505; on Taylor, 549, =2.= 316; at Cerro Gordo, 56, 57, 353; on attitude on reinlistment, 63; on Pillow, 377, 435.

Campomanes (Campos), ----, intermediary between Scott and clergy, =2.= 357.

Campos. See Campomanes.

Camps, Taylor's, at Corpus Christi, =1.= 143; Texan, of Taylor's reinforcements, 205-7, 480; Camargo, sickness, 211, 484, 493; Cerralvo, 212, 229, 493; Scott's, before Vera Cruz, =2.= 27; Vergara, 222.

Campusano, Antonio, at Guaymas, =2.= 206, 209, 447.

Canales, Antonio, force at Matamoros, =1.= 158; character, 158; at Palo Alto, 165, 166; at Resaca de la Palma, 171, 174; and Fort Brown, 176; leaves Taylor's advance unopposed, 226, 236, 495; guerilla warfare, 479, =2.= 169-70.

Canalizo, Valentín, command below Perote, and preparations, =2.= 40, 41, 47, 61, 347; at Cerro Gordo, 45, 352; in the battle, 52, 55; and Santa Anna at Orizaba, 68; and army at capital, 88; in plan of its defence, 90; fails, 95; combination against Santa Anna, 134.

Canitz, Baron von, Prussian minister of foreign relations, and the war, =2.= 298, 403.

Canning, George, on national responsibility, =1.= 76.

Cano, Juan, at La Hoya, =2.= 42; at Cerro Gordo, 44.

Cárdenas, J., protest to Taylor, =1.= 454.

Carmelita, captured, =2.= 191.

Carmen Island, occupied, =2.= 204.

Carnero Pass, Taylor and, =1.= 549.

Carpender, E. W., and loss of Truxtun, =2.= 445.

Carrasco, J. M., at Monterey, =1.= 252.

Carson, Kit, and battle of San Pascual, =1.= 535.

Casa Mata, defences, =2.= 140; force, 142; capture, 145, 146, 403; blown up, 404.

Casey, Silas, at Chapultepec, =2.= 153, 156, 410; wounded, 157.

Cass, Lewis, and Gaines's Texan expedition, =1.= 66; and war bill, 183; and Oregon, 200; on defensive-line policy, 348; and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243; and Barnburners, 281; character and leadership, 282; on annexation of Texas, 509.

Castillo, Pedro Fernández del, as claims commissioner, =1.= 80, 429-31.

Castillo y Lanzas, J. M. de, minister at Washington, =1.= 77; minister of relations, and Slidell, 100, 120, 438, 439; on approach of war, 104.

Castro, José, leader in California, =1.= 319; comandante general, 319; and foreign occupation, 328, 329, 526; civil war with Pico, 329; and Frémont, 331, 528; and American occupation, 335-7, 530, 532; leaves, 337, 533; and Bear Flag war, 529; returns, =2.= 219.

Caswell, W. R., on Pillow, =1.= 361.

Causes of the war, in general, =1.= 58-99, 102-16, 134-7, 148-50, 153-5, 158, 179, 185, 432-3, 439, 442, 448, 457-61, 470-3; special, 189-90, 471-3; advance to Rio Grande not cause, 154-5. See also Outbreak; Preparation.

Cavalry, Mexican, =1.= 11, 19; in Scott's advance on Mexico, =2.= 77; call for American volunteer, 365. See also Dragoons.

Ceballos, Ramón de, on treatment by Americans, =2.= 324.

Cedral, force at, =1.= 553.

Centralists, oligarchy as, =1.= 37; party resentment, 38-9; Santa Anna supports, 46-7, 415; rule, 47-8; and Farías (1846), =2.= 9. See also Federalism; Oligarchy.

Cerralvo, as camp, =1.= 212, 229, 493; occupied, 229, 562; force at, =2.= 417.

Cerro Gordo, as defensive point, =2.= 40, 41; map of contour lines near, 40; selected as point to resist Scott's advance, 42; field, defences, 42-5, 347, 348; general map of battle, 43; size and condition of Mexican force, 44-5, 347; Twiggs's force and artillery, 45; Twiggs's character, 48; his blunder into, and retreat, 48; question of precipitous assault, 48-9; Scott on field, 49; reconnaissance, 50, 349; Scott's force, 50; advance flanking Mexican left, 50-1, 53, 55, 350-2, 354; map of central part of battle, 51; capture of La Atalaya, 51; attacks on and capture of Telégrafo, 52-5, 350, 352, 354; flight of flanked Mexicans, 54, 58-9; Pillow's mismanaged attack, 56-8, 352-3; pursuit to Jalapa, 58, 59, 354; spoils, losses, 58, 353; character of Scott's report, 59, 354; effect on Mexicans, 80.

Chachapa conference, =2.= 70, 360.

Chalco, Worth at, =2.= 94.

Chamberlain, S. E., on retreat to Buena Vista, =1.= 554.

Chapultepec, and battle of Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 402, 403; and approach of Mexico City, 149; decision to attack, 149, 408; position and defences, 149-52, 405-6, 408; maps, 150, 151; American dispositions and bombardment, 152-3, 409; plan for assault, 153; misgivings, 153-4; attack on grove and outworks, 154, 155; problem of Santa Anna's support, 154-5, 410; charge to the fosse, delay, 155-6, 409; attack on gateway, 156, 158, 411; capture of fort, 157, 410, 411; view from, 158; losses, 158, 411; Worth's advance, 160, 410; and armistice, 394; Mexican force, 408; wisdom of attack, 408; threat to American rear during attack, 410.

Character, Mexican, =1.= 3-7, 15, 18-28, 53, 57, 115, 229, 266, 285, 293, 295, 315-7, 320, 333, 339, 346, 396, 407-9, 416-8, 438, 455, =2.= 1-2, 31, 32, 45, 63, 79-87, 91-2, 132, 136, 170, 228, 230-1, 233-5, 251, 254, 297, 306, 310-2, 323, 327, 329, 346, 367, 449, 450, 461, 509. See also Population; Social condition.

Charleston Courier, on war spirit, =1.= 132; and the war, 473.

Charleston Mercury, on Polk's alarm, =1.= 476.

Charleston Patriot, and the war, =1.= 473.

Chase, Franklin, consul at Tampico, and occupation of city, =1.= 279, 511.

Chase, Mrs. Franklin, and occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 511.

Cheatham, B. F., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 502.

Chew, Samuel, claim, =1.= 426.

Chihuahua, situation, =1.= 3; plans for expedition against, 266; gathering of Wool's force, 267-70; his advance to Monclova, 270-3, 509; his difficulties, 273-4, 509-10; advance to Parras, 274-5, 510; diversion of Wool's march, 275; results of march, 276, 510; and caravan trade, 286; Doniphan's force against, 298-9, 519; his march to El Paso, Brazito affair, 299-303, 518; his advance to Sacramento River, 303-4, 519; political affairs and preparations against Doniphan, Mexican force, 304-6, 519; battle of Sacramento, 306-13, 520; occupied, 313, 520; Doniphan's negotiations, 313; his march to Saltillo, 313, 521; occupied by Price, =2.= 166, 419; under American rule, 454.

Chihuahua Rangers, in Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 303, 519.

Childs, Thomas, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164; at Monterey, 241, 246; at Jalapa, =2.= 361; command at Puebla, besieged, =2.= 174-8, 424; as governor, 226.

Chimalpa, Pillow at, =2.= 95.

China, Mexico, proposed attack on Texans at, =1.= 235.

Chiquihuite, as defensive point, =2.= 41.

Chronology of the war, =1.= xix-xxi.

Churchill, Sylvester, in Wool's march, =1.= 270, 273.

Churchill, W. H., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 167, 466.

Churubusco, defences, =2.= 98, 110-1, 382; map of battle, 111; maps of bridgehead, 112, 113; capture of San Antonio, 112; pursuit of Mexicans to bridgehead, 113; Coyoacán as American point of concentration, 112, 382, 383; attack and capture of convent, 113-4, 117, 382, 383, 385; map of convent, 114; attack and capture of bridgehead, 114-6, 383; Shields-Pierce flank attack, 115-7, 384; pursuit of Mexicans, 117; Kearny's charge, 118; losses, spoils, 118; American elation, 118-9; Scott's army after the battle, 120; why not followed up, 120-1, 386, 393; Scott's probable plan, 383; as blunder, 383; effect on morale, 384; Mexican force, 385; Pillow's troops in, 385; fate of captured American deserters, 385.

Citadel at Mexico City, =2.= 159, 160, 413, 415.

Cities of Mexico, =1.= 2.

Civil service, Mexican, character, =1.= 11, 20.

Claiborne, J. F. H., on war spirit, =1.= 444.

Claims against Mexico, European, =1.= 74, 425; American, and conduct of Americans, 74; character and justice, 74-6, 424-7; American patience and forbearance, 76, 427; Jackson's Message (1837), 77-8, 428; demand (1837), 78-9, 429; arbitration, delays, 79-80, 429-31; award (1841), convention on payments, cessation of payments, excuse, 80, 431; question in efforts for resumption of intercourse, 92-5, 97, 435; Mexican attitude, 103; and cause of war, 120, 132, 134, 190, 448, =2.= 279; Polk's review, 49; assumption in treaty of peace, 241, 468, 469; necessity of enforcement, 311.

Clamor de las Ovejas, =2.= 346.

Clark, M. L., in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288; to hold Santa Fe, 298; joins Doniphan, 299, 303, 519; in battle of Sacramento, 310, 312.

Clarke, N. S., command at Matamoros, =1.= 493; brigade in Scott's army, =2.= 77; at Churubusco, 112, 113; at Molino del Rey, 144, 145, 402, 403; at Chapultepec, 157, 409; at San Cosme garita, 161, 162; occupies Cuernavaca, 433.

Classes, Mexican. See Population.

Clausewitz, Karl von, on simplicity of war, =1.= 508.

Clay, C. M., captured, =1.= 370-1. See also Encarnación prisoners.

Clay, Henry [1], on cause of war, =1.= 189; speech and resolution on war, =2.= 289; war programme, 290; results of policy, 314.

Clay, Henry [2], killed, =1.= 394.

Clayton, J. M., and war bill, =1.= 182; defence of Taylor, 260; and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496; position in Senate, 496.

Clergy. See Roman Catholic church.

Clifford, Nathan, and Scott's expedition, =1.= 540; and tariff for Mexican ports, =2.= 261; ratification commissioner, 249, 251, 474; minister at Mexico, 475.

Climate of Mexico, =1.= 1.

Coahuila state, overrun,=2.= 418.

Coalition of Mexican states, and secession, =2.= 87, 234; opposes peace, 131; and opposition to Santa Anna, 134, 136; and collapse of government, 428.

Cochelet, ----, French agent in Mexico, reports cited passim.

Collins, John, messenger to Wool, =1.= 313.

Colombia. See New Granada.

Colonies, mercantile system, =1.= 29.

Colquitt, W. T., position in Senate, =2.= 496.

Colton, Walter, as alcalde, =1.= 338.

Columbus, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 447.

Comanche Indians, raids, =1.= 479, 521.

Comandú, and American occupation, =2.= 448.

Commander in the field, selection (1846), =1.= 196-8, 200, 477; for Vera Cruz expedition, 351-4, 538-9; proposed lieutenant generalcy, =2.= 75; Scott removed, 188, 437.

Commerce, American, influence on demand for war, =1.= 122, 443. See also Santa Fe trail; Tariff.

Commerce, Mexican, mercantile class, =1.= 5, 17; roads, inland transportation, 16, 18; protective tariff and prohibition, 17; smuggling, 17; American negotiations, 61, 419; over Santa Fe trail, 72; general restriction on American, 73, 424; of California, 317, 521; foreign, in occupied Mexican ports, =2.= 262, 303, 484, 505, 506.

Commissaries, Mexican, =1.= 157.

Concepción, Fort, at Vera Cruz, =2.= 19.

Congress, American, and advance to the Rio Grande, =1.= 151, 456-9, =2.= 277; war Message and war bill, =1.= 181-3, 470-3; war preparations, 190; and Oregon, 201; the Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 74-6; and lieutenant generalcy, 75, 363, 365; and two and three million funds, 123, 387; and military government, 220; and absorption of Mexico, 243-4; tariff of 1846, warehouse system, sub-treasury, 257, 478-9; treasury notes and loans, 258, 260, 264, 479, 485; proposed impost on tea and coffee, 261, 285, 482; proposed gradation of public lands, 261; initial popularity of war, 268; reaction, 269, 281; Democratic dissensions, lack of leaders, 281-3, 496; position of Whigs, leaders, 283, 496; character of war-time speeches, 284; attacks on war policy, 284-6; Wilmot Proviso, 286-7, 498; Whig no-territory plan, 287-8, 498; Clay's speech and resolutions, 289; demand for stoppage of supplies and recall of troops, 290-1, 500; Whig control of House, programme, 290; influence of success of war, 290; continued baiting of Polk, 291, 500; war-time character, 313-4; act (1847) for volunteers, 431; and Yucatan, 472; other war-time financial legislation, 489. See also Senate.

