XXVI. ARGUMENT
Gerlach considers this book to contain the strongest evidences of how much Horace was indebted to Lucilius, not only in the choice of his subjects, but also in his illustration and method of handling the subject when chosen. In the 105th of the Fragmenta incerta, we find the words "Valeri sententia dia" (which Horace imitates, i., Sat. ii., 32, "sententia dia Catonis"). By Valerius he here supposes Q. Valerius Soranus to be intended; a man of great learning and an intimate friend of Publius Scipio and Lucilius. He was author of a treatise on grammar, entitled ἐποπτίδων; which contained, according to Turnebe's conjecture, a discussion on the mysteries of literature and learning (ἐπόπτης being applied to one initiated into the mysteries). This is not improbable; as he is said to have lost his life for divulging the sacred and mysterious name of Rome. Vid. Plut., Qu. Rom., lxi. «Two verses of his are quoted by Varro, L. L., vii., 3, and x., 70. Cf. Plin., H. N., Præf., p. 6, Hard. A. Gell., ii., 10.»
With him, therefore, as a man of judgment and experience, Lucilius, who had already acquired some ill-will from his Satires, consults, as to the best method of avoiding all odium for the future, and as to the subjects he shall select for his compositions. This book then contains an account of this interview between the poet and his adviser; and Gerlach most ingeniously arranges the fragments in such an order as to represent in some manner the topics of discussion in a methodical sequence. These are, chiefly, the propriety of his continuing to pursue the same style of writing, and the enunciation of the opinions of both on matters relating to war, marriage, and literary pursuits.
Van Heusde and Schoenbeck give no definite idea of the subject. Petermann considers the subject matter to have been far more diversified. The book begins, in his opinion, with a vivid description of the miseries of conjugal life, introducing a very graphic matrimonial quarrel; this is followed by so infinitely diversified a farrago of sentiments that it is hopeless to attempt to establish any systematic connection between them.
Corpet considers the whole to have been a philosophical discussion of the miseries of human life, especially those attendant on the married state, which the poet illustrated by the very forcible example of Agamemnon and Clytæmnestra.
The whole of the book was composed in the Trochaic metre; consisting of tetrameters catalectic and acatalectic. A few Fragments consist of Iambic heptameters and octometers (Iambici septenarii et octonarii), unless, as is not improbable, these lines have been referred to this book, through the inadvertence of grammarians or copyists. It might, however, have been intentional, as in the succeeding books we find Iambic, Trochaic, and Dactylic metres indiscriminately employed.
1 Men, by their own act, bring upon themselves this trouble and annoyance; they marry wives, and bring up children, by which they cause these.[1831]
2 For you say indeed, that what was secretly intrusted to you, you would neither utter a single murmur, nor divulge your mysteries abroad....[1832]
3 If she were to ask me for as much iron as she does gold, I would not give it her. So again, if she were to sleep away from me, she would not get what she asks.
4 ... but Syrus himself, the Tricorian, a freedman and thorough scoundrel; with whom I become a shuffler, and change all things.[1833]
5 ... covered with filth, in the extremity of dirt and wretchedness, exciting neither envy in her enemies, nor desire in her friends.
6 ... but that I should serve under Lucilius as collector of the taxes on pasturage in Asia, no, that I would not![1834]
7 ... just as the Roman people has been conquered by superior force, and beaten in many single battles; but in war never, on which every thing depends.
8 Some woman hoping to pillage and rifle me, and filch from me my ivory mirror.[1835]
9 In throwing up a mound, if there is any occasion for bringing vineæ into play, their first care is to advance them.
10
11 Take charge of the sick man, pay his expenses, defraud his genius.[1836]
12 ... But for whom? One whom a single fever, one attack of indigestion, nay, a single draught of wine, could carry off....[1837]
13 If they commiserate themselves, take care you do not assign their case too high a place.[1838]
14 Now, in like manner ... we wish to captivate their mind ... just to the people and to authors....[1839]
15 ... you do not collect that multitude of your friends which you have entered on your list....[1840]
16 ... wherefore it is better for her to cherish this, than bestow all her regard on that....
17 ... in the first place, all natural philosophers say, that man is made up of soul and body.
18 ... to have returned and retraced his steps[1841]
19 ... and that which is greatly to your fancy is excessively disagreeable to me....
20 ... strive with the highest powers of your nature: whereas I, on the other hand ... that I may be different[1842]
21 ... whether he should hang himself, or fall on his sword, that he may not look upon the sky....[1843]
22 ... study the matter, and give your attention to my words, I beg.
23 ... in order that I may escape from that which I perceive it is the summit of your desires to attain to.[1844]
24 On the other hand, it is a disgrace not to know how to conquer in war the sturdy barbarian Hannibal.[1845]
25 ... but if they see this, they think that a wise man always aims at what is good....
26 ... delighted with your pursuit, you write an ancient history to your favorites....[1846]
27 ... who I am, and with what husk I am now enveloped, I can not....[1847]
28 ... then to oppose to my mind a body worn out with pains.
29 ... nor before he had handled a man's veins and heart....
30 Let us appear kind and courteous to our friends--[1848]
31 Why should not you too call me unlettered and uneducated?[1849]
32 ... call together the assembly, with hoarse sound and crooked horns.[1850]
33 They will of their own accord fight it out for you, and die, and will offer themselves voluntarily.
34 When I bring forth any verse from my heart--[1851]
35 He is not on that account exalted as the giver of life or of joy....[1852]
36 As each one of us has been brought forth into light from his mother's womb[1853]
37 ... if you wish to have your mind refreshed through your ears[1854]
38 ... they who drag on life for six months, vow the seventh to Orcus.
39 ... we are easily laughed at; we know that it is highly dangerous to be angry--[1855]
40 Part is blown asunder by the wind, part grows stiff with cold--[1856]
41 ... if he tastes nothing between two market days.[1857]
42 ... let it be glued with warm glue spread over it....
43 ... wherefore I quit the straight line, and gladly discharge the office of rubbish--[1858]
44 ... if I had hit upon any obsolete or questionable word
45 ... your youth, tired and tested to the highest degree by me.[1859]
46 ... when I had invigorated my body with a double stadium on the exercise-ground, and with ball....[1860]
47 ... those who will take food from a clean table must needs wash.
48 Now obscurity is to these a strange and monstrous thing--[1861]
49 ... what you would think you should beware of and chiefly avoid....
