The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95° (part 4 of 4)

The Pleistocene of North America and its vertebrated animals from the states east of the Mississippi River and from the Canadian provinces east of longitude 95° (part 4 of 4)

During the years 1838 and 1839 an attempt was made to construct a canal to connect Altamaha River with Turtle River at Brunswick. Some bones of large mammals were met with and came to the notice of Hamilton Couper, and through him became known to the scientific world. The most striking was the great ground-sloth, of the genus Megatherium, and which Leidy afterwards called Megatherium mirabile. At a more recent time, during dredging operations, probably in the harbor, other remains were found and turned over to the Geological Survey of Georgia. The fragmentary bones and teeth were identified by Mr. J. W. Gidley (Bull. No. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 436).

The fragments of teeth regarded by Gidley as belonging to Mammut floridanum appear to the writer to represent Gomphotherium rugosidens, a species rather common in that region and belonging to the upper Miocene or Lower Pliocene. Four teeth identified as those of Physeter vetus or Physeterula neolassicus appear to be identical with Leidy’s Orycterocetus quadratidens; but this may be possibly the same as Physeterula neolassicus (=P. dubusi). It, too, is older than the Pleistocene. From the two collections have been determined the following list:

Castoroides ohioensis (p. 280). Elephas columbi (p. 157). Mammut americanum (p. 120). Bison sp. indet. (p. 261). Cervus? sp. indet. (p. 243). Tapirus haysii (p. 206). Equus complicatus (p. 193). E. leidyi (p. 193). E. littoralis (p. 193). Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). Mylodon harlani (p. 36). Chelonia (??) couperi. Crocodylus (?) sp. indet. Lamna sp. indet. Galeocerdo sp. indet. Carcharodon sp. indet. Dasyatis sp. indet.

With the bones found in the canal was a femur 13 inches long, which Harlan described as Chelonia couperi, but which resembles more closely that of some edentate mammal. Gidley stated that the shark-teeth probably represent Eocene and Miocene species. This may be true, but the supposition is not necessary, inasmuch as species of all three genera are yet living on our Atlantic coast.

J. Hamilton Couper (Hodgson’s Memoir, pp. 37–40) has given an account of the topography and geology of the region through which the Brunswick Canal was being constructed (map 40). On one of the plates of the work is a section from the ocean westward 21 miles. About 10 miles west of St. Simon’s Island the canal passed through Six-mile Swamp. This is connected at its northern end with Altamaha River, at the southern with Turtle River. The swamp has thus the appearance of a lake which has become filled with alluvial deposits. These consist of a compact clay, usually yellow and impregnated with iron. There are thin strata of soft, chalky marl and many fragments of petrified wood. At the bottom of this deposit were found the bones of Megatherium, Elephas, Mammut, Equus, and Bison. Beneath the clay stratum was sand with marine shells. Overlying the clay was a thin stratum of vegetable and sandy loam. The bones occurred at a depth of from 4 to 6 feet. In no instance, except when they had been washed out into the salt-water creek, was there any abrasion of the surface or incrustation of marine shells.

The geologist Charles Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 347) stated that part of a skeleton of a megatherium, dug out in cutting the canal, was so near the surface that it was penetrated by the roots of a pine tree. As a considerable number of the bones of one skeleton were found together, Lyell supposed that a whole carcass had been floated down the river to the spot.

Even before remains of fossil vertebrates had been found at Brunswick, bones had been discovered at Skidaway Island, near Savannah. As early as 1823, S. L. Mitchill (Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist., vol. I, p. 58) announced the finding of teeth of Megatherium at this place. More than 20 bones of the same animal were reported from the same locality in 1824 by William Couper. In 1846 (Hodgson’s “Memoir on Megatherium,” pp. 25–30), Dr. Joseph Habersham published a list of the species discovered up to that time. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 313) gave an account of his visit to the locality and noted the species obtained. The following list appears to contain all found there:

Elephas columbi (p. 157). Mammut americanum (p. 120). Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). Equus leidyi? (p. 194). Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). Mylodon harlani (p. 37). Terrapene canaliculata.

The box-tortoise Terrapene canaliculata was described by the writer in 1907 (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XXIII, p. 850, figs. 5–7) on fragmentary materials found in the U. S. National Museum. These had been sent there by Dr. J. P. Scriven, who had been active in collecting the fossil vertebrates about Savannah. Whether the remains of this box-tortoise were found on Skidaway Island or in Whitemarsh Island is uncertain.

Besides these species, found on Skidaway island, two species, Mammut americanum and Mylodon harlani, have been found at Heyner’s (or Hainer’s) Bridge. This is about 7 miles south of Savannah, where the road crosses Vernon Creek (Lyell, “Travels in North America,” vol I, pp. 163–164). Here the stream is called White Bluff Creek. In order that the reader may get a clear understanding of the conditions at this important locality, a map found in Hodgson’s Memoir is reproduced (map 40).

The whole region south of Savannah, between the mouths of Savannah and Ogeechee Rivers, is low and much divided into islands by streams connected with the rivers mentioned. A considerable part of these islands consists of marshes, which are usually overflowed by the tides. Most of the fossil bones were found along the southern bank of Skidaway River, in two places, apparently about 0.5 mile apart and near the western end of the island. On the map Hodgson has named the locality Fossilossa. Here Skidaway River made a bend which caused the bank to be eroded away, thus exposing the bones. According to Couper (Hodgson’s Memoir, p. 40), the bones were embedded in the marsh formation at about the level of very low-water. Lyell (Second Visit, etc., vol. I, p. 314) stated that the bones occurred in a dark peaty soil, or marsh mud, above which was a stratum of sand 3 or 4 feet thick; while below the peaty soil and below sea-level was sand containing many marine fossil shells, all belonging to species yet living on the neighboring coast.

The authors quoted state that at various places along the Georgia coast are found stumps of trees, cypress, cedar, and pine, in the deposits of the salt marshes and at a depth of from 2 to 4 feet below high-water. This is taken as evidence of subsidence in that region.

It is a matter of importance to know how those animal remains reached their place of burial. It has been suggested that whole carcasses had been floated down the streams and sunken where the bones are found. This is possible, but not probable. The peaty nature of the deposit inclosing the bones appears to be opposed to this view; nor could disarticulated bones have been washed down far from above, for they show no signs of attrition. The most probable explanation is that these animals lived and died about where their bones were discovered. At some past time the surface stood at a higher level than at present, although low enough to be more or less marshy. It probably supported a dense forest growth, and hither the species listed above resorted, with many others not yet discovered.

The animals inhabiting the region represent the same fauna found at so many places in Florida and Texas. The writer believes that they existed during the early part of the Pleistocene, approximately during the Aftonian interglacial; and that some of the species, as Megatherium, Mylodon, Equus, and Tapirus haysii became extinct before the advent of the Wisconsin glacial stage, probably a long time before this.

FLORIDA.

(Maps 7, 8, 15.)

For the most recent descriptions of the geology of Florida one must consult the Annual Reports of the Florida Geological Survey, issued by the State geologist, Dr. E. H. Sellards, and Water supply Paper 319 of the U. S. Geological Survey, prepared by George C. Matson and Samuel Sanford and published in 1913. In the latter work are two large maps, one representing the topography of the State and the distribution of the various geologic formations; the other presents a generalized view of the distribution of Pleistocene terraces, as recognized by Matson and Sanford. The Second Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey contains a map similar to the first mentioned.

From these maps it will be seen that the surface of Florida is largely occupied by Pleistocene deposits. According to Matson and Sanford, these deposits present themselves as disposed mostly in three principal terraces; and these are believed to indicate that the State was at one time largely submerged beneath the sea and that its present condition was attained after three principal upward movements. As shown on plate V of the geologists just named, the northern half of the peninsula at the time of greatest depression was represented by a number of islands, two of considerable size. One of these was situated at the northern end of the peninsula, the other near its center. The materials laid down around these islands and bordering the dry land along the northern border of the western half of the State form what is called the Newberry terrace. Its surface stands now at a height varying from 70 to somewhat more than 100 feet above sea-level. A second elevation exposed the deposits which, at least in part, constitute the next terrace, the Tsala Apopka. Its surface is a plain having an elevation of 40 to 60 feet above sea-level. At this stage the islands of the peninsula had coalesced, and the dry land extended southward nearly to the present Lake Okeechobee. A broad belt along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, now dry land, was still occupied by salt water. A third elevation of the land left exposed the lowest terrace, the Pensacola, that bordering the Atlantic and Gulf coasts and including the southern end of the peninsula somewhat farther north than Lake Okeechobee. The elevation of this terrace varies from that of sea-level up to about 40 feet.

The materials composing the terraces in Florida are principally sand with local deposits of clays. In the southern part of the State important beds of limestone are found in the Pensacola terrace. These beds are shown on Matson and Stanford’s geological map. At St. Augustine and along the coast southward are beds of sea-shells cemented into coquina. Where cementation has not occurred there are beds of loose shells and of marl and sand.

The writer has already (p. 346) expressed his opinion regarding the Coastal Plain terraces found in the States farther north. He finds in Florida nothing to contradict, but much to confirm, that opinion. Whatever may be the origin of Newberry and Tsala Apopka terraces, they were not laid down in salt water. From the descriptions of the deposits there the stratification and the alternation of the materials do not exist that one might expect; but, above all, there seem to be no marine fossils to attest to the presence of the sea. In Florida, too, here and there over these higher lands there are found, in place of marine fossils, the remains of many extinct land animals, as mastodons, elephants, horses, ground-sloths, and the like.

As regards the Pensacola terrace, there are found at its base, within a few feet above or below sea-level, deposits containing remains of such animals as have just been mentioned, besides many others. Often the state of preservation of these remains and the condition of their burial are such that we must conclude that the animals lived and died on the spot. Furthermore, these animals constitute an assemblage corresponding to that found in western Iowa, in Nebraska, and in Oregon, which are believed to have existed during the first interglacial stage. It corresponds also to that met with under similar conditions and at the same level at Savannah, at Charleston, at Brunswick, and at Long Branch. In most cases, too, this fossiliferous stratum is overlain with very scant deposits. By some geologists and palæontologists the animals are regarded as belonging to the Pliocene.

If the reference of the fossil vertebrates mentioned is not wholly wrong, it follows that the lowest terrace or plain along the coast was not laid down late in the Pleistocene, but at an early stage, and the higher plains must have been formed at still earlier times.

At Vero, as will be shown on page 382, a large assemblage of fossil vertebrates has been secured. The bed furnishing the oldest fossils, those of the bed known as No. 2 and believed to be of about first interglacial age, is underlain by a bed of marine shells, also of Pleistocene age. This bed is regarded by Dr. E. H. Sellards as being equivalent to the coquina which is so well known at St. Augustine; and the same formation is found here and there along both coasts of the peninsula (Matson and Sanford, op. cit., p. 192). Probably not all deposits that are called coquina are of the same age, but the deposits in question pass, on the landward side, beneath the deposits which bear vertebrate fossils. The bed at Vero, No. 2, must have been laid down after an uplift had brought above sea-level the bed of shells No. 1, on which No. 2 reposes; that is, between the time of deposition of No. 1 and No. 2 there must have elapsed a considerable interval of time. The shell deposit, therefore, probably belongs to the first glacial epoch, the Nebraskan. Inasmuch as a similar vertebrate fauna is found on both the eastern and the western coasts of the peninsula, it follows that any Pleistocene deposits underlying these vertebrate-bearing beds belongs to the Nebraskan stage; in places these have great thickness. Matson and Sanford (op. cit., pp. 194–195) concluded that the maximum thickness of the Pleistocene in southern Florida, disregarding the sandhills, is probably about 125 feet. Even if it were a matter of importance to determine in or on which terraces the vertebrate fossils are found, it would not always be easy to do so. The majority of specimens have been discovered around the coasts of the State, and therefore in deposits referred to the youngest terrace. In other cases it is difficult to determine the terrace in which fossils are buried, partly because of imperfect records as regards locality, kind of deposits, and depth of burial, partly because each terrace extends up the river valleys beyond its general border. The various fossil-bearing localities will therefore be taken up by counties, beginning at the western end of the State and ending at the southern end.

Jackson County.—As already recorded on page 121, a tooth of Mammut americanum has been found at Marianna. No details have been recorded. The Newberry terrace extends nearly or quite to this town. If it could be shown that this tooth had been buried in that terrace when it was formed, it would probably have to be referred to the time of the first glacial stage.

Gadsden County.—It appears that no vertebrate remains belonging to the Pleistocene have been found in this county, except a tooth of Mammut americanum (p. 157) which was discovered somewhere in Little River.

Wakulla County.—On page 157 the finding of a tooth of Elephas columbi somewhere along St. Marks River has been mentioned; also the discovery of a part of a skeleton of either a mastodon or an elephant somewhere about Wakulla Springs.

Columbia County.—A mastodon tooth has been found in this county 3 miles northwest of Fort White (p. 121). To which terrace it belonged or what is its place in Pleistocene time it is impossible to say.

Nassau County.—At Stokes Ferry have been found some teeth of an extinct horse (p. 194), a fragment of a tooth of an elephant (p. 180) and some ear-bones of a whale. Veatch and Stephenson (Bull. 26, Geol. Surv. Georgia, p. 394) report that these appeared to come from either the Charlton formation or the Satilla. If the Charlton really belongs to the Pliocene it is not probable that the fossils were derived from it; if they were derived from the Satilla, they do not belong to late Pleistocene.

Duval County.—On page 106 of the Eighth Annual Report of the Florida Geological Survey, Sellards reported the finding of remains of Mammut americanum (p. 122), Elephas columbi (p. 157), an undetermined species of Bison (p. 262), and an undetermined species of Odocoileus (p. 232), near Pablo Beach, at station 120 on the Inland Waterway Canal. Here, too, has been discovered a bone of Trachemys? nuchocarinata. Sellards stated that the position of the beds here is the same as that of the other localities along the Atlantic coast, the fossils being found in sand and muck which rest upon Pleistocene shell-marl. The locality is, of course, on the youngest terrace; but that, in the opinion of the writer, belongs to the early Pleistocene.

St. John’s County.—At a place 28 miles south of St. Augustine, along the Inland Waterway Canal, Mr. Fred P. Allen, of St. Augustine, collected on the Almero farm remains of Mammut americanum (p. 122), Elephas columbi (p. 158), Mylodon harlani? (p. 37), Equus sp. indet. (p. 194), the box-tortoise Terrapene antipex, and a dermal plate of perhaps Alligator mississippiensis. These were found in the banks of the canal. Here, at least, the horse and the mylodon, taking into consideration the geological circumstances, indicate early Pleistocene, equivalent to the first interglacial stage.

Levy and Alachua Counties.—Geologically these counties furnish important localities because of the presence of the Alachua clays (usually referred to the lower Pliocene or even the Upper Miocene) and deposits belonging to all three of the Pleistocene terraces, Newberry, Tsala Apopka, and Pensacola. The Alachua clays first require consideration, for in them have been found a considerable number of species of vertebrates which usually indicate Pleistocene deposits. The localities where Alachua clays have furnished vertebrate fossils, as indicated on Matson and Sanford’s map (Water Supply Paper 319, U. S. Geol. Surv., plate I), are situated, one around Archer, Alachua County (the type locality), second, about 5 miles west of Williston, in Levy County, and a third about 5 miles east of Newberry, in Alachua County.

The clays referred to form accumulations in depressions on the surface of the Ocala limestone, itself belonging to the Eocene. The deposits are said to average in depth about 10 feet, but are often thinner and occasionally much thicker. They have furnished a considerable number of species of vertebrates. A list, prepared by Dr. Leidy, of those found at Archer was published in 1892, in Bulletin 84 of the U. S. Geological Survey, on page 129. Besides these, Leidy had previously reported a tapir, a small crocodile or alligator, and a bone thought to belong to the extinct Cervus americanus (Cervalces scotti?), but which was not afterward mentioned. The rhinoceroses and the camels were described by Leidy and Lucas in 1896 (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. IV, pp. 1–61 with plates).

Herewith is presented a list of such vertebrates as have been found at Archer. It appears necessary to retain for the rhinoceroses the specific names given them by Leidy.

Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). Odocoileus osceola? (p. 232). Procamelus major (p. 224). P. minor (p. 224). P. minimus (p. 224). Teleoceras proterus (p. 211). Aphelops longipes (p. 211). Tapirus haysii? (p. 207). Hipparion ingenuum (p. 195). Megatherium mirabile (p. 37). Alligator (or Crocodylus) sp. indet.

The following vertebrates have been collected east of Williston, in the place mentioned in Dall’s report of 1892, on page 129, as Mixon’s:

Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). Procamelus major (p. 224). Teleoceras proterus (p. 211). Hipparion ingenuum (p. 196). Hipparion plicatile (p. 196). Thinobadistes segnis (p. 37). Manatus antiquus?. Pseudemys cælata. Atractosteus lapidosus.

The list from the locality east of Newberry (Hallowell’s place of Dall’s report) is rather short. Equus littoralis, Odocoileus osceola?, Hipparion sp. indet., and Parahippus sp. indet. have been reported (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. V, p. 58; vol. VIII, pp. 42, 94). At Neals, Alachua County. Tapirus terrestris?, Gomphotherium floridanum, and Hipparion sp. indet. have been collected (Sellards as cited). At Juliette, same county, Gomphotherium floridanum has been secured, and at Hernando the same species; also Hipparion sp. indet. and Procamelus sp. indet. (Sellards Florida Geol. Surv., vol. V, p. 58). Along Santa Fe River, in the Buttgenbach mines, 6 miles north of Wade, have been found teeth of Equus and a tooth of Bison.

At Dunnellon, about 25 miles south of Williston, from the phosphate mines along the Withlacoochee River, have been obtained fossil vertebrates so similar to those found in the Alachua clays that Sellards concluded to unite his Dunnellon formation and the Alachua clays into one to be called the Alachua formation (6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 161). The list of vertebrates found at and about Dunnellon is as follows, including the species dredged in Withlacoochee River:

Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 38). Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 138). Ursus sp. indet. Felis sp. indet. *Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 122). Mammut americanum (p. 122). Elephas imperator (p. 162). Trichechus manatus. *Parahippus sp. indet. (p. 196). *Hipparion plicatile (p. 196). Equus leidyi (p. 196). Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 207). *Aphelops longipes (p. 211). *Procamelus minor (p. 225). Odocoileus osceola (p. 233). Bison sp. indet. (p. 263).

The species marked by an asterisk are regarded by Doctor Sellards and others as belonging to the Miocene or Pliocene (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 94). See also Sellards, 1913 (5th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 58; 8th Rep., p. 104).

On the basis of the fossil vertebrates it can hardly be denied that the Alachua clays and the phosphate mines at Dunnellon are of the same geological age. According to Sellards, the formation belongs to the upper Miocene or to the lower Pliocene. Merriam (Bull. Dept. Geol. Univ. Cal., vol. X, p. 439) refers it to the Pliocene. Although there is present a strong palæontological element which represents the Pleistocene, the reference of the formation to the late Miocene or early Pliocene has seemed to be required by the presence of Gomphotherium, Procamelus, Teleoceras, and Hipparion. The Pleistocene species are usually accounted for on the supposition that they are intrusions from more recent deposits.

A figure from Sellards (Geol. Surv. Florida, vol. VII, p. 53), only slightly modified is intended to show the relation of the phosphate-bearing formations to those underlying them (fig. 21).

It is worth our while to consider whether or not the reference of the Alachua formation to the Miocene or early Pliocene is required by palæontological evidence. Gomphotherium is characterized by having molar teeth which on abrasion at one or both ends of each crest, present a trefoil pattern of the enamel; also by having a band of enamel on each of the upper tusks. Now, teeth having the same structure are not uncommon in deposits of undoubted Pleistocene age in Kansas and Texas. That the animals possessing these teeth had tusks with enamel bands is not known, but it is quite possible that such enamel bands were present.

1. Georgia-Florida State line.

2. Suwannee River.

3. Lake City.

4. Santa Fe River.

5. Withlacoochee River.

6. Lakeland.

7. Arcadia.

8. Caloosahatchee River.

9. Gulf Coast.

a Upper Oligocene phosphatic marls.

b Ocala limestone.

c Hard rock phosphate.

d Bone Valley formation.

e Pleistocene deposits (Pliocene and Pleistocene of Sellards).

The genus Hipparion is not confined to the Tertiary. Teeth have been discovered in the Aftonian of Iowa (Hay, Geol. Surv. Iowa, vol. XXIII, p. 150) and in Missouri (op. cit., p. 149). The writer has described a species of the genus, Hipparion cragini, collected by Professor Cragin in the Sheridan beds in Kansas (Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. X, p. 42).

One may be justified in suspecting that Procamelus lived on into the Pleistocene. Not only has it been found associated with Pleistocene fossils in five places in Florida—Archer, Williston, Dunnellon, Hernando, and Ocala—but it has been met with in possible Pleistocene deposits (the Idaho formation) in Idaho, which furnishes Equus, Cervus, Castor, and Stegomastodon mirificus (the type of which belongs in the Sheridan beds). Furthermore, the writer has had occasion to describe a collection of fossils, believed to belong to the early Pleistocene, which was obtained at Anita, Coconino County, Arizona. Among these fossils are two species of Procamelus much like those described by Leidy from the Alachua formation (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LIX, pp. 622–626). The writer believes that the genus Procamelus persisted into the early Pleistocene.

Two species of rhinoceros have been collected in the Alachuan formation, Teleoceras proterus Leidy and Aphelops longipes Leidy. Both occurred at Archer, while T. proterus was found near Williston and A. longipes at Dunnellon. A rhinoceros has been discovered in the Idaho formation, with the Pleistocene species named above in connection with Procamelus of these beds. In Oregon Cope made a collection which has been examined by Dr. W. D. Matthew (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. XVI, p. 321). Here again Teleoceras was supposed to have been found with Hipparion, camels belonging to Camelops (or Procamelus), Elephas, and Equus. Matthew thought that there had happened, either before the fossils were collected or afterwards, a mingling of elements of two distinct faunas.

To the writer it seems improbable that the commingling of Procamelus and the rhinoceroses with Pleistocene forms should occur thus accidentally so often and at such widely removed localities. It appears more probable that these Tertiary genera did not become extinct so early as has been supposed and that the association was not a secondary one. The association is what might be expected in collections made in deposits of the earliest Pleistocene.

It must not be forgotten in these discussions that the Pleistocene genera and species with which the collections in question are being compared are those of the so-called Equus beds, which appear to represent the fauna of the first interglacial stage. This, however, was preceded by the Nebraskan, the first glacial, which probably occupied a long period of time; possibly it was half as long as all the rest of the Pleistocene (Chamberlin and Salisbury, Geology, vol. III, p. 383). About the vertebrate life of this long stage we know as yet very little. The writer is quite convinced that the Idaho formation and the Alachua, or Bone Valley, belong to the earliest Pleistocene.

Marion County.—In a fissure in the limestone-rock quarry at Ocala there has been found an important collection of vertebrates. The following list is thought to include all that have been reported:

Trucifelis floridana. Sylvilagus sp. indet. Elephas columbi (p. 158). Bison sp. indet. Odocoileus sp. indet. (p. 233). Procamelus minimus (p. 224). Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 207). Equus leidyi (p. 196). Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). Terrapene formosa. Testudo distans. T. incisa. T. ocalana.

A part of this list was published by Sellards in 1916 (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 103). The tortoises were described in the same volume.

Inasmuch as Trucifelis floridana has been found in the Pleistocene at Vero, Florida, one may safely regard the specimen found at Ocala as also of Pleistocene age. All of the other mammals are admitted to be of Pleistocene age except Procamelus minimus. The fissure may have been open during some part of the Nebraskan stage.

Volusia County.—At Daytona, situated on the east coast, therefore on the youngest terrace, remains of Mammut americanum (p. 122) have been found. At DeLand there has been recovered the skull of a dolphin which Sellards (8th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 107, plate XIV) has described as Globicephalus bœreckii (p. 20). It was found at a depth of 10 feet, in sands which overlie Pliocene shell marls. The sands are regarded as belonging probably to the Pleistocene. DeLand is on the Tsala Apopka terrace. At a depth of 10 feet there was reached the supposed marine base of this terrace.

Orange County.—As stated on page 196, a tooth of an extinct horse was found somewhere in the county.

Pinellas County.—On the western shore of Tampa Bay (p. 159), near St. Petersburg, at Indian Rock, a tooth of Elephas columbi was found.

Hillsboro and Manatee Counties.—The region around Tampa Bay is important because of the wealth of vertebrate fossils dredged up by the collectors of phosphate rock from the beds of Hillsboro, Alafia, and Manatee Rivers. Unfortunately, few accurate records have been kept of localities and conditions of occurrence of the fossils, and we usually know only that a collection was made in a certain river, perhaps not so much as that. For that reason it is concluded to group together all the fossils regarded as Pleistocene and known to have been found in Hillsboro, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties. In order to indicate as far as possible the localities, the names of the species are followed by contractions which apply as follows.

A, Alafia River. E, Ellenton, on Manatee River. Hc, Hillsboro County. Hr, Hillsboro River. Ls, Little Sarasota Bay. Ps, Palma Sola. M, town of Manatee. P, Palmetto. S, 8 miles southeast of Sarasota. T, around Tampa Bay. Wb, White Beach, on Sarasota Bay.

List of Pleistocene vertebrates found in Hillsboro, Manatee, and Sarasota Counties.

Homo sapiens, Ps. Elephas imperator, P (p. 164). E. columbi, T, S, Ps (p. 159). E. primigenius, Ps (p. 145). Mammut americanum, T, He, A (p. 123). Bison latifrons, Ps (p. 263). B. sp. indet., T, A, P, Ps (p. 263). Odocoileus sp. indet., P, Ps (p. 233). Tapirus sp. indet., T, A (p. 208). Tagassu lenis?, Ps (p. 222). Equus complicatus, A, Wb, Ps (pp. 196, 197). E. leidyi, A. P, Wb, Ps, S (pp. 196, 197). E. littoralis, M, Ps (p. 197). Chlamytherium septentrionale, Hr, Wb, S (p. 38). Testudo crassiscutata?, A. T. ocalana, He. Terrapene putnami, A. Deirochelys floridana, He. Trachemys euglypha, E. T. jarmani, Hc. T. sculpta, Hc. Pseudemys extincta, Hc. P. cælata, Ps. Platypeltis ferox, Hc.

The bones of man belonged to the skull and are as completely fossilized as the bones of a horse and are wholly free from organic matter.

Among the mammals of this list there are no genera and few species that have not been found in the Pleistocene at many places in the United States. The presence of Elephas imperator and three species of Equus and Chlamytherium apparently indicate Pleistocene of about Aftonian times.

From Palma Sola, Manatee County, there have been sent to the U. S. National Museum by Mr. Charles T. Earle many specimens of fossil vertebrates, found at various times washed up on the beach. Some belonged evidently to deposits older than the Pleistocene, probably to Miocene, and included teeth of sharks, a beak of a platanistid porpoise, and a lower tooth of a sirenian, Metaxytherium floridanum. Other specimens, as bones of a camel, parts of the shells of tortoises, alligator or crocodile teeth and bones are of uncertain age. Ten species of the list are referred to the Pleistocene. All of the teeth are isolated, but many are well preserved and little water-worn. The bones are mostly fragmentary, some worn, some not.

Polk County.—On page 159 is an account of a tooth of an elephant. Elephas columbi, reported as being found at Kingsford, Polk County, under 19 feet of phosphate rock and sand. It may belong to E. imperator. On page 196 is detailed the finding of several teeth of Equus in the phosphate mines of Kingsford. The species E. leidyi and E. littoralis are recognized. Unless these elephant and horse-teeth had been incorrectly reported or had been secondarily introduced into the phosphate beds, they are, in the writer’s opinion, to be referred to the first glacial stage, the Nebraskan. Dr. W. H. Dall has somewhere reported the finding of tusks at Bartow; these were supposed to have belonged to Elephas columbi (p. 180). At Nichols the large land-tortoise Testudo hayi Sellards has been recovered from a phosphate mine. From phosphate mines at Brewster has been secured the following list of vertebrates, obtained from Dr. Sellards’s reports (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 100, 106, 108; vol. VIII, pp. 95, 96, 98, 100).

Gomphotherium floridanum? (p. 123). Mammut progenium (p. 123). Hipparion minor (p. 197). Procamelus minor? Teleoceras or Aphelops sp. indet. (p. 211). Agriotherium schneideri. Tomistoma americanum.

All of this list are referred by Sellards to the upper Miocene or lower Pliocene. The writer regards them as belonging to the first stage of the Pleistocene.

From a phosphate pit at Christina, Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, p. 106, fig. 35) has reported a tooth of an undetermined species of Gomphotherium.

Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 72, 110) has reported the collection of remains of Hipparion sp. indet. and of Teleoceras proterus (p. 211) from phosphate mines at Mulberry. In the U. S. National Museum are undetermined remains of Gomphotherium from the same place, sent in by Matson.

Brevard County.—In the Hopkins drainage canal at Eau Gallie have been found remains of Equus complicates (p. 196) and Elephas columbi (p. 159).

Zolfo, Hardee County.—At Zolfo, near the border of the Bone Valley area, have been found Megatherium (p. 38) and Elephas columbi (p. 160).

De Soto County.—With one exception, apparently, fossil vertebrates have been discovered in De Soto County only in deposits along Peace Creek. The exception is a place called Tourner’s or Turner’s, on Caloosahatchee River. The elephant found there will be considered among the fossils found in Lee County. At Calvenia, at the entrance of Charlie Apopkee Creek into Peace Creek, Equus leidyi (p. 198) has been secured.

Most of the fossils found below Calvenia are accredited to Arcadia. According to Leidy (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. II, p. 19), those of his list were found on a sand-bar at Arcadia; but certainly others have been taken from phosphate rock dredged both above and below the town. As complete and as accurate a list as the writer has been able to prepare is here presented.

Peace Creek, or Peace River, has been the source of many fossil vertebrates, the greater part of them obtained at or near Arcadia. Most of the species were described by Joseph Leidy in 1889 (Trans. Wagner Free Inst., vol. II, pp. 19–31). The region was examined by Dr. W. H. Dall, whose report was published in 1892 (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 128–133). He referred the bed bearing vertebrate fossils to the Pliocene. Cope (in Dall’s report, p. 130) regarded them as equivalent to the Equus beds of the Great Plains, or between these and the Loup Fork. Sellards (Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VII, pp. 78–83) places the formation in the Pleistocene.

List of fossil vertebrates found in Peace Creek at or near Arcadia.

Elephas imperator (p. 164). E. columbi (p. 160). Mammut americanum (p. 124). Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). Tapirus terrestris (p. 208). Equus leidyi (p. 199). E. littoralis (p. 199). Hipparion ingenuum (p. 199). Delphinid sp. indet. Trichechus antiquus. Glyptodon petaliferus (p. 39). Glyptodon rivipacis (p. 40). Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 40). Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 39). Alligator mississippiensis?. Testudo crassiscutata. T. obtusa. Trachemys euglypha. Macrochelys floridana. Chætodipterus faber. Diodon sp. indet. Myliobatis sp. indet. Galeocerdo sp. indet. Isurus sp. indet.

Of all the genera and species of mammals and reptiles appearing in the list, there is none that it is necessary to suppose was derived from Pliocene deposits, or even from those of a Pleistocene stage earlier than the first interglacial. The marine fishes and sharks have been derived possibly from the Arcadia marls. On the other hand, the presence of Elephas imperator, the species of Equus, Hipparion, Glyptodon, Chlamytherium, and the gigantic tortoise Testudo crassiscutata furnishes evidence that the age was about that of the Equus, or Aftonian, beds of the Great Plains.

St. Lucie County.—At Fellsmere, a place near the northern border of the county and about 10 miles west of Indian River, teeth of both Elephas columbi (p. 159) and Mammut americanum (p. 122) have been found, in the construction of drainage canals.

The most important locality for Pleistocene fossils in St. Lucie County, one may say in the whole State, is Vero. The topographical, geological, and palæontological conditions found here are described in the Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports of the Florida Geological Survey. Papers on the subject may be found also in the Journal of Geology for January 1917 and for October 1917; also in the American Anthropologist for the first and second quarters of 1918. Besides the large number of species of vertebrates found here, the interest is heightened by the fact that, associated with these, are human bones and objects of human manufacture. Through the valley of an insignificant stream was dug a large drainage canal, the construction of which brought to light vertebrate bones and teeth. Three beds of Pleistocene materials were exposed. At the bottom is found a bed of marl filled with marine mollusks and which is the geological equivalent of the coquina rock at St. Augustine. The same deposit is found in various places along the coast and has received from Dr. Sellards the name Anastasia formation. Above this lies a stratum composed mostly of sand, but containing also some muck. In the discussion of the locality this bed is designated as No. 2, the marl being No. 1. No. 2 has a thickness of about 2 feet. It in turn is overlain by No. 3, which consists mostly of vegetable matter and sand. It is called also the muck-bed. In places the muck is replaced by a bed of marl, which here and there may become pretty firmly consolidated. The thickness of No. 3 is about 2 or 3 feet. Vertebrate fossils are found in both No. 2 and No. 3. It is the purpose of the author first to present lists of the fossils which have been found in each of the upper beds, beginning with the stream of sand, No. 2.

List of fossil vertebrates found at Vero in stratum No. 2.

Trucifelis floridanus. Felis veronis. Ænocyon ayersi. Vulpes palmaria. Lutra canadensis. Procyon lotor. Cryptotis floridana. Blarina brevicauda peninsulæ. Sylvilagus sp. indet. Neofiber alleni. Hydrochœrus robustus. Sigmodon sp. indet. Elephas columbi (p. 159). Mammut americanum (p. 122). Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 235). Tagassu lenis (p. 222). Tapirus haysii? (p. 208). T. veroensis (p. 208). Equus complicatus (p. 199). E. leidyi (p. 199). E. littoralis (p. 199). Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 38). Mylodon harlani (p. 39). Didelphis virginiana. Jabiru weillsi. Cathartes aura. Querquedula floridana. Herodias egretta. Alligator mississippiensis. Testudo sellardsi. Terrapene innoxia. Chelydra laticarinata.

List of fossil vertebrates found at Vero, in stratum No. 3.

Lynx ruffus floridanus. Canis riviveronis. Canis sp. indet. Vulpes palmaria. Lutra canadensis. Ursus floridanus. Procyon lotor. Scalopus aquaticus australis. Sylvilagus palustris. Neofiber alleni. Neotoma floridana. Sigmodon hispidus. Oryzomys palustris. Elephas columbi (p. 159). Mammut americanum (p. 122). Odocoileus osceola? (p. 233). O. sellardsiæ (p. 233). Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). Tagassu lenis (p. 222). Tapirus haysii? (p. 208). Equus littoralis? (p. 199). E. leidyi? (p. 199). Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). Didelphis virginiana. Ardea sellardsi. A. herodias. Ardea? sp. indet. Herodias egretta? Aluco pratincola. Cathartes aura septentrionalis. Larus vero. Larus? sp. indet. Mycteria americana? Alligator mississippiensis. Crotalus adamanteus. Farancia abacura. Drymarchon corais couperi. Gopherus polyphemus. Terrapene antipex. T. innoxia. Pseudemys floridanus persimilis. Trachemys? nuchocarinatus. Chelydra sculpta. Chelonia mydas. Caretta caretta. Siren lacertina. Amphiuma means. Caranx hippos. Caranx sp. indet. Amiatus calvus. Lepisosteus platystomus. Aëtobatis narinari.