Congress, Mexican, first under Itúrbide, =1.= 35-6; first republican, 36-7; first constitutional (1825), 37; and reëlevation of Pedraza, 45; and Farías' reforms, 46; of Santa Anna's supporters (1835), 47; Seven Laws (1835), 47; and Santa Anna, 52-3; character (1846), =2.= 5; war-time Presidential elections, 5, 84, 236; war measure against church property, 9-12, 14, 329; new constitution (1847), 82; in abeyance, 85; and Trist mission, 130, 132; supports peace party, 236; ratifies treaty, 250-1, 474; and British mediation, 368.

Congress, in Pacific squadron, =1.= 336, 337, 532, =2.= 189, 206, 447; at Guaymas, 206, 447.

Connelly, Henry, and Kearny, =1.= 516.

Conner, David, and resumption of intercourse (1845), =1.= 94, 436; peaceful instructions to (1845), 131; and policy of bold military attitude, 152; and return of Santa Anna, 202, 478, 486, 487; attitude toward attack on Tampico, 277; occupies it, 279-81, 511-2; and the plan to attack Vera Cruz, 349-51, 536; and attack on Taylor, 466, =2.= 197; and crossing of Rio Grande, =1.= 469; and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18, 23, 332, 335, 336, 338; superseded by Perry, 30, 201; squadron, distribution, 189, 197, 442; and blockade, 193; difficulties of shore operations, 196; character as officer, 196, 444; attacks on Alvarado, 197-9, 442; Tabasco River expedition, 199-200; Yucatan operations, 201; and plans to attack Ulúa, 201, 444.

Conner, P. E., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389, 556.

Conquered territory, policy of occupying territory, =1.= 262, 266-7, 508, =2.= 273, 492; civil government in New Mexico and California, =1.= 337-8, =2.= 217, 218, 285, 453; character of naval control, 208; policy toward noncombatants, conciliation, 210-1, 449; outrages by volunteers at Matamoros, 211, 450; and at Monterey, 212-3, 450; liquor and troubles, 212, 213, 224, 457; regulations at Monterey, later security, 213, 450-1; difficulty of convicting Mexican offenders, 213, 451; rule in Saltillo, 213, 452; police regulations, 213, 215, 229, 450, 452; conditions in Tampico, 214, 452; prosperity, 214-5, 219; effect of occupation on Mexican desire for annexation, 215; excesses in New Mexico, 216, 453; Price's rule there, insurrection, 217; successful rule in California, 217-20, 454; use of local civil officers, 218, 229, 461; Scott's orders for military government, 220, 455-7; rule at Vera Cruz, 220-2, 457; at Córdoba and Orizaba, 222; affairs at Jalapa, 223-5, 458; excesses elsewhere, 224, 225; Mexican offences and exaggerations, 224; rule at Puebla, 225, 459; clemency toward Mexico City, 226, 459; military discipline there, 226, 459-60; life at capital during occupation, 226-8, 460; Mexican courts, 229; social relations, 230-1, 461-2; general conclusions on conduct of occupation, 231-2; tariff, 261-3, 484; levies on Mexicans, 264-6, 485-8; American opposition to occupation, 273, 492; title by conquest, 285, 468, 497; justice of conquest, 322, 514; conditions at Chihuahua, 454.

Conspectus of events, =1.= xix-xxi.

Constitutions, Spanish liberal (1820), =1.= 32; first Mexican (1824), 36-7, 412-3; Seven Laws, 47; Bases of Tacubaya, 51; Organic Bases, 52; revival of Organic Bases, 217; renewal of constitution of 1824, 222, 488; of 1847, =2.= 82.

Consuls in Mexico, cut off, =1.= 212, 484.

Contreras, battle of, field, =2.= 101; Valencia's occupation of it, 102, 104; American reconnaissance and advance, 103, 380; Pillow's attack and Riley's flank movement, 104, 376, 378, 380; support of Riley, 105, 107, 378-80; Santa Anna's movements, 105, 110, 379, 380; Valencia disobeys order to retire, 106; map, 107; American troops during night, 107; American flank and rear attack, 108-10, 379, 380; flight of Mexicans, 109; losses, spoils, 110; credit for victory, 376.

Convent at Churubusco, =2.= 111, 382; attack and capture, 113-4, 117, 382, 383, 385; map, 114.

Convoy. See Transportation.

Cooke, P. St. G., in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 290, 293; in California, =2.= 218, 455.

Córdoba, Bankhead's expedition, aspect of route to, =2.= 184-5, 433; under American rule, 222, 229; Lane at, 427.

Corcoran, W. J., company raised by, =2.= 431.

Corpus Christi, Taylor's force at, =1.= 142, 452.

Corral Falso, as defensive point, =2.= 39, 41, 42.

Corruption, Mexican, in army, =1.= 9; in civil service, 12; extent and effect, 13, 57, 416-7; question in peace negotiations, =2.= 123, 132, 390-1; and war-time trade, 263; and Mexican attitude on the war, 312.

Corwin, Thomas, on Scott, =1.= 197; opposition to war, =2.= 126; and treaty of peace, 247; effect of "hospitable graves" speech, 278, 494; demands recall of troops, 290.

Cos, M. P. de, at Tuxpán, =2.= 202, 445.

Cossack, claim, =1.= 426.

Cost of the war to United States, =2.= 266-7, 488.

Council Grove, trade rendezvous, =1.= 288.

Courtesy, Mexican, =1.= 26.

Couto, J. B., peace commissioner, =2.= 135, 239; and Peña, 180; on Trist, 323.

Cox, I. J., acknowledgment to, =1.= 450.

Cox, Nathaniel, claim, =1.= 426.

Coyoacán, force at, =2.= 101; and battle of Churubusco, 112, 382-3.

Crampton, J. F. T., British chargé at Washington, and levy on Mexicans, =2.= 486; on slavery and cessation of war, 500; on Whig war policy, 500.

Crawford, J. T., British consul at Tampico, reports cited passim.

Credit, lack of Mexican public, =2.= 7, 253; American foreign, 256. See also Finances.

Creole, burned, =2=. 444.

Creoles, characteristics, =1.= 3, 407; and Spanish-born, 29; and independence, 30-1.

Crepúsculo, on Santa Anna as dictator, =1.= 47; on Santa Anna and Zacatecas, 550.

Crime and criminal law, Mexican, =1.= 13, 21.

Crittenden, J. J., and war bill, =1.= 183, 187, 473, =2.= 277; defence of Taylor, =1.= 260; and Taylor's candidacy, 368; and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496; and plan to stop war, 290; position in Senate, 496; on American attitude toward Mexico, 508.

Cross, Trueman, killed, =1.= 160, 463; on Taylor and transportation, 490.

Cuba, Mexico and, =1.= 417; and Mexican privateering, =2.= 192, 193.

Cuernavaca, and Santa Anna's dictatorship, =1.= 46; occupied, =2.= 184, 433.

Cuevas, L. G., on chances of expected war, =1.= 111; and annexation of Texas, 434; on resumption of intercourse, 435; and Peña, =2.= 180; peace commissioner, 239, 466; on Trist, 323.

Cumberland, in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 442; damaged, 449.

Cumplido, I., Presidential candidacy, =2.= 236.

Curtis, S. R., and forays on Taylor's rear, =1.= 562.

Cushing, Caleb, sent to Scott, =2.= 184, 418; brigade in Taylor's force, 417; leaves Mexico, 438.

Customs, Mexican internal, =1.= 16, =2.= 253. See also Tariff.

Cuylti, Gavino, and Doniphan's advance, =1.= 301.

Cyane, at Monterey, =1.= 423; in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 205, 206, 446, 447; at La Paz and San José, 449.

Cyprey, Baron Alleye de, French minister at Mexico, on British recognition of Texas, =1.= 432.

Dakin, J. H., recruiting advertisement, =1.= 445.

Dale, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 447; at Guaymas, 447.

Dallas, G. M., and Buchanan faction, =2.= 282; on Polk, 510.

Dana, R. H., and public interest in California, =1.= 323.

Davidson, G. R., captured, =1.= 370-1. See also Encarnación prisoners.

Davis, C. W., and outrages, =1.= 425.

Davis, G. T. M., on errors at Churubusco, =2=. 383; on Belén operations, 412.

Davis, Jefferson, at Monterey, =1.= 249, 252, 500; in negotiations, 502, 504, 505; at Buena Vista, 555; and peace negotiations, =2.= 464; on glory of the war, 324.

Davis, John, and two million bill, =2.= 123.

Deas, Edward, battery in Taylor's later force, =2.= 418.

Deaths, in American army, =2.= 318, 511, 512.

Decatur, in attack on Tuxpán, =2.= 444; in Home Squadron, 446.

Declaration of war. See Outbreak.

Defensive-line policy, Taylor's plan, =1.= 282-3, 461, 513, 514; popularity, 347; persistence, =2.= 183, 430.

Deffaudis, Baron. French minister at Mexico, reports cited passim.

Delano, Columbus, and war bill, =1.= 472; inconsistent war criticism, =2.= 277.

Delaware Indians, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288.

Delaware troops, =2.= 431.

Democracy, radical party in Mexico (1846), =2.= 2-4. See also Federalism; Puros.

Democratic party, and war, =1.= 184, 471; early reaction, =2.= 269, 281; and Polk, dissensions, 269-73, 281, 283; leaders in Congress, 282, 496; dissensions and Wilmot Proviso, 286; dissensions protract war, 288. See also Congress; Polk.

Democratic Review, and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243.

De Russey, L. G., wrecked, march to Tampico, =1.= 547; attempt to rescue prisoners of war, =2.= 418.

Descriptions. See Physical aspect.

Desertion, in Taylor army at Rio Grande, =1.= 160, 463; tendency after Monterey, 262; amount, =2.= 318, 319; fate of deserters captured at Churubusco, 385; deserters and peace, 474. See also Irish; Propaganda.

Diablo, El, earthwork at Monterey, =1.= 249; attack on, 253-4, 500; evacuated, 255.

Diario, desires war, =1.= 105, 115; on help from abroad, 112; on the army, 408; on United States and Texas, 423; on start of final campaign, =2.= 92; on Scott's predicament, 103; on peace negotiations, 123, 130.

Diaz de la Vega, R. See La Vega.

Dickens, Charles, jibes at Americans, =2.= 294.

Dickinson, D. S., and expansion, =1.= 188; and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243; position in Senate, 496.

Dictatorship, under first Mexican constitution, =1.= 37; Victoria's, 39; Guerrero's, 42; Santa Anna's, 46, 51-3, 415; his virtual, during the war, =2.= 81, 85; invitation to Scott, 323.

Dimond, F. M., American consul at Vera Cruz, and restoration of intercourse, =1.= 89; report on Santa Anna's attitude, 201; and war programme, 350; on Mexico and American-British relations, 442; and spy for Scott, =2.= 332.

Diplomatic intercourse, American-Mexican, Mexican characteristics, =1.= 58, 416; treatment of Poinsett, 58-9, 417; Louisiana Purchase boundary, 59-61, 418; treaty of amity and commerce, 61, 419; recall of Poinsett demanded, 62; Butler as minister, 62, 419, 420; Ellis as chargé, 63; Sabine River boundary and Gaines's expedition, 63-6, 420-2; departure of Gorostiza, 66, 77; and recognition of Texas, 66, 422, 423; Bocanegra's threat, 68; Gorostiza's pamphlet, disavowal, 77-9; rupture (1845), 87; efforts to restore, 88-91, 133, 434, 447; preparation to reopen, 91; British efforts for renewal, 91, 435; Mexico agrees to resume, claims question in agreement, 92-4, 97, 435-6; need of haste, 94; instructions to Slidell, 95, 127, 436; rejection of Slidell, 96-8, 100-1, 120, 127, 133, 135, 145, 437-9, 447, 453; policy of bold military attitude to encourage resumption, 152; negotiations with Santa Anna (1846), 201-3, 471; difficulties of contrasted national characteristics, =2.= 310, 508. See also Claims; Foreign relations; Peace.

Direct tax. American attitude toward, =2.= 258, 480.

Discipline. See Conquered territory; Morale.

Disraeli, Benjamin, on Mexico, =2.= 296; and the war, 299; and interposition, 302.

District of Columbia troops, call and response (1847), =2.= 364, 431; in Taylor's later force, 417; at Jalapa, 433. See also Washington and Baltimore battalion.