50 ... enter on that toil which will bring you both fame and profit--
51 ... what he understood, I showed that not a few could:
52 ... how disgusting and poor a thing it is to live «with loathing for food».[1862]
53 ... for my part, I am not persuaded publicly to change mine.
54 ... then my tithes, which treat me so ill, and turn out so badly
55 ... we see that he who is ill in mind gives evidence of it in his body.
56 ... make the battle of Popilius resound[1863]
57 ... Sylvanus, the driver away of wolves ... and trees struck by lightning.[1864]
58 ... that you transport yourself from the fierce storms of life into quiet.
59 Moreover, it is a friend's duty to advise well, watch over, admonish--
60 Since I found it out from great crowds of boon companions--[1865]
61 ... a faithless wife, a sluggish household, a dirty home--[1866]
62 ... nor is peace obtained ... because he dragged Cassandra from the statue[1867]
63 ... Eager to return home, we almost infringed our king's command[1868]
64 ... Let something, at all events, which I have attempted, turn out, some way....
65 ... Thither our eyes of themselves entice us, and hope hurries our mind to the spot.
66 ... he thinks by clothes to ward off cold and shivering.
67 ... unless you write of monsters and snakes with wings and feathers.[1869]
68 ... for I grow contemptuous and am weary of Agamemnon--
69 ... he is tormented with hunger, cold, dirt, unbathed filthiness, neglect.
70 ... a sieve, a colander, a lantern ... a thread for the web.[1870]
71 May the gods suggest better things, and avert madness from you
72 ... a dry, wretched, miserable stock he calls an elder--
73 ... be more learned than the rest; abandon, or change to some other direction, those faults which have become sacred with you.
74 It were better to get gold from the fire or food out of the mud with our teeth.
75 Let him chop wood, perform his task-work, sweep the house, be beaten.
76 He alone warded off Vulcan's violence from the fleet....
77 Therefore, they think all will escape sickness....
78 I therefore dispose, for money, of that which costs me dearer.
FOOTNOTES:
[1831] Producunt, i. e., "instituunt," Nonius: vel "gignunt," Plaut., Rud., IV., iv., 129. Pers., vi., 18, "Geminos Horoscope varo producis genio." Juv., viii., 271, "Quam te Thersitæ similem producat Achilles." Plaut., As., III., i., 40. Ter., Ad., III., ii., 16. Juv., xiv., 228. This, and the 3d, 4th, and 5th Fragments refer to the miseries of married life.
[1832] Mutires, "to grumble, mutter." Plaut., Amph., I., i., 228, "Etiam muttis? jam tacebo."
[1833] The Tricorii were a people of Gallia Narbonensis, on the banks of the Druentia, now Durance, near Briançon, bordering on the Allobroges and Vocontii. Hannibal marched through their territory, after leaving the Arar. Cf. Plin., ii., 4. Liv., xxi., 31. Versipellis. Cf. Plaut., Amph., Prol., 123, "Ita versipellem se facit quando lubet."
[1834] Van Heusde's interpretation is followed, which seems the most obvious one. Gerlach takes the contrary view, and says, these very words prove that Lucilius could not have been a scriptuarius or decumanus. Lucilius means, "he would not change his present condition and pursuits, even for a very lucrative post in Asia."
[1835] Depeculassere and deargentassere, are examples of the old form of a future infinitive ending in assere. Cf. Plaut., Amphit., I., i., 56, "Sese igitur summâ vi virisque eorum oppidum expugnassere." Decalauticare, "to deprive of one's hood," from calautica, "a covering for the head, used by women, and falling over the shoulders." It seems that Cicero charged Clodius with wearing one, when he was detected in Cæsar's house. "Tunc cum vincirentur pedes fasceis, cum calauticam capiti accommodares." Cic. in Clod. ap. Non., in voc. Decalicasse, is another reading.
[1836] Defrudet. Cf. Plaut., Asin., I., i., 77, "Me defrudato. Defrudem te ego? Age, sis, tu sine pennis vola!"
[1837] Cf. Shaksp., Measure for Measure, act iii., sc. 1, "Reason thus with life," etc.
[1838] Read "causam ... collocaveris."
[1839] Hopelessly corrupt. Gerlach says very justly, "fortasse rectius ejusmodi loca intacta relinquuntur."
[1840] Conficere, i. e., "Colligere." Nonius, in voc.
[1841] Repedasse. Cf. Lucret., vi., 1279, "Perturbatus enim totus repedabat." Pacuv. ap. Fest., in voc., "Paulum repeda gnate à vestibulo gradum."
[1842] 19 and 20. Cf. Hor., i., Epist. xiv., 18, "Non eadem miramur: eô disconvenit inter meque et te: nam quæ deserta et inhospita tesqua Credis, amœna vocat mecum qui sentit, et odit quæ tu pulchra putas." Cf. 23.
[1843] Describes the alternatives which the man worn out by conjugal miseries proposes to himself.
[1844] Hor., i., Epist. xiv., 11,. "Cui placet alterius sua nimirum est odio sors. Stultus uterque locum immeritum causatur iniquè. In culpâ est animus qui se non effugit unquam."
[1845] Gerlach's emendation is followed. Nonius explains "viriatum" by "magnarum virium." Freund explains it, "adorned with bracelets," from an old word, "viriæ," a kind of armlet or bracelet.
[1846] This refers, according to Gerlach, to Aulus Postumius Albinus, consul B.C. 151, who wrote a Roman history in Greek. Cic., Brut., 21. Fr. inc. 1.
[1847] Folliculus, properly the "pod, shell, or follicle" of a grain or seed, is here put for the human flesh or body, which serves as the husk to enshrine the principle of vitality.
[1848] Munifici. Plaut., Amph., II., ii., 222, "Tibi morigera, atque ut munifica sim bonis, prosim probis."
[1849] Idiota. Cf. Cic., Ver., ii., 4; Sest., 51. Gerlach considers these words to have been addressed either to Valerius Soranus, or more probably to Ælius Stilo, whose judgment in literary matters was so highly thought of that even Q. Servilius Cæpio, C. Aurelius Cotta, and Q. Pompeius Rufus used his assistance in the composition of their speeches. Cf. ad lib. i., Fr. 16.
[1850] Lipsius supposes this Fragment to refer to the Roman custom of sounding a trumpet in the most frequented parts of the city, when the day of trial of any citizen, on a capital charge, was proclaimed.
[1851] This Fragment, as well as 37 and 44, Gerlach supposes to have been addressed to Ælius Stilo.
[1852] Vel vitæ vel gaudî dator. Gerlach's last conjecture.
