Appendix…

Appendix

VII.

THE ITINERARY OF JOHN LELAND, SO FAR AS RELATES TO CORNWALL.

(Hearne’s Edition, vol. II. fol. 69.)

From Depeford to Lanstoun a xij miles by hilly and much morisch groude baren of wodde. Or ever I cam to Lanstoun by a mile I passid over a bridge of stone, having 3 arches and a [one] smaul, caullid New Bridge; thorough the which the ryver of Tamar rennith, that almost from the hed of it to the mouth devidith Devonshir from Cornewaule. This New Bridge was of the making of the Abbates of Tavestok, and mainteinyd by them; for Tavestoke Abbay had fair possessions thereaboute.

The Ryver of Tamar risith a 3 miles by north-est from Hertelande and thens cummith to Tamerton, a village on the est ripe yn Devonshire; and ther is a bridg over Tamar of stone: and from this bridg to Padestow xx miles. Yalme Bridge of stone 2 miles lower. New Bridge 2 miles lower. Pulstun Bridge 2 miles lower. Greistoun Bridge a 2 miles or more lower. Tavestoke about a 4 miles from Greston Bridg; and Grestoun Bridg, being about a 3 miles from Launston, is the way from Launston to Tavestok. Hawte Bridg. Another bridg caullid New Bridg. Caulstoke Bridg next the se, begon by Sir Perse Eggecumbe. Lideford Bridge is not on Tamar.

After that I had enterid a litle into the suburbe of Launstoun, I passed over a brooke caullid Aterey, that rennith yn the botom of the stepe hil that Launstoun stondith on. This water, as I there lernid, riseth a x miles of by west-north-west towards Bodmyne; and, passing by Launstoun, goith in Tamar by est, as I did gather, a litle above Pulston Bridg. After that I had passid over Aterey, I went up by the hille thorough the long suburbe, ontylle I cam to the toun waul and gate, and so passid thorough the toun, conscending the hill ontylle I cam to the very top of it, wher the marketplace and the paroche chirch of S. Stephane, lately reedified, be. The large and auncient Castelle of Launstun stondith on the knappe of the hill, by south a litle from the paroche chirch. Much of this castel yet stondith; and the moles that the kepe stondith on is large and of a terrible highth, and the arx of it, having 3 severale wardes, is the strongest but not the biggest that ever I saw in any auncient worke in Englande. Thir is a litle pirle of water that servith the high parte of Lanstoun.

The Priorie of Launstoun stondith in the south-west parte of the suburbe of the toun, under the rote of the hille, by a fair wood side; and thorowgh this wood rennith a pirle of water, cumming out of an hil therby, and servith al the offices of the place. In the chirch I markid 2 notable tumbes, one of Prior Horton, and another of Prior Stephane. One also told me there, that one Mabilia, a Countes, was buried ther in the Chapitre House. One William Warwist, Bishop of Excestre, erected this Priorie, and was after buried at Plymtoun Priory that he also erected. Warwist, for erection of Launston Priory, suppressid a collegiate Chirch of S. Stephan having Prebendaries, and gave the best part of the landes of it to Launstoun Priory, and toke the residew hymself. There yet standith a Chirch of S. Stephan, about half a mile from Launstoun on a hille, wher the Collegiate Chirch was. Gawen Carow hath the custody of the Priory. There is a Chapelle by a west-north-west a litle without Launstowne, dedicate to S. Catarine; it is now prophanid.

From Launston to Botreaux Castelle, vulgo Boscastel, first a 2 miles by enclosid ground having sum woodde and good corne. Thens an 8 miles by morisch and hilly ground and great scarsite of wood, insomuch that al the countery therabout brennith firres and hethe. And thens a 2 miles to Boscastel by enclosid ground metely fruteful of corne, but exceding baren of wood, to the which the bleke northern se is not there of nature favorable. The toun of Boscastelle lyith apon the brow of a rokky hille by south-est, and so goith doun by lenght to the northe toward the se, but not even ful hard to it. It is a very filthy toun and il kept. There is a chirch in it, as I remembre of S. Simpherian. The Lorde Botreaux was lord of this town, a man of an old Cornish linage, and had a manor place, a thing, as far as I could ―――― of smaul reputation, as it is now, far onworthe the name of a castel. The people ther caulle it the Courte. Ther cummith down a little broke from south-est out of the hilles therby, and so renning by the west side of the towne, goeth into Severn se betwixt 2 hylles, and ther maketh a pore havenet, but of no certaine salvegarde. One of the Hungrefordes maried with one of the heires generale of Botreaux, and so Boscastel cam to Hungreford. Then cam Boscastelle, by an heir generale of the Hungrefords, unto the Lord Hastinges. Hastinges Erle of Huntendune and the late lord Hungreford had a lordship of the Botreaux in partition, caullid Parke; and ther is a manor place or castelet. It is a vi miles from Botreaux by south.

Ther is no very notable toun or building from Botreaux by est-north-est, along apon the shore upper on Severn to Hertland point, but Strettoun, and that is a xij miles from Botreaux, and ther is a praty market. It stondith about a mile from the se. There is a place near to Stretton caullid Ebbingford, but now communely Efford, wher John Arundale of Trerise was borne, and hath a fair manor place, in the which Syr John Chaumon now dwellith, that maried the mother yet lyving of John Arundale of Trerise.

Olde Treviliane, a man of pratie land, but cumming of a younger brother of the chife house of that name, dwellith toward Stretton, at a place caullid ――――. Hertland Point is a x miles upper on Severn from Strettoun.

From Botreaux to Tredewy village, on the shore about a mile, and ther cummith downe a broke rising in the gret rokky hilles therby.

From Tredewi to Bossinny, on the shore about a mile. This Bossinny hath beene a bygge thing for a fischar town, and hath great privileges grauntid onto it. A man may se there the ruines of a gret numbre of houses. Here also cummith down a broke, and this broke and Tredewy water resort to the se at one mouth betwyxt ij hilles, wherof that that is on the est side, lyith out lyke an arme or cape, and maketh the fascion of an havenet or pere, whither shippelettes sumtime resorte for socour. A frere of late dayes toke apon hym to make an haven at this place, but he litle prevailid theryn. There ly 2 blake rokkes as islettes at the west-north-west point or side of this creeke; the one, saving a gut of water, joyning to the other. And yn these brede gulles, be al lykelihod.

From Bossinny to Tintagel Castel on the shore a mile. This castelle hath bene a marvelus strong and notable forteres, and almost situ loci inexpugnabile, especially for the dungeon, that is on a great and high terrible cragge, environid with the se; but having a drawbridge from the residew of the castelle onto it. There is yet a chapel standing withyn this dungeon of S. Ulette, alias Uliane. Shepe now fede within the dungeon. The residew of the buildings of the castel be sore wether-beten and yn ruine; but it hath beene a large thinge. This castelle stondith in the paroche of Trevenny; and the paroch therof is of S. Simphorian, ther caullid Simiferian.

Passing a mile from the chirch of S. Symphorian by hilly and hethy ground, I cam over a brooke that ran from south-est-north to Severn se, and about half a mile beyound the mouth of this brook lay a great blak rok like an islet yn the se not far from the shore.

Porthissek, a fisschar village, lyith about a 3 miles from the mouth of th’afore sayd brook, lower by west on Severn shore. There resortith a broke to Porthissek, and there is a pere and sum socour for fisschar botes.

Porthguin, a fisschar village, lyith a 2 miles lower on the shore, and there is the issue of a broke and a pere. And a 3 miles lower is the mouth of Padestow Haven. From Dindagelle to S. Esse village a 4 miles; meately good ground about S. Esses selfe. From S. Esse to Trelille village 2 miles. From Trelille to ―――― wher Master Carniovies, alias Carnsey, hath a praty house, fair ground, and praty wood about it.

Thens 3 miles by good corne grounde, but no wood, to Wadebridge. Wher as now Wadebridge is, ther was a fery a 80 yeres syns, and menne sumtyme passing over by horse, stoode often in great jeopardie.

Then one Lovebone, vicar of Wadebridge, movid with pitie, began the bridge, and with great paine and studie, good people putting their help thereto, finishid it with xvij fair and great uniforme arches of stone. One told me that the fundation of certein of tharches was first sette on so quick sandy ground that Lovebone almost despairid to performe the bridg ontyl such tyme as he layed pakkes of wolle for fundation.

The ryver of Alawne rennith thorough Wadebridge, evidentley seen at lower.

The first memorable bridge on Alane is caullid Helham Bridge ―――― miles lower then Camilforde, but Alane is almost a mile from Camilford Toun.

Dunmere Bridge of 3 arches a 2 miles lower. Here doth Alaune ryver ren within a mile of Bodmyn.

Wadebridge a 3 miles lower by land and 4 by water. This is the lowest bridg on Alane.

Ther cummith a broke from S. Esse 5 myles from Wadebridge, and a litle above Wadebridge goith into Alane by the est side of the haven. This broke risith a 2 miles above S. Esse by est-north-est. There cummith a brooke from Mr. Carnsey’s house, and goith into Alane, by the est side of the haven a 3 miles lower than Wadebridge: and here is a creeke at the mouth of this brooke that ebbith and flowith up into the land.

In the way passing from Dunmere Bridge toward Bodmyn, there rennith a praty broket thoroug a bridge of one stone arche, a very litle way beyond Dunmer Bridge: and a litle lower goith into Alane bynethe Dunmer Bridge by the west ripe of Alane. This litle broke servith the milles, and rennith by the est ende of the town of Bodmyn.

There cummith a brooke into Alaune about a 2 miles byneth Dunmere bridg on the west ripe. This brooke riseth by south-est: and at S. Lawrence, scant a mile owt of Bodmyn, I passid over a bridge on this water in the way to Michale.

From Wadebridge to Padestow, a good quick fischar toun but onclenly kepte, a 4 miles. This toun is auncient, bering the name of Lodenek in Cornische, and yn Englisch, after the trew and old writinges, Adelstow, Latine Athelstani locus. And the toune there takith King Adelstane for the chief gever of privileges vnto it. The paroch Chirch of Padestow is of S ――――. There use many Britons with smaul shippes to resorte to Padestow with commoditees of their countery and to by fische. The toun of Padestow is ful of Irisch men. Padestow is set on the weste side of the haven. Padestow toun is a ―――― miles from the very haven mouth. From the mouth of Padestow Haven to S. Carantokes a ―――― miles.

From Wadebridge to Dunmere a 3 miles, and thens a mile to Bodmyn. Bodmyn hath a market on every Saturday, lyke a fair for the confluence of people. The showe and the principale of the toun of Bodmyn is from west to est along in one streate. There is a chapel of S ―――― at the west ende of the toune. The paroch chirch standith at the est end of the town and is a fair large thyng. There is a cantuarie chapel at th’est ende of it. The late Priory of Blake Chanons stoode at the est ende of the paroch chirchyard of Bodmyne. S. Petrocus was Patrone of this, and sumtyme dwellyd ther. There hath bene monkes, then nunnys, then seculare prestes, then monkes agayn, and last canons regular, in S. Petrokes chirch. Willyam Warlewist, Bishop of Excestre, erectid the last fundation of this Priory; and had to hymself part of th’auncient landes of Bodmyn monasterie. I saw no tumbes in the Priory very notable, but Thomas Vivianes, late Prior ther, and Suffragane by the title of the Bishoprike of Megarensis.[44] The Shrine and Tumbe of S. Petrok yet stondith in th’est part of the chirche. There was a good place of Gray Freres in the south side of Bodmyn town. One John of London, a merchaunt, was the beginner of this house. Edmund Erle of Cornewaul augmentid it. There lay buried in the Gray Freres Sir Hugh and Sir Thomas Peverelle, knightes, and benefactors to the house. There is another Chapel in Bodmyn beside that in the west ende of the toune, and an Almose House, but not endowid with landes.

From Bodmyn to S. Laurence, wher a poor Hospital or Lazar House is, about a mile. One of the Peverelles gave a litle annuitie onto this house. Here I passid over a stone bridge, and under it rennith a praty broke that cummith out of the hylles from south-este, and goith into Alane a 2 miles above Padestow by the weste ripe, and by the meanes of the se and creke it ebbith and flowith up into the creke of this river. From S. Laurence I passed by morisch ground al baren of woodde a vj m[iles], leving about this vj miles ende S. Columbes, about a 2 miles off on the right hond.

And ther about I left Castelle an dinas on the same hand, a good mile of. But I saw no building on it, but an hille bering that name.

Thens to Michel, a litle thorough fare, a 2. or 3. miles, by morisch ground, all baren of wood.

Thens a 5 miles to a litle village and paroch church, callid Alein. And hereabout there is very good corne.

And so a myle to Gwernak, Master Arundale’s house. This Arundale gyveth no part of the armes of great Arundale of Lanheran, by S. Columbes; but he told me that he thought that he cam of the Arundales in Base Normandy, that were lordes of Culy Castelle, that now is descended to one Mounseir de la Fontaine, a Frenchman, by heir generale. This Arundale ys caullid Arundale of Trerise, by a difference from Arundale of Lanheron. Trerise is a lordship of his, a 3 or 4 miles from Alein chirch. Arundale of Trerise had to his first wife one of the 2 doughters and heires of Boville, alias Beville, and Graneville had the other; and they had betwixt them litle lak of 400 markes of landes by the yere in partition.[45] The house that John Arundale of Trerise dwellith yn was Bovilles, and this Boville gave the Ox in Gules in his armes. There is yet one of the names of the Beviles, a man of a c. li land purchased by the grandfather of ―――― Beville now living. This Beville hath ―――― [ed] ―――― [brother of Sir John] Arundale of Trerise ――――.

Armes in Castel Cairden.

Sir William Godolchan and Strowdes daughter his wif, of Pernham in Dorsetshire.

Sir William Godolchan and Margaret Glynne his first wife. Margaret was one of the 3. heires of Glyn of Morevale, by Low [Looe] water toward S. Germans. Vivian of Trelowarren[46] maried the second daughter and coheire of Glynne. Richard Kendale of Worgy had the 3.

William Godolchan the sunne, and Blanch Langdon his wife. Langdon dwellith at Keverel by S. Germanes.

S. Albine his stok cam out of Britaine. There is another house of the S. Albines in Somersetshire.

Grainville.

Milatun dwellith at Pergroinswik.

* * * * *

Campernulphus, alias Chambernon, d’n’s de Trewardreth, et fundator prioratus monachorum, qui post D’ni erant ejusdem manerii. Campernulphus nunc dominus de Modbyri in comitatu Devoniæ. He was lord of Bere toward Excestre.

Men of { Carow of Mohuns Otery. fair { Carow of Hacham by Torbay. landes. { Carow of Antony in Cornewaulle by Aisch.

{ Vivian. al 3. in Menek { Reskimer. of faire living. { Erisi, at Erisi in Menek.

Cowlin at Treneglis.

Cavel, maried Sir William Godolcan sister.

Petite was a man of very fair landes in Cornewaulle; and among other things he was lord of the isle of Pryven that now descendith to Kiligrew.

Bewpray, id est, de Bello prato.

Archedecon.

Tresinny, at Penrine, a man of 40 mark landes; most part of it lyith about Padestow.

Ex vita Sanctæ Breacæ.

Barricius socius Patritii, ut legitur in vita S. Wymeri. S. Breaca nata in partibus Lagoniæ et Ultoniæ.

Campus Breacæ in Hibernia in quo Brigida oratorium construxit, et postea Monaster. in quo fuit et S. Breaca.

Breaca venit in Cornubiam comitata multis Sanctis, inter quos fuerunt Sinninus Abbas, qui Romæ cum Patritio fuit, Maruanus monachus, Germmochus rex, Elwen, Crewenna, Helena.

Breaca appulit sub Revyer cum suis, quorum partem occidit Tewder.

Breaca venit ad Pencair.

Breaca venit ad Trenewith.

Breaca ædificavit eccl. in Trenewith et Talmeneth, ut legitur in vita S. Elwini.

Pencair, an hille in Pembro paroche, vulgo S. Banka.

Trenewith, a little from the paroch [church] of Pembro, wher the paroch church [was] or ever it was set at Pembro.

Talmeneth, a mansion place in [Pembro].

Cairdine, an old mansion of the Cowlines, wher now William Godolcan dwellith.

Carne Godolcan, on the top of an hille, wher is a diche, and there was a pile and principal habitation of the Godolcans. The diche yet apperith, and many stones of late time hath beene fetchid thens; it is a 3. miles from S. Michael’s Mont by est-north-est.

Cair Kinan, alias Gonyn and Conin, stoode in the hille of Pencair. There yet apperith 2 diches. Sum say that Conin had a sun caullid Tristrame.

S. Germocus, a chirch 3 miles from S. Michael’s Mont, by est-south-est, and a mile from the se; his tumb is yet seene ther. S Germoke’s chair in the chirch yard. S. Germoke’s welle a litle without the chirch yard.

Garsike, alias Pengarsike, nere the shore a 3. miles by est from S. Michaeles Mont.

Milatun hath part of Mewis landes in Devonshire, by one of the heires generall of Mewis, of Mewis Urth, a daughter and heire of the Godalcans, married to Henry Force. Yonge Milatun hath sir Godalcan’s daughter to his wife. One of the Worthes wives gave a late this land with a daughter of hers to one of the Milatuns of Devonshire.

Markesju,[47] a great long toun, burnid 3 aut 4 anno Henr. 8 a Gallis. The paroch chirch a mile of. A pere by the Mount. Markjue and the Mount be both S. Hillaries paroche. There was found of late yeres syns spere heddes, axis for warre, and swerdes of coper, wrappid up in lynin scant perishid, nere the Mount in S. Hilaries paroch in tynne works.

Comes Moritoniæ et Cornubiæ made a celle of monkes in S. Michel Mont. This celle was ons gyven to a college in Cambridge. Syns given to Syon. A fair spring in the Mont.

Ludewin, alias Ludevaulles, wher, as sum suppose, was a castel, a mile by west from Markesju; it longid to the Lord Brooke.

Pensandes, 2 miles of by west; there is a litle peere.

Newlin, a mile lower on the shore; there is a peere. Newlin is an hamlet to Mousehole. Mousehole a mile lower. There is a peer. Mousehole in Cornish Port-enis (Portus insulæ). A bay from Newlin to Mousehole, caullid Gnaverslak. A litle beyond Mousehole, an islet and a chapel of S. Clementes in it. There hath bene much land devourid of the sea betwixt Pensandes and Mousehole. An old legend of St. Michael speaketh of a tounelet in this part now defaced, and lying under the water.

King Ethelstane, founder of S. Burien’s College, and giver of the privileges and sanctuarie to it. S. Buriana, an holy woman of Ireland, sumtyme dwellid in this place, and there made an oratory. King Ethelstane goyng hens, as it is said, onto Sylley, and returning, made ex voto a College wher the Oratorie was.

Tredine Castel ruines at the south-west point of Penwith; manifesta adhuc extant vestigia. I hard say that one Myendu was lord of it. Myendu signifieth blak mouth or chimne.

Ryvier Castel, almost at the est part of the mouth of Hayle River on the north se, now as sum think drounid with sand. This was Theodore’s castle.

Combe Castelle, ubi tm (?) loci vestigia, and Pencombe a little foreland, about a mile upper than Kenor on Severn. Basset hath a right goodly lordship caullid Treheddy by this Cumb. There cummith a good brooke down by Combe.

Cayl Castelle a mile by est from River in S. Filake’s Paroche.

Nikenor,[48] a 2 miles from Ryvier, sumtyme a great toun now gone. 2 paroche chirchis yet seene a good deale several one from the other, sumtyme in the towne, but it is now communely taken to be in S. Guivian’s paroch; and there cummith a broket to the sea.

Carnbray, on a hil, a castelet or pile of Basset’s, a mile west of Revier town. There was sumtyme a park, now defacid.

SCYLLEY.

There be countid a 140 Islettes of Scylley, that bere gresse exceding good pasture for catail. S. Mary isle is a 5 miles or more in cumpace; in it is a poore toun, and a meately strong pile: but the roues [roofs] of the buildinges in it be sore defacid and woren. The ground of this ile berith exceeding good corn: insomuch that, if a man do but cast corn wher hogges have rotid, it wyl cum up.

Iniscaw longid to Tavestoke, and ther was a poore celle of monkes of Tavestoke. Sum caulle this Trescaw: it is the biggest of the Islettes, in cumpace a 6 miles or more.

S. Martines isle.

S. Agnes isle, so caullid of a chapel theryn. The isle of S. Agnes was desolated by this chaunce in recenti hominum memoria. The hole numbre almost of v. housoldes that were yn this isle cam to a mariage or a fest into S. Mary isle, and goinge homewarde were al drownid.

Ratte islande.

Saynct Lides isle; wher yn tymes past at her sepulchre was gret superstition.

There appere tokens in diverse [of] the islettes of habitations now clene doun.

Gulles and puffinnes be taken in diverse of these islettes, and plenty of conyes be in diverse of these islettes. Diverse of these islettes berith wyld garlyk. Few men be glad to inhabite these islettes, for al the plenty, for robbers by the sea that take their catail of force. These robbers be French men and Spaniardes. One Davers, a gentilman of Wilshir, whos chief house is at Daundesey, and Whittington, a gentleman of Glocestreshire, be owners of Scylley; but they have scant 40 markes by yere of rentes and commodites of it.

Scylley is a kenning, that is to say, about an xx miles from the very westeste pointe of Cornewaulle.

Petites principal house was at Ardeverauian in Falmouth Haven by the peninsula, caullid Ardeverameur. Petites landes be now descended to Arundale of Trerise, Granville, knight, and Killigrew.

Thomas Levelis about S. Burianes.

Kiwartun at Newlin by Mousehole.

John Godolcan at Mousehole.

Cavelle is S. Cua paroch at Trearach.

Carnsew at Brokelly in S. Cua paroch.

Nicolle in S. Tedy paroch by Bokelly.

Trecarelle, at Trecarelle by Launston.

From Mr. Godolcan to Pembro, wher the paroch chirch is [i. e. appertains] to Mr. Godolcan. The personage impropriate to Heyles in Glocestreshir. The south se is about a mile from Pembro.

From Mr. Godolcan to Lanante a 4 miles. Passage at ebbe over a great strond, and then over Heyle river.

No greater tynne workes yn al Cornwall then be on Sir Wylliam Godalcan’s ground.

Heyle Haven shoken [choaked] with land of tynne works.

Heile ryver cummith of 4 principale heddes or brokes; one riseth by south, and other by south west; another by south-est; the 4 by north-est.

Mr. Mohun hath a fair lordship by S. Erthe’s, caullyd ――――.

Trewinard, a gentilman dwelling at Trewinard yn S. Erth paroch. S. Erth, a good mile above Lenant. S. Erth bridge, a good mile from Lannante, of 3 archis a litle byneth the paroche [church?] that stondith on the est side of the haven. This bridge was made a 200 yeres syns, and hath a 3 arches. Afore ther was a fery. Ther cam to this place ons, the haven beyng onbarrid, and syns chokid with tynne workes, good talle shippes.

There was a castel caullid Carnhangives, as apperith, or manor place, now clene doun, not far from the bridg. Dinham, as sum say, was lord of this place, and to the court thereof be longging many knightes and gentilmens services.

The toune of Lannant [now Lelant] is praty. The church thereof is of S. Unine.