Dodd, W. E., on Calhoun's rivals and war, =1.= 444.

Domínguez, Manuel, as Scott's spy, =2.= 362.

Don Simplicio, on Santa Anna's efforts at San Luis Potosí, =1.= 376, 377, 379; on revolt of 1846, =2.= 1; on political situation (1847), 16.

Donaldson, J. L., at Saltillo, =1.= 559.

Donelson, A. J., on Texas and European aid, =1.= 82; peaceful instructions to (1845), 131; on Mexico and slavery, 188; and war, 445.

Doniphan, A. W., regiment in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288; reduces Indians, 298; force for Chihuahua march, 98, 303, 519; character and appearance, 299; character of force, 299, 303; caravan with, 298, 303, 519, 520; crossing of Jornada del Muerto, 299, 518; Clark's reinforcement, 299, 303; preparations against at El Paso, 300-1, 518; affair of Brazito, 301-2, 518; at El Paso, 302-3; advance to Sacramento River, 303-4, 519; preparations against at Chihuahua, 304-6, 519; map of march, 305; battle of Sacramento, 306-13, 520; at Chihuahua, 313, 520; negotiations, 313; march to Saltillo, 313, 521, 547, 548; return to Missouri, reception, results of march, 314; on and during the battle, 520; later career, 521.

Dorsey, G., on Spanish American fear of aggression, =1.= 111.

Dosamantes, Señorita, as volunteer, =1.= 230, 494.

Dosamantes, J., captured at Chapultepec, =2.= 411.

Douglas, S. A., on cause of war, =1.= 189; on policy of occupying territory, =2.= 492; position in House, 496.

Doyle, P. W., British chargé at Mexico, on British recognition of Texas, =1.= 432; on conduct of American soldiers, =2.= 226, 231, 460; and renewal of peace negotiations, 238-40, 465; and armistice, 242, 470; on relaxed discipline after Scott's departure, 438.

Dragoons, force (1845), =1.= 139, 450; at Churubusco, =2.= 110, 119, 385; during armistice, 134; at Molino del Rey, 144, 146, 403; at Chapultepec, 161, 408, 410; in Mexico City, 164; with Scott, 356; garrison at Jalapa and Perote, 361; in California, 475. See also regiments by number.

Dress, Mexican, =1.= 18-9, 24; Californian, 316.

Drink. See Liquor.

Dromgoole, G. C., position in House, =2.= 496.

Drum, S. H., company at Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 403; at Chapultepec, 152, 156; at Belén garita, 159, 160; killed, 160; light artillery, 366.

Ducoing, Theodore, claim, =1.= 427.

Duflot de Mofras, Eugène, on cause of war, =1.= 189; and California, 324, 523.

Duncan, James, battery in Texas, =1.= 146; at Palo Alto, 168, 169, 465; at Monterey, 241, 243, 248, 258, 492, 496; advance to Saltillo, 264; field battery, 450; at Resaca de la Palma, 467; in advance of Perote, =2.= 61; Amozoc affair, 70; in Scott's army, 77; at Churubusco, 115, 117; at Molino del Rey, 143-6; at Chapultepec, 161; and uprising in the city, 167; and cabal against Scott, 178, 435; Scott's charges against, 188, 436; Polk rescues, 188; reconnaissance of Mexicaltzingo route, 372, 373; and Quitman's advance to Belén garita, 414.

Du Petit Thouars, A. A., and California, =1.= 523.

Du Pont, S. F., cruise off western coast of Mexico, =2.= 205; at La Paz and San José, 449.

Durán, José, and surrender of Ulúa, =2.= 340, 342.

Durango state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376; and secession coalition, =2.= 86.

Echagaray, Domingo, at San Juan Bautista, =2.= 446.

Echeagaray, Lt. Col., at Molino del Rey, =2.= 145; at San Cosme garita, 413.

Echols, R. M., regiment in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.

Eckford, Henry, claim, =1.= 426.

Edson, Alvin, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 335.

Education, under Spanish rule, =1.= 13; common, after independence, 14, 409; higher, 14.

Eighth Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Eighth Infantry, in Texas, =1.= 143; at Palo Alto, 164, 168, 466; at Resaca de la Palma, 174; at Monterey, 246, 492, 496, 501; advance to Saltillo, 264; in Scott's army, =2.= 77; at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384; at Chapultepec, 157; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; at Molino del Rey, 402.

Eighth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

El Carmen Island. See Carmen.

El Paso, aspect and people, =1.= 300, 302; force against Doniphan Brazito affair, 300-2, 518; Doniphan occupies, 302-3.

El Telégrafo. See Telégrafo.

Elections. See President.

Eleventh Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 363, 422, 432; at Chapultepec, 154, 410; at Churubusco, 385; at Molino del Rey, 402.

Eleventh Line Infantry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 347; at San Cosme garita, 162; and Vera Cruz, 334.

Elkins, Samuel, claim, =1.= 426.

Elliot, Charles, British minister in Texas, on chances of expected war, =1.= 105, 107; on Texas as theatre of war, 107; on policy of expansion, 123.

Ellis, Powhatan, American representative at Mexico, =1.= 63; and claims, 76-7; and California, 324; on Tornel, 484.

Ellis, T. H., American chargé at Mexico, reports cited passim.

Empire of Itúrbide, =1.= 35.

Encarnación, Santa Anna's army at, =1.= 381; map of district, 382. See also next title.

Encarnación prisoners, capture, =1.= 370-1; sent south, 562; at Huejutla, attempt to release, =2.= 418.

Engineers, military, Mexican, =1.= 156, 461, =2.= 312; American corps, =1.= 451; in the war, =2.= 320, 513; under Scott, 349, 356, 366.

England. See Great Britain.

Erie, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 447.

Escudero, J. A. de, and Farías, =2.= 5, 9.

Espectador, on the war, =1.= 442.

Esperanza, on Americans, =1.= 484.

Esteva, J. W., on Mexican character, =1.= 410.

Estrada, Gutiérrez de. See Gutiérrez de Estrada.

Europe, expected to aid Mexico, =1.= 112-5, 442. See also Foreign relations; Interposition; nations by name, especially France; Great Britain; Spain.

Eutaw Indians, subdued, =1.= 298.

Evacuation of Mexican territory, =2.= 251-2, 475-6.

Evans, George, and war bill, =1=. 183.

Eventualists, and secession and peace, =2.= 234, 239, 465. See also Puros.

Execution of American citizens, =1.= 70.

Expansion, spirit and attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 123, 444; London Times on, =2.= 294; justice, 322-3. See also Annexations.

Expulsion of American citizens, =1.= 71, 73, 423, 424.

Fairfield, John, on Scott, =1.= 197; on speeches in Congress, =2.= 284.

Falcon, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338; in Home Squadron, 445, 446.

Falmouth, scurvy, =2.= 195; in Home Squadron, 197, 442.

Farías, Valentín Gómez, Vice President, character, =1.= 45; as acting President, attempted reforms, 45; flees, 47; as Federalist leader, 48; and the war, 201; combination with Santa Anna, 216; imprisoned, 216; and revolt for Santa Anna (1846), 217, 221-3; and Salas and Santa Anna, =2.= 1, 327; as leader of radicals (Puros), 2; shelved, 4; election as Vice President and actual Executive (1846), 5; war policy, 6; financial problem and church property, 6, 9-14; and Beach, 12; superseded by Santa Anna, 14; office abolished, unpopularity, 15, 332; hostility to Santa Anna, 82; and Olaguíbel, 86; opposes peace negotiations (1847), 136.

Farragut, D. G., and Ulúa, =2.= 201.

Federal Union, and war, =1.= 473.

Federalism and Federalists, in first Mexican constitution, =1.= 36-7; oligarchical plots and revolt against, 37-8; party resentment, 38-9; overthrow, 47; pre-war factions, 48; Bustamante's attempt to restore, 51; and Herrera's rule, 55-6; party and Poinsett, 59; restoration (1846), 217, 222, 488; war-time factions, =2.= 2-5; in election of 1846, 5; split on demands on church property, 11; and Santa Anna as Executive, 15; states defy Santa Anna, plan for new republic, 86-7, 234, 369; state discussion on peace, 236, 464; antagonistic state groups, 510. See also Constitutions; Government; Moderados; Puros.

Federation Ridge at Monterey, =1.= 239, 497; capture, 244, 498.

Fernández del Castillo, Pedro. See Castillo.

Ferry, Gabriel, on battle of Monterey, =1.= 503; and interposition, =2.= 304; on American army, 321.

Fifteenth Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 363, 422, 432; at Contreras, 105; at Chapultepec, 154, 155, 157; garrisons it, 159; at Churubusco, 384; advance after armistice, 400.

Fifth Cavalry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.

Fifth Infantry, in Texas, =1.= 143; at Palo Alto, 164, 167; at Resaca de la Palma, 174; at Monterey, 245, 247, 259, 492, 496; advance to Saltillo, 264; in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 422; at Churubusco, 112, 115, 116, 384; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; at Molino del Rey, 402, 403.

Fifth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.

Filisola, Vicente, and Doniphan's expedition, =1.= 521; and plans against Taylor, =2.= 165, 419; and later command, 182, 430.

Finances, American, naval appropriations, =1.= 190, =2.= 189; unfavorable pre-war conditions, 255, 306; problem of war loans, lack of credit abroad, 256, 478; need of more income, 258, 260, 481; tariff of 1846, warehouse system, and sub-treasury, 257, 478-9; treasury notes, 258, 479, 480; first loan, 259, 479, 481; second loan, 260, 481; proposed impost on tea and coffee, 261, 285, 482; and gradation of public lands, 261; tariff for Mexican ports, 261-3, 303, 484, 500, 505; effect of prosperity due to European conditions, 263, 484; third loan, 264, 485; levies on Mexicans, 264-6, 485-8; funds and expenditures in Mexico, 266, 488; cost of the war, 266-7, 488; political effects of Polk's policy, 273, 281; money market during the war, 489; other war-time Acts, 489.

Finances, Mexican, Itúrbide's troubles, =1.= 34-5; and expulsion of Gachupines, 39; early republican difficulties, 39; crisis (1837), 48; under Santa Anna's dictatorship, 52; Herrera's predicament, 55; war preparations, 213-4, 223, 488; Santa Anna's preparations at San Luis Potosí, 377; forced loans, 410, 431, =2.= 254, 477; general war-time character, 6, 327; problems, 7; demands on Church, law of Jan. 11, opposition, 8-11, 329; Beach's intrigue and clerical revolt, 11-4, 330-2; Santa Anna and Church property, 15, 329; effect of war on normal income, 253; taxation projects, 253; state donations, 254; clerical donations, 254, 477; loans, 254, 477; seizures and requisitions, 255; state of treasury (1846), 328.

First Artillery, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 54, 352; in Scott's army, 77; at Churubusco, 114, 382; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; garrison at Jalapa, 361; at Belén garita, 413; in Taylor's later force, 417.

First Cavalry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

First Dragoons, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 286, 288, 515; leave for California, 297; in Wool's march, 509; at Buena Vista, 554, 555; in Scott's army, =2.= 77; at Churubusco, 119; in California, 219; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; in Taylor's later force, 417.

First Infantry, at Burrita, =1.= 177; at Monterey, 250, 252, 492, 496; in Smith's brigade, 541; garrisons Vera Cruz, =2.= 37; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343.

First Ligero, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.

First Line Infantry, Mexican, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Fischer, Waldemar, company in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288, 515.

Flagg, A. C., and Polk's Cabinet, =2.= 269, 271.

Flirt, in Home Squadron, =2.= 197, 442.

Flores, J. M., rising in California, =1.= 339, 533; as provisional governor, 340; and battle of San Pascual, 342; and American advance on Los Angeles, 343-4, 535; retires to Sonora, 345; and Larkin, 536.

Florida troops, calls, =1.= 537, =2.= 364; in Taylor's later force, 417; at Puebla, 433.

Food and drink, Mexican, =1.= 2, 20-1.

Forbes, Alexander, British consul at Tepic, effect of his book on California, =1.= 323.

Forbes, J. A., British vice consul in California, on California and independence, =1.= 321; on expected American annexation, 325; and British control, 328, 329, 332.

Forced loans in Mexico, =1.= 410, =2.= 254, 477; to pay claims, =1.= 431.

Ford, Lemuel, at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424; in Lane's guerilla operations, 426.

Foreign relations, American, European attitude toward United States, =2.= 294-6, 502; and toward Mexico, 296, 502; Buchanan's circular on origin and purpose of war, 297; Spanish America and the war, 298; attitude of Spain, 298; of Prussia, 298; England and outbreak of war, 299-300; France and outbreak, 300, 503; British offer of mediation, 301, 503-4; question of British interposition, 301-4, 504-6; and British-French relations, 304, 506; France and interposition, 304; effect of victories, 305; foreign help of Mexico, 306; criticism of war operations, 306-8, 507; and treaty of peace, 308-9; influence of war on, 323. See also Diplomatic intercourse; Preparation; nations by name, especially France; Great Britain; Spain.