Besides those remains which are to be assigned with certainty to one or the other or both of the strata, there are a few others about whose place in the deposit there is uncertainty:

Testudo luciæ. Gopherus præcedens. Trachemys bisornata. T. sculpta.

At a point about 3 miles west of Vero, a lower jaw of Elephas imperator (p. 163) was found in the bank of the drainage canal. It was embedded in a matrix of brown sand which rests upon the stratum of marine shell marl.

The list of mammals found in stratum No. 2 shows that there are 29 species and that 21 of these are extinct. This high proportion of species no longer existing is of itself enough to show that the deposit is an old one. Again, such species as Elephas imperator and camels occur in the glaciated region only in Aftonian beds, and outside of the glaciated region only in those which are quite certainly of approximately the same age.

In the list of species found in stratum No. 3 there are 25 mammals, of which 12 species are extinct. These form, therefore, 48 per cent of the whole, indicating apparently a more recent geological time, perhaps about the Sangamon stage. It is true that the geologists hold that there has been continuous deposition and that no interval elapsed between the laying down of No. 2 and No. 3. In a region so near to the level of the sea, where the streams are small and short and have little fall, deposition must have gone on with extreme slowness; hence there may have been no period when deposition ceased. Apparently, too, there was a time when the region was somewhat lower than at present and salt water came up the stream as far as the locality where the fossils are found. The presence of Chelonia mydas, Caretta caretta, the two species of Caranx and Aëtobatis narinari may thus be explained.

The fresh-water and terrestrial mollusks of stratum No. 2 were submitted to Dr. Paul Bartsch, of the U. S. National Museum, who has reported on them (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. VIII, p. 144). He lists 29 species, all living.

The marine mollusks found in the stratum called No. 1, and which the writer refers to the first glacial stage, have been studied by Mr. W. C. Mansfield, of the U. S. Geological Survey (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 78–80). Seventy-four species are specifically determined, and of these 61 are identical with living forms. Three or four species are possibly extinct. There is no question that the deposit belongs to the Pleistocene.

Nearly all of the plants were found in the bed designated as No. 3, the upper or muck-bed. These were studied by Dr. Edward W. Berry, of the Maryland Geological Survey. His report, published in 1917 (Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., vol. IX, pp. 19–33), states his conclusion that the plants belong to the late Pleistocene, either the Peorian or the Late Wisconsin. It may be stated that Dr. Berry adopts the theory that the terraces supposed to be found along the Atlantic Coast were formed during stages of submergence beneath the sea, the lowest one late in Pleistocene time.

Lee County.—The whole of Lee County is occupied by Pleistocene deposits which form a part of the Pensacola terrace. Naturally the Pleistocene is overlain, generally, at least, by accumulations of Recent materials, and it may not always be easy to distinguish the one from the other. So far as the writer knows, all the vertebrate fossils discovered in this county have been collected along Caloosahatchee River above Fort Myers. The geology of this river has been described by Heilprin (Trans. Wagner Inst., vol. I), Dall (Bull. 84, U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 142–145), Matson and Sanford (Water Supply Paper 319, pp. 134–138), Sellards (2d Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., p. 123, 6th Ann. Rep. Florida Geol. Surv., pp. 41–46). The Pleistocene is underlain by Pliocene marls and hard and soft limestones and consists of beds of muck, marl, and sand of little thickness. At Labelle it is said (Sellards, 2d Ann. Rep., p. 126) that there is a fossiliferous Pleistocene marl covered by 3 feet of sandy loam. The following seem to be the species which have been found in the Pleistocene in this region:

Elephas imperator (p. 163). Equus leidyi (p. 199). E. sp. indet. (p. 199). Bison latifrons (p. 264). Mylodon harlani (p. 40). Testudo obtusa?. Trachemys bisornata. T. sculpta.

The presence of Elephas imperator is an indication that the deposits belong to the early part of the Pleistocene. None of the species appear to indicate an older stage than the Aftonian.

Dade County.—Sellards (8th Ann. Rep., p. 106) records that some fragmentary remains of a proboscidean had been found in Miami River, Dade County.

Palm Beach County.—On page 105 of the report just cited, Sellards stated that Elephas columbi (p. 160), Mammut americanum (p. 123), Equus complicatus (p. 200), and Bison sp. indet. (p. 264) had been found in the Palm Beach Canal, constructed to drain the Everglades.

At some unknown point in the Everglades, possibly in Lee County, there was found many years ago a tooth of an elephant which the writer believes belonged to Elephas imperator, already mentioned on page 163. It was formerly reported as E. columbi.

ALABAMA.

An account of the Quaternary formations of Alabama may be found in Eugene A. Smith’s “Report on the Geology of the Coastal Plain of Alabama.” This was published in 1894, and the part pertaining to the Pleistocene is found on pages 28 to 65. Along the coast Smith recognized the presence of a formation which he called the Biloxi. The upper part of this was regarded as belonging to the Recent, while the lower portion was thought to be the equivalent of Hilgard’s Port Hudson, those deposits numbered 1 to 4 in the section shown on page 387, under Geology of Mississippi. The thickness of the Port Hudson is given as about 100 feet. Borings revealed the presence of shells and lignitized wood.

Along the rivers which traverse the Coastal Plain are found three terraces. The first or lowest is that which is subject to annual overflow. The second terrace, “the second bottom,” occurs along most of even the smaller streams of the Coastal Plain. It may be as much as a mile wide. The height above low water may vary from 10 to 15 feet in the lower courses of the rivers to 60 feet farther up stream. Near water-level a blue clay is frequently found which contains stumps, roots, and other remains of vegetation, often well preserved. Smith concluded that this second terrace was the substantial equivalence in time to the Port Hudson.

Smith presents a geological section taken along Black Warrior River, in Hale County, 150 miles above Mobile. The section included about 50 feet. As caving went on, stumps and logs were frequently brought into view. Similar sections were found on Coosa River, above Montgomery, and on Alabama River, 50 miles above Mobile.

The third terrace is found at elevations of from 50 to 100 feet above the second. It is sometimes 3 miles or more in width.

In his paper on the Citronelle formation (Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Surv., 98, pp. 167–208), Matson discusses briefly (pp. 189–190) the Pleistocene of the area studied by him. This extends from the western end of Florida to Mississippi River. Here he recognized four terraces, from the youngest to the oldest, the Pensacola, the Hammond, the Port Hickey, and the St. Elmo. The St. Elmo merges into the Natchez formation, which Matson, quoting Chamberlin and Salisbury, regarded as sub-Aftonian. The Port Hickey terrace is stated to take its name from a locality on the Mississippi River where the typical materials of the Port Hudson formation are exposed. The Port Hickey terrace may, as suggested by Matson, be of post-Iowan age. Naturally, these correlations require confirmation.

Berry has described fossil plants (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XLI, pp. 689–697; Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. 4, vol. XXIX, pp. 387–398) which were found along Chattahoochee River, not far below Columbus, Georgia; on Warrior River, up to 356 miles above Mobile. Pleistocene deposits must occur along all the larger streams still farther north, and these deposits will yield in time bones and teeth of vertebrated animals.

Notwithstanding the considerable area of Pleistocene deposits discovered in Alabama, the number of species of vertebrates met with is remarkably small. On page 40 is recorded the finding of Megalonyx jeffersonii somewhere about Tuscumbia. At Newbern, Hale County, have been found an incisor tooth of a horse (p. 200) and a molar of a bison (p. 264). At Bogue Chitto, Dallas County, have been collected Equus leidyi (p. 200), Mammut americanum, and Elephas imperator. The last species indicates that the deposits probably belong in the Aftonian. The writer knows of no other localities in the State where vertebrate fossils of the Pleistocene have been obtained.

MISSISSIPPI.

(Text-figure 22.)

The geological history of the lower part of the Mississippi Valley during Quaternary times appears to be particularly difficult to understand and at present is far from being unraveled. It is easy to see that such a region will offer great difficulties. Here debouches into the ocean a majestic river which drains not only the glaciated portions of the United States from western New York to northwestern Montana, but the larger part of the region south of this from the Blue Ridge to the Rocky Mountains, and brings down every year enormous quantities of sand and silt, which are dropped partly on its flood-plain, but mostly near its mouth. Through the ages during which this has been proceeding, this river has been ever changing its bed, sometimes eroding away one bank, sometimes the opposite one; so that its flood-plain is, in most places below the mouth of the Ohio, many miles wide, varying, according to Russell (“Rivers of North America,” 1898, p. 267) from 5 miles to 80 miles in width. During the Quaternary there have been also elevations and subsidences of the bed at least from Cairo northward, as a result of which at one epoch the current was hastened and the valley cut out deeper; at another the current was checked, the channel clogged up, and the river forced to seek a new channel or even new temporary or permanent outlets to the Gulf (E. A. Smith, Geol. Surv. Alabama, 1894, pp. 30–34).

To get a correct idea of the Pleistocene geology of the lower Mississippi region, one must understand the situation at the beginning of this epoch. I. C. Russell, on page 267 of his work just quoted, calls attention to the differences displayed by the valley of the river within the glaciated region and that south of it. South of the mouth of Ohio River the wide flood-plain of the Mississippi lies from 300 to 500 feet below the general level of the bordering uplands. He states further that the hard rock bottom of the valley is only imperfectly known, but that the records of wells and borings show that an ancient valley has been filled with alluvium to a depth of at least 100 or 200 feet in its northern part and to an increasing depth southward. If to this thickness, given by Russell, we add the depth, 300 to 500 feet, which the flood-plain occupies below the bordering uplands, we get a measure of the depth of the great trench which once existed where now lies the flood-plain of Mississippi River. In his paper on the underground waters of southern Louisiana (Bull. 1, Louisiana Geol. Surv., 1905, p. 42, plate II) Harris presents the record of the Fabacher well, which was bored at New Orleans. At a depth of about 1,200 feet fossil remains were brought up which appeared to be of Pleistocene age. It is evident from these facts, as in the case of those obtained from the rivers of Texas, that at about the beginning of the Pleistocene, or more probably during the time of the so-called Lafayette, at the close of the Pliocene, the country east of the Rocky Mountains, at least, stood for a long time at a much higher level than at present and that, as a result of this elevation, there was an enormous general erosion of the face of the country and a great widening and deepening of the river valleys. This time of elevation was quite certainly followed by a prolonged period of depression, during which these canyon-like trenches and their tributaries, up to their last ramifications, were nearly completely refilled. This refilling must have occurred during the early stages of the Pleistocene, for in the materials are buried the bones of early Pleistocene animals. As quoted below, in considering the geology at Natchez, Chamberlin and Salisbury state that since the Natchez formation, 200 feet thick, was laid down, the trench of the Mississippi, 60 miles wide, has been excavated. One might change this expression and say that it had been re-excavated, but not to its original depth.

When we reflect that the greater part of the sediments which, during the Pleistocene epoch, were deposited at the mouth of Mississippi River and on its flood-plain from Kentucky southward, were certainly derived from the glaciated portions of its great valley, and that those regions were alternately affected by the events of five glacial and four interglacial epochs, we must conclude that corresponding deposits or phenomena of some kind exist throughout the valley. The matter is, however, so complicated that many years must elapse before a satisfactory solution will have been reached.

In his Report on the Geology and Agriculture of the State of Mississippi, 1860 (1863–65), the geologist E. W. Hilgard, on pages 5 to 46, described under the name of Orange sand a deposit which characterizes the greater part of the surface of that State. He referred this to the Quaternary and regarded it as being the southern equivalent of the northern drift. This formation is now believed to belong mostly at least to the Pliocene. Besides the Orange sand, Hilgard (op. cit., pp. 194–201) referred other formations to the Quaternary. These in order would be as follows, the latest above:

5. Modern alluvium.

4. Second bottom, or Hommock deposits.

3. Yellow loam deposits.

2. The Bluff formation.

1. Orange sand.

The Bluff formations were described as occupying a narrow belt along the borders of the Mississippi bottom in northern Mississippi and along the river itself in the southern part of the State. He stated that the fossils belonged to terrestrial species, and quoted Leidy’s list of vertebrates, already mentioned, remarking that the blue clay which furnished them was said to belong to the Bluff formation. He reported that the snails found in the Bluff formation seemed all to belong to living species. The yellow loams occupied a large part of the surface of the State, overlying the Orange sand and forming a great part of the soils of the State. The succeeding formations were found along many of the rivers.

In 1869 (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. XLVII, pp. 331–346), Hilgard reported the results of a geological reconnaissance of Louisiana. In this he proposed the name Port Hudson group for extensive deposits of clays which were especially well displayed at Port Hudson. This formation was further described by Hilgard in 1872 (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. XXIII, No. 248, p. 5). Two geological sections taken near Port Hudson were presented, one of which is here reproduced.

Section midway between Port Hudson and Fontana.

6. Yellow loam, sandy below 8–10 5. White and yellow hardpan 18 Orange and yellow sand, sometimes ferruginous sandstone, irregularly stratified 8–15 4. Heavy greenish or bluish clay 7 3. White indurate silt, or hardpan 18 2. Heavy green clay with porous calcareous concretions above, ferruginous below; some sticks and impressions of leaves 30 1. Brown muck with cypress stumps 3–4 White or blue clay with cypress stumps

The cypress stumps of No. 1 were numerous and well preserved.

The writer reproduces Hilgard’s geological map of the lower Mississippi region, in which is represented the distribution of the Port Hudson according to that writer’s views (fig. 22). It will be seen that it was supposed to pass eastward into the coast region of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. Westward from Atchafalaya River it was believed to occupy a large part of southern Louisiana and to pass into Texas and around the Gulf coast to near the Rio Grande. It will be observed that in the latter State it corresponds in a general way to what has been called by Deussen the Lissie formation.

Although Hilgard represents on his map an alluvial deposit as covering the region of the delta, a belt along the western side of the great river as far up as Cairo, and the wide tract between Mississippi and Yazoo Rivers, a study of his paper shows that he believed that much of these regions was underlain by his Port Hudson. He recognized it at Greenwood on the Yazoo, 60 miles east of the Mississippi; at Vicksburg, and at various places in the delta. Usually its upper surface occurs at about low-water level along rivers, and elsewhere is met with in digging wells. At Vicksburg it was encountered by Grant’s Army in digging his famous canal. It was believed by Hilgard that the same deposit was present at Petite Anse, overlying the Orange sand and overlain by more recent deposits.

Inasmuch as Hilgard believed that the Orange sand was laid down at the time when the northern drift was being deposited, he had to refer his Port Hudson to a later time, and this time he seemed to regard as being the epoch called by Dana the Champlain.

McGee referred the deposits of the lower Mississippi Valley (sometimes called the Mississippi embayment) to his Columbia formation (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., plate I, p. 392). This formation, in his view, had been laid down during a great subsidence of the borders of the continent and when the waters of the Gulf reached as far north as the mouth of Ohio River or beyond. He relegated Hilgard’s Orange sand to the Pliocene and recognized four phases as belonging to the Pleistocene. These were, beginning below: (1) Port Hudson; (2) Orange sand (of Safford, not that of Hilgard); (3) loess; (4) brown (or yellow) loam. Of these divisions there were really only three, for he regarded the loess as only a phase of the loam and as lying sometimes above, sometimes below the latter. He recognized the Port Hudson clays as flooring the entire flood-plain of the Mississippi from the mouth of the Ohio well toward the gulf shore. The formation was believed to be usually a low-lying one; but at Natchez (as seen by his section given on page 391) it is elevated high above the present flood-plain.

Gilbert D. Harris, geologist in charge of the geological survey of Louisiana, and Arthur C. Veatch, assistant geologist, have contributed much to our knowledge of the Pleistocene geology of the State. Reference to their works will be found in the descriptions of several fossil-bearing localities, especially in the description of Petite Anse.

Harris, in 1905 (Bull. 1, Geol. Surv. Louisiana, p. 13), expressed the conclusion that the longer the geology of southern Louisiana is studied the more futile appears the attempt to make satisfactory subdivisions in the Quaternary deposits—subdivisions that have any definite time or structural limits. He regarded it as a mistake to assign to the Port Hudson a special place in geologic time.

Chamberlin and Salisbury in 1906, as quoted below, made no mention of the Port Hudson formation; but that part of it supposed to be found at Natchez was evidently included in their Natchez formation.

Inasmuch as Petite Anse and Natchez have furnished more species of fossil vertebrates than any other localities in their States, and likewise human relics supposed to be of equal age with the extinct mammals, these places will receive especial attention.

Natchez is the most important locality in Mississippi as regards Pleistocene vertebrate palæontology. So far as the writer knows the first mention of the occurrence of vertebrate fossils here was a note by Dr. G. Troost in 1835 (Trans. Geol. Soc. Penn., vol. I, p. 143), who stated that he had in his possession a tooth of a mastodon found at Natchez.

In 1845 (Proc. 6th Meet. Assoc. Amer. Geologists and Naturalists, pp. 77–79), Dr. M. W. Dickeson, of Natchez, read a paper entitled “On the Geology of the Natchez Bluffs,” in which he distinguished 22 several beds. These were said to be of varying thickness and distinctly marked, but all composed of various colored clays and sands, and containing numerous organic remains, embedded wood, and detrital matter. Probably by far the greater part of these beds were of subordinate importance and do not appear to have been noted since that time. Beneath the surface soil Dickeson recognized a mass of yellow loam 20 to 30 feet in thickness, exceedingly fine and free from gravel. In this had been found shells of Helix and scattered bones of mastodons. Below this came a bed of ferruginous sands and gravels 4 feet thick. This was succeeded below by what he called the mastodon bed, in which Dickeson had detected remains of more than 30 individual mastodons. The thickness of this was not given. The next stratum, his No. 6, was a fine clay of blue color, from 12 to 15 feet thick. In this and his No. 22, an ash-colored clay, at low-water mark, he discovered remains of what has since proved to be Megalonyx jeffersonii. The localities where his fossils were found were not given with exactness.

At a meeting of the Academy of Natural Sciences, October 6, 1846 (Proc., etc., vol. III, p. 107), Dickeson exhibited a large collection of fossil bones obtained by him in the vicinity of Natchez. Among these were the head and lower jaw of the Megalonyx already mentioned. He stated that the stratum that contains these organic remains is a tenacious blue clay that underlies the diluvial drift east of Natchez and which diluvial deposit abounds in bones and teeth of the Mastodon giganteus. Associated with the megalonyx were remains of bear, bison, deer, and horse. The collection was more notable because of the presence of a part of a human innominate bone. Dickeson affirmed that this had been taken out of the blue clay about 2 feet below three associated skeletons of the megalonyx; and it is further stated to have accorded in respect of color, density, etc., with those of the megalonyx and other associated bones. This bone is now in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia.

In 1846 the English geologist, Sir Charles Lyell, studied the geology of the region at Natchez (Second Visit to U. S. N. A., ed. 2, vol. II, pp. 194–201). With him were Dr. Dickeson and B. L. C. Wailles, afterwards State geologist of Mississippi (Wailles, Agric., Geol. Miss., 1854, p. 213). In the yellow loam of the bluffs Lyell recognized loess deposits, from their resemblance to those of the Rhine. These he estimated to occupy the upper 60 feet of the bluff, and in them were found 20 species of land-snails, all yet living. He reported that this loess sometimes passed into a lacustrine deposit which contained shells of Lymnæa, Planorbis, Paludina, Physa, and Cyclas, and that with the land-snails had been found, at different depths, remains of the mastodon, while in clay under the loam (meaning evidently the loess) and above the sand and gravel, entire skeletons of the megalonyx had been met with, associated with bones of the horse, bear, stag, ox (Bison). Lyell noted especially the recent development of deep ravines. One of these, called the Mammoth Ravine, had been formed, he was assured, within the preceding 35 years. Its length was 7 miles and its depth 60 feet. In this ravine was found the human innominate bone referred to above. He was shown this bone, and states that Dr. Dickeson was persuaded that the bone had been taken out of the clay underlying the loam (loess). This indicates that Dickeson himself did not take out the human bone. Lyell thought that, like most of the other fossils, it had been picked up in the bed of the stream, which would simply imply that it had been washed out of the cliffs, and that it may have been dislodged from some Indian grave near the top. He (p. 197) stated that the place where the bone was found was 6 miles from Natchez. The reader may consult further Lyell’s account of his observations at Natchez in volume III of the American Journal of Science, 1847, page 266.

In 1854 Wailles (op. cit., p. 286) published a list of the vertebrate fossils which had been found in the State. This list had been prepared by Dr. Leidy. While no localities are mentioned in either publication, it is quite certain that most, if not all, of the species had been found at Natchez. Wailles (p. 285) stated that the most prolific locality was on Pine Ridge, in townships 7 and 8 north, range 3 west, 6 miles north of Natchez. While the name is not used, it is supposed that reference is here had to the Mammoth Ravine mentioned by Lyell. Leidy’s list was as follows:

Felis atrox Leidy. Ursus americanus fossilis. U. amplidens Leidy. Equus americanus Leidy. Cervus virginianus fossilis. Bison latifrons Leidy. Boötherium cavifrons Leidy. Elephas primigenius. Tapirus americanus fossilis. T. haysii Leidy. Megalonyx jeffersonii Harlan. M. dissimilis Leidy. Mylodon harlani Owen. Ereptodon priscus Leidy. Mastodon giganteus.

Hilgard (Agric. Geol., Mississippi, 1860, p. 196, a work not issued until the early part of 1863), republished Leidy’s catalogue of species just mentioned and stated that these had been found in a solid blue clay.

In J. W. Foster’s “Prehistoric Races of the United States,” published in 1873, p. 61, is a statement made by Professor C. G. Forshey, in which he says that he visited the locality where the human innominate bone was found and that it was in Bernard’s Bayou, 2.5 miles north from Natchez. This does not accord with the statement of Wailles, who lived near Natchez and who visited the locality in company with Lyell and Dickeson. Forshey presented reasons for concluding that the bone was not derived from the Bluff formation. He stated that the mastodon bones and all others, of which there were many, were rotten, and that it was only with difficulty that any of them could be preserved. On the other hand, Leidy, in speaking of the bones of the megalonyx found in the Mammoth Ravine (Smithson. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 6), and of those of the Mylodon (op. cit., p. 48), says that they were in a good state of preservation.

In his work on the Lafayette formation published in 1891 (12th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv., pp. 347–521), McGee discussed the geology about Natchez. On page 397 he presented a composite section obtained along about 3 miles of the bluff. This in a modified form is here given.

Section at Natchez.

feet. 7. Loess 10 to 50 6. Brown loam 10 to 40 5. Stratified loamy sand 5 to 15 4. Tenacious blue clay (Port Hudson) 10 to 15 3. Cross-stratified sand, with pebbles 30 to 50 2. Stratified gravel 5 to 15 1. Greenish and blue clay, to above low water (Grand Gulf, Tertiary) 5 to 10

McGee noted that these divisions (except the Port Hudson and Grand Gulf) are purely arbitrary, inasmuch as the character and thickness of the beds change more or less within no great distances.

He noted the fact that the loess abounded in mollusks mostly of land and swamp species; also that some of the gravelly beds well down towards the Port Hudson clays had yielded bones and teeth of elephants and mastodons.

In 1898, Dr. B. Shimek visited Natchez and studied especially the loess (Amer. Geologist, vol. XXX, pp. 279–298, with plates X-XVI). He estimated the thickness of the loess as not exceeding 30 feet. He collected from this loess more than 4,600 shells of mollusks; and these proved to belong to 39 species or well-recognized subspecies. These species are all terrestrial in habit and all are now found living either on the hills in the immediate vicinity or in similar situations in other parts of the South. Shimek came to the conclusion that the loess of that region had been deposited by the action of the winds. He was unable to find any “brown loam” above the loess, the presence of which other authors had affirmed.

Shimek found no traces of mammalian bones in the loess and was inclined to doubt that they occur there. He does not appear to have visited the locality from which most of the bones were reported.

Chamberlin and Salisbury, in 1906 (Geology, vol. III, p. 386, fig. 513), discussed briefly the geological situation at Natchez. The Natchez formation (evidently including the Port Hudson) has a thickness of about 200 feet and is made up of materials derived mostly from the so-called Lafayette, on which it there rests unconformably. In this Natchez formation are also crystalline pebbles and calcareous clays assignable to wash from the glacial regions. Between this Natchez formation and the overlying loess a marked interval is indicated. The authors are inclined to assign the Natchez deposits to the earliest part of the Pleistocene, viz, to the Aftonian and the drift epoch preceding the Aftonian. Since the time when the Natchez formation was deposited the great trench of the Mississippi Valley, about 60 miles wide, has been excavated.

Already on page 391 has been given the list of fossil mammals which Leidy made out for the State geologist of Mississippi, B. L. C. Wailles. A revision of this is here presented, with the addition of Castoroides ohioensis.

Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 40). M. dissimilis (p. 41). Mylodon harlani (p. 41). Ereptodon priscus (p. 41). Equus complicatus (p. 200). E. leidyi (p. 200). Tapirus haysii (p. 208). T. terrestris (p. 208). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 233). Symbos cavifrons (p. 254). Bison latifrons? (p. 265). Mammut americanum (p. 125). Elephas columbi? (p. 180). Castoroides ohioensis (p. 280). Ursus americanus. U. amplidens. Felis atrox.

According to Lyell (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. III, 1847, p. 268), Megatherium and Castoroides had been found in the bluffs at Natchez.

From this list of mammals it is possible perhaps to reach some conclusion regarding the geological age of the deposits containing them. In case we accept without reserve the species, 16 in number, as determined, only 3, Tapirus terrestris, Odocoileus virginianus, and Ursus americanus, are yet living, leaving about 81 per cent of the whole as being extinct, and what was called Tapirus terrestris was probably an extinct form. This alone makes it probable that the time of their existence was early in the Pleistocene. All three of the supposed existing species may, however, prove to belong to extinct species closely related to those whose names they yet bear.

Certain species may be left out of consideration because of paucity of specimens and our consequent lack of knowledge of them. These are Megalonyx dissimilis, Ereptodon priscus, and Ursus amplidens.

In case the high percentage of extinct species is not recognized as being decisive, we may consider the assemblage from another point of view. Certain species of the list appear to have existed throughout the Pleistocene, at least from the time of the first interglacial stage. These are Megalonyx jeffersonii, Mammut americanum, Elephas columbi, and Castoroides ohioensis, and their presence indicates only a Pleistocene time. Others of the list are not known to have existed after the time of the last Wisconsin drift-sheet, and may be supposed to have become extinct before that time. These are Mylodon harlani, Equus complicatus, Equus leidyi, Tapirus haysii, and Bison latifrons. All of these quite certainly existed until after the Illinoian drift period, probably into the Sangamon interglacial, except apparently Equus leidyi.

The list contains no species of primitive mastodons belonging to the genus Gomphotherium, no species of Hipparion, no camels; and Elephas imperator appears to be missing. There is, therefore, no necessity for believing that the mammal-bearing deposits at Natchez are as old as the Sheridan, or Aftonian stage, but the ancient forms mentioned may at any time turn up there or elsewhere in the immediate region.

The presence of Symbos cavifrons might be supposed to point to a rather late date in the Pleistocene; but evidence has accumulated which indicates that it reaches back farther in time than we have supposed. Taking all into consideration, the writer concludes that the fossil vertebrates found at Natchez date back at least as far as the time of the Illinoian drift stage. There is nothing to prove that they are not as old as the Aftonian stage, except the apparent absence of camels, Elephas imperator, mastodons belonging to Gomphotherium, and a multiplicity of species of Equus.

Unfortunately, vertebrate fossils, especially those known to belong to definite horizons in the Pleistocene, are, aside from Natchez, rarely found; but near Orizaba, in Tippah County, a tooth of a horse has been discovered which appears to have been Equus leidyi (p. 200). Remains of a deer (p. 234) have been found in a railroad cutting at Aberdeen, Monroe County. Mastodons are not uncommon, as may be seen on consulting the pages where these animals in Mississippi are discussed (pp. 124 to 126).

TENNESSEE.

(Figure 23.)

There are not many States which furnish fewer Pleistocene deposits of any considerable area than does Tennessee. Lying, as it does, away from the sea, there are no marine Pleistocene beds; situated beyond the glacial area, there are no glacial-drift deposits; and almost half of the State, the eastern, being mountainous, with rivers running in narrow valleys, there has been little opportunity for accumulation of loose Pleistocene materials. The U. S. Geological Survey has published about 25 folios describing the geology of this mountainous part of Tennessee. One will search these folios, perhaps in vain, for any mention of Pleistocene deposits and for traces of these on the maps. Now and then mention is made of narrow strips of alluvium along some of the larger rivers; nevertheless there are evidences that in some of these strips there are Pleistocene deposits. From the mountainous region westward to near Mississippi River there have doubtless been, during the Pleistocene, better opportunities for deposition of alluvium along the river courses, but such deposits have been little studied. Along the great river forming the western boundary there is a band, 10 to perhaps 25 miles in width, overlain by loess. This may attain a depth along the river varying from 20 to 70 feet, but away from the river it thins out to a feather-edge (Glenn, Water Supply Paper 114, U. S. Geol. Surv.). Up to this time, however, it has furnished few, if any, Pleistocene fossils.

Notwithstanding the paucity of Pleistocene areas in the mountainous portion of Tennessee, this region has furnished a considerable number of species of Pleistocene vertebrates, and bids fair to furnish its due proportion (fig. 23). These species occur, not in water-laid or wind-laid deposits, but in caves which abound in the limestones of that region. In 1918 (Resources of Tenn., vol. VIII, pp. 85–142), Mr. Thomas L. Bailey located and described more than 100 caves of considerable size. Many had been worked to obtain saltpeter. Bones have been reported from a few of them; probably bones had been met with in others, but were not regarded as important. In these caves (and in others yet to be discovered) may hereafter be found numerous remains of animals. Other sources for such fossils are the crevices that are sometimes opened up in quarrying operations. Caves and crevices of this kind are found in the Alleghany Mountain region from northern Pennsylvania to Lookout Mountain in Tennessee, and from them there is already known an extensive Pleistocene fauna.

Beginning in the northeastern corner of the State, a brief survey will be made of the localities and fossils which concern us. At Kingsport, in Sullivan County (fig. 23, 1) the writer has learned of the finding of a mastodon tooth (p. 127), but beyond the fact that it was owned by Mr. D. M. Lafitte, the writer has been able to learn nothing.

From Bristol, Sullivan County (fig. 23, 2), in the northeastern corner of the State, there has been sent to the U. S. National Museum a fragment of a maxilla containing two teeth of a tapir. This is referred to Tapirus haysii. No details regarding the place of discovery or of the geological conditions are known (p. 209).

From Hawkins County, at a locality not specified (fig. 23, 3) another mastodon tooth has been reported by Dr. S. W. McCallie (Science, ser. 2, vol. XX, p. 333) (p. 127). These announcements show at least that these animals could exist in those rough and elevated regions. From crevices in a marble quarry near Rogersville (fig. 23, 4), Hawkins County, there were sent many years ago to the U. S. National Museum a tooth of the horse Equus leidyi (p. 201); and a canine tooth of a very large peccary, Mylohyus setiger (p. 222). The same peccary has been secured from Cavetown, Maryland.

1. Kingsport, Sullivan County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

2. Bristol, Sullivan County. Tapirus haysii (p. 209).

3. —— Hawkins County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

4. Rogersville, Hawkins County. Equus leidyi, Mylohyus setiger (p. 394).

5. Whitesburg, Hamblen County. 19 species (p. 395).

6. Mossy Creek, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

7. Zirkel’s Cave, Jefferson County. Tapir, peccary, bear, etc., (p. 396).

8. Dandridge, Jefferson County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

9. Near Knoxville, Knox County. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

10. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton County. Equus littoralis, Mylodon? sp. indet., Tapirus sp. indet., etc., (p. 396).

11. Elroy, VanBuren County. Megalonyx jeffersonii, etc. (p. 397).

12. 11 miles west of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

13. 11 miles southeast of Nashville. Mammut americanum (p. 127).

14. Nashville, Davidson County. Equus leidyi, E. complicatus?, Camelops? sp. indet., Mylodon harlani, Odocoileus sp. indet. (p. 399).

15. Columbia, Maury County. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 181.)

17. Memphis, Shelby County. Megalonyx sp. indet., Castoroides ohioensis, Mammut americanum (p. 400.)

In the U. S. National Museum is a collection of remains of vertebrate animals made about 1885 by Mr. Ira Sayles, a collector for the U. S. Geological Survey, from a point about a mile north of Whitesburg, Hamblen County (fig. 23, 5). Some masses of the matrix which contained the bones accompany the collection. This matrix is a red earth such as is often found in the floor of caves and in fissures in limestone, the result of the decomposition of the calcareous rock. Some fragments are to a great extent made up of broken bones. It is evident, however, that there is now no cave at that place. Sayles suggested that the bones were “kitchen-middens” and that there had been an old fortification there. Possibly a cave or a fissure once existed there and the rock inclosing it may have dissolved away, leaving the floor.

In this collection the writer has found the following species; these were described in 1920 (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. LVIII, pp. 85–95, plates III, IV; text-figs. 1–3). Those preceded by an asterisk are extinct.

List of species.

*Testudo munda. *Equus leidyi (p. 201). *E. littoralis (p. 201). *Tapirus tennesseæ (p. 209). *Mylohyus nasutus (p. 223). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). *Sangamona fugitiva. Cervus canadensis (p. 243). *Elephas primigenius. Sciurus carolinensis. Tamias striatus. Marmota monax. Castor canadensis. Neotoma pennsylvanica?. Microtus pennsylvanicus. Lepus americanus. Ursus floridanus. Procyon lotor. *Ænocyon ayersi?.

In this list there are 19 species, of which 8 are extinct. The latter form, therefore, 42 per cent of the whole list. This ratio appears to indicate a time about the middle of the Pleistocene. There are no forms that require an earlier date and there is good reason for believing that the horses and the tapir did not exist after the last glacial stage, perhaps not after the Sangamon interglacial.

It is interesting to find in eastern Tennessee the remains of Elephas primigenius. The discovery of teeth of this animal at Beaufort, North Carolina, in eastern Tennessee, and especially in Texas, proves that the range of that species extended even farther south in the New World than it did in the old. It is not improbable that the animal withdrew to the south during one or more of the glacial stages. However, none of the other species found at Whitesburg suggests a cooler climate than now prevails there.