S. Fës [St. Ive’s] a 2 miles or more from Lannant. The place that the chief of the toun hath and partely dooth stonde yn, is a very peninsula, and is extendid into the se of Severn as a cape. This peninsula, to compace it by the rote, lakkith litle of a mile. Most part of the houses in the peninsula be sore oppressid or overcoverid with sandes, that the stormy windes and rages castith up there. This calamite hath continued ther litle above 20 yeres. The best part of the toun now standith in the south part of the peninsula, up toward another hille, for defence from the sandes. There is a blok house and a fair pere in the est side of the peninsula; but the pere is sore chokid with sande. The paroch chirch is of Iva, a nobleman’s daughter of Ireland, and disciple of S. Barricus. Iva and Elwine, with many other, cam into Cornewaul, and landid at Pendinas. This Pendinas is the peninsula and stony rok wher now the toun of S. Ives stondith. One Dinan, a great lord in Cornewaul, made a chirch at Pendinas, at the requist of Iva, as it is written yn S. Ive’s legende.

Ther is now at the very point of Pendinas a chapel of S. Nicolas, and a pharos for lighte for shippes sailing by night in those quarters. The town of S. Ive’s is servid with fresch water of brokettes that rise in the hilles thereby. The late Lord Brook was lord of S. Ive’s, now Blunt lord Monjoy, and young Poulet.

S. Piranes in the Sandes, is an xviij. miles from S. Ive’s upward on Severne; and S. Carantokes is a 2 miles above that on the shore. Els litle or no notable thing on the shore for so farre. The shore from S. Ives is sore plagued to S. Carantokes with sandes. There dwellith a gentilman of a 50 markes land by yere, caullid Glynne, yn S. Ive’s.

From Mr. Godalcan’s to Trewedenek, about a 4 miles, wher Thomas Godalcan [yonger] sun to Sir Willyam, buildith a praty house, and hath made an exceding fair blo-house mille in the rokky valley therby.

Alle the brookes that cummith from the hilles thereabout gather to[ward] this botom, and go into Lo Poole a 2 [miles beneath.] Lo Poole is a 2 miles in lenght, and betwixt it and the mayn se, is but a barre of sand: and ons in 3 or 4 yeres, what by the wait of the fresch water and rage of the se, it brekith out, and then the fresch and salt water metyng makith a wonderful noise. But sone after, the mouth is barrid again with sande. At other tymes the superfluite of the water of Lo Poole drenith out thorough the sandy barre into the se. If this barre might be alway kept open, it wold be a goodly haven up to Hailestoun. The commune fisch of this pole is trout and ele.

Hailestoun, alias Hellas, stondith on an hill, a good market toun, having a mair and privileges; and coinage twis a yere for tynne blokkes. There hath bene a castelle. One paroch chirch at the north-west ende of the towne. An hospital of S. John yet stonding at the west-southwest of the town, of the foundation of one Kylligrew. The fresch water that goith to Lo Poole cummith down on the west side of the toun, but not even hard by it. Wike Mille water cummith within about half a mile on the east side of the towne.

From Hailstoun to Mogun Bridge, about a 2 miles dim. Thorough this bridge rennith at ebbe a litle brooke that riseth a ―――― miles upper by weste. It ebbith and flowith aboute a mile above this bridge. I saw on the left hand, a litle beside this bridge, the principal arme of Hailford Haven, caullid Wike, the wich flowith about a 3 miles upland by north to Wike Mille; and this arme is beten[49] with 2 litle fresch brokes bering the name of Wyke. A flite shot beyond this bridge I cam to a causey of stone, in the midle whereof was a bridge having but one arche. It flowith above this bridge; and at the ebbe there resortith a broke thourough this bridge, that cummith down from south-weste. A litle beneth these bridges both thes brokes in one run into Wik water. These bridges be a 4 miles or more from the mouth of Heilford Haven. About a 2 miles beneth this confluence rennith up on the est side of the haven a creeke of salt water, caullid Poulpere, and hemmith in a peace of Mr. Reskymer’s Parke at Merdon, so that with this creke, and the main se water of the haven, upon a 3 partes the parke is strenkthyd [surrounded]. Poul Wheverel about half a mile lower, having a brooke resorting to it. There is on the same side half a mile [lower] another creke callid Cheilow, alias Chalmansak. There be 4 crekes, (eche of thes crekes hath a broket resorting to them,) on the south-west side of the haven thus named. Pencastel the first, from the mouth, 4 miles beneth the bridges, whither shipes do resorte; and here is a trajectus from the one side of the haven to the other. This is a mile from the haven mouth, and here the shippes cummunely do ly. [2.] Caullons, half a mile upward. Then [3.] Mogun, a 2 miles higher, wher the bridge is, with the broken stone. S. Mogun’s Chirch upon Mogun Creeke. [4.] Gaire, wher the bridge is, with the causey and one arch, so that this brekith as a creke out of Mogun.

S. Mawnoun chirch, at the very point of the haven on the side toward Falmouth, a se marke. Gelling creeke, agayne S. Mawnoun’s on the other side, hard without the haven mouth. Gilling creke brekith at the hed into 2 crekes.

S. Piranes, alias Keverine, wher the sanctuarie was, a mile from S. Antonies, and not a mile from the main se.

The patronage of S. Antonies longid to Trewardreth. S. Antonies chirch or chapel beside at ―――― sand. S. Antonies standith in the point of the land of Gilling creke, and the mouth of Hailford haven. Mr. Reskimer hath a maner caullid by his own name a mile from Moreden. There hath bene a fair house, but it felle to ruine in tyme of mynde. Mr. Reskimer berith in his armes a wolphe. One of the Reskimers gave land to S. Keverines, for sustentation of certein poore folkes. S. Keverine’s, 2 miles from Gilling creeke, and not a mile from the se. S. Keverine’s longgid to Bewle Abbay in Hampshir, and had a sanctuarie privilegid at S. Keverin’s.

From Gaire bridg to Tremain, wher Mr. Reskimer now dwellith, a good mile. This litle house longgid to Tremain, and in tyme of mynde cam by heire general to one Tretherde. This Tretherde hath, beside, landes and a praty maner place at ―――― John Reskimer’s mother was Tretherth’s [daughter.] There is in Devonshir one of the Tremayns a man of fayre landes.

From Tremayn over Heilford Haven to Morden, where Mr. Reskimer hath a ruinus maner place, and a fair park well woddid; wherof 3 partes is within the principal streme of the haven, and a creke caullid Poole Penrith, hemmid yn. Morden [is] in Constentine paroch.

Then I rode half a mile and more from Morden over the fresch water, that riseth no far distance off yn the hilles, and goith strait into Poulpenrith creeke. About half a mile farther, I rode over an arme of the broke that cummith doun to Poulwitheral creeke; and sone after I rode over the greater arme of the same broke, the salt arme lying in the bottom hard under it.

Then I rode a 4 miles by morey and rokky ground. And then within the space of half a mile, I cam to S. Budocus church. This Budocus was an Irisch man, and cam into Cornewalle, and ther dwellid. A litle from the chirch there enterid betwixt ij hilles on the shore a short creke lyke an havenet, but it was barrid.

And a quarter of a mile farther I cam to Arwennak, Mr. Keligrewis place, stonding on the brimme or shore within Falemouth Haven. This place has been of continuance the auncient house of the Killigrewes. There was another house of the Keligrewis descending out of this, and it was in the toun of Penrine. Now both these houses be joynid yn one.

The very point of the haven mouth, being an hille wheron the King hath builded a castel, is caullid Pendinant, and longgith to Mr. Kiligrewe. It is a mile in cumpace, and is almost environid by the se; and where it is not, the ground is so low, and the cut to be made so litle, that it were insulatid. From S. Mawnon to Pendinas by water a 4 miles.

There lyith a litle cape or foreland within the haven, a mile dim. almost again Mr. Kiligrewis house, called Penfusis. Betwixt this cape and Mr. Kiligrew’s house, one great arme of the haven rennith up to Penrine toun.

Penrine 3 good miles from the very entery of Falmouth haven, and 2 miles from Penfusis. There dwellith an auncient gentilman, callid Trefusis, at this point of Penfusis.

Levine Prisklo, alias Levine Pole, betwixt S. Budocus and Pendinas; it were a good haven but for the barre of sande.

The first creke or arme that castith out on the northwest side of Falemuth, goith up [to] Penrin, and at the ende it brekith into 2 armes, the lesse to the College of Glasenith, i. viridis nidus, or wag-mier, at Penrin; the other to S. Gluvias, the paroch church of Penrine therby.

Out of eche side of Penrine creke, breaketh out an arme or ever it cum to Penrin. Stakes and foundation of stone sette in the creeke at Penrine, afore the toun, a little lower than wher it brekith into armes. A gap in the midle of the stakes, and a chain.

Good wood about the south and west syde of Penrith. One Walter [Brounscombe], Bishop of Excestre, made yn a more caullid Glesnith, in the bottom of a park of his at Penrine, a Collegiate chirch, with a provost, xij prebendaries, and other ministers. This college is strongly wallid and incastellid, having 3 strong towers and gunnes at the but of the creke.

Betwixt the point of land of Trefusis, and the point of Restronget wood, is Milor creek, and there is S. Milor’s church, and beyond the church is a good rode for shippes. Milor creke goith up a mile. Good wood in Restronget.

The next creek beyond the point in Stronget Wood is caullid Restronget, and going ij miles into the land, it brekith into 2 armes; and St. [Feock’s] Church standith in the land betwixt; and on the arme is a stone bridg caullid Carr Bridg in the way thens to Truru. Betwixt Restrongith Creke, and the creke of Truru, be two creekes. Truru Creeke is next, and goith up a 2 miles creking up from the principal streme. This creke brekith withyn half a mile of Truru, and castith yn a creke westward by Newham Wood. This creke of Truru, afore the very toun, is devidid into 2 partes, and eche of them hath a brook cumming doun, and a bridge, and the toun of Truru betwixt them both. The White Freres house was on the west arme, yn Kenwyn streate. Kenwen streat is severid from Truru with this arme; and Clementes streat by est is seperate on the est side from Truru with the other arme. One paroche church in Truru self. Kenwen and Clementes streates hath several chirches, and bere the name of the sainctes of the paroch chirches. Coynage of tynne at Midsomer and Michelmas at Truru. Truru is a borow toun and privilegid. Ther is a castelle a quarter of a mile by west out of Truru, longging to the Earl of Cornwale, now clene doun. The site therof is now usid for a shoting and playing place. Out of the body of Truru creke on the est side, brekith a crek estwarde a mile from Truru, and goith up a mile dim. to Tresilian Bridge of stone. At the entry and mouth of this creeke is a rode for shippes, caullid Maples Rode. Here faught a late xviij sail of Marchant Spaniardes, and 4 shippes of warre of Depe. The Spaniardes chac’d hither the French men.

A mile and a half above the mouth of Truro Creke, caullid La Moran Creke, of the church of S. Moran. This creke goith into the land a quarter of a mile from the maine streme of the haven. The mayne streame goith up 2 miles above Moran creeke, ebbing and flowing; and a quarter of a mile above is the toune of Tregony, vulgo Tregny. Here is a bridge of stone aliquot arcuum apon Fala ryver. Fala river riseth a mile or more off Rochehille, and goith by Granborrow, [“Pons grandis,” i. e. Granpound] wher is a bridge of stone over it. Graunpond, a 4 miles from [Roche,] and 2 litle miles from Tregony. Mr. Tregyon hath a maner place richely begon and amply, but not endid, caullid Wulvedon, alias Goldoun. Fala ryver, is betwixt Graunpond and Tregony.

From Tregony to passe doune by the body of the haven of Falamuth, to the mouth of Lanyhorne creeke or pille on the south-est side of the haven, is a 2 miles. This creke goith up half a mile from the principale streame of the haven.

At the hed of this creeke standith the castelle of Lanyhorne, sumtyme a castel of an 8 toures, now decaying for lak of coverture. It longgid as principal house to the Archedecons. Thes landes descendid by heires general to the best Corbetes of Shropshir, and to Vaulx of Northamptonshir. Vaulx part syns bought by Tregyon of Cornewaul. From Lanyhorne pille is a place or point of land of 40 acres or therabout as a peninsula, and is caullid Ardeuerameur, and is a mile from Lanyhorne creke; and the water or creke that cummith or rennith into the south-south-est part is but a litle thyng, as of an half mile. The creke that hemmith this peninsula up into the land, yn on the west-south-west side, is the mayn land betwixt Crameur creke and this.

From the mouth of the west creke of this peninsula to S. Juste creeke a 4 miles or more. From S. Juste pille or creeke to S. Mauditus creeke is a mile dim.

The point of the land betwixt S. Juste creke and S. Maws is of sum caullid Pendinas, and on this point stondith, as yn the entery of S. Maws creek, a castelle or forteres late begon by the king.

[Vol. iii. p. 46. Inscriptions made [by Leland] at the request of Master Trewry at the Castelle of St. Maw’s.

Henricus Oct. Rex Angl. Franc. et Hiberniæ invictiss. me posuit præsidium Reipubl. terrorem Hostib.

Imperio Henrici, naves, submittite vela.

Semper honos, Henrice, tuus laudesque manebunt.

Edwardus famâ referat factisque parentem.

Gaudeat Edwardo duce nunc Cornubia felix.]

This creke of S. Maws goith up a 2 myles by est-north-est into the land, and so far it ebbith and flowith; and ther is a mylle dryven with a fresch brook that resortith to the creke. Scant a quarter of a mile from the castel on the same side, upper into the land, is a praty village or fischar town with a pere, caullid S. Maw’s; and there is a chapelle of hym, and his chaire of stone a little without, and his welle. They caulle this Sainct there S. Mat ―――― he was a bishop in Britain, and [was] paintid as a scholemaster.

Half a mile from the hedde of this, downward to the haven, is a creke in a corner of a poole with a round mark, made in charte, on the which is a mille grinding with the tyde. A mile beneth that, on the south side enterythe a creke half a mile, and this is barrid by a smaul sand banke from the main sea. A mile beneth this, and almost agayn S. Maw, a creeke or poole goynge up a litle in ―――― at the but of this is a myle. And a celle of S. Antone longging to Plympton Priory, and here, of late dayes, lay 2 chanons of Plympton Priory.

All the crekes of Fala welle woddid.

From S. Antonies Point at the mayn se to Penare Point a 3 miles dim.

Grefe Islet lyith scant half a mile est of Penare, wherein breadeth gullis and other se foules. This Grefe lyith north from the Forne, a point or foreland in Britain, bytwene the wich is the entery of the sleve of the ocean. And betwixt Forne and Grefe is a v. kennynges; and here is breviss. trajectus by estimation from Cornewaulle into Britaines continent.

About a myle by west of Penare is a forte nere the shore in the paroch of S. Geron’s. It is a single dikyd, and within a but shot of the north side of the same apperith an hole of a vault broken up by a plough yn tylling. This vault had an issue from the castelle to the se. And a litle by north of the castelle a 4 or 5 borowes or cast hilles. A mile dim. from this there is another in the syde of an hille ―――― a quarter ―――― from the lordship of ―――― thy, sumtyme the Archdekens, now Corbettes and Tregions.

Dudeman Foreland or Point is about a 3 miles from Grefe. No wood on the very cost from S. Antonies Point to Dudeman. Inward yn the land is some woode ―――― This chapelle land or point is in the park of Bodrugan; and yn this park was the house of Sir Henry Bodrugan, a man of auncient stok, atteyntid for takyng part with King Richard the 3 agayn Henry the 7; and after flying into Ireland, Syr Richard Eggecomb, father to Sir Pers Eggecombe, had Bodrigan and other parcelles of Bodrigan’s landes. And Trevagnon had part of Bodrigan’s landes, as Restronget and Newham, both in Falamuth Haven.

From Chapel land to Pentowen, a sandy bay, witherto fischar bootes repair for a socour, a 2 myles. Here issuith out a praty ryver that cummith from S. Austelles, about a 2 miles dim. off. And there is a bridge of stone of the name of the town. This ryver rennith under the west side of the hille, that, the poore toun of S. Austelles stondith on. At S. Austelles is nothing notable but the paroch chirch.

From Pentowen to the Blake Hedd a mile. There is a fair quarre of whit fre-stone on the shore betwixt Pentowen and Blak Hed, whereof sum be usid in the inward partes of S. Mawe’s forteresse. The residew of morstone and slate. And Pendinas Castelle is of the same stone except the wallinge.

And in the cliffes between the Blak Hed and Tywartraith Bay is a certeyn cave, wheryn apperith thinges lyke images gilted. And also in the same cliffes be vaynis of metalles as coper and other.

There is, a mile from the entery of Tywartraith Bay up yn the land at the but ende of it, a paroch chirch of S. Blase, and ther is a new bridge of stone of the sainctes name over a broke that ther cummith into the bay.

Tywardreth, a praty toun but no market, lyith a quarter of a myle from the est side of the bay. Ther is a paroch chirch, and ther was a priory of blak monkes, a celle sumtyme to a house in Normandy. Sum say Campernulphus was founder of this priory. Sum say that Cardinham was founder. Arundale of Lanhern was of late taken for founder. I saw a tumbe in the west part of the chirch of the priori, with this inscription:

Hæc est Tumba Roberti filii Wilihelmi.

This Robert Fitz William was a man of fair landes tempore Edwardi 3. reg. Ang.

From Tywardreth toun to Fawey town a ij miles. The point of land on the est side of Tywardreth Bay is caullid Penarth Point. From Penarth to the haven mouth of Fawey is a 2 miles. Ther is at the west point of the haven of Fawey Mouth a blok house devised by Thomas Treury,[50] and made partely by his cost, partely by the town of Fawey. A litle higher on this point of the hille is a chapel of S. Catarine. And hard under the roote of this hille a litle withyn the haven mouth, is a litle bay or creke bering the name of Catarine.

About a quarter of a mile upper on this the west side of Fawey haven is a square toure of stone for defence of the haven, made about King Edward the 4. tym; and litle above this tower on the same side is Fawey Town, lying alonge the shore, and builded on the side of a great slatey rokkid hille. In the midle of the toun apon the shore self is a house buildid quadrantly in the haven, which shadowith the shippes in the haven above it from 3 partes of the haven mouth, and defendith them from stormes. The name of the toun of Fawey is in Cornisch Conwhath. It is set on the north side of the haven, and is set hangging on a maine rokky hille, and is in length about a quarter of a mile. The towne longgid to one Cardinham, a man of great fame, and he gave it to Tywartraith Priorie, of the which sum say that Cardinham was founder; sum say Campernulph of Bere. But at this gift Fawey was but a smaul fischar toun. The paroch chirch of Fawey is of S. Fimbarrus, and was impropriate to the priorie of Tywartraith. The glorie of Fawey rose by the warres in King Edward the first and the thirde and Henry the v. day, partely by feates of warre, partely by pyracie, and so waxing riche felle al to marchaundice, so that the town was hauntid with shippes of diverse nations, and their shippes went to all nations. The shippes of Fawey sayling by Rhie and Winchelsey, about Edward the 3. tyme, wold vale no bonet beyng requirid; wherapon Rhy and Winchelsey men and they faught, when Fawey men had victorie, and therapon bare the armes mixt with the armes of Rhy and Winchelsey, and then rose the name of the ‘Gallaunts of Fawey.’ The French men diverse tymes assailid this town, and last most notably about Henry the vj. tyme, when the wife of Thomas Treury the 2. with her men repellid the French out of her house in her housebandes absence. Wherapon, Thomas Treury buildid a right fair and stronge embatelid tower in his house, and embateling all the waulles of the house, in a maner made it a castelle, and onto this day it is the glorie of the town building in Faweye. In Edwarde the 4. day, 2. stronge towers were made a litle beneth the town, one on eche side of the haven, and a chayne to be drawen over. When warre in Edward the 4 dayes seasid bytwene the French men and Englisch, the men of Fawey, usid to pray [spoil], kept their shippes and asaillid the Frenchmen in the sea agayn King Edwardes commandement; wherapon the capitaines of the shippes of Fawey were taken and sent to London, and Dertemouth men commaunded to fetche their shippes away, at which tyme Dertmouth men toke them in Fawy, and toke away, as it is said, the great chein that was made to be drawen over the haven from towre to towre.

From Fawey town end by north in the haven is Chagha mille pille, a litle uppeward on the same side. A good mile above Chagha mille pille is on this west side Bodmyn pille, having [a landing place] for wares, then to be caried to Bodmyn.

A quarter of a mile from Bodmyn creek mouth up into the haven on the same side is Gullant a fischar tounlet.

From Gullant to Lantian pille or creek about half a mile: it goith up but a litle into the land. Lantiant lordship longid to the Erle of Saresbyri. Barret, a man of mene landes, dwellith bytwixt Gullant and Lantient pille.

From Lantiant pille to Bloughan pille or creke nere a mile; it crekith up but a litle.

From Bloughan to Lostwithiel scant a mile on the principal streame of Fawey river. It hath ebbid and flowen above Lostwithiel; but now it flowith not ful to the toun. In Lostwithiel is the shir haul of Cornewaul. Therby is also the coynege haul for tynne. The town is privilegid for a borow; and there is wekely a market on Thursday. Richardus Rex Rom. comes Cornubiæ privilegid this town. The paroch chirch is of S. Barptolome. There comithe a broket from west throghe the side of Lostwithiel, and goith est into Fawey ryver, dividinge Penknek from Lostwithiel.

Penknek is yn Lanleverey paroch.

Carteis, a gentleman of almost an 100 mark land, dwellith betwyxt Bloughan and Penknek by Lostwithiel.

The park of Restormel is hard by the north side of the town of Lostwithiel. Tynne workes in this parke. Good woode in this parke. Ther is a castel on an hil in this park, wher sumtymes the Erles of Cornewal lay. The base court is sore defacid. The fair large dungeon yet stondith. A chapel cast out of it, a newer work then it, and now onrofid. A chapel of the Trinite in the park, not far from the castelle.

The castel of Cardinham, a 4. miles or more by north from Lostwithiel. To this castelle longith many knightes services. Arundale of Lanherne. The Lord Souch, Compton and ―――― partith Cairdinham’s landes.

The ryver of Fawey risith in Fawey more about a 2. miles from Camilford by south, in a very wagmore in the side of an hil. Thens to Draynesbridge, of flat more stones. Thens to Clobham bridg, drownid with sand, ij miles and more. Thens to Lergen bridge of 2 or 3 arches, a mile lower. Thens to Newbridg of stone archid, a 2 miles. Thence to Resprin bridge of stone archid, alias Laprin, about 2 miles. Thens to Lostwithiel bridge of five arches, two miles. A litle above Lostwithiel bridge of stone, the ryver of Fawey brekith into 2 armes; wherof at this day the lesse goith to the ston bridge, the bigger to a wodde bridge even again[st] and but a litle way of from the stone bridge; and after a praty way lower the armes cum again to one botom. The great part of Fawey water is by policie turnid from the ston bridg for choking of it, and for to put the sande of from the botom of the toun. The stone bridge, in tyme of memorie of men lyving, was of arches very depe to the sight; the sande is now cum to within a 4 or 5 feete of the very hedde of them. The sande that cummith from tynne workes is a great cause of this, and yn tyme to cum shaul be a sore decay to the hole haven of Fawey. Barges as yet cum with marchanties within half a mile of Lostwithiel.

From Lostwithiel doun along Fawey ryver to S. Winnous, an abbate chirch, a good myle. By the wich chirch of old tyme enhabitid a gentilman, Joannes de S. Winnoco. After the Lordes Hastinges wer owners of it; and then sold to Guiliam Loures gret-grandfather now lyving. This Lower hath to wife one of the 2 daughters of Thomas Treury. By this chirch is a warfe to make shippes by. Much good wood at S. Ginokes, and on the other side of the haven agayn it. From S. Guinows chirch to the point of S. Winows wood, half a mile. Here goith yn a salt crek half a mile on the est side of the haven, and at the hed of it is a bridge caulled Lerine bridge, and the creke berith also the name of Lerine.