Foreigners. See Aliens.

Forsyth, John, and Gaines's expedition, =1.= 64, 66, 422; and claims commission, 80, 429.

Forward, in attack on Alvarado, =2.= 199; in Tabasco expedition, 200.

Foster, J. G., at Molino del Rey, wounded, =2.= 142, 144, 403; at Cerro Gordo, 349; engineer with Scott, 366.

Fourteenth Infantry, in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 363, 432; at Chapultepec, 154; at Churubusco, 385; at Molino del Rey, 402.

Fourth Artillery, at Buena Vista, =1.= 555; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 53; in Scott's army, 77; at Molino del Rey, 143; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; left at Contreras, 382; in Taylor's later force, 417, 418.

Fourth Infantry, at Fort Jesup, =1.= 140; goes to Texas, 141-2, 452; at Palo Alto 164, 167, 168; at Monterey, 252, 256, 492, 496, 500-2, 506; in Scott's army, =2.= 77, 422; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; at San Cosme garita, 414.

Fourth Ligero, at Monterey, =1.= 494; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 347.

Fourth Line Infantry, Mexican, at Palo Alto, =1.= 165, 168; at Resaca de la Palma, 171, 174, 175; at Monterey, 494; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 53, 347.

Fourth of July, claim, =1.= 424.

France, attack on Mexico, =1.= 49, 74; and Texas, 55, 67, 90, 432; and expected war, 112; and annexation of Texas, 113, =2.= 295, 501, 502; and support of Mexico, interposition, =1.= 112-5, =2.= 304; supposed manipulation of Mexico, =1.= 121; and California, 324, 326, 327, 523, =2.= 505; and Mexican privateering, 193; and American tariff for Mexican ports, 262, 484; attitude toward United States, 295; attitude toward Mexico, 296-7; and outbreak of war, 300, 503; attitude and British relations, 304, 506; and American victories, 305.

Franklin, W. B., reconnaissance in Wool's march, =1.= 271.

Freaner, J. L., and recall of Trist, =2.= 465; takes treaty to Washington, 467.

Frederick William of Prussia, and the war, =2.= 299.

Frémont, J. C., expedition canceled (1845), =1.= 131, 447; and Castro, retirement, 331, 528; Gillespie and return, Bear Flag war, 331-3, 528-9, 531; and Sloat, 335, 531; joins Stockton, force and appearance, 336; influences address, 336; in first southern campaign, 336, 337; command in north, 338; and second southern campaign, 342, 345, 535-6; treaty with insurgents, 345-6, =2.= 218; as governor, 217; and Kearny, 454.

French, S. G., on Taylor as fighter, =1.= 238.

French in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5.

French revolution, influence in Mexico, =1.= 30.

Frontera, blockade, =2.= 194; importance, 443.

Fugitive slaves, rendition in American-Mexican negotiations, =1.= 419.

Furber, G. C., work as source, =1.= 404.

Furlong, C., and Americans at Puebla, =2.= 225.

Gachupines, characteristics, =1.= 3; expulsion, 39, 42, 413. See also Oligarchy.

Gahagan, Dennis, claim, =1.= 427.

Gaines, E. P., Nacogdoches expedition, =1.= 64-6, 420-2; requisition for six-months men, 196, 205, 452, 476, =2.= 272, 511; and Scott, =1.= 197; Taylor's letter, 347, 507; and command of Vera Cruz expedition, 353; relieved, court of inquiry, 476.

Gaines, J. P., carelessness and capture, =1.= 370-1; at Saltillo, 541; of Scott's staff, =2.= 366. See also Encarnación prisoners.

Gallatin, Albert, on annexation of Texas, =1.= 83; pessimism on peace prospects, =2.= 235; on treasury notes, 258; and the war, 314.

Gambling, American, =1.= 144, 207, =2.= 214; at Mexico City, =2.= 460.

Gamboa, Ramón, and Santa Anna, =2.= 134; on evacuation of Mexico City, 415, 416.

Gaona, General, in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40; abandons Perote, 61.

Garay, F. de, and De Russey's expedition, =2.= 418.

Garay, J. G. Perdigón. See Perdigón Garay.

García, General, at Matamoros, character, =1.= 158, 462.

García Conde, Pedro, and battle of Sacramento, =1.= 306, 309, 312, 519, 520.

Gardner, J. L., command at Point Isabel, =1.= 493.

Garland, John, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164; at Monterey, 250, 251, 253, 492, 496, 499, 500; brigade in advance of Perote, =2.= 61; in Scott's army, 77; before San Antonio, Mex., 102; at Churubusco, 113, 116; at Molino del Rey, 143, 145; at Chapultepec, 161; at San Cosme garita, 162; wounded in uprising, 167; and Contreras, 381.

Garro, Máximo, Mexican chargé at Paris, reports cited passim.

Gates, William, at Tampico, =1.= 281, 282, 486, 512, 546, =2.= 484; discipline, 215; and prisoners at Huejutla, 418.

Gateways of Mexico City, =2.= 147. See also Belén; San Cosme.

Georgia troops, in Victoria march, =1.= 357; at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343; in Alvarado expedition, 344; leave Scott, 356; calls (1847), 364, 365, 430; for Scott, 423; cavalry at Huamantla, 426.

"Germanicus," on volunteers, =1.= 474.

Germans in Mexico, merchants, =1.= 5; mining companies, 15.

Germantown, in attack on Tuxpán, =2.= 444; in Home Squadron, 445, 446.

Germany. =See= Prussia.

Gerolt, Baron, Prussian minister at Washington, and the war, =2.= 503.

Gibson, George, commissary general of subsistence, =1.= 475; and Graham, 500.

Giddings, J. R., and secession, =2.= 272; position in House, 496.

Giffard, F. L., British consul at Matamoros, on conduct of volunteers, =2.= 211.

Giffard, T., British consul at Vera Cruz, on Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 22, 32, 33, 337, 341; on American rule, 221; on Scott and Jalapa, 362.

Gillespie, A. H., mission to California, =1.= 326, 329, 526, 530; and return of Frémont, 331, 332, 528; and Bear Flag war, 332, 529; in southern campaign, 336; rule at Los Angeles, 338; rising against, surrender, 339, 533-4; joins Kearny, 341; in battle of San Pascual, 342; in expedition to Los Angeles, 342.

Gillespie, R. A., at Monterey, =1.= 245; march to Mier, 483.

Glass, J. W., British consul at Tampico, reports cited passim.

Glasson, J. J., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.

Goliad massacre, American indignation, =1.= 117.

Gómez, Gregorio, Jefferson and Natchez incidents, =1.= 424-5; in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40; flight from La Hoya, 58.

Gómez Farías. See Farías.

Gómez Pedraza. See Pedraza.

González, ----, and Armijo, =1.= 293.

Gore, J. H., at San Cosme garita, =2.= 414.

Gorman, W. A., at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 556; at Huamantla, =2.= 426.

Gorostiza, M. E. de, as minister at Washington, =1.= 64; and Gaines's expedition, 65-6, 420-2; pamphlet, Mexican disavowal, 77-9; and Texas, 432; and Santa Anna, =2.= 92.

Government, Mexican, results of colonial system, =1.= 29-30; causes of failure, 56-7, 416-7, 438, =2.= 310, 312; difficulties in tracing political development, =1.= 411; extempore, after loss of capital, =2.= 179-81, 427, 428; results to, of the war, 514. See also Centralists; Congress, Mexican; Conquered territory; Constitutions; Dictatorship; Federalism; Independence; Local government; Monarchy; Oligarchy; President of Mexico; Revolutions; Roman Catholic church.

Graham, G. M., and Garland at Monterey, =1.= 500; messenger to Mexico, =2.= 473.

Graham, James, and Oregon, =1.= 200.

Grande, Rio. See Rio Grande.

Grant, U. S., at Monterey, =1.= 252, 256, 501; on Worth, 498; on magnifying of Taylor's victories, 549; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 49; at San Cosme garita, 162, 414; on departure from Mexico, 252; on Cerro Gordo, 354; on Churubusco, 383; on battles before Mexico City, 408; on Mexican soldiers, 509.

Gray, A. F. V., at San Pascual, =1.= 535.

Grayson, J. B., Scott's chief of subsistence, =2.= 366.

Great Britain, British loans to Mexico, =1.= 37; and Texas, 55, 67, 86, 90, 419, 432, 449, =2.= 295, 303, 502, 506; commercial treaty with Mexico, =1.= 61; and California, 69, 319, 323-6, 328, 334, 336, 524, 527, 531, =2.= 302, 308, 505; Mexican relations and claims, =1.= 74, 135, 425, =2.= 296-7, 502; and restoration of American-Mexican intercourse, =1.= 91, 435; Oregon controversy, 90, 94, 114-5, 200, 478, =2.= 295, 299, 504; question of interposition, =1.= 112-5, 442, =2.= 238, 301-4, 504-6; supposed manipulation of Mexico, =1.= 121, 443; and Mexican privateering, =2.= 192; and blockade, 193, 303, 440; and peace negotiations, 238, 465; attitude toward United States, 294-5, 501; and outbreak of the war, defeat of her policy, 299-300; offer of mediation, 301, 368; influence of French relations, 304, 506; and American victories, 305; volunteer officers for Mexico, 306; and treaty of peace, 308-9, 508. See also Bankhead; Doyle; Pakenham; Thornton.

Green, B. E., and Mexican negotiations, =1.= 84-5, 433, 436; on Tornel, 484.

Green, Duff, on Mexican finances, =2.= 8.

Green, P. C., claim, =1.= 426.

Greenhow, Robert, and claims on Mexico, =1.= 78, 429.

Grievances, American, =1.= 70-3, 423, 424. See also Claims; Diplomatic intercourse.

Griffin, W. P., at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.

Grijalva River. See Tabasco.

Grone, Karl von, on Scott, =2.= 316; on American soldiers, 321.

Guadalajara, situation, =1.= 3.

Guadalupe, escape, =2.= 195.

Guadalupe Hidalgo, shrine, =1.= 223, 488, =2.= 141; Valencia at, =2.= 88; treaty signed at, 240, 467.

Guadalupe Hidalgo, treaty of. See Peace.

Guanajuato, powder-mill, =2.= 87.

Guanajuato cavalry battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Guanajuato state, in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.

Guatemala, and the war, =2.= 298.

Guaymas, as port, =1.= 3; bombarded, =2.= 205, 446; map, 206; blockade, 206; occupied, 206, 208, 447.

Guerilla warfare, in revolt against Spain, =1.= 31-2; threat (1846), 153, 154; Canales' force, 158, 226, 236, 479, 495; Blanco's force, 273, 274, 283, 510; in north after Buena Vista, suppression, 399-400, 562, =2.= 169-71, 421, 422; during battle of Buena Vista, =1.= 559; operations on Scott's line, =2.= 77, 171, 365, 422, 423; and Scott's advance, 98; Mexican addiction to, 168; adoption and sanction, 168-9, 421; Vera Cruz state as chief home, leaders, 171, 421; Scott's operations against, 172, 423; lack of morale, attacks on Mexicans, 172-3; operations and siege of Puebla, 173-4, 178, 424; Lane's operations against, 178-9, 426-7; British encouragement, 306; Scott's warning on, 358; failure, 423.

Guerillas of Vengeance, =2.= 169.

Guerrero, Vicente, as partisan leader, =1.= 32; in Itúrbide's revolt, 33; revolt against Itúrbide, 35; and Montaño's revolt, 38; Presidential candidacy, 40-1; proclaimed President, 41; character, as President, 42; overthrow, killed, 43; warned by United States, 59, 418; and Poinsett, 62.

Guexocingo, Lane at, =2.= 426.

Guizot, F. P. G., policy of balance of power in America, =1.= 90, =2.= 304; and expected war, =1.= 108, 112, 115; and Texas, 295; policy of neutrality, =2.= 300; and United States, 301; and Palmerston, 304.

Gutiérrez, Captain, at Monterey, =1.= 254.

Gutiérrez de Estrada, J. M., and monarchy, =1.= 90; on conduct of American army, =2.= 232.

Gwynn, T. P., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174.

Hacienda, =1.= 19.

Hacienda department. See Finances, Mexican.

Haddon, W. R., on Buena Vista, =1.= 557.

Hagner, P. V., at Chapultepec, =2.= 152; ordnance officer with Scott, 366.

Haile, ----, on losses at Monterey, =1.= 505.

Hamer, T. L., as volunteer officer, =1.= 207, 481; at Monterey, 253, 254, 492.

