Appendix
CONTENTS.
Page
I. Number of acres in each of the Hundreds of Cornwall, and the population in 1831 177
II. Tables relative to the population of Cornwall, at various periods 178
III. List of plants, illustrative of the mild climate of Cornwall 180
IV. Addition to the Parochial History, containing an account of the parish of Broadoak 184
V. Observations on an ancient manuscript, entitled Passio Christi, written in the Cornish language, and now preserved in the Bodleian Library; with an account of the language, manners, and customs of the people of Cornwall. By William Scawen, Esq. Vice-Warden of the Stannaries. (From a manuscript in the library of Thomas Astle, Esq. 1777.) On the manuscript itself. On the description of the Passion contained therein. On the tongue in which the Passion is described, and the properties thereof, and how it relates to and concerns the people and places of Cornwall 190
VI. Extract from the Itinerary of William of Worcester, relative to Cornwall; with a notice of his life and character 222
VII. The Itinerary of John Leland, so far as relates to Cornwall 256
VIII. Extracts from Drayton’s Poly-Olbion, relative to Cornwall 293
IX. On the etymology of names of places within the county. Communicated by the late Thomas Hingston, Esq. M.D. 312
X. Tanner’s Notitia Monastica for Cornwall, from Nasmith’s edition. With additions by Sir Henry Ellis, F.R.S. Sec. S.A. 319
XI. Some documents relative to the Priory at Bodmin, from a MS. in the British Museum 337
XII. Account of the different Earls of Cornwall; extracted from the Baronage of Sir W. Dugdale 346
XIII. On the Hundreds of Cornwall. Extracted from Tonkin’s MSS. 375
XIV. Epitaph of Richard Carew of Antony, Esq. the Historian of Cornwall 378
Index to Carew’s Survey of Cornwall 381
Copious Index to the present Work 393-571
Appendix
I.
The number of acres in each of the hundreds, according to Mr. Hitchins’s measurement, and the population from the last Parliamentary Statements, including Voltersholm, and the other small pieces of Cornwall artificially placed in Devonshire and the Islands of Scilly.
Acres. Population. Powder 128,115 Penwith 74,867 East 112,647 Powder 61,911 Pyder 92,713 Kerrier 56,074 Penwith 90,957 East 35,086 Kerrier 89,051 Pyder 25,689 West 81,558 West 18,254 Lesnewth 61,132 Trigg 13,057 Trigg 54,574 Stratton 8,815 Stratton 48,934 Lesnewth 8,277 ――――――- ――――――- 759,681 302,030 ――――――- ――――――-
The three south-western hundreds, Penwith, Kerrier, and Powder contain nearly two-thirds of the whole population.
And of the two divisions of Cornwall, the East division is in round numbers about twice as large as the West division, while the West division has twice the population of the East.
Appendix
II.
The population of Cornwall is given for the years 1700 and 1750, at 105,800 and 135,000; but I know not on what authority. The years 1801, 1811, 1821, and 1831 are from the Parliamentary publications founded on the actual census on each occasion.
POPULATION OF CORNWALL.
In 1700 | In 1750 | In 1801 | In 1811 | In 1821 | In 1831 ――――――- | ――――――- | ――――――- | ――――――- | ――――――- | ――――――- 105,800 | 135,000 | 194,500 | 216,667 | 257,447 | 301,017
The per-centages of increase taken for 30 years, at the rate between each interval, are 15¾ per cent., 24 per cent., 38¼ per cent., 67¾ per cent., and 60 per cent.
At the rate of increase from 1700 to 1750, 1000 would become in a century 1628, and would double in 140 years. At the rate of increase from 1750 to 1801, 1000 would become in a century 2046, and would double in 96,8 years. At the rate of increase from 1801 to 1811, 1000 would become in a century 2943, and would double in 64,2 years. At the rate of increase from 1811 to 1821, 1000 would become in a century 5610, and would double in 40,2 years. At the rate of increase from 1821 to 1831, 1000 would become in a century 4776, and would double in 44,3 years.
The population of Cornwall being in 1831, according to the actual census, 301,017, if it continued to increase accordingly for a century at the rate ascertained between 1811 and 1821, the number of people in 1931 would amount to one million six hundred and eighty-eight thousand six hundred and fifty!
A Table exhibiting the amount to which the population of a thousand persons would amount in a century, and also the time of its doubling for each 5 per cent. of increase in 30 years, the period given for each parish from the Parliamentary Return.
――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――+――――――――――――-+―――――――――――― A thousand, with the following increase,| Will become | Will double in thirty years | in a century| in ――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――――+――――――――――――-+―――――――――――― 5 per cent. increase in thirty years | 1176 | 426 years. 10 per cent. | 1374 | 218 15 per cent. | 1593 | 148 20 per cent. | 1836 | 114 25 per cent. | 2104 | 93,2 30 per cent. | 2398 | 79,2 35 per cent. | 2719 | 69,3 40 per cent. | 3070 | 61,8 45 per cent. | 3451 | 56 50 per cent. | 3863 | 51,3 55 per cent. | 4310 | 47,4 60 per cent. | 4791 | 44,2 65 per cent. | 5308 | 41,5 70 per cent. | 5874 | 39,2 75 per cent. | 6458 | 37,2 80 per cent. | 7094 | 35,4 85 per cent. | 7773 | 33,8 90 per cent. | 8495 | 32,4 95 per cent. | 9264 | 31,1 100 per cent. | 10080 | 30
Appendix
III.
The Editor has been favoured with the following list of plants illustrative of the mild climate of Cornwall.
The native plant of greatest curiosity is the Erica Vagans, Erica Didima of Withering, Erica Multiflora of Ray and Hudson. This plant spreads over the whole serpentine formation of the Lizard, and observes its limits almost to a foot. It is said to appear again at Clickitor near Liskeard, where the serpentine formation is also found.
The Ligusticum Cornubiense, remarkable only from its extreme rarity, grows near Bodmin, in a place called Margaret’s Wood.
The Tamarix Gallica grows in great abundance about the Lizard, apparently wild, but it is said to have been brought there from St. Michael’s Mount in the early part of the last century; and St. Michael’s Mount having been long a cell to Mount St. Michael in Normandy, the shrub may very probably have been introduced by the monks. It powerfully resists the sea winds, and grows freely on the banks of earth or sand surrounding inclosures near the shore. The wood is so solid as to sink in water.
The Panicum Dactylon grows on the bank of gravel lying between the sea, and the road leading from Marazion to Penzance.
The Sibthorpia Europæa may be found in great plenty about half a mile inland from thence, in a stream flowing westward by the road near Gulval church town. This plant was named by Linnæus in honour of Humphry Sibthorpe, M.D. Professor of Botany at Oxford from 1747 to 1784. The hybrid variety or monstrosity of the Antirrhinum Linaria, called Peloria, is said to grow at the foot of Mabe Hill on the old road leading from Helston to Penryn. The Erica Ciliaris has recently been found at Carclew, near