It is possible that some of the forms referred to existing species are really extinct. The teeth identified as those of Odocoileus virginianus are smaller than those usually found in recent individuals. The deer Sangamona fugitiva appears in a collection made at Cavetown, Maryland, and in another made at Alton, Illinois, in or beneath deposits of loess that are believed to have been laid down about the time of the Sangamon stage.

In Jefferson County mastodon remains have been found at two places, Dandridge (fig. 23, 8) and Mossy Creek. No details are known about the first case; in the case of the tooth found 3 miles south of Mossy Creek (fig. 23, 6) it is stated that it was discovered at a depth of 6 feet and beneath a white oak stump. Between the two villages, on the left bank of Dumplin Creek, 5 miles above its mouth, is Zirkel’s Cave. From this cave (fig. 23, 7) Mercer (Dept. Amer. Archæol. Univ. Penn., 1896) reported the discovery of remains of tapir (p. 395), peccary (p. 223), bear, and small rodents; but to what species they belonged is not known. The tapir and the peccary indicate Pleistocene times. The bear probably belonged to the same epoch.

At a point 7 miles southeast of Knoxville (fig. 23, 9) Professor S. W. McCallie reported the finding of a mastodon tooth beneath 30 inches of clay. At Lookout Mountain (p. 395, fig. 23, 10) have been secured a tooth of a horse, probably Equus littoralis (p. 201), remains of tapir and probably of Mylodon (p. 43). Just where the horse-tooth was found is not known. The tapir was found in a cave on the left bank of Tennessee River, 0.25 mile below the mouth of Chattanooga Creek (Mercer, as cited above; also in Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXVIII, p. 355). Mercer’s accounts are brief and were intended only as preliminary reports. From him, through Miss Harriet Newell Wardle, of Philadelphia, the writer has received a letter in which are given some details about the investigation of this cave in 1893 and 1896.

Dr. Mercer extended his trench inward from the entrance a distance of about 50 feet and downward to the rocky bottom of the cave. He recognized the presence of three layers, as follows: (1) top layer, from 6 to 8 inches deep, containing relics of both white man and Indian; (2) middle layer, about 2 feet thick, containing evidence of Indian only; (3) red cave earth, varying from one to several feet in thickness, according to the uneven conditions of the cave floor. This latter layer was subdivided into an upper zone (a) about a foot deep, which showed evidences of intrusion of bones and refuse from the overlying layer, and (b) the undisturbed red earth which contained bones of bats and perhaps of some other animals. In the upper zone (a) of the red-earth layer Mercer found a jawbone and loose teeth of Tapirus haysii (p. 209) and a jawbone of Mylodon (p. 43) without teeth, both as identified by Professor Cope. Later, Cope became doubtful as to the Mylodon bone. In this upper zone of red earth, “within a few varying inches of the depth of the tapir specimen above or below it,” Mercer found bones of cave rats (Neotoma), marmot (Marmota), squirrel, deer, opossum, teeth and fragments of the skull of a large unidentified mammal, a small and a large bird, wild turkey, two species of turtles, frogs, and drum-fish. The skull and other bones of the large unidentified mammal had plainly been cracked to secure the marrow, and were otherwise crushed and splintered. Also, as many as 493 hornstone chips were found, besides bones rubbed to a point, and 10 potsherds. It becomes a question how the tapir bone and teeth and perhaps the bone of the mylodon and the evidences of the Indian’s presence got into this upper layer of red earth. Mercer “thought it reasonable to conclude that the tapir had been intruded into the red earth from the upper layer and had been in contact with the Indians.” This appears to indicate the idea that the tapir had existed there at a late period, probably after the Pleistocene; but the evidences appear to show that this animal lived in the United States not later than about the Sangamon stage of the Pleistocene. It is more probable that the tapir remains had not been disturbed and that the relics of man had, by some means, made their way down into the red earth. There remains also the possibility that Indians and tapirs and mylodons had lived together in that region during the middle of the Pleistocene and while the upper foot of red clay was being deposited. The presence of the other animals mentioned by Mercer does not disprove this possibility, for all of them pretty certainly existed there during the middle Pleistocene.

Not far from Elroy, Van Buren County (fig. 23, 11) there is an interesting cavern known as Bigbone Cave. This and the bones which it has furnished are now to be described.

Mercer (Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. XXXVI, pp. 36–70) found that in the greater part of this cave the nitrous earth that had formed the floor had been removed to such an extent that on the walls its stains remained at a height of one’s waist. Wherever any of this deposit remained it was exceedingly dry and any disturbance of it produced a cloud of dust. It appears to have consisted mostly of the dung and excretions of animals, such as bats and cave rats. The preservation of the cartilage and horny sheaths of the claw was due to this dryness of the atmosphere. Where Mercer found the bones he recognized four layers, to represent which he published a figure (op. cit., p. 47, fig. 4). This is here reproduced with unimportant changes (fig. 24). On top there was a layer from 2 to 3 inches thick which had resulted from the disturbance produced by the passing of white men and possibly to some extent of Indians. With the dust were mingled remains of charred vegetable substances that had been used as torches.

The second layer was 2 to 5 feet deep and consisted almost entirely of well-preserved dried excrements of cave rats (Neotoma) and of porcupines (Erethizon). In it were observed nuts, sticks, fur, and moss. The only animal remains found in this layer were the bones of Megalonyx (p. 42), quills and coprolites of Erethizon dorsatum, coprolites and a jaw of a cave rat referred to Neotoma magister, and jaws of two bats, Adelonycteris fuscus and Myotis subulatus (Vespertilio gryphus of Mercer). Some traces were found of an undetermined herbivorous mammal about as large as a bear. With the lot of Megalonyx bones from this cave which were described by Harlan there were remains referred to Bos (Bison), Ursus, Cervus (Odocoileus?), and a human metatarsal; but these were reported as having been picked up on the surface and may therefore have belonged to quite recent skeletons.

Besides the animal remains found by Mercer in his second layer, there were present quantities of vegetable matter belonging to several species. All, however, were forms yet living in that region.

Mercer’s third layer appears to have consisted of dry excrements which had become somewhat hardened. Its thickness was a foot. In it were found vegetable matter, some bat jaws and fur, and the carcass of a “window fly.” The fourth layer consisted of a fine water-laid clay which on drying had contracted and broken up into small angular masses. The interstices appear to have been filled by materials soaking down from the upper layers of excrement. No organisms were found in it.

Mercer concluded that the sloth remains were geologically recent, and this may be true. Megalonyx jeffersonii has been found in the northern States in deposits overlying the Wisconsin drift, and it is quite reasonable to suppose that the animal existed in Tennessee up to as late a time as it did in Ohio and Illinois. The persistence of the cartilages of the sloth, and the framework of the window fly which lay below the sloth bones, naturally suggests a comparatively short time; but if, through the dryness of the cave, they could endure a thousand years, they might possibly endure several thousand. One must consider also the length of time required for 1.5 or 2 feet of cave floor to be built up from the excrements of bats, porcupines, and cave rats, but there is no reason to refer the time back further than about the close of the Wisconsin stage.

On another page (p. 127) is presented the little that is known about the remains of two mastodons which have been reported from the region about Nashville. One tooth was found 11 miles west of the city (fig. 23, 12); a part of a skeleton at a point 11 miles southeast of it (fig. 23, 13). A tooth of an undetermined species of elephant was found long ago near Columbia, Maury County (p. 395, fig. 23, 15). According to Folio 95 of the U. S. Geological Survey, there are some narrow strips of alluvium along Duck River, at Columbia. The tooth may or may not have been found in this alluvium. Apparently in the neighborhood of Gallatin, Sumner County (fig. 23, 16), was found before 1835, at a depth of 40 feet, a tooth of an elephant (p. 181). The information furnished by the tooth, as reported, is not worth much.

In June 1920, the writer received from Mr. William Edward Myer, of Nashville, a small box of fossils, collected near Nashville (fig. 23, 14). The exact locality is given as being about 300 yards upstream from Lock A, in Cumberland River. According to a sketch sent by Mr. Myer and here reproduced (fig. 25), there are loose deposits about 30 feet in thickness lying upon bed-rock. This bed-rock is found at about the level of low-water in the river. On this rock there is found first a bed of gravel, which, to judge from Myer’s sketch, is 2 or 3 feet in thickness. Above this comes a bed of sand of about the same thickness. The rest of the 30 feet is composed of gravel; and this rises to the level of the flood-plain. In the lowermost stratum, the bed of gravel, were found a tooth of Equus leidyi (p. 201), a part of a femur of a horse of large size (p. 201), and an antler of a small and probably unnamed deer (p. 234). This antler resembles those of some of the Central American species of Odocoileus. In the next stratum above were found some indeterminable fragments of turtle bones, a tooth of a young mastodon (p. 127), and a calcaneum of a large camel (p. 225), belonging probably to the genus Camelops. In October 1920, Mr. Myer sent from the same locality a part of a molar of Mylodon harlani (p. 43). These remains appear to the writer to indicate that the deposits are of early Pleistocene age, about that of the first interglacial.

Somewhere about Memphis (fig. 23, 17), were found, about the middle of the last century, some scanty remains of a young mastodon, a bone of Megalonyx (p. 43), and a part of a lower jaw of Castoroides (p. 280). Jeffries Wyman thought that these remains had been found in diluvium of the Mississippi River. It appears probable that they were found in the loess, which is well developed at that locality. Some exactness in reporting the locality would have led to the solution of this question.

KENTUCKY.

The State of Kentucky lies almost wholly south of the area of glaciation. Only along Ohio River, from about 50 miles above Cincinnati to about as many miles below, do any ice-laid drift materials appear, and these belong to the Illinoian glacial stage. For information on this drift the reader may consult Leverett’s account (Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, pp. 256–258, plate II). Near Carrolton, between Ohio and Kentucky Rivers, is a ridge of Illinoian drift which rises as much as 200 feet above low water. Later-formed terraces of these rivers are found up to 90 feet. Not far away from this locality drift materials are found on the highlands to a height of 300 feet above the Ohio. Below Rising Sun, Indiana, on the Kentucky side, are knolls of drift deposits rising about 150 feet above the river. This Illinoian drift occupies nearly the whole of Boone County; elsewhere it forms a narrow strip along the Ohio.

Naturally there were laid down, at various times during the Pleistocene, deposits beyond the glacial front. Rivers coming down from the glaciers brought into the Ohio valley enormous quantities of gravel, sands, and clay, much of which must have been deposited along the banks or at the bottom. Such materials may have been laid down there during all or some of the earlier glacial stages, some perhaps during interglacial times. Probably at later times the most of these early deposits were swept away, but some may have persisted. The rock floor of the Ohio (Leverett, op. cit., p. 83) is below the level of the present stream, generally between 30 and 60 feet, and, at some points in its lower course, 75 feet. There might, therefore, now exist Illinoian drift materials anywhere above this rocky floor, as well as high up on the bluffs. It may be difficult, sometimes impossible, to determine the actual age of such deposits. During the whole Pleistocene, the rivers which enter the Ohio from the south were bearers of fine and coarse materials from the higher lands where they took origin. Sometimes, and in some parts of their courses, they may have occupied channels other than those now holding the waters. During times of depression of the country the sediments were dropped along the channels until the latter may have been nearly filled. Then the country may later have become elevated, so that the streams again cut down and left some of the old deposits as terraces. In some parts of the State, as in the region of Mammoth Cave, water circulating in the limestone rocks has dissolved these so as to produce caverns and fissures of various sizes. In such caves, when they became opened to the surface, animals would seek hiding-places and would perhaps bring in others as their prey. Dying there, their bones might be preserved. From such a cave has been secured a fine specimen of the skull of a peccary (p. 223). Such caves should be examined with great care.

One of the most famous localities for fossil vertebrates in this country is that known as Bigbone Lick, in Boone County, about 22 miles in a straight line southwest of Cincinnati. Fossil bones were collected there as long ago as 1739. A condensed history of the explorations made there for fossils was given by William Cooper in 1831 (Monthly Amer. Jour. Geol., vol. I, pp. 158–174, 205–216). An account of the locality, its geology, and something about the fossil vertebrates and fresh-water mollusks found there was given by the geologist Charles Lyell in 1845 (“Travels in North America,” Murray ed., vol. II, pp. 62–66).

Enormous quantities of bones and teeth, especially those of Mammut americanum, have been collected at this place. When it was first discovered, bones of this animal, of the elephants, and some others, must have been lying exposed on the surface, the result probably of erosion by the creek passing there through what was then a marsh. General William Henry Harrison, in 1795, shipped from there 13 hogsheads of bones, but these were lost on their way to Pittsburgh. Dr. Goforth is reported to have got as many mastodon teeth as a wagon and four horses could draw. These teeth are said to have weighed from 12 to 20 pounds each. If this statement of weights is true, some or all of the teeth were those of elephants. In 1807, General William Clark made a collection at Bigbone Lick, at the instances of President Thomas Jefferson. Brief notices of these were published by Dr. Samuel L. Mitchill and by Dr. Caspar Wistar. Some of these bones were sent to the American Philosophical Society at Philadelphia and were afterwards put into the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences. Another part was sent to Paris. Remains of various species, mostly the mastodon, have gone into many museums of this country and of Europe; but it is evident that the greater part of the things collected there, and especially of the finest things, has been lost to science.

Notwithstanding the amount of work done at Bigbone Lick, the geology of the locality, and especially of the bone-bearing levels, is not well known. Most persons who have labored there were interested almost wholly in getting as many bones as possible and then in getting away. Cooper, as cited, published a map of the region and indicated where the excavations had been made up to that time. This map is here presented, redrawn (map 41). From Cooper’s account it appears that all of the bones had been found within a very circumscribed area, near a number of salt springs. The bones occurred on the surface and as deep as 25 feet. Cooper attributed this variation of depth to the unevenness of the surface, his idea being that the bone-bearing stratum occupied a certain level. He concluded that the valley had been filled up to a depth of not less than 30 feet by unconsolidated beds of various kinds, of which the uppermost was a light-yellow clay. This appeared to have been brought down from the higher grounds by flowing water. In it were found bones of buffaloes and other modern animals. Below this came a thinner layer of darker color, softer and more gravelly, which contained remains of reedy plants and fresh-water mollusks. It is described as being sometimes very thin or even wanting. It was in this layer that the bones, or most of them, were buried. It was itself underlain by a bed of blue clay of a very compact and tenacious kind. Cooper added that this bone-bearing layer appeared sometimes to be embedded in the blue clay.

The next important investigations made at this place, so far as the writer knows, are those instituted by Professor N. S. Shaler in 1868 (Geol. Surv. Kentucky, 2d ser., vol. III, 1877, pp. 196–198; Allen’s “The American Bison,” 1876, pp. 232–236). He reported that he had sent to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard at least a ton of bones. Immediately at the salt springs Shaler appears not to have been able to discover any order in the disposition of the bones. “It is only at points remote from the springs, where the beds seem to have been formed by a mixture of the creek mud and the waste from the springs, that we find the remains in the order which will enable us to form some opinion as to the succession of occurrence of these animals at this point.” At one place he thought he had succeeded in finding a distinct order of succession. Just where this place was he did not indicate, nor what kinds of deposits were passed through. The depth reached appears to have been only 8 feet. Unfortunately, the great collection made by Shaler has remained unstudied, except the remains of the buffalo (J. A. Allen, “The American Bison,” 1876, with plates).

Shaler thought that the beds of glacial drift did not extend south of Ohio River. The discovery that the Illinoian drift-sheet covers most of Boone County (Leverett, Monogr. U. S. Geol. Surv., vol. XLI, pp. 257–258) throws much light on the history of the locality. It appears rather strange that Shaler did not find rocks of far northern origin at Bigbone Lick. The geologic history appears to be something like this. When the Illinoian ice-sheet crossed the Ohio there was present the predecessor of Bigbone Creek. Inasmuch as the glacial sheet did not remain there long, a rather thin deposit was laid down in the creek. This is probably represented by the bed of blue mud mentioned by Cooper. When the glacier retired, the locality became a swamp covered probably by vegetation and receiving mud and gravel brought there by the stream and washed down from the surrounding hills. Doubtless the salt springs existed then as now and attracted thither elephants, mastodons, and other species. What were all the changes undergone there between the Illinoian and Wisconsin drift stages can not be guessed; but during the latter time, when the Ohio was carrying down vast quantities of detritus, some from the glaciated regions, some from the non-glaciated, its muddy waters were often backed up into Bigbone Creek, as they are sometimes now, and they left there the upper yellow clay described by Cooper, or at least most of it. When the Wisconsin stage had passed and Bigbone Creek was free to work in that valley, erosion began. As the creek was cutting down its bed to the present level it doubtless often changed its position, and in this way produced the irregularity of surface which both Cooper and Shaler mention.

Notwithstanding its widely extended reputation, Bigbone Lick has furnished relatively few species of vertebrates, and there is question regarding the antiquity of some of these. About the presence of Mammut americanum there is no doubt. About the presence of elephants also there can be no question; and the writer is quite certain that both Elephas primigenius and E. columbi occurred there. Undoubtedly Equus complicatus has been collected there; also Boötherium bombifrons, Symbos cavifrons, Bison antiquus, and B. bison; but it is not certain that the remains of the last-named species are not of Recent times. Shaler mentions the presence of Bison latifrons, but he probably had in mind B. antiquus. The type of B. latifrons was found in another creek valley. The occurrence of the Cervus canadensis, Odocoileus virginianus, and Alces americanus is mentioned by Cooper, who stated that he thought he had seen traces of all of them. Shaler was doubtful as to the elk. In Allen’s monograph on American bison, on page 234, Shaler admits the moose. The following is a list of the species which have been reported from Bigbone Lick. References are made to pages where further information is given on the species.

Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). Mylodon harlani (p. 44). Equus complicatus (p. 202). ?Tapirus haysii (p. 209). Odocoileus virginianus (p. 234). Cervus canadensis (p. 243). Cervalces scotti. Alces americanus. Rangifer caribou (p. 247). Boötherium bombifrons (p. 255). Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). Bison antiquus (p. 265). Bison bison (p. 270). Mammut americanum (p. 128). Elephas primigenius (p. 146). Elephas columbi (p. 160). Ursus americanus.

It is proper now to determine, if possible, during which of the Pleistocene stages each of these species lived. It is quite probable that none of the individual animals that have been dug up at Bigbone Lick lived there before the Illinoian glacial stage. To find such, if they have been preserved there, the excavations would have to be carried much deeper. The writer assumes that any of the animals that lived there in the interval between the Illinoian and the Wisconsin stages lived, died, and were buried during the Sangamon stage. Megalonyx jeffersonii may belong to the Sangamon or to the Late Wisconsin, for we know nothing about the depth at which the bones and teeth were secured. Mylodon harlani is not known to have existed anywhere after the Wisconsin, and hence we may refer it to the Sangamon. Equus complicatus also may with certainty be referred to the Sangamon; likewise Tapirus haysii, in case the type was not found in South Carolina. As to the cervids Odocoileus virginianus, Cervus canadensis, Alces americanus, their status is doubtful. They might go back to the Sangamon or have lived there at any time up to and during the Recent. The reindeer is most likely to have existed there during the Wisconsin ice-stage. The fine specimen of Cervalces scotti at Princeton University was found in New Jersey in deposits overlying Wisconsin drift, but it may be taken as certain that the species had existed before the time of the Wisconsin. There is no record of depth, matrix, or associated fossils in the case of the type of this species, which was found at Bigbone Lick. It is natural to refer the two species of musk-oxen to the Wisconsin stage; but there are indications that at least Symbos cavifrons has been found at other localities in pre-Wisconsin deposits. Shaler recorded it as being found near the bottom of his excavation with the horse and with the bison which he called Bison latifrons, but which is Bison antiquus. It and Symbos cavifrons probably belong to the Sangamon.

From the fact that bones of the mastodon and the two species of elephants were found by Shaler in the deeper deposits, it is probable that the individuals represented belonged to the Sangamon or some other pre-Wisconsin deposit; but, inasmuch as all three species lived after the Wisconsin, there seems to be no known reason why some of their bones may not have been buried in the late and superficial deposits at Bigbone Lick. As to the bones of the bear found at this place little can be said.

The numerous remains of Bison bison appear by all accounts to have been found only in the uppermost parts of the deposits. Shaler was of the opinion that the buffalo (Allen’s “The American Bison,” p. 234) had come to the region east of Mississippi River at a very late period, after the disappearance from Bigbone Lick of the elephants, the mastodon, and Symbos. It seems to the present writer that the presence of the existing buffalo east of the Mississippi only after the passing of the Wisconsin ice-sheet is quite certain; but that it came only after the extinction of the great proboscideans is hardly to be sustained. In many localities over the country remains of all three species have been found in swamps overlying the Wisconsin drift. In 1890 (Amer. Naturalist, vol. XXIV, p. 953), Professor Lucien Underwood described a fine skull of the American buffalo which had been found in making a sewer at Syracuse, New York. Underwood stated that it had been found in black muck, at a depth of 10 feet; but Mr. John Cunningham, superintendent of grounds at the university, who saw the place and secured the skull from the laborer who encountered it, told the present writer that the depth was 17 feet. It would seem that that bison had lived on the shores of Onondaga Lake not long after the Wisconsin glacier had withdrawn from the place.

We do not know under what geological conditions the type of Bison latifrons was found; but it pretty certainly came from post-Illinoian deposits, probably Sangamon, along possibly Woolper’s Creek in Boone County. Proboscidean remains have been reported from the Kentucky side of the Ohio in the region of Cincinnati, but it would be hazardous at present to assign them a geological age. The same may be said about the mastodon remains found in digging the canal around the falls, although the low level along the river seems to indicate the Late Wisconsin.

A collection, forming probably two farm-wagon loads, was made several years ago at Bluelick Springs, by Mr. Thomas W. Hunter. The springs having failed, Mr. Hunter undertook to dig down and restore the flow. In this he failed, but he did find great quantities of bones, mostly those of the mastodon, but also of elephants, buffaloes, and a few others (p. 129). There were about 100 mastodon teeth, many tusks, and large pieces of these; and of these pieces about 20 had been planed off so as to be flat on one or on two sides, as if they had lain in the bottom of a stream and the water and sand had worn them down on one side and then the tusks had been turned over and undergone a planing of the opposite side. Among the bones were two ungual phalanges of Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44), and remains of the elk (p. 243), and deer (p. 234). To none of the species found there need one assign a higher antiquity than late Pleistocene; but some might have been older. In Scott County, between Stamping Ground and Georgetown, there has been found, in the bottom of an old sink-hole, a part of a lower jaw with teeth of Tapirus haysii (p. 210). The time of existence of this animal is to be regarded as lying somewhere back of the Wisconsin glacial stage. With this jaw, Professor Arthur M. Miller sent to the writer some pieces of jaws of Tapirus haysii (p. 210) which had been found in an old stream-deposit at Yarnallton, Fayette County. From a fissure filled with calcite, at Monday’s Landing, Mercer County, there has been sent to the writer, by Professor Miller, a molar tooth of a horse (p. 202). Nothing more can be said of this horse than that it is older than the Wisconsin stage. It may be as old as the first interglacial.

About 5 or 6 miles below Henderson, on Ohio River, many years ago, considerable parts of the skeleton of Megalonyx jeffersonii were found (p. 44). With them were reported to have been discovered antlers and bones of the deer (p. 234). A description of the locality was sent to Joseph Leidy and published by him in his work on ground-sloths (Smiths. Contrib. Knowl., vol. VII, art. 5, p. 7). The bone-bed lay at an elevation of only 5 or 6 feet above an ordinary stage of low water. It was composed of a ferruginous sand and contained various species of fresh-water mollusks and stems and limbs of trees. This was underlain by a bluish clay, while above it, rising 40 or 50 feet, were beds of siliceous earth and widely spread marls. Neither the geology of the place, so far as the writer knows, nor the history of the animal requires us to believe that the geological age is beyond that of the Late Wisconsin or Wisconsin. However, a short time before, near Evansville, Indiana, at the mouth of Pigeon Creek, and apparently only about 10 miles away from where Owen found megalonyx bones, there had been discovered by Frances A. Lincke, and described by Leidy (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., vol. VII, 1854, pp. 199–200), a collection of vertebrate fossils. This included remains of megalonyx (p. 32), a cervical vertebra of a bison (p. 257), a vertebra of a horse (p. 186), a tooth of Tapirus haysii (p. 203), and a part of the upper jaw of the wolf known as Ænocyon dirus (p. 204). The horse was most probably Equus complicatus, while the bison was probably one of the extinct species. The wolf is regarded as being the same as that so abundantly found in the collections made at Rancho La Brea, near Los Angeles. The writer regards the fauna as belonging to the Sangamon, unless it is still older. The specimens were found sticking out of the river at low water, and it becomes quite probable that the Henderson beds and bones are of the same age as those at Evansville.

As mentioned on another page (p. 223) it is probable that the fine skull of Platygonus compressus that was sent many years ago to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia by Dr. Samuel Brown, of Lexington, Kentucky, and described by Leidy (Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., vol. X, p. 331, plates XXXV-XXXVII) had been found somewhere in Rock Castle County. It counts as another product of the caves which abound in the Alleghany range of mountains.

MAPS AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS

EXPLANATION OF MAP 1.

Ontario: 1. Nepean Township, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 2. Ottawa East, Carleton Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 3. Smith’s Falls, Lanark Co., Megaptera boöps (p. 17). 4. Pakenham, Lanark Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 17). 5. Cornwall, Stormont Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 6. Williamstown, Glengarry Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus? (p. 18). 7. Quebec, Montreal, Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 8. Rivière du Loup, Temiscouata Co., Delphinapterus leucas (p. 18). 9. Metis, Rimouski Co., Megaptera boöps? (p. 19). 10. Jaquet River, Restigouche Co., Monodon monoceros (p. 19). 11. Mace’s Bay, Charlotte Co., Delphinapterus? sp.? (p. 19).

Vermont: 12. Charlotte, Chittenden Co., Delphinapterus vermontanus (p. 19).

North Carolina: 13. Below Newbern, Craven Co., “cetaceans” (p. 20).

South Carolina: 14. Charleston, Charleston Co., Physeter vetus (p. 20).

Georgia: 15. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Physeter vetus? (p. 20).

Florida: 16. Daytona, Volusia Co., Balænoptera? sp.? (p. 20). 17. De Land, Volusia Co., Globicephala bæreckeii (p. 20).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 2.

Grinnell Land, Dumbbell Harbor (locality not on the map). Phoca barbata P. hispida (p. 21).

Nova Scotia: 1. Sable Island, Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21).

New Brunswick: 2. Fairville, Charlotte Co., Phoca grœnlandica (p. 21).

Quebec: 3. Bic, Rimouski Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 21). 4. Montreal, Phoca grœnlandica (p. 22). 5. Tétreauville, Ottawa Co., Phoca vitulina (p. 22).

Ontario: 6. Ottawa, Phoca? sp.? (p. 23).

Maine: 7. Addison Point, Washington Co., Odobenus rosmarus (p. 23). 8. Andrews Island, Knox Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). 9. Gardiner, Kennebec Co., O. rosmarus (p. 23). 10. Portland, Cumberland Co., O. rosmarus (p. 24).

New Hampshire: 11. Jeffries Reef, off Portsmouth, O. rosmarus (p. 25).

Massachusetts: 12. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, O. rosmarus (p. 25).

New Jersey: 13. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 26). 14. Ocean Grove, Monmouth Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28).

Virginia: 15. Accomac Co., O. rosmarus (p. 28). 16. Kitty Hawk, Currituck Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29).

South Carolina: 17. Charleston Co., O. rosmarus (p. 29).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 3.

New Jersey: 1. Long Branch, Monmouth Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 31).

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Megalonyx wheatleyi, M. loxodon, M. tortulus, M. scalper, Mylodon harlani (p. 31). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 31).

Ohio: 1. North Fairfield, Huron Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 31). 2. Millersburg, Holmes Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 32).

Illinois: 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). 2. Alton, Madison Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 33). 3. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Megalonyx dissimilis? (p. 34). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 34).

West Virginia: 1. —— Greenbrier Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 34).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 35). 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon harlani (p. 35).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 36). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Megatherium mirabile, Mylodon harlani (p. 26).

Florida (See Map 4).

Alabama: 1. Tuscumbia, Colbert Co., Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 40).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, M. dissimilis, Mylodon harlani, Ereptodon priscus (p. 40).

Tennessee: 1. Elroy, Van Buren Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 41). 2. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., Mylodon? sp. indet. (p. 43). 3. Memphis, Shelby Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 43). 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 43).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Mylodon harlani, Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 43). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44). 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii (p. 44).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 4.

Florida: 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 37). 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 37). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale, Megalonyx sp. indet. (p. 38). 5. Hillsboro River, Hillsboro Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). 6. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 38). 7. Zolfo, Hardee Co., Megatherium mirabile (p. 38). 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Mylodon harlani?, Chlamytherium septentrionale, Dasypus sp. indet. (p. 38). 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Megalonyx jeffersonii, Glyptodon rivipacis, Chlamytherium septentrionale (p. 39). 10. Labelle, Lee Co., Mylodon harlani (p. 40). 11. Williston Levy Co., Thinobadistes segnis (p. 37).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 5.

Unless another name is used after the localities, Mammut americanum is to be understood.

Ontario: 1. —— Essex Co. (p. 45). 2. Morpeth and Highgate, Elgin Co. (p. 45). 3. St. Thomas, Elgin Co., M. progenium? (p. 45). 4. London, Middlesex Co. (p. 45). 5. Marburg, Norfolk Co. (p. 45). 6. Dunnville, Haldimand Co. (p. 46). 7. St. Catharines and Welland Port, Lincoln Co. (p. 46). 8. Toronto, York Co. (p. 46). 9. Junction of Missinaibi and Moose Rivers, Algoma Co. (p. 46).

Massachusetts: 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47).

Connecticut: 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48).

New York (See Maps 6 and 34).

New Jersey (See Map 6 A).

Pennsylvania: 1. Tunkhannock, Wyoming Co. (p. 68). 2. Pittston, Luzerne Co. (p. 68). 3. Berwick, Columbia Co. (p. 69). 4. Reading, Berks Co. (p. 69). 5. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co. (p. 69). 6. Jackson Township, York Co. (p. 69). 7. Kishacoquillas Station, Mifflin Co. (p. 69). 8. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 69). 9. Frankstown, Blair Co. (p. 69). 10. Bedford, Bedford Co. (p. 69). 11. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 69). 12. Hickory, Washington Co. (p. 70). 13. Erie, Erie Co. (p. 70).

Ohio (See Map 7).

Michigan (See Map 8).

Indiana (See Map 9).

Illinois (See also Map 38): 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 100). 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 101). 3. Beaucoup, Washington Co. (p. 101). 4. East St. Louis, St. Clair Co. (p. 101). 5. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 102). 6. Sandoval, Marion Co. (p. 102). 7. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 102). 8. Warsaw, Hancock Co. (p. 103). 9. Manito, Mason Co. (p. 103). 10. —— Knox Co. (p. 104). 11. Cambridge, Henry Co. (p. 104). 12. Rural Township, Rock Island Co. (p. 104). 13. Sterling, Whiteside Co. (p. 105). 14. New Milford, Winnebago Co. (p. 105). 15. Byron and Harper, Ogle Co. (p. 105). 16. Urbana and Pesotum, Champaign Co. (p. 106). 17. —— Edgar Co. (p. 106). 18. Fairmount, Vermillion Co. (p. 106). 19. —— Iroquois Co., 6 miles northwest of Hoopeston, M. progenium (p. 106). East Lynn and Rossville, Vermillion Co. (p. 107). 20. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 107). 21. Morris, Grundy Co. (p. 108). 22. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 109). 23. Yorkville, Kendall Co. (p. 109). 24. Aurora, Kane Co. (p. 109). 25. Batavia and Maple, Kane Co. (p. 110). 26. Glencoe, Cook Co. (p. 110). 27. Walnut, Bureau Co. (p. 105).

Wisconsin: 1. Dover, Racine Co. (p. 110). 2. Waukesha, Waukesha Co. (p. 110). 3. Madison, Dane Co. (p. 111). 4. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 111). 5. Lone Rock, Richland Co. (p. 111). 6. Sinsinawa, Grant Co. (p. 111). 7. Wauseka, Crawford Co. (p. 111). 8. Richland Center, Richland Co. (p. 111). 9. Menomonie, Dunn Co. (p. 111).

Maryland: 1. St. Marys City, St Marys Co. (p. 112). 2. St. Clements, St. Marys Co. (p. 112). 3. Towson, Baltimore Co. (p. 112). 4. Lane’s Creek and Clear Spring, Washington Co. (pp. 112, 113).

Virginia: 1. 6 miles east of Williamsburg, York Co. (p. 113). 2. City Point, Prince George Co. (p. 113). 3. Abingdon, Washington Co. (p. 113). 4. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 113). 5. Covington, Alleghany Co. (p. 114). 6. Hot Springs, Bath Co. (p. 114). 7. Edom, Rockingham Co. (p. 114).

West Virginia: 1. Stewartstown, Monongalia Co. (p. 115). 2. Parkersburg, Wood Co. (p. 115).

North Carolina (See also Map 39): 1. —— New Hanover Co. (p. 115). 2. —— Pender Co. (p. 115). 3. —— Duplin Co. (p. 115). 4. Goldsboro, Wayne Co., M. progenium (p. 115). 5. Jacksonville, Onslow Co. (p. 116). 6. Maysville, Jones Co. (p. 116). 7. —— Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 116). 8. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 117). 9. —— Pitt Co. (p. 117). 10. —— Wilson Co. (p. 117). 11. Tarboro, Edgecombe Co. (p. 117). 12. Rocky Mount, Nash Co. (p. 117).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 118). 2. Ashley River, Charleston Co. (p. 118). 3. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 119). 4. —— Lee Co. (p. 119). 5. Darlington, Darlington Co. (p. 119).

Georgia:

1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 120). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 120).

Florida (See Map 10).

Alabama: 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 124).

Mississippi: 1. Perthshire, Bolivar Co. (p. 124). 2. Caseilla, Tallahatchie Co. (p. 124). 3. Jackson, Hinds Co. (p. 124). 4. Vicksburg, Warren Co. (p. 124). 5. Bovina?, Warren Co. (p. 125). 6. —— Claiborne Co. (p. 125). 7. —— Jefferson Co. (p. 125). 8. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 125). 9. Pinckneyville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126). 10. Between Zeiglerville and Pearce, Yazoo Co., M. progenium (p. 126). 11. Woodville, Wilkinson Co. (p. 126).