[1853] Bulga. Cf. lib. ii., Fr. 16; vi., Fr. i.
[1854] Irrigarier. Cf. Plaut., Pœn., III., iii., 86, "Vetustate vino edentulo ætatem irriges." Virg., Æn., iii., 511, "Fessos sopor irrigat artus."
[1855] Capital. Cf. Plaut., Trin., IV., iii., 81, "Capitali periculo." Rud., II., iii., 19. Mostell., II., ii., 44, "Capitalis ædes facta est."
[1856] Difflo. "Flatu disturbo." Non. Cf. Plaut. Mil. Gl., I., i., 17, "Quoius tu legiones difflavisti spiritu, quasi ventus folia aut paniculam tectoriam." Gerlach thinks this refers to some description of the return of the Greeks from the Trojan war, and is quoted by Lucilius to show how entirely his style of composition differs from such subjects.
[1857] Nundinæ. The market days were every ninth day, when the country people came into Rome to sell their goods. These days were nefasti. "Ne si liceret cum populo agi, interpellarentur nundinatores." Fest.
[1858] Lira is properly "the ridge thrown up between two furrows." Hence lirare, "to plow or harrow in the seed." [In Juv., Sat. xiii., 65, some read "liranti sub aratro."] Delirare, therefore, is "to go out of the right furrow." Hence, "to deviate from the straight course, to go wrong, or deranged." Hor., i., Ep. xii., 20, "Quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi."
[1859] Spectatam. Ov., Trist., I., v., 25, "Ut fulvum spectatur in ignibus aurum tempore sic duro est inspicienda fides." Cic., Off., ii., 11, "Qui pecuniâ non movetur hunc igni spectatum arbitrantur."
[1860] Siccare, is properly applied "to healing up a running sore." Then generally for hardening and making healthy the skin or body.
[1861] Ignobilitas. Cic., Tusc., v., 36, "Num igitur ignobilitas aut humilitas ... sapientem beatum esse prohibebit?"
[1862] Vescum. Ovid explains the word. Fast., iii., 445, "Vegrandia farra coloni. Quæ male creverunt, vescaque parva vocant." Cf. Virg., Georg., iii., 175, "Et vescas salicum frondes." Lucret., i., 327, "Vesco sale saxa peresa." Nonius explains it by "minutus, obscurus." Gerlach omits the last words of the Fragment.
[1863] Gerlach supposes Popilius Lænas to be meant, who incurred great odium from the manner in which he conducted the inquiry into the death of Tiberius Gracchus.
[1864] Cf. Plaut., Trin., II. iv., 138, "Nam fulguritæ sunt hic alternæ arbores."
[1865] Combibo. "A pot companion." Cic., Fam., ix., 25, "In controversiis quas habeo cum tuis combibonibus Epicureis."
[1866] For the old reading flaci tam, Dusa reads flaccidam; Gerlach, fædatam.
[1867] Nonius explains prosferari by impetrari, which is very doubtful. Scaliger proposes "Nec mihi oilei proferatur Ajax." Gerlach, "Agamemnoni præferatur Ajax," which would connect this Fragment with Fr. 68 and 40, and the following.
[1868] Domuitio (i. e., Domum itio, formed like circuitio). This, probably, also refers to the return of the Greeks from Troy. Imperium imminuimus. Cf. Plaut., Asin., III., i., 6, "Hoccine est pietatem colere imperium matris minuere?"
[1869] This is also an allusion to tragic poets, whose subjects are quite foreign to his taste. Cf. Fr. 40. The allusion is of course to such plays as the Medea of Euripides (the Amphitryo of Plautus, etc.).
[1870] It is not impossible that the reference may be to the custom prescribed by the laws of the xii. tables to persons searching for stolen goods. The person so searching either wore himself (or was accompanied by a servus publicus wearing) a small girdle round the abdomen, called Licium; this was done to prevent any suspicion of himself introducing into the house that which he alleged to have been stolen from him; and that it might not be abused into a privilege of entering the women's apartments for the purposes of intrigue, he was obliged to carry before his face a Lanx perforated with small holes (hence incerniculum), that he might not be recognized by the women, whose apartments the law allowed him to search. This process was called, in law, per lancem et licium furta concipere. It is alluded to by Aristoph., Nub., 485. Cf. Schol. in loc. Fest. in voc. Lanx. Plato, Leg., xii., calls licium χιτωνίσκον.
XXVII. ARGUMENT
The Fragments of this book are of too diversified a character to form a correct conclusion with regard to the general subject. Corpet admits the difficulty, but considers that it contained a criticism upon the philosophic opinions of the day. Mercer thinks that the principal portion was occupied by a matrimonial discussion, in which the lady had decidedly the better of the argument; who being sprung from a more noble descent, and being possessed of a more ample fortune, considered that the control of the household pertained to herself, as a matter of right. These conjectures, however satisfactory as far as they go, will not sufficiently account for the greater portion of the Fragments. Gerlach supposes that the book contained a defense of the poet's own pursuits and habits of life against the attacks of calumniators. The book begins, therefore, with a conversation between the poet and a friend, when the various points at issue are brought forward and refuted. The chief of these are the study of poetry; which, as Lucilius maintains, conduces greatly to the well-being of the state. He then defends his choice of the particular branch of poetry which he has adopted, and proves that his satiric view is to be attributed to no arrogance, self-sufficiency, or malevolence, or envy toward his fellow-men; that he himself is possessed of a certain evenness of temper, neither elated by prosperity nor depressed by adversity. The result of this temperament is an openness of heart, and frankness of disposition, which leads him to form friendships rapidly, without that cautious circumspection which commonly attends men of less equable tone of mind. This peculiar disposition of mind is also one which, extending to itself no indulgence for any frailty, is but little inclined to overlook the weaknesses of others, but impartially corrects the failings of itself and others: whereas the more common character of mankind is to be indulgently blind to those faults to which they are themselves inclined, and severely critical of the imperfections of their neighbors. While others, again, make it their whole study hypocritically to conceal their own defects. He concludes with a sentiment which Horace has borrowed and enlarged upon, that whereas no perfection can be expected in this life, he is to be accounted to have arrived most nearly at the wished-for goal, who is disfigured by the fewest defects; and since all human affairs are at the best but frail and fleeting, it is a characteristic of wisdom out of evils to choose the least.
1 Moreover it is inherent in good men, whether they are angry or kindly disposed, to remain long in the same way of thinking.[1871]
2 The cook cares not that the tail be very large, provided it be fat. So friends look to a man's mind; parasites, to his riches.