At the north side of this Lerine creke, almost at the hedd, is Teuthey, Laurence Courteneis house. It longgid ons to Stonnard, sins to Cayle, and now last to the Courteneis of the house of Devonshir descendinge. From Lerine creke to S. Carac pille or creeke, about half a mile lower on the said est side of the haven; it goith a mile dim. up into the land.

In midle of this creke on the north side was a litle celle of Saint Cyret and Julette, longging to Montegue Priory. From the mouth of S. Carak pille to Poulmorlande pille about a mile. It goith scant a quarter of a mile up into the lande, and at the hedde goith into 2 armes.

From the mouth of Poulmorlande to Bodenek village half a mile, wher the passage is to Fawey, and from ―――― Mr. Mohun hath a maner place, caullid the Haul, on an hil above this village.

From Bodenek to Pelene Point a quarter of a mile, and here enterith a pille or creeke half a mile up into the land.

At the hed of this pille is a chapel of St. Wilow, and by it is a place caullid Lamelin, lately longging to Lamelin, now to Trelauny by heir general. Trelauny’s house is at Meneheneth by Liscard. On the south side of this creke is the paroch church, caullid Lanteglise juxta Fawey, being the paroch chirch of Bodenek and Poulruan. From the mouth of this creke to Poulruan, a good fischar town, a quarter of a mile. And at this Poulruan toun is a tower of force, marching again the tower on Fawey side. Ther was ons, as it is said, a chaine to go over the haven from tower to toure. The haven mouth of Fawey is a 2 bow shottes of.

The very point of land at the est side of the mouth of this haven, is caullid Pontus crosse, vulgo Paunch crosse.

From Lostwithiel to Castledour, now clene doun, 3 good miles by plentiful ground of corn and grasse. Castledour longgid to the Erle of Sarisbyri.

A mile of is a broken crosse thus inscribed, CONOMOR ET FILIUS CUM DOMINA CLUSILLA.

From Pontus Crosse to Poulpirrhe about a six miles, wher is a little fischar toun and a peere, with a very litle creke and a broke. Ther is a crikket betwixt Poulpirrhe and Low. From Poulpirrhe to Low creke dry at half ebbe a 2 miles. On eche side of the entery of this creke is a toun, the one caullid Est Low, the other West Low.

Est Low is a praty market toun. There is a great bridge of a 12 archis over Low creke, to go from the one toun of Low to the other. Good wood about Low creke.

Ther is a maner place caullid Trelaun about this Low creke, sumtyme Bonvilles, now the Marquise of Dorsetes. Salmon taken yn this creke. Kendale and Code, gentilmen, dwelle yn Morel paroche on the est syde of this creke.

From Low creeke to Seton bridge of stone of a 2 archis, and Setoun ryver a 3 miles.

From Seton to Ramehed, about a 9 miles.

From Fawey over the haven to Bodenek, a fischar town, wherby Mr. Mohun hath a manor place.

Thens a 5 miles by very pleasaunt inclosid ground prately wooddid, plentiful of corn and grasse.

Then a 3 miles by mory and hethy ground.

Then 2 miles by hilly and woddy ground to Liscard.

About half a mile or 1 cam to Liskard, I passid in a wood by a chapel of owr Lady, caullid “our Lady in the Park,” wher was wont to be gret pilgrimage. This chapelle of ease longgith to Liskard, and so doth 2 or 3 more.

Liskard stondith on rokky hilles, and is the best market town at this day in Cornwaul, saving Bodmin. In this toun the market is kept on Monday. The paroch chirch is of S. Martin, stondith on an hil, and is a fair large thing. The personage is impropriate to ――――. Ther was a castel on an hille in the toun side, by north from S. Martin. It is now al in ruine. Fragments and peaces of waulles yet stond. The site of it is magnificent and looketh over al the toun. This castelle was the Erles of Cornwaul. It is now usyd somtym for a pound of cattell. This towne knowledgith fredom and privileges by the gift of Richard King of Romanes, and Erle of Cornewaul. Ther is a goodly conduct in the midle of the town very plentiful of water to serve the town.

From Liskard to Fowey 10.

From Liskard to Launstoun 12 miles.

From Liskard to Lostwithiel 10.

From Liskard to Bodmin 10.

From Liskard to Low Market 7.

From Liskard to S. Germanes a 6 miles.

From Liskard to Plymmouth a 12 miles.

Cumming out of Liskarde, about half a mile, I left Cortyder, a goodly lordship and an old maner place, on the right hond; it is a hunderith pounde by the yere. This is now fawllen onto heir-general in partition. Cotyder, and the lordship of Tregelley, now caullid Minheneth lordship, longgid (as Mr. Trelawney told me) to one Heling or Eling. Cotyder cam after hime, therof named Cotyder ―――― had male ―――― and Cotyder, now Beket hath Cotyder self ――――. Corington and another of them had ――――.

From Liskard to Minheneth 2 miles, wher is a fair large old chirch. The personage of it is impropriate to ――――. From Mynhenet to the ruines of Bodulcan’s place a 2 miles. The maner of Minheneth was sumtime caullid Tregelly, wherof the name and sum ruines yet remaine. Trelawney now lyving, is the 4. of that name that hath be lord of Minheneth. Ther was one Sir John Trelawney, sn auncient gentilman, father to the first Trelawney of Minheneth, but be likelihod he had an elder sun; for Trelawney now living hath none of the landes, but it is descendid to heires generales.

Half a mile off, a great brooke, after the course of a 4 miles, resorting to Liner and S. Germanes creke a this side S. Germanes.

Another broket a quarter of a mile beyond, that resortith to the other.

Thens to Natter Bridge of 2 or 3 archis, 4 miles. It stondith on Liner Ryver. This ryver, as far as I could lerne, riseth by north-est up towardes the quarters of Launstoun.

The soile betwixt Minheneth and Natter bridge very good and enclosid, and metely wel woddyd. From Natter bridge to S. Germanes about a 2 miles.

The town of S. Germanes on the side of Liner as I came to this bridge. S. Germanes is but a poore fischar town. The glory of it stoode by the priory. S. Germanes stondith about a 3 miles in Liner creke from the mayne strond of Tamar haven.

From Liner bridge to Asche aboute a 4 miles by much like grounde. Asche is a praty market toun, and is set from the toppe of a rokky hille, as by west to the roote of the same, and very shore of Tamar haven by este. The tounes men use boothe marchandise and fischar. Thir is a chapel of ease in Asche. The paroch chirch is caullid S. Stephan’s, about half a mile off by south, the personage wherof is impropriate to Windesore College.

By S. Stephanes, and in S. Stephanes paroch is the graunt and auncient castelle of Tremertoun, apon a rokky hille, wherof great peaces yet stond, and especially the dungeon. The ruines now serve for a prison. Great libertees long to this castelle. The Valetortes, men of great possession, wer owners, and, as far as I can gather, builders of this castel, and owners and lordes of the toun of Aische.

These crekes I notid on the west side of Tamar. Fyrst, I markid in sight above Asche toun, a 2 miles or more, the principal arme of Tamar haven going up into the land about a 10 miles from that place to Caulstoke bridge, witherto it almost ebbith and flowith. And shippes cum up within a mile of this bridg to a place caullid Morleham. And this place is but a 3 miles from Tavestoke. Tavestoke is countid to be but 10 miles from Asche to go the next way. Betwixt the 2 miles from Asche to the mayne arme of Tamar in sight I markid, descending in the haven, 3 crekes breking out into the land, wherof the first lyith by north-west creking up into the land. The second lyith west-north-west. The 3 plaine west, and this crekid to the land scant half a mile. Scant a mile lower lyith Liner creke, goyng up onto S. Germanes.

The toune of Asch stondith bytween these 2 crekes. Then brekith a litle creke out caullid John’s or Antony. And at the mouth, about S. Nicholas, brekith in a creek goyng up to Milbrok, 2 miles up in land from the mayn haven. This Milbrok is a riche fischar toun.

Penle, a fore land, lyith 3 miles lower from this creke into the ――――. And the promontorie of Ramehed a mile lower.

Morwel, the Abbat of Tavestok house, about a mile from Morleham.

Tamar a litle from Morwelle.

From Tavestok to Greston bridge a 6 miles, and then a 3 miles to Launston.

Tamar a 2 miles and more from Tavestok.

Calstok bridge, or New Bridge, two miles from Milbrok, the first creeke. S. John the next. Liner the 3. The 4 a litle above Aische. The 5 without fail is the maine streame of Tamar.

From Reddon the land lying south-west on S. Nicholas Isle to Cair Grene, wher Tamar turnith west a 6 miles. Tamar, going a mile west, for the most part after goith north.

Creekes from the mouth of Plym and Tamar upon the est side of the haven.――The Mylle bay. The Stone-house creke. Kaine place creke, wher is a maner place of Mr. Wise’s. The creeke ―――― having a mille at the hed, it is in lenght a 2 miles. A 4 mile upper, a creke going up to Mr. Budokes side, wher is his manor place, and S. Budok chirch. Ther dwellith by this creke also Copston of Warley, a man of xx C. markes of lande as it is saide. Then is the uppermost, wher Tave water cummith onto Tamar. And on the est side of this creeke is Bukland. And on the west side is Bere, wher the Lord Brokes house and park was. Bere is a mile from the creke mouthe. Bukland is a two miles from the creke mouthe. The towne of Plymmouth is about a 3 miles from the passage of Asche. The trajectus self at Asch half a mile.

The ground betwixt the Passage and Plymmouth hath good corn but litle wood. Perse Eggecombe had a manor by Ramehed. Perse Eggecombe hath a goodly house in Cornwalle on Tamar at the mouth of Plimmouth haven.

THE MYDDEL PART OF CORNEWALE. (Vol. vii. fol. 117.)

By the ryver of Tamar from the hedde north-north-est yssuyng owt towarde the sowthe, the contery being hilly, ys fertile of corne and gresse, with sum tynne warkes wrougth by violens of water.

Hengiston, beyng a hy hylle and nere Tamar, yn the est part, baryn of his self, yet is fertile by yelding of tynne both be water and dry warkes.

The myddel of Cornewale to the est part hy montaynes, rochel ground, very baren, with sum tynne warkes yn them.

Cornewal thoroughowt from the east part to the west, nerer to the north part then to the sowth, ys hy montaynes baren ground. Fruteful from Launston to Bodman, yn a drye somer good for pasturage for catel, wyth sum tynne werkes.

Looke for Dosmery Poole almost by S. Annes hille.

From Bodman to Redruthe village, nerer to the north se then to the sowth, be by montaynes, baren also, yelding bare pasture and tynne.

From Redruth to Carne Godolghan the contery ys hylly, very baren of gresse, and plenteful of tynne.

From Lanant to S. Juste, alias Justinian, beyng the very west poynt of al Cornewayle, the north part ys montaynes and baren growne, but plenteful of tynne. The very west poynt, as yt is cawled now in Cornysch, ys Penwolase, id est infimum caput.

THE NORTH PART OF CORNEWALE.

Fro Stratton, not very far from the hedde of Tamar, to Padstow, the contery by the north se ys rather hylle then montaynenius, and is very fertile of gras and corne. And the clives of the sayd northe se, betwne the places aforesayd, hath good fyne blew slates, apt for howse kyveryng, and also hath diverse vaynes of leade and other metalles not yet knowen.

Also abowt Camelford ar certen old mynes, wrought yn tymes past, but of what metalle yt ys now onknowen. Withyn a myle above that poore village sowth, runneth the ryver that goyth ynto the Severn Se at Paddistow, and it is the greatest ryver on the north side of Cornewale, and ys cawled yn the commune spech there Dunmere, and yn the Kyngges grawnt of privilege to the Chanons of Bodmynne, and the burgeses of the same towne, Alan, yt may fortune for Alaune. Sum historyes cawl it Cablan. By this ryver Arture fawght his last field, yn token whereof the people fynd there yn plowyng, bones and harneys.

Wythyn iiii. myles of the sayd Camylford, apon the north clif ys Tintagel, the which castel had be lykekod iii. wardes, wherof ii. be woren away with gulfyng yn of the se, insomuch that yt hath made ther almost an isle, and no way ys to enter ynto hyt now but by long elme trees layde for a bryge; so that now withoute the isle rennith alonly a gate howse a walle, and a fals braye dyged and wallid. In the isle remayne old walles, and in the est part of the same, the ground beyng lower, remayneth a walle embateled, and men alyve saw theryn a postern dore of yren. Ther is in the isle a prety chapel, with a tumbe on the left syde. Ther ys also yn the isle a welle, and ny by the same ys a place hewen owt of the stony grownd to the length and brede of a man. Also ther remayneth yn the isle a grownd quadrant-walled as yt were a garden plot. And by this walle appere the ruines of a vault. The ground of this isle now nuryshyth shepe and conys.

Paddistow, a haven towne of one paroch of fysscher men, wher shyppes cum not yn but at the flowyng water. The grownd by the se cost from Paddestow to Saynct Anne’s Hille, wheron ys no maner of buylding, the ground sumwhat hilly ys fruteful of corn and gresse, but with lytle tynne.

In the est part of Paddestow haven be ii ―――― [ro]kketes that ―――― yth se ――――. The est ―――― ys cawled ―――― tyre, and so ys the land that lyeth agaynst yt.

Apon an viii myles from Paddestou ys a lytle howse of canons secular, cawled Crantoke.

Fro Sainct Anne’s Hil to Lanant, a village, the contery by the north se ys sumwhat hilly, sanday, and baren, and yn sundery places of the same, wel replenyshed with tynne.

By Conarton cummith a rywer, cawllid Dour Conor, and goith to the se, not far from Lanant ryver mouth.

From Lanant by the north se to S. Just, alias Justinian, wher ys no thyng but a paroch chirch and divers sparkeled [i. e. scattered] howses at the west poynt of the shore, cawlid ――――.

In the mouth of the ryver that cummyth by Lanant ys the rokket Godryve, wheryn bredith se fowle.

The ground ys but baren, but yt hath yn divers places good tynne warkes.

By al the north se yn Cornewale be sundry crekes, wher as smawle fisshers’ bootes be drawne up to dry land, and yn fayr wether the inhabitans fysche with the same.

At Paddestow Haven, Lanant, and S. Ives, the balinggars and shyppes ar saved and kept for al weders with keyes or peres.

Dosmery Poole, stonding yn the east part of the same, sumwhat toward the sowth, is of lenght by estimation ii. arow shottes, and of bredth one, stonding on a hille, yn the est part of the which poole ys a vale of xiiii. or xv. fadome depe by estimation, and owt of this poole issueth a ryver, the which runnyng by the space of a myle and a dim. ys of ii. fadome deep, and is cawled Depe Hatche. Looke wher he issueth ynto the se.

Also yn the sayd hilly grownd and mooresch be redde deere, the wich when they be schafed take the sayde poole for soyle.

Ther be of the Isles of Scylley CXLVII, that bare gresse (besyde blynd rokkettes) and they be by estimation a xxx myles from the west part of Cornewale. In the byggest isle of the Scylleys, cawled S. Nicholas Isle, ys a litle pyle or fortres, and a paroch chyrche, that a monke of Tavestoke yn peace doth serve as a membre to Tavestoke Abbay. Ther be yn that paroch abowt a lx. howseholdes. Ther is one isle of the Scylleys cawled Rat Isle, yn the which be so many rattes, that yf horse or any other lyving beast be browght thyther they devore hym. Ther is another cawled Bovy Isle. Ther is another cawled Inisschawe, that is to sey the Isle of Elder, by cause it berith stynkkyng elders. There be wild bores or swyne.

From S. Just to Newlin eastward the grownd ys sumwhat hilly and fertyle of gresse, with tynne werkes both weete and dry, without havyn or creeke, savyng yn dyvers places ther remayne capstaynes, lyke engins as shyppes doth way ther ancres by, wherwith they draw ther bootes up to dry land, and fisch but yn fayr wether.

Also yn the sowth-west poynt betwyxt S. Just and Newlyn ys a poynt or a promontory almost envyronid with the se, wheryn ys nothyng but as yt were a hil enclustered with rokkes as yt had bene yn tymes past a castel, (Castel Treuyne) and for the declaration therof there remayne yet toward the land ii. wardes clene fawllen downe, but the stones of them remayne ther very fayre and well quadrated. The ruine of the fortelet yn the poynt ys at thys day a hold irrecuperable for the fox.

Ther lyith betwixt the sowth west and Newlyn a myle or more off the se, S. Buryens, a sanctuary, wherby, as nere to the chyrch, be not above viii. dwellyng howses. Ther longeth to S. Buryens a deane and a few prebendarys, that almost be nether [never?] ther. And S. Buryens ys a iiii. myles fro the very sowth-west poynt.

Newlin ys a poore fischar towne, and hath alonly a key for shippes and bootes, with a lytle socur of land water. Within a arow shoot of the sayd key or pere, lyith directly a lytle low island, with a chapel yn yt. And this lytle islet bereth gresse.

Mowsehole ys a praty fyschar town yn the west part of Montes-bay, lying hard by the shoore, and hath no savegarde for shyppes, but a forced pere. Also yn the bay be est the same towne ys a good roode for shyppes, cawled Gnaves Lake.

Pensants, abowt a myle fro Mowsehole, stonding fast in the shore of Mont-bay, ys the westest market towne of al Cornwayle, and no socur for botes or shyppes, but a forsed pere or key. Ther is but a chapel yn the sayd towne as ys yn Newlyn. For theyr paroche chyrches be more then a myle off.

Marhasdeythyou, [Marketjew,] alias forum Jovis, ys a fischar towne, with a market, and standeth fast apon the shore of the bay, directly agaynst the foote of S. Michael’s Mont northward.

In Marhasdeythyow ys but a poore chapel yn the mydde of the poore town, and a lytle chapel yn the sand nere by the towne toward the Mont. Be the west end of the towne ys a lake, or a rivulus, the hedde wherof risith withyn a myle of Lanant northwordde fro Marhesdeythyou. Betwyxt the hedd of this rivulus and the nerest part of the ryver of Heyle, that cummeth yn to the se at Lanant is not a myle. And the grownd of bred [breadth] betwene the ful se marke at forum Jovis, and the ful se marke of Lanant ryver, is not ii. myles.

The cumpace of the roote of the mont of S. Michael is not dim. myle abowt. The sowth-sowth-est part of the mont is pasturable and breedith conys. The resydue hy and rokky. In the north-north-est ys a garden with certen howses with shoppes for fischar men. The way to the chyrche enteryth at the north syd from half heb to half fludde to the foote of the mont, and so ascendeth by steppes and greces westward, and thens returneth estward to the utter ward of the chyrch. Withyn the sayd ward is a court strongly walled, wheryn on the sowth syde is the chapel of S. Michael, and yn the east syde a chapel of our Lady. The capytaynes and prestes lodginges be yn the sowth syde, and the west of S. Mich. chapel. The Mont is enclosid with the se fro dim. flud to dim. ebbe; otherwyse men may cum to the Mont afoote. Ther be found from the inward part of the ―――― yvers ―――― re stones ―――― wes and ―――― ois v miles ―――― the se. In the bay betwyxt the Mont and Pensants be fownd neere the lowe-water marke rootes of trees yn dyvers places, as a token of the grownde wasted. The cumpace of the bay ys from Lyzart poynt to Newlyn abowt a xx. myles.

Wythyn iii. myles of Lyzart Poynt ys a lytle isle withyn the bay, cawled Inispriuen, and conteyneth ii. acres of grownd, wheryn be byrddes and conies. The ground fro Newlin to Loo Poole by the sowth se ys not very fertile, but hath good tynne workes. Fro the poynt of Lyzart to Hayleford haven the grownd is fertile of corn and gresse by the sowth se. Also wythyn iii. myles of the sowth se betwene Haylford and the est syde of Montes-bay is a wyld moore, cawled Gunhilly, i. e. hilly hethe, wher ys brood of catayle. Also yn the west syde of the poynt of Hayleford haven, and withyn the land of Meneke or Menegland, is a paroch chirch of S. Keveryn, otherwis Piranus; and ther is a sanctuary with x. or xii. dwelling howses, and therby was a sel [cell] of monkes, but now goon home to ther hed hows. The ruines of the monastery yet remenith.

Wythyn ii myles of the hedde of the ful se marke of Heyle ryver ys Heylston, a market town, withyn the which ther is a cowrt for the coynage of tynne kept twys yn the yeer. Yn the town is both a chapel and a paroch, and yet apperith in the town vestigia castelli yn the west part. And a ryver runnyng under the same vestigia of the castel yssueth toward the sowthe see, stopped ther with sowth-est wyndes casting up sandes maketh a poole cawled Loo, of an arow shot yn brede, and a ii. myle in cumpas yn the somer; in the wynter, by reason of fluddes, flowing to Heylston toun; wherby the mylles ner Heylston beyng stopped, men be constrayned to cut the sandy banke betwyxt the mowth of the poole and the se, wherby the water may have yssne, and the mylles grynd, by the which gut so opened, the se floweth and ebbeth yn to the poole, wherby se fysch enteryng with a sowth-est winde ys closed yn the poole, the gut beyng agayn choked and fylled with sand, and so after taken with trowtes and eles drawen yn the same poole.

The cowntery fro Newlyn to Heylston ys meetely fertyle of gresse and corn, and plentuus of tynne by the sowth se. Fro the mowthe of Heylford to Falemuth be water ys iiii. myles.

Falemuth ys a havyn very notable and famose, and yn a maner the most principale of al Britayne; for the chanel of the entre hath be space of ii. myles ynto the land xiiii. fadum of depes, which communely ys caullyd Caryk-rood, by cawse yt ys a sure herboro for the greatest shyppes that travayle be the ocean. At the entre of the haven lyith a blynd roke covered at ful see nerer the west side of the haven then the east, cawled Caregroyne, i. e. Insula vel rupes potius vitulorum marinorum, alias Seeles. Seles when they cast theyr calves, they cum to lond, and lay theyr fœtum in a dry banke, the which they may com to, and ther they suffer theyr fœtum to tary a whyle or they bring hym to the se. In the est syde of the sayde haven entereth a creek flowing by the space of ii. myles ynto land, and ys fed at the hedde with fresche water. Apon the sowthe syde of this creke ys a selle longing to the howse of Plymton, cawled S. Antony’s, having but ii. chanous. On the very north shoore of the sayd creeke towardo the havyn’s mowth ys a poor fischar village, called S. Mausa, alias la Vausa; and nygh to this village toward the same haven ys a fortelet lately buylded by the contery for the defens of the haven. In the west syde of the haven is a creeke that flowith up fro the haven’s mowth ynto the land above iii. myles, at the very hedd of the which standeth a prety town of marchandyse and vytayle market. Withyn the towne ys a colleg wel walled and dyked defensabley cawled S. Thomas, wher be seculer chanons and a provost. Also yn the towne ys a chapel, and a quarter of a myle owt of the town ys the paroch chyrch; also viii. myles and more above the sayd haven’s mowth is a market towne est-north-est, cawled Trureu, wheryn is a mayre, and also coynag for tynne, with a paroch chyrch and a blake freers. Also on the sowth-est syde, at the hedde of the olde ful-se marke of Falemuth, is a market toune xii myles. and more up ynto land, cawled Tregoney, wheryn is an old castel and a paroch chyrch of S. James, standing in a more by the castel, also a ch[apel?] standing yn the myddes of the towne; and at the est end of the town a paroch chyrche.

S. Austol’s, a poore village with a paroche chyrch, is vi. myles east fro Tregoney.

Trewardreth Bay hath at the hedde on the est side a poore village with a paroche chyrch, and a priory yn the same town of Cluny monkes.

From Falemuth to Trewardreth by the sowth se the ground is metely fertyle of corn and gresse, and no tyn werkes from Falemuth to Dudman Foreland.

In the mydde way betwene Falemuth and Dudman is an islet or roke beryng gresse, cawled Grefe, a ii. acres about, but standyng yn the myddes torring upright. Ther bredeth yn the isle se fowle.