Tennessee (See also figure 23, p. 395): 1. Kingsport, Sullivan Co. (p. 127). 2. St. Clair, Hawkins Co. (p. 127). 3. Mossy Creek, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). 4. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. (p. 127). 5. Neuberts Springs, Knox Co. (p. 127). 6. 11 miles west of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). 7. 11 miles southeast of Nashville, Davidson Co. (p. 127). 8. Fayetteville, Lincoln Co. (p. 128). 9. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 128).

Kentucky: 1. Ludlow, Kenton Co. (p. 128). 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 128). 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 128). 4. Harrisonville, Harrison Co. (p. 129). 5. —— Fayette Co. (p. 129). 6. Drennon Springs, Henry Co. (p. 129). 7. Louisville, Jefferson Co. (p. 129). 8. Smithland?, Livingston Co. (p. 129).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 6.

Massachusetts: 1. Coleraine, Franklin Co. (p. 47). 2. Shrewsbury, Worcester Co. (p. 47).

Connecticut: 1. Cheshire, New Haven Co. (p. 47). 2. New Britain, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 3. Farmington, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 4. Bristol, Hartford Co. (p. 48). 5. Sharon, Litchfield Co. (p. 48).

New York: 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). 7. New York City (p. 50). 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55). 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 6 A.

New Jersey: 1. Mannington Township, Salem Co. (p. 63). 2. Harrisonville, Gloucester Co. (p. 63). 3. Mullica Hill, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). 4. Woodbury, Gloucester Co. (p. 64). 5. Pemberton, Burlington Co. (p. 64). 6. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 64). 7. Freehold, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 8. Englishtown, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 9. Marlboro, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 10. Long Branch, Monmouth Co. (p. 65). 11. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). 12. Manasquan Inlet, Monmouth Co. (p. 66). 13. Verona, Essex Co. (p. 66). 14. Rockport, Warren Co. (p. 67). 15. Hackettstown, Warren Co. (p. 67). 16. Hope, Warren Co. (p. 68). 17. Greendell, Sussex Co. (p. 68).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 7.

Ohio: 1. —— Pike Co. (p. 70). 2. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 70). 3. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 71). 4. Amanda, Butler Co. (p. 71). 5. Germantown, Montgomery Co. (p. 71). 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 72). 7. New Paris, Preble Co. (p. 72). 8. West Sonora, Preble Co. (p. 73). 9. New Madison, Darke Co. (p. 73). 10. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 73). 11. 6 miles west of Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). 12. Greenville, Darke Co. (p. 73). 13. Ansonia, Darke Co. (p. 74). 14. Troy, Miami Co. (p. 74). 15. Catawba, Clark Co. (p. 74). 16. Urbana, Champaign Co. (p. 74). 17. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 18. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 19. Pickaway Plains, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 20. Salt Creek Township, Pickaway Co. (p. 75). 21. Shadeville, Franklin Co. (p. 75). 22. Mount Gilead, Morrow Co. (p. 75). 23. Harper, Logan Co. (p. 76). 24. Roundhead, Hardin Co. (p. 76). 25. Washington Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 26. Pusheta Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 27. Wapakoneta, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 28. Duchouquet Township, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 29. St. Johns, Auglaize Co. (p. 76). 30. —— Fayette Co. (p. 75). 31. Ohio City, Van Wert Co. (p. 77). 32. Columbus Grove, Putnam Co. (p. 77). 33. Liberty Township, Putnam Co. (p. 77). 34. Springfield Township, Lucas Co. (p. 77). 35. Jackson Township, Wood Co. (p. 78). 36. Carey, Wyandot Co. (p. 78). 37. Old Fort, Seneca Co. (p. 78). 38. Bucyrus, Crawford Co. (p. 78). 39. Sandusky, Erie Co. (p. 78). 40. Brownhelm Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). 41. Pittsfield Township, Lorain Co. (p. 79). 42. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 79). 43. —— Medina Co. (p. 79). 44. Green Township, Summit Co. (p. 80). 45. Massillon, Stark Co. (p. 80). 46. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 80). 47. Lisbon, Columbiana Co. (p. 70). 48. —— Trumbull Co. (p. 80). 49. Brighton, Clark Co. (p. 74). 50. Woodstock, Champaign Co. (p. 74). 51. Granville, Licking Co. (p. 75).

KEY TO NAMES OF COUNTIES IN OHIO.

1. Williams 2. Fulton 3. Lucas 4. Ottawa 5. Lake 6. Ashtabula 7. Trumbull 8. Geauga 9. Cuyahoga 10. Lorain 11. Erie 12. Sandusky 13. Wood 14. Henry 15. Defiance 16. Paulding 17. Putnam 18. Hancock 19. Seneca 20. Huron 21. Medina 22. Summit 23. Portage 24. Mahoning 25. Columbiana 26. Stark 27. Wayne 28. Ashland 29. Richland 30. Crawford 31. Wyandot 32. Allen 33. Van Wert 34. Mercer 35. Auglaize 36. Hardin 37. Marion 38. Morrow 39. Knox 40. Holmes 41. Coshocton 42. Tuscarawas 43. Carroll 44. Harrison 45. Jefferson 46. Belmont 47. Guernsey 48. Muskingum 49. Licking 50. Delaware 51. Union 52. Logan 53. Shelby 54. Darke 55. Miami 56. Champaign 57. Clark 58. Madison 59. Franklin 60. Pickaway 61. Fairfield 62. Perry 63. Morgan 64. Noble 65. Monroe 66. Washington 67. Athens 68. Hocking 69. Vinton 70. Ross 71. Fayette 72. Green 73. Montgomery 74. Preble 75. Butler 76. Warren 77. Clinton 78. Highland 79. Pike 80. Jackson 81. Meigs 82. Gallia 83. Lawrence 84. Scioto 85. Adams 86. Brown 87. Clermont 88. Hamilton

EXPLANATION OF MAP 8.

Michigan: 1. Church, Hillsdale Co. (p. 80). 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 80). 3. Howell, Livingston Co. (p. 81). 4. Bellevue, Eaton Co. (p. 81). 5. Olivet, Eaton Co. (p. 82). 6. Stanton, Montcalm Co. (p. 82). 7. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 82). 8. Eau Claire, Berrien Co. (p. 82). 9. Dorr, Allegan Co. (p. 83). 10. Cannonsburg, Kent Co. (p. 83). 11. Moorland, Muskegon Co. (p. 83). 12. Williams Township, Bay Co. (p. 84). 13. Near Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 84). 14. Alma, Gratiot Co. (p. 85). 15. —— Saginaw Co. (p. 84). 16. Bancroft, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). 17. Venice, Shiawassee Co. (p. 86). 18. Fenton, Genesee Co. (p. 86). 19. Davison, Genesee Co. (p. 86). 20. Utica, Macomb Co. (p. 86). 21. Plymouth, Wayne Co. (p. 87). 22. Wyandotte, Wayne Co. (p. 87). 23. Saline, Washtenaw Co. (p. 88). 24. Petersburg, Monroe Co. (p. 87). 25. Galien, Berrien Co. (p. 83). 26. 7 miles southwest of Ypsilanti (p. 88). 27. Clayton, Lenawee Co. (p. 81).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 9.

The names of the glacial moraines are given on Map 37.

Indiana: 1. —— Posey Co. (p. 88). 2. —— Dubois Co. (p. 88). 3. Hindostan, Martin Co. (p. 89). 4. West of Orleans, Orange Co. (p. 89). 5. Sparksville, Jackson Co. (p. 89). 6. West of Tampico, Jackson Co. (p. 89). 7. New Albany, Floyd Co. (p. 89). 8. Princeton, Gibson Co. (p. 89). 9. —— Knox or Gibson Co. (p. 90). 10. —— Parke Co. (p. 90). 11. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 90). 12. —— Dearborn Co. (p. 91). 13. Greencastle, Putnam Co. (p. 91). 14. Danville, Hendricks Co. (p. 92). 15. Attica, Fountain Co. (p. 92). 16. Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 92). 17. Indianapolis, Marion Co. (p. 92). 18. Anderson, Madison Co. (p. 93). 19. Fairmount Township, Grant Co. (p. 93). 20. Charleston, Clarke Co. (p. 91). 21. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 93). 22. —— Henry Co. (p. 94). 23. Losantville, Randolph Co. (p. 94). 24. Dalton, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 25. Jacksonburg, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 26. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 94). 27. Penn Township, Jay Co. (p. 95). 28. Fort Wayne, Allen Co. (p. 95). 29. West of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). 30. Ashley, Steuben Co. (p. 96). 31. Beaver Lake, Newton Co. (p. 96). 32. —— Jasper Co. (p. 96). 33. Denham, Pulaski Co. (p. 96). 34. Rich Grove Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). 35. Royal Center, Cass Co. (p. 97). 36. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 97). 37. Peru, Miami Co. (p. 98). 38. Laketon, Wabash Co. (p. 98). 39. North Manchester, Wabash Co. (p. 98). 40. Lagrange, Lagrange Co. (p. 99). 41. Lowell, Lake Co. (p. 99). 42. Hebron, Porter Co. (p. 99). 43. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 100). 44. Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). 45. Southeast of Valparaiso, Porter Co. (p. 100). 46. Olive Township, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). 47. Notre Dame, St. Joseph Co. (p. 100). 48. Fulton, Fulton Co. (p. 97). 49. Indian Creek Township, Pulaski Co. (p. 97). 50. Greensburg, Decatur Co. (p. 92). 51. Jackson Township, Miami Co. (p. 98). 52. Vincennes, Knox Co. (p. 90). 53. Royerton, Delaware Co. (p. 94). 54. Lawrenceburg, Dearborn Co. (p. 91). 55. Northwest of Waterloo, DeKalb Co. (p. 95). 56. —— Noble Co. (p. 95).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 10.

If no name is given, Mammut americanum is understood.

Florida: 1. Marianna, Jackson Co. (p. 121). 2. Fort White, Columbia Co. (p. 121). 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 121). 4. Almero Farm, St. John Co. (p. 122). 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 122). 6. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 122). 7. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). 8. —— Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). 9. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co. (p. 123). 10. Pains Creek, Polk Co. (p. 123). 11. Peace Creek, De Soto Co. (p. 124). 12. Little River, Gadsden Co. (p. 121). 13. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 122). 14. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 123). 15. Neals, Alachua Co., Gomphotherium floridanum (p. 121). 16. Archer, Alachua Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 17. Williston, Levy Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 18. Juliette, Marion Co., G. floridanum (p. 121). 19. San Pablo Beach, Duval Co. (p. 122). 20. Brewster, Polk Co., Gomphotherium floridanum and Mammut progenium? (p. 123).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 11.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co. (p. 130). 2. Amaranth, Dufferin Co. (p. 130).

New York: 1. Minoa, Onondaga Co. (p. 131). 2. Williamson, Wayne Co. (p. 131). 3. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 131). 4. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 131). 5. Queensbury, Warren Co. (p. 132). 6. Lewiston, Niagara Co. (p. 132).

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 132). 2. North Plainfield, Union Co. (p. 133).

Pennsylvania: 1. Brookfield, Tioga Co. (p. 133). 2. Chadd’s Ford, Delaware Co. (p. 133). 3. Harvey’s, Greene Co. (p. 133). 4. Lone Pine, Washington Co. (p. 133). 5. Beaver Dam, Erie Co. (p. 133).

Ohio: 1. Waverly, Pike Co. (p. 134). 2. Zanesville, Muskingum Co. (p. 134). 3. Duncan Falls, Muskingum Co. (p. 135). 4. Millport, Columbiana Co. (p. 135). 5. Mount Healthy, Hamilton Co. (p. 135). 6. Dayton, Montgomery Co. (p. 135). 7. Selma, Clark Co. (p. 136). 8. Versailles, Darke Co. (p. 136). 9. Jersey, Licking Co. (p. 136). 10. Chicago, Huron Co. (p. 136). 11. Kamms, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). 12. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 136). 13. New Berlin, Stark Co. (p. 136). 14. Amboy, Ashtabula Co. (p. 137). 15. —— Butler Co. (p. 135).

Michigan: 1. Three Oaks, Berrien Co. (p. 137). 2. Eaton Rapids, Eaton Co. (p. 137).

Indiana: 1. Otter Creek Township, Vigo Co. (p. 138). 2. Madison, Jefferson Co. (p. 138). 3. Vevay, Switzerland Co. (p. 138). 4. Windsor, Randolph Co. (p. 139). 5. Winchester, Randolph Co. (p. 139). 6. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 139). 7. Francisville, Pulaski Co. (p. 140). 8. Crown Point, Lake Co. (p. 140). 9. North Liberty, St. Joseph Co. (p. 139). 10. Webster, Wayne Co. (p. 138). 11. Rochester, Fulton Co. (p. 140).

Illinois: 1. Cairo, Alexander Co. (p. 140). 2. Ashland, Cass Co. (p. 141). 3. Kewanee, Henry Co. (p. 142). 4. Penny’s Slough, Henry Co. (p. 142). 5. —— Kendall Co. (p. 143).

Wisconsin: 1. Milwaukee, Milwaukee Co. (p. 143).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 144).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co. (p. 145).

North Carolina: 1. Inland Waterway Canal, Carteret Co. (p. 145).

Florida: 1. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 145).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 146).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 146).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 12.

Ontario: 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 147). 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 147).

Vermont: 1. Mount Holly, Rutland Co. (p. 148).

New York: 1. Homer, Cortland Co. (p. 149). 2. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 149).

New Jersey: 1. Middletown, Monmouth Co. (p. 149).

Pennsylvania: 1. Rogersville, Greene Co. (p. 150). 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 150). 3. Tryonville, Crawford Co. (p. 150).

Ohio: 1. —— Stark Co. (p. 150). 2. Amboy, Ashland Co. (p. 150).

Michigan: 1. —— Jackson Co. (p. 151).

Indiana: 1. Terre Haute, Vigo Co. (p. 151). 2. Monrovia, Morgan Co. (p. 152). 3. Windfall, Tipton Co. (p. 152). 4. Bringhurst, Carroll Co. (p. 152).

Illinois: 1. Staley, Champaign Co. (p. 152). 2. Stronghurst, Henderson Co. (p. 152). 3. Chillicothe, Peoria Co. (p. 153). 4. Chicago Heights, Cook Co. (p. 153). 5. Pawpaw, Lee Co. (p. 153). 6. Woodhull, Henry Co. (p. 154).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 154). 2. —— Queen Anne Co. (p. 154).

West Virginia: 1. Little Kanawha River, Wirt Co. (p. 155).

North Carolina: 1. 9 miles south of Wilmington, New Hanover Co. (p. 155).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co. (p. 155). 2. Edisto River, Charleston Co. (p. 155). 3. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 155). 4. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 156).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick Canal, Glynn Co. (p. 157). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co. (p. 157).

Florida (See Map 13).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 160). 2. Mouth of Big Twin Creek, Owen Co. (p. 161).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 13.

1. St. Marks River, Wakulla Co. (p. 157). 2. Station 120, Duval Co. (p. 157). 3. Citra, Marion Co. (p. 158). 4. Mantanzas, St. John Co. (p. 158). 5. Ocala, Marion Co. (p. 158). 6. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 158). 7. Holder, Citrus Co. (p. 158). 8. Tampa, Hillsboro Co. (p. 159). 9. St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co. (p. 159). 10. Kingsford, Polk Co. (p. 159). 11. Sarasota, Sarasota Co. (p. 159). 12. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). 13. Zolfo, Hardee Co. (p. 160). 14. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 160). 15. Tourner’s, Glades Co. (p. 160). 16. Daytona, Volusia Co. (p. 158). 17. Fellsmere, St. Lucie Co. (p. 159). 18. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co. (p. 159). 19. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co. (p. 160). 20. Palma Sola, Manatee Co. (p. 159). 21. Sumterville, Sumter Co. (p. 158).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 14.

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 162). 2. Head of Cooper River, Berkeley Co. (p. 162).

Florida: 1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). 5. Arcadia, DeSoto Co. (p. 163). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164).

Alabama: 1. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co. (p. 164). 2. “Near Gulf of Mexico” (p. 165).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 15.

1. Dunnellon, Marion Co. (p. 162). 2. Vero, St. Lucie Co. (p. 163). 3. Labelle, Lee Co. (p. 163). 4. Everglades, Palm Beach Co.? (p. 163). 5. Arcadia, De Soto Co. (p. 163). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co. (p. 164).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 16.

Ontario: 1. St. Catharines, Lincoln Co. (p. 166). 2. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 166). 3. Toronto, York Co. (p. 167).

Vermont: 1. Richmond, Chittenden Co. (p. 167).

New York: 1. Seneca Lake (p. 167). 2. Wellsburg, Chemung Co. (p. 167).

Pennsylvania: 1. Chambersburg, Franklin Co. (p. 168). 2. Pittsburgh, Allegheny Co. (p. 168). 3. Meadville, Crawford Co. (p. 168). 4. Girard, Erie Co. (p. 168).

Ohio: 1. Little Salt Creek, Jackson Co. (p. 168). 2. Beverly, Washington Co. (p. 169). 3. Nashport, Muskingum Co. (p. 169). 4. —— Ross Co. (p. 169). 5. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co. (p. 169). 6. Fort Jefferson, Darke Co. (p. 170). 7. Circleville, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). 8. South Bloomfield, Pickaway Co. (p. 170). 9. Cleveland, Cuyahoga Co. (p. 170). 10. Montville, Geauga Co. (p. 170). 11. Canton, Stark Co. (p. 170).

Michigan: 1. East Saginaw, Saginaw Co. (p. 171). 2. —— Macomb Co. (p. 171). 3. Grand Ledge, Eaton Co. (p. 171). 4. Buchanan, Berrien Co. (p. 171).

Indiana: 1. —— Vanderburg Co. (p. 171). 2. Shoals, Martin Co. (p. 172). 3. —— Vigo Co. (p. 172). 4. Gosport, Owen Co. (p. 172). 5. Brookville, Franklin Co. (p. 172). 6. Parke, Vermilion, and Putnam Co. (p. 173). 7. Northeast of Bowers, Montgomery Co. (p. 173). 8. —— Wayne Co. (p. 173). 9. Noblesville, Hamilton Co. (p. 173). 10. Dora, Wabash Co. (p. 174). 11. —— Jasper Co. (p. 174). 12. Pleasant Township, Wabash Co. (p. 174). 13. St. John’s, Lake Co. (p. 174). 14. —— Allen Co. (p. 174). 15. Muncie, Delaware Co. (p. 174). 16. Connersville, Fayette Co. (p. 173). 17. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co. (p. 172).

Illinois: 1. Equality, Gallatin Co. (p. 175). 2. Chester, Randolph Co. (p. 175). 3. —— Calhoun Co. (p. 175). 4. Sangamon River, Sangamon Co. (p. 176). 5. —— Fulton Co. (p. 176). 6. Galesburg, Knox Co. (p. 176). 7. Rock Island, Rock Island Co. (p. 176). 8. Atwood, Piatt Co. (p. 177). 9. Peoria, Peoria Co. (p. 176). 10. Evanston, Cook Co. (p. 177). 11. Rochelle, Ogle Co. (p. 177). 12. Galena, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 178). 13. Wheaton, Dupage County, and Oak Park, Cook Co. (p. 177). 14. Pekin, Tazewell Co. (p. 176). 15. South Fork of Sangamon River, Christian Co. (p. 175).

Wisconsin: 1. Stockholm, Pepin Co. (p. 178).

Maryland and District of Columbia: 1. Upper Marlboro, Prince George Co. (p. 178). 2. Washington, District of Columbia (p. 178).

Virginia: 1. Warrenton, Fauquier Co. (p. 178).

West Virginia: 1. Wheeling, Ohio Co. (p. 179).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 178). 2. Harlowe, Carteret Co. (p. 179).

Florida: 1. Wakulla Springs, Wakulla Co. (p. 179). 2. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co. (p. 180). 3. Bartow, Polk Co. (p. 180).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 180).

Tennessee: 1. Gallatin, Sumner Co. (p. 181). 2. Columbia, Maury Co. (p. 181).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 181). 2. Newport, Campbell Co. (p. 182). 3. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 182). 4. Eminence, Henry Co. (p. 182).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 17.

Massachusetts: 1. Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, Equus? sp. indet. (p. 183).

New York: 1. Throg’s Neck, New York Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 183).

New Jersey: 1. Swedesboro, Gloucester Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184). 2. Fish House, Camden Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). 3. Navesink Hills, Monmouth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 184).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., E. complicatus (p. 184). 2. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). 3. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., E. complicatus, E. pectinatus (p. 185). 4. Rutherford, Dauphin Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185). 5. Frankstown, Blair Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 185).

Ohio: 1. Cincinnati, Hamilton Co., E. complicatus (p. 185). 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., E. complicatus (p. 186). 3. Salt Creek, Columbiana Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 186).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., E. complicatus (p. 186).

Illinois: 1. Bond or Fayette Co., Equus complicatus (p. 187). 2. Alton, Madison Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187). 3. Greene Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 187).

Maryland and District of Columbia: 1. Marshall Hall, Charles Co., Equus leidyi? (p. 188). 2. Georgetown, D. C., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). 3. Mitchellville, Prince George Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 188). 4. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., E. leidyi? (p. 189). 5. Cavetown, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). 6. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 189).

Virginia: 1. Abingdon, Washington Co., E. complicatus (p. 189). 2. Saltville, Smyth Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190). 3. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., E. complicatus? (p. 190). 4. Staunton, Augusta Co., E. sp. indet. (p. 190). 5. Denniston, Halifax Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 190).

West Virginia: 1. Point Pleasant, Mason Co., E. niobrarensis? (p. 190).

North Carolina: 1. Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., E. leidyi (p. 190). 2. Below Newbern, in Pamlico Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 191). 3. Greenville, Pitt Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). 4. Plymouth Co., E. leidyi (p. 191).

South Carolina: 1. Beaufort, Beaufort Co., E. complicatus (p. 191). 2. Charleston, Charleston Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. littoralis (p. 192). 3. Richland Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 193). 4. Darlington, Darlington Co., E. complicatus (p. 193).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis (p. 193). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., E. complicatus (p. 194).

Florida (See Map 18).

Alabama: 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 200). 2. Bogue Chitto, Dallas Co., E. leidyi (p. 200).

Mississippi: 1. Orizaba, Tippah Co., E. leidyi? (p. 200). 2. Natchez, Adams Co., E. complicatus (p. 200).

Tennessee: 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., E. leidyi (p. 201). 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., E. littoralis (p. 201). 4. Nashville, Davidson Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus (p. 201).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., E. complicatus (p. 202). 2. Monday’s Landing, Mercer Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 202).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 18.

1. Stokes Ferry, Nassau Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 194). 2. Almero Farm, St. John Co., E. complicatus? (p. 194). 3. Neals, Alachua Co., Hipparion, sp. indet. (p. 195). 4. Wade, Alachua Co., E. leidyi? (p. 195). 5. Newberry, Alachua Co., Hipparion sp. indet., Parahippus sp. indet., Equus littoralis (p. 195). 6. Archer, Alachua Co., Hipparion ingenuum (p. 195). 7. Williston, Levy Co., Equus leidyi, Hipparion ingenuum, H. plicatile (p. 195). 8. Ocala, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). 9. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Equus leidyi (p. 196). 10. Hernando, Citrus Co., Hipparion sp. indet. (p. 196). 11. Holder, Citrus Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). 12. —— Orange Co., Equus sp. indet. (p. 196). 13. Eau Gallie, Brevard Co., E. complicatus (p. 196). 14. Kingsford, Polk Co., E. leidyi (p. 196). 15. Brewster, Polk Co., Hipparion minus (p. 197). 16. Alafia River, Hillsboro Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 197). 17. Palmetto, Manatee Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus, E. littoralis (p. 197). 18. Sarasota Bay, Sarasota Co., E. leidyi, E. complicatus? (p. 198). 19. Calvenia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi (p. 198). 20. Arcadia, De Soto Co., E. leidyi, E. princeps, E. littoralis, Hipparion ingenuum (p. 198). 21. Vero, St. Lucie Co., E. complicatus, E. leidyi, E. littoralis (p. 199). 22. Labelle, Lee Co., E. leidyi (p. 199). 23. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., E. complicatus (p. 200).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 19.

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., Tapirus terrestris? (p. 203).

Ohio: 1. New Salisbury, Columbiana Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 203).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Tapirus haysii (p. 203).

Maryland: 1. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 204).

Virginia: 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., T. haysii (p. 204).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., T. haysii, T. veroensis?, T. terrestris? (p. 204).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co., T. haysii (p. 206).

Florida: 1. Neals, Alachua Co., T. terrestris? (p. 206). 2. Archer, Alachua Co., T. haysii? (p. 207). 3. Dunnellon, Marion Co., T. haysii?, T. sp. indet. (p. 207). 4. Ocala, Marion Co., T. sp. indet. (p. 207). 5. Tampa, Hillsboro Co., T. veroensis? (p. 208). 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., T. veroensis, T. haysii (p. 208). 7. Arcadia, De Soto Co., T. terrestris? (p. 208).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., T. haysii, T. terrestris? (p. 208).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., T. tennesseæ (p. 209). 2. Dandridge, Jefferson Co., Tapirus sp. indet. (p. 209). 3. Lookout Mountain, Hamilton Co., T. haysii (p. 209). 4. Bristol, Sullivan Co., T. haysii (p. 209).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., T. haysii (p. 209). 2. Stamping Ground, Scott Co., T. haysii (p. 210). 3. Yarnallton, Fayette Co., T. haysii (p. 210).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 20.

New York: 1. Rochester, Monroe Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 212). 2. Gainesville, Wyoming Co., P. compressus (p. 212).

New Jersey: 1. Shark River, Monmouth Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 213).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., M. pennsylvanicus (p. 213). 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., M. pennsylvanicus, M. nasutus, Tagassu? tetragonus? (p. 213). 3. Milroy, Mifflin Co., Platygonus vetus (p. 213). 4. Frankstown, Blair Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus? (p. 214).

Ohio: 1. Wilmington, Clinton Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 214). 2. Columbus, Franklin Co., P. compressus (p. 214). 3. Chalfants, Perry Co., P. compressus (p. 215). 4. Lisbon, Columbiana Co., Mylohyus nasutus? (p. 215).

Michigan: 1. Belding, Ionia Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 215).

Indiana: 1. —— Gibson Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 216). 2. Williams, Lawrence Co., Platygonus vetus?, Tagassu lenis (p. 217). 3. Laketon, Wabash Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218).

Illinois: 1. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 218). 2. Alton, Madison Co., P. cumberlandensis? (p. 219).

Wisconsin: 1. Blue Mounds, Dane Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 219).

Maryland: 1. Benedict, Charles Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 220). 2. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., T. lenis (p. 220). 3. Corriganville, Allegany Co., Mylohyus pennsylvanicus, M. exortivus, Platygonus cumberlandensis, P. intermedius (p. 220). 4. Cavetown, Washington Co., Mylohyus nasutus, M. exortivus, M. obtusidens, Platygonus vetus, P. cumberlandensis, Tagassu tetragonus (p. 220).

Virginia: 1. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., Mylohyus nasutus (p. 221). 2. —— Augusta Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 221).

West Virginia: 1. Renicks, Greenbrier Co., P. intermedius (p. 221).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 221).

Florida: 1. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Tagassu lenis (p. 222). 2. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., T. lenis (p. 222).

Tennessee: 1. Rogersville, Hawkins Co., Mylohyus setiger (p. 222). 2. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., M. nasutus (p. 223). 3. Dandridge, Jefferson Co. “Peccary” (p. 223).

Kentucky: 1. Rock Castle Co., Platygonus compressus (p. 223).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 21.

Pennsylvania: 1. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Teleopternus orientalis (p. 224).

Florida: 1. Archer, Alachua Co., Procamelus major, P. minor, P. minimus (p. 224). 2. Williston, Levy Co., P. major (p. 224). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., P. minimus? (p. 224). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., P. minor (p. 225). 5. Hernando, Citrus Co., Procamelus? sp. indet. (p. 225). 6. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225).

Tennessee: 1. Nashville, Davidson Co., Camelops? sp. indet. (p. 225).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 22.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Odocoileus virginianus (p. 226).

New York: 1. —— Orange Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 2. Greenville, Greene Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 3. Cuba, Allegany Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 4. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co., O. virginianus (p. 226).

New Jersey: 1. Woodstown, Salem Co., O. virginianus (p. 226). 2. Vincentown, Burlington Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 3. Deal, Monmouth Co., O. virginianus (p. 227).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 2. Frankstown, Blair Co., O. virginianus? (p. 227).

Ohio: 1. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co., O. virginianus (p. 227).

Michigan: 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co., O. virginianus (p. 227). 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., O. virginianus (p. 228).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., O. virginianus?, O. dolichopsis (p. 228). 2. Harrisville, Randolph Co., O. virginianus (p. 228). 3. Roann, Wabash Co., O. virginianus (p. 229).

Illinois: 1. Niantic, Macon Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 3. Ottawa, LaSalle Co., O. virginianus (p. 229). 4. Evanston, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). 5. Lemont, Cook Co., O. virginianus (p. 230).

Wisconsin: 1. Lead region, O. virginianus, O. whitneyi (p. 230). 2. Menomonie, Dunn Co., O. virginianus (p. 230).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co., O. virginianus (p. 230). 2. Cavetown, Washington Co., O. virginianus (p. 231).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., O.? sp. indet. (p. 231). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., O. virginianus (p. 231).

West Virginia: 1. —— Wood Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern. O. virginianus? (p. 231).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., O. virginianus? (p. 231). 2. Darlington, Darlington Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232).

Florida: 1. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., O. virginianus? (p. 232). 2. Neals, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). 3. Archer, Alachua Co., O. virginianus (p. 232). 4. Ocala, Marion Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). 5. Dunnellon, Marion Co., O. osceola? (p. 233). 6. Palmetto, Manatee Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 233). 7. Palma Sola, Manatee Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). 8. Arcadia, De Soto Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234). 9. Vero, St. Lucie Co., O. sellardsiæ, O. osceola? (p. 234).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., O. virginianus? (p. 233). 2. Aberdeen, Monroe Co., O. virginianus? (p. 234).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 2. Nashville, Davidson Co., O. sp. indet. (p. 234).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., O. virginianus (p. 234). 3. Henderson, Henderson Co., O. virginianus (p. 234).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 23.

Ontario: 1. Hamilton, Wentworth Co. (p. 235). 2. Near Strathroy, Middlesex Co. (p. 235). 3. Kingston, Frontenac Co. (p. 235).

Vermont: 1. Grand Isle, Champlain Lake (p. 235).

New York: 1. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 235). 2. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 236). 3. Farmington, Ontario Co. (p. 236). 4. —— Livingston Co. (p. 236). 5. Cuba, Allegany Co. (p. 236). 6. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 236). 7. Boonville, Oneida Co. (p. 236). 8. Third Lake, Herkimer Co. (p. 236). 9. Steele’s Corners, St. Lawrence Co. (p. 236).

New Jersey: 1. Deal, Monmouth Co. (p. 237). 2. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 237).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 237). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 237).

Michigan: 1. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 237). 2. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 237).

Indiana: 1. Cambridge City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). 2. Fountain City, Wayne Co. (p. 238). 3. Harrisville, Randolph Co. (p. 238). 4. Pennville, Jay Co. (p. 238). 5. —— Wabash Co. (p. 239). 6. Foresman, Newton Co. (p. 239). 7. Rensselaer, Jasper Co. (p. 239). 8. —— Lake Co. (p. 239). 9. Kouts, Porter Co. (p. 239).

Illinois: 1. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 239). 2. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 240). 3. Palos Park, Cook Co. (p. 240). 4. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 240). 5. Union Grove, Whiteside Co. (p. 240). 6. Lead Region, Jo Daviess Co. (p. 240). 7. Beecher, Will Co. (p. 241).

Wisconsin: 1. Wauwatosa, Milwaukee Co. (p. 241). 2. Pewaukee, Waukesha Co. (p. 241). 3. Whitehall, Trempealeau Co. (p. 241).

Maryland: 1. Oxford Neck, Talbot Co. (p. 242).

North Carolina: 1. Pamlico Co., 16 miles below Newbern (p. 242).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 242).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 243).

Florida: 1. Alafia River (p. 243).

Tennessee: 1. Whitesburg, Hamblen Co. (p. 243).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 243). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 243).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 24.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Rangifer sp. indet. (p. 244).

Vermont: 1. Woodbury, Washington Co., R. caribou? (p. 244).

Connecticut: 1. New Haven, New Haven Co., R. caribou? (p. 244).

New York: 1. Ossining, Westchester Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). 2. Racket River, St. Lawrence Co., R.? sp. indet. (p. 244).

New Jersey: 1. Vincentown, Burlington Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 244). 2. Trenton, Mercer Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 245).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co., R. caribou (p. 246). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., R. caribou (p. 246).

Illinois: Alton, Madison Co., R. muscatinensis? (p. 246).

Wisconsin: 1. Menomonie, Dunn Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 247).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., R. sp. indet. (p. 248).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 25.

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 248).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 248). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co., Ovibos appalachicolus (p. 249).

Ohio: 1. Urbana, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249). 2. Youngstown, Mahoning Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 249). 3. —— Trumbull Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 249).

Michigan: 1. Manchester, Washtenaw Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 250). 2. Moorland, Muskegon Co., Boötherium sargenti (p. 250).

Indiana: 1. Wailesboro, Bartholomew Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 251). 2. Richmond, Wayne Co., Ovibos moschatus (p. 252). 3. —— Randolph Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252). 4. Beaver Lake, Newton Co., Symbos cavifrons? (p. 252). 5. Hebron, Porter Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 252).

Illinois: 1. Bondville, Champaign Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). 2. Manito, Mason Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 253). 3. Alton, Madison Co., Symbos promptus? (p. 254).

West Virginia: 1. Mahan, Brooke Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 254).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., Boötherium bombifrons, Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255). 3. Winchester, Clark Co., Symbos cavifrons (p. 255).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 26.

Ontario: 1. Toronto, York Co., Bison sp. indet, (p. 256).

Pennsylvania: 1. Pittston, Luzerne Co., Bison? sp. indet. (p. 256). 2. Port Kennedy, Montgomery Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 256).

Ohio: 1. Fincastle, Brown Co., B. latifrons (p. 257). 2. North Fairfield, Huron Co., B. sylvestris (p. 257).

Indiana: 1. Evansville, Vanderburg Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 257). 2. Vincennes, Knox Co., B. antiquus (p. 258).

Illinois: 1. Alton, Madison Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Wisconsin: 1. Coon Valley, Vernon Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Maryland: 1. Chesapeake Beach, Calvert Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259).

Virginia: 1. Saltville, Smyth Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 259). 2. Ivanhoe, Wythe Co., B. antiquus? (p. 260).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co., B. latifrons (p. 260).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 261). 2. Skidaway Island, Chatham Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262).

Florida: 1. Wade, Alachua Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). 2. Pablo Beach, Duval Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 262). 3. Ocala, Marion Co., B. latifrons (p. 262). 4. Dunnellon, Marion Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 5. Tampa, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 6. Palmetto and Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 7. Grove City, Charlotte Co., B. latifrons (p. 263). 8. Vero, St. Lucie Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 263). 9. Arcadia, De Soto Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264). 10. Labelle, Lee Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264). 11. Palm Beach, Palm Beach Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264).