3 He acts in the same way as those who secretly convey away from the harbor an article not entered, that they may not have to pay custom-dues.[1872]
4 Lucilius greets the people in such elaborate verses as he can; and all this too zealously and assiduously.[1873]
5 ... do you think Lucilius will be content, when I have wearied myself out, and used all my best endeavors....
6 ... for such a return as this indeed they foreboded, and to offend in no other thing.
7 ... those, too, who have approached the door they throw out of the windows on their head--
8 ... that I envy no one, nor often cast a jealous eye on their luxuries[1874]
9 ... he on the other hand ... all things imperceptibly and gradually ... out of doors, that he might hurt no one
10 nor, like the Greeks, at whatever question you ask, do we inquire, where are the Socratic writings?[1875]
11 This is little better than moderate; this, as being as bad as possible, is less so.
12 Let your order, therefore, now bring forward the crimes he has committed....
13 ... rather than an indifferent harvest, and a poor vintage
14 ... but if you will watch and carefully observe these for a little time.
15 ... but whatever may happen, or not, I bear patiently and courageously.
16 But if you watch the man who rejoices....
17 What dutiful affection? Five mere shadows of men call....[1876]
18 When I beg for peace, when I soothe her, accost her, and call her "my own!"
19 Yet elsewhere a wart or a scar, a mole or pimples, differ.[1877]
20 ... to which he has once made up his mind, and as he thinks altogether....
21 ... when my little slaves, come to me ... should not I salute my mistress--
22 ... they call mad, whom they see called a sap or a woman.[1878]
23 ... nor if I ... usury a little less; and helped a long time.
24 ... now up, now down, like a mountebank's neck.[1879]
25 ... his country's adviser, and hereditary legislator--
26 What they lend one another, is safe without fear of loss
27 ... if face surpass face, and figure figure--
28 let them rather spare him, whom they can, and in whom they think credit can be placed.[1880]
29 ... since I know that nothing in life is given to man as his own.
30 We were nimble ... thinking that would be ours forever.[1881]
31 Yet if this has not come back to you, you will lack this advantage.
32 I fear it can not be; and I differ from Archilochus.[1882]
33 ... than that he should not alone swallow up and squander all.
34
35 ... especially, if, as I hope, you lend me this....[1883]
36 ... first, with what courage he prevented slavery....
37
38 ... but you fear, moreover, lest you should be captivated by the sight, and her beauty....
39 ... in prosperity to be elated, in adversity to be depressed....
40 ... I will send one to plunder the property; I will look out for a wretched beggar....
41 ... for even from boyhood ... to extricate myself from love....
42 ... whether you maintain at home twenty or thirty or a hundred bread-wasters.[1884]
43 I would have you, as is fair, place faith in hymns.[1885]
44 ... bids you God speed, and salutes you most heartily and warmly.[1886]
FOOTNOTES:
[1871] Propitius is sometimes applied to human beings as well as to deities. Cf. Ter., Adelph., I., i., 6, "Uxor quæ in animo cogitat irata, quam illa quæ parentes propitii." Cic., Att., viii., 16, "hunc propitium sperant, illum iratum putant." The last line is very corrupt. Gerlach proposes to read "soliditas propositi," which is scarcely tenable.
[1872] Inscriptum, any thing contraband, not entered or marked at the custom-house, portitorium. Varr., R. R., II., i., 16.
[1873] Gerlach reads factis instead of fictis, which Nonius must have followed. Cf. Hor., i., Sat. x., 58, "Num rerum dura negarit Versiculos natura magis factos et euntes mollius." Cic., de Orat., iii., 48, "Oratio polita et facta quodammodo." So in Greek, κατειργασμένος· πεποιημένος. Longin., viii.
[1874] Strabo. Cf. Hor., i., Epist. xiv., 37, "Non istic obliquo oculo mea commoda quisquam limat." To this Varro opposes "integris oculis."
[1875] Cf. Hor., A. P., 310, "Rem tibi Socraticæ poterunt ostendere chartæ."
[1876] Monogrammi. Cf. lib. ii., Fr. 17.
[1877] Papulæ. Cf. Sen., Vit. Beat., 27, "Papulas observatis alienas, obsiti plurimis ulceribus." Virg., Georg., iii., 564.
[1878] Maltha is properly a thick unctuous excretion; fossil tar or petroleum; thence used, like our English "sap," for an effeminate fool: perhaps from the Greek μαλακός.
[1879] Cernuus. Cf. iii., Fr. 20. Properly "one who falls on his face;" then applied to a mountebank or tumbler, throwing somersaults; a πεταυριστὴς· κυβιστητήρ. Cf. "jactata petauro corpora," Juv., xiv., 265, with the note. Lucil., Fr. inc. 40. Collus is the older form of collum.
[1880] Very corrupt: the reading followed is adopted by Dusa and Gerlach.
[1881] Pernicis. Cf. Hor., Epod. ii., 42, "Pernicis uxor Appuli."
[1882] Excidere Nonius explains by dissentire.
[1883] Cf. Plaut., Curc., I., i., 47, "Ego cum illâ facere nolo mutuum."
[1884] Cibicidas, i. e., "slaves," a humorous word, "consumers of food."
[1885] Cf. ad xxviii., 44.
[1886] Sospitat, a religious phrase, properly "to preserve, protect." Plaut., Amph., III., viii., 501, Hild., "Dii plus plusque istuc sospitent." So Ennius, "regnum sospitent superstitentque." Impertit. Cf. Cic., Att., ii., 12, "Terentia impertit tibi multam salutem."
XXVIII. ARGUMENT
Van Heusde considers that this book contained some severe strictures on the part of a morose old man, or stern uncle, on the over-indulgence of a fond and foolish father. Yet a considerable portion of the Satire seems to contain a defense of the poet himself against the assaults of some invidious maligners, and in order to do this, he enters, generally, into a discussion of the habits and manners of young men of the age. Their licentiousness, he is prepared to admit, has been in great measure produced by the want of restraint in early youth. This petulance develops itself in an uncontrolled license of speech, regardless of all annoyance to the feelings of others--in avarice--in haughtiness, the peculiar vice of men of rank--ambition, luxury, and love of sensual pleasure. These charges he illustrates by a passage quoted from Cæcilius. Even those who do show some taste for better things, and apply themselves to the cultivation of philosophy, do not, like Polemon, adopt the severe maxims of a self-denying system, but attach themselves to the school of Epicurus or Aristippus. To such as these, all good advice, all endeavors to reclaim them to the rugged paths of a stricter morality, are utterly hopeless and unavailing.