Fro Dudman Foreland to Trewardreth, the contre sumwhat baren of gresse and corne, and replenishid with tynne werkes, with vaynes yn the se clyves of coper. From Trewardreth to Fowey town ys ii. myles. Bytwene thes townes by the sowth se ther is plenty of corn and gresse, but no tynne werkes.

The town of Fowey ys a market town, walled defensably to the se cost, and hath gates also. Yn the town is but one chyrche, but the howses of the towne be well buylded of stone and yl enhabited. Also at the entery of the haven on the west syd is a blokke howse and a chapel of S. Catarine, be the same. Also ther is on the same syd a towre with ordenans for defens of the haven.

On the west syde, a ii. myles up yn the haven, ys a fyssher towne cawled Gullant.

At the hedd of the ful se marke of this haven, and a quarter of a mile more, is the toune of Lostwhythyel, havyng a market, and ys the shyre towne of Cornewal. For ther the shyre is kept by the shryfe ons yn the moneth. Also at this town is quynag of tynne twys a yere. And by the shyre hawle appere ruines of auncyent buyldinges. It is evydently knowen that yt hath flowed to Lostwhythiel; but the spuing of the sandes of the tynne werkes hath stoppe yt now. The litle rownd castel of Restormel standith in the kinges parke ny to Lostwithiel. At the est syde of the haven’s mowth of Fowey stondith a towr for the defens therof, and a chapel of S. Savyor a lytle above the same. Ny by the sayd towr standith a fysshar village, cawled Polruan.

A myle beyond Polruen on the est syde of the same haven, stondith a poore fisshar village, caullid Bodennek, Ther is the passage or trajectus to Fowey.

ii. myles above Bodennek ynto the land northward is a creke apon the north syde, wheryn ys a sel of ii. blake monkes of Montegu, and is dedicat to S. Sirice and Julit.

By est the haven of Fowey apon a iiii. myles ys a smawle creke, cawled Poul Pier, and a symple and poore village apon the est syde of the same, of fisshar men, and the bootes ther fishing by, saved by a peere or key.

In the est syde also of this Poul Pyrre, ii. myles of, is another creke cawled Loow, being but a tyde creke. For at low water benethe the bridge a man may both wade and ryde over in the somer. Ther is on eyther side of this smaule creke a smaule fissher villag hard on the se shore, the one cawlled Est and the other West Loow, Est Loowe being a market towne, and yn eyther of them a chapel. Also yn the sayde creekes mouth, neere sumwhat to the sowthe-west, is a lowe isle cauled S. Nicholas Isle, not a quarter of a myle far the mayn shore, and conteyneth a vi. or viii. acres in cumpace, and fedeth shepe and conies, nurishing also broode of se byrdes. Ther is a bridg sumwhat above thes ii. vyllages of x. or xii. stone arches, over the which men passe when the se ys yn.

Fro Fowey haven to Lowe creeke the grownd ny the see syde ys very fertile of corne and gresse, and no tynne werkes.

From Loowe Creke to Tamar ys a xii. myles toward the towne of Plymmuth. Yn the west syde of Tamar, withyn iii. myles of the haven muth of Tamar, is a symple fisshar towne called Mylbrooke. Also apon another creke west of the sayd ryver, and nerer up, is a towne cawled S. Germayns, wherin is now a priori of Blake Chanons, and a paroche chirche yn the body of the same. Beside the hye altare of the same priory on the right hand ys a tumbe in the walle with an image of a bishop; and over the tumbe a xi. bishops paynted with their names and verses as token of so many bishoppes biried there, or that ther had beene so many bishoppes of Cornwalle that had theyr seete theer. And at this day the bishop of Exceter hathe a place cauled Cudden Beke, joyning hard apon the sowth-est side of the same toun.

North-est of S. Germaynes, vi. myles apon the ryver of Tamar, is a market town cawled Asshe. And neere to the same, westward withyn ii. myles, ys a rownd castel of the kinges, cawled Trematon, as a man showld say the secund forteres on Tamar. At the towne of Asshe is a passage or fery of a quarter of a myle over.

Also ii. myles fro Asshe northward ynto the land is a smaul village cawled Caregrin. Est of this is Bere Parke and hous in Devonshire, dividid from Caregrin tantum Tamara.

From Low to Tamar by the sowth se the grownd is fertile of corn and gresse, but withowt tynne warkes.

Launston, otherwys cawlled Lostephan, yn old tyme cawlled Dunevet, stondith ii. myles beyownd Powlston Bridge on Tamar westward. The sayde town Dunevet, otherwise Lawnston, is a walled towne ny yn cumpas a myle, but now ruinus. On the north side of the towne a castel stonding on a hye hille withyn the sayd towne, hath iii. rownde wardes. Part of the castel stonding northwest, ys parcel of the walle of the town. Ther be withyn this town iii. gates and a postern; also a gate to go owt of the castel ynto the old parke. Sum gentelmen of Cornewal hold ther landes by castel-gard, that ys to say for reparation of this castel and towne; and withyn this castel ys a chapel, and a hawle for syses and sessions, for a commune gayle for al Cornwayle is yn this castel. Withyn this towne is a market, a mayre and burgesses, with a chapel of Mary Magdalen to theyr uses.

In a vale at the foote of the hil of the sayde town, abowt an arow shot fro the castel northward, is a priory of chanons regular dedicate to St. Stephan.

North-est, almost half a myle of the sayde priory, is a lytle village apon a hille, and a paroche chirche of S. Stephen yn yt. The opinion is that the chanons first dwelled on this hille, and cam thens downe to a better and a warmer site. In the priory chirche yarde standeth also a paroche chyrche.

The wall of Dunevet ys hy, larg, and strong, and defensably set.

By the north side of the priory runneth a litle ryver.

In Dunevet be ii. conduites of derived water.

[44] Again noticed thus: “Ther lay buryed before the high altare in a high tumbe of a very darkesche gray marble, one Thomas Veviane, Prior of Bodmyn and Suffragane Megarerutis Episcopus. He dyed not long sins,” Vol. iii. fol. 1.

[45] In the margin are the following notes on the Arundells:

“Humfre Arundale, a man of mene landes, brother to old Arundale of Lanheron.

“Humfre Arundale, a man of mene landes, nephew to Arundale.

“Sir John Arundale, sun and heir to Arundale of Lanheron.

“Syr Thomas Arundale, brother to Sir John.

“―――― Arundal, brother to Syr John and Thomas, hath land of his father’s ――――e.

“Arundale, of ―――― in Falmuth haven, cum out of the house of Lanheron. Cariehayes, where Trevagnion now dwellith, was once the Arundalles.”

[46] In the margin are the following notes on the Vivians:

“Vivian’s grandfather was a man of mene land.

“Vivian’s father was a galant Courtier set forth by Somerset Lord Herbert.

“Vivian now being heir, hath sum more land then his father had, and yet he hath scant an hunderith markes by yere.

“This Vivian hath an uncle, a lawier, a man of mene landes.

“The heir of the eldest house of the Vivians is now lord of Tredine Castelle at the southe-west pointe of Cornewal.

“There was found, in hominum memoria, digging for the fox, a brase [pot] ful of Roman mony.”

[47] Market-jew or Marazion.

[48] In a side note “Cenor, and of sum caullid Kenor, ubi pauca vel nulla vestigia.”

[49] That is, fed or supplied: as a fire was fed with betars.

[50] Leland repeats this statement: “Thomas Treury now living made a blocke house on S. Catarine’s Hill bottome.” Hearne’s edit. vol. iii. p. 34, note.

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Appendix

VIII.

DRAYTON’S POLY-OLBION.――CORNWALL.

MICHAEL DRAYTON was born of a gentleman’s family in Warwickshire in the year 1563. His ancestors are said to have migrated from Drayton in Lancashire.

Michael exhibited a strong genius for poetry at an early age. He studied at Oxford, but without taking a degree. In 1588 he appears to have served in a military capacity; as he describes the glorious victory over the Invincible Armada, as seen by himself, from the shore near Dover. He died in 1631, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.

Mr. Drayton was a very voluminous writer of Poetry. We have from him――

Heroic Epistles after the model of Ovid. The Barons’ Wars in the Reign of Edward the Second. The Battle of Agincourt. The Shepherd’s Garland. Elegies. The Man in the Moon, the Owl, Odes, and various other small Poems.

But his greatest work is the Poly-Olbion, in twenty Cantos or Songs, of which the first is here given, with the Author’s Notes or Illustrations, as it contains a description of Cornwall, commencing with a Dialogue between St. Michael’s Mount and the Bar of Hayle, which must have passed immediately over Tredrea the Editor’s House.

The singular title of his great work is derived from the Greek Πόλυς many and also very; and Ολβιὸς happy; some neuter substantive understood, perhaps the Latin Regnum; and founded on one of the idle fancies current in the middle ages, which derived Albion (a name of this island) in some way or another from Ολβιὸς.

* * * * *

Michael Drayton commences his national poem with the western point of the Country, and his First Song is as follows:

THE ARGUMENT.

_The sprightly Muse her wing displays, And the French islands first surveys; Bears up with Neptune, and in glory Transcends proud Cornwal’s promontory; There crowns Mount-Michael, and descries How all those riverets fall and rise; Then takes in Tamer, as she bounds The Cornish and Devonian grounds. And whilst the Devonshire nymphs relate Their loves, their fortunes, and estate, Dert undertaketh to revive Our Brute, and sings his first arrive: Then northward to the verge she bends, And her first song at Ax she ends._

Of Albion’s glorious isle the wonders whilst I write, The sundry varying soils, the pleasures infinite, (Where heat kills not the cold, nor cold expells the heat, The calms too mildly small, nor winds too roughly great, Nor night doth hinder day, nor day the night doth wrong, The summer not too short, the winter not too long,) What help shall I invoke to aid my muse the while? Thou Genius of the place (this most renowned isle) Which lived’st long before the all-earth-drowning flood, Whilst yet the world did swarm with her gigantic brood, Go thou before me still thy circling shores about, And in this wand’ring maze help to conduct me out: Direct my course so right, as with thy hand to show Which way thy forests range, which way thy rivers flow; Wise Genius, by thy help that so I may descry How thy fair mountains stand, and how thy vallies lie; From those clear pearly cliffs which see the morning’s pride, And check the surly imps of Neptune when they chide, Unto the big-swoln waves in the[51] Iberian stream, Where Titan still unyokes his fiery-hoofed team, And oft his flaming locks in luscious nectar steeps, When from Olympus’ top he plungeth in the deeps: That from[52] th’ Armoric sands, on surging Neptune’s leas, Through the Hibernic gulf (those rough Vergivian seas) My verse with wings of skill may fly a lofty gait, As Amphitrite clips this island fortunate, Till through the sleepy main to[53] Thuly I have gone, And seen the frozen isles, the cold[54] Deucalidon, Amongst whose iron rocks grim Saturn yet remains, Bound in those gloomy caves with adamantine chains. Ye sacred[55] bards, that to your harps’ melodious strings Sung th’ ancient Heroes’ deeds (the monuments of Kings) And in your dreadul verse ingrav’d the prophecies, The aged world’s descents and genealogies; If, as those[56] Druids taught, which kept the British rites, And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites (But their opinions fail’d, by error led awry, As since clear truth hath shew’d to their posterity) When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake, They instantly again do other bodies take; I could have wisht your spirits redoubled in my breast, To give my verse applause to time’s eternal rest. Thus scarcely said the Muse, but hovering while she hung Upon the[57] Celtic wastes, the sea-nymphs loudly sung: ‘O ever-happy isles, your heads so high that bear, ‘By nature strongly fenc’d, which never need to fear ‘On Neptune’s watry realms when Eölus raiseth wars, ‘And every billow bounds, as though to quench the stars: ‘Fair Jersey first of these here scatter’d in the deep, ‘Peculiarly that boasts thy double-horned sheep: ‘Inferior nor to thee, thou Guernsey, bravely crown’d ‘With rough-embattled rocks, whose venom-hating ground ‘The hard’ned emeril hath, which thou abroad dost send: ‘Thou Ligon her belov’d, and Serk, that doth attend ‘Her pleasure every hour; as Jethow, them at need, ‘With pheasants, fallow deer, and conies that dost feed: ‘Ye seven small sister isles, and Sorlings, which to see ‘The half-sunk sea-man joys; or whatsoe’er you be, ‘From fruitful Aurney, near the ancient Celtic shore, ‘To Ushant and the Seams, whereas those nuns of yore ‘Gave answers from their caves, and took what shapes they please: ‘Ye happy islands set within the British seas, ‘With shrill and jocund shouts, th’unmeasur’d deeps awake, ‘And let the Gods of sea their secret bowr’s forsake, ‘Whilst our industrious muse Great Britain forth shall bring, ‘Crown’d with those glorious wreaths that beautify the spring; ‘And whilst green Thetis’ nymphs, with many an amorous lay ‘Sing our invention safe unto her long-wisht bay.’ Upon the utmost end of Cornwal’s furrowing beak, Where[58] Bresan from the land the tilting waves doth break; The shore let her transcend, the[59] promont to descry, And view about the point th’ unnumbred fowl that fly; Some rising like a storm from off the troubled sand, Seem in their hov’ring flight to shadow all the land; Some sitting on the beach to prune their painted breasts, As if both earth and air they only did possess; Whence climbing to the cliffs, herself she firmly sets The bourns, the brooks, the becks, the rills, the rivulets, Exactly to derive; receiving in her way That streightned tongue of land, where at Mount-Michael’s bay, Rude Neptune cutting in, a cantle forth doth take; And on the other side, Hayle’s vaster mouth doth make A[60] chersonese thereof, the corner clipping in; Where to th’industrious Muse the Mount doth thus begin: ‘Before thou further pass, and leave this setting shore, ‘Whose towns unto the saints that lived here of yore ‘(Their fasting, works and pray’rs, remaining to our shames) ‘Were rear’d, and justly call’d by their peculiar names, ‘The builders honour still; this due and let them have, ‘As deign to drop a tear upon each holy grave; ‘Whose charity and zeal, instead of knowledge stood: ‘For surely in themselves they were right simply good. ‘If credulous too much, thereby th’ offended heaven, ‘In their devout intents yet be their sins forgiven.’ Then from his rugged top the tears down trickling fell; And in his passion stirr’d, again began to tell Strange things, that in his days time’s course had brought to pass: That forty miles now sea, sometimes firm fore-land was; And that a forest then, which now with him is flood, Whereof he first was call’d the Hoar-rock in the wood; Relating then how long this soil had laid forlorn, As that her Genius now had almost her forsworn, And of their ancient love did utterly repent, Sith to destroy herself that fatal tool she lent, To which th’ insatiate slave her intrails out doth draw, That thrusts his gripple hand into her golden maw; And for his part doth wish, that it were in his pow’r To let the ocean in, her wholly to devour. Which Hayle doth overhear, and much doth blame his rage; And told him (to his teeth) he doated with his age. For Hayle (a lusty nymph, bent all to amorous play, And having quick recourse into the Severn sea, With Neptune’s pages oft disporting in the deep; One never touch’d with care, but how herself to keep In excellent estate) doth thus again intreat; ‘Muse, leave the wayward Mount to his distemper’d heat, ‘Who nothing can produce but what doth taste of spight, ‘I’ll shew thee things of ours most worthy thy delight. ‘Behold our diamonds here, as in the quarrs they stand, ‘By nature neatly cut, as by a skilful hand, ‘Who varieth them in forms, both curiously and oft; ‘Which for she (wanting power) produceth them too soft, ‘That virtue which she could not liberally impart, ‘She striveth to amend by her own proper art. ‘Besides the sea-holm here, that spreadeth all our shore, ‘The sick-consuming man so powerful to restore, ‘Whose root th’ eringo is, the reins that doth inflame, ‘So strongly to perform the Cytheræan game, ‘That generally approv’d both far and near is sought; ‘And our Main-Amber here, and Burien trophy, thought ‘Much wrong’d, nor yet prefer’d for wonders with the rest.’ But the laborious muse, upon her journey prest, Thus uttereth to herself; ‘To guide my course aright, ‘What mound or steddy mere is offered to my sight, ‘Upon this out-strecht arm, whilst sailing here at ease, ‘Betwixt the southern waste, and the Sabrinian seas, ‘I view those wanton brooks, that waxing still do wane; ‘That scarcely can conceive, but brought to bed again; ‘Scarce rising from the spring, (that is their natural mother) ‘To grow into a stream, but buried in another.’ When Chore doth call her on, that wholly doth betake Herself unto the Loo; transform’d into a lake, Through that impatient love she had to entertain The lustful Neptune oft; whom when his wracks restrain, Impatient of the wrong, impetuously he raves: And in his rageful flow, the furious King of waves Breaks foaming o’er the beach, whom nothing seems to cool, Till he have wrought his will on that capacious pool: Where Menedge, by his brooks, a[61] chersonese is cast, Widening the slender shore to ease it in the waste; A promont jutting out into the dropping south, That with his threatning cliffs in horrid Neptune’s mouth, Derides him and his pow’r: nor cares how him he greets. Next Roseland (as his friend, the mightier Menedge) meets Great Neptune when he swells, and rageth at the rocks (Set out into those seas) inforcing through his shocks Those arms of sea that thrust into the tinny strand, By their meandred creeks indenting of that land, Whose fame by every tongue is for her minerals hurl’d, Near from the mid-day’s point, thro’ out the western world. Here Vale a lively flood, her nobler name that gives To[62] Falmouth; and by whom it famous ever lives, Whose entrance is from sea so intricately wound, Her haven angled so about her harb’rous sound, That in her quiet bay a hundred ships may ride, Yet not the tallest mast be of the tall’st descry’d; Her bravery to this nymph when neighbouring rivers told, Her mind to them again she briefly doth unfold: ‘Let[63] Camel of her course and curious windings boast, ‘In that her greatness reigns sole mistress of that coast ‘Twixt Tamer and that bay, where Hayle pours forth her pride, ‘And let us (nobler nymphs) upon the mid-day side ‘Be frolic with the best. Thou Foy, before us all, ‘By thine own named town made famous in thy fall, ‘As Low amongst us here; a most delicious brook, ‘With all our sister nymphs, that to the noonsted look, ‘Which gliding from the hills, upon the tinny ore, ‘Betwixt your high-rear’d banks, resort to this our shore; ‘Lov’d streams, let us exult, and think ourselves no less ‘Than those upon their side, the setting that possess.’ Which Camel over-heard: but what doth she respect Their taunts, her proper course that loosly doth neglect? As frantic, ever since her British Arthur’s blood, By Mordred’s murtherous hand was mingled with her flood. For as that river best might boast that conqueror’s breath, So sadly she bemoans his too untimely death; Who after twelve proud fields against the Saxon fought, Yet back unto her banks by fate was lastly brought: As though no other place on Britain’s spacious earth Were worthy of his end, but where he had his birth: And careless ever since how she her course doth steer, This mutt’reth to herself, in wand’ring here and there: ‘Even in the aged’st face, where beauty once did dwell, ‘And nature (in the least) but seemed to excell, ‘Time cannot make such waste, but something will appear, ‘To shew some little tract of delicacy there, ‘Or some religious work, in building many a day, ‘That this penurious age hath suffer’d to decay; ‘Some limb or model dragg’d out of the ruinous mass, ‘The richness will declare in glory whilst it was: ‘But time upon my waste committed hath such theft, ‘That it of Arthur here scarce memory hath left.’ The Nine-ston’d trophy thus whilst she doth entertain, Proud Tamer swoops along with such a lusty train, As fits so brave a flood, two countries that divides: So to increase her strength, she from her equal sides, Receives their several rills; and of the Cornish kind, First taketh Atre in; and her not much behind Comes Kensey: after whom, clear Enjan in doth make, In Tamer’s roomthier banks, their rest that scarcely take. Then Lyner, tho’ the while aloof she seem’d to keep, Her sovereign when she sees t’ approach the surgeful deep, To beautify her fall, her plenteous tribute brings; This honours Tamer much, that she whose plenteous springs Those proud aspiring hills, Bromwelly and his friend High Rowtor, from their tops impartially commend, And is by[64] Carew’s muse the river most renown’d, Associate should her grace to the Devonian ground, Which in those other brooks doth emulation breed. Of which, first Car comes crown’d with ozier, segs and reed: Then Lid creeps on along, and taking Thrushel, throws Herself amongst the rocks; and so incavern’d goes, That of the blessed light (from other floods) debarr’d, To bellow underneath she only can be heard, As those that view her tract, seems strangely to affright: So Toovy straineth in; and Plym, that claims by right. The christning of that bay, which bears her nobler name. Upon the British coast[65] what ship yet ever came That not of Plymouth hears, where those brave navies lie, From cannons thund’ring throats that all the world defy? Which to invasive spoil, when th’ English list to draw, Have check’d Iberia’s pride, and held her oft in awe. Oft furnishing our dames with India’s rar’st devices, And lent us gold, and pearl, rich silks, and dainty spices. But Tamer takes the place, and all attend her here, A faithful bound to both; and two that be so near For likeliness of soil, and quantity they hold, Before the Roman came; whose people were of old Known by one general name, upon this point that dwell, All other of this isle in wrestling that excell: With collars be they yok’d to prove the arm at length, Like bulls set head to head, with meer deliver strength; Or by the girdles graspt, they practise with the hip, The[66] forward, backward, falx, the mar, the turn, the trip, When stript into their shirts, each other they invade Within a spacious ring, by the beholders made, According to the law. Or when the ball to throw, And drive it to the goal, in squadrons forth they go; And to avoid the troops their forces that fore-lay, Through dikes and rivers make, in this robustious play; By which the toils of war most lively are exprest. But, Muse, may I demand, Why these of all the rest, (As mighty Albion’s eld’st) most active are and strong? From[67] Corin came it first, or from the use so long? Or that this fore-land lies farth’st out into his sight, Which spreads his vigorous flames on every lesser light? With th’ virtue of his beams, this place that doth inspire, Whose pregnant womb prepar’d by his all-powerful fire, Being purely hot and moist, projects that fruitful seed, Which strongly doth beget, and doth as strongly breed: The well-disposed heaven here proving to the earth A husband furthering fruit, a midwife helping birth. But whilst th’ industrious Muse thus labours to relate Those rillets that attend proud Tamer and her state, A neighbourer of this nymph’s, as high in fortune’s grace, And whence calm Tamer trips, clear Towridge in that place Is poured from the spring, and seems at first to flow That way which Tamer strains; but as she great doth grow, Rememb’reth to foresee what rivals she should find To interrupt her course; whose so unsettled mind Ock coming in perceives, and thus doth her perswade: ‘Now Neptune shield, bright nymph, thy beauty should be made ‘The object of her scorn, which (for thou can’st not be ‘Upon the southern side so absolute as she) ‘Will awe thee in thy course. Wherefore, fair flood, recoil, ‘And where thou may’st alone be sov’reign of the soil, ‘There exercise thy pow’r, thy braveries and display: ‘Turn, Towridge, let us back to the Sabrinian sea, ‘Where Thetis’ handmaids still, in that recourseful deep, ‘With those rough Gods of sea continual revels keep; ‘There may’st thou live admir’d, the mistress of the lake.’ Wise Ock she doth obey, returning, and doth take The Taw; which from her fount forc’d on with amorous gales, And eas’ly ambling down through the Devonian dales, Brings with her Moul and Bray, her banks that gently bathe; Which on her dainty breast, in many a silver swathe, She bears unto that bay where Barstaple beholds How her beloved Taw clear Towridge there enfolds. The confluence of these brooks divulg’d in Dertmoor, bred Distrust in her sad breast, that she so largely spread, And in this spacious shire the near’st the center set Of any place of note, that these should bravely get The praise from those that sprung out of her pearly lap: Which, nourish’d and bred up at her most plenteous pap, No sooner taught to dade, but from their mother trip, And in their speedy course strive others to outstrip. The Yalm, the Awn, the Aum, by spacious Dertmoor fed, And in the southern sea b’ing likewise brought to bed; That these were not of power to publish her desert, Much griev’d the ancient Moor; which understood by Dert (From all the other floods that only takes her name, And as her eld’st, in right the heir of all her fame) To shew her nobler spirit it greatly doth behove. ‘Dear mother, from your breast this fear (quoth she) remove; ‘Defy their utmost force; there’s not the proudest flood, ‘That falls betwixt the Mount and Exmore, shall make good ‘Her royalty with mine, with me nor can compare: ‘I challenge any one to answer me that dare; ‘That was, before them all, predestinate to meet ‘My Britain-founding Brute, when with his puissant fleet ‘At Totness first he touch’d; which shall renown my stream, ‘(Which now the envious world doth slander for a dream:) ‘Whose fatal flight from Greece, his fortunate arrive ‘In happy Albion here whilst strongly I revive, ‘Dear Harburn, at thy hands this credit let me win, ‘Quoth she, that as thou hast my faithful handmaid been, ‘So now, my only brook, assist me with thy spring, ‘Whilst of the godlike Brute the story thus I sing. ‘When long-renowned Troy lay spent in hostile fire, ‘And aged Priam’s pomp did with her flames expire, ‘Æneas (taking thence Ascanius, his young son, ‘And his most rev’rend sire, the grave Anchises, won ‘From shoals of slaughtering Greeks) set out from Simois’ shores, ‘And through the Tyrrhene sea, by strength of toiling oars, ‘Raught Italy at last; where King Latinus lent ‘Safe harbour for his ships, with wrackful tempests rent: ‘When in the Latin court, Lavinia young and fair, ‘Her father’s only child, and kingdom’s only heir, ‘Upon the Trojan Lord her liking strongly plac’d, ‘And languish’d in the fires that her fair breast embrac’d: ‘But Turnus (at that time) the proud Rutulian King, ‘A suitor to the maid, Æneas malicing, ‘By force of arms attempts his rival to extrude: ‘But by the Teucrian power courageously subdu’d, ‘Bright Cytheræa’s son the Latin crown obtain’d; ‘And dying, in his stead his son Ascanius reign’d. ‘Next Sylvius him succeeds, begetting Brute again: ‘Who in his mother’s womb whilst yet he did remain, ‘The oracles gave out, that next-born Brute should be ‘His parents’ only death: which soon they liv’d to see. ‘For, in his painful birth his mother did depart; ‘And ere his fifteenth year, in hunting of a hart, ‘He with a luckless shaft his hapless father slew: ‘For which, out of his throne their King the Latines threw. ‘Who wand’ring in the world, to Greece at last doth get, ‘Where whilst he liv’d unknown, and oft with want beset, ‘He of the race of Troy a remnant hapt to find, ‘There by the Grecians held; which (having still in mind ‘Their tedious ten years’ war, and famous heroes slain) ‘In slavery with them still those Trojans did detain; ‘Which Pyrrhus thither brought, and did with hate pursue, ‘To wreak Achilles’ death, at Troy whom Paris slew, ‘There by Pandrasus kept in sad and servile awe: ‘Who when they knew young Brute, and that brave shape they saw, ‘They humbly him desire, that he a mean would be, ‘From those imperious Greeks his countrymen to free. ‘He, finding out a rare and sprightly youth, to fit ‘His humour every way, for courage, power, and wit, ‘Assaracus, (who though that by his sire he were ‘A Prince among the Greeks, yet held the Trojans dear; ‘Descended of their stock upon the mother’s side, ‘For which he by the Greeks his birth-right was deny’d) ‘Impatient of his wrongs, with him brave Brute arose, ‘And of the Trojan youth courageous captains chose, ‘Rais’d earth-quakes with their drums, the ruffling ensigns rear, ‘And gath’ring young and old that rightly Trojan were, ‘Up to the mountains march, thro’ straits and forests strong: ‘Where taking-in the towns pretended to belong ‘Unto that[68] Grecian Lord, some forces there they put: ‘Within whose safer walls their wives and children shut, ‘Into the fields they drew, for liberty to stand. ‘Which when Pandrasus heard, he sent his strict command ‘To levy all the power he presently could make: ‘So to their strengths of war the Trojans them betake. ‘But whilst the Grecian guides (not knowing how or where ‘The Teucrians were intrench’d, or what their forces were) ‘In foul disorder’d troops yet straggled, as secure, ‘This loosenees to their spoil the Trojans did allure, ‘Who fiercely them assail’d: where staunchless fury rap’d ‘(The Grecians in so fast, that scarcely one escap’d; ‘Yea, proud Pandrasus’ flight himself could hardly free. ‘Who, when he saw his force thus frustrated to be, ‘And by his present loss his passed error found, ‘As by a later war to cure a former wound, ‘Doth reinforce his power, to make a second fight; ‘When they, whose better wits had over-matcht his might, ‘Loth what they got to lose, as politicly cast ‘His armies to intrap, in getting to them fast ‘Antigonus as friend, and Anaclet his peer ‘(Surpriz’d in the last fight) by gifts who hired were ‘Into the Grecian camp th’ insuing night to go, ‘And feign they were stol’n forth, to their allies to show ‘How they might have the spoil of all the Trojan pride; ‘And gaining them belief, the credulous Grecians guide ‘Into th’ ambushment near, that secretly was laid: ‘So to the Trojans hands the Grecians were betray’d; ‘Pandrasus self surpriz’d; his crown who to redeem ‘(Which scarcely worth their wrong the Trojan race esteem) ‘Their slavery long sustain’d did willingly release: ‘And (for a lasting league of amity and peace) ‘Bright Innogen, his child, for wife to Brutus gave, ‘(And furnisht them a fleet, with all things they could crave ‘To set them out to sea. Who launching at the last ‘They on Lergecia light, an isle; and, ere they past, ‘Unto a temple built to great Diana there, ‘The noble Brutus went; wise[69] Trivia to enquire, ‘To shew them where the stock of ancient Troy to place. ‘The Goddess, that both knew and lov’d the Trojan race, ‘Reveal’d to him in dreams, that farthest to the West, ‘He should descry the isle of Albion highly blest; ‘With giants lately stor’d; their numbers now decay’d: ‘By vanquishing the rest, his hopes should there be staid: ‘Where from the stock of Troy, those puissant Kings should rise, ‘Whose conquests from the West, the world should scant suffice. ‘Thus answer’d; great with hope, to sea they put again, ‘And safely under sail, the hours do entertain ‘With sights of sundry shores, which they from far descry: ‘And viewing with delight th’ Azarian mountains high, ‘One walking on the deck, unto his friend would say ‘(As I have heard some tell) so goodly Ida lay. ‘Thus talking ’mongst themselves, they sun-burnt Afric keep ‘Upon the leeward still and (sulking up the deep) ‘For Mauritania make: where putting-in, they find ‘A remnant (yet reserv’d) of th’ ancient Dardan kind, ‘By brave Antenor brought from out the Greekish spoils ‘(O long renowned Troy! of thee and of thy toils, ‘What country had not heard?) which to their General then ‘Great Corineus had, the strong’st of mortal men: ‘To whom (with joyful hearts) Diana’s will they show. ‘Who eas’ly being won along with them to go, ‘They all together put into the watry plain: ‘Oft times with pirates, oft with monsters of the main ‘Distressed in their way; whom hope forbids to fear. ‘Those Pillars first they pass which Jove’s great son did rear, ‘And cuffing those stern waves which like huge mountains roll ‘(Full joy in every part possessing every soul) ‘In Aquitain at last the Ilion race arrive; ‘Whom strongly to repulse when as those recreants strive, ‘They (anchoring there at first but to refresh their fleet, ‘Yet saw those savage men so rudely them to greet) ‘Unshipt their warlike youth, advancing to the shore. ‘The dwellers, which perceiv’d such danger at the door, ‘Their King Groffarius get to raise his powerful force: ‘Who must’ring up an host of mingled foot and horse, ‘Upon the Trojans set; when suddenly began ‘A fierce and dangerous fight; where Corineus ran ‘With slaughter thro’ the thick-set squadrons of the foes, ‘And with his armed ax laid on such deadly blows, ‘That heaps of lifeless trunks each passage stopt up quite. ‘Groffarius, having lost the honour of the fight, ‘Repairs his ruin’d powers; not so to give them breath: ‘When they, which must be freed by conquest or by death, ‘And conquering them before, hop’d now to do no less ‘(The like in courage still) stand for the like success. ‘Then stern and deadly war put on his horrid shape; ‘And wounds appear’d so wide, as if the grave did gape ‘To swallow both at once; which strove as both shall fall, ‘When they with slaughter seem’d to be encircled all: ‘Where Turon (of the rest) Brute’s sister’s valiant son ‘(By whose approved deeds that day was chiefly won) ‘Six hundred slew outright through his peculiar strength: ‘By multitudes of men yet over-prest at length, ‘His nobler uncle there, to his immortal name, ‘The city Turon built, and well endowed the same. ‘For Albion sailing then, th’ arrived quickly here ‘(O! never in this world men half so joyful were, ‘With shouts heard up to heaven, when they beheld the land!) ‘And in this very place where Totness now doth stand, ‘First set their Gods of Troy, kissing the blessed shore; ‘Then foraging this isle, long promis’d them before, ‘Amongst the ragged cliffs those monstrous giants fought, ‘Who (of their dreadful kind) t’ appall the Trojans brought, ‘Great Gogmagog, an oak that by the roots could tear: ‘So mighty were (that time) the men who lived there: ‘But, for the use of arms he did not understand ‘(Except from rock or tree, that coming next to hand ‘He raz’d out of the earth to execute his rage,) ‘He challenge makes for strength, and offereth there his gage. ‘Which Corin taketh up, to answer by and by, ‘Upon this son of earth his utmost power to try. ‘All doubtful to which part the victory would go, ‘Upon that lofty place at Plimmouth call’d the Hoe, ‘Those mighty wrestlers met;[70] with many an ireful look ‘Who threatned, as the one hold of the other took: ‘But, grappled, glowing fire shines in their sparkling eyes, ‘And, whilst at length of arm one from the other lies, ‘Their lusty sinews swell like cables, as they strive: ‘Their feet such trampling make, as tho’ they forc’d to drive ‘A thunder out of earth, which stagger’d with the weight: ‘Thus, either’s utmost force urg’d to the greatest height, ‘Whilst one upon his hip the other seeks to lift, ‘And th’ adverse (by a turn) doth from his cunning shift, ‘Their short-fetcht troubled breath a hollow noise doth make ‘Like bellows of a forge. Then Corin up doth take ‘The giant ’twixt the grains; and voiding of his hold ‘(Before his cumbrous feet he well recover could) ‘Pitcht headlong from the hill; as when a man doth throw ‘An axtree, that with slight deliver’d from the toe ‘Roots up the yielding earth; so that his violent fall ‘Strook Neptune with such strength, as shoulder’d him withal; ‘That where the monstrous waves like mountains late did stand, ‘They leapt out of the place, and left the bared sand ‘To gaze upon wide heaven: so great a blow it gave. ‘For which, the conquering Brute on Corineus brave ‘This horn of land bestow’d, and markt it with his name ‘Of Corin, Cornwal call’d to his immortal fame.’ Clear Dert delivering thus the famous Brute’s arrive, Inflam’d with her report, the straggling rivulets strive So highly her to raise, that Ting (whose banks were blest By her beloved nymph dear Leman) which addrest And fully with herself determined before To sing the Danish spoils committed on her shore, When hither from the east they came in mighty swarms, Nor could their native earth contain their numerous arms, Their surcrease grew so great, as forced them at last To seek another soil, as bees do when they cast; And by their impious pride how hard she was bested, When all the country swam with blood of Saxons shed: This river, as I said, which had determin’d long The Deluge of the Danes exactly to have song, It utterly neglects; and studying how to do The Dert those high respects belonging her unto, Inviteth goodly Ex, who from her full-fed spring Her little Barlee hath, and Dunsbrook her to bring From Exmore; when she hath scarcely found her course, Than Creddy cometh in, and Forto, which inforce Her faster to her fall; as Ken her closely clips, And on her eastern side sweet Leman gently slips Into her widen’d banks, her Sovereign to assist; As Columb wins for Ex clear Wever and the Clist, Contributing their streams their mistress’ fame to raise. As all assist the Ex, so Ex consumeth these; Like some unthrifty youth, depending on the court, To win an idle name, that keeps a needless port; And raising his old rent, exacts his farmers’ store The landlord to enrich, the tenants wond’rous poor: Who having lent him theirs, he then consumes his own, That with most vain expense upon the Prince is thrown: So these, the lesser brooks, unto the greater pay; The greater, they again spend all upon the sea: As, Otrey (that her name doth of the otters take, Abounding in her banks,) and Ax, their utmost make To aid stout Dert, that dar’d Brute’s story to revive. For when the Saxon first the Britons forth did drive, Some up into the hills themselves o’er Severn shut: Upon this point of land for refuge others put, To that brave race of Brute still fortunate. For where Great Brute first disembark’d his wand’ring Trojans, there His offspring (after long expulst the inner land, When they the Saxon power no longer could withstand) Found refuge in their flight; where Ax and Otrey first Gave these poor souls to drink, opprest with grievous thirst. Here I’ll unyoke awhile, and turn my steeds to meat: The land grows large and wide: my team begins to sweat.