Hamilton, C. S., on mistakes at Monterey, =1.= 503; on army life in Mexico, =2.= 321.

Hamilton, Schuyler, of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.

Hamley, E. B., on military strategy, =2.= 317.

Hammond, J. H., on war spirit, =1.= 127.

Hamtramck, John, command at Saltillo, =2.= 418.

Hancock, W. S., at Churubusco, =2.= 385.

Hannah Elizabeth, claim, =1.= 424.

Hannegan, E. A., and expansion, =1.= 188; and absorption of Mexico, =2.= 243; on Polk and Oregon, 271; position in Senate, 496; on responsibility of Mexico, 508.

Haralson, H. A., position in House, =2.= 496.

Hardcastle, E. L. F., topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.

Hardee, W. J., captured, expected Mexican victory at Palo Alto, =1.= 161.

Hardin, J. J., at Buena Vista, =1.= 383, 386, 390, 391; charge, killed, 393-4, 556, 559.

Hargous, Louis, and Santa Anna, =1.= 487; Scott's agent, =2.= 362, 396; and navy, 444.

Harmony, Peter, claim, =1.= 426.

Harney, W. S., escapade, =1.= 268-70, 509; insubordination and magnanimity of Scott, 364-5, 545, 546, =2.= 248; and Wool, detached from Wool's march, =1.= 509; brigade, 541; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 51, 53-6, 352, 354; command in Scott's army, 77; in advance from Puebla, 93, 94; at San Agustín, 97, 381; at Churubusco, 119; in Mexico City, 164; at siege of Vera Cruz, 335, 339; La Antigua expedition, 344; during Chapultepec, 408.

Haro y Tamáriz, Antonio de, and Santa Anna, =2.= 4; and financial chaos, 11.

Harrison, W. H., and control of occupied territory, =2.= 285, 497.

Haskell, W. T., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 56, 57, 353.

Hawkins, E. S., commands Fort Brown, =1.= 468.

Hays, J. C., at Monterey, =1.= 238, 241, 255, 497, 498, 501; and protection of Texas, 452; operations against guerillas, =2.= 172, 423; goes to Scott, 184, 418, 432; character of Rangers, 423.

Haywood, W. H., Jr., and tariff, =2.= 479.

Heady, W. J., carelessness and capture, =1.= 371. See also Encarnación prisoners.

Hébert, P. O., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.

Hecla, in attack on Tuxpán, =2.= 444; in Home Squadron, 445; ashore, 446.

Heintzelman, S. P., at Huamantla, =2.= 426; in Lane's operations, 426.

Henderson, G. F. R., on civilian judgment on military subjects, =1.= x.

Henderson, J. P., command of Texan troops, =1.= 480; division in Monterey campaign, 492, 496; in Monterey negotiations, 502.

Henry, Thomas, at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55.

Henry, W. S., on Camargo camp, =1.= 212; on mistakes at Monterey, 502; on Taylor's force after battle, 507.

Heredia, J. A., command at Chihuahua, =1.= 305; battle of Sacramento, 306-13; negotiations, 313; displaced, 521.

Hernández, priest, and Butler, =1.= 62.

Herrera, J. J. de, head of government (1845), =1.= 55-6; and resumption of American intercourse, 89, 92, 94, 435, 436; administration totters, 95; and Slidell mission, 96-8, 120, 437; fall, 98-9, 438; endorsed by many (1846), 216, 221; and California, 329; and Santa Anna (1847), =2.= 92; peace commissioner, 135; and evacuation of city, 167, 420; and executive power (1847), 180; supports Peña, 180; force, resigns, 182, 429; President (1848), and American evacuation, 252; on restoration of cordiality, 323; and riot during armistice, 396.

Hervey, L., British agent in Mexico, reports cited passim.

Heywood, Charles, at San José, =2.= 449.

Hidalgo, Miguel, revolt, =1.= 31.

Hidalgo battalion, formation, =2.= 3-4; at San Antonio, 112, 384; at Chapultepec, 410.

Hill, D. H., on Monterey, =1.= 254, 505; on Pillow, =2.= 377.

Hilliard, H. W., on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 457.

Hitchcock, E. A., in Texas, on Taylor, =1.= 144, 145, 452; leaves front, 158; Scott's magnanimity, 545, =2.= 248; on Worth's Chachapa agreement, 70; on Churubusco, 118; on Molino del Rey, 147; at siege of Vera Cruz, 335; on Worth, 361; of Scott's staff, 366; and plan of attack on Mexico City, 408.

Holmes, I. E., on war spirit, =1.= 444; and war bill, 471, 472; on Polk's alarm, 476.

Holst, H. E. von, on Polk and war, =1.= 472, 473; on justice of acquiring California, =2.= 322.

Home Squadron during the war, vessels, distribution, men, =2.= 189, 197, 442, 444-6. See also Conner; Perry.

Hooker, Joseph, at Monterey, =1.= 253.

Hopping, E. D., brigade in Taylor's force, =2.= 417.

Horn, Carlos, at Mazatlán, =2.= 448.

Horsemanship, Mexican, =1.= 24.

Houses, Mexican, =1.= 18-20, 23; inns, 20.

Houston, Sam, European intrigue, =1.= 82; and treaty of peace, =2.= 247.

Howard, Joshua, regiment, =2.= 363.

Hoya Pass, as defensive point, =2.= 39, 42; abandoned, 58, 60.

Huamantla, battle, =2.= 176-8, 425-6.

Hudson, Charles, position in House, =2.= 496.

Hudson, T. B., in battle of Sacramento, =1.= 309, 311, 312.

Huejutla, prisoners of war at, =2.= 418.

Huger, Benjamin, at Molino del Rey, =2.= 143, 145, 146; at Chapultepec, 149, 153, 409; at San Cosme garita, 161, 162, 415; at siege of Vera Cruz, 335; ordnance officer with Scott, 356, 366.

Hughes, G. W., reconnaissance in Wool's march, =1.= 271; on population of Mexico, 407; on Wool's force, 509; as governor of Jalapa, =2.= 224, 230.

Hull, J. B., off western coast of Mexico, =2.= 205.

Humboldt, Alexander von, on léperos, =1.= 6; and the war, =2.= 299, 309; on justice of acquisition of California, 322.

Hunt, H. J., at Chapultepec, =2.= 156; at San Cosme garita, 162.

Hunt, W. E., in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279.

Hunter, C. G., at Alvarado, =2.= 344.

Ibarra, D., removed, =2.= 66; and Trist mission, 130, 390; attack on, 367.

Iguala, Plan of, =1.= 33.

Illinois, hard times and unrest, =1.= 124. See also Illinois troops.

Illinois troops, at Buena Vista, =1.= 383, 386, 387, 389, 390, 556, 559; in Wool's march, 509; at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343; leave Scott, 356; call and response (1847), 364, 365, 430, 431; in Taylor's later force, 417; at Tampico, 418; for Scott, 423.

Importance of the war, =1.= vii.

Independence, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 206, 446, 447.

Independence Hill at Monterey, =1.= 239, 497; capture, 244-6, 499.

Independence of Mexico, incitation, =1.= 30-1; Hidalgo's revolt, 31; partisan warfare, 31-2; education for, 32; revolt of oligarchy and Itúrbide, Plan of Iguala, 32-3; Itúrbide's rule, 33-5; his overthrow, 35; Congress, first republican constitution, 35-7, 412, 413; Victoria's administration, 37-8; expulsion of Gachupines, 39, 42, 413; Spanish invasion (1829), 41.

Independencia battalion, formation, =2.= 3; revolts, 13; at Churubusco, 111, 382.

Indiana troops, at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 388, 390, 391, 555, 557; call (1847), =2.= 364, 431; in Taylor's later force, 417; sent to Scott, 418; at Huamantla, 426; in Lane's operations, 426, 427; garrison at Puebla, 433.

Indianapolis, enlistments, =1.= 195.

Indianapolis State Sentinel, on Mexicans, =1.= 118.

Indians, characteristics and conditions of Mexican, =1.= 4, 18, 21; Mexican, as soldiers, 10, 161, 463; and independence, 31; Mexico counts on help of American, 107; in Kearny's expedition, 288; war and raids, 269, 509; submission in New Mexico, 298; employment in war, 509; raids on American expeditions, 515.

Indicador, on war lethargy, =1.= 214.

Industry, conditions of Mexican, =1.= 6, 15-7, 22.

Ingersoll, C. J., on Polk and war, =1.= 456; on war bill, 472; on lesson of the war, =2.= 324; position in House, 496.

Ingersoll, J. R., position in House, =2.= 496.

Ingraham, D. N., at Tampico, =1.= 512.

Iniestra, Ignacio, and California, =1.= 522.

Inns, Mexican, =1.= 20.

Intellectual life, lack in Mexico, =1.= 20.

Intelligence arrangements and reconnaissance, Taylor's neglect, =1.= 145, 161, 208, 226, 249, 374, 451, 464, 476, 478, 549; Scott's, =2.= 72, 332, 362.

Internal improvements, and Democratic dissensions, =2.= 271, 281.

Interposition, Mexican hope of Spanish-American, =1.= 111; and of European, 112-5, 122, 442; question of British, =2.= 301-4, 504-6; and of French, 304; effect of American victories, 305.

Iowa troops, non-active, =2.= 511.

Ireland, famine, effect on American finances, =2.= 263, 484; American relief and the war, 304.

Irish in American army, Mexican propaganda among, =1.= 507, =2.= 81, 358; deserters in Santa Anna's army, 88, 385; in Mexican hospital force, 347. See also San Patricio battalion.

Irregulars. See Guerilla warfare.

Irving, Washington, American minister at Madrid, reports cited passim.

Irwin, J. R., Scott's chief quartermaster, =2.= 366.

Irwin, William, at Marín, =1.= 562.

Isunza, J. R., governor of Puebla, and Scott's advance, =2.= 66, 69, 95.

Iturbe, ----, finance minister, graft, =1.= 214, =2.= 328.

Itúrbide, Agustín de, and war on insurgents, =1.= 31; revolt, 33; rule, 33-5; overthrow, 35; and Congress, 35; execution, 37; seizure by, 426; and financial system, =2.= 6.

Iztaccihuatl, Mount, aspect, =2.= 93.

Izucar de Matamoros, Lane at, =2.= 179, 427.

Jackson, Andrew, and Texas, =1.= 62, 419, 428; and Sabine River boundary, 64; and claims on Mexico, 77-8, 428; and war spirit, 124.

Jackson, T. J., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154, 160, 410; at Contreras, 378; at Molino del Rey, 403.

Jalapa, site, aspect, =1.= 2, =2.= 63, 223; march of Scott's army for, 38, 45-8; Mexican preparations on route, 39-42, 346; defences at Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347, 348; battle of Cerro Gordo, 48-59; occupied, 59, 354; Scott at, his problems of advance, 61-5; American garrison, 74, 361, 362, 433; American rule, 223-5, 230, 231, 458; Scott's fortification, 358.

Jalisco Lancers, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Jalisco state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376; in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.

Jarauta, C. D. de, as guerilla, =2.= 171; offers to join Americans, 421; executed, 423.

Jarero, J. M., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 44.

Jarnagin, Spencer, and tariff of 1846, =2.= 257, 496.

Jay, John, and War of 1812, =2.= 280.

Jefferson, Tampico incident, =1.= 425.

Jesup, T. S., and tents, =1.= 206; and Wool's train, 274; Taylor on, 352; quartermaster general, 475; and Taylor's inadequate preparations for Monterey campaign, 482, 491; and preparations for Vera Cruz expedition, 545.

Jesup, Fort, troops at (1845), =1.= 140.

Jobson, S., on Ulúa, =1.= 536.

John Adams, and Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18; in Home Squadron, 197, 446; in attack on Tuxpán, 444.

Johnson, Andrew, on cause of war, =1.= 189.

Johnson, Sir Thomas, Mexican partisan, =1.= 531.

Johnston, A. S., at Monterey, =1.= 253; Texan regiment for Taylor, 480; staff position, 492.

Johnston, J. E., at Chapultepec, =2.= 154, 155; takes reinforcements to Scott, 184; force at Puebla, 432.

Jomini, Baron de, on simplicity of war, =1.= x; on generalship, =2.= 315.

Jones, Anson, on Polk and war, =1.= 445, 446.

Jones, Roger, adjutant general, =1.= 474.

Jones, T. A. C., occupation of Monterey, =1.= 69, 323, 327, 423; commands Pacific squadron, =2.= 448.

Jones, W. D., American consul at Mexico, reports cited passim.

Jornada del Muerto, Doniphan's march, =1.= 300, 518.