1 Let him grant the man what he wishes; cajole him, corrupt him altogether, and enfeeble all his nerves.[1887]
2 You can shorten your speech, while your hide is still sound.[1888]
3 He both loved Polemo, and bequeathed his "school" to him after his death; as they call it.[1889]
4 ... wherefore I am resolved to act against him; to prosecute him, and give up his name....
5 ... she will steal every thing with bird-limed hands; will take every thing, believe me, and violently sweep off all--[1890]
6 ... that ancient race, of which is Maximus Quintus, the knock-kneed, the splay-footed....[1891]
7 ... what they say Aristippus the Socratic sent of old to the tyrant....[1892]
8 ... to concede that one point, and yield in that in which he is overcome....[1893]
9 ... or if by chance needs be, elsewhere; if you depart hence for any place--
10 ... though the old woman returns to her wine-pot.[1894]
11 ... to threaten openly to name the day for his trial.
12 ... unhonored, unlamented, unburied--[1895]
13 ... substitute others, if you think whom you can.
14 ... lest he do this, and you escape from this sorrow.
15 ... what will become of me? since you do not wish to associate with the bad.[1896]
16 ... he never bestirs himself, nor acts so as to bring ruin on himself.
17 Here then was the meeting: arms and an ambuscade were placed.[1897]
18 I made away with a large quantity of fish and fatlings; that I deny....[1898]
19 ... add, moreover, a grave and stern philosopher.
20 ... rap at the door, Gnatho: keep it up! they stand firm! We are undone!
21 Come, come, you thieves; prate away your lies![1899]
22 But flight is prepared; greatly excited, he steps with timid foot.[1900]
23 Why do you thus use engines throwing stones of a hundred pounds' weight?[1901]
24 ... in the first place, gold is superabundant, and the treasures are open--
25 ... persuade ... and pass: or tell me why you should pass.
26 † he besides orders our ... who are entering....[1902]
27 ... to your own mischief, you destroyers of hinges[1903]
28 If Lucilius has provoked him in his love.
29 Whether you have kept aloof from your husband, a year, or this year--
30 besides this, some extra work, whenever you please[1904]
31 to whom I intrusted implicitly my life and fortunes.[1905]
32 ... on whom I have often inflicted a thousand stripes a day
33 ... that he is a capital botcher: sews up patchwork excellently.[1906]
34 ... by such great power they will elate their minds to heaven[1907]
35 But what are you doing? tell me that I may know--
36 ... Youth must provide now against old age.
37 As though you had dropsy in your mind.
38 ... as to face and stature....[1908]
39 ... and what is filthy in look and smell--
40 ... to forge supports of gold and brass--[1909]
41 Nor challenges at any price--
42 Go in, and be of good cheer.
43 Care nothing about teaching letters to a clod.[1910]
44 I have made up my mind, Hymnis, that you are taking from a madman[1911]
45 You know the whole affair. I am afraid I shall be blamed
46 Chremes had gone to the middle. Demænetus to the top.
47 Here you will find firm flesh, and the breasts standing forth from a chest like marble--[1912]
48 I will surpass the forms and atoms of Epicurus--
49 † Now you come toward us....[1913]
50 ... I come to the pimp ... that he intends to buy her outright for three thousand sesterces.[1914]
FOOTNOTES:
[1887] Nonius explains eligere by defatigare. It is used by Varro and Columella in the sense of "plucking up, weeding out," eridicare; and metaphorically by Cicero in the same sense. (Tusc., iii., 34.) Gerlach maintains that nervos eligere is not Latin, and reads nervos elidat «which is confirmed by a passage in the same treatise of Cicero, "Nervos omnes virtutis elidunt." Tusc., ii., 11».
[1888] Compendi facere. Plaut., Most., I., i., 57, "Orationis operam compendiface." Pseud., IV., vii., 44, "Quisquis es adolescens operam fac compendi quærere." Asin., II., ii., 41, "Verbivelitationem fieri compendi volo." Capt., V., ii., 12. Bacch., I., ii, 51; II., ii., 6. Terginum is a scourge made of hide (the "cowskin" of the Americans). Cf. Plaut., Ps., I., ii., 22, "Nunquam edepol vostrum durius tergum erit quam terginum hoc meum."
[1889] The story of Polemon entering intoxicated into the school of Xenocrates, and being suddenly converted by that philosopher's lecture on temperance, is told by Diogenes Laertius (in Vit., i., c. 1), and referred to by Horace, ii., Sat. iii., 253, "Faciasne quod olim mutatus Polemon? ponas insignia morbi Fasciolas, cubital, focalia, potus ut ille dicitur ex collo furtim carpsisse coronas postquam est impransi correptus voce magistri." He afterward succeeded Xenocrates; and Zeno and Arcesilaus were among his hearers. Cic., Orat., iii., 18.
[1890] Viscatis manibus. Cf. Sen., Ep. viii., 3, "Quisquis nostrum ista viscata beneficia devitet."
[1891] To whom these vituperative alliterations (vatia, vatrax, vatricosus) are applied is uncertain. The Fabian gens are most probably alluded to. The reading "verrucosus," therefore, has been suggested, to identify the person with the great Fabius Cunctator. (Aur. Vict., Vir. Ill., 43.) But this violates the metre, and still leaves the two other epithets unaccounted for. Three famous men of the gens had the prænomen Quintus, Æmilianus, his son Allobrogicus, and his grandson. Gerlach considers the last to be the object of the Satire, as his profligacy and licentiousness were notorious. Cf. Val. Max., III., v., 2.
[1892] Of the numerous repartees of Aristippus to Dionysius, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius in his Life, it is difficult to say to which Lucilius alludes. Cf. Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 10; i., Epist. xvii., 13, seq.
[1893] Cf. Hor., Epod. xvii., 1, "Jam jam efficaci do manus scientiæ."
[1894] Armillum, "a wine-pot," vini urceolus, vas vinarium; so called quia armo, i. e., humero deportatur. Old women being naturally wine-bibbers (vinibuæ), "anus ad armillum" passed into a proverbial expression. Cf. Prov., xxvi., 11. 2 Pet., ii., 22.
[1895] Nullo honore. Cf. Scott's Lay of Last Minstrel, "Unwept, unhonored, and unsung."