NOTES.

From which he first was call’d the Hoar-rock in the wood.

That the ocean (as in many other places of other countries) hath eaten up much of what was here once shore, is a common report, approved in the Cornish name of St. Michael’s mount; which is Careg Cowz in Clowz, i. e. the Hoar-rock in the wood.[71]

And our Main-amber here, and Burien trophy――――

Main-amber, i. e. Ambrose’s stone (not far from Pensans) so great, that many men’s united strength cannot remove it, yet with one finger you may wag it. The Burien trophy is 19 stones, circularly disposed, and, in the middle, one much exceeding the rest in greatness: by conjecture of most learned Camden, erected either under the Romans, or else by King Athelstan in his conquest of these parts.

Were worthy of his end, but where he had his birth.

Near Camel about Camblan, was[72] Arthur slain by Mordred, and on the same shore, east from the river’s mouth, born in Tintagel castle. Gorlois Prince of Cornwal, at Uther-Pendragon’s coronation, solemnized in London, upon divers too kind passages and lascivious regards twixt the King and his wife Igerne, grew very jealous, in a rage left the court, committed his wife’s chastity to this castle’s safeguard; and to prevent the wasting of his country, (which upon this discontent was threatned) betook himself in other forts to martial preparation. Uther (his blood boiling in lust) upon advice of Ulfin Rhicaradoch, one of his Knights, by Ambrose Merlin’s magic personated like Gorlois, and Ulfin like one Jordan, servant to Gorlois, made such successful use of their imposture, that (the Prince in the mean time slain) Arthur was the same night begotten, and verified that[73] Νόθοι τε πολλοὶ γνησίων ἀμείνονες. altho’ Merlin by the rule of Hermes, or astrological direction, justified that he was conceived three hours after Gorlois’ death; by this shift answering the dangerous imputation of bastardy to the heir of a crown. For Uther taking Igern to wife, left Arthur his successor in the Kingdom. Here have you a Jupiter, an Alcmena, an Amphitryo, a Sosias, and a Mercury; nor wants there scarce any thing, but that truth-passing reports of Poetical bards have made the birth an Hercules.

Known by one general name upon this point that dwell.

The name of Dumnonii, Damnonii, or Danmonii, in Solinus and Ptolemy, comprehended the people of Devonshire and Cornwal; whence the Lizard promontory is called Damnium in[74] Marcian Heracleotes; and William of Malmesbury, Florence of Worcester, Roger of Hoveden and others, stile Devonshire by name of Domnonia, perhaps all from Duff neint, i. e. low valleys in British; wherein are most habitations of the countrey, as judicious Camden teaches me.

_Or that this foreland lies furth’st out into his sight, Which spreads his vigorous flames_――――

Fuller report of the excellence in wrestling and nimbleness of body, wherewith this western people have been and are famous, you may find in Carew’s description of his country. But to give reason of the climate’s nature for this prerogative in them, I think as difficult as to shew why about the Magellanic streights they are so white, about the Cape de Buon Speranza so black,[75] yet both under the same tropic; why the Abyssins are but tawny moors, when as in the East-Indian isles, Zeilan and Malabar, they are very black, both in the same parallel; or why we that live in this Northern latitude, compared with the Southern, should not be like affected from like cause. I refer it no more to the Sun, than the special horsemanship in our Northern men, the nimble ability of the Irish, the fiery motions of the French, Italian jealousy, German liberty, Spanish puft-up vanity, or those different and perpetual carriages of state-government, Haste and Delay, which, as[76] inbred qualities, were remarkable in the two most martial people of Greece. The cause of Æthiopian blackness and curled hair was long since judiciously[77] fetcht from the disposition of soil, air, water, and singular operations of the heavens; with confutation of those which attribute it to the Sun’s distance. And I am resolved that every land hath its so singular self-nature, and individual habitude with celestial influence, that human knowledge, consisting most of all in universality, is not yet furnish’d with what is requisite to so particular discovery. But for the learning of this point in a special treatise Hippocrates, Ptolemy, Bodin, and others have copious disputes.

Of Corin Cornwal call’d, to his immortal fame.

So, if you believe the tale of Corin and Gogmagog: but rather imagine the name of Cornwall from this promontory of the Land’s End, extending itself like a[78] horn, which in most tongues is Corn, or very near. Thus was a[79] promontory in Cyprus called Cerastes, and in the now Candy or Crete, and Gazaria (the old Taurica Chersonesus) another titled[80] Κρίου μέτωπον: and Brundusium in Italy had name from Brendon or[81] Brention, i. e. a Hart’s-head, in the Messapian tongue, for similitude of horns. But[82] Malmesbury thus: “They are called Cornwalshmen, because being seated in the western part of Britain, they lie overagainst a horn (a promontory) of Gaul.” The whole name is as if you should say Corn-wales; for hither in the Saxon conquest the British called Welsh (signifying the people rather than strangers, as the vulgar opinion wills) made transmigration: whereof an old[83] rhimer:

The vewe that wer of hom bileved, as in Cornwaile and Wailes, Brutons ner namore ycluped, ac Waleys ywis.

Such was the language of your fathers between three and four hundred years since.

[51] The western or Spanish ocean.

[52] Bretagny coasts.

[53] The farthest isle in the British ocean.

[54] The sea upon the north of Scotland.

[55] The old British poets.

[56] Priests among the ancient Britons.

[57] The French seas.

[58] A small island upon the very point of Cornwall.

[59] A hill lying out as an elbow of land into the sea.

[60] A place almost surrounded by the sea.

[61] A place almost surrounded by the sea.

[62] The bravery of Falmouth haven.

[63] This is also called Alan.

[64] A worthy gentleman who wrote the Description of Cornwall.

[65] The praise of Plymouth.

[66] Terms of art in wrestling.

[67] Our first great wrestler, arriving here with Brute.

[68] Assaracus.

[69] One of the titles of Diana.

[70] Description of the wrestling betwixt Corineus and Gogmagog.

[71] Carew de Scrip. Corn. lib. 2.

[72] Dictus hinc in Merlini vaticinio, Aper Cornubiæ.

[73] Euripid. Andromach. Bastards are often times better than legitimates.

[74] Τὸ δάμνιον ἅκρον.

[75] Ortelius theatro.

[76] Thucydid. α et passim de Athen. et Lacedæm. et de Thæbis, et Chalcide. Vide Columell. i. de re rustic, cap. 4.

[77] Onesicrit. ap. Strabon. lib. ιε.

[78] Cornugallia dicta est H. Huntingdonio, aliis.

[79] Strabo lib. ζ. and ι. Stephan. Melan. Plin. Georg. passim.

[80] Ram’s-head.

[81] Seleucus apud Stephan. Βρεντησ. and Suidas in Βρενδ.

[82] De gest. reg. 2. c. 6.

[83] Robertus Glocestrens.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Appendix

IX.

CORNISH NAMES.

(Communicated by T. Hingston, Esq. M.D.)

It is commonly understood, that those places in Cornwall, which have the word San or Saint as the antecedent component of their names, are so denominated after some martyr or confessor of early times. This is a very obvious and indisputable fact. But it is by no means certain, that in every instance of the kind, the saint conferred his name on the place: for in many cases, the converse seems to have been practised; and contrary to what is generally imagined, I believe that the place bestowed its name on the saint. Thus, for example, in St. Stephen, and St. Allan, two saints are equally commemorated; but Stephen, by his own name, which he possessed independently of accidental circumstances; and Allan, by a name, superseding that which he had received at his baptism, and subsequently derived from the place of his retirement.

The want of this distinction has occasioned unspeakable labour and perplexity in the investigation of Cornish antiquities. Books and documents have been examined, and enquiries made in vain, after names, of which no record exists; and which, even in their own day, were scarcely known beyond the narrow district, in which they were venerated. In some instances, indeed, the objects of such researches might have been illustrious before their retirement; but if, in that case, their acts and sufferings were chronicled, the history was in effect abolished, when their identity was lost in the assumption of a new name.

Thus many of our early saints took refuge here, from the persecutions, to which the Christian faith was exposed in Ireland; and their history has been chiefly sought in the hagiographies of that country. But the greater number of them, on coming into Cornwall, complied with this custom, common, indeed, with all men at that time, of changing the name with the residence; and accordingly, instead of that, by which they had been formerly known, and might have been recorded, they adopted or received another, as choice or accident determined their settlement. Hence we have St. Hy, or St. Iä, the Island-saint; St. Uny, (or perhaps more correctly St. Unan) the Down-saint; St. Dennis, the Hill-saint; St. Allan, the Moor-saint.

But not only have these, and similar appellations, been erroneously regarded as the baptismal and proper names of the saints, whom they commemorate; but the accidental corruption of some of them has led to still greater mistakes; and from the mere coincidence of sound, the saint whose memory was to be preserved, has been identified with some other person, for whom that honour could not have been intended. Thus the town of St. I’s, or with the genitive at full length, as it was commonly written, St. Ies, has for many generations been called St. Ives, though the correct form was frequently used till the close of the seventeenth century. In consequence of this corruption, the place has been said to have derived its name from some bishop Ivo, either the Persian, who gave his name to St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, or the celebrated Ivo, bishop of Chartres. But St. I was a female from Ireland.

The case of St. Dennis seems to be of the same kind; though in that instance the error is not owing to a corruption of the name, but to the similarity of the sound. St. Dennis signifies the Saint on the Hill, or more strictly, the Hill-saint; and the church stands at this day on the summit of a hill. But the good man, who lived there, has been considered the same person as St. Dionysius, or St. Dennis, the areopagite.

I cannot help suspecting, that some error of this sort has occurred in the case of Paul-parish near Penzance, which is reported to have taken its name from St. Paul de Leon. Now that portion of the Mount’s bay, by which this parish is bounded on the east, is called The Lake; and this lake, which might have been correctly so denominated in ancient times, is at the foot of the hill, on which the present church stands; and it is, therefore, probable that some man of eminent piety once resided near it. In that case, he was called the Lake-saint, which rendered into Cornish, becomes St. Pol. For this reason, I believe that the common account is wholly untrue; and that, as in many other instances, the name of the saint, and through him, of the parish, originated entirely in a local accident.