Journal des Débats, on sympathy with Mexico, =1.= 112-4; on monarchist plan, 470; attitude toward United States, =2.= 295; on weakness of Mexico, 297; on outbreak of war, 300; on Palmerston, 301; and interposition, 304; on American victories, 305; and terms of peace, 308, 309; on Mexico expedition as achievement, 321; criticism of military operations, 507.

Juárez, B. P., and demand on Church property, =2.= 10, 11.

Judiciary, Mexican, character, =1.= 12-3, 409, 427; in occupied territory, =2.= 229.

Juno, at Santa Barbara, =1.= 527.

Justice of the war, =1.= ix, 66-7, 70-83, 98, 100-1, 116-22, 136-7, 187, 190, 325-7, =2.= 310-1, 322-4, 514.

Juvera, J., at Venado, =1.= 553.

Kearny, Philip, in Scott's army, =2.= 77; at Churubusco, 119.

Kearny, S. W., preparation for Santa Fe expedition, force, =1.= 286, 288, 515; map of route, 287; march to Bent's Fort, 288-9, 515; caravan with, 289; Armijo's preparations, 289, 292-3; Price's reinforcement, 290, 516; Mormon battalion, 290, 516; proclamation and letter to Armijo, 290, 516; advance to San Miguel, 291; assurances to inhabitants, 291-2, 516; expected fight at Apache Canyon, condition of force, 292-3, 516; resistance abandoned, 293-5, 516-7; occupies Santa Fe, 295-6; march to southern district, 297; leaves for California, 297, 517; reaches it, condition of force, 341; battle of San Pascual, 341-2, 534; in advance on Los Angeles, 342-3; rule in New Mexico, =2.= 217; rule in California, 217; governor of Mexico City, 438; and Frémont, 454; governor of Vera Cruz, 457; leaves Mexico City, 476.

Kendall, Amos, on peace, =2.= 314.

Kendall, G. W., in Santa Fe expedition, =1.= 72; on losses at Monterey, 505.

Kendrick, H. L., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424.

Kenly, J. R., on war enthusiasm of Mexicans, =1.= 442.

Kennedy, ----, and Rebolledo, =2.= 423.

Kent, William, on the war, =2.= 273.

Kentucky troops, enlistments, =1.= 195; in Monterey campaign, 255, 492, 496; at Buena Vista, 383, 386, 388, 554, 555, 558; in Wool's march, 509; at Saltillo, 541; at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 343; at Cerro Gordo, 352; in Taylor's later force, 417; call (1847), 431.

Kerr, Croghan, at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 168; at Resaca de la Palma, 172, 467.

Kilburn, C. L., at Buena Vista, =1.= 391, 558.

Kimball, E. A., at Chapultepec, =2.= 410.

King, Preston, position in House, =2.= 496.

King, W. R., American minister at Paris, on war and slavery, =1.= 189; on French war sentiment, =2.= 300; on importance of victories, 305.

Kingsbury, Private, on Mexican women, =2.= 230.

Kirby, Edmund, Scott's chief paymaster, =2.= 366.

Kribben, Christian, on Chihuahua Rangers, =1.= 519.

La Angostura. See Angostura.

La Antigua. See Antigua.

La Atalaya. See Atalaya.

La Bahía. See Bahía.

Laboring class in Mexico, =1.= 6.

Laclede Rangers, in Kearny's expedition, =1.= 288; to hold Santa Fe, 298.

La Encarnación. See Encarnación.

Lafragua, J. M., and peace negotiations, =2.= 466.

Lagos coalition. See Coalition.

Laguna, occupation, =2.= 201, 204, 445.

La Hoya Pass. See Hoya.

Lally, F. T., guerilla attacks on, =2.= 171, 422; takes reinforcements to Scott, 184; rule at Jalapa, 224; at Huamantla, 426; in Lane's operations, 426.

Lampazos company, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Lancers of the Poisoned Spear, =2.= 173.

Landero, J. J. de, and surrender of Vera Cruz, =2.= 33, 334, 340, 342.

Lane, Camp, =1.= 480.

Lane, Joseph, at Saltillo, =1.= 371; at Buena Vista, 390, 555, 557; march to relieve Puebla, =2.= 176, 425; battle of Huamantla, 176-8, 426; reaches Puebla, 178; operations against guerillas, 179, 426-7; conduct of soldiers, 225; brigade in Taylor's force, 417; career and character, 425; retained in service, 432.

La Paz. See Paz.

La Peña redoubt. See Peña.

Laplace, C. P. T., and California, =1.= 523.

Laredo, occupation, =1.= 452.

Larkin, T. O., as trader in California, =1.= 317; on American immigrants, 318; on independence, 321; American consul, 324; on attitude of England, 325; on peaceful absorption, 325; instructions to, as confidential agent, 325, 329; and taking possession at Monterey, 334, 335, 530; in first southern campaign, 337; captured, 536.

Larnard, C. H., on Taylor, =1.= 204, 470.

La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc de, on detail, =1.= ix; on greatness, =2.= 314, 316.

La Rosa, Luis de. See Rosa.

Las Bocas. See Bocas.

Las Vegas, Kearny's expedition at, =1.= 291.

Las Vigas. See Vigas.

La Vaca. See Port La Vaca.

Lavallette, E. A. F., at Guaymas, =2.= 206, 447; evacuates Mazatlán, 476.

La Vega, R. Díaz de, and Rio Grande campaign, =1.= 158, 179; captured at Resaca de la Palma, 467; in preparations below Perote, =2.= 40, 42, 346; at Cerro Gordo, 44; captured, not paroled, 354.

La Viga garita. See Viga.

Law of April 20, 1847, =2.= 81, 130, 135, 367, 389, 393.

Law of February 4, 1847, =2.= 12, 15.

Law of January 11, 1847, passage and conflict over, =2.= 8-15, 329-32.

Lawrence, in Home Squadron, =2.= 442.

Laws, chaos of Mexican, =1.= 12.

Lawson, Thomas, surgeon general, =1.= 366, 475.

Lay, G. W., of Scott's staff, =2.= 366.

Leavenworth, Fort, aspect, gathering of Kearny's expedition, =1.= 286.

Lee, R. E., in march to Victoria, =1.= 358; and landing at Vera Cruz, =2.= 23, 336; at siege, 30, 335; at Cerro Gordo, 49-51, 53, 349; reconnoitres Contreras, 103; at battle, 108, 109, 378; at Churubusco, 110, 383, 384; on plan to attack Mexico City, 149, 408; appearance, 149, 405; on removal of Scott, 188; on Scott as general, 317; on victory and humanity, 324; engineer with Scott, 366, 544; reconnoitres southern approaches of capital, 408; at Chapultepec, 409.

Leese, Jacob, as trader in California, =1.= 318.

Leggett, Aaron, claim, =1.= 427, 430.

Lendrum, J. H., at San Cosme garita, =2.= 414.

Leo XII, and Mexican church, =1.= 408.

León, Antonio de, brigade, =2.= 67, 369; and revolt in Oaxaca, 369; at Molino del Rey, killed, 142, 145.

León, Joaquín Velázquez de, as claims commissioner, =1.= 80, 429-31.

Leonidas letter, on Scott, =2.= 187, 435-7; on Pillow at Contreras, 376.

Léperos, =1.= 6; and American soldiers, =2.= 166, 459.

Lerdo de Tejada, M. M., on American rule. =2.= 221.

Lesson of the war to Mexico, =2.= 323-4, 514.

Levant, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 189, 447.

Lewis, D. H., position in Senate, =2.= 496.

Lexington, in Pacific squadron, =2.= 447.

Lexington Commonwealth, on British intrigue in Mexico, =1.= 121.

Libertad redoubt at Monterey, =1.= 239, 248.

Liberty of the press. See Press.

Lieber, Francis, on justice of acquiring California, =2.= 322.

Lieutenant generalcy, plan for appointment of Benton, =2.= 75, 363, 365.

Ligero cavalry, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Lillers, Count, on attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 119.

Linares, aspect, =1.= 359.

Lincoln, Abraham, on Doniphan, =1.= 299; war criticism, =2.= 277, 493.

Liquor, Mexican drinks, =1.= 2, 21; and outrages by American troops, =2.= 211-3, 216, 224, 457; regulation at Vera Cruz, 457.

Livermore, A. A., on slavery as cause of Mexican War, =1.= 473.

Liverpool Mail, sympathy with Mexico, =1.= 112.

Lizardi banking house, robs treasury, =1.= 432.

Llano, M. M., in Monterey negotiations, =1.= 502.

Loans, Mexican, =1.= 37, =2.= 254; American, 258-60, 479, 481, 485. See also Finances.

Lobos Islands, rendezvous for Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 367, =2.= 17.

Local government, in occupied territory, =1.= 338, =2.= 218, 229, 461. See also Police.

Loch, G. G., and Cerro Gordo, =2.= 348.

Locofocos, and Polk, =2.= 270, 281.

Löwenstern, Isidor, on Mexican abandonment of California, =1.= 319.

Lombardini, M. M., at Buena Vista, =1.= 389-91, 559; character and command, =2.= 88; retirement from Chapultepec, 412.

Lomita, Camp, =1.= 480.

London Daily News, on conduct of Americans in Mexico, =2.= 226.

London Examiner, on expected war, =1.= 134; criticism of military operations, =2.= 307; on trade through occupied ports, 505; on Polk, 510.

London Globe, and peace, =2.= 125; and interposition, 303.

London Journal of Commerce, on American aggression, =1.= 113.

London Morning Chronicle, on California, =1.= 322; on outbreak of war, =2.= 300; criticism of military operations, 307, 308; on American people, 502; on interposition, 505; on the war and development, 514.

London Morning Herald, on chances of expected war, =1.= 108; on annexation of Texas, 113.

London Post, on outbreak of war, =2.= 300.

London Standard, on chances of expected war, =1.= 109, 113.

London Times, on monarchy for Mexico, =1.= 95, 135; on chances of expected war, 105, 106, 110, 113, 441, 442; on Oregon and Mexico, 115; on American hostility to England, 121; on Taylor's force in Mexico, 142; on Santa Anna, 216; on California, 322, 524; on Santa Anna at San Luis Potosí, 379; on Slidell mission, 437; on Mexican finances, =2.= 8; attack on United States, 91; and peace, 125, 235; on American government, 294; on military titles, 294; on American people, 295; on absorption of Mexico, 297; on outbreak of the war, 300; and interposition, 302, 306, 505; criticism of military operations, 306-8; on Mexican policy, 310; on probable pillage, 324.

Longstreet, James, at Chapultepec, =2.= 157; at Churubusco, 385.

López de Santa Anna. See Santa Anna.

López Uraga, J. See Uraga.

Loring, W. W., at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 350, 352.

Los Angeles, in 1846, =1.= 315; occupied by Americans, 337; Gillespie's rule, rising against it, 338-9, 533-4; American advance and recapture, 342-4, 535; map of engagement near, 344.

Louis Philippe, and Texas, =1.= 67, =2.= 304; policy of neutrality, 300. See also France.

Louisa, claim, =1.= 426.

Louisiana Purchase, Mexican negotiations on boundary, =1.= 59-61; and Texas, 138.

Louisiana troops, calls, =1.= 150, 480, 537, =2.= 364, 365, 430; in Vera Cruz expedition, =1.= 368, =2.= 336, 343; at Tampico, =1.= 546, 547; with Scott, =2.= 422; at Huamantla, 426.

Louisville Legion, at Monterey, =1.= 255.

Lowell, J. R., and secession, =2.= 272; on slavery and the war, 274; opposition to the war, 279.

Lower California, map of tip, =2.= 207; naval occupation, counter-attacks, 207-8, 448-9, 454; in peace negotiations, 469, 476.

Lozano, Ramón, Spanish chargé at Mexico, and peace negotiations, =2.= 135, 396, 467; on Spain and Mexico, 297; on Mexican force at time of evacuation, 416.

Lumpkin, Wilson, opposes war, =1.= 189.

McCall, G. A., at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 170, 172.

McCall, J. G., American consul at Tampico, reports cited passim.

McClellan, G. B., on Brazos Island camp, =1.= 205; engineer, 451; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 349, 353; with Scott, 366; at Contreras, 378; on volunteers, 513.

McClellan, John, topographical engineer with Scott, =2.= 366.

McClung, A. K., at Monterey, =1.= 253.

McCulloch, Ben, on scout, =1.= 204; rangers in advance on Monterey, 236; at battle of Monterey, 243, 498; and Santa Anna's advance, 382, 554; at Buena Vista, 556.

McFaul, Eneas, Jr., American consul at Laguna, reports cited passim.

McGillivray, Simon, claim, =1.= 427.

McIlvaine, A. R., on advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 456; on cause of the war, =2.= 493.

