Opening
THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTH AMERICA AND ITS VERTEBRATED ANIMALS FROM THE STATES EAST OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER AND FROM THE CANADIAN PROVINCES EAST OF LONGITUDE 95°.
BY
OLIVER P. HAY
Associate of the Carnegie Institution of Washington
PUBLISHED BY THE CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON, FEBRUARY, 1923
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
PUBLICATION NO. 322
TECHNICAL PRESS WASHINGTON, D. C.
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PAGE Preface VII–VIII
Conclusions regarding the divisions of the Pleistocene 1–15 Limits of the Pleistocene 1 The Blanco Pliocene 1 Divisions of the Pleistocene 2 Elevation of Continent 3 Connections of North America with South America and Asia 3 Sources of vertebrates 4 Richness of Pleistocene life 4 Evolution during the Pleistocene 5 Extinction of species 6 The earliest Pleistocene, the Nebraskan 7 The Aftonian interglacial 10 The Yarmouth interglacial 12 The Illinois glacial 12 The Sangamon interglacial 12 The Peorian interglacial 13 The Wisconsin and the Wabash beds 13 Coastal Plain terraces 13
Conspectus of Geology and Vertebrate Palæontology of the Pleistocene 14–15
Finds of Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America 17–20 Ontario 17 Quebec 18 Vermont 19 New Brunswick 19 North Carolina 20 South Carolina 20 Florida 20
Finds of Pleistocene Pinnipedia in eastern North America 21–30 Grinnell Land 21 Nova Scotia 21 New Brunswick 21 Quebec 21 Ontario 23 Maine 23 New Hampshire 25 Massachusetts 25 New Jersey 26 Virginia 28 North Carolina 29 South Carolina 29
Finds of Pleistocene Xenarthra in eastern North America 31–44 New Jersey 31 Pennsylvania 31 Ohio 31 Indiana 32 Illinois 33 Virginia 34 West Virginia 34 South Carolina 35 Georgia 36 Florida 37 Alabama 40 Mississippi 40 Tennessee 41 Kentucky 43
Finds of mastodons in eastern North America 45–128 Ontario 45 Cape Breton Island 46 Massachusetts 47 Connecticut 47 New York 48 New Jersey 63 Pennsylvania 68 Ohio 70 Michigan 80 Indiana 88 Illinois 100 Wisconsin 110 Maryland 112 Virginia 113 West Virginia 115 North Carolina 115 South Carolina 118 Georgia 120 Florida 121 Alabama 124 Mississippi 124 Tennessee 127 Kentucky 128
Finds of Elephas primigenius in eastern North America 130–146 Ontario 130 New York 131 New Jersey 132 Pennsylvania 133 Ohio 134 Michigan 137 Indiana 138 Illinois 140 Wisconsin 143 Maryland 144 Virginia 145 North Carolina 145 Florida 145 Tennessee 146 Kentucky 146
Finds of Elephas columbi in eastern North America 147–161 Ontario 147 Vermont 148 New York 149 New Jersey 149 Pennsylvania 150 Ohio 150 Michigan 151 Indiana 151 Illinois 152 Maryland 154 North Carolina 155 South Carolina 155 Georgia 157 Florida 157 Kentucky 160
Finds of Elephas imperator in eastern North America 162–164 South Carolina 162 Florida 162 Alabama 164
Finds of Elephas sp. indet. in eastern North America 166–182 Ungava 166 Ontario 166 Vermont 167 New York 167 Pennsylvania 168 Ohio 168 Michigan 171 Indiana 171 Illinois 175 Wisconsin 178 Maryland and District of Columbia 178 Virginia 178 West Virginia 179 North Carolina 179 Florida 179 Mississippi 180 Tennessee 181 Kentucky 181
Finds of Equidæ in eastern North America 183–202 Massachusetts 183 New York 183 New Jersey 184 Pennsylvania 184 Ohio 185 Indiana 186 Illinois 187 Maryland and District of Columbia 188 Virginia 189 West Virginia 190 North Carolina 190 South Carolina 191 Georgia 193 Florida 194 Alabama 200 Mississippi 200 Tennessee 201 Kentucky 202
Finds of tapirs in eastern North America 203–210 Pennsylvania 203 Ohio 203 Indiana 203 Maryland 204 Virginia 204 South Carolina 204 Georgia 206 Florida 206 Mississippi 208 Tennessee 209 Kentucky 209 Rhinoceroses in Florida 211
Finds of peccaries in eastern North America 212–223 New York 212 New Jersey 213 Pennsylvania 213 Ohio 214 Michigan 215 Indiana 216 Illinois 218 Wisconsin 219 Maryland 220 Virginia 221 West Virginia 221 South Carolina 221 Florida 222 Tennessee 222 Kentucky 223
Finds of camels in eastern North America 224–225 Pennsylvania 224 Florida 224 Tennessee 225
Finds of Odocoileus in eastern North America 226–234 Ontario 226 New York 226 New Jersey 226 Pennsylvania 227 Ohio 227 Michigan 227 Indiana 228 Illinois 229 Wisconsin 230 Maryland 230 Virginia 231 West Virginia 231 North Carolina 231 South Carolina 231 Florida 232 Mississippi 233 Tennessee 234 Kentucky 234
Finds of Cervus canadensis in eastern North America 235–243 Ontario 235 Vermont 235 New York 235 New Jersey 237 Pennsylvania 237 Michigan 237 Indiana 238 Illinois 239 Wisconsin 240 Maryland 242 North Carolina 242 South Carolina 242 Georgia 243 Florida 243 Tennessee 243 Kentucky 243
Finds of Rangifer in the Pleistocene of eastern North America 244–247 Grinnell Land 244 Ontario 244 Vermont 244 Connecticut 244 New York 245 New Jersey 245 Pennsylvania 246 Illinois 246 Wisconsin 247 Kentucky 247
Finds of musk-oxen in eastern North America 248–255 Grinnell Land 248 New Jersey 248 Pennsylvania 248 Ohio 249 Michigan 250 Indiana 251 Illinois 253 West Virginia 254 Mississippi 254 Kentucky 255