I may state here, that some parishes have a popular name, arising not unfrequently from very trifling circumstances; and this name has, in some cases, entirely superseded the more legitimate denomination, under which the church was consecrated and registered. Thus, to give one example, the parish at the Lizard is called Landuwednac, which signifies the Black-and-white-church. This appellation was suggested by the peculiar appearance of the church and tower, which are built of black and white stones, arranged alternately, in the manner of a chessboard.

Amongst the names of our Cornish towns, there are three remarkable above the rest for having been very diligently examined, and very little understood. Upon these it may be proper to make a few observations.

Of Truro Tonkin says, that ‘it is so called from its three principal streets; for Tri, three, and Ru, a street, have been turned to Truro merely euphoniæ gratia.’ Tonkin ought to have suspected, that Tri, occurring as the first syllable in the name of a town, was not likely to mean three, because Tri or Tre signifies a dwelling place, or an assemblage of dwellings, and therefore, a town. He might have supposed too, that the place was called Truro, before its three principal streets were built, or designed; since it does not appear to have ever had any other name, and we cannot believe, that it was so denominated by anticipation. For in those rude times, towns were not commonly laid out upon a definite plan: but the houses were erected according to the taste or convenience of the builders; and the streets seem to have been formed, almost as accident might determine.

But Whitaker says, that Tonkin’s etymology, which was adopted from Camden, is altogether absurd; and he consequently undertakes to find a better. For this purpose he assumes, that Truro takes its name from its castle. Now he imagines, that the castle was denominated Trevereu, and that the name was subsequently familiarized to Treuro. In that way, he thinks, the etymon at once presents itself; and we are accordingly informed, that Truro signifies the castle on the Uro. This, however, is to take a course the reverse of that pursued by etymologists in general: for they seek the meaning of a word in its primitive form, but Mr. Whitaker in its corruption. There is also another objection, which may be considered equally conclusive; for, as Mr. Polwhele says, we have no such river in Cornwall as the Uro.

Mr. Polwhele himself has proposed a third explanation, which, however ingenious, I think equally unsatisfactory. He suggests, that Truro may be a town of Roman origin; and that the name is a corruption of Trevorou, the town-on-the-ways. But if it were so, we should not be wholly without any evidence of the fact. Proof would be found in some obscure tradition, some historical record, or some local circumstance; and the name itself, upon which alone this opinion is grounded, would be more completely consistent with it. When the Romans founded a town, it was not their custom to give it a name exhibiting no trace of their own language; but Trúro is unquestionably Cornish; and besides that, as persons skilled in such matters would easily see, it is no very natural corruption of Trevórou. Polwh. Hist. of Cornwall, vol. I, p. 189; vol. II, p. 215.

Yet that it is a corruption, is certain. In the charter granted by Reginald Fitzroy, in the reign of Henry II. the name of the town is written Trivereu. It is of this word, therefore, that Truro is a corruption; and if we can determine its signification, we shall ascertain the etymon of Truro. Now nothing can be better known, than that Rivereu, or Riverô, in the ancient language of this county, had the same meaning as the kindred word rivers, in English: and with regard to the initial T, it can be scarcely necessary to say, that it stands for Tre, or its archaic form Te, a town. The word, therefore, in the primitive and proper mode of writing it, is Trerivero; and consequently, the name as it appears in Reginald’s charter, is itself an example of that liability to change, by which the same word was subsequently converted to Truro. But the alteration in that case was so slight, that the composition of the word was scarcely obscured; and so natural, that its corruption could not have been prevented. For it was hardly possible in common speech to avoid the elision, which turns Trerívero into Trívero; as this again has been contracted to Trúro. The word Truro, then, signifies the Town-on-the-rivers, or as we should now say, Riverton. And this interpretation is illustrated and confirmed by the local peculiarities: for the town is intersected by two rivers, which originally were its boundaries――the Cenion on the south, and the Allan on the east.

With respect to Marazion or Marketjew, I need not examine what has been said about Sion, Jerusalem, and the Jews; for it is wholly unfounded and absurd. Marghas, or in its softer form Maras, signifies a market, and Iän, of or belonging to an island. Hence Marasían means the Island-market. This name is derived from St. Michael’s Mount, which is in fact an island; and to its monastery the market belonged. Marghasjew, as it is called in Elizabeth’s charter, or as we now speak, Marketjew, signifies Thursday-market: the charter, by which the privilege of a market was granted to the monks by Robert, earl of Cornwall, having appointed it to be kept on the fifth day of the week. In Domesday the town is called Tremarastol, which signifies the Market-town-of-the-monastery. These three names, therefore, mutually explain one another; and their signification is confirmed by the historical facts.

Penzance is said to signify “the Saint’s head, or rather the Head of the bay.” Polwh. Hist. of Cornwall, vol. ii. p. 39. I believe that Mr. Polwhele quotes this from Tonkin. But did Tonkin himself expect that his readers would be satisfied with an etymology so indeterminate and contradictory? Yet this is the usual mode of explaining Cornish words. Camden says, that Penzance, or as he more correctly spells it, Pensans, means the Head of the sands. But Whitaker declares this to be unworthy of Camden; and he therefore gives us an improved interpretation of his own. For this purpose he reads Tonkin backwards; and as that writer renders Pensans the Head of the bay, Whitaker asserts it to be the Bay of the Head! And this is unworthy of Whitaker. He says, the phrase is equivalent to Mount’s bay. But it was never imagined before, that the Cornish word Pen could signify such an object as St. Michael’s Mount; and still less can it be supposed that a town would be denominated a Bay. Yet the real signification of Pensans lay at his feet; for nothing can be more obvious and easy. The name is derived both from the little chapel of St. Anthony, which he himself describes, and from the point of land, on which that chapel stood. For there the town took its beginning; and there, of course, it found a name――that of the place which it occupied. Now a point of land was in Cornish called Pen; and when it chanced to be distinguished by the erection of a chapel, it would naturally be denominated sacred or holy, which was expressed by the word san, or if it was a terminal syllable, sans. Hence Pensans signifies Holy-head; and in allusion to this, John the Baptist’s head is in the town-arms.

But Mr. Whitaker would not have committed this error, if he had been heedful of a principle, observed in the composition of Cornish words, which can never be safely overlooked, in any attempt to investigate their meaning. The ancient names of places in Cornwall mostly consist of two substantive nouns, one of which has the force of an adjective, and qualifies the other: as Penrose, Penpraze, Polwhele. The component parts of such words have always been treated as if they had been associated by caprice, or accident; and the same elements have been represented as adjectives or substantives indifferently, according to the fancy or convenience of the interpreter.

But in truth, the ingredients of all these compounds are combined and distinguished by a settled rule. It is generally supposed, that in all instances the word used substantively precedes that which is employed adjectively. In many cases, however, it does not: and as, therefore, the qualifying noun cannot with certainty be discovered by its position, they who suppose it to occupy uniformly the second place, can be right only by chance; and we are consequently to look for some other mark, by which it may be easily and invariably known. That mark is the accent. Thus we say Pensáns: and so, if we admit, what Mr. Whitaker supposes, that Pen may signify a hill, and sans a bay, the word in that case would mean the Bay-hill, and not as he says, the Hill-bay.

But as this accent lives only in common speech, and the peculiarities of the English manner have already considerably disturbed it, those who have occasion to write any Cornish words, and especially the cultivators of our history and antiquities, should always mark the accented syllable: for there is no other way of making this rule of interpretation available; and of preventing perplexities for the time to come, still greater than those, which have already existed. But besides the natural and inevitable tendency of the predominant English to change the pronunciation of Cornish words, there is a kind of whim or fashion amongst some, who know nothing of these things, by which the corruption is wilfully hastened; and while they confidently say Pénrose, Pénprase, and Nánkivel, they presume to correct those, who with more knowledge or less affectation, are accustomed to speak otherwise.

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Appendix

X.

TANNER’S NOTITIA MONASTICA FOR CORNWALL, FROM NASMITH’S EDITION, FOLIO, 1787, WITH ADDITIONS.

(For these additions I am indebted to Sir Henry Ellis, F.R.S. Sec. S.A. one of the Editors of the New Edition of Dugdale’s Monasticon. EDIT.)

I. ST. ANTONY, or Antonine.

In this county were two priories of this name, which are often confounded by some of our writers.

1. BENEDICTINE CELL. One was a cell of Black monks of Angiers, belonging to Trewardreth priory[84], and being mentioned in Gervase of Canterbury’s catalogue must be as early as K. Richard I.st’s time. The rectory here, as parcel of the possessions of Tywardreith, was granted, 6 Eliz. to William and John Killigrew.

2. AUSTIN CELL. The other, St. Anthony’s near St. Mawes, was a small priory of two Austin canons subordinate to Plimpton[85], and as parcel of the same was granted, 38 Hen. 8. to Thomas Goodwin.

II. ST. BENNETT’S, in the parish of Lanivet.

NUNNERY. The tower whereof is yet standing.[86]

III. ST. BLAISE near Fowey, in the deanry of Poudre.

ALMSHOUSE. An old almshouse.[87]

IV. BODMIN, olim Bosmanna.[88]

1. AUSTIN CANONS. The body of St. Petroc being removed[89] to this place, there was a church built to his memory, and the episcopal see for Cornwall was therein placed by K. Edward the elder and archbishop Plegmund, A.D. 905.[90] Here K. Æthelstan is reported to have met with old Saxon, or rather British, monks following the rule of St. Benedict, to whom he granted so great privileges and endowments, that he is accounted founder of the monastery here, about A.D. 926. That settlement was destroyed by the Danish pirates, A.D. 981, yet the Religious continued here under several shapes,[91] and much alienations of their lands, both before and after the Conquest, till about the year 1120, when one Algar, with the king’s licence and the consent of Will. Warlewast bishop of Exeter, re-established this religious house, and placed therein Regular canons of the order of St. Austin, who continued till the general suppression, when it was styled the priory of St. Mary and St. Petroc,[92] and was valued at 270_l._ 0_s._ 11_d._ per ann. Dugd. 289_l._ 11_s._ 11_d._ Speed. The site, with the demesnes, were granted, 36 Hen. 8. to Tho. Sternhold, one of the first translators of the Psalms into English metre.

Vide Mon. Angl. tom. i. 213. ex Leland. Collect. vol. i. p. 75, 76. Et ibid. p. 227. cartam Ethelredi regis de episcopo Cornubiæ apud S. Petrocum, et libertatibus eidem concessis. Ibid. tom. ii. p. 5. cart. 57 Hen. 3. m. 9. confirm. cartam Eadredi regis priori et canonicis de Bodmine, de manerio de Niwetone. Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 114. vol. iii. p. 12. In Itinerario Will. de Worcestre, p. 100. 111. de fundatione et dimensione ecclesiæ; p. 107. excerpta ex kalendario principalis Libri Antiphoner: p. 111. nomina nobilium et generosorum in kalendario memoratorum: p. 112. ex registro. Cart. Antiq. D. n. 40, 41. Cart. 36 Hen. 3. m. 18. pro manerio de Neweton. Cart. 13 Ed. 1. n. 9. et 66. pro piscaria in Alan, bosco in Bodan, et aliis libertatibus. Cart. 6 Ed. 2. n. 1. Cart. 9 Ed. 3. n. 41. pro emptione stanni: Pat. 19. Ed. 3. p. 2. m. d. de visu franci plegii infra villam: Pat. 48 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 12. de XL s. redd. exeunt. de burgo, et boscis de Kingswood et Kelleritho. Pat. 3 Ric. 2. p. 2. m. 25. Pat. 1 Hen. 4. p. 8. m. 34. Pat. 1 Hen. 6. p. 3. m. 24. Pat. 3 Hen. 6. p. 1. m. 11. Pat. 3 Ed. 4. p. 1. m.

2. HOSPITAL. About a mile from Bodmin is St. Laurence,[93] a poor hospital or lazarhouse,[94] on the east; well endowed for nineteen leprous people, two whole men and women, and a priest to minister unto them.[95]

Vide Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 115. vol. iii. p. 12.

3. ALMSHOUSE. At the west end of the town was a chapel and an almshouse,[96] but not endowed with lands.[97]

Vide Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 115.

4. GREY FRIERS. A house of Grey friers on the south side of the market-place, begun by John of London a merchant, and augmented by Edmund earl of Cornwall.[98] After the dissolution this friery was granted to one William Abbot, 37 Hen. 8. and in Q. Elizabeth’s time it was made the house of correction for the county.[99]

Vide Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 115. vol. iii. p. 12. Stevens’[100] Supplement, vol. i. p. 154. In Itinerario Will. de Worcestre, p. 99. de fundatione et excerpta quædam ex kalendario. [Harl. MS. 6964. p. 77. Hoveden, Script. post Bedam, fol. 324. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 120. b. 121. MS. Cole, Brit. Mus. vol. xxvii. 184 b. H.E.]

V. ST. BURIEN, in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

COLLEGE. King Ethelstan is said to have built and endowed a collegiate church almost at the Land’s End,[101] and to have granted the benefit of a sanctuary and other privileges to the same, in honor of St. Buriena or Beriana a holy woman from Ireland, who had an oratory and was buried here. At the Conquest here were Secular canons,[102] as there were a dean and three prebendaries at the time of making the Lincoln taxation 20 Ed. 1. and also down to 26 Hen. 8. though this deanery was seized into the king’s hands temp. Ed. 3. by reason that Mr. John de Maunte then incumbent, was a Frenchman; and as alien, was given, 24 Hen. 6. to King’s college in Cambridge, and afterward by K. Edward 4. (anno regni 7.) to Windsor college;[103] yet neither of those societies long enjoyed, or had any benefit from it; for it was all along, and still continues, an independent deanry, in the gift of the crown or of the duke of Cornwall, of exempt jurisdiction as a royal free chapel.[104] The deanry or rectory, 26 Hen. 8. was valued at 48_l._ 12_s._ 1_d._ per ann. Prebenda parva 2_l._ 8_s._ 4_d._ Prebenda de Respernel 7_l._ 6_s._ 8_d._ Prebenda de Tirthney 7_l._

Vide Coke’s Institutes, vol. i. p. 344. Roll’s Abridgement, p. 2. f. 341. Prynne’s Papal Usurpations, vol. iii. p. 933. Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 18. vol. vii. p. 117. In bibl. Harleiana, ms. 980. p. 212. of the exemption of the dean from episcopal jurisdiction and proceedings thereon, 26 Ed. 3. ms. 7048. p. 343. collectiones e chronico eccl. S. Burianæ. De exemptione hujus ecclesiæ a jurisdictione episc. Exon. plac. term. S. Hill; 8 Ed. 2. ms. penes V. cl. Andr. Fountaine equ. aur. p. 167, &c. Fragmentum registri hujus collegii tempore Roberti Knollys decani, viz. ab anno 1473. ad annum 1485. ms. haud ita pridem in bibl. RR. P. DD. Joannis Moore episc. Eliensis, nunc in bibl. publica acad. Cantab. Ee. v. 34. Cart. 15 Joan. m. 2. n. 42. Cart. 30 Ed. 1. n. 26. pro mercato die Sabbati, et feria in vigilia, die, et crast. S. Martini in hieme apud S. Burien. Pat. 9 Ed. 2. p. 1. m. 10 vel 20. Plac. coram rege, 12 Ed. 2. Mich. rot. 128. Ibid. 17 Ed. 2. Trin. rot. 90. Pat. 1 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. 13. de prebenda de Trethin, &c. Claus. 11 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 13. Plac. coram rege, 13 Ed. 3. … rot.. Escaet. Corn. 20 Ed. 3. n. 32. Pat. 20 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 15. Pat. 31 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. 9. Pat. 24 Hen. 6. p. 3. m. 28. pro appropriatione hujus decanatus collegio S. Nicholai in Acad. Cantab. Pat. 1 Ed. 4. p. 3. m. 24. [MS. Lansd. Brit. Mus. 966. Ex Chronico quodam Ecclesiæ Sanctæ Burianæ in Cornub. MS. penes Matth. Hutton, S.T.P. fol. 11. b. Harl. MS. 6958. pp. 219, 220, 224, 241, 253. 6959. pp. 260, 286. 6960. pp. 25, 68. 6961. pp. 48, 86, 198, 205. 6962. pp. 20, 98, 128. 6963. pp. 72, 122. MS. Cole, vol. xxvii. fol. 184 b. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. Mr. Moyle’s Works, i. p. 247. H. E.]

VI. CONSTANTYN, in the deanry of Kerryer.

This seems to have been a church of more than ordinary note, by what is said in Domesday Book under the title Ecclesiæ aliquorum Sanctorum; scil. “S. Constantinus tenet dim. hidam terræ, quæ fuit quieta ab omni servitio T. R. E. sed postquam comes terram accepit, reddebat geldum injuste, sicut terra villanorum.” This church was afterwards appropriate to the dean and chapter of Exeter, who are still the patrons of it.

[Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

VII. ENDELLION, in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

COLLEGE. In the parish church here, dedicated to St. Endelienta, were three prebends or portions before 20 Ed. 1.[105] and subsist to this day, and have incumbents under the titles of Bodmin or the King’s prebend, Marney’s prebend, and Trehaverock prebend, taxed each at 5_l._ per ann. 26 Hen. 8.

VIII. ST. GERMANS.

AUSTIN CANONS. Here was a collegiate church of ancient foundation in honor of St. German, one of the famous French bishops, who came over into Britain to oppose the Pelagian heresy. K. Ethelstan is said to have made one Conon bishop here, A.D. 936, though it seems more probable that the episcopal see for Cornwall was not fixed here till after the burning of the bishop’s house and cathedral church at Bodmin; after which K. Canute more amply endowed this church of St. German; and, about A. D. 1050. Leofric, who was bishop here and of Crediton, having united both bishopricks in the church of St. Peter at Exeter, changed the Seculars[106] here into Regular canons.[107] The yearly revenues of this priory were valued, 26 Hen. 8. at 243_l._ 8_s._ Dugd. Speed 227_l._ 4_s._ 8_d._ Clare, ms. Valor. The site was granted, 33 Hen. 8. to Kath.[108] Champernoun, John Ridgway, &c.

Vide Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 213. ex Leland. Collect. i. 75. Ibid. tom. ii. p. 5, 6. inquis. 32 Ed. 3. ex rot. pat. 7 Ric. 2. p. 1. m. 24. de fundatione et dotatione. Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 40. vol. vii. p. 122. Cartas, &c. penes Edw. Elliot de eadem. Fin. 6 Hen. 3. m. 5. de mercat. ibid. Cart. 6 Ed. 2. n. 1. Pat. 17 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 32. de mercato et feria in villa S. Germani, et de lib. war. in Lamash: Pat. 31 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. 8. pro ten. in Lanrake: Plac. coram reg. 37 Ed. 3. rot. 9. Pat. 38 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 46. Pat. 43 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 23 vel 43. Pat. 2 Rich. 2. p. 1. m. 47. pro ten. in Pollersek, Trewint, Todisford, Lancottock, &c. Pat. 9 Ric. 2. p. 1. m.. rex restituit prioratum S. Germani (qui fuit de fundatione Leofrici episc. et quem rex recuperaverat in curia sua adversus Jo. Grandison episc. Exon.) episc. Exon. et successoribus: Pat. 16 Ric. 2. p. 1. m. 27. de redd. in Trethinek, Morna, &c. Pat. 11 Hen. 6. p. 1. m. 17. pro ten. in Frogwell, Tenepath, &c. [Stowe’s Annals, edit. 1592. p. 120. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 120 b. H. E.]

IX. HELSTON, in the deanry of Kerrier.

HOSPITAL. A priory or hospital at the west-south-west end of the town, of the foundation of one Kellegrew,[109] dedicated to St. John Baptist.[110] It was endowed only with 12_l._ 16_s._ 4_d._ per ann. Dugd. 14_l._ 7_s._ 4_d._ Speed.

Vide Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 23. Registrum Edm. Stafford episc. Exon. f. 135.

X. ST. KARENTOC, or Crantoc, near Padstow, in the deanry of Pider.

COLLEGE. Here were Secular canons[111] temp. Edw. Conf. who continued till the general dissolution, when its yearly revenues were valued at 89_l._ 15_s._ 8_d._ which were divided amongst the dean, nine prebendaries,[112] and four vicars choral.[113] This collegiate church was dedicated to St. Carantocus, said to be a disciple of St. Patric, and was in the patronage of the bishop of Exeter,[114] but now in John Buller of Mowall, esq.

Vide in Prynne’s Papal Usurpations, vol. ii. p. 736. Claus. 34 Hen. 3. m. 15. Pat. 29 Hen. 3. m. 7. Pat. 43 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 31. Pat. 44 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 23.

[Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

XI. LAMMANA.

BENEDICTINE CELL. The abbey of Glastonbury had sometime a cell here, dedicated to St. Michael.

Vide Adami de Domerham historia de rebus gestis Glastoniensibus, p. 423. ut prioratus de Basselake et de Lamena ad ordinacionem conventus pertineant. Et in Auctuario eidem historiæ annexo, p. 599. cartam Hastuti filii Johannis de Solenneio de insula de Lamana: p. 600. Roberti de Cardinay de uno ferlingo terræ de Trewodlowan: p. 601. Rogeri filii Willelmi de terra de Lamman: p. 602. compositionem inter conventum Glaston et conventum de Lanstaventone de decimis in dominico Odonis de Portlo; p. 603. cartam Ricardi comiti Cornubiæ de Lammana.

XII. LANACHEBRAN, or Lan-a-Kebran, alias St. Kevran,[115] in the deanry of Kerrier.

CISTERTIAN CELL. Here was a society of Secular canons, at or about the time of the Conquest, dedicated to St. Achebran:[116] and afterwards here was a cell of Cistertian monks, subordinate to Beaulieu abbey in Hampshire,[117] and the manor here, as parcel of the possessions of Beaulieu, was granted, 2 Eliz. to Francis earl of Bedford.

Vide in registro W. Bronscomb episc. Exon. ordinationem vicariæ S. Keverani, quam abbas de Bello Loco habet in proprios usus. Pat. 2 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 27. Plac. coram rege, 16 Ed. 3. Pasch. rot. 230. Pat. 18 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 4. Pat. 19 Ed. 3. m …. Pat. 49 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 10. pro privilegiis allocandis.

[Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

XIII. LAUNCELS, in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

CELL to the abbey of Hertland.[118]

XIV. LAUNCESTON, olim Lanstaveton, i. e. Fanum S. Stephani.

1. AUSTIN CANONS. There was a college of Secular[119] canons before the Conquest, in the church of St. Stephen,[120] about half a mile from this town, which being given to the bishop and church of Exeter by king Henry I.[121] it was suppressed before A.D. 1126. by Will. Warlewast bishop of Exeter, who in lieu of it founded in the west suburb under the castle hill,[122] a priory for canons[123] of the order of St. Austin, which was also dedicated to St. Stephen, to which he gave the best part of the college lands.[124] The yearly revenues of this monastery were rated, 26 Hen. 8. at 354_l._ 0_s._ 11_d._, q. Dugd. 392_l._ 11_s._ 2_d._ q. Speed.[125]

Vide in Mon. Angl. tom. ii. p. 107. quæ Leland. in Itin. vol. ii. p. 110. habet de Launceston: et cart. 13 Hen. 3. p. 1. m. 10. recit. per Inspex. cart. R. Joan. anno regni primo. Lelandi Collect. vol. i. p. 76. ejusdem Itin. vol. ii. p. 109. vol. iii. p. 132, 133. vol. vii. p. 123. In Itin. Will. de Worcestre, p. 134. dimensiones ecclesiæ, de fundatione, excerpta ex kalendario. In Auctuario ad Adamum de Domerham, p. 602. compositionem inter abbatem et conventum Glaston, et priorem et conventum de Lanstaventone de decimis in dominico dom. Odonis de Portlo. Registrum hujus prioratus, penes magistrum Ric. Escot de hosp. Lincoln. Registrum prioratus de Launceston, ms. in bibl. Bodl. Oxon. Tanner. 196. Pat. 13 Hen. 3. m. 7. pro maner. de Cloveston. Pat. 3 Ed. 1. m. 24. de terris in Tottesden: Pat. 11 Ed. 1. m. 1. vel 2. Pat. 1 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. 14. vel. 15. Pat. 16 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 1. Pat. 1 Ric. 2. p. 2. m. 3. pro ten. in Newport; Ibid. p. 3. m. 19. Pat. 6 Ric. 2. p. 3. m.. Pat. 12 Ric. 2. p. 2. m. 24. pro mess. voc. Shiphouse in Treburdesk: Pat. 16 Ric. 2. p. 2. m. 31. de mess. et terris in Newland, Landren, Leskard, &c. Pat. 19 Ric. 2. p. 2. m. 35. pro vicariis S. Tallini, de Tallam S. Mellorii, &c. Parl. 4 Hen. 4. petitionem contra priorem de vicariis de Lyskeret, Larkinham, et Tallum. Inquis. Corn. 1 Hen. 5. n. 51. de Bernhay: Pat. 2 Hen. 5. p. 3. m. 32 vel 33. Rec. in scacc. 10 Hen. 6. Trin. rot. 5. Pat. 19 Ed. 4. m. 5 vel 6.