[1896] Committere, Nonius explains by "conjungere, sociare." Cf. Virg., Æn., iii., "Delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum." Ov., Met, xii., 478, "Quà vir equo commissus erat."
[1897] Nonius quotes this passage as an instance of "convenire" used in the sense of "interpellare."
[1898] Altilium. Cf. Juv., v., 168, "Ad nos jam veniet minor altilis." Hor., i., Ep. vii., 35, "Nec somnum plebis laudo satur altilium." Cf. iv., Fr. 5.
[1899] Argutamini. Cf. Enn. ap. Non., "Exerce linguam ut argutarier possis." Næv., ibid., "totum diem argutatur quasi cicada." Plaut., Amp., I., i., 196, "Pergin argutarier?" Bacch., I., ii., 19, "Etiam me advorsus exordire argutias?"
[1900] Percitus is commonly used by the comic writers for the excitement of any strong passion, as love, anger, etc.
[1901] Centenarias. So pondere centenario. Plin., vii., 20. Cf. ad lib. v., Fr. 22.
[1902] Hopelessly corrupt. Dusa proposes puer.
[1903] Confectores. Connected probably with Fr. 20, and referring to the violent entrances lovers used to effect into the houses of their mistresses. Cf. lib. iv., Fr. 15; xxix., Fr. 47. Hor., iii., Od. xxvi., 7. Where Zumpt explains vectes as instruments which "adhibebantur ad fores effringendas." Conficere, i. e., frangere. Nonius.
[1904] Subsecivus is properly applied to that which is "cut off and left remaining over and above," as land in surveying, etc. So horæ subsecivæ, tempus subsecivum, "leisure hours, odd times," used by Cicero and Pliny. So Seneca says of philosophy, "Exercet regnum suum: dat tempus non accipit. Non est res subseciva: ordinaria est, domina est: adest et jubet." Cf. the Greek phrase ἐκ παρέργου.
[1905] Concredidit. Plaut., Aul., Prol., 6.
[1906] Sarcinator. Plaut., Aul., III., v., 41. Cento, "a patchwork coverlet." Juv., vi., 121. Vid. Fest in voc. "prohibere." The phrase centones sarcire also means, "to impose upon a person by falsehoods." Cf. Plaut., Epid., III., iv., 19, "Quin tu alium quæras quoi centones sarcias."
[1907] The emendations of this Fragment are endless. The reading of the text is approved by Merula and Gerlach.
[1908] Statura. Cf. Cic., Phil., ii., 16, "Velim mihi docas, L, Turselius, qua facie fuit, quâ staturâ."
[1909] Fulmenta, "any prop or support." Hence "a bed-post." Whence the proverb, "Fulmenta lectum scandunt." Plautus also uses it for the "heel of a shoe," "fulmentas jubeam suppingi soccis?" Trin., III., ii., 94, seq. Lib. iv., Fr. 19.
[1910] Lutum for "lutulentum."
[1911] Gerlach thinks Hymnis, here and in lib. xxvii., Fr. 43, may be a proper name.
[1912] Hic corpus. "Verba conciliatricis Lenæ." Dusa. (Cf. Arist., Acharn., 1199).
[1913] Given up even by Gerlach.
[1914] Destinet. Cf. Plaut., Rud., Prol., 45, "Amare occœpit, ad lenonem devenit minis triginta sibi puellam destinat." Pers., IV., iii., 80. Mart., III., i., 109; IV., iii., 35. Destinare is properly "to set one's mind upon a thing." So obstinare. Plaut., Aul., II., ii., 89.
XXIX. ARGUMENT
The remains of this book are so mutilated and so diversified, that, as Gerlach says, "one might be disposed to imagine that the very essence of the subject was its unconnected variety." Both he and Merula, however, consider that it contained a long episode on the state of morality in the good old days; when the war with Hannibal rendered a luxurious indulgence incompatible even with personal safety. (Cf. Juv., vi., 291. Sulpic., 51, 52.) An old man is introduced inveighing bitterly against the sloth, the luxury, and immoderate extravagance of the young men of his day; of their unscrupulousness as to the means by which the money was acquired, which was squandered on their licentious pleasures. He then describes one of these scenes of dissipation; and shows how young men, once entangled in the snares of their worthless paramours not only become lost to every principle of virtue and sense of shame, but are so completely enslaved and enthralled by their passions, that they are able to refuse nothing, however unworthy of them, which is exacted by their tyrannical mistresses. This corruption extends itself, also, not only to the courts of law, where justice has become a matter of barter, both with advocates and judges, but its fatal effects may also be traced in the debasement and deterioration of literature, of poetry, and of the public taste.
1 When he has done this, the culprit will be handed over along with others to Lupus: he will not appear. He will deprive the man of both primary matter and elements: when he has prohibited him from the use of water and fire, he has still two elements: he would have preferred ... still he will deprive him--[1915]
2 ... and rest assured in your mind, that it will be a very weighty reason indeed with me, which would draw me away from any thing that would serve you.
3 ... who communicates to me what the difference is between the race of mankind and brutes, and what it is connects them together.
4 Apollo is the deity who will not suffer you to bring disgrace and infamy on the ancient Delians.[1916]
5 For he swears a great oath that he has written, and will not write afterward.... and return into fellowship.
6 ... when you have learnt, you may pass your life without care.
7 ... at the close of the year, days of mourning, sorrow, and ill-luck.[1917]
8 ... and loved all; for he makes no difference, and separates them by a white line....
So in love, and in the case of young men of rather better face, he marks.... and loves nothing.[1918]
9 Why do you give way to excessive anger? You had better keep your hands off a woman!
10 ... you could not take it away before you took the spirit of Tullius from the man, and killed the man himself.[1919]
11 We heard he appealed to his friends, with that rascal Lucilius.
12 besides that you would wish us to direct, and apply our minds to your words
13 So, I say, was that crafty fellow, that old wolf, Hannibal, taken in.[1920]
14 But they are not alike, and do not give. What if they would give? Would you accept, tell me?
15 ... convey him, like a runaway slave, with handcuffs, fetters, and collar.[1921]
16 ... who will both beg you for less, and grant their favors much better, and without disgrace.[1922]
17 If you wish to detain him....
18 Albinus, in grief, confines himself to his house, because he has divorced his daughter....[1923]
19 ... to foment another's hungry stomach with ground barley like a poultice.[1924]
20 I know for certain it is as you say: for I had thoroughly examined into all.
21 ... she will bring you youth and elegance, if you think that elegance.