Alabama: 1. Newbern, Hale Co., Bison sp. indet. (p. 264).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co., B. latifrons? (p. 264).

Kentucky: 1. Woolper Creek, Boone Co., B. latifrons (p. 264). 2. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co., B. antiquus (p. 264).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 27.

Ontario: 1. North Bay, Nipissing Co. (p. 266).

Massachusetts: 1. Orleans, Barnstable Co. (p. 266).

New York: 1. Albany, Albany Co. (p. 266). 2. Syracuse, Onondaga Co. (p. 266). 3. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 267).

New Jersey: 1. Trenton, Mercer Co. (p. 267).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 267). 2. Riegelsville, Bucks Co. (p. 267).

Indiana: 1. —— Jasper Co. (p. 268).

Illinois: 1. Sullivan, Moultrie Co. (p. 268). 2. Homer, Champaign Co. (p. 268). 3. Niantic, Macon Co. (p. 269). 4. Whitewillow, Kendall Co. (p. 269). 5. Batavia, Kane Co. (p. 269). 6. Galena, Jo Daviess Co., this species? (p. 269).

Wisconsin: 1. Bluemounds, Dane Co. (p. 270). 2. Oshkosh, Winnebago Co. (p. 270).

Kentucky: 1. Bigbone Lick, Boone Co. (p. 270). 2. Bluelick Springs, Nicholas Co. (p. 271).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 28.

New York: 1. Clyde, Wayne Co. (p. 272). 2. Canastota, Madison Co. (p. 272).

Pennsylvania: 1. Stroudsburg, Monroe Co. (p. 272).

Ohio (See Map 29).

Michigan: 1. Berrien Co. (p. 275). 2. Adrian, Lenawee Co. (p. 275). 3. Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co. (p. 275). 4. Attica, Lapeer Co. (p. 276). 5. Owosso, Shiawassee Co. (p. 276).

Indiana (See Map 30).

Illinois: 1. Shawneetown, Gallatin Co. (p. 278). 2. Alton, Madison Co. (p. 279). 3. Charleston, Coles Co. (p. 279). 4. Naperville, Dupage Co. (p. 279).

South Carolina: 1. Charleston, Charleston Co. (p. 279).

Georgia: 1. Brunswick, Glynn Co. (p. 280).

Mississippi: 1. Natchez, Adams Co. (p. 280).

Tennessee: 1. Memphis, Shelby Co. (p. 280).

EXPLANATION OF MAP 29.

Ohio: 1. Nashport, Muskingum Co.[1] (48) (p. 273). 2. Wilmington, Clinton Co.[1] (2) (p. 273). 3. Germantown, Montgomery Co.[1] (73) (p. 274). 4. West Sonora, Preble Co.[1] (74) (p. 274). 5. Greenville, Darke Co.[1] (54) (p. 274). 6. New Knoxville, Auglaize Co.[1] (35) (p. 274).

Footnote 1:

These are the numbers which on the map are given to the counties.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 30.

1. Vanderburg Co. (p. 276). 2. Richmond, Wayne Co. (p. 276). 3. Greenfield, Hancock Co. (p. 277). 4. Jamestown, Boone Co. (p. 277). 5. Summitville, Madison Co. (p. 277). 6. Union City, Randolph Co. (p. 277). 7. Fairmount, Grant Co. (p. 277). 8. —— Carroll Co. (p. 278). 9. Logansport, Cass Co. (p. 278). 10. Macy, Miami Co. (p. 278). 11. —— Kosciusko Co. (p. 278). 12. Grovertown, Starke Co. (p. 278)

For explanation of the numerals on the margins see map 37.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 34.

Mastodon Localities.

New York: 1. New Dorp, Richmond Co. (p. 48). 2. Ridgewood, Kings Co. (p. 49). 3. Jamaica, Queens Co. (p. 49). 4. Inwood, Nassau Co. (p. 49). 5. Riverhead, Suffolk Co. (p. 49). 6. Morrisania, New York Co. (p. 49). 7. New York City (p. 50). 8. Hartsdale, Westchester Co. (p. 50). 9. New Antrim, Rockland Co. (p. 50). 10. Arden, Orange Co. (p. 50). 11. Monroe, Orange Co. (p. 50). 12. Chester, Orange Co. (p. 50). 13. Salisbury Mills, Orange Co. (p. 51). 14. New Windsor, Orange Co. (p. 51). 15. Newburgh, Orange Co. (p. 51). 16. Near Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 52). 17. East Coldenham, Orange Co. (p. 53). 18. Montgomery, Orange Co. (p. 53). 19. Hamptonburg, Orange Co. (p. 53). 20. Bullville, Orange Co. (p. 53). 21. Scotchtown, Orange Co. (p. 54). 22. Otisville, Orange Co. (p. 54). 23. Shawangunk, Ulster Co. (p. 54). 24. Ellenville, Ulster Co. (p. 54). 25. Poughkeepsie, Dutchess Co. (p. 55) 26. Between Red Bridge and Wurtsboro, Sullivan Co. (p. 55). 27. Claverack, Columbia Co. (p. 55). 28. Freehold, Greene Co. (p. 55). 29. Greenville, Greene Co. (p. 56). 30. Coeymans, Albany Co. (p. 56). 31. Cohoes, Albany Co. (p. 56). 32. Copenhagen, Lewis Co. (p. 56). 33. Center Lisle, Broome Co. (p. 57). 34. Brookton, Tompkins Co. (p. 57). 35. Pony Hollow, Tompkins Co. (p. 58). 36. Elmira, Chemung Co. (p. 58). 37. Lodi, Seneca Co. (p. 58). 38. Macedon, Wayne Co. (p. 58). 39. Seneca Castle, Ontario Co. (p. 58). 40. Perkinsville, Steuben Co. (p. 59). 41. Wayland, Steuben Co. (p. 59). 42. Pittsford, Monroe Co. (p. 59). 43. Rochester, Monroe Co. (p. 59). 44. Scottsburg, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 45. Fowlerville, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 46. Geneseo, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 47. Nunda, Livingston Co. (p. 60). 48. Belvidere, Allegany Co. (p. 60). 49. Pike, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). 50. Attica, Wyoming Co. (p. 61). 51. Leroy, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 52. Stafford, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 53. Batavia, Genesee Co. (p. 61). 54. Holley, Orleans Co. (p. 62). 55. Medina, Orleans Co. (p. 62). 56. Niagara, Niagara Co. (p. 62). 57. Hinsdale, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). 58. Conewango, Cattaraugus Co. (p. 62). 59. Buffalo, Erie Co. (p. 63). 60. Jamestown, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63). 61. Westfield, Chautauqua Co. (p. 63).

COUNTIES

1. Albany 2. Allegany 3. Broome 4. Cattaraugus 5. Cayuga 6. Chautauqua 7. Chemung 8. Chenango 9. Clinton 10. Columbia 11. Cortland 12. Delaware 13. Dutchess 14. Erie 15. Essex 16. Franklin 17. Fulton 18. Genesee 19. Greene 20. Hamilton 21. Herkimer 22. Jefferson 23. Kings 24. Lewis 25. Livingston 26. Madison 27. Monroe 28. Montgomery 29. Nassau 30. New York 31. Niagara 32. Oneida 33. Onondaga 34. Ontario 35. Orange 36. Orleans 37. Oswego 38. Otsego 39. Putnam 40. Queens 41. Rensselaer 42. Richmond 43. RoCkland 44. Saratoga 45. Schenectady 46. Schoharie 47. Schuyler 48. Seneca 49. Steuben 50. St. Lawrence 51. Suffolk 52. Sullivan 53. Tioga 54. Tompkins 55. Ulster 56. Warren 57. Washington 58. Wayne 59. Westchester 60. Wyoming 61. Yates

EXPLANATION OF MAP 35.

COUNTIES OF OHIO.

1. Williams. 2. Fulton. 3. Lucas. 4. Ottawa. 5. Lake. 6. Ashtabula. 7. Trumbull. 8. Geauga. 9. Cuyahoga. 10. Lorain. 11. Erie. 12. Sandusky. 13. Wood. 14. Henry. 15. Defiance. 16. Paulding. 17. Putnam. 18. Hancock. 19. Seneca. 20. Huron. 21. Medina. 22. Summit. 23. Portage. 24. Mahoning. 25. Columbiana. 26. Stark. 27. Wayne. 28. Ashland. 29. Richland. 30. Crawford. 31. Wyandot. 32. Allen. 33. Van Wert. 34. Mercer. 35. Auglaize. 36. Hardin. 37. Marion. 38. Morrow. 39. Knox. 40. Holmes. 41. Coshocton. 42. Tuscarawas. 43. Carroll. 44. Harrison. 45. Jefferson. 46. Belmont. 47. Guernsey. 48. Muskingum. 49. Licking. 50. Delaware. 51. Union. 52. Logan. 53. Shelby. 54. Darke. 55. Miami. 56. Champaign. 57. Clark. 58. Madison. 59. Franklin. 60. Pickaway. 61. Fairfield. 62. Perry. 63. Morgan. 64. Noble. 65. Monroe. 66. Washington. 67. Athens. 68. Hocking. 69. Vinton. 70. Ross. 71. Fayette. 72. Greene. 73. Montgomery. 74. Preble. 75. Butler. 76. Warren. 77. Clinton. 78. Highland. 79. Pike. 80. Jackson. 81. Meigs. 82. Gallia. 83. Lawrence. 84. Scioto. 85. Adams. 86. Brown. 87. Clermont. 88. Hamilton.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 36.

The numerals in the column at the left are those given to the counties on the map. The numerals in the second column are those found on the black circles.

3. Lucas Co. 1. Springfield Township, Mammut (p. 77). 6. Ashtabula Co. Amboy, Elephas primigenius (p. 137); E. columbi 2. (p. 150). 7. Trumbull Co. 3. —— Mammut (p. 80); Symbos (p. 249). 8. Geauga Co. 4. Montville, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 170). 9. Cuyahoga Co. 5. Kamms, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). Cleveland, Mammut (p. 79); E. primigenius (p. 6. 136); E. sp. indet. (p. 170). 10. Lorain Co. 7. Brownhelm, Mammut (p. 79). 8. Pittsfield, Mammut (p. 79) 11. Erie Co. 9. Sandusky, Mammut (p. 78) 13. Wood Co. 10. Jackson Township, Mammut (p. 78). 17. Putnam Co. 11. Liberty Township, Mammut (p. 77). 12. Columbus Grove, Mammut (p. 78). 19. Seneca Co. 13. Old Fort, Mammut (p. 78). 20. Huron Co. 14. Chicago, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). 15. North Fairfield, Megalonyx (p. 31). 21. Medina Co. 16. —— Mammut? (p. 79). 22. Summit Co. 17. Green Township, Mammut (p. 80). 24. Mahoning Co. 18. Youngstown, Symbos (p. 249). 25. Columbiana Co. Millport, Elephas primigenius (p. 135); Equus 19. (p. 186). 20. Lisbon, Mylohyus (p. 215). 21. New Salisbury, Tapirus (p. 203). 26. Stark Co. 22. Massillon, Mammut (p. 80). 23. New Berlin, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). Canton, Mammut (p. 80); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 24. 170). 25. —— Elephas columbi (p. 150). 30. Crawford Co. 26. Bucyrus, Mammut (p. 78). 31. Wyandot Co. 27. Carey, Mammut (p. 78); Ursus (p. 78). 33. Van Wert Co. 28. Ohio City, Mammut (p. 77). 35. Auglaize Co. New Knoxville, Mammut (p. 76); Odocoileus (p. 29. 227); Castoroides (p. 274). 30. Pusheta Township, Mammut (p. 76). 31. Wapakoneta, Mammut? (p. 76). 32. Duchouquet Township, Mammut (p. 76). 33. St. Johns, Mammut? (p. 76). 36. Hardin Co. 34. Roundhead, Mammut (p. 76). 38. Morrow Co. 35. Mt. Gilead, Mammut (p. 75). 40. Holmes Co. 36. Millersburg, Megalonyx (p. 32). 48. Muskingum Co. Nashport, Mammut (p. 70); Castoroides (p. 273); 37. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 38. Zanesville, E. primigenius (p. 134). 39. Duncan Falls, E. primigenius (p. 135). 49. Licking Co. 40. Jersey, E. primigenius (p. 136). 41. Granville, Mammut (p. 75). 52. Logan Co. 42. Harper, Mammut (p. 76). 54. Darke Co. 43. Ansonia, Mammut (p. 74). 44. Versailles, E. primigenius (p. 136). 45. 6 miles west of Greenville, Mammut (p. 73). Greenville, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. 46. 274). Fort Jefferson, Mammut (p. 73); Elephas sp. 47. indet. (p. 170). 48. New Madison, Mammut (p. 73). 56. Champaign Co. 49. Urbana, Mammut (p. 74); Symbos (p. 249). 50. Woodstock, Mammut (p. 74). 57. Clark Co. 51. Catawba, Mammut (p. 74). 52. Brighton, Mammut (p. 74). 53. Selma, Elephas primigenius (p. 136). 59. Franklin Co. 54. Columbus, Equus (p. 186); Platygonus (p. 214). 55. Shadeville, Mammut (p. 75). 60. Pickaway Co. South Bloomfield, Mammut (p. 75); Elephas sp. 56. indet. (p. 170). Circleville, Mammut? (p. 75); Elephas sp. indet. 57. (p. 170). 58. Pickaway Plains, Mammut (p. 75). 59. Salt Creek, Mammut (p. 75). 62. Perry Co. 60. Chalfants, Platygonus (p. 215). 66. Washington Co. 61. Beverly, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 70. Ross Co. 62. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 169). 71. Fayette Co. 63. New Holland, Mammut? (p. 75). 73. Montgomery Co. Dayton, Mammut (p. 72); Elephas primigenius (p. 64. 135). Germantown, Mammut (p. 71); Castoroides (p. 65. 274). 74. Preble Co. 66. New Paris, Mammut (p. 72). West Sonora, Mammut (p. 73); Castoroides (p. 67. 274). 75. Butler Co. 68. —— Mammut (p. 71); Elephas primigenius (p. 135). 69. Overpeck, Ursus procerus (p. 329). 77. Clinton Co. Wilmington, Platygonus (p. 214); Castoroides (p. 70. 273). 79. Pike Co. 71. —— Mammut (p. 70). 72. Waverly, Elephas primigenius (p. 134) 80. Jackson Co. 73. Little Salt Creek, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 168). 86. Brown Co. 74. Fincastle, Bison latifrons (p. 257). 88. Hamilton Co. Cincinnati, Mammut (p. 71); Elephas sp. indet. 75. (p. 169); Equus (p. 185). 76. Mount Healthy, Elephas primigenius (p. 135). 77. Mt. Washington, Mammut (p. 71).

The southern limit of the Illinoian drift, from Cincinnati to Jeffersonville, thence north to Brown County, thence southeast to Posey County, is shown by a wavy line limiting a stippled border. The southern limit of the Wisconsin drift is represented by a smooth line and a coarser stippling. North of this terminal moraine are represented important moraines developed during the recession of the Wisconsin ice-sheet.

1.2.2. Shelbyville moraine

3.3.4.4.4. Champaign moraine

5.5.5. Bloomington moraine

6.7.7. Valparaiso moraine

9.10.10. Mississinawa moraine

11. Salamonie moraine

12. Wabash moraine

13. Fort Wayne moraine.

Based on Leverett’s Glacial Map of Indiana, Plate VI, Monograph LIII of the U. S. Geological Survey.

EXPLANATION OF MAP 38. GLACIAL MAP OF ILLINOIS.

MORAINES.

1. Shelbyville moraine. From Indiana line in southern Edgar County runs westward, then northwestward to Peoria. Here it merges with the Bloomington moraine.

2. Champaign moraine. Radiates northwestward, southwestward, and eastward from Champaign.

3. Bloomington moraine. From Indiana line in Vermillion County passes westward through McLean County to Peoria, where it joins the Shelbyville moraine. Thence runs north to Lee County, northeastward to Kane County and north into Wisconsin.

4. Marseilles moraine. Enters from Indiana in northern Iroquois County, passes across northeastern Livingston, eastern La Salle, to eastern Kane County and northward.

5. Valparaiso moraine. Embraces the southern end of Lake Michigan.

VERTEBRATE FOSSILS.

Jo Daviess Co. 1. Galena, Megalonyx (p. 34); Anomodon (p. 218); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 178); Platygonus (p. 218); Bison (p. 269). Winnebago Co. 2. New Milford, Mammut (p. 105). Ogle Co. 3. Harper, Mammut (p. 105). 4. Byron, Mammut (p. 105). 5. Rochelle, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). Kane Co. 6. Batavia, Mammut (p. 110); Cervus (p. 240); Bison bison (p. 269). 7. Aurora, Mammut (p. 109). Dupage Co. 8. Wheaton, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). 9. Naperville, Mammut, (p. 109); Castoroides (p. 279). Cook Co. 10. Glencoe, Mammut (p. 110). 11. Evanston, Mammut (p. 177); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177); Odocoileus (p. 230); Amiatus (p. 336); Lepomis (336); Merganser (p. 336). 12. Oak Park, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). 13. Lemont, Odocoileus (p. 230); Ondatra (p. 230). 14. Palos Park, Cervus (p. 240). 15. Chicago Heights, E. columbi (p. 153). Whiteside Co. 16. Union Grove, Cervus (p. 240). 17. Sterling, Mammut (p. 105). Lee Co. 18. Pawpaw, Elephas columbi (p. 153). Kendall Co. 19. Yorkville, Mammut (p. 109). 20. Whitewillow, Mammut (p. 109); Odocoileus (p. 229); Cervus (p. 240); Alces (p. 240); Cervalces (p. 229); Ovis? (p. 338); Bison bison (p. 269). Will Co. 21. Beecher, Mammut (p. 107); Cervalces (p. 107); Cervus (p. 241). Rock Island Co. 22. Rock Island, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). 23. Bowling Township, Mammut (p. 104). 24. Milan, Mammut (p. 104). 25. Rural, Mammut (p. 104). Henry Co. 26. Penny’s Slough, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). 27. Woodhull, Elephas columbi (p. 154). 28. Kewanee, Elephas primigenius (p. 142). Bureau Co. 29. Walnut Township, Mammut (p. 105). La Salle Co. 30. Ottawa, Odocoileus (p. 229). Grundy Co. 31. Morris, Mammut (p. 108). Henderson Co. 32. Stronghurst, Elephas primigenius (p. 152). Knox Co. 33. Galesburg, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). 34. On Spoon River, Mammut (p. 104). Peoria Co. 35. Chillicothe, Elephas columbi (p. 153). 36. Peoria, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Hancock Co. 37. Warsaw, Mammut (p. 103). Fulton Co. 38. Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Tazewell Co. 39. Pekin, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176). Mason Co. 40. Manito, Mammut (p. 103); Symbos (p. 253). Iroquois Co. 41. Near Hoopeston, Vermillion Co., Mammut progenium (p. 106). Champaign Co. 42. Bondville, Symbos (p. 253). 43. Staley, Elephas columbi (p. 152). 44. Urbana, Mammut (p. 106); Megalonyx (p. 33). 45. Pesotum, Mammut (p. 106). 46. Homer, Bison bison (p. 268). Vermilion Co. 47. East Lynn, Mammut (p. 107). 48. Rossville, Mammut (p. 107). 49. Fairmount, Mammut (p. 106). Cass Co. 50. Ashland, Elephas primigenius (p. 141). Sangamon Co. 51. On Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 176) Christian Co. 52. S. Fork Sangamon River, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Macon Co. 53. Niantic, Mammut (p. 102); Bison bison (p. 269); Cervus (p. 239); Odocoileus (p. 229). Piatt Co. 54. Atwood, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 177). Moultrie Co. 55. Sullivan, Bison bison (p. 268). Coles Co. 56. Charleston, Castoroides (p. 279). Edgar Co. 57. “Bloomfield,” Mammut (p. 106). Calhoun Co. 58. —— Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Greene Co. 59. —— Equus (p. 187). Fayette Co. 60. Line of Bond Co., Equus (p. 187). Madison Co. 61. Alton, Megalonyx (p. 33); Mammut (p. 102); Equus (p. 187); Platygonus (p. 219); Rangifer (p. 246); Symbos (p. 254); Bison (p. 259); Castoroides (p. 279); Geomys, etc. (p. 339). Marion Co. 62. Sandoval, Mammut (p. 102). St. Clair Co. 63. East St. Louis, Mammut (p. 101). Washington Co. 64. Beaucoup, Mammut (p. 101). Randolph Co. 65. Chester, Mammut (p. 101); Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). Gallatin Co. 66. Equality, Elephas sp. indet. (p. 175). 67. Shawneetown, Mastodon (p. 100); Castoroides (p. 278). Alexander Co. 68. Cairo, Elephas primigenius (p. 140).

PLANTS.

1. Weldon, Northampton Co., Wicomico. 2. Dupree Landing, Edgecombe Co., Chowan. 3. Seven Springs, Wayne Co., Chowan?. 4. Four Oaks, Johnson Co., Coharie. 5. Fayetteville, Cumberland Co., Coharie. 6. Wade, Cumberland Co., Sunderland?. 7. Williamston, Bertie Co., Pamlico. 8. 10 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico. 9. Southport, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?.

MOLLUSKS.

1. Dismal Swamp, Gates Co., Pamlico?. 2. Belhaven, Beaufort Co., Pamlico?. 3. Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico?. 4. 16 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico?. 5. Fort Fisher, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. 6. Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. 7. Near Southport, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. 8. Ft. Caswell, New Hanover Co., Pamlico?. 9. Swanquarter, Hyde Co., Pamlico?.

MAMMALS.

1. Rocky Mound, Nash Co., Sunderland. Mastodon. 2. Tarboro, Edgecombe Co., Wicomico. Mastodon. 3. Plymouth, Washington Co., Pamlico?. Horse. 4. —— Wilson Co., ——? Mastodon. 5. —— Pitt Co., Wicomico? Mastodon, horse. 6. Goldsboro, Wayne Co., Sunderland or Wicomico. Mastodon. 7. 16 miles below Newbern, Craven Co., Pamlico. Horse mastodon, etc. 8. Maysville, Jones Co., Pamlico. Mastodon. 9. Duplin Co., Wicomico or Sunderland. Mastodon. 10. Jacksonville, Onslow Co., Chowan? Mastodon. 11. Harlowe, Carteret Co., Pamlico Co. Mastodon, elephant. 12. Elizabethtown, Bladen Co., Sunderland or Wicomico. Horse. 13. —— Pender Co., Chowan or Wicomico. Mastodon. 14. 10 miles below Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Chowan? Mastodon, elephant.

INDEX

Abbott, C. C., 132, 246

Aberdeen, Mississippi, 234

Abingdon, Virginia, 113, 189

Academy Natural Sciences Phila., 64, 242

Accomac Co., Virginia, 28, 29, 352

Acipenser sturio, 311

Adams, A. L., 181

Adams, C. C., 33

Adams, J. D., 339

Adams Co., Illinois, 335; Mississippi, 40, 125, 180, 200, 208, 233, 264, 280

Addison Point, Maine, 23

Adelonycteris fuscus, 398

Adrian, Michigan, 80, 227, 237, 275, 331

Ænocyon, 14; A. ayersi, 366, 382, 395; A. dirus, 32, 187, 228, 257, 322, 334, 365, 404; A. mississippiensis, 337

Aëtobatis narinari, 382, 383

Aftonian horizon, 2, 7, 8, 10, 11; in Alabama, 385; in Florida, 373, 381, 383; in Indiana, 33; in Long Island, 295; in New Jersey, 301, 302; in Ohio, 330; in Pennsylvania, 317; in South Carolina, 367; in Tennessee, 400; in Wisconsin, 344

Aftonian stage, 15, 33, 283, 302, 367, 372, 379, 384

Aftonius, 14

Agassiz, L., 148

Agriotherium, 15; A. schneideri, 380

Alabama, 40; Elephas imperator in, 164; Equidæ in, 200; extinct bisons in, 264; geology of, 384; mastodons in, 124; Xenarthra in, 40

Alabama River, 385

Alachua clays, 15, 121, 224, 232

Alachua Co., Florida, 37, 121, 195, 206, 211, 224, 232, 262, 375

Alachua formation, 10, 375, 378

Alachua phosphates, 15

Alafia River, Florida, 123, 197, 379

Albany, New York, 266

Albany Co., New York, 56

Alce americanus, 311

Alces americanus, 311, 336, 337, 338, 364, 403, 404; A. runnymedensis, 363, 364

Alden, W. C., 110, 306, 340

Alden and Leighton, 12, 142

Alexander Co., Illinois, 140

Allegan Co., Michigan, 83

Allegany Co., Maryland, 189, 204, 220; New York, 60, 226, 236

Alleghany Co., Virginia, 114

Allegheny Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 150, 168

Allen, F. R., 37, 122, 194

Allen, G. M., 266, 292

Allen, J. A., 24, 230, 240, 246, 248, 251, 261, 264, 269, 270, 271, 402

Allen Co., Indiana, 95, 174

Alligator, 122; A. mississippiensis, 363, 375, 381, 382; A. sp. indet., 350

Alma, Michigan, 85

Almero Farm, Florida, 37, 122, 194, 375

Alton, Illinois, 12, 14, 33, 102, 187, 219, 254, 259, 279, 336, 337

Aluco pratincola, 382

Amanda, Ohio, 71

Amaranth, Ontario, 130

Amboy, Ohio, 137, 150, 329

Ameiurus nebulosus, 311

American Museum Natural History, 51, 56, 58, 79, 97, 101, 107, 139, 140, 160, 163, 197, 198, 201, 263

Amherst College, 58

Ami, H. M., 22, 45, 287

Amiatus calvus, 336, 382

Amiurus atrarius, 311

Amphicyon, 2

Amphiuma means, 382

Amyda sp. indet., 353

Anancus, 2, 14, 15

Anaptogonia hiatidens, 312

Anderson, Indiana, 93

Anderson, Netta C., 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 176, 177, 240, 337

Andrews, E. B., 169

Andrews Island, Maine, 23

Anita, Arizona, 15

Annan, R., 53

Ann Arbor, Michigan, 228, 237, 275, 331

Anodonta, species, 303

Anomodon snyderi, 34, 218, 219, 343

Ansonia, Ohio, 74

Antilocapra, 337; A. americana, 9, 343.

Aphelops, 9, 15; A. longipes, 211, 375, 376, 377; A. malacorhinus, 211; A. sp. indet., 8, 9, 380

Appalachian Mountains, 351

Appomattox formation, 14

Arcadia, Florida, 39, 124, 160, 163, 198, 208, 233, 264, 380, 381

Arcadia marls, Florida, 15

Archer, Florida, 37, 195, 206, 211, 224, 232, 375

Arctodus pristinus, 363

Arctomys monax, 310, 311

Arctotherium, 315; A. haplodon, 312, 313, 321

Ardea herodias, 382; A. sellardsi, 382; A. sp. indet., 382

Arden, New York, 50

Ardley, E., 18

Arkona Lake, 88

Armadillos, 5

Artediellus atlanticus, 287

Arvicola riparius, 310

Ashland, Illinois, 141

Ashley, F. W., 167

Ashley, Indiana, 95

Ashley River, South Carolina, 11, 15, 35, 118, 192, 242, 363

Asia, connection with, 3

Asphalt beds, California, 15, 33

Ashtabula Co., Ohio, 137, 150

Atractosteus lapidosus, 375

Attica, Indiana, 92; Michigan, 276, 331; New York, 61

Atwater, C., 72, 75

Atwood, Illinois, 177

Atwood, W. W., 7

Auchenia, 9, 195; A. major, 224; A. minima, 38, 158, 224; A. minor, 224

Auglaize Co., Ohio, 227

Augusta Co., Virginia, 190, 221

Aurora, Illinois, 109; Indiana, 91

Baddeck, Cape Breton Island, 46

Bagg, R. M., 106, 107, 110, 268

Bailey, T. L., 42, 394

Baird, S. F., 320, 321

Baker, F. C., 103, 104, 176, 230, 303, 333, 334

Baker, P. L., 154

Balænoptera, sp. indet., 19, 159

Balmville, New York, 52

Baltimore Co., Maryland, 112

Bancroft, Michigan, 86

Bannister, H. M., 109, 279

Barada, Michigan, 83

Barbour, E. H., 152

Bartholomew Co., Indiana, 172, 251

Barton, B. S., 63, 69, 114, 119, 128, 155, 168, 223

Bartow, Florida, 180

Bertram, J., 128

Bartsch, P., 383

Bassariscus astutus, 314

Batavia, Illinois, 110, 240, 269; New York, 61

Bath Co., Virginia, 114

Bay Co., Michigan, 84

Bear, 209, 268, 395

Beaucoup, Illinois, 101

Beaufort, South Carolina, 15, 35, 118, 155, 191, 363, 366

Beaufort Co., South Carolina, 35, 118, 155, 191

Beaver, 43, 56, 268, 280, 285, 334, 337

Beaverdam, Pennsylvania, 133, 323

Beaver Lake, Indiana, 96, 252, 334

Beaver River, Pennsylvania, 355

Bechdolt, A. F., 112

Bedford, Pennsylvania, 69

Bedford Co., Pennsylvania, 69

Beecher, C. E., 60

Beecher, Illinois, 107, 241

Beede, J. W., 217

Beetles in Port Kennedy Cave, 317

Belding, Michigan, 215, 331

Bell, R., 130, 166, 235

Bellevue, Michigan, 81

Beluga catodon, 18; B. vermontana, 19, 20

Belvidere, New York, 60

Benedict, Maryland, 220, 347

Bensley, B. A., 256

Berea, New York, 53

Bering Sea, 3

Berkeley Co., South Carolina, 119, 162, 367

Berkeley River, South Carolina, 156

Berks Co., Pennsylvania, 69

Berrien Co., Michigan, 82, 137, 171, 275

Berry, E. W., 188, 383, 385

Berwick, Pennsylvania, 69, 324

Beverly, Ohio, 169, 327

Bexar Co., Texas, 14

Bic, Quebec, 21

Bigbone Cave, Tennessee, 41

Bigbone Lick, Kentucky, 43, 128, 146, 160, 181, 202, 209, 234, 243, 255, 265, 270, 401

Biggin Swamp, South Carolina, 119, 156, 162, 367

Big Twin Creek, Kentucky, 161

Biloxi formation, 384, 385

Bison, 24, 109, 175, 188, 237, 337; B. alleni, 256; B. americanus, 256, 257, 310; B. antiquus, 14, 34, 257, 258, 260, 265, 403; B. appalachicolus, 249; B. bison, 249, 257, 266, 267, 268, 270, 292, 295, 298, 304,310, 403, 404; B., extinct species in North America, 256; B. latifrons, 14, 68, 159, 160, 184, 197, 199, 233, 248, 256, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264, 265, 268, 269, 328, 363, 364, 379, 384, 391, 392, 393, 404; B. occidentalis, 14, 259, 265; B. regius, 15; B. sp. indet., 32, 38, 41, 122, 157, 158, 160, 187, 200, 204, 228, 257, 258, 259, 262, 263, 264, 312, 313, 321, 334, 339, 342, 343, 347, 352, 353, 359, 363, 370, 371, 374, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 385, 398, 406; B. sylvestris, 32, 257

Black spruce, 85

Black Warrior River, Alabama, 385

Blackwelder, W., 111

Bladen Co., North Carolina, 190

Blainville, H. M., 88, 90

Blair Co., Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 214, 227, 321

Blanchard, C. A., 177

Blanco fauna, 2

Blanco formation, 1, 15

Blarina, 316; B. brevicauda, 350; B. brevicauda peninsulæ, 382; B. simplicidens, 312; B. sp. indet., 322, 353

Blatchley, W. S., 99, 100, 107, 174, 239

Bloomfield, Illinois, 106

Bloomington moraine, Illinois, 107, 110, 138, 238, 335

Bluelick Springs, Kentucky, 44, 128, 182, 234, 243, 255, 271, 405

Bluemounds, Wisconsin, 111, 219, 270, 341

Bluff formation in Mississippi, 387

Bodine, D., 92, 99, 173

Bogue Chitto, Alabama, 124, 164, 200, 385

Bolivar Co., Mississippi, 124

Bond Co., Illinois, 187

Bondville, Illinois, 253

Bone Valley formation, 10, 378

Bone Valley phosphates, 15

Boone Co., Indiana, 277, 334; Kentucky, 128, 146, 160, 181, 202, 209, 234, 243, 255, 265, 270, 400, 401, 402

Boonville, New York, 236

Boötherium, 14, 96; B. bombifrons, 255, 322, 403; B. cavifrons, 254, 391; B. sargenti, 83, 331; B. sp. indet., 252

Borden, W. W., 89, 91

Borophagus, 2

Bos, 41, 175, 262; B. bombifrons, 255; B. pallasii, 255; B. sp. indet., 312

Bovidæ, 312

Bovina, Mississippi, 125

Bowers, Indiana, 92

Bowling Township, Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104

Boyd, C. H., 23

Brachylagus browni, 9

Brachyprotoma putorius, 322

Bradley, F. H., 60, 96, 106, 108, 252

Brevard Co., Florida, 159, 196

Brevoort, J. C., 49

Brewster, Florida, 197, 211

Bridgeton formation, New Jersey, 15, 299, 301

Briggs, C., 78, 168

Briggs and Foster, 147, 168

Brighton, Ohio, 74

Brimley, H. H., 115, 116, 117, 145

Bringhurst, Indiana, 152

Bristol, Connecticut, 48; Tennessee, 209, 394

Britton, N. L., 47

Broadhead, G. C., 268

Brooke Co., West Virginia, 254

Brookfield, Pennsylvania, 133

Brookville, Indiana, 90, 172; Pennsylvania, 324

Brooklyn Institute, New York, 52

Brookton, New York, 57

Broome Co., New York, 57

Brown, B., 12, 38, 44, 97, 159

Brown, S., 223, 406

Brown Co., Ohio, 257

Brownhelm Township, Lorain County, Ohio, 79

Brunswick, Georgia, 11, 15, 20, 36, 120, 193, 243, 261, 280

Brunswick Canal, Georgia, 36, 157, 193, 370

Bryant, W. L., 131

Buchanan, Michigan, 82, 171, 331

Buckley, E. R., 343

Bucks Co., Pennsylvania, 237, 246, 267

Bucyrus, Ohio, 78

Buffalo, 102, 111, 219, 229, 240 (See Bison bison)

Buffalo, New York, 63, 131

Bullville, New York, 53

Bureau Co., Illinois, 105

Burlington Co., New Jersey, 64, 227, 245

Burlington Heights, Ontario, 166, 167, 235, 285

Bush, N. D., 80

Butler Co., Ohio, 71, 135

Byron, Illinois, 105

Bystra, H. G., 158

Cairo, Illinois, 140

Calhoun Co., Illinois, 175

Caloosahatchee River, Florida, 15, 40, 163, 380, 384

Calvenia, Florida, 198, 380

Calvert Co., Maryland, 189, 220, 259

Calvin, S., 11

Cambridge City, Indiana, 238

Cambridge, Illinois, 104

Camden, Indiana, 238; New Jersey, 184

Camden Co., New Jersey, 184, 301

Camelidæ, 5, 224, 312; in Florida, 224; in Pennsylvania, 224; in Tennessee, 225

Camelops, 14, 15, 377; C. sp. indet., 43, 225, 363, 364, 382, 395, 399

Camels, 7, 11

Camelus, 14, 15

Campbell, M. R., 322, 354

Campbell Co., Kentucky, 182

Canastota, New York, 272

Canidæ, 312

Canimartes, 2

Canis, 15; C. armbrusteri, 350; C. dirus, 204, 312, 314; C. floridanus, 365; C. indianensis, 312, 314; C. latrans, 9, 334, 337, 342, 343; C. lupus, 310; C. lycaon, 310; C. mississippiensis, 341, 342, 343; C. nubilus, 9, 337, 342, 343; C. occidentalis, 341, 343, 365; C. primævus, 32; C. priscolatrans, 312, 322; C. riviveronis, 382; C. sp. indet., 9, 321, 350, 363, 366, fig. 19, 382; C. virginianus, 310

Cannon, G. H., 86

Cannonsburg, Michigan, 83

Canton, Ohio, 80, 170

Cape Breton Island, 289; mastodons in, 46

Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 15, 266

Capelin, 23

Cape May, 304

Cape May formation, 66, 299, 301

Caranx, 383; C. hippos, 382; C. sp. indet., 382

Carcharodon sp. indet., 370

Caretta caretta, 382, 383

Carey, Ohio, 78

Cariacus virginianus, 231

Caribou, 112, 244, 344

Carleton Co., Ontario, 17

Carlisle, Pennsylvania, caves near, 320

Carmichaels formation, 322

Carroll Co., Indiana, 152, 277

Carteret Co., North Carolina, 117, 145, 179

Case, E. C., 87, 250

Caseilla, Mississippi, 124

Cass Co., Illinois, 141; Indiana, 97, 278

Castor, 128; C. canadensis, 295, 299, 310, 311, 312, 339, 348, 363, 395; C. fiber, 310, 311, 312, 353; C. sp. indet., 8, 350

Castoridæ, 312

Castoroides, 14, 81, 94, 128, 169, 327, 400; in eastern North America, 272; in Georgia, 280; in Illinois, 278; in Indiana, 276; in Michigan, 275; in Mississippi, 280; in New York, 272; in Ohio, 273; in Pennsylvania, 272; in South Carolina, 279; in Tennessee, 280

Castoroides ohioensis, 43, 70, 72, 175, 227, 237, 238, 295, 299, 310, 329, 337, 339, 363, 370, 392, 393, 395

Catawba, Ohio, 74

Cathartes aura, 382; C. aura septentrionalis, 382

Caton, J. D., 229

Cattaraugus Co., New York, 62, 226

Cave deposits, 14

Cavetown, Maryland, 14, 189, 220, 231, 348

Caviidæ, 5

Cedar, red, 72

Celina moraine, 326

Center Lisle, New York, 57

Cervalces, 13, 14, 107, 241, 283, 284, 336; C. borealis, 226; C. roosevelti, 338, 339; C. scotti, 207, 306, 403, 404; C. sp. indet., 229, 321, 352

Cervidæ, 225, 234, 312

Cervus americanus, 207; C. canadensis, 235; 247, 295, 299, 304, 310, 311, 337, 338, 342, 347, 363, 364, 395, 403, 404; in Florida, 243; in Georgia, 243; in Illinois, 239, 240; in Maryland, 242; in Michigan, 237; in New Jersey, 237; in North Carolina, 242; in Ontario, 235, 284, 285; in Pennsylvania, 237; in South Carolina, 242; in Vermont, 235; in Wisconsin, 241; C. sp. indet., 8, 370, 398; C. tarandus, 247; C. virginianus, 230, 233, 247, 310, 311, 391; C. whitneyi, 343.