2. ST. LEONARD’S HOSPITAL. An hospital for lepers in this town, dedicated to St. Leonard, is mentioned[126] pat. 6 Ric. 2. p. 3.

3. FRIERY. Mr. Carew[127] mentions a friery to have been here, besides the abbey or priory.

[MS. Lansdown. Brit. Mus. 939. fol. 21 b. Ex Registro Priorat. de Launceston MS. apogr. inter Libros olim Will. Griffith. Domesd. tom. i. fol. 120, 120 b. Harl. MS. 6958. pp. 180, 182. In Thorpe’s Cat. of MSS. 1833. No. 281. is a “Survey of the lands belonging to the Priory at Launceston, at the Dissolution of the Monasteries, 1539, 31 Hen. VIII. a contemporary Record, a long roll, upon paper, in fine condition, £16 16.” H. E.]

XV. LESKARD, or Minhenned, near Leskard.

HOSPITAL. Here was anciently a house for lepers,[128] for there is an indulgence granted by Edm. Stafford bishop of Exeter, to all those who should contribute to the hospital of St. Mary Magdalen at Leskard, about A.D. 1400.[129]

XVI. ST. MARTIN’S.

NUNNERY.[130]

XVII. MARY WEEK, in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

COLLEGE. A college[131] and school here, as Carew.

XVIII. ST. MAWES.[132]

In the cart. roll of the fifteenth year of K. John, m. 2. n. 42. there is a grant of a hundred shillings per ann. out of the church of St. Berian in Cornwall to the monks of St. Matthew. I have not yet found any monastery elsewhere in England dedicated to that Apostle.

XIX. ST. MICHAEL’S MOUNT.

ALIEN PRIORY. A priory of Benedictine monks placed here by K. Edward the Confessor,[133] but before A.D. 1085. annexed to the abbey of St. Michael in periculo Maris in Normandy, by Robert[134] earl of Moreton and Cornwall. After the suppression of the alien priories, this was given first by K. Henry 6. to King’s college Cambridge, and afterward by K. Edward 4. to Sion abbey in Middlesex. At the first seizure of it by K. Edward 3. the farm of it was rated but at 10_l._ per ann. but at the time of K. Henry 8. the lands belonging to this house, as parcel of Sion, were valued at 110_l._ 12_s._ 0_d._ ob. per ann.

Vide in Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 551. cartam S. Edwardi R. et cartas Roberti comitis et Liurici episc. Exon. Ibid. in tom. ii. p. 901, 902, 903. cartam Edmundi comitis Cornwal recitantem et confimantem donationes Ricardi patris: Cart. Alani comitis Britanniæ de x s. annui redditus de feria de Merdreshem: Cartam Ricardi regis Romanorum de feriis in Marhasgon: Cartam Conani ducis Britanniæ de Wath: Et bullam P. Adriani, A.D. 1155. confirmantem omnes possessiones tam in Normannia quam in Anglia cum anathemate. Du Monstrier, Neustriam piam, p.. Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 17. In Itin. Will. de Worcestre, p. 101. indulgentiam concessam visitantibus hanc ecclesiam: p. 103. dimensiones ecclesiæ: p. 129. excerpta ex kalendario. In Madox’s Formulare Anglicanum, p. 59. Rogeri de Daledich confirmationem donationis VI_s._ VIII_d._ percipiend. annuatim de fœdo de Wiscomb per Henricum de Wiscomb factæ. In Dr. Archer’s account of the religious houses in the diocese of Bath printed at the end of Hearne’s Hemingford, p. 637. of a pension of x_l._ marks out of the rectory of Mertock. In Rymeri Fœder, &c. vol. viii. p. 102. 340, 341. pat. 5 Hen. 4. p. 1. m. 21. pro restitutione hujus prioratus, qui dicitur “esse tempore guerræ fortalitium toti patriæ circumjacenti.” Registrum hujus prioratus olim penes Will. com. Sarisb. Excerpta ex isto registro penes V. cl. Joannem Anstis arm. Computos, &c. in officio Curiæ Augment. sub titulo _Syon Monasterium_. Rot. fin. 13 Ed. 2. m. 3. de terris in Lambedon: Pat. 14 Ed. 2. p. 1. m. 12. de terris in Ottriton monachorum. Pat. 22 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 30. de ten. in Trevemeny, Polker, et Breglis: Pat. 30 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. penult. Pat. 10 Hen. 6. p. 1. m. ult. Pat. 20 Hen. 6. p. 4. m. 3. de concessione hujus prioratus rectori et scholaribus S. Nicholai Cantab. Pat. 1 Ed. 4. p. 2. m. 8. Ibid. p. 3. m. 1. Claus. 2 Ed. 4. n. 13. quiet. clam. præpositi S. Nich. Cantab. abbatissæ S. Salvatoris de Syon de hoc prioratu. [Domesd. tom. i. fol. 120 b. Harl. MS. 6965. p. 86. MS. Cole, vol. xxvii. fol. 184 b. Tanner mentions a Register of this House, “penes Will. Com. Sarisb.” This Register is still at Hatfield in Lord Salisbury’s possession. It came as a Title Deed there, Sir Robert Cecil having purchased the manor of Mt. St. Michael. H. E.]

XX. MINSTER, or Talcarn[135], in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

ALIEN PRIORY. An alien priory to the abbey of St. Sergius and Bachus at Angiers.

Vide Mon. Angl. i. p. 1036. ex pat. 48 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 3. “Prior de Minstre habet apud Pilesfunte de redditu xx. sol.” Taxat. Lincoln; In Bundell. benef. alienig. 48 Ed. 3. “Minster prior alienigena habet in proprios usus ecclesias de Minster et Bodecastell:” In the account of knight’s fees in Mr. Carew’s Survey of Cornwall, f. 41. b. “Prior de Ministre tenet. i. par. feod. mort, in Polifant, 3 Hen. 4.” Year Books, 32 Hen. 6. 13, 14.

XXI. NEWPORT near Launceston.

HOSPITAL. Here is an old hospital for lazars, dedicated to St. Thomas, which was well endowed and governed in Mr. Carew’s time.[136]

XXII. NYOTT, olim Neotstoke,[137] or Neotstow, or St. Guerir, in the deanry of West.

MONASTERY DESTROYED. Here was a monastery[138] or college[139] founded in honor of St. Neotus, brother[140] to K. Alfred, who was here buried, which continued till after the Conquest. The church here belonged to Montacute priory in Somersetshire.

Vide in Joanne Glastoniensi, p. 111. historiolam fundationis hujus monasterii. Stevens’ Supplement, vol. i. p. 217. [Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

XXIII. PETROCSTOW, or Padstow, olim Loderic, or Laffenac, or Adelston,[141] in the deanry of Pydre.

MONASTERY DESTROYED. St. Petroc, a religious man born in Wales, but coming from Ireland, is said to have built a monastery on the north coast of Cornwall, about A.D. 520 and to have been there buried;[142] his body was afterward removed to Bodmin.

[Harl. MS. 6964. p. 77.――H. E.]

XXIV. PENRYN, alias Glaseney, in the parish of Gluvias and deanry of Kerrier.

COLLEGE. Walter Bronescomb the good bishop[143] of Exeter,[144] about the year 1270,[145] built a collegiate church on a moor called Glasenith, at the bottom of his park at Penryn, to the honor of the blessed Virgin Mary and St. Thomas of Canterbury. It consisted of a provost, a sacrist, eleven prebendaries,[146] seven vicars,[147] and six choristers; and was certified, 26 Hen. 8. to be worth 210_l._ 13_s._ 2_d._ per ann. in toto. 205_l._ 10_s._ 6_d._ clare.

Vide in Mon. Angl. tom. iii. p. ii. p. 56. pat. 18 Ed. 2. p. 2. m. 17. appropriationem ecclesiæ S. Alune in Cornubia. Lelandi Collect. vol. i. p. 115. ejusdem Itin. vol. iii. p. 27. vol. vii. p. 120. In Itin. Will. de Worcestre, p. 122. 128. de fundatione collegii de Penryn. In bibl. Harleiana, ms. 862. f. 118. instrumenta spectantia ad ecclesiam collegiatam de Glasney. Registrum hujus collegii, penes ―――― Parsons un. audit. scaccarii, A.D. 1706. postea penes Jacobum Mickleton de hosp. Grayensi arm. Videtur esse idem cum registro penes Joannem Row nuper de medio Templo London, arm. unde quamplurima excerpsit V. cl. Joannes Anstis arm. Pat. 8 Ed. 2. p. 2. m. 2. 17. 20 et 27. Pat. 10 Ed. 2. p. 1. m: 19. de vicariis ecclesiæ. Fin. 2 Ed. 3. m. 6. in cedula: Pat. 2 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 36. pro ten. et eccl. in Lamerock: Pat. 26 Ed. 3. p. 3. m. 21. pro eccl. S. Justi in Penwith approprianda: Pat. 43 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 40. d. Pat. 44 Ed. 3. p. 1. m; 10. et p. 2. m. 3. Pat. 45 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 40. d. Pat. 8 Hen. 4. p. 2. m. 9. pro ten. in Trewtham pro cantaria apud Bodryganes alter in hoc collegio. [Harl. MS. 6958. p. 294. 6960. pp. 166. 184. 234. 6961. p. 225. Ducarel’s Extr. from the Lamb. Registers in Brit. Mus. vol. ix. p. 218. H. E.]

XXV. ST. PIERAN in Zabulo, in the deanry of Pydre.

COLLEGE. In the days of K. Edward the Confessor here were a dean and canons,[148] endowed with lands, and the privilege of a sanctuary.[149] The church[150] was given by K. Henry 1. to the bishop and church of Exeter, who still enjoy the great tithes and the advowson of the vicarage.

[Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

[Hearne mentions PORT ELIOT in the margin of his copy of Tanner’s first edition, and says it was sometimes a Priory, and at the Dissolution K. Henry VIII. bestowed it upon one of the ancestors of Richard Elliot mentioned in Norden’s Descr. of Cornwall. H. E.]

XXVI. ST. PROBUS, in the deanry of Powder.

COLLEGE. Here was a collegiate church of Secular canons before the Conquest,[151] which was given to the bishop and church of Exeter by K. Henry 1.[152] Here was once a dean:[153] Four prebendaries or portionists occur here upon the Lincoln taxation, and some time after;[154] but, 26 Hen. 8. the glebe and tithe of St. Probus, as part of the endowment of the treasurership of the cathedral church of Exeter, to which it still belongs,[155] is valued at 22_l._ 10_s._ per ann.[156]

[Domesd. tom. i. fol. 121. H. E.]

XXVII. SALTASH, in the deanry of East.

ABBEY. The abbey[157] of Saltash in com. Devon, is mentioned in the Year Books, 2 Hen. 4. Mich. 45.

XXVIII. SYLLY.

BENEDICTINE CELL. In the biggest of the Sylly islands, called Iniscaw,[158] was a poor cell of two Benedictine monks dedicated to St. Nicholas, belonging to Tavistock abbey, even before the Conquest, and confirmed to them afterward by K. Henry 1. Reginald earl of Cornwall, &c.

Vide in Mon. Angl. tom. i: p. 516. cart. 1 Joan. p. 2. m. 65. Pat. 19 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 5. et ibid. p. 1002. Cartas RR. Hen. 1. Ed. 1. Reginaldi com. Cornub. et Barthol. episc. Exon. ex registro Tavestochiensi. Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 19. Cart. 1 Joan. p. 1. n. 155 et 219. de decimis forestsæ de Guffaer.

XXIX. ST. SYRIAC,[159] St. Cyriac,[160] St. Carricius,[161] St. Karrocus,[162] St. Cyret, and Julette.[163]

CLUNIAC CELL. Hare was a small religious house of two Benedictine[164] or Cluniac[165] monks, as early as K. Richard 1st’s time,[166] cell to Montacute[167] in Somersetshire; and as parcel of the possessions of that priory it was granted, 37 Hen. 8. to Laurence Courtney.

Vide Mon. Angl. tom. i. p. 670, 671. tom. ii. p. 910. Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 37. vol. vii. p. 121. Pat. 15 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 5. de concessione hujus cellæ Willelmo comiti Sarisb. per priorem et conv. de Monteacuto. [Report to the Originalia, vol. iv. fol. 155 b. Brit. Mus., where it is called St. Caroch.]

XXX. ST. THETHA, St. Teath or St. Etha, in the deanry of Trigge Minor.

COLLEGE. The parish church here is sometimes on the records called collegiate,[168] and consisted of two prebendaries[169] or portionists,[170] who seem to have been collated by the bishop of Exeter.

XXXI. TREBIGH, or Turbigh.

KNIGHTS HOSPITALERS. A preceptory of Knights Hospitalers of St. John of Jerusalem, to which Henry de Pomerai and Reginald Marsh were considerable benefactors [Mon. Angl. tom. ii. p. 551.] It was valued at 60_l._ per ann. [ms. Le Neve] but this with Ansty [Wilts.] was valued, 26 Hen. 8. at 90_l._ 1_s._ 9_d._ in toto. 81_l._ 8_s._ 5_d._ clare. [ms. Valor, in off. Primit.] This among other possessions of the old Knights, then undisposed of, was regranted to the Hospitalers upon their restoration, 4 et 5 Phil. et Mar. and after their dissolution, 16 Eliz. to Henry Wilby and Geo. Blyth.

XXXII. TREGONY, in the deanry of Powder.

ALIEN PRIORY. The advowson of the priory of Tregony, as belonging to the abbey de Valle in Normandy, is mentioned fin. div. com. 52 Hen. 3. n. 18. This priory with the advowsons of the churches of Tregony and Biry were made over A.D. 1267, by the abbat and convent de Valle in diœc. Bajoc. to the prior and convent of Merton.[171]

Vide inter munimenta eccl. cath. Exon. cartam abbatis et conventus de Valle, de resignatione hujus prioratus. [Bishop Lyttelton in a letter to Browne Willis, copied in MS. Cole, Brit. Mus. vol. xl. p. 59. says, “In the last edition of the Monastica Notitia the author queries if there was any Priory at Tregony in Cornwall. I find the original resignation thereof of the Abbat de Valle in Normandy to the Bp. of Exon, Peter Quivil, for the use of the Priory of Merton, together with the advowsons of the parish churches of Tregony and Bury, dated 1267.” H. E.]

XXXIII. TRURO.

BLACK FRIERS. In the latter end of K. Henry 3d’s reign,[172] a convent of Black friers settled in Kenwyn street.[173] Rauf Reskimer left a benefaction, 2 Ed. 4. to this house, of which his ancestors had been founders. It was granted, 7 Ed. 6. to Edward Aglianby.

Vide Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 27. vol. vii. p. 120. In Itin. Will. de Worcestre, p. 128, excerpta ex kalendario. Pat. 49 Ed. 3. p. 2. m. 26. pro manso elargando. Claus. 2 Ed. 4. n. 101. d.

XXXIV. TRUWARDRAITH,[174] Tuwardraz,[175] or Tywardreit, in the deanry of Powder.

ALIEN PRIORY. An alien priory of Benedictine monks[176] belonging to the abbey of St. Sergius and Bachus in Angiers,[177] founded before A.D. 1169. by Champernulphus or Chambernon of Bere,[178] lord of the manor of Tywardreith, or by the ancestors of Robert de Cardinan,[179] perhaps Robert Fitz William. It was seised by the Crown during the wars with France, and its farm then fixed at fifty marks per ann.[180] but being afterwards made denisen it continued till the general suppression, about which time herein were seven monks,[181] whose revenues were rated at 123_l._ 9_s._ 3_d._ per ann. Dugd. 151_l._ 16_s._ 1_d._ Speed. It was dedicated to St. Andrew, and granted 34 Hen. 8. to Edward earl of Hertford.

Vide in Mon. Angl. tom. ii. p. 586, 587. Cart. 33 Ed. 1. n. 38. recit. per inspeximus tres cartas Hen. 3. viz. primam recitant, cartam Roberti de Cardinan confirm, donationes antecessorum, secundam de ecclesia de Austel, tertiam de libertate sanctuarii S. Austeli. Lelandi Collect. vol. i. p. 76. ejusdam Itin. vol. iii. p. 14. 32, 33. vol. vii. p. 120. In Libro Nigro Scaccarii, p. 131. de 1 fœd. mil. tent. de comite Reginaldo. In Rymeri Fœder. &c. vol. iv. p. 248. vol. viii. p. 106. Cart. 9 Ed. 2. n. 16. pro merc, et fer. apud Fowey, et lib. war. in Tywardreith, Trerant, Tremaynon, et Carigog. Claus. 4 Ed. 3. m. 27. de ten. in Fawy. [Harl. MS. 6959. p. 185. 6960. p. 34. 6961. pp. 30. 89. Repert. to Originalia, Brit. Mus. vol. iii. p. 273. MS. Cole, vol. xxvii. fol. 184 b. Lysons, Mag. Brit. Cornw. Gent. Mag. 2d vol. for 1822. Supp. p. 602. A great number of original grants, deeds, &c. relating to this priory from its foundation to its dissolution are at Wardour Castle, in the possession of Lord Arundel of Wardour; and extracts from a Calendar, with a list of the priors, has been lately published in the Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vol. iii. pp. 106-111. H. E.]

For TALCARN see MINSTRE in this county.

ST. MARY DE VALLE is omitted, as it probably was not in ENGLAND, see under Minstre note[135].

[84] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 24. Taxat. Lincoln. p. 367. In registr. Bronscomb. the vicarage of St. Antonine in the patronage of Tywardreth.

[85] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 30. vol. vii. p. 119. et Taxat. Lincoln. p. 638.

[86] Tonkin, Quære.

[87] Camden, edit. Gibson.

[88] i. e. “Mansio monachorum.” Leland. Collect. vol. i. 75.

[89] Hoveden, p. 567, 568.

[90] Will. Malmsbur. de Pontif. lib ――――

[91] What Leland saith of this monastery [Itin. vol. ii. 114.] is very observable, viz. “That in St. Petroc’s church at Bodmin were first monks, then nuns, then Secular priests, then monks again, then canons; the last foundation was by Will. Warlewast bishop of Exon.” Mr. Speed further adds, that after the canons were Grey friers (but these last were in a distinct house of their own in this town; vide infra) he also tells us of a priory of Black canons founded by K. Ethelstan to the honour of S. Petrorsi at Bonury in this county, which in all probability was the same with this of St. Petroc at Bodmin.

[92] This priory church is said to be now the parish church, [Tour through Great Britain, vol. ii. p. 4.] and the priory stood at the east end of the churchyard. [Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 12.]

[93] Mr. Willis’ Parochiale, p. 179. has St. Laurence chapel and hospital in the parish of Lanivet and deanry of Pider.

[94] Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 15. ms. Davies.

[95] Magn. Brit. Antiq. et Nov.

[96] Quære, Whether this was St. Antony’s or St. George’s hospital; for the will of John Killigrew, proved A.D. 1500, gives legacies “Pauper ibus S. Antonii de Bodmyn; pau peribus S. Georgii de Bodmin pauperibus S. Laurentii juxta Bod min.” Lib. Moore, Qu. xx.

[97] Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 115.

[98] Ibid.

[99] Carew, f. 124. a.

[100] Mr. Stevens has erroneously placed this house in Devonshire.

[101] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 18. Camden. Britan, edit. Gibson, ad Burien.

[102] Domesday, Cornwall. “Canonici S. Berianæ tenent Eglosberry, quæ fuit libera T. R. E. Ibi est una hida, &c.”

[103] Mr. Ashmole’s History of the Garter, cap. 4. et Mon. Angl. tom. iii. p. ii. p. 73.

[104] The dean is instituted and takes the oaths before the king as ordinary.

[105] In Taxat. Lincoln, ms. “Ecclesia S. Endelientæ taxatur prout sequitur: Prebenda dom. Pagani de Liskered in eadem lx_s._ prebenda H. de Monkton iv_l._ x_s._ prebenda dom. Reginaldi iv_l._ ii_s._”

[106] Thus the inquisition, Mon. Angl. ii. p. 5. but Leland, Coll. i. p. 75. saith, the Regulars were introduced by Bartholomew bishop of Exeter, who lived temp. Hen. 2.

[107] They were Benedictine monks according to Ryley, Plac. Parl. p. 466. But that is not right, for here were a prior and eight Black canons at the dissolution. Vide Willis, ii. Ap. p. 7.

[108] Mr. Mores saith John Champernoun, sed quære.

[109] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 23.

[110] Ms. Valor. “St. Mary Magdalen,” Registr. Stafford, f. 135.

[111] Domesdei, “Canonici S. Carentoci tenent Langorock, et tenebant T.R.E. Sunt iii. hidæ, &c.”

[112] So in my ms. Valor.

[113] Eight prebendaries, without a dean. Tax. Lincoln, ms. A dean and ten prebendaries. Ms. Le Neve.

[114] Prynne, ii. p. 736. many grants of the deanery and prebends here by the kings appear upon the rolls, but seem to be made during the vacancy of the see of Exeter. “A.D. 1315. Feb. 22. Walterus episc. Exon. contulit Joanni de Sandale cancellario regis præbendam in ecclesia S. Karantoci.” Wharton de decan. Lond. p. 216.

[115] In the former edition this church was confounded with that of St. Pieran: the late learned prelate Dr. Charles Littleton bishop of Carlisle informed Dr. Tanner of the mistake, and the account of both churches inserted in this edition are agreeable to the information communicated by him.

[116] Domesday, “Canonici S. Achebranni tenent Lannachebran.”

[117] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 25. vol. vii. p. 118. Tax. Linc. ms.

[118] Carew’s Survey, f. 118. a.

[119] Leland. Collect. vol. i. p. 76. not Regular canons of the order of St. Austin, as Magn. Brit. Antiq. et Nov. p. 333.

[120] Domesday, “Canonici S. Stephani tenent Lanstaveton. Ibi sunt iv. hidæ terræ, &c. De hoc manerio abstulit comes Moriton unum mercatum, quod ibi erat T.R.E.”

[121] Plac. coram rege, 2 c. 2. Hill, rot. 20.

[122] Leland. Itin. vol. ii. p. 109.

[123] Not friers, as Magn. Brit. Antiq. et Nov. p. 333.

[124] “And took the residew himself,” saith Leland [Itin. vol. ii. p. 110.] But in the recital of the donors and donations of this priory, made in the charter of king John, there is no mention at all of this bishop; but therein Reginald the son of K. Henry I. and earl of Cornwall seems to make the greatest figure, and he was certainly a considerable benefactor, if not founder of this new house, as he is said to be by Camden.