McIntosh, J. S., in Texas, =1.= 143; at Palo Alto, 164; reinforcements for Scott, guerilla attacks, =2.= 76-7, 171, 422; at Molino del Rey, wounded, 144, 145, 403.

Mackall, W. W., battery at Monterey, =1.= 241, 243, 248, 258, 492, 496, 508; and volunteer officers, 481; on Pillow, =2.= 433.

McKay, J. J., position in the House, =2.= 496.

McKee, W. R., at Buena Vista, =1.= 388, 390, 391, 394, 555, 557; killed, 394.

Mackenzie, A. S., and Santa Anna, =1.= 202-3, 479.

McKenzie, Samuel, at Chapultepec, =2.= 153, 157.

Mackintosh, E., British consul at Mexico, and California, =1.= 524, =2.= 302; and peace, 133, 467; and Mexican finances, 254, 255, 477.

McLane, Louis, American minister at London, on England and the war, =1.= 442; on British dislike, =2.= 295; on Europe and Texas, 502; on Mexican sympathy in England, 300; on attitude of France, 503; on British interposition, 302, 303; and vigorous war, 305; and Aberdeen and warning on annexation, 308; on influence abroad of the war, 324.

McLane, R. M., takes instructions to Taylor, =1.= 350.

McLane, in attack on Alvarado, =2.= 199; in Tabasco expedition, 200.

McNamara, Eugene, California grant, =1.= 527; and Mexican propaganda, =2.= 81.

McPherson, J. D., on Marcy, =1.= 475.

McReynolds, A. T., with Scott, =2.= 77.

Madrid Heraldo, on the war, =2.= 298, 503.

Magoffin, James, character, =1.= 293; and Armijo, 293, 516.

Magruder, J. B., battery at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 55; at Contreras, 104, 105, 378; at Chapultepec, 154, 161; light artillery, 366; at Molino del Rey, 403.

Maguey, drink from, =1.= 508.

Mahonese, in Home Squadron, =2.= 446.

Maldonado, E., and brother, at San Juan Bautista, =2.= 446.

Malek Adel, captured, =2.= 205, 446; added to navy, 447.

Mangino, R., Mexican chargé at Paris, reports cited passim.

Mangum, W. P., on Polk, =2.= 270; position in Senate, 496.

Manifest destiny, and attitude toward Mexico, =1.= 123, 444, =2.= 322. See also Annexations.

Mansfield, J. K. F., at Monterey, =1.= 239, 250, 251, 500; on Fort Brown, 468; at Buena Vista, 555.

Manufactures, attempted promotion in Mexico, =1.= 16-7.

Manzanillo, occupied, =2.= 207.

Map of Mexico, =1.= xxii.

Marchante, Francisco, and evacuation of Tampico, =1.= 512.

Marcy, Fort, at Santa Fe, =1.= 296.

Marcy, W. L., and Taylor's occupation of Texas, =1.= 142, 452; and advance to Rio Grande, instructions, 144, 453, 463, 490; and raising of army, 191, 193; clash with Scott, 190-1, 477; appearance, 193; and Scott's deliberateness, 199; and occupation of Tamaulipas, 263, 360; and Monterey armistice, 263; and advance to Saltillo, 264; and defensive-line policy, 283; and Price's force, 290; relations with Scott, 354; throws responsibility of Vera Cruz plans on him, 355, 540; as claims commissioner, 430; character, 475; on Polk's alarm, 476; and volunteers, 480, =2.= 320; and Wool's march, =1.= 510; and further calls for volunteers, 537; and Scott's preparations, 539, 544, 545; and Taylor's Presidential ambition, 547; and Ten Regiment Bill, =2.= 74; and peace negotiations, 122; and Trist-Scott quarrel, 128, 129, 389, 390; and failure of negotiations (1847), 138; recalls Price, 166; and Scott and cabal, 188, 437; on Conner, 202; and Scott's order for military government, 220; appointment to Cabinet, 271; and Gaines's six-months men, 272; on Democratic dissensions, 281; political despair, 291; on opposition, 292; and Mexico expedition, 343, 346; and Scott's release of time-expired men, 356; on Scott at Puebla, 362; does not expect peace, 391; and douceur, 391; on guerilla warfare, 423; and war policy after capture of Mexico City, 430; on number of volunteers, 431.

Marín, occupied, =1.= 562.

Marín, T., guerilla, =2.= 421.

Marines, in Scott's army, =2.= 78, 366, 432, 511; at Chapultepec, 156, 410; in Mexico City, 163, 164; at siege of Vera Cruz, 335.

Markoe, C, on opposition to the war, =2.= 314, 510.

Marshall, Thomas, at Buena Vista, =1.= 386, 388, 390, 555, 558; at Brazos, 476; left at Camargo, 493; brigade, =2.= 417; retained in service, 432; arrives at Mexico City, 432; division leaves Mexico City, 476.

Martin, Alexandre, French agent in Mexico, on Mexican army, =1.= 408.

Martin, J. J. M., American chargé at Paris, on France and tariff for Mexican ports, =2.= 484; on Europe and Texas, 502.

Martin, Judge, acknowledgment to, =1.= 444.

Martínez, F. P., Mexican minister at Washington, and claims, =1.= 78, 79, 429.

Martínez, General, brigade, =2.= 369.

Martínez, J. A., guerilla, =2.= 421.

Maryland troops, calls (1847), =2.= 364, 431; in Taylor's later force, 417; at Jalapa, 433. See also Washington and Baltimore battalion.

Mason, J. L., reconnoitres San Antonio, =2.= 102; and Molino del Rey, 142; wounded, 144; at Cerro Gordo, 349.

Mason, J. T., and Scott, =1.= 476.

Mason, J. Y., as secretary of the navy, =2.= 191, 196; and offensive operations, 198, 200; and Lower California, 207.

Mason, R. B., as governor of California, =2.= 218-20; and occupation of western coast of Mexico, 448; supposed force, 432.

Masons, in Mexican politics, =1.= 34, 38, 43, 413.

Massachusetts, and the war, =2.= 274, 493. See also Massachusetts troops.

Massachusetts, in Vera Cruz expedition, =2.= 18, 25, 26.

Massachusetts troops, call, =1.= 537; in Taylor's later force, =2.= 417; sent to Scott, 418.

Matamoros, Taylor's assurance of peaceful intentions, =1.= 146, 148, 151, 454; Taylor's force across river from, 148, 454; Mexican force at, 158, 462; fortification, 158; map, 159; Mexicans abandon, 177-8; Taylor occupies, 178, 204, 480; under American rule, 481, =2.= 211-2, 450; troops left at, =1.= 493, =2.= 417; American tariff, 484.

Matamoros de Morelia battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.

Matehuala, troops at, =1.= 550, 552.

Matson, H. S., and siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 33, 305, 337.

May, C. A., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164, 168; at Resaca de la Palma, appearance and character, 174, 467; advance to Saltillo, 264; return to Monterey with Taylor, 368; and Santa Anna's advance, 382, 554; in march to Victoria, 541; at Buena Vista, 555.

Mayer, Brantz, and advance to Rio Grande, =1.= 152.

Mayo, Isaac, at siege of Vera Cruz, =2.= 338.

Mazapil, occupied, =2.= 418.

Mazatlán, as port, =1.= 3; revolt (1846), 485; temporary blockades, =2.= 205, 446, 447; aspect, 206; under Téllez, 207, 447; occupied, 207, 208, 448; map, 207; evacuated, 476.

Meade, G. G., at Resaca de la Palma, =1.= 173; on Taylor's operations, 177, 179; on raw volunteers, 207, 208; at Monterey, 246, 251, 499; on war blunders, 267; on Taylor's defensive-line plan, 282; on Taylor as general, 470; on his lack of information, 490; on organization of army in Monterey campaign, 493; on Worth, 498.

Mediation, British offers, =2.= 301, 368, 503-4; Spain and, 502. See also Interposition.

Medical corps, Mexican, =1.= 157.

Mejía, Francisco, ruse at Arroyo Colorado, =1.= 147; and Taylor at Rio Grande, 148; and irregulars in Texas, 153, 154; on Taylor and his force, 158, 159; propaganda among American troops, 160; and advance against Taylor, 162, 464, 467; succeeds Arista in command, 178; restores morale, 225; appearance, 226; plan at Monterey, 226; preparations to resist Taylor there, 230; and holding of Monterey, 231, 494; and brigade command, 462; in battle of Monterey, 494, 500; at Matehuala, 552; in Army of the North, =2.= 369.

Mejía, J. A., revolt, =1.= 49; Americans in revolt executed, 70.

Mejía, Vicente, attack on La Paz, =2.= 448.

Memorial Histórico, on monarchist plans, =1.= 90.

Memphis, enlistments, =1.= 195.

Memphis Daily Eagle, on enlisting, =1.= 195.

Memphis Enquirer, on war spirit, =1.= 127.

Mendoza, F., guerilla, =2.= 421.

Mendoza, N., brigade in Monterey campaign, =1.= 494; at Contreras, =2.= 109.

Mercantile class in Mexico, =1.= 5, 17; favor peace, =2.= 130. See also Commerce.

Mercantile system, and Spanish colonies, =1.= 29.

Merritt, Ezekiel, at San Diego, =1.= 534.

Merryman vs. Bourne, title by conquest, =2.= 468.

Mervine, William, at Monterey, Cal., =1.= 335; in second southern campaign, 340; on Stockton, 534.

Mexicaltzingo, plan to advance by, =2.= 96, 372-3.

Mexican Spy Company, Scott's, =2.= 72, 362, 476.

Mexican War. The analysis is carried out through the titles Army; Attitude; Cause; Conquered territory; Cost; Diplomatic intercourse; Finances; Foreign relations; Government; Guerilla; Importance; Justice; Navy; Opposition; Outbreak; Peace; Politics; Popularity; Preparation; Programme; and the leaders and campaigns by name, especially Buena Vista; California; Doniphan; Mexico expedition; Monterey; New Mexico; Rio Grande; Santa Anna; Scott, Winfield; Taylor, Zachary; Vera Cruz; Wool.

Mexico, Valley of, topography, =2.= 79; map, 80; aspect, 94, 119, 138; view from Chapultepec, 158.

Mexico battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494.

Mexico City, situation, =1.= 2; profile of route from Vera Cruz, 2; aspect and life, charm, 21-8, =2.= 228; southern and western approaches, map, 141, 147; clerical incitation against Americans, 142; Quitman at Belén garita, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-6; map of citadel, 159; capture of San Cosme garita, 161-2, 413, 414, 416; evacuated by Mexicans, release of criminals, 163, 415, 420; Americans take possession, 163, 415; Quitman first governor, 164, 460; uprising against Americans, 166-8, 420; clemency toward, 226, 459; military discipline in, 226, 459-60; resumption of ordinary life, attitude of clergy, 226; invasion of Americanisms, 227; social excesses, 227-8, 460; local government, 229; police, 229; social relations with Americans, 230; American evacuation, 252, 476; riot during armistice, 396; Kearny governor, 438; location of troops during occupation, 461. See also Mexico expedition.