Finds of extinct bisons in eastern North America 256–265 Ontario 256 Pennsylvania 256 Ohio 257 Indiana 257 Illinois 259 Wisconsin 259 Maryland 259 Virginia 259 South Carolina 260 Georgia 261 Florida 262 Alabama 264 Mississippi 264 Kentucky 265
Finds of Bison bison in eastern North America 266–271 Ontario 266 Massachusetts 266 New York 266 New Jersey 267 Pennsylvania 267 Indiana 268 Illinois 268 Wisconsin 270 Kentucky 270
Finds of Castoroides in eastern United States 272–280 New York 272 Pennsylvania 272 Ohio 273 Michigan 275 Indiana 276 Illinois 278 South Carolina 279 Georgia 280 Mississippi 280 Tennessee 280
Pleistocene Geology of eastern North America and its fossil vertebrates 281–406 Ontario 281 Quebec 288 New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island 289 New England 290 New York 294 New Jersey 299 Pennsylvania 306 Ohio 324 Michigan 330 Indiana 331 Illinois 334 Wisconsin 340 Maryland and District of Columbia 344 Virginia 351 West Virginia 354 North Carolina 355 South Carolina 361 Georgia 368 Florida 372 Alabama 384 Mississippi 385 Tennessee 393 Kentucky 400
ILLUSTRATIONS
PLATES.
MAP 1. Pleistocene cetaceans in eastern North America. 2. Pleistocene Pinnipedia in eastern North America. 3. Pleistocene Xenarthra in eastern North America. 4. Pleistocene Xenarthra in Florida. 5. Pleistocene mastodons in eastern North America. 6. Eastern New York, western Massachusetts, and Connecticut, showing relation of mastodon localities to areas of sea-level in Late Wisconsin. 6A. Pleistocene mastodons in New Jersey. 7. Pleistocene mastodons in Ohio. 8. Pleistocene mastodons in Michigan. 9. Pleistocene mastodons in Indiana. 10. Pleistocene mastodons in Florida. 11. Elephas primigenius in eastern North America. 12. Elephas columbi in eastern North America. 13. Elephas columbi in Florida. 14. Elephas imperator in southeastern United States. 15. Elephas imperator in Florida. 16. Elephas sp. indet. in eastern North America. 17. Pleistocene horses in eastern North America. 18. Pleistocene horses in Florida. 19. Pleistocene tapirs in eastern North America. 20. Pleistocene peccaries in eastern North America. 21. Pleistocene camels in eastern North America. 22. Pleistocene species of Odocoileus in eastern North America. 23. Cervus canadensis in Pleistocene of eastern North America. 24. Rangifer in Pleistocene of eastern North America. 25. Pleistocene musk-oxen in eastern North America. 26. Extinct bisons in Pleistocene of eastern North America. 27. Bison bison in Pleistocene of eastern North America. 28. Castoroides in eastern North America. 29. Castoroides in Ohio. 30. Castoroides in Indiana. 31. Areas in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont occupied by water at sea-level in Late Wisconsin stage. 32. Isobases of Late Glacial uplift. 33. J. W. Spencer’s view of preglacial drainage of the region of the Great Lakes. 34. Wisconsin glacier in New York, lakes Newberry and Maumee, and localities of mastodons. 35. Glacial map of Ohio. 36. Distribution of Pleistocene mammals in Ohio. 37. Glacial map of Indiana. 38. Glacial map of Illinois. Shows also localities of Pleistocene vertebrates. 39. Coastal plain of North Carolina, with localities of Pleistocene animals and plants. 40. Sketch map of Skidaway Island, near Savannah, Georgia. 41. Bigbone Lick and vicinity.
TEXT-FIGURES.
FIG. 1. Geological section of Twin Creek, near Beecher, Will Co., Illinois 108 2. Section across gully at Whitehall, Wisconsin 242 3. Region about Toronto, Ontario 282 4. Eastern Ontario, showing limit of marine and fresh-water beaches 286 5. South shore-line of the Champlain sea 287 6. Preglacial drainage of the Upper Ohio 293 7. Geologic section of Fish House beds at Camden, New Jersey 302 8. Vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey, showing distribution of the Trenton gravels 305 9. Geologic sections at Trenton, New Jersey 305 10. Northern Pennsylvania, showing glaciated areas 309 11. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of first exploration, 1871 318 12. Section of Port Kennedy bone cave at time of last exploration, 1896 318 13. Metatarsal of Ovis sp. indet., from Kendall Co., Illinois 338 14. Relation of the driftless area to the surrounding glaciated areas 342 15. Diagram showing the supposed terraces of the Maryland coastal plain 345 16. Section across Potomac River near Big Pool, Maryland, showing gravel-covered terraces 347 17. Generalized section across Allegheny Valley at Parkers Landing, W. Va. 349 18. Tooth of Hydrochoerus pinckneyi 365 19. Jaw and tooth of a wolf from Charleston, South Carolina 366 20. Coastal plain of Georgia 369 21. Geologic section from north to south through the phosphate deposits of Florida 377 22. Geological map of Mississippi embayment 388 23. County map of Tennessee, to show where Pleistocene fossils have been found 395 24. Vertical section of Bigbone Cave, Elroy, Van Buren Co., Tennessee 398 25. Section on bank of Tennessee River at Nashville 400