22 ... first opposite.... if there is any garret to which he can retire.
23 ... and in the gymnasium, that after the old fashion you might retain spectators.
24 ... where there was a scout to shut him out from you, and nip his passion in the bud.[1925]
25 When he sees me, he wheedles and coaxes, scratches his head, and picks out the vermin.[1926]
26 What will it profit me, when I am now sated with all things.
27 ...[1927]
28 Go on, I pray; and if you can, make me think myself worthy of you.
29 ... this he would have found the only thing for the man's disease.
30 This is their way of reckoning: the items are falsified: the sum total roguishly balanced.[1928]
31 These fellows will balance their accounts exactly in the same way--[1929]
32 Come, now, add up the expenditure, and then add on the debts.
33 ... suffering from a Chironian and not a mortal sore and wound.[1930]
34 ... what you have hired at a great price is dear; though with no great loss.[1931]
35 ... all their hope rests in me, that I may be bilked of my money.[1932]
36 ... would not return ... and banish her poor wretch.[1933]
37 ... we have all been plundered.
38 ... distribute, scatter, squander, dissipate....
39 ... collect assistance, though she does not deserve I should bring it.
40 ... you think me your patron, friend, and lover....
41 ... that in this matter, you should bring me aid and assistance
42 ... Do you, meantime, bring a light, and draw the curtains.[1934]
43 ... thank me for introducing you.
44 ... then he subjoins that which is even now well known.
45 I will hit his leg with a stone, if he strikes you....
46 Let no one break these double hinges with iron....[1935]
47 I will break through the hinges with a crowbar and two-edged iron.
48 I shall pass quickly through each winter.[1936]
49 Sends forth his pent-houses, prepares sheds and mantlets.[1937]
50 ... add all the rest in order, at my peril.
51 ... for a little while, they will devour me; while she, like a very polypus....[1938]
52 ... rise, woman, draw not a bad outline....[1939]
53 ... since while they are extricating others, they get into the mud themselves--
54 ... he came here, on his way, while he was traveling elsewhere.
55 ... what? he would himself share for learning what is good.[1940]
56 ... as if he had not got what he wished for.
57 ... nor the cloudless breezes favor with their blast--[1941]
58 ... whence he can scarcely get home, and hardly get clear out.
59 ... and heaviness often oppresses you, by your own fault.[1942]
60 ... the annihilation of our army to a man--
61 ... thrust forth by force, and driven out of Italy.
62 ... this then he possessed, and nearly all Apulia--
63 ... with some intricate beginning out of Pacuvius.
64 ... may the king of gods avert ill-omened words.[1943]
65 ... rails at wretched me too....
66 ... first he denies that Chrysis returns intact.[1944]
67 ... the Greeks call tripping up.[1945]
68 ... all things alike he separates ... and heinous.[1946]
69 ... What man art thou? Man! no man....[1947]
70 ...[1948]
71 ... all other things in which we are carried away, not to be prolix.[1949]
72 † ....[1950]
73[1951]
FOOTNOTES:
[1915] Lupus. Cf. lib. i., Fr. 4, where he speaks of his perjuries, and Fr. inc. 193, "Occidunt Lupe te saperdæ et jura siluri," where he satirizes his luxuriousness; here he alludes to his unjust dealings as judge. Cf. ad Pers., i., 114. Interdicere aquâ et igni, the technical phrase for banishment. Cf. Cæs., B. G., vi., 44. Cic., Phil., vi., 4. Fam., xi., 1. Lupus appears to grieve that the banished man has still two elements, air and earth, left to enjoy. Thales is said to have been the first to use ἀρχαὶ in the sense of "first principles." (Vid. Ritter's History of Philosophy.) Empedocles first reduced the elements to four, and called them ῥιζώματα. Plato first called them στοιχεῖα, vid. Tim., 48. Adesse is applied both to the defendant who appears before the tribunal and to the advocate who stands by to support him. «Cicero seems to allude to the passage in his speech for Roscius (pro Rosc. Am., xxvi.), "Non videntur hunc hominem ex rerum naturâ sustulisse et eripuisse, cui repente cœlum, solem, aquam, terramque ademerint?" Cf. de Orat., i., c. 50, 1.»
[1916] Deliacis, the conjecture of Junius for deliciis. The Fragment will then be connected with Fr. 8, and will refer to the θεωρία sent to Delos; with which, of course, the death of Socrates is connected. Plat., Phæd., 58.
[1917] Annus vertens, i. e., "circumactus, completus." Nizol. Cic. pro Qu., 40. Nat. De., ii., 54, "Mercurii stella anno ferè vertente signiferum lustrat orbem." Phil., xiii., 10, "intra finem anni vertentis." So mensis vertens. Plaut., Pers., IV., iv., 76. Dies religiosi, ἀποφράδες ἡμέραι, "Days of ill omen," on which nothing important was undertaken; as the Dies Alliensis. Cf. Cic., Att., ix., 4. Qu., Fr. 3, 4. Liv., vi., 1. Suet., Tib., 61, "Nullus à pœnâ hominum cessavit dies, ne religiosus quidem ac sacer." Claud., 14. Aul. Gell., iv., 9. Festus reckons thirty-six of these days in the year (in voc "Religiosus" and "Mundus").
[1918] Albâ lineâ signare is a phrase for "doing any thing carelessly and negligently:" to make, as it were, a white line on a white ground, which could not be distinguished; whereas careful workmen work by a clearly-defined and durable line. Cf. Aul. Gell., Præf., 11, "Albâ ut dicitur lineâ, sine curâ discriminis converrebant."
[1919] Tullius, Gerlach supposes to have been an unjust judge, like Lupus, Fr. 1, and to be the same as the "judex" mentioned, xi., Fr. 2.
[1920] Acceptum, i. e., deceptum. Nonius. Veterator. Cf. Ter., Andr., II., vi., 26, "Quid hic volt veterator sibi?"
[1921] Canis, and its diminutive, catulus, are both used for a species of fetter. Plaut., Cas., II., vi., 37, "Ut quidem tu hodie canem et furcam feras." Curcul., V., iii., 13, "Delicatum te hodie faciam cum catello ut adcubes ferreo ego dico." σκύλαξ is used in Greek with the same double meaning. Collare. Cf. Plaut., Capt., II., ii., 107, "Hoc quidem haud molestum est, jam quod collum collari caret." Other kinds of fetters are mentioned, Plaut., Asin., III., ii., 4, "Compedes, nervos, catenas, numellas, pedicas, boias." Capt., IV., ii., 109.