Cetaceans in eastern North America, 17; in Florida, 20; in Georgia, 20; in New Brunswick, 19; in North Carolina, 20; in Ontario, 17; in South Carolina, 20; in Vermont, 19; Pleistocene, 17

Chadd’s Ford, Pennsylvania, 133

Chætodipterus faber, 381

Chalfants, Ohio, 215, 328

Chalmers, R., 289

Chamberlin and Salisbury, 7, 341, 389, 392

Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, 69, 168, 324

Champaign Co., Illinois, 33, 106, 152, 253, 268; Ohio, 74, 249

Champlain Lake, Vermont, 235

Champlain Sea, 22, 285, 291

Champlain stage, 286

Chapman, E. J., 45

Charles Co., Maryland, 188, 220

Charleston, South Carolina, 11, 20, 29, 35, 118, 155, 162, 192, 231, 242, 260, 279, 363; Illinois, 279; Indiana, 91

Charleston Co., South Carolina, 118, 155, 162, 192, 205, 221, 231, 242, 260, 279

Charleston Museum, South Carolina, 30, 35, 162, 192, 232, 260

Charlotte, Vermont, 20

Charlotte Co., Florida, 263; New Brunswick, 19

Charlotte moraine, 81, 83, 137, 330

Chasmaporthetes, 15; C. ossifragus, 9

Chatham Co., Georgia, 120, 157, 194, 262

Chattanooga, Tennessee, 43

Chautauqua, New York, 63

Chautauqua Co., New York, 236, 267

Chelonia couperi, 370; C. mydas, 382, 383

Chelydra laticarinata, 382; C. sculpta, 382; C. serpentina, 310, 311, 347

Chemung Co., New York, 58, 149, 167

Cheney, T. A., 63

Chesapeake Beach, Maryland, 189, 220, 259, 347, 348

Cheshire, Connecticut, 47

Chester, Illinois, 101, 175; New York, 50; Pennsylvania, 133

Chicago, Illinois, 337; Ohio, 136

Chicago Heights, Illinois, 153

Chillicothe, Illinois, 153

Chittenden Co., Vermont, 20, 167

Chlamytherium, 15, 159; C. septentrionale, 38,39, 40, 376, 379, 381, 382

Chowan formation, 29, 356

Christian Co., Illinois, 175

Christina, Florida, 380

Cristivomer namaycush, 112, 344

Church, Michigan, 80

Cincinnati, Ohio, 71, 169, 185

Circleville, Ohio, 75, 170

Cistudo clausa, 310, 311

Citellus tuitus, 9

Citra, Florida, 121, 158

Citrus Co., Florida, 158, 196, 225

City Point, Virginia, 113

Claiborne Co., Mississippi, 125

Clapp, F. G., 290, 322

Clark, W., 401

Clark, W. B., 345, 351, 355

Clark and Miller, 15, 29, 113

Clark Co., Indiana, 91; Kentucky, 255; Ohio 74, 136

Clarke, J. M., 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 55, 56, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 107, 226, 266

Claverack, New York, 55

Claypole, E. W., 32, 71

Clayton, Michigan, 81

Clear Spring, Maryland, 113, 349

Clemmys insculpta, 312, 322; C. percrassa, 312

Cleveland, Ohio, 79, 136, 170

Climate of Don beds, Ontario, 282; of Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283

Clinton Co., Ohio, 214, 273

Clubfoot and Harlowe Canal, 117, 179

Clyde, New York, 272

Coastal Plain, Atlantic, 13, 351; in Alabama, 384; in Florida, 372; in Georgia, 368; in North Carolina, 29, 355; in South Carolina, 361

Coeymans, New York, 56

Cohansey sands, 300

Coharie formation, 356

Cohoes, New York, 56; pot-holes, 296

Colbert Co., Alabama, 40

Coldenham, New York, 52

Coleman, A. P., 46, 147, 166, 167, 226, 244, 281, 283

Coleraine, Massachusetts, 47

Coles Co., Illinois, 279

Collett, J., 73, 92, 96, 106, 171, 172, 173, 17 228, 276, 277

Coluber acuminatus, 312, 314; C. sp. indet., 314

Colubridæ, 312

Columbia, Tennessee, 181, 395, 399

Columbia Co., Florida, 121; New York, 55; Pennsylvania, 69

Columbiana Co., Ohio, 70, 135, 186, 203, 215, 325

Columbus, Ohio, 186, 214, 330

Columbus Grove, Ohio, 77

Conard fissure, Arkansas, 12, 14

Conewango, New York, 62

Connecticut, geology of, 292; mastodons in, 47; Rangifer in, 244

Connecticut River, 294

Connersville, Indiana, 173

Conrad, T. A., 64, 117, 190, 191, 359

Cook, C. C., 266

Cook, G. H., 65, 66, 67, 68

Cook Co., Illinois, 110, 153, 177, 230, 240

Coon Valley, Wisconsin, 259

Cooper River, South Carolina, 119, 156, 162, 363

Cooper, Smith, and DeKay, 202

Cooper, W., 36, 44, 146, 181, 243, 255. 270, 401, 402

Coosa River, Alabama, 385

Coosaw River, South Carolina, 35

Cope and Wortman, 218, 228, 258

Cope, E. D., 9, 11, 31, 43, 63, 64, 69, 154, 166 184, 185, 190, 203, 213, 217, 218, 220, 221, 228, 237, 242, 256, 258, 267, 301, 312, 316, 317, 318, 353, 354, 377

Copeland, M., 24

Copenhagen, New York, 56

Copley, O. N., 78

Coquina, Florida, 15

Core Creek, North Carolina, 358

Cornwall, Ontario, 18

Corriganville, Maryland, 14, 189, 204, 220, 349

Cortland Co., New York, 149

Cottle, T., 147, 148

Cottus uncinatus, 287

Couper, J. H., 36, 157, 261, 262, 369, 370

Covington, Indiana, 92; Virginia, 114; West Virginia, 354

Cox, E. T., 100, 172, 175

Crawford Co., Ohio, 78; Pennsylvania, 150, 168; Wisconsin, 111

Cricetidæ, 312

Crocodile, 207

Crocodylus sp. indet., 350, 352, 370

Croom, H. B., 117, 231, 359

Crotalus adamanteus, 382; C. horridus, 348; C. sp. indet., 314, 353

Crown Point, Indiana, 140

Cryptobranchus sp. indet., 322, 353

Cryptotis floridana, 382

Crystal Hill Cave, Pennsylvania, 213, 237

Cuba, New York, 226, 236

Cumberland Co., Maine, 24

Currituck Co., North Carolina, 29

Curry, J. C., 64

Cushing, H. P., 136

Cuvier, G., 69, 71, 119, 181

Cuyahoga, Ohio, 136

Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, 79, 170

Cyclopterus lumpus, 23, 287

Cystophora cristata, 26; C. proboscidea, 26

Dachnowski, A., 76

Dade Co., Florida, 384

Dall, W. H., 10, 38, 121, 195, 199, 224, 232, 360, 361, 380, 384

Dall and Harris, 361

Dallas Co., Alabama, 124, 164, 200

Dalton, Indiana, 94

Dana, J. D., 163, 244

Dandridge, Tennessee, 127, 209, 223, 395

Dane Co., Wisconsin, 111, 219

Danglade, E., 138

Danville, Indiana, 92

Darke Co., Ohio, 73, 136, 170, 274

Darlington, South Carolina, 193, 232, 366

Darlington Co., South Carolina, 119, 193, 232

Darton, N. H., 260

Dasyatis hastata, 363; D. sp. indet., 370

Dasypodidæ, 5

Dasypus sp. indet., 38, 39, 378, 382

Dauphin Co., Pennsylvania, 185

Davenport Academy Sciences, 149

Davidson Co., Tennessee, 43, 127, 201, 225, 395, 396

Davis, C. A., 85, 111

Davis, J., 100

Dawson, J. W., 17, 18, 19, 22, 45, 46, 281, 288

Daxon, A., 104

Dayton, Ohio, 72, 135

Daytona, Florida, 20, 122, 158

Deal, New Jersey, 227, 237

Dearborn Co., Indiana, 91

Decatur Co., Indiana, 92

Decker mastodon, 81, 275

Defiance moraine, 88, 330

Deer, 43, 81, 103, 109, 117, 127, 187, 204, 225, 226, 237, 337, 358, 393, 399

Deirochelys floridana, 379

DeKalb Co., Indiana, 95

DeKay, J. E., 29, 49, 59, 61, 62, 131, 235, 245

DeKay, Van Rensselaer, and Cooper, 65

De Land, Florida, 378

Delaware Co., Indiana, 174; Pennsylvania, 133

Delphinapterus leucas, 17, 18, 19, 20, 284, 288; D. sp. indet., 289; D. vermontanus, 17, 18, 20, 284, 288

Delphinid sp. indet., 381

Denham, Indiana, 96

Dennis, D. W., 252

Dennison, Virginia, 190

De Soto Co., Florida, 39, 124, 160, 198, 208, 233, 264

Deussen, A., 15

Dickeson, M. W., 40, 125, 264, 389

Dicotyles fossilis, 221; D. lenis, 219, 222, 341, 342; D. nasutus, 213, 216, 221; D. pennsylvanicus, 213, 214, 310; D. torquatus, 220, 221, 341

Didelphis virginiana, 363, 382

Dinobastis, 14

Diodon sp. indet., 381

Dismal Swamp, North Carolina, 15; mollusks, of, 351; in Virginia, 360

Disputanta, Virginia, 352

District of Columbia, 16; Equidæ in, 188; geology of, 344, 348; Elephas sp. indet. in, 178

Dixon, S., 318

Don formation, Ontario, 167, 226, 256, 281

Don River, Ontario, 167

Dorr, Michigan, 83

Dover, Wisconsin, 110, 340

Drayton, J., 119

Drennon Springs, Kentucky, 129

Driftless area, Wisconsin, 259, 341

Dryer, C. R., 95, 174

Drymarchon corais couperi, 382

Dubois Co., Indiana, 88

Dubuque, Iowa, 342

Duchouquet Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76

Dudley, J., 55

Dufferin Co., Ontario, 130

Duke, A., 130

Dumbbell Harbor, Grinnell Land, 21, 244, 248

Duncan Falls, Ohio, 135, 327

Dunn Co., Wisconsin, 111, 230, 247

Dunnellon, Florida, 15, 38, 122, 158, 162, 196, 207, 211, 223, 225, 263; formation, 10

Dunnville, Ontario, 46

DuPage Co., Illinois, 109, 177, 279

Duplin Co., North Carolina, 115, 179, 357

Durham Cave, Pennsylvania, 237, 311

Dutchess Co., New York, 55

Duval Co. Florida, 122, 157, 232, 262, 374

Dwight, W. B., 55

Eager, S. W., 52, 53, 54, 55

Earle, C. J., 159, 197, 233, 379

Earlham College, Indiana, 94, 139, 229, 238, 252, 277

East Coldenham, New York, 53

East Lynn, Illinois, 107

East Saginaw, Michigan, 171, 331

East St. Louis, Illinois, 101

Eaton Co., Michigan, 81, 137, 171

Eaton moraine, 326

Eaton Rapids, Michigan, 137, 331

Eau Claire, Michigan, 82

Eau Gallie, Florida, 159, 196, 380

Eddings Island, South Carolina, 35

Edgar Co., Illinois, 106

Edgecombe Co., North Carolina, 117

Edisto River, South Carolina, 363

Edom, Virginia, 114

Edwards, J. J., 172

Edwards, T., 167

Elephant, 374, 401

Elephantidæ, 5, 312

Elephants, 5, 7, 11, 16

Elephas, 14; E. americanus, 69, 131, 144, 168, 178; E. columbi, 11, 38, 122, 146, 163, 164, 166, 172, 174, 180, 181, 194, 196, 197, 199, 200, 233, 235, 262, 263, 264, 293, 295, 299, 302, 305, 322, 323, 329, 334, 347, 348, 357, 363, 366, 370, 371, 374, 375, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 392, 393, 403; in Florida, 157; in Georgia, 157; in Illinois, 152; in Indiana, 151; in Kentucky, 160; in Maryland, 154; in Michigan, 151, 331; in New Jersey, 149; in New York, 149; in North Carolina, 155; in Ohio, 150; in Ontario, 147, 284; in Pennsylvania, 150; in South Carolina, 155; in Vermont, 148; in West Virginia, 155

Elephas jacksoni, 161, 168, 169, 327

Elephas imperator, 11, 14, 15, 124, 157, 162, 165, 180, 200, 283, 363, 364, 367, 376, 379, 380, 381, 383, 384, 385, 393; in Alabama, 164; in Florida, 145, 162; in South Carolina, 162

Elephas primigenius, 36, 59, 98, 100, 135, 151, 154, 165, 166, 167, 169, 172, 181, 182, 247, 251, 259, 261, 277, 283, 284, 295, 299, 302, 304, 306, 322, 323, 324, 327, 328, 334, 340, 347, 348, 353, 358, 379, 391, 395, 396, 403; in Kentucky, 146; in Illinois, 140; in Indiana, 138; in Maryland, 144; in Michigan, 137, 331; in New York, 131; in New Jersey, 132; in Not America, 130; in North Carolina, 145; in Ohio, 134, 329; in Ontario, 130, 284, 285; in Pennsylvania, 133; in Tennessee, 146; in Wisconsin, 143

Elephas sp. indet., 166, 354, 358, 384, 395, 399; in District of Columbia, 178; in Florida, 179; in Illinois, 175; in Indiana, 171; in Kentucky, 181; in Maryland, 178; in Michigan, 171, 331; in Mississippi, 180; in New York, 167; in North Carolina, 179; in Ohio, 168; in Ontario, 166; in Pennsylvania, 168; in Tennessee, 181; in Ungava, 166; in Vermont, 167; in Virginia, 178; in West Virginia, 179; in Wisconsin, 178

Elgin Co., Ontario, 45

Elizabeth, Illinois, 269

Elizabethtown, North Carolina, 190, 357

Elk, 81, 102, 108, 109, 117, 226, 228, 229, 235, 237 (See Cervus canadensis)

Ellenton, Florida, 379

Ellenville, New York, 54

Ellis, H., 88

Ellis, R. W., 91

Elmira, New York, 58, 149

Elrod and Benedict, 98, 174, 229, 239

Elroy, Tennessee, 41, 395, 397

Elsie, Michigan, 84

Emerson, B. K., 290

Eminence, Kentucky, 182

Emmons, E., 116, 118, 149, 167, 190, 191, 226, 235, 360

Emydidæ, 312

Englewood moraine, 326

Englishtown, New Jersey, 65, 305

Eptesicus fuscus, 310

Equality, Illinois, 175

Equidæ, 5, 312; in Alabama, 200; in District of Columbia, 188; in Eastern North America, 183; in Florida, 194; in Georgia, 193; in Illinois, 187; in Indiana, 186; in Kentucky, 202; in Maryland, 188; in Massachusetts, 183; in Mississippi, 200; in New Jersey, 184; in New York, 183; in North Carolina, 190; in Ohio, 185; in Pennsylvania, 184; in South Carolina, 191; in Tennessee, 201; in Virginia, 189; in West Virginia, 190

Equus, 9, 14, 15, 372; E. americanus, 186, 193, 200, 391; E. caballus, 190; E. complicatus, 32, 33, 43, 68, 159, 160, 184, 185, 186, 187, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204, 208, 217, 228, 233, 256, 257, 263, 265, 283, 302, 308, 312, 313, 328, 330, 348, 352, 353, 359, 363, 366, 370, 379, 380, 382, 392, 393, 395, 403, 404, 406; E. curvidens, 193, 202; E. excelsus, 8; E. fraternus, 38, 158, 160, 184, 185, 191, 192, 193, 196, 198, 199, 201, 264, 302, 312, 313, 362; E. giganteus, 9, 183, 189, 348; E. idahoensis, 8; E. leidyi, 43, 124, 127, 158, 159, 165, 188, 189, 191, 192, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 222, 224, 225, 233, 263, 283, 313, 348, 357, 360, 362, 363, 370, 371, 376, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 385, 392, 393, 394, 395, 399; E. littoralis, 159, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 232, 233, 263, 364, 370, 376, 379, 380, 381, 382, 395, 396; E. major, 68, 183, 187, 192, 198; E. niobrarensis, 190, 354; E. occidentalis, 9; E. pectinatus, 185, 187, 312, 313; E. princeps, 199; E. scotti, 194; E. sp. indet., 9, 41, 158, 196, 202, 292, 295, 298, 301, 305, 310, 322, 339, 350, 352, 354, 375, 376, 399; E. tau, 193, 199

Equus beds, 378

Equus zone, 11

Ereptodon priscus, 41, 392, 393

Erethizon dorsatum, 310, 311, 312, 313, 316, 348, 398; E. sp. indet., 321

Erethizontidæ, 312

Erie basin, 296

Erie, New York, 63; Pennsylvania, 70, 324

Erie Co., New York, 131; Ohio, 78; Pennsylvania, 70, 133, 168

Eschatius, 14

Essex Co., New Jersey, 66; Ontario, 45

Etchegoin-Tulare, 15

Euelephas jacksoni, 147

Euchœrus macrops, 223

Eutænia sirtalis, 311

Evanston, Illinois, 177, 230

Evansville, Indiana, 32, 186, 203, 228, 257, 334, 405

Everglades, Florida, 163

Evolution of Pleistocene vertebrates, 5

Extinct bisons in Alabama, 264; in Florida, 262; in Georgia, 261; in Illinois, 259; in Indiana, 257; in Kentucky, 265; in Maryland, 259; in Mississippi, 264; in Ohio, 257; in Ontario, 256; in Pennsylvania, 256; in South Carolina, 260; in Virginia, 259; in Wisconsin, 259

Extinction of Pleistocene vertebrates, 6

Fairchild, H. L., 47, 49, 56, 58, 131, 147, 281, 285, 290, 291, 294, 297, 298

Fairmount, Illinois, 106; Indiana, 139, 277

Fairmount Township, Grant Co., Indiana, 93

Falconer, H., 165

Farancia abacura, 382

Farmington, Connecticut, 48; New York, 236

Farr, M. S., 132

Fauquier Co., Virginia, 178

Fayette Co., Illinois, 187; Indiana, 173; Kentucky, 129, 210; Ohio, 74

Fayetteville, Tennessee, 128

Felidæ, 5, 312

Felis, 2, 14; F. atrox, 265, 391; F. canadensis, 310; F. couguar, 337, 348; F. eyra, 312, 314; F. inexpectata, 312, 316; F. veronis, 382; F. sp. indet., 321, 376

Fellsmere, Florida, 122, 159, 381

Fenneman, N. M., 71, 135, 169, 328

Fenton, Michigan, 86

Ferguson, W. L., 126

Fiber zibethicus, 311

Fielden, H. W., 244, 248

Fielden and De Rance, 21, 244, 248

Field Natural History Museum, 118

Fincastle, Ohio, 257, 328

Fisher, G. J., 245

Fisher, R. L., 126

Fish House, New Jersey, 15, 184

Fish House beds, New Jersey, 301, 302

Fite, C. F., 98, 278

Flora in Alabama, 385; Don beds, Ontario, 282; Port Kennedy cave, Pennsylvania, 317; Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283; Vero, Florida, 383

Florida, 37; Camelidæ in, 224; Cervus canadensis in, 243; cetaceans in, 20; Elephas columbi in, 157; Elephas imperator in, 145, 162; Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; Equidæ in, 194; extinct bisons in, 262; geology of, 372; mastodons in, 121; Odocoileus in, 232; rhinoceroses in, 211; Tagassuidæ in, 222; Tapiridæ in, 206; Xenarthra in, 37

Floyd Co., Indiana, 89

Foote, E. A., 81

Foresman, Indiana, 239

Fort Jefferson, Ohio, 73, 170

Fort McArthur, Ohio, 76

Fort Wayne, Indiana, 95

Fort Wayne moraine, 250, 276

Fort White, Florida, 121, 374

Forshey, C. G., 41, 391

Foshay, P. M., 290

Fossil Lake, Oregon, 1, 10, 11, 15

Fossil plants, 56

Foster, J. W., 78, 101, 102, 106, 117, 119, 135, 168, 169, 179, 273, 391

Fountain City, Indiana, 238

Fountain Co., Indiana, 92

Fowlerville, New York, 60

Francisville, Indiana, 140

Franklin Co., Indiana, 90, 172; Massachusetts, 47; Ohio, 75, 186, 214; Pennsylvania, 69, 168

Frankstown, Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 214, 227, 321

Freehold, New Jersey, 65, 304; New York, 55

Frontenac Co., Ontario, 235

Fry, A., 97

Fuller, M. L., 25, 290, 292, 295

Fuller and Clapp, 71, 258

Fulton, Indiana, 97

Fulton Co., Illinois, 176; Indiana, 97, 140

Gadsden Co., Florida, 121, 374

Gainesville, New York, 212

Galena, Illinois, 34, 178, 218, 269, 336, 337

Galeocerdo sp. indet., 370, 381

Galera macrodon, 220

Galesburg, Illinois, 176

Galien, Michigan, 83

Gallatin Co., Illinois, 100, 175, 278

Gallinago sp. indet., 314

Galva, Illinois, 142

Galveston Bay, Texas, 15

Gardiner clays, Long Island, New York, 14, 290

Gardiner, Maine, 23, 24, 25

Gasterosteus aculeatus, 287

Gay Head, Massachusetts, 14, 25, 26, 183

Geauga Co., Ohio, 170

Genesee Co., Michigan, 86; New York, 61

Geneseo, New York, 60

Geology of Pleistocene epoch, 281

Geomys bursarius, 339, 343

Georgetown, District of Columbia, 188

Georgia, 15, 36; Castoroides in, 280; Cervus canadensis in, 243; cetaceans in, 20; Elephas columbi in, 157; Equidæ in, 193; extinct bisons in, 261; geology of, 368; mastodons in, 120; Tapiridæ in, 206; Xenarthra in, 36

Germantown, Ohio, 71, 274

Germantown moraine, 326

Giant beaver, 7, 13, 334

Gibbes, R. W., 120, 179, 193, 194

Gibson Co., Indiana, 89, 90, 216, 334

Gidley, J. W., 20, 97, 120, 178, 189, 192, 193, 204, 206, 219, 220, 221, 250, 262, 280, 349, 350, 370

Gilbert, G. K., 11, 56, 76, 77

Gillmor, J. A., 78

Gilmore, C. W., 80, 81

Gilpin, J. B., 19

Girard, Pennsylvania, 168

Glencoe, Illinois, 110

Glengarry Co., Ontario, 18

Glenn, L. C., 394

Globicephala bæreckeii, 20, 378

Gloucester, New Jersey, 184

Gloucester Co., New Jersey, 63

Glynn Co., Georgia, 36, 120, 193, 243, 261, 280

Glyptodon, 14, 15, 39; G. petaliferus, 39, 381; G. rivipacis, 40, 381; G. sp. indet., 364

Glyptodons, 5

Glyptotherium, 2, 4, 15

Goat Island, New York, 62

Goldsboro, North Carolina, 115, 359

Goldthwait, J. W., 288, 290

Godman, J. D., 50, 53, 66, 155

Gomphotherium, 2, 14, 15, 376, 393; G. floridanum, 15, 37, 120, 121, 122, 123, 195, 196, 375, 376, 380; G. rugosidens, 118, 120, 370; G. sp. indet., 380

Goose Creek, South Carolina, 363

Gopherus polyphemus, 382; G. præcedens, 383

Gordon, R., 52, 53

Gosport, Indiana, 172

Graculus idahoensis, 8

Graham, J. G., 52, 53

Grand Isle, Vermont, 235

Grand Ledge, Michigan, 171, 331

Grand Rapids, Michigan, 250

Grand River, Michigan, 137

Grand River moraine, 137

Grant and Burchard, 341

Grant Co., Indiana, 93, 139, 277; Wisconsin, 111

Grant, U. S., Prof., 177

Granville, Ohio, 75

Gratiot, Michigan, 85

Grasses, 72

Gray, A., 67

Grayson, Nebraska, 1, 11, 15

Graysville, Pennsylvania, 133, 322

Green, H. A., 60

Greenbrier Co., West Virginia, 34, 221

Greencastle, Indiana, 91

Green Co., Pennsylvania, 133, 150

Greendell, New Jersey, 68, 306

Greene, G. K., 129

Greene Co., Illinois, 187; New York, 55, 56, 168, 226; Pennsylvania, 322

Greenfield, Indiana, 277

Greenland, 244, 248

Green Oak, Michigan, 81

Greensburg, Indiana, 92

Green Township, Summit Co., Ohio, 80

Greenville, New York, 56, 168, 191, 226, 359; Ohio, 73, 274

Grinnell Land, musk-oxen in, 248; Pinnipedia in, 21; Rangifer in, 244

Grison macrodon, 220, 347

Ground hog, 337

Grove City, Florida, 263

Grovertown, Indiana, 278

Grundy Co., Illinois, 108

Guernsey, J. A., 59

Guilford, Indiana, 91

Gulo luscus, 312, 316, 350

Habersham, J. E., 36, 120, 194, 262

Hackettstown, New Jersey, 67, 306

Hager, A. D., 19

Haldimand Co., Ontario, 46

Hale Co., Alabama, 200, 264

Halifax Co., Virginia, 190

Hall, J., 56, 59, 60, 62, 66, 168, 226, 236, 272, 280, 297

Hamblen Co., Tennessee, 201, 209, 223

Hamilton, Ontario, 147, 166, 235, 285

Hamilton Co., Indiana, 173; Ohio, 71, 135, 169, 185; Tennessee, 43, 201, 209

Hammond formation, Alabama, 385

Hamptonburg, New York, 53

Hancock Co., Illinois, 103, 335; Indiana, 277

Hardee Co., Florida, 38, 160, 198

Hardin Co., Ohio, 76

Harlan, R., 36, 41, 43, 44, 117, 120, 129, 156, 162, 178, 179, 188, 191, 255, 358

Harlanus, 261

Harlowe, North Carolina, 117, 179

Harper, Illinois, 105; Ohio, 75

Harris, G. D., 386, 389

Harrison Co., Indiana, 258; Kentucky, 129

Harrisville, Indiana, 228, 238, 334

Harrisonville, Kentucky, 128; New Jersey, 63

Hartford, Indiana, 91

Hartford Co., Connecticut, 48

Hartman’s Cave, Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272, 308

Hartnagel, C. A., 132, 212

Hartsdale, New York, 50

Hartt, C. F., 57

Hartwell moraine, 90, 274

Harvard University, 60

Harvey’s, Pennsylvania, 133, 322

Hatcher, J. B., 37, 254

Hawkins Co., Tennessee, 127, 201, 222, 394

Hay, O. P., 32, 88, 90, 156

Hayden, F. V., 101

Hayden, H. H., 154

Hayes, S., 71, 185

Haymond, R., 90, 172

Hays, I., 54, 209

Hebron, Indiana, 99, 252, 334

Hidden, W. S., 28

Heidelberg University, Ohio, 123

Heilprin, A., 317, 384

Henderson, Kentucky, 44, 234, 405

Henderson Co., Illinois, 152; Kentucky, 234

Hendricks Co., Indiana, 92

Hendry, F. H., 40

Hennessy, J. C., 164

Henry Co., Illinois, 104, 142, 154; Indiana, 94; Kentucky, 129

Herkimer Co., New York, 236

Hernando, Florida, 196, 225

Herodias egretta, 382

Hesperomys leucopus, 310, 312

Heyner’s Bridge, Georgia, 120

Hickory, Pennsylvania, 70, 323

Hicks, L. E., 75

Highgate, Ontario, 45

Higley, W. K., 110, 230

Hildreth, S. P., 70, 75, 80, 170, 231, 273

Hilgard, E. W., 125, 254, 387, 391

Hill, C. C., 70

Hillsboro Co., Florida, 38, 123, 159, 197, 208, 379

Hillsboro River, Florida, 38, 379

Hillsdale Co., Michigan, 80

Hindostan, Indiana, 89

Hinds Co., Mississippi, 124

Hinsdale, New York, 62, 226

Hipparion, 2, 9, 15, 191, 376, 377, 393; H. ingenuum, 196, 199, 375, 381; H. minus, 197, 380; H. plicatile, 37, 121, 196, 375, 376; H. sp. indet., 121, 195, 196, 376, 380; H. venustum, 363

Hippopotamus, 261

Hippotherium ingenuum, 195, 196; H. plicatile, 196; H. princeps, 198, 199; H. relictum, 9

Hitchcock, Edward, 19, 47, 148, 167

Hitchcock, Edward jr., 19, 58

Hodgson, W. B., 36, 120, 194

Holder, Florida, 158

Holland, W. J., 31, 69, 95, 203, 214, 227, 321

Holley, New York, 62

Hollick, A., 48, 345

Holmes, F. S., 35, 118, 155, 192, 231, 232, 242, 361, 363, 364

Holmes, J. A., 361

Holmes Co., Ohio, 32

Holomeniscus, 9

Homer, Illinois, 268; New York, 149

Homo sapiens, 379

Honeyman, D., 19

Hooded seal, 26, 293

Hoopeston, Illinois, 106

Hope, New Jersey, 68, 306

Hoplophoridæ, 5

Horr, Ella, 47

Horse, 117, 122, 127, 261, 295, 324, 327, 333, 334, 358, 367, 374, 378, 385, 405 (See Equus)

Horses, 7, 11, 13, 16, 66, 93, 159, 263, 336, 362 (See Equidæ)

Hot Springs, Virginia, 114

Howell, Michigan, 81

Huard, V. A., 21

Hubbard, Bela, 82

Hubbard, O. P., 48

Hudson River, 294, 296

Human remains, 381, 390

Hunt, C. A., 135

Hunt, J. G., 59

Hunter, T. W., 44, 128, 182, 243, 271, 405

Hurd, A., 104, 176

Huron Co., Ohio, 31, 136, 257

Hyænidæ, 5

Hyænognathus, 15

Hydrochœrus, 14, 15; H. æsopi, 363; H. pinckneyi, 363, 364, 365, fig. 18; H. robustus, 382

Idaho, 15

Idaho formation, 8, 15, 377, 378

Ilingoceros, 15

Illinoian drift, 12, 328, 339, 340; in Illinois, 335; in Indiana, 333; on Long Island, 295; in New England, 290; in Ohio, 324, 325, 326

Illinoian ice-sheet, 332

Illinoian stage, 2, 7, 12, 14, 393; in Illinois, 335; in Indiana, 333; in New England, 290; in Ohio, 324, 325, 326; on Long Island, 295; in Kentucky, 400, 402