[125] Here could not be less than twelve canons, for the prior and eleven subscribed to the supremacy, A. D. 1534. as Willis’ Abbies, vol. ii. p. 53.

[126] And also in the register of Edm. Lacy bishop of Exon, marked Lacy, vol. iii.

[127] Survey, f. 81. b. f. 116. b.

[128] Carew, f. 68. a.

[129] Lib. præced. B. 85.

[130] Carew’s Survey, f. 81. b.

[131] Quære, Perhaps the same with St. John Baptist chantry in this church. Willis’ Abbies, vol. ii. p. 54.

[132] St. Matthew’s in Tanner. St. Mawes appears in the Exeter Registers and in Leland’s Itin. to be no other than a corruption of St. Mauduits. See Lacy’s Register, vol. iii. Leland Itin. vol. iii. 19. and Willis, Rot. Parl. vol. ii. p. 166.

[133] Domesday, “Ecclesia S. Michaelis tenet Triwal, Brismar tenebat T.R.E. Ibi sunt ii. hidæ, quæ nunquam geldaverunt, &c. de his ii. hidis comes Moriton abstulit i. hidam.”

[134] Not William, as Mr. Camden and Mr. Speed; this last author mentions the monasteries of S. Michael de Monte, and S. Michael de Magno Monte, as distinct religious houses in this county, for which I have not yet met with any other authority.

[135] That Talcarn is the same with Minstre appears from the registers of the bishops of Exeter; where in the register of Bishop Branscomb, fol. 27. b. mention is made of “Talthar or Talcarne a cell to Tywardreth;” and in Bishop Stapeldon’s register, fol. 82. b. it is stiled “ecclesia de la Minstre alias de Talcarne.” Gervase of Canterbury, among other Cornish monasteries in his time, reckons Talcarn and St. Mary de Valle as cells of Black monks to Algiers, but I know not where the latter was situated, unless it was the same with S. Michael de Valle a priory in Guernsey. Mr. Burton and Mr. Speed have also these two houses, but they mistook the reading in the ms. of Gervase of Cant. who, in the column of the orders, hath, against these two and St. Anthony “mon. n. de Angs,” which they translated “Black monks of the Angells,” an order nowhere else to be met with. Black monks of Angiers seems most probable, and that they were cells to that foreign abbey, as Tywardreth certainly was, on which Talcarn appears to have been dependent.

[136] Survey, f. 68.

[137] Cressy’s Church History, p. 768. Leland. Collect, vol. iii. p. 13.

[138] Domesday, “Clerici S. Neoti tenent Neotestou, et tenebant T.R.E. Ibi sunt ii. hidæ, quæ nunquam geldaverunt: iv. bordarii, &c. Totam hanc terram præter i. acram, quam presbiteri tenent, abstulit comes ab ecclesia.”

[140] John of Glastonbury saith of St. Neot, that he was “dignis parentibus editus;” but his whole narrative is inconsistent with his being of royal birth.

[141] Latest edition of Camden’s Britannia, col. 23.

[142] Cressy’s Church History of England, p. 224. from archbishop Usher and Capgrave.

[143] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 27.

[144] Not of Oxford, as Speed.

[145] Not A.D. 1288. as Mr. Camden and Speed; because bishop Bronscomb the founder died in 1280.

[146] One of these prebends was annexed to the dignity of the archdeaconry of Cornwall. Leland saith there were twelve prebendaries. Itin. vol. iii. p. 27.

[147] “Thirteen vicars.” Cart. fund. “Prebendaries, and other ministers. This college is strongly walled and incastell’d, having three strong towers, and guns at the but of the creke.” Leland, Itin. iii. 27.

[148] Domesday, “Canonici S. Pierani tenent Lanpiran, quæ libera fuit T.R.E. De hoc manerio ablatæ sunt ii. hidæ, quæ reddebant canonicis T.R.E. firmam quatuor septimanarum, et decano xx. sol.”

[149] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 24. ms. in bibl. Cotton. Julius, C. vi.

[150] Plac. coram rege, 2 Ric. 2.

[151] Domesday, “Canonici S. Probi tenent Lantrebois. Ibi est una hida.”

[152] Plac. coram rege, 2 Rich. 2.

[153] “A.D. 1258. dom. episc. Exon. contulit custodiam decanatus ecclesiæ S. Probi magistro Henrico de Bolish.” Reg. Bronscomb. episc. Exon.

[154] Pat. 3 Hen. 4. a grant of a prebend in the church of S. Probus; four had pensions at the suppression.

[155] And so it seems to have done, even at the time of the Lincoln taxation, 20 Ed. 1. where, among the dignities of the church of Exeter, “Thesauraria, præter ecclesiam S. Probi (quæ taxatur in archidiac. Cornub.) xx_l._”

[156] Ms. Valor, in offic. Primitiarum.

[157] Quære, Whether it ought not rather to be the rectory of Saltash in Cornwall, which now belongs to Windsor college.

[158] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 19.

[159] Gervase of Cant. et Speed.

[160] Hen. Sulgrave, ms.

[161] Mon. Angl.

[162] Taxat. Lincoln. ms.

[163] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 37.

[164] Gervase of Cant. “Monachi Nigri.”

[165] Montacute was of this order.

[166] Because mentioned by Gervase of Cant. The church of St. Carric or Karentocus was given to Montacute by their founder; as Mon. Angl. ii. p. 910.

[167] Leland. Itin. vol. vii. p. 121.

[168] Pat. 25 Ed. 3. p. 1. m.. where is the grant of a prebend in this church by the crown, “Ratione temporalium episcopatus Exon. in manu regis existen.” The advowson of the vicarage is certainly in the bishop of Exeter.

[169] Taxat. Lincoln, ms. 20 Ed. 1.

[170] Portionarius ecclesiæ S. Tethæ Cornub. 25 Ed. 1. Prynne, iii. p. 703.

[171] Ex informatione Reverendissimi Caroli nuper Episc. Carliol.

[172] Their church was consecrated in the second year of bishop Walter Bronscomb. Registr. Bronscomb.

[173] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 27. where he calls them White friers; but he mentions them as Black friers, Itin. vol. vii. p. 120.

[174] Regist. Exon.

[175] Tax. Lincoln, ms.

[176] Registr. Exon. Ryley, p. 466. et Rot. 22 Ed. 1. but Leland [Collect. i. 76. Itin. vii. 120.] saith they were Cluny monks, by which name the foreign Benedictines were often called.

[177] Registr. Exon. Rymer, iv. 243. claus. 1 Ed. 3. p. 1. m. 22. Not to St. Peter super Dynam Sagiensis diœc. as Rymer, viii. 106. et Mon. Angl. i. 1036.

[178] Leland. Itin. vol. iii. p. 14.

[179] Ibid. p. 6. Arundel of Lanhern of late taken to be founder.

[180] Ms. Stow.

[181] Ms. Corp. Christ. coll. Cant.

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Appendix

XI.

SOME DOCUMENTS RELATIVE TO THE PRIORY AT BODMIN.

_Award of John Treffry, Thomas Brown, and others, in a Dispute between the Prior of Bodmyn and Richard Flamank, Esq., respecting Lands in Little Boscarn and Dynmur._

(Cart. Antiq. Harl. Mus. Brit. 57. A. 35.)

To all maner men that this present wrytyng comyth to, John Treffry efte Tremur, Thomas Brown, John Coche, and John Wythiell gretyng, Where diverse discencion, discordis and debatis weryn bytwene Alan priour of the priory of Bodmyn and his convent ther in the one party, and Richard Flamank esquier, in that other party, of and yn certeyn landys and tenementis with the appertenaunce in Litell Boscarn and Dynmur, of which landis and tenementis in Litell Boscarn there assise of novel disseisin hangith, and a writte of oyer and terminer of trespas supposed there afore John Hale and Richard Neweton, Justis of assise in the counte of Comwaill, assigned at the suyte of the said Richard agenst the saide priour and other. To whiche the saide Richard and the saide priour have putte ham yn arbitrement, ordinaunce, and juggement of ous forsaide Thomas and John Wythiell arbitrours in the party of the saide Richard chosen, and of ous forsaide John Tremur and John Coche arbitrours in the party of the saide priour chosen, to whiche arbitriment, ordinance, and juggement to stande and perfourme for the party of the saide Richard, Jamys Flamank ys bonden by his obligacion berynge date the Tywysday nexte after the Conversion of Seynt Paule the yeer of reigne of Kyng Harry the Sexte twolthe, to the saide priour in cc. pound. And the forsaide priour ys bounden by his obligacion beryng date the same day and yeere to the saide Jamys yn cc. pound to stande and perfourme in his party the saide arbitriment, ordinaunce, and juggement as yn the same obligacions more pleynly ys conteyned. Be hit to knowe to alle manner men by this present our endentours, that we arbitrours forsaide arbitre, ordeyne, and ajugge in the fourme as ensueth, that ys to wete, that the bounde that comyth thurgh the doune lyinge bytween the lande of the saide priour and the saide Richard, comynge to a stone standynge with oute a diche by Dynmur wode yclepyd Kenediche in the north side of the said diche ther of old tyme beynge abounde, ys and schall be a bounde bytwene the saide priour and his successors and the saide Richard and his heyres; and so goyng don to another stone standyng of olde tyme in a banke of a grype; and fro that stone into another stone beyng of olde tyme a bounde; and fro that stone to another stone by an oke, by ous new pighte, and so the saide diche and the grype beyng several to the saide Richard and to his heires, and so fro the ende of that grype righte to the north west corner of Dynmur brigge by a bounde that we have set, is and schall be the bounde bytwene the saide priour and his successours, and the saide Richard and his heyres. And the saide Rychard and his heyres schal have al the landys withynne the same diche and boundys; and the saide Priour and his successours schal have al the land, wode, and the mill called Dynmur mille, beynge with oute the saide diche, gripe, and boundis, and also the saide Richard and his heyres schall have alle the land bynethe the said brigge; and that the saide priour and his successours schall have fre outefluvie and curse of water fro the saide mille into the water of Alan, in the manner as it rennith nowe; and also the saide priour and his successours schall have fre goynge and comynge for him and for his servaunts to purge and clense alle the saide curse of water, and to caste the stonys and gravell, fenne and slyme, of the same lete, in bothe sidys uppon the lande of the same Richard, there to abide and not to cast ne hele the motys ne the kutte of the treys ther growynge, and yf eny treys wyxen uppon the sides of the same water, in letting other noysaunce of the curse or purgynge of the same water, thenne that the saide priour may do warne the saide Richard and his heyres to kutte and remove al suche treys, And but yf he so do with ynne sevene dayes after suche warnynge, that then it schal be lufful and lawfull to the saide priour and his successours and his servauntes to kutte and remove alle suche treys and leve on the grounde of the saide Richard. And also the saide priour, and his convent schal grante under har comune seal to the saide Jamys for his costages and for to be good frende to the saide priour and his successours havynge an annuyte of syxantwenty schelyng an eghte pans to be take yeerly, terme of his lyf, by the handys of the styward of the saide priour of the saide hous, who that ever be priour, at the festis of Nativite of Seynt John Baptiste and Cristismasse by evene portions, And if it be by hynde by a moneth after every terme forsaide, if it be asket by the saide Jamys other his servauntes that thenne it be lawfull to the forsaide Jamys in al the lands of Wythiellgoos to distreyne; and that distrece so take to imparke and inpounde it unto the tyme of the forsaide syxantwenty schelynge and eghte pans satisfaccion be ymade togeder with the arrerag, And also the forsaide priour and his successours schal holde perpetually onys a yeer, that ys to wetynge at Seynt Vincent ys day the obyt of Richard Flamank, Margaret his wyf, Jamys Flamank, and Elizabeth his wyff, and Anne the daughter of the saide Richard, and for all har good doerys, And also the forsaide Richard and Jamys Flamank and her heires schal leve al maner of suytes the whiche they have other maye have agenst the saide priour and convent and alle other men as twochinge the materys and causes forsaide, And also the saide priour and his successours schal leve al maner of suytes the whiche they haue other mowe haue against the forsaide Richard and Jamys Flamank, and all other men as twochynge the materys and causes forsaide. To whiche arbitriment, ordinaunce, and juggement, we foure arbitratours forsaide, to this our present endentours our seales haue y put her to wytnys. Thomas Moyle maior of the burgh of Bodmyn, John Corke, Thomas Bere of Bryn, John Nicoll, Walter Pole, John Peyntor, Thomas Daunant, and other. I wryte at Bodmyn awendysday nexte after the Conversion of Seynt Paule the year of reigne of our soveraygne lord Kynge Harry the Sexte twolthe.

_Award in a Dispute between Thomas Bishop of Megarence and Prior of the House and Churche of our Lady and St. Petrok of Bodmyn, and John Flamank, respecting Rothyn More._

(Cart. Antiq. Har. 44. H. 20.)

To all true Cristen people to whom this present wrytyng indented shal come to see or rede, we William Carnsuyowe esquire, Nicholas Opy, and Cristofer Tredenek sende gretyng in our Lord God everlastyng; and wheere afore this tyme that stryff, debate, and variance hath byn hadde, movid, and yet hangith betwene the reverent fader in God Thomas bisshop of Megarence and prior of the house and church of our Lady and Seynt Petrok of Bodmyn in the right of the said house, of the oon parte, and John Flamank of Bocarun esquire, of the other parte, of and uppon the right, titill, and possession of certain landes called Savelyn More, otherwyse called Rothyn more, sett and liyng in the same more betwene the landes, tenementes and closes of the saide Fader in God of the west parte called Savelyn closes, and the landes, tenements, and closes of the said John Flamank called Rothyn, of the est parte, And for asmoche as the said more so in variance hath be so intrykyd with tynners ther wyrkyng nowe as in tymes passed, so that the bounds and waters rynnyng in the same that sumtyme weere bounds between the said parties, cannot be to us parfectly knowen, wheere vppon the saide parties stande bounde either to other in xl^{ti li} by ther severall oblicacions whois date is the last day of August in the x^{th} yere of the raigne of Kyng Harry the viij^{th}, to abyde the awarde and jugement of us the saide arbitrours of an uppon the premyses. Wheere uppon we the said arbitrours, the fyrst day of September the x^{th} yere of the raigne of Kyng Harry the viij^{th}, at the said more in variance called Rothyn more, called afore us the saide reverent fader in God and the saide John Flamank, and theere and then hyryng ther complynts, aunswers, reioynders, replicacions, and wyttenes in every part examyned by goode deliberacion and avisement, and also by the full aggrement and consent of both parties, fyrst we awarde, judge, and deme that all the tolle tyn that shall be wrought theere after the fest of Seynt Michell the arcangell nexte cornyng after this present date, in the said more, shall be equally divided and departed betweene the saide reverent fader and his successours, priores of the saide house, of the one halfe for ever, and the other halfe to the saide John Flamank and his heyres for ever, wiche shal be wrought withyn the bounds and merkes hereafter folowyng; that is to say, fro Rothyn brygge upward in all the saide More elonges by the water that comyth from Tregewan to the closes of the saide fader in God in the west side of the saide More to the closes and heyges of the saide John Flamank in the est side of the saide more called Rothyn, and so fro the saide brygge uppe alonge in the saide More to a certain bounde and merke theere now redy made by a thorne, viz., a stone of Bodyell gray with a hole in the hede pyzt ther by the said thorne, for a bounde, and no furder; and if hit fortune hereafter any tyn in ther severall grounde to ther owne use and no more in the same to departe. And also we saide arbitrours adjuge and awarde that all the pasture wode, fwell, and other casualties being or growyng within the precyncte of the boundes afore by us rehersyd, to be ocupied and devyded equally betwene the saide fader in God and his successours, and the saide John Flamank and his heyres for ever, and that the saide fader in God and his successours shal not cutt nor selle no wode nor fwell theere growyng, without the aggrement and consent of the saide John Flamank and his heyres, nayther the saide John Flamank and his heyres shal not cut nor selle no wode nor fwell there growyng within the precyncte of the saide bounde without the aggrement and consent of the saide fader in God and his successours priours of the same house. In wetenes wheereof to this our arbitrement we the foresaide William Carnsuyowe esquire, Nicholas Opy, and Cristofer Treederick, have sette our seales and subscribed with our handes. Ygeven at Bodmyn on the fest of Seynte Michell the arcangell in the yere and raigne of Kyng Harry the viij^{th} the x^{th} yere.

Per me WILLIELMUM CARNSUYELLE, Per me NICOLAUM OPY, Per me CRISTOPHORUM TREDENEK.

The Prior of Bodmyn to Mr. Lock, complaining that the Canons refuse to live up to the Rules set them by their Visitor.

(From the Orig. MS. Cotton. Cleop. E. IV. fol. 116.)

Maister Lok, I harttili recommend me unto you; so thankyng you for your gret kyndeness and payne that ye have take for me, which I trust wons God wyllyng to recompens. Syr, I am sore disquieted with a sort of unthryfty chanons, my convent, and there berars, which of long contynuans has lyvyd unthriftili, and agene the gode order of relygyon, to the grete sklaunder of the same, as all the contrey can tell; for the reformacyon thereof, the buschope yn hys late visitacyon gave cartayne and dyvers injuncions commandyng me straytle to see obseruyd and kept; which ar noo harder than our owne rule and profession byndis us, and as alle other relygyus men use and observe where gode relygion is observed and kept. Wherewith they be sore greved, and yntend the most parte of them to depart with capacitise, with owt my concent and wylle, and won of them hathe purchased a capacyte the last terme, without my lycence, which is agene the words of his capacite, wherefor I have restrayneyd his departyng, for no gret los that I showld have of hym, but for the yl example to other; for yf I should suffer this man to depart yn thys manner I shal have never a chanon to byde with me. I am sore threttyned with won Mr. Roger Arundell a gret berar and mayntynar of my bretherne agenst me, and the procurar of there capacites, to be browght before the kyngs graces honourable councell, for that I have not suffered this lewde chanon to depart with his capacite accordyng to there yntent. I pray you harttili to shew this mater to my gode Mr. Secretary desieryng hym, as my speciall trust ys yn hym yf, anney complaints cum to hym, as I dowt not but that there wol, yt may plese hym to refer the examynation of the mater to Sir John Arundell, Sir Peter Eggecumbe, Sir John Chamond, or any other discrete gentilmen yn the contrey what so ever, so that I cum not to London as there purpose ys, which showld be to gret a charge for me to bere, my hous beyng sore yndetted all redye. This gentilman hathe procured a commyssion, as I am informyd, to pull down a were longyng to my pore hows, which hathe stand up thes ccccc yere and more. If nede be I wol wryte more of this mater by Mr. Hill. Thus fare ye as wol as yoʳ gentil harte can thynke, and all my gode frends and loviers, to home pray you have harttili commendid. From 28 Maij by yoʳ owne for ever.

THOMAS prior there.

BODMYN.

(In a Book of Pensions remaining in the Augmentation Office.)

Hereafter ensuythe the namys of the late p^{r}or and convente of Bodmyn, in the countye of Cornwall, w^{t} the annuall pencons assigned unto them by vertue of the Kyngs highnes comyssion the xxvij^{th} daye of February in the XXX^{th} yere of the reigne of oʳ most drade souũeigne lorde Kyng Henry the viij^{th}, the furst payment of the saide pen[~co]ns and e[~v]y of them to begynne at the feaste of th’annūcia[~co]n of o^{r} blessed Lady next comyng for one q^{u}rrt, and so after, that to be payde ev’y halfe yere duryng their lyffs; according to the rate hereafter specyfied――

That is to say,

Furst, Tho[=m]s Wannysworth p^{r}or lxvj^{li} xiij^{s} iiij^{d} Richarde Olyver, supp^{i}o^{r} viij^{li} Richarde Luer, blynde and of th’age of one hundrethe yeres x^{li} & vj dussen wodes yerly. Benett Smythe vj^{li} Tho[=m]s Rosemonde vj^{li} John Wylcoke cvj^{s} viij^{d} Tho[=m]s Marshall cvj^{s} viij^{d} John Dagle cvj^{s} viij^{d} Michell Flemyng xl^{s} John Beste xl^{s} Tho[=m]s Rawlyns, blynde and aged, for his corrody yerly xl^{s} S[=m] of all the pen[~co]ns aforesaide cxviij^{li} xiij^{s} iiij^{d} Jᵒ TREGONWELL, WILLIAM PETRE, JOHN SMYTH.

Fiant pensiones religiosis predictis. RYCHARD RYCHE.

Valor Ecclesiasticus tempore Henr. VIII.

(From the First Fruits’ Office.)

Spiritualia.

Com. Cornubiæ. Bodmin Decim. Garb £7 2 3 Decim. Personal’ 6 4 1 Oblac’ ad Virginem Mariam 0 10 6 Mynfrey Decim. Garb 14 13 6 Cutberte Decim. Garb 17 10 0 Padistowe Decim. Garb 14 9 6 Decim. Pisc 4 0 0 Oblac 2 0 0 Lanhidiok Garb 4 2 0 Oblac 0 2 2 Decim. Personal 0 8 0 Aliis Profic’ ibidem 1 0 0 ―――――――――― £72 2 0

Temporalia.

Bodmyn, Lanhiderok, Fosnewith, et Bree. Redd. et Firm. £74 18 7 Pendewey Redd. et Firm. 24 0 0 Bodynell Redd. et Firm. 7 0 8 Wythiell Redd. et Firm. 11 12 5 Rialton Libera Redd. et Firm. 27 0 0 Infra Redd. et Firm. 22 0 0 Retergh Redd. et Firm. 10 13 4 Elynglase Redd. et Firm. 14 10 0 Padistowe Redd. et Firm. 10 7 5 Com. Devon. Newton Petrok Redd. et Firm. 7 9 6 Holcomb Redd. et Firm. 5 1 0 Vendic. Bosc 3 0 0 ―――――――――――― Summa Valoris, tam Spiritual’ quam Temporal’ £289 11 11 ============

Comput. Ministrorum Domini Regis temp. Hen. VIII.

(Abstract of Roll, 31 Hen. VIII. Augmentation Office.)

BODMIN PRIORATUS.

Com. Cornub. Bodmyn Scit’ cum Terr. Da[=n]ical’ Firm. £8 17 10 Bodmyn Maner’ cum Capell. de Langhidrocke Redd. libor’ Tenenc’ 7 0 0 Redd. tam Custom. quam Convenc’. Tenen 15 19 0 Braye Firma 1 6 8 Langcarne Firma 0 0 1 Newnam Firma 0 0 1 Langhydroke cum Capell. Firma 1 0 0 Bodmyn Terr. D[=n]ical. Firma 13 3 5 Bodmyn Villa Feod’ Firma 5 10 0 Perquis. Cur. 0 19 0 Pendevye Redd. tam Custom. quam Convenc’. Tenen 25 2 8 Perquis. Cur 0 8 0 Bodynyell Maner. Firma 5 0 0 Wythiell Maner. Firma 10 0 0 Rialton et Retargh Maner. cum hundred. de Petherschel al’ Pether Redd. Assis 83 1 7½ Firma Terr. D[=n]ical 15 6 8 Elynglas et Kelsey Maner. in quadam Insula voc’ the Gull Rock Firma 18 17 0 Newton Petrocke et Halcombe Firma 12 10 6 Paddestowe Maner. cum memb. ac cert. Terr. in Lanlesyke. Firma 20 8 6½ Bodmyn Menstre et Paddestowe Decim’ Garb. 54 0 0 Bodmyn Sanct. Cuthbert Decim’ Garb. 19 0 0 Decim’ Prædial et Minut. 6 4 1 Trenowe in Tyntagell Por[~co] Decim’ Garb. 0 6 8 Paddestow Firm. Decim. Pisc. &c. 10 0 0 Eglosayll’ Penc’ 2 0 0

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