[1922] Præbent. Cf. Ov., A. Am., ii., 685, "Odi quæ præbet, quia sit præbere necesse."
[1923] Albinus. It is doubtful whether the allusion is to Aulus or Spurius Posthumius Albinus. The latter, Cicero tells us, was condemned and banished by the "Gracchani judices," together with Opimius. Cic., Brut., 34. (Cf. lib. xi., Fr. 1.) He is here charged with incest, as the phrase repudium remittere properly applies to a wife, or one betrothed (divortium being applied to a wife only). Vid. Fest. in v. "Repudium." Plaut., Aul., IV., x., 57, c. not. Hildyard.
[1924] Mæstum, i. e., fame enectum. Non.
[1925] Compare the whole scene in Plaut, Asin., act. iv., sc. 1.
[1926] Subblanditur. Plaut., Cas., III., iii., 23. Bacch., III., iv., 19. Palpatur. Plaut., Merc., I., ii., 60, "Hoc, sis, vide ut palpatur! Nullus 'st quando occœpit, blandior." Amph., I., iii., 9, "Observatote quam blande mulieri palpabitur."
[1927] Cf. xxviii., Fr. 49. The Fragment is assigned to both books.
[1928] Æra, "numeri nota." Nonius. Cf. Cic. in Hortens., "Quid tu inquam soles; cum rationem ad dispensatorem accipis, si æra singula probasti, summam quæ ex his confecta sit, non probare?" This and the 31st, 32d, 34th, and 38th Fragments, are part of the old man's speech, inveighing against the profligacy and extravagance of young men. Vid. Argument.
[1929] Subducere rationes. Cf. Plaut., Curc., iii., 1, "Beatus videor: subduxi ratiunculam, quantum æris mihi sit, quantumque alieni siet; dives sum si non reddo eis, quibus debeo; si reddo eis quibus debeo plus alieni est."
[1930] Vomica. Cf. Juv., xiii., 35. The vulnus Chironium is described by Celsus, "Magnum est, habet oras duras, callosas, tumentes: sanie tenui manat, odorem malum emittit, dolorem modicum affert: nihilominus difficile coit et sanescit:" v., 28. It took its name from Chiron, who is said to have first found out the way of treating it. «Cf. Orph., H., 379. Hom., Il., xi., 831. Pind., Pyth., iii.»
[1931] Magna mercede. Merces, i. e., "cost, injury, detriment." Cic., Fam., i., 9, "In molestia gaudeo te eam fidem cognoscere hominum non ita magnâ mercede, quam ego maximo dolore cognôram." The sentiment is probably the same as Cato's, "asse carum esse dicebat, quo non opus esset."
[1932] Emungi. Cf. Ter., Ph., IV., iv., 1, "Quid egisti? Emunxi argento senes." Plaut., Bac., V., i., 15, "Miserum med auro esse emunctum." Hor., A. P., 238, "Pythias emuncto lucrata Simone talentum." Bolus, "any thing thrown as a bait;" hence "profit, gain." Ter., Heaut., IV., ii. 6, "Crucior, bolum mihi tantum ereptum tam desubito de faucibus." Plaut., Pers., IV., iv., 107, "Dabit hæc tibi grandes bolos."
[1933] Exterminare. "To expel, banish beyond certain limits."
[1934] Aulæa obducite. Cf. Plin., ii., Ep. 17, "Velis obductis."
[1935] Cardines. Plaut., Amph., IV., ii., 6, "Pœne effregisti, fatue, foribus cardines." Asin., II., iii., 8, "Pol haud periclum est cardines ne foribus effringantur." Cf. iv., Fr. 15; xxviii., Fr. 27.
[1936] Carpere, "celeriter præterire." Non. Cf. Virg., Georg., iii., 141, "Acri carpere prata fuga."
[1937] Pluteus, tecta, testudines, are all military terms, and signify sheds, pent-houses, or mantlets, made of wood and hurdles covered with hides, under cover of which the soldiers advanced to the attack of a town. The vinea and musculus were of the same kind. (Cf. xxvi., Fr. 9.) Cf. Fest., in v. Pluteus., Veget., iv., 15. They are also used metaphorically, as perhaps here. Plaut, Mil. Gl., II., ii., 113, "Ad eum vineas pluteosque agam."
[1938] Polypus, one that sticks as close as a polypus or barnacle. Cf. Plaut., Aul., II., ii., 21, "Ego istos novi polypos qui sicubi quid tetigerint tenent." (Where vid. Hildyard's note.) Ov., Met., iv., 366, "deprensum polypus hostem continet--"
[1939] Filum, "oris liniamentum." Non. Cf. Plaut., Merc., IV., iv., 15, "Satis scitum filum mulieris." So filum corporis, "the contour of the body." A. Gell., i., 9.
[1940] Cf. iii., Fr. 38.
[1941] Sudum, "semiudum." Non. Serenum. Fulgent. Cf. Virg., Georg., iv., 77, "Ver nactæ sudum." Æn., viii., 529, "Arma inter nubem, cœli in regione serenâ per sudum rutilare vident."
[1942] Gravedo. Crapula, κραιπάλη, "the headache that follows intoxication." Plin., xx., 13, "Crapulæ gravedines." (Cf. Arist., Acharn., 277.)
[1943] Obscœna, i. e., "mali ominis." Fest. Hence the phrases "obscenæ aves, canes, anus." So "puppis obscœna," the ship that bore Helen to Troy. Ov., Her., v., 119. So Dies alliensis (Id. Quinct.) was said to be "Obscœnissimi ominis." Fest., in voc.
[1944] Signatam, i. e., integram; a metaphor from that which is kept closely sealed, and watched that the seals may not be broken.
[1945] Supplantare. Plato (Euthydem., l. 278) uses ὑποσκελίζειν.
[1946] Nefantia. Cf. lib. iii., 28, "Tantalus qui pœnas ob facta nefantia pendit."
[1947] Nemo homo. The two words, according to Charisius, were always used together. Cf. Plaut., Asin., II., iv., 60, "Ego certe me incerto scio hoc daturum nemini homini." Pers., II., ii., 29, "Nemo homo unquam ita arbitratus 'st." Cic., N. D., ii., 38.
[1948] Lib. xxviii., 17, where the Fr. is also quoted.
[1949] Ecferimur, i. e., "extollimur." Non.
[1950] Is hopelessly corrupt.
[1951] Occurs before; lib., xix., Fr. 8.