Mexico expedition, proposals, =1.= 349; question of campaign left open, 351; Taylor's attitude, 352-3, 362-3, 543; influence of Scott's victories and treatment on Mexicans, =2.= 36, 45, 65, 80, 81; dangers stated, 37; Scott's preparations at Vera Cruz, 37; his proclamation before starting, 38, 344; transportation problem, Antigua and Alvarado expeditions, 38, 344-5; start, march to Cerro Gordo, 39, 45-8, 345, 348; map of Vera Cruz to Perote, 39; Santa Anna's plans and preparations below Perote, 39-42, 346; maps of Cerro Gordo, 40, 43, 51; and yellow fever, 42, 59, 64, 348; defences and force at Cerro Gordo, 42-5, 347, 348; battle of Cerro Gordo, 48-59, 349-55; occupation of Jalapa, 59, 354; pursuit to Perote, 60-1; Scott at Jalapa, his problems: of supplies, 61-3, 355; of Santa Anna's intentions, 62; of time-expired men, 63-4, 356; force after departure of time-expired men, 64, 356; advance to Puebla, 64, 66, 69; map of profile Vera Cruz to Mexico, 62; secret arrangement with clergy for occupation of Puebla, 65-6, 357; Scott's proclamation at Jalapa, May 11, 66, 357-8; Santa Anna's preparations at Orizaba, 67-8, 359; political influence on his movements, 68; Santa Anna at Puebla, 69, 360; Amozoc affair, 69-70, 360; Worth's erroneous agreement with Puebla, 70; occupation of Puebla, 71; Worth's rule there, 71-2, 361; Scott's intelligence system, 72, 332, 362; condition of Scott's army in Puebla, 72-3, 362; concentration, communications severed, and reinforcements awaited there, 73, 357, 362, 363, 365; Ten Regiment Bill to increase regulars, 74-6, 363; proposed appointment of Benton as commanding general, 75, 363, 365; further call for volunteers, 76-7, 364; arrival of reinforcements, 76, 365; organization and size of Scott's force in final advance, 77, 93, 365, 366; condition of force then, 78; situation of capital, 79, 94; unfruitful plans for defence of capital, governmental chaos, 79-82, 367; map of the Valley, 80; Santa Anna's return to capital, opposition to his control, 82-7; his collection of matériel, 87; his army organization, its character and officers, 87-9, 369; his defensive plan, 89-90, 370; defences, Old Peñón, 90, 369; bolstering morale of inhabitants, 91, 142; their enthusiasm on start of final campaign, 91-2; Scott's advance from Puebla to Lake Chalco, 92-5, 371; failure of opposition to it, 95, 371; choice of line of advance, 95-6, 372; advance to San Agustín, 96-8, 374; Santa Anna and Scott's march to southern front, 97-8, 374; Mexican enthusiasm lost, 98; Santa Anna's southern line, 99, 101, 374; general map of southern line, 100; field and Mexican occupation of Contreras, 101-2, 375; American reconnaissances and problem, 102-3, 375; battle of Contreras, 103-10, 376-80; Santa Anna's arrangements after Contreras, 110-1, 382; question of American advance to capital after the battle, 112; battle of Churubusco, 111-9, 382-5; Americans after Churubusco, 120; why victory was not followed up, 120, 386, 393; halt at Puebla and negotiations, 130; armistice, 133, 137-8, 394-6, 398-9; armies during armistice, 134, 138-9; defences and force at Molino del Rey, 140-2, 400; map of battles of Mexico City, 141; Scott's preparations after armistice, 142, 400, 404; battle of Molino del Rey, 143-7, 401-4; southern and western approaches to city, 147; Scott's plans and caution after Molino del Rey, 148, 404, 408; American conference and problem, decision to attack western gates, 148-9, 408; defences of Chapultepec, 149-52, 405-6; battle of Chapultepec, 152-8, 408-11; Quitman at Belén garita, 158-60, 162, 412, 414-5; capture of San Cosme garita, 161-2, 413-4, 416; evacuation of the city, 163, 415; possession taken by Americans, 163-4, 415-6; American loss in final operations, 165, 411; rising in city, 166-8, 420; adoption of guerilla warfare against, 169; guerilla warfare on line of communication, 171, 422-3; operations against guerillas, 172, 178-9, 423, 426-7; "siege" of Americans at Puebla, 173-5, 424-6; extempore Mexican government, 179-81, 427, 428; problem after capture of city, 183, 430; further tardy reinforcements, 183; size and condition of American force then, 184, 432; plan of further campaign, 184, 432, 433; American evacuation, 251-2, 475, 476; effect on American foreign relations, 305; foreign criticism, 307-8; inadequate force and preparation, 314, 510; achievement, spoils, 321, 416; administration and authorization, 344; Mexican force when it evacuated, 416; supposed American force (Nov., 1847), 432; size of army and posts (May, 1848), 438; distribution of troops after occupying city, 461. See also Conquered territory; Scott, Winfield; Vera Cruz; and battles by name for details.

Mexico state, and guerilla warfare, =2.= 169, 173; and rehabilitation of army, 182; war donation, 254; American assessment, 265; and collapse of federal government, 428.

Micheltorena, J. M., and Jones's occupation, =1.= 69, 423; in California, 319.

Michigan troops, call, =2.= 431; at Orizaba, 433.

Michoacán state, and Santa Anna, =1.= 376; in discussion on peace, =2.= 464.

Middle class in Mexico, =1.= 5, 27.

Mier, occupied, =1.= 210; as camp, 212; force at, =2.= 417.

Mier y Terán, M. de, popularity, =1.= 44.

Miles, D. S., at Camargo, =1.= 210-2; at Monterey, 245, 498; guerilla attack on, =2.= 422, 433.

Military government. See Conquered territory.

Miller, Captain, at siege of Puebla, =2.= 424.

Miller, Sergeant, on camp life, =1.= 207.

Mina battalion, at Chapultepec, =2.= 408.

Mining, Mexican industry, =1.= 2, 15.

Miñón, J. J., captures by, =1.= 371; on eve of Buena Vista, 381, 383; in the battle, 384, 386, 391, 395, 396, 556, 559; brigade as screen at San Luis Potosí, 550.

Minor, George, at San Diego, =1.= 534.

Mints, Mexican, =1.= 16; rented, =2.= 255.

Mississippi, in occupation of Tampico, =1.= 279, 281; yellow fever, =2.= 195; in Home Squadron, 197, 442, 446; in attack on Alvarado, 198, 199; in Tabasco expedition, 204; in attack on Tuxpán, 444.

Mississippi troops, enlistments, =1.= 195; at Monterey, 235, 492, 496; in Victoria march, 357; at Lobos Islands rendezvous, 368; at Buena Vista, 388, 391, 392, 555, 557, 561; in calls and response, 537, =2.= 431; in Taylor's later force, 417. See also Davis, Jefferson.

Missouri troops, calls (1847), =2.= 364, 431; non-active men, 511. See also Doniphan; Price.

Mitchell, D. D., and Chihuahua Rangers, =1.= 519.

Mixcoac, Americans at, =2.= 134.

Mobile Herald and Tribune, on war spirit, =1.= 126.

Moctezuma, escape, =2.= 195.

Moderados, and Puros, =2.= 2, 4; Polkos, 3, 13; and election of Farías, 5, 9; and demands on church property, 11, 330; and Santa Anna, 14, 15, 331; incompetent, 82, 85. See also Federalism.

Mofras, Eugène Duflot de. See Duflot.

Molina, Ignacio, acknowledgment to, =2.= 411.

Molino del Rey, position, defences, =2.= 140, 400; Mexican force, 142, 402; Scott's preparation and plan, criticism, 142, 401-2, 404; map, 143; American disposition and force, 143, 402, 403; Santa Anna's actions, 144, 402, 404; attacks and capture of Mill, 144-5; capture of Casa Mata, 145, 403; cavalry fight, 146, 404; a mistake, losses, results, 147, 403; American garrison, 461.

Moltke, H. K. B. von, on strategy, =1.= x.

Monarchy in Mexico, feared (1845), =1.= 90, 95, 435; plans and aid from Europe, 114; American resentment, 122, 135, =2.= 304, 466; collapse of plans, =1.= 180, 470; Paredes deserts, 214, 485; Santa Anna declares against, 219; anti-peace activity of adherents, =2.= 234, 463; adherents in Polko revolt, 330; and clerical understanding with Scott, 358. See also Itúrbide.

Monasterio, J. M. O., and claims, =1.= 77.

Monclova, Wool at, =1.= 273, 509; aspect, 273.

Money, Mexican minting, =1.= 15; American market during war, =2.= 489.

Monitor Constitucional, on expected foreign aid, =1.= 114.

Monitor del Pueblo, on Scott's advance, =2.= 66.

Monitor Republicano, on the war, =1.= 215; on Texas and the war, 457; on Santa Anna, 488, =2.= 84; on church and war finances, 8, 9.

Monroe Doctrine, and European attitude on the war, =1.= 112, =2.= 296; and monarchist plans in Mexico, =1.= 122, 135; Mexico and, 417; Polk's reassertion, =2.= 295.

Montaño, M., revolt, =1.= 38.

Montemorelos, aspect, =1.= 357.

Monterde, J. M., captured, =2.= 411.

Monterey, Cal., Jones's occupation, =1.= 69, 423; in 1846, as port, 315, 521; Sloat takes possession at, 334-5, 531.

Monterey, Mexico, situation, aspect, =1.= 2, 257, =2.= 212; considered vital, =1.= 225; Taylor leaves for Victoria, 357; Santa Anna's plan against (Dec.), 357, 541; Taylor instructed to concentrate at, his insubordinate advance, 368; excesses of volunteers at, =2.= 212-3. 450; American regulations, 213, 230, 450; later force at, 417, 418. See also Monterey campaign.

Monterey auxiliary battalion, at battle of Monterey, =1.= 494.

Monterey campaign, inadequate preparation, steamboats, =1.= 208, 481-3; advance up Rio Grande to Camargo, 209-11; Taylor's force then, 211, 212, 483; unfortunate placing of camp at Camargo, 211, 484, 493; condition of Mexican forces, 225, 230, 489; Mejía's plan for guerilla warfare, Canales frustrates it, 226, 236; Taylor's inaction and lack of information, 226, 251, 489, 491, 499; his transportation, 227, 490-1, 493; Taylor and popular demand for action, he does not anticipate resistance, 227, 491-3; his neglect of artillery, 228, 250, 500; route of advance, 228; advance and camp at Cerralvo, organization of army, 228-30, 492, 493; Mexican force, 230, 494; Mexican preparations at Monterey, 230-2, 494; defences, 232-4, 239, 249, 495, 497; general map of battle, 232; Ampudia's position and policy, 234; measures to stay American advance, 234-5, 237, 495; McCulloch's Rangers, 236; advance from Cerralvo, aspect of country, 236-7, 496; arrival before Monterey, 237; confidence and size of American force, 238, 496; Worth's flanking movement to Saltillo road, 239-44, 497; Ampudia during battle, 241, 242, 248, 255, 258, 259, 501; detailed map of battle, 240; Worth's capture of Federation Ridge, 244-6, 498; of Independence Hill, 246-8, 499; Taylor's display in force, 249; fortifications in Taylor's front, 249-50; his verbal instructions to Garland, 250-1, 500; capture of Tenería redoubt, 251-3, 500; futile attack on Diablo, 253-4; Taylor's mistakes, 254, 260, 500-3; Mexicans abandon outworks, 255; advance toward plaza, retirement, 256, 500; failure to concert action with Worth, 256-7, 501; Worth's attack in city, 257-8; condition of Mexican force, bombardment, 258, 501; capitulation, armistice, 259, 501-2; Taylor's acceptance considered, 260, 502-6; evacuation by Mexicans, 260; results, fame, 261, 506; condition and size of Taylor's force after, 262, 506; Polk and terms, armistice terminated, 263; to be end of northern advance, 350; losses, 505; foreign comment, =2.= 306-7.

Montgomery, J. B., and British commander, =2.= 446; at Guaymas, 447.

Montoya, J. M., Mexican chargé at Washington, reports cited passim.

Mora, J. M. L., minister at London, and England and California, =2.= 303; and British mediation, 508.

Mora y Villamil, Ignacio, on California, =1.= 322; on Texas and the war, 457; and defences of Vera Cruz, =2.= 19; and preparations below Perote, 40; peace commissioner, 135; and guerilla warfare, 168, 422; armistice negotiations, 242, 394; and Contreras, 375.

Morale, of American troops at Corpus Christi, =1.= 144; at Rio Grande, 147, 160, 164; results of Rio Grande campaign, 177-9, 469; of volunteers in first camps, 207, 481; Wool's discipline, 268, 269, 273, 275, 276; character of Doniphan's force, 299, 303; of Wool's force before Buena Vista campaign, 371; Taylor's influence, 372, 374; of Scott's force at Puebla, =2.= 73; at start of final campaign, 78; lack, in guerillas, 172; naval, 190, 438; mutiny at Buena Vista, 418; effect of newspapers on Mexican, 509. See also Army; Conquered territory; Deserters.

Morales, Juan, defence of Vera Cruz, =2.= 22, 31, 336, 337, 340-2.

Morehead, T. G., at siege of Puebla, =2.= 174.

Morelia, powder-mill, =2.= 87.

Morelia battalion, at Monterey, =1.= 494; at Belén garita, =2.= 412.

Morelos, J. M., as partisan leader, =1.= 32.

Moreno, J. M., attack on La Paz, =2.= 449.

Morfit, H. M., American agent in Texas, reports cited passim.

Morgan, G. W., at Cerralvo, =1.= 562; and Fifteenth Infantry, =2.= 363; at Contreras, 378.

Morier, J. J., British agent in Mexico, on Mexican character, =1.= 410.

Mormon battalion, follows Kearny's expedition, =1.= 290, 516; in California, =2.= 218, 219, 454, 455.

Morris, L. N., at Palo Alto, =1.= 164.

Mosquito fleet, =2.= 29, 338.

Mountain systems of Mexico, =1.= 1.

Mounted Riflemen, authorized, =1.= 190; in Smith's brigade, 541; at Cerro Gordo, =2.= 52, 54, 350, 352; in Scott's army, 77; at Contreras, 104; at Churubusco, 110, 114, 382, 384; at Belén garita, 159, 160; at siege of Vera Cruz, 343; at Molino del Rey, 403; at Chapultepec, 410; in the guerilla operations, 427.