Illinois, 14, 33; Bison bison in, 268; Castoroides in, 278; Cervus canadensis in, 239; Elephas columbi in, 152; Elephas primigenius in, 140; Elephas sp. indet. in, 175; Equidæ in, 187; extinct bisons in, 259; geology of, 334; mastodons in, 100; musk-oxen in, 253; Odocoileus in, 229; Rangifer in, 246; Tagassuidæ in, 218; Xenarthra in, 33

Illiopolis, Illinois, 102

Indian Creek Township, Pulaski Co., Indiana, 97

Indiana, 14, 32; Bison bison in, 268; Castoroides in, 276; Cervus canadensis in, 238; Elephas columbi in, 151; Elephas primigenius in, 138; Elephas sp. indet. in, 171; Equidæ in, 186; extinct bisons in, 257; geology of, 331; mastodons in, 88; musk-oxen in, 251; Odocoileus in, 228; Tagassuidæ in, 216; Tapiridæ in, 203; Xenarthra in, 32

Indianapolis, Indiana, 92

Inland Waterway Canal, Florida, 37, 122, 157, 158; North Carolina, 117, 145

Insects in Scarboro beds, Ontario, 283; in Port Kennedy Cave, Pennsylvania, 317

Interglacial deposits, 283

Inwood, New York, 49

Ionia Co., Michigan, 215

Iowa, 2, 15

Iowan drift, 343

Iowan loess, 336

Iowan stage, 14, 283

Irondequoit River, 131

Iroquois beach, 285

Iroquois Co., Illinois, 106

Ischyrhiza mira, 363

Ischyrosmilus sp. indet., 8

Istiophorus robustus, 363

Isobases in glaciated region, 291

Isurus sp. indet., 381

Ithaca, New York, 57

Ivanhoe, Virginia, 14, 34, 190, 204, 221, 231, 260

Jabiru weillsi, 382

Jackson, J. B. S., 67

Jackson, Mississippi, 124

Jackson Co., Florida, 121, 374; Indiana, 89; Michigan, 151; Ohio, 147, 168

Jackson Township, Miami Co., Indiana, 98; Wood Co., Ohio, 78; York Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 324

Jacksonburg, Indiana, 94

Jacksonville, North Carolina, 116, 358

Jaquet River, New Brunswick, 289

Jamaica, New York, 49

Jameco gravels, 14

James Bay, Canada, 166

Jamestown, New York, 63, 236, 267; Indiana, 277

Jasper County, Indiana, 96, 174, 239, 268

Jay County, Indiana, 95, 238

Jefferson Co., Indiana, 138; Kentucky, 129; Mississippi, 125; Tennessee, 127, 209, 223

Jefferson, T., 34, 161, 255

Jeffries Reef, New Hampshire, 25

Jelly, S., 130

Jersey, Ohio, 136

Jerseyan drift, 14

Jo Daviess Co., Illinois, 34, 178, 218, 269

Johns Island, South Carolina, 192, 363

Johnson, F., 86

Johnston, W. A., 22, 287, 288

Jones, A. C., 114

Jones, L., 79

Jones and Orahood, 92

Jones Co., North Carolina, 116

Juliette, Florida, 121

Kalamazoo moraine, 330

Kamms, Ohio, 136

Kane Co., Illinois, 109, 110, 240, 269

Kankakee Lake, Indiana, 278; Kankakee Marsh, Indiana, 96, 97, 100

Kansan drift, 12, 339, 340, 344; in Illinois, 335; in New England, 290; in New Jersey, 300; in Ohio, 324

Kansan stage, 2, 7, 8, 14, 302, 307, 323, 355

Katz, F. J., 290

Keenes Station, New York, 183

Kemp, J. E., 142

Kendall Co., Illinois, 109, 143, 229, 240, 269

Kennebec Co., Maine, 23

Kent Co., Michigan, 83

Kenton Co., Kentucky, 128

Kent Scientific Museum, Michigan, 83, 250

Kentucky, 43; Bison bison in, 270; Cervus canadensis in, 243; Elephas columbi in, 160; Elephas primigenius in, 146; Elephas sp. indet. in, 181; Equidæ in, 202; extinct bisons in, 265; geology of, 400; mastodons in, 128; musk-oxen in, 255; Odocoileus in, 234; Rangifer in, 247; Tapiridæ in, 209; Xenarthra in, 43

Kewanee, Illinois, 142

Kimmswick, Missouri, 12, 14

Kings Co., New York, 49

Kingsford, Florida, 159, 196, 379

Kingsport, Tennessee, 394

Kingston, Ontario, 235

Kirsch, A. M., 100

Kishacoquillas Station, Pennsylvania, 69

Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, 27, 29, 360

Klippart, J. H., 70, 71, 74, 75, 76, 79, 186, 214

Klipstein, L. F., 119

Knapp, G. N., 300

Knopf, A., 7

Knowlton, S. D., 124

Knox Co., Illinois, 104; Indiana, 90, 258; Maine, 23

Knoxville, Ohio, 227; Tennessee, 127, 395

Kosciusko Co., Indiana, 278

Kost, J., 275

Kouts, Indiana, 100, 239

Kümmel, H. B., 28, 300

Labelle, Florida, 40, 163, 199, 264

La Brea, California, 15

Lafayette formation, 14, 16, 345, 347, 356, 386, 391

Lagomys palatina, 312

Lagrange, Indiana, 99

Lagrange Co., Indiana, 99

Lagrange moraine, 99

Lake Algonquin, 87, 171

Lake Bonneville, 11

Lake-border moraines in Michigan, 83, 330

Lake Champlain, 20, 22, 291

Lake Chicago, 333

Lake Co., Indiana, 99, 140, 174, 239

Lake George, New York, 132

Lake Iroquois, 131

Lake Lahontan, Nevada, 15

Lake Lundy, 87

Lake Maumee, 78, 81, 86, 87, 88, 171, 276, 326, 333

Lake Rouge, 87

Lake Saginaw, 276

Lake Warren, 79, 84, 87, 326, 329

Lake Wayne, 87

Lake Whittlesey, 136

Laketon, Indiana, 98, 218

Lambe, L. M., 17, 22, 147

Lamna sp. indet., 370

Lanark Co., Ontario, 17

Lane, A. C., 81, 82, 83, 86, 137, 171

Lane’s Creek, Maryland, 112, 349

Langford, G., 107, 108, 109, 229, 240, 241, 269, 337

Lansing moraine, 171

Lapeer Co., Michigan, 276

Lapham, I. A., 83

Larix laricina, 85

Larus vero, 382; L. sp. indet., 382

LaSalle Co., Illinois, 229

Lathrop, S. P., 105

Lavaca Bay, Texas, 15

Lawrence Co., Indiana, 217

Lawrenceburg, Indiana, 91

Lawson, P. V., 340

Lea, I., 303

Lead region, Illinois, 240; Wisconsin, 230, 342

Le Baron, J. F., 163

Le Conte, J. L., 218, 278

Leda clays, 14, 287, 288, 289

Ledoux, A. R., 28, 31

Lee, C. A., 52

Leech, A. F., 86

Lee Co., Florida, 40, 163, 199, 383; Illinois, 153; South Carolina, 119, 367

Leidy, J., 26, 29, 32, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40, 41, 42, 68, 116, 117, 118, 119, 125, 133, 144, 155, 157, 160, 164, 168, 184, 185, 186, 187, 191, 192, 193, 195, 196, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 216, 221, 223, 224, 227, 228, 232, 233, 237, 242, 245, 246, 249, 254, 256, 257, 260, 263, 264, 265, 267, 268, 269, 272, 278, 279, 309, 359, 361, 362, 363, 364, 369, 375, 380, 391

Leidy and Lucas, 375

Leighton, M. M., 142, 339

Lemont, Illinois, 230

Lenawee Co., Michigan, 80, 227, 237, 275

Lepisosteus osseus, 363, 366; L. platystomus, 382

Lepomis sp. indet., 336

Leporidæ, 312

Leptochœrus, 14

Lepus americanus, 350, 395; L. benjamini, 9; L. sp. indet., 321, 350; L. sylvaticus, 310, 311, 312, 343

Leroy, New York, 61

Leverett, F., 12, 13, 88, 89, 93, 94, 95, 97, 98, 99, 104, 105, 110, 134, 139, 140, 142, 143, 152, 169, 174, 175, 177, 230, 249, 250, 251, 253, 258, 274, 278, 283, 292, 307, 324, 327, 330, 331, 333, 334, 335, 355, 400, 402

Leverett and Taylor, 81, 82, 83, 84, 87, 171, 278, 284

Levy Co., Florida, 37, 121, 195, 211, 224, 375

Lewis Co., New York, 56

Lewis and Kümmel, 67, 300

Lewis and Wright, 307

Lewiston, New York, 132

Liberty Township, Putnam Co., Ohio, 77

Licking Co., Ohio, 75, 136

Lima moraine, 326

Lincke, F. A., 32

Lincoln Co., Ontario, 46, 147, 166; Tennessee, 128

Lindemuth, A. C., 136, 170

Lindgren, 7

Line, I. E., 60

Linton, E., 70, 133, 135

Lisbon, Ohio, 70, 215, 328

Litchfield, Connecticut, 48

Little Charles Apopka Creek, Florida, 163

Little River, Florida, 121

Little Salt Creek, Ohio, 168

Livingston Co., Kentucky, 129; Michigan, 81; New York, 60, 236

Lockwood, S., 65, 66

Lodi, New York, 58

Loess, 14; in Mississippi, 389, 390; in Tennessee, 394; in Wisconsin, 341

Logan Co., Ohio, 75

Logan, W. E., 22, 62, 147, 167, 284, 288

Logansport, Indiana, 278

London, Ontario, 45

Lone Pine, Pennsylvania, 133, 323

Lone Rock, Wisconsin, 111

Long Branch, New Jersey, 12, 15, 26, 28, 31, 65, 304, 306

Long Island, New York, 14, 295, 296, 298; Ungava, 166

Lookout Mountain, Tennessee, 43, 201, 209, 395, 396

Loomis, F. B., 58, 118, 119

Loramie moraine, 326

Los Angeles, California, 15

Losantville, Indiana, 94

Louisiana, 386

Louisville, Kentucky, 129

Lowell, Indiana, 99

Lucas, F. A., 52, 112, 144, 154, 166, 212, 345

Lucas Co., Ohio, 77, 78

Ludlow, Kentucky, 128

Lull, R. S., 48, 54, 74

Lump-sucker, 23

Lutra canadensis, 382; L. rhoadsii, 312, 314

Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, 68, 184, 248, 256, 308

Lyell, C., 24, 25, 26, 36, 56, 60, 62, 67, 71, 120, 125, 169, 193, 270, 328, 370, 371, 390, 401

Lynx calcaratus, 312, 316; L. canadensis, 310; L. ruffus, 314, 363, 364; L. ruffus floridanus, 382; L. sp. indet., 350

Macedon, New York, 58

Mace’s Bay, New Brunswick, 19

Machairodontinæ, 5

Machairodus floridanus, 38, 224; M. gracilis, 312

Mackinaw trout, 112

Macomb Co., Michigan, 86, 171

Macon Co., Illinois, 102, 229, 239, 269

Macrochelys floridana, 381

MacCurdy, H. M., 85

Macy, Indiana, 97, 278

Madison, J., 113, 114

Madison, Indiana, 138; Wisconsin, 111

Madison Co., Illinois, 33, 102, 187, 219, 254, 259, 270, 279; Indiana, 93, 277; New York, 272

Mahan, West Virginia, 254

Mahoning Co., Ohio, 249

Maine, 14; Pinnipedia in, 23

Mallotus villosus, 23, 287, 288

Mammoth Ravine, Natchez, Mississippi, 390

Mammut, 14, 15, 45, 327

Mammut americanum, 11, 43, 60, 68, 75, 112, 113, 117, 118, 121, 122, 123, 126, 128, 156, 160, 162, 165, 189, 193, 200, 232, 253, 256, 260, 262, 265, 283, 295, 298, 304, 312, 321, 327, 328, 337, 338, 339, 342, 343, 347, 350, 352, 353, 354, 357, 358, 360, 363, 366, 370, 371, 374, 375, 376, 378, 379, 381, 382, 384, 385, 392, 393, 395, 396, 401, 403

Mammut americanum in Alabama, 124; Cape Breton Island, 46; Connecticut, 47; Florida, 121; Georgia, 120; Illinois, 100; Indiana, 88, 334; Kentucky, 128; Maryland, 112; Massachusetts, 47; Michigan, 80; Mississippi, 124; New Jersey, 63, 301, 304; New York, 48, 296; North Carolina, 115; Ohio, 45, 73, 329; Ontario, 45, 284; Pennsylvania, 68, 323, 324; South Carolina, 118; Tennessee, 127; Virginia, 113; West Virginia, 115; Wisconsin, 110

Mammut progenium, 45, 71, 107, 116, 118, 123, 126, 359, 360, 363, 364, 380

Manasquan, New Jersey, 304

Manatee, Florida, 379

Manatee Co., Florida, 145, 159, 164, 197, 222, 233, 263, 379

Manatee River, Florida, 164

Manatus antiquus, 375

Manchester, Michigan, 250, 331

Manigault, G. E., 35

Manito, Illinois, 103, 253

Mannetto gravels, 15

Mannington Township, Salem Co., New Jersey, 63

Manse, G. C., 184

Mansfield, W. C., 383

Mantanzas, Florida, 158

Maple, H. B., 77

Maple Park, Illinois, 110

Marburg, Ontario, 45

Marcy, Ohio, 230

Marianna, Florida, 121, 374

Marine fossils in Ontario, 286, 291

Marine mollusks, 16, 357; in North Carolina, 358, 360; Portland, Maine, 24; South Carolina, 362; in Talbot, 351; at Vero, Florida, 383

Marion Co., Florida, 38, 121, 122, 158, 162, 196, 207, 224, 225, 233, 262, 263, 378; Illinois, 102; Indiana, 92

Marlboro, New Jersey, 65

Marmota, 397, 398; M. arizonæ, 9; M. monax, 310, 311, 339, 343, 348, 350, 353, 395

Marsh, O. C., 11, 34, 54, 56, 214, 259, 338

Marshall Hall, Maryland, 188, 348

Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, 15, 26, 183

Martin, C. C., 143

Martin, D. S., 49

Martin Co., Indiana, 89, 172

Maryland, 16; Cervus canadensis in, 242; Elephas columbi in, 154; Elephas primigenius in, 144; Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; Equidæ in, 188; extinct bisons in, 259; geology of, 344; mastodons in, 112; Odocoileus in, 230; Tapiridæ in, 204; Tagassuidæ in, 260

Mason Co., Illinois, 103, 253; West Virginia, 190

Massillon, Ohio, 80

Massachusetts, 14, 25; Bison bison in, 266; Equidæ in, 183; mastodons in, 47; Pinnipedia in, 25

Mastodon, 36, 43, 111, 184, 208, 219, 225, 226, 233, 240, 265, 269, 274, 289, 308, 312, 323, 344, 349, 354, 355, 362, 399 (See Mammut)

Mastodon floridanus, 121, 195; M. giganteus, 48, 118, 120, 261, 390, 391; M. maximus, 54, 119; M. mirificus, 8; M. obscurus, 118

Mastodons, 16, 45, 48, 294, 306, 331, 390; in Alabama, 124; in Cape Breton Island, 46; in Connecticut, 47; in Florida, 121; in Georgia, 120; in Illinois, 100; in Indiana, 88; in Kentucky, 128; in Michigan, 80; in North Carolina, 115; in New Jersey, 63; in New York, 48, 296; in Maryland, 112; in Massachusetts, 47; in Mississippi, 124; in Ohio, 70; in Ontario, 45; in Pennsylvania, 68; in South Carolina, 118; in Tennessee, 127; in Virginia, 113; in West Virginia, 115; in Wisconsin, 110 (see Mammut)

Mather, C., 53, 55, 66

Mather, K. F., 7

Mather, W. W., 147, 168

Mathers, M. F., 172

Matson, G. C., 372, 384, 385

Matson and Clapp, 15

Matthew, G. F., 21

Matthew, G. W., 289

Matthew, W. D., 92, 97, 224, 377

Maury Co., Tennessee, 181

Maxwell, J. B., 67

Maysville, North Carolina, 116, 358

McAdams, W., 12, 34, 102, 175, 187, 246, 254, 259, 270, 279, 338

McCallie, S. W., 127, 394, 396

McCaslin, D. S., 95, 238

McGee, W. J., 14, 16, 125, 180, 356, 368, 389, 391

McKay, C. L., 83

McKinney, C. B., 92

McQuiston, R., 84

Meadville, Pennsylvania, 168

Medina Co., Ohio, 79

Megalonyx, 2, 4, 11, 14, 15, 31, 32, 33, 42, 128, 175, 187, 217, 233, 265, 280, 313, 333, 334, 391, 398, 400, 405; M. dissimilis, 34, 41, 352, 353, 391, 392, 393; M. jeffersonii, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 125, 204, 228, 234, 257, 269, 336, 339, 343, 353, 354, 363, 366, 367, 381, 382, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 395, 399, 403, 405; M. laqueatus, 42, 44; M. loxodon, 31, 312, 313; M. scalper, 31, 312; M. sp. indet., 38, 40, 321; M. tortulus, 31, 312; M. wheatleyi, 31, 312

Megalonyx zone, 11

Megaptera, boöps, 17, 19, 284, 288; M. longimana, 17

Megatheriidæ, 5, 312

Megatherium, 9, 12, 14, 15, 35, 36, 37, 66, 150, 157, 172, 232, 243, 261, 304, 367, 372, 380, 392; M. mirabile, 28, 31, 37, 38, 362, 363, 369, 370, 371, 375; M. sp. indet., 121

Meleagridæ, 312

Meleagris altus, 312; M. gallopavo, 310, 311; M. superbus, 312; M. sylvestris, 310, 311; M. sp. indet., 321

Memphis, Tennessee, 43, 128, 280, 395, 400

Menomonie, Wisconsin, 111, 230, 247, 343

Menomonie formation, Wisconsin, 344

Mephitis fossidens, 312; M. leptops, 312; M. mephitica, 310, 311; M. obtusa, 312; M. orthostica, 312; M. putida, 310, 311, 312, 314; M. sp. indet., 321

Mercer, H. C., 42, 43, 209, 223, 256, 309, 316, 317, 318, 319, 396, 397, 398, 399

Mercer Co., Kentucky, 202; New Jersey, 64, 132, 246, 267, 304

Mergus serrator, 336

Merriam, C. H., 56, 183, 184, 236

Merriam, J. C., 15

Metaxytherium floridanum, 379

Metis, Quebec, 19

Miami Co., Indiana, 97, 98, 278; Ohio, 74

Miami River, Florida, 384

Michigan, Castoroides in, 275; Cervus canadensis in, 237; Elephas columbi in, 151; Elephas primigenius in, 137; Elephas sp. indet. in, 171; geology of, 330; mastodons in, 80; musk-oxen in, 250; Odocoileus in, 227; Tagassuidæ in, 215

Mickleborough, J., 52

Microtus chrotorrhinus, 350; M. dideltus, 312; M. diluvianus, 312; M. involutus, 312; M. pennsylvanicus, 310, 348, 395; M. sp. indet., 343; M. speothen, 312

Middle River, Cape Breton Island, 46

Middlesex Co., Ontario, 45, 235

Middleton, W. G., 258

Middletown, New Jersey, 149

Mifflin Co., Pennsylvania, 69, 213

Milan, Illinois, 104

Miller, A. M., 210, 223, 405

Miller, B. L., 178, 351, 355, 356

Miller, G. S., 5, 314

Miller, J. W., 115

Millersburg, Ohio, 32

Millport, Ohio, 135

Mills, W. C., 70, 74, 80, 135, 215, 273

Milroy, Pennsylvania, 213, 324

Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 143, 340

Milwaukee Co., Wisconsin, 241

Milwaukee Public Museum, 110, 111, 241

Minoa, New York, 131

Miocene, 10

Missinaibi River, Ontario, 46

Mississinawa moraine, 95, 96, 330

Mississippi, 40; Castoroides in, 280; Elephas sp. indet. in, 180; Equidæ in, 200; extinct bisons in, 264; geology of, 385; mastodons in, 124; musk-oxen in, 254; Odocoileus in, 233; Tapiridæ in, 208; Xenarthra in, 40

Mississippi River, 386

Missouri, 14

Mitchell, E., 117, 179, 358

Mitchell, Illinois, 270

Mitchellville, Maryland, 188, 348

Mitchill, S. L., 36, 50, 66, 69, 89, 113, 125, 149, 154, 184, 245, 401

Mitchill, Smith, and Cooper, 28

Mixon’s bone-bed, 121, 195, 224

Mock, M. G., 91, 93, 173, 174

Mohawk River, 296, 298

Mollusca in Hartman’s Cave, 310; in loess at Natchez, 390, 392

Mollusks, Pleistocene, 52, 82, 94, 106, 107

Monday’s Landing, Kentucky, 202, 405

Monmouth Co., New Jersey, 28, 31, 65, 149, 184, 213, 227, 237, 304

Monodon monoceros, 19, 289

Monongalia Co., West Virginia, 115

Monrovia, Indiana, 152

Monroe, New York, 50

Monroe Co., Michigan, 87; Mississippi, 234; New York, 59, 131, 212; Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272

Montauk drift, 290

Montcalm, Michigan, 82

Montgomery, New York, 52, 53

Montgomery Co., Indiana, 92, 173; Ohio, 71, 72, 135, 274; Pennsylvania, 31, 69, 185, 203, 213, 256

Montreal, Quebec, 17, 18, 22; geology of, 288

Montville, Ohio, 170

Moore, J., 72, 94, 258, 274, 276, 277

Moorland, Michigan, 83, 250, 331

Moose, 229 (See Alces)

Moose River, Ontario, 46

Moose River, interglacial beds, 283

Moraines in Illinois, 332

Morgan Co., Indiana, 152

Morgantown, West Virginia, 115

Morotherium leptonyx, 8

Morpeth, Ontario, 45

Morrisania, New York, 49

Morris, Illinois, 108

Morrow Co., Ohio, 75

Mosses, 72

Mossy Creek, Tennessee, 127, 395, 396

Mott’s Corners, New York, 57

Moultrie Co., Illinois, 268

Mount, H. D., 113

Mount Gilead, Ohio, 75

Mount Healthy, Ohio, 135

Mount Hermon, New Jersey, 306

Mount Holly, Vermont, 148

Mulberry, Florida, 211, 380

Mullica Hill, New Jersey, 64, 301

Muncie, Indiana, 93, 174

Muskegon Co., Michigan, 83, 250

Muskingum Co., Ohio, 70, 134, 169, 273

Musk-ox, 308, 355

Musk-oxen, 13, 248; in Grinnell Land, 248; in Illinois, 253; in Indiana, 251; in Kentucky, 255; in Michigan, 250; in Mississippi, 254; in New Jersey, 248; in Ohio, 249; in West Virginia, 254

Musk-rat, 337

Mustela diluviana, 312, 314; M. noveboracensis, 310; M. vison, 350

Mustelidæ, 312

Mycteria americana, 382

Myer, W. E., 225, 399

Myliobatis sp. indet., 381

Mylodon, 2, 4, 11, 14, 15, 36, 38, 122, 157, 209, 217, 264, 265, 333, 372; M. harlani, 31, 37, 39, 41, 43, 44, 158, 225, 312, 313, 363, 370, 371, 375, 382, 384, 391, 392, 393, 395, 399, 403; M. renidens, 43; M. sp. indet., 43, 395, 397; M. sulcidens, 43

Mylohyus, 14; M. exortivus, 220, 348, 350; M. nasutus, 213, 215, 216, 217, 220, 221, 223, 306, 312, 313, 328, 348, 353, 395; M. obtusidens, 220, 348; M. pennsylvanicus, 213, 214, 215, 220, 310, 312, 321, 350; M. setiger, 201, 223, 394, 395; M. tetragonus, 213, 312, 313; M. sp. indet., 9, 382

Myotis sp. indet., 312, 313, 350; M. subulatus, 310, 398

Myxophagus spelæus, 353

Napæozapus sp. indet., 350

Naperville, Illinois, 109, 279

Nash Co., North Carolina, 117

Nashport, Ohio, 70, 169, 273, 327

Nashville, Tennessee, 43, 127, 201, 225, 395, 399

Nassau Co., Florida, 180, 194; New York, 49

Natchez, Mississippi, 14, 40, 125, 180, 200, 208, 233, 254 264, 280, 386, 389

Natchez formation, 385, 392

National Institute, Washington, 36

Natrix sp. indet., 314

Navesink Hills, New Jersey, 66, 184, 305

Neals, Florida, 121, 195, 206, 232

Neave Township, Darke Co., Ohio, 73

Nebraska, 15

Nebraskan drift, 2, 7, 8, 10; on Long Island, New York, 295; in New England, 290

Nebraskan stage, 15, 368, 378, 380; in Florida, 374; in North Carolina, 359, 361; in Pennsylvania, 323

Needham, J. G., 110

Neelytown, New York, 53

Nelson, W. A., 127, 128

Neofiber alleni, 382

Neotoma, 397, 398; N. cinerea, 9; N. floridana, 310, 311, 353, 382; N. magister, 310, 348, 398; N. pennsylvanica, 311, 395; N. sp. indet., 350

Nepean Township, Carleton Co., Ontario, 17

Neuberts Springs, Tennessee, 127

Neuse River, North Carolina, 12, 16, 117, 179, 191, 231, 242, 358

New Albany, Indiana, 89

New Antrim, New York, 50

New Berlin, Ohio, 136

New Bern, Alabama, 200, 264, 385

Newbern, North Carolina, 12, 20, 116, 179, 191, 231, 242, 358

Newberry, J. S., 79, 170

Newberry, Florida, 195; formation, 372

Newberry Lake, 298

Newberry Terrace, Florida, 375

New Britain, Connecticut, 48

New Brunswick, cetaceans in, 19; geology of, 289; Pinnipedia in, 21

Newburgh, New York, 51

New Dorp, New York, 48

New England, geology of, 290; post-Wisconsin uplift, 290

New Hampshire, 25; glaciation of, 290; Pinnipedia in, 25

New Hanover Co., North Carolina, 155

New Harmony, Indiana, 88

New Haven, Connecticut, 244

New Haven Co., Connecticut, 47, 244

New Holland, Ohio, 74

New Hudson, New York, 236

New Jersey, 13, 14, 15, 26, 31

New Jerseyan drift, 15

New Jersey, Bison bison in, 267; Cervus canadensis in, 237; Elephas columbi in, 149; Elephas primigenius in, 132; Equidæ in, 184; geology of, 299; mastodons in, 63; musk-oxen in, 248; Odocoileus in, 226; Rangifer in, 245; Tagassuidæ in, 213; Xenarthra in, 31

New Knoxville, Ohio, 274

New Madison, Ohio, 73

New Milford, Illinois, 105

New Paris, Ohio, 72

New River, Virginia, 353

New Salisbury, Ohio, 203, 328

Newport, Kentucky, 182

Newton Co., Indiana, 96, 239, 252

New Windsor, New York, 51

New York, 14; Bison bison in, 266, 267; Cervus canadensis in, 235; Castoroides in, 272; Elephas columbi in, 149; Elephas primigenius in, 131; Elephas sp. indet. in, 167; Equidæ in, 183; geology of, 294; mastodons in, 48; Odocoileus in, 226; Rangifer in, 245; Tagassuidæ in, 212

New York City, 50

New York Co., New York, 183

New York State Museum, 50

Niagara, New York, 62

Niagara Co., New York, 62, 132

Niagara Falls, interglacial beds, 283, 285

Niantic, Illinois, 102, 229, 239, 269

Nicholas Co., Kentucky, 44, 128, 182, 234, 243, 271

Nipissing Co., Ontario, 266

Niver, Roe, 31

Noble Co., Indiana, 95

Noblesville, Indiana, 173

Norfolk Co., Ontario, 45

North Bay, Ontario, 266

North Carolina, 15, 29; Cervus canadensis in, 242; cetaceans in, 20; Elephas columbi in, 155; Elephas primigenius in, 145; Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; Equidæ in 190; geology of, 355; mastodons in, 115; Odocoileus in, 231; Pinnipedia in, 29

North Fairfield, Ohio, 31, 257

North Liberty, Indiana, 139

North Manchester, Indiana, 98

North Plainfield, New Jersey, 133, 306

Norton, A. H., 23, 24

Norton, S., 23

Notre Dame, Indiana, 100

Notre Dame University, Indiana, 100

Nova Scotia, geology of, 289; Pinnipedia in, 21

Nunda, New York, 60

Oak Park, Illinois, 177

Oberlin College, Ohio, 79, 123

Ocala, Florida, 15, 38, 158, 196, 207, 224, 233, 262, 378

Ocean Grove, New Jersey, 28

Ochotona, 316; O. palatina, 312; O. princeps, 350

Ochotonidæ, 312

Odobenus virginianus, 26; O. rosmarus, 25, 26, 28, 30, 363

Odocoileus, 9, 226, 265; O. dolichopsis, 228, 258, 334; O. lævicornis, 312, 316; O. osceola, 233, 375, 376, 381, 382; O. sellardsiæ, 232, 233, 382; O. sp. indet., 38, 41, 122, 158, 195, 196, 232, 233, 252, 262, 263, 350, 374, 378, 379, 395, 398; O. virginianus, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 238, 295, 299, 301, 306, 310, 311, 312, 313, 321, 338, 342, 347, 348, 353, 354, 363, 392, 395, 396, 403, 404; O. whitneyi, 230

Odocoileus in Florida, 232; in Illinois, 229; in Indiana, 228; in Kentucky, 234; in Maryland, 230; in Michigan, 227; in Mississippi, 233; in New Jersey, 226; in New York, 226; in North Carolina, 231; in Ohio, 227; in Ontario, 226; in Pennsylvania, 227; in Virginia, 231; in West Virginia, 231; in Wisconsin, 230

Ogden, H. B., 161

Ogle Co., Illinois, 105, 177

Ohio, 14, 31; Ohio City, 77; Ohio Co., West Virginia, 179; Ohio River, 333, 355, 400

Ohio, Castoroides in, 273; Elephas columbi in, 150; Elephas primigenius in, 134; Elephas sp. indet. in, 168; Equidæ in, 185; extinct bisons in, 257; geology of, 324; mastodons in, 70; musk-oxen in, 249; Odocoileus in, 227; Tagassuidæ in, 214; Tapiridæ in, 203; Xenarthra in, 31

Okefenokee formation, 15, 368, 369

Old Fort, Ohio, 78

Old Fort Fisher, North Carolina, 359

Olive Township, St. Joseph Co., Indiana, 100

Olivet, Michigan, 82

Olor paloregonus, 8

Ondatra sp. indet., 321; O. zibethica, 311, 348, 363

Oneida Co., New York, 236

Onondaga Co., New York, 131, 266

Onslow Co., North Carolina, 116

Ontario, 14, 22; Bison bison in, 266; Cervus canadensis in, 235; cetaceans in, 17; Elephas columbi in, 147; Elephas primigenius in, 130; Elephas sp. indet. in, 166; extinct bisons in, 256; geology of, 281; mastodons in, 45; Odocoileus in, 226; Pinnipedia in, 23; Rangifer in, 244; vertebrate fossils in, 284

Ontario Co., New York, 58, 236

Orange Co., Florida, 196, 378; Indiana, 89; New York, 50, 226, 298

Orange sand in Mississippi, 387, 388, 389

“Oregon Desert,” Oregon, 15

Orizaba, Mississippi, 200, 393

Orleans, Indiana, 89; Massachusetts, 266

Orleans Co., New York, 62

Ortmann, A. E., 303

Orton, E., 72, 274

Orycterocetus quadratidens, 370

Oryzomys palustris, 382

Osborn, H. F., 11, 52, 183

Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 270

Osmerus mordax, 287

Osmotherium spelæum, 312

Ossining, New York, 245

Otisville, New York, 54

Ottawa, Canada, fossil vertebrates at, 287

Ottawa, Illinois, 229

Ottawa East, Ontario, 17

Ottawa Co., Quebec, 22

Ottawa River, 291

Ottawa Township, Putnam Co., Ohio, 77

Otter Creek, Indiana, 138

Overpeck, Ohio, 329

Ovis mamillaris, 70, 273

Ovibos moschatus, 21, 244, 248, 249, 252, 304, 334

Ovis sp. indet., 337, 338, fig. 13

Owen, D. D., 182, 216, 234

Owen, R., 24, 25, 120

Owen Co., Indiana, 172; Kentucky, 161

Owosso, Michigan, 276, 331

Owosso moraine, 85

Oxford Neck, Maryland, 144, 154, 230, 242

Paarmann, J. A., 104

Pablo Beach, Florida, 232, 262, 374

Packard, A. S., 23, 24

Pains Creek, Florida, 123

Pakenham, Ontario, 17

Palestine, Ohio, 136

Palm Beach, Florida, 123, 160, 200, 264

Palm Beach Co., Florida, 123, 200, 264, 384

Palma Sola, Florida, 145, 159, 197, 222, 233, 263

Palmer, W., 189, 220, 259

Palmetto, Florida, 164, 197, 233, 263, 379

Palos Park, Illinois, 240

Pamlico Co., North Carolina, 179, 231, 242

Pamlico formation, 356, 360

Panton, J. H., 45, 130

Parahippus, 9, 15; P. sp. indet., 195, 196, 376

Parke Co., Indiana, 90, 173

Parkersburg, West Virginia, 115

Parker’s Landing, West Virginia, 349

Paterson, H. T., 145

Patriot, Indiana, 91

Pattison, W. D., 96

Pawpaw, Illinois, 153

Peabody, C., 189

Peace Creek, Florida, 11, 15, 124, 163, 199, 264, 380

Peace River, Florida, 164

Peale, C. W., 51, 54

Peale, R., 51, 53, 54

Peccaries, 5, 7, 13, 212, 330, 334 (See Tagassuidæ)

Peccary, 111, 209, 223, 354, 395, 401

Peet, C. E., 291, 300

Pekin, Illinois, 176

Pelycictis lobulatus, 312

Pemberton, New Jersey, 64, 227

Pender Co., North Carolina, 115, 357

Penhallow, D. P., 282, 283

Pennsylvania, 31; Bison bison in, 267; Camelidæ in, 224; Castoroides in, 272; Cervus canadensis in, 237; Elephas columbi in, 150; Elephas primigenius in, 133; Elephas sp. indet. in, 168; Equidæ in, 184; extinct bisons in, 256; geology of, 306; mastodons in, 68; musk-oxen in, 248; Odocoileus in, 227; Rangifer in, 246; Tapiridæ in, 203; Xenarthra in, 31

Penn Township, Jay Co., Indiana, 95

Pennville, Indiana, 238

Penny’s Slough, Illinois, 142

Penobscot Bay, 23

Pensacola formation, Alabama, 385; Florida, 372, 373

Pensacola terrace, Florida, 375

Pensauken, New Jersey, 65

Pensauken formation, 14, 299, 301, 302, 304

Peoria, Illinois, 13, 176

Peoria Co., Illinois, 153, 176

Peorian deposits in Ohio, 325, 326

Peorian loess, 340

Peorian soil in Indiana, 93

Peorian stage, 2, 13, 283, 335

Pepin Co., Wisconsin, 178

Perinton, New York, 59, 131

Perkins, G. H., 17, 19, 20, 244, 289

Perkinsville, New York, 59

Peromyscus leucopus, 310, 312, 350, 353

Perry Co., Ohio, 215

Perthshire, Mississippi, 124

Peru, Indiana, 98

Pesotum, Illinois, 106

Petersburg, Michigan, 87

Peterson, O. A., 34, 113, 185, 190, 231, 353

Petite Anse, Louisiana, 14, 389

Pewaukee, Wisconsin, 241

Phinney, A. J., 93, 94, 238

Phoca barbata, 21, 244, 248; P. grœnlandica, 18, 21, 22, 23, 287, 288, 289; P. hispida, 21, 244, 248; P. vitulina, 22, 287, 289

Phosphate, 10

Physeter antiquus, 20; P. vetus, 20, 363, 370

Piatt Co., Illinois, 177

Picea canadensis, 49; P. mariana, 85

Pickaway Co., Ohio, 75, 170

Pickaway Plains, Ohio, 75

Pickering, C. E., 72

Piedmont Plateau, 351

Piers, H., 46

Pigeon Creek, Indiana, 32, 33

Pike, New York, 61

Pike Co., Ohio, 70, 134

Pinckney, C. C., 205, 365

Pinckneyville, Mississippi, 126

Pinellas Co., Florida, 159, 378

Pinnipedia, 21; in Grinnell Land, 21; in Maine, 23; in Massachusetts, 25; in New Brunswick, 21; in New Hampshire, 25; in New Jersey, 26; in North Carolina, 29; in Nova Scotia, 21; in Ontario, 23; in Quebec, 21; in South Carolina, 29; in Virginia, 28

Pitt Co., North Carolina, 117, 191

Pittbridge, Texas, 15

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 69, 150, 168, 323

Pittsfield Township, Lorain Co., Ohio, 79

Pittsford, New York, 59, 131, 212

Pittston, Pennsylvania, 68, 184, 248, 256, 308

Platygonus, 2, 14, 15; P. compressus, 34, 59, 212, 214, 215, 218, 219, 221, 295, 298, 328, 331, 342, 343, 406; P. cumberlandensis, 219, 220, 339, 348, 350; P. intermedius, 220, 221, 350; P. sp. indet., 354; P. tetragonus, 221, 348; P. vetus, 213, 217, 220, 324, 348, 350

Platypeltis ferox, 379

Pleas, E., 94

Pleasant Township, Wabash Co., Indiana, 174

Pleistocene, divisions of, 4; earliest, 7; limits, 1, 7; extinction of species, 6; submergence, 16; terraces, 13; uplifts, 3; evolution of vertebrates, 5

Pleistocene geology, 281, 406; of Alabama, 384; Cape Breton Island, 289; of District of Columbia, 344; of Florida, 372; of Georgia, 368; of Illinois, 334; of Indiana, 331; of Kentucky, 400; of Maryland, 344; of Michigan, 330; of Mississippi, 385; of New Brunswick, 289; of New England, 290; of New Jersey, 299; of New York, 294; of North Carolina, 355; of Nova Scotia, 289; of Ohio, 324; of Ontario, 281; of Pennsylvania, 306; of Quebec, 288; of South Carolina, 361; of Tennessee, 393; of Virginia, 351; of West Virginia, 354; of Wisconsin, 340

Pliauchenia, 2, 15

Pliocene, 1, 10, 15, 37

Pliohippus, 2, 9, 15

Plummer, J. T., 80, 94, 173

Plymouth, Michigan, 87; North Carolina, 191, 360

Pohlig, H., 99

Point Pleasant, West Virginia, 190

Polk Co., Florida, 123, 159, 180, 196, 197, 211, 379

Ponto, M. W., 99

Pony Hollow, New York, 57

Porpoises, 16

Porter Co., Indiana, 99, 100, 239, 252

Port Hickey formation, Alabama, 385

Port Hudson clays, 126, 180; formation, 384, 385; group, 387, 388, 389

Port Kennedy, Pennsylvania, 12, 15, 31, 69, 185, 203, 213, 256, 311

Port Kennedy Cave, plants and insects of, 317

Portland, Maine, 24, 25

Portsmouth, New Hampshire, 25

Portway, New York, 59

Posey Co., Indiana, 88

Potholes at Cohoes, New York, 296

Poughkeepsie, New York, 55

Preble Co., Ohio, 72, 274

Pre-Wisconsin drift in New England, 292

Prince George Co., Maryland, 178, 188; Virginia, 113

Princeton, Indiana, 89

Princeton University, New Jersey, 64, 132

Procamelus, 8, 9, 15, 121, 376, 377, 378; P. coconinensis, 9; P. longurio, 9; P. major, 9, 121, 224, 375; P. medius, 224, 225; P. minimus, 9, 158, 196, 225, 375, 378; P. minor, 224, 225, 375, 376, 380; P. sp. indet., 8, 37, 225, 376

Procyon lotor, 310, 311, 353, 363, 382, 395; P. priscus, 34, 218, 219, 337, 343

Protohippus, 2, 8, 15; P. sp. indet., 8

Provincial Museum, Halifax, 46

Pseudemys cælata, 375, 379; P. extincta, 379; P. floridanus persimilis, 382; P. sp. indet., 363

Public Museum, Milwaukee, 97, 143

Pugh, G. T., 361, 363, 367

Pulaski, Indiana, 96, 140

Pusheta Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76

Putnam, F. W., 47, 246, 248

Putnam Co., Indiana, 91, 173; Ohio, 77

Putorius ermineus, 310

Quebec, 14, 18; cetaceans in, 18; geology of, 288; Pinnipedia in, 21

Queen Anne Co., Maryland, 154, 347

Queensbury, New York, 132

Queens Co., New York, 49

Querquedula floridana, 382

Rabbit, 14

Racine Co., Wisconsin, 110

Racket River, New York, 235, 245

Rafinesque, C. S., 129

Raisin River, Michigan, 250

Rana catesbiana, 322; R. sp. indet., 312

Randolph Co., Illinois, 101, 175; Indiana, 94, 139, 228, 238, 252, 277, 334

Rangifer, 227, 283, 337; in Connecticut, 244; in eastern North America, 244; in Illinois, 246; in New Jersey, 245; in New York, 245; in Ontario, 244; in Pennsylvania, 246; in Vermont, 244; in Wisconsin, 247

Rangifer caribou, 244, 245, 246, 292, 295, 299, 304, 310, 311, 403; R. grœnlandica, 246; R. muscatinensis, 247, 339; R. tarandus, 21, 244, 245, 248

Ranidæ, 312

Read, M. C., 170

Reading, Pennsylvania, 69, 324

Recent formation, 345

Red Bridge, New York, 55

Redfield, W. C., 299

Reedsville, Pennsylvania, 69, 324

Reindeer, 285, 293 (See Rangifer)

Renicks, West Virginia, 221

Rensselaer, Indiana, 239

Rhinoceros, 8, 121, 211; R. longipes, 211; R. proterus, 195, 211

Rhinoceroses, 10, 211

Rhinocerotidæ, 5, 211

Rhoads, S. N., 21, 26, 63, 64, 65, 246, 249, 256

Rhode Island, Pleistocene of, 290

Rice, F. P., 47

Rich Grove Township, Pulaski Co., Indiana, 97

Richland Center, Wisconsin, 111

Richland Co., South Carolina, 193; Wisconsin, 111

Richmond, Indiana, 94, 252, 276, 334; Vermont, 167

Richmond Co., New York, 48

Ridge, H. L., 43

Ridgewood, New York, 49

Riegelsville, Pennsylvania, 237, 246, 249, 267

Riggs, E. S., 97, 109, 229, 240, 269, 337

Rimouski Co., Quebec, 19, 21

Ringgold, Washington, 15

Riverdale, Michigan, 85

Riverhead, New York, 49

Rivière du Loup, Quebec, 18

Roann, Indiana, 229, 334

Roberts, H., 150

Robertson, J. D., 122, 207

Robinson, M., 100

Rochelle, Illinois, 177

Rochester, Indiana, 140; New York, 59, 212

Rockcastle Co., Kentucky, 223, 406

Rockingham Co., Virginia, 114

Rock Island, Illinois, 176

Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104, 176

Rockland Co., New York, 50

Rockport, New Jersey, 67

Rocky Mount, North Carolina, 117, 360

Rogers, H. E., 69

Rogersville, Pennsylvania, 150, 322; Tennessee, 127, 201, 222, 394, 395

Ross Co., Ohio, 169

Rossville, Illinois, 107

Roundhead, Ohio, 75

Royal Center, Indiana, 97

Royerton, Indiana, 94

Rural Township, Rock Island Co., Illinois, 104

Russell, I. C., 386

Russell and Leverett, 88, 237

Rutgers College, 55, 63

Rutherford, Pennsylvania, 185

Rutland, Vermont, 148

Saber-tooth tigers, 5, 13, 315

Sable Island, Nova Scotia, 21

Safely, R., 56

Saginaw Co., Michigan, 84, 171

St. Augustine, Florida, 15

St. Catharines, Ontario, 46, 147, 166

St. Clair, Tennessee, 127

St. Clair Co., Illinois, 101

St. Clements, Maryland, 112, 347

St. Elmo formation, Alabama, 385

St. Francisville, Illinois, 259

St. Helena Island, South Carolina, 118

St. John Co., Florida, 37, 122, 158, 194, 375

St. Johns, Indiana, 174; Ohio, 76

St. Joseph Co., Indiana, 100, 139

St. Lawrence Co., New York, 235, 245

St. Lawrence River, 288, 291

St. Lucie Co., Florida, 38, 122, 159, 163, 199, 208, 222, 225, 263, 381

St. Marks River, Florida, 157

St. Mary’s City, Maryland, 112, 347

St. Mary’s Co., Maryland, 112

St. Mary’s River, Florida, 180, 194

St. Petersburg, Florida, 159, 378

St. Thomas, Ontario, 45

Salamonie moraine, 95

Salem Co., New Jersey, 63, 226

Saline, Michigan, 88

Salisbury, R. D., 67, 300

Salisbury and Knapp, 66, 299, 303

Salisbury Mills, New York, 51

Saltar, J. C., 64

Salt Creek, Columbiana Co., Ohio, 186, 327

Salt Creek Township, Ohio, 75

Saltville, Maryland, 259

Saltville, Smyth Co., Virginia, 34, 113, 145, 190, 231, 352

Sandoval, Illinois, 102

Sandusky, Ohio, 78

Sanford, S., 372, 384

Sangamon Co., Illinois, 176

Sangamon River, 14

Sangamon stage, 2, 12, 14, 32, 93, 283, 328, 329, 330, 349, 351, 396, 404; deposits, 325, 326, 333, 340

Sangamona, 13, 14, 231, 348, 395, 396

San Pablo Beach, Florida, 122

Santee Canal, South Carolina, 162

Sarasota, Florida, 159, 379

Sarasota Bay, Florida, 38, 198

Sarasota Co., Florida, 38, 159, 198

Satilla formation, 15, 368, 369

Savage, T. E., 141

Savannah, Georgia, 11, 15, 36, 120, 157, 194, 262, 371

Savannah River, 368

Saxicava sands, 288

Sayles, Ira, 395

Scalops, 312; S. aquaticus, 310; S. sp. indet., 314

Scalopus aquaticus, 310; S. aquaticus australis, 382; S. sp. indet., 312, 313

Scanlan collection, 205

Scarboro beds, Ontario, 281, 283

Scarboro formation, 226

Scarboro Heights, Ontario, 283

Schooley’s Mountain, New Jersey, 67, 306

Schuchert, C., 48

Schultz, A., 220, 348

Sciuridæ, 312

Sciuropterus alpinus, 350

Sciurus calycinus, 312; S. carolinensis, 310, 311, 348; S. hudsonicus, 348, 350; S. panolius, 353; S. sp. indet., 321; S. tenuidens, 348

Scolopax sp. indet., 314

Scotchtown, New York, 54

Scott Co., Kentucky, 210

Scottsburg, New York, 60

Scudder, S. H., 283

Sellards, E. H., 10, 20, 38, 39, 40, 121, 122, 123, 157, 158, 160, 162, 163, 180, 194, 195, 196, 206, 207, 211, 222, 224, 225, 232, 233, 263, 372, 374, 376, 381, 384

Selma, Ohio, 136

Seneca, Ohio, 78

Seneca Castle, New York, 58, 236

Seneca Co., New York, 58

Seneca Lake, New York, 58, 167

Shadeville, Ohio, 75

Shaler, N. S., 26, 182, 243, 270, 271, 290, 360, 361, 402

Shark River, New Jersey, 213, 306

Sharon, Connecticut, 48

Shattuck, G. B., 15, 29, 112, 344, 347

Shatzer, C. G., 74

Shawangunk mastodon, 54

Shawangunk, New York, 54

Shaw, E. W., 89, 188

Shaw, J., 105

Shaw and Munn, 307, 323, 354, 355

Shaw and Savage, 141

Shaw mastodon, 71

Shawneetown, Illinois, 100, 278

Sheep, 169, 273

Shelby Co., Tennessee, 43, 128, 280

Shelbyville moraine, 335

Sheldon, Pearl, 57, 58

Shelburne, Ontario, 130

Shepard, C. N., 119

Sheridan formation, 11

Shetrone, H. C., 74

Shiawassee Co., Michigan, 86, 276

Shimek, B., 11, 126, 392

Shoals, Indiana, 89, 172

Shrewsbury, Massachusetts, 47

Sidney moraine, 326

Sigmodon hispidus, 382; S. sp. indet., 382

Sinsinawa, Wisconsin, 111, 342

Siren lacertina, 382

Skidaway Island, Georgia, 36, 120, 157, 194, 262, 370, 371

Skunk, 14 (See Mephitis)

Sloan, E., 30, 361, 368

Smilodon, 14; S. floridanus, 158, 196; S. mercerii, 312

Smilodontopsis, 14; S. gracilis, 314; S. mercerii, 312, 314; S. mooreheadi, 348

Smith, B., 272

Smith, E. A., 384, 386

Smith, H. P., 257

Smith, L. H., 235

Smith, R. A., 87

Smith, W. H., 82, 171

Smithland, Kentucky, 129

Smith’s Falls, Ontario, 17, 289

Smyth Co., Virginia, 113, 145, 190, 231, 259

Sonora, Ohio, 73

Soricidæ, 312

Sources of Pleistocene vertebrates, 4

South America, connection with, 3

South Bloomfield, Ohio, 75, 170

South Carolina, 29, 35; Alces in, 363, 364; Castoroides in, 279; Cervus canadensis in, 242; cetaceans in, 20; Elephas columbi in, 155; Elephas imperator in, 162; Equidæ in, 191; extinct bisons in, 260; geology of, 361; Hydrochœrus in, 365; mastodons in, 118; Odocoileus in, 231; Pinnipedia in, 29; Tagassuidæ in, 221; Tapiridæ in, 204; Xenarthra in, 35

Southport, North Carolina, 15

Sparksville, Indiana, 89

Spencer, J. W., 283, 284, 285, 292, 368

Spencer Co., Indiana, 33

Spilogale putorius, 322, 353

Springfield Township, Lucas Co., Ohio, 77, 329

Stafford, New York, 61

Stahl, J. P., 137

Staley, Illinois, 152

Stamping Ground, Kentucky, 210

Stansfield, J., 17, 288

Stanton, Michigan, 82

Stark Co., Ohio, 80, 136, 150, 170

Starke Co., Indiana, 278

Staten Island, New York, 49

Stauffer, C. R., 186

Staunton, Virginia, 190

Steele’s Corners, New York, 236

Stegomastodon, 2, 14; S. mirificus, 377

Stephenson, L. W., 15, 29, 180, 194, 207, 352, 355, 356, 359, 361, 368, 369

Sterling, E., 78, 170

Sterling, Illinois, 105

Steuben Co., Indiana, 95; New York, 59

Steubenville, Ohio, 254, 355

Stevenson, J. J., 69, 70

Stewartstown, West Virginia, 115, 355

Stockholm, Wisconsin, 178

Stokes Ferry, Florida, 180, 194, 374

Stone, G. N., 25

Stone River, South Carolina, 363

Stormont Co., Ontario, 18

Stose, G. W., 140, 349

Stose and Swartz, 346

Strathroy, Ontario, 235

Stronghurst, Illinois, 152

Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, 185, 213, 227, 237, 246, 272

Suffolk Co., New York, 49

Sullivan, Illinois, 268

Sullivan Co., New York, 55; Tennessee, 209

Sulphur Springs, Florida, 123

Summitville, Indiana, 277

Sumter Co., Florida, 158

Sumterville, Florida, 158

Sunderland formation, 116, 118, 299, 345, 346, 351, 356

Sus americanus, 261

Susquehanna River, 296

Sussex Co., New Jersey, 68

Swartzell, J., 214

Swartzell, M., 69, 214

Swedesboro, New Jersey, 184, 301

Switzerland Co., Indiana, 138

Sycium cloacinum, 312

Sylvilagus floridanus, 310, 311, 312, 313, 337, 343, 348, 353, 363; S. palustris, 382; S. sp. indet., 38, 378, 382

Symbos, 14; S. cavifrons, 96, 104, 248, 249, 250, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 331, 334, 339, 354, 392, 393, 403, 404; S. promptus, 254; S. sp. indet., 68, 184, 248

Synaptomys borealis, 350; S. sp. indet., 350

Syracuse, New York, 266

Tagassu lenis, 217, 218, 219, 220, 222, 342, 343, 347, 348, 363, 379, 382; T. sp. indet., 222, 363; T. tetragonus, 220, 221, 312; T. torquatus, 220

Tagassuidæ, 5, 312; in Florida, 222; in Illinois, 218; in Indiana, 216; in Maryland, 220; in Michigan, 215; in New Jersey, 213; in New York, 212; in Ohio, 214; in South Carolina, 221; in Tennessee, 222; in Virginia, 221; in West Virginia, 221; in Wisconsin, 219

Talbot Co., Maryland, 144, 230, 242

Talbot formation, 16, 29, 299, 345, 346, 351

Talbot stage, 188

Tallahatchie Co., Mississippi, 124

Talpidæ, 312

Tamarack, 85

Tamias lævidens, 353; T. striatus, 287, 310, 395

Tampa Bay, Florida, 123, 159, 208, 263, 379

Tampico, Indiana, 89

Tapir, 187, 209, 223, 228, 232, 328, 395, 396

Tapiridæ, 5, 203, 312; in Florida, 206; in Georgia, 206; in Indiana, 203; in Kentucky, 209; in Mississippi, 208; in Ohio, 203; in Pennsylvania, 203; in South Carolina, 204; in Tennessee, 209; in Virginia, 204

Tapirs, 13, 333, 334

Tapirus, 9, 14, 15; T. americanus, 203, 204, 206, 207, 208, 209, 391; T. haysii, 32, 43, 203, 204, 205, 207, 208, 209, 210, 217, 257, 312, 313, 350, 353, 363, 370, 372, 375, 382, 391, 392, 393, 395, 397, 403, 404, 405, 406; T. sp. indet., 37, 204, 321, 363, 376, 378, 379, 395; T. tennesseæ, 209, 395; T. terrestris, 195, 203, 206, 376, 381, 392; T. veroensis, 204, 205, 208, 382

Tarboro, North Carolina, 117, 360

Tarr, R. S., 57

Taurotragus, 14; T. americanus, 12, 337, 339, 350

Taxidea americana, 312; T. robusta, 9; T. sp. indet., 350; T. taxus, 312

Taylor, A. E., 90

Taylor, F. B., 130, 291, 330, 331

Tazewell Co., Illinois, 176

Teleoceras, 8, 9, 15, 211, 376; T. fossiger, 8, 37, 211; T. proterus, 121, 375, 377, 380; T. sp. indet., 380

Teleopternus orientalis, 224, 312, 313

Tennessee, 41; Camelidæ in, 225; Castoroides in, 280; Elephas primigenius in, 146; Elephas sp. indet. in, 181; Equidæ in, 201; geology of, 393; mastodons in, 127; Tagassuidæ in, 222; Tapiridæ in, 209; Xenarthra in, 41

Tephrocyon, 15

Terraces, Allegheny River, 355; Coastal Plain, Florida, 372; Coastal Plain, North Carolina, 356; Monongahela River, 354; Pleistocene, 13

Terrapene antipex, 122, 158, 375, 382; T. canaliculata, 371; T. carolina, 310, 311; T. eurypygia, 312, 347; T. formosa, 378; T. innoxia, 382; T. putnami, 197, 379; T. sp. indet., 353

Terre Coupée, Michigan, 83

Terre Haute, Indiana, 151

Testudo crassiscutata, 197, 363, 379, 381; T. distans, 378; T. hayi, 380; T. incisa, 378; T. luciæ, 383; T. munda, 395; T. obtusa, 381, 384; T. ocalana, 378, 379; T. sellardsi, 382; T. sp. indet., 40

Tetracaulodon, 99

Tétreauville, Quebec, 22

Texas, 11, 13

Thamnophis sirtalis, 311

Thinobadistes segnis, 37, 375

Third Lake, New York, 236

Thompson, W. H., 173

Thompson, Z., 148

Thousand Creek fauna, 8

Thousand Creek, Nevada, 15

Three Oaks, Michigan, 137, 331

Throg’s Neck, New York, 183, 295, 296

Thuja occidentalis, 67

Tilton, J. L., 155

Tioga Co., Pennsylvania, 133

Tippah Co., Mississippi, 200

Tipton Co., Indiana, 152

Tomistoma americanum, 380

Tompkins Co., New York, 57

Toronto, Ontario, 14, 46, 130, 167, 226, 244, 256; fossil vertebrates of, 284; geology of, 281

Toronto formation, 281

Tourner’s, Florida, 160, 380

Townsend, G., 81

Towson, Maryland, 112, 348

Toxaspis anguillulatus, 312

Trachemys bisornata, 384; T. euglypha, 379, 381; T. jarmani, 379; T. nuchocarinata, 374, 382; T. sculpta, 379, 383, 384; T. sp. indet., 197

Tragocerus, 8

Trees in Don beds, Toronto, Ontario, 282; at Savannah, Georgia, 371

Trempealeau Co., Wisconsin, 241

Trenton, New Jersey, 64, 132, 237, 246; fossil mammals at, 304; geology of, 304; gravels, 14, 65

Trichechus antiquus, 363, 381; T. manatus, 376; T. virginianus, 29

Trichiurus lepturus, 363, 366

Trim Creek, Illinois, 108

Troost, G., 125, 127, 389

Troy, New York, 183; Ohio, 74

Trucifelis, 14; T. floridanus, 15, 378, 382

Trumbull Co., Ohio, 80, 249

Tryonville, Pennsylvania, 150, 323

Tsala Apopka formation, Florida, 372, 373; terrace, Florida, 375

Tunkhannock, Pennsylvania, 68, 324

Tuomey, M., 119, 120, 232, 361, 366

Turner, G., 119

Turner, G. B., 143

Turner’s, Florida, 380

Tuscumbia, Alabama, 40, 385

Twells, H., 64

Twin Creek, Ohio, 72, 274

Tyler, L. G., 113

Udden, J. A., 104, 176, 187

Ulrich, E. O., 169

Ulster Co., New York, 54

Uncia inexpectata, 312

Underwood, L., 266

Ungava, Canada, Elephas sp. indet., in, 166

Unio, species, 303

Union City, Indiana, 277; moraine, 139, 152, 229

Union Co., New Jersey, 133

Union Grove, Illinois, 240

Unionidæ in Don beds, Ontario, 282; in Fish House beds, New Jersey, 303

United States National Museum, 80, 163, 164, 188, 264

University of Michigan, 87; University of Rochester, 58, 60

Upper Marlboro, Maryland, 178

Urbana, Illinois, 33, 106, 336; Ohio, 74, 249

Urocyon cinereoargenteus, 299, 310, 311, 312, 314, 337; U. latidentatus, 312, 314

Ursidæ, 312

Ursus americanus, 78, 125, 226, 283, 311, 312, 321, 339, 348, 350, 363, 364, 391, 392, 403; U. amplidens, 217, 353, 391, 392, 393; U. floridanus, 382, 395; U. procerus, 329; U. sp. indet., 41, 376, 398; U. vitabilis, 350

Utica, Michigan, 86

Valparaiso, Indiana, 100; moraine, 82, 83, 107, 108, 177, 330

VanBuren Co., Tennessee, 41

Vanderburg Co., Indiana, 32, 171, 186, 203, 228, 257, 276, 334

Van Horn, F., 151

Van Rensselaer, J., 55, 60, 66, 133

Van Wert Co., Ohio, 77

Veatch, A. C., 15, 33, 368, 389

Venice, Michigan, 86

Vermillion Co., Illinois. 106; Indiana, 173

Vermont, Cervus canadensis in, 235; cetaceans in, 19; Elephas columbi in, 148; Elephas sp. indet. in, 167; geology of, 291; Rangifer in, 244

Vernon Co., Wisconsin, 259

Vero, Florida, 10, 11, 15, 38, 122, 163, 199, 208, 222, 225, 263, 373, 381, 382; marls, 15

Verona, New Jersey, 66

Versailles, Ohio, 136

Vertebrates, number of Pleistocene species, 4; sources of Pleistocene, 4

Vespertilio fuscus, 310; V. grandis, 350; V. gryphus, 398; V. sp. indet., 310, 312, 313, 350, 353; V. subulatus, 310

Vespertilionidæ, 312

Vevay, Indiana, 91, 138

Vicksburg, Mississippi, 124

Victoria Co., Cape Breton Island, 46

Victoria Museum, Ottawa, 45

Vienna, New Jersey, 67

Vigo Co., Indiana, 138, 151, 172

Vincennes, Indiana, 88, 90, 258, 334

Vincentown, New Jersey, 227, 245

Virginia, 15, 28, 34; Elephas primigenius in, 145; Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; Equidæ in, 189; extinct bisons in, 259; geology of, 351; mastodons in, 113; Odocoileus in, 231; Pinnipedia in, 28; Tagassuidæ in, 221; Tapiridæ in, 204; Xenarthra in, 34

Virginia deer, 32, 227, 229, 242, 257

Volk, E., 237, 248, 267

Volusia Co., Florida, 20, 122, 158, 378

Vulpes fulvus, 299; V. palmaria, 282; V. sp. indet., 350; V. virginiana, 311

Wabash College, Indiana, 99

Wabash Co., Indiana, 98, 218, 229, 239, 334

Wabash deposits, 13

Wade, Florida, 195, 262

Wagner, G., 111

Wailesboro, Indiana, 172, 251, 334

Wailles, B. C. L., 41, 125, 180, 391

Wakulla Co., Florida, 157, 179, 374

Wakulla Springs, Florida, 179, 374

Walker, J. E., 92

Walker, S. T., 233

Walker River, Nevada, 15

Wallkill, New York, 54

Walnut, Illinois, 105

Walrus, 7, 21, 22, 23, 30, 31, 289, 293, 306, 352, 360

Wando clays, South Carolina, 360

Wando River, South Carolina, 35, 192, 362, 363

Wapakoneta, Ohio, 76, 275

Ward, F. H., 149

Ward, H. A., 147, 166

Ward, H. L., 60, 97

Warder, R. B., 91

Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, 121, 138, 149, 158, 212

Warren, C. K., 137

Warren, J. C., 48, 50, 54, 67, 68, 83, 109, 134, 148, 165

Warren Co. New Jersey, 67; New York, 132; Mississippi, 124

Warren mastodon, 51

Warrenton, Virginia, 178

Warsaw, Illinois, 103

Washington Co., Illinois, 101; Maine, 23; Maryland, 112, 189; Ohio, 169; Pennsylvania, 70, 133, 323; Virginia, 113, 189; Vermont, 244

Washington, D. C., 178, 348

Washington Township, Auglaize Co., Ohio, 76

Washtenaw Co., Michigan, 88, 227, 228, 237, 250, 275

Waterloo, Indiana, 95

Waukesha, Wisconsin, 110, 340

Waukesha Co., Wisconsin, 110, 241

Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, 241

Wauzeka, Wisconsin, 111

Waverly, Ohio, 134, 327

Waychoff, A. J., 133, 150

Wayland, New York, 59

Wayne Co., Indiana, 94, 138, 173, 238, 252, 276; Michigan, 87; New York, 58, 131, 272; North Carolina, 115

Webster, Indiana, 138

Weidman, S., 111, 230, 241, 247, 343

Wellsburg, New York, 167

Welland Port, Ontario, 46

Welsh, J., 78

Wentworth Co., Ontario, 147, 166, 234

Westchester Co., New York, 50, 245

Westfield, New York, 63

West Sonora, Ohio, 73, 274

West Virginia, 34; Elephas columbi in, 155; Elephas sp. indet. in, 179; Equidæ in, 190; geology of, 354; mastodons in, 115; musk-oxen in, 254; Odocoileus in, 231; Tagassuidæ in, 221; Xenarthra in, 34

Whales, 16

Wheatley, C. M., 31, 69, 185, 203, 256, 312, 317, 318, 319

Wheaton, Illinois, 177

Wheeler, F., 153

Wheeling, West Virginia, 179

White, I. C., 68, 115

White Beach, Florida, 38, 379

Whiteaves, J. F., 17, 147

Whitehall, Wisconsin, 241

Whitesburg, Tennessee, 14, 201, 209, 223, 395

Whiteside Co., Illinois, 105, 240

Whitewillow, Illinois, 109, 229, 240, 269, 337

Whitfield, R. P., 49, 50, 303

Whitney, J. D., 111, 178, 219, 230, 240, 341, 342

Whittlesey, C., 77, 78, 79, 109, 169, 183, 186, 203

Wicomico formation, 16, 118, 299, 345, 346, 351, 356; terrace, 112

Wiedmer, J., 103, 253

Wilbur, C. D., 109

Willcockson, Arkansas, 12

Wilder, B. G., 57

Wilkinson Co., Mississippi, 126

Will Co., Illinois, 107, 241

Willcox, J., 38, 198, 199, 263

Williams, E. D., 155

Williams, E. H., 307

Williams, Indiana, 217, 334

Williams Township, Bay Co., Michigan, 84

Williamsburg, Virginia, 113, 352

Williamson, C. W., 76, 227, 274

Williamson, New York, 131

Williamson Co., Tennessee, 127

Williamstown, Ontario, 18

Williston, S. W., 11

Williston, Florida, 37, 121, 195, 211, 224

Wills Creek, Allegany Co., Maryland, 349

Wilmington, North Carolina, 357; Ohio, 214, 273

Wilson, R., 162

Wilson Co., North Carolina, 117, 359

Winchell, A., 80, 81, 86, 87, 130, 151, 171

Winchell, N. H., 77, 78, 178

Winchester, Indiana, 139; Kentucky, 255

Windfall, Indiana, 152

Windsor, Indiana, 139

Winnebago Co., Illinois, 105; Wisconsin, 270

Wirt Co., West Virginia, 155

Wisconsin, 2, 14; Bison bison in, 270; Cervus canadensis in, 241; Elephas primigenius in, 143; Elephas sp. indet. in, 178; extinct bisons in, 259; mastodons in, 110; Odocoileus in, 230; Rangifer in, 247; Tagassuidæ in, 219; depression, 291; drift, 281, 292, 295, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, 331, 335, 340; geology of, 340; ice-sheet, 298; 307, 332, 355; moraine, 300, 307, 326; stage, 12, 14, 32, 33, 283, 286, 300, 316, 322, 334, 367, 403; uplift, 291

Wissler, C., 304

Wistar, C., 35, 181, 401

Withlacoochee River, 122, 158

Wolbrandt, C. H., 100

Wolf, 111, 219, 270, 302

Wood, N. A., 81, 82, 83, 88, 275, 276

Wood Co., Ohio, 78; West Virginia, 115, 231

Woodbury, New Jersey, 301; Vermont, 244

Woodhull, Illinois, 154

Woodstock, Ohio, 74

Woodstown, New Jersey, 226

Woodville, Mississippi, 126; Wisconsin, 344

Woodworth, J. B., 26, 183, 245, 290, 291, 292

Woolman, L., 351, 360

Woolman, S., 302

Woolper Creek, Kentucky, 265

Woolworth, S., 149

Worcester, Massachusetts, 47

Worthen, A. H., 101, 102, 103, 108, 175, 176, 229, 239, 269, 279

Worthington Co., Maryland, 220

Wright, G. F., 115, 274, 283, 307

Wyandotte, Michigan, 87

Wyandot, Ohio, 78

Wylie, T. A., 172

Wyman, Jeffries, 40, 43, 111, 219, 230, 270, 280, 400

Wyoming Co., New York, 61, 212; Pennsylvania, 68

Wythe Co., Virginia, 34, 114, 190, 204, 221, 231, 260, 353

Wurtsboro, New York, 55

Xenarthra, 31; in Alabama, 40; in Florida, 37; in Georgia, 36; in Illinois, 33; in Indiana, 32; in Kentucky, 43; in Mississippi, 40; in New Jersey, 31; in Ohio, 31; in Pennsylvania, 31; in South Carolina, 35; in Tennessee, 41; in Virginia, 34; in West Virginia, 34

Yakima Co., Washington, 15

Yale University, 54, 60, 74, 279

Yarmouth deposits, 2; in Illinois, 336; in New England, 290; in Ohio, 325

Yarmouth stage, 12, 14, 187, 290, 325, 336

Yarnallton, Kentucky, 210, 405

Yazoo Co., Mississippi, 126

Yonge’s Island, South Carolina, 363

York Co., Ontario, 46, 130, 167, 244, 256; Pennsylvania, 69; Virginia, 113

York River, Virginia, 352

Yorkville, Illinois, 109

Young, C., 73

Young Island, South Carolina, 366

Youngstown, Ohio, 249

Ypsilanti, Michigan, 88

Zamenis acuminatus, 312, 314

Zanesville, Ohio, 134, 273, 327

Zapodidæ, 312

Zapus hudsonius, 312

Zirkel’s Cave, Tennessee, 209, 223, 395, 396

Zolfo, Florida, 38, 160, 380

------------------------------------------------------------------------

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Several maps were moved to be consistently before their explanation. 2. Silently corrected typographical errors and variations in spelling. 3. Archaic, non-standard, and uncertain spellings retained as printed. 4. Enclosed italics font in underscores. 5. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character or a series of superscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. M^r. or M^{ister}. 6. Subscripts are denoted by an underscore before a series of subscripted characters enclosed in curly braces, e.g. H_{2}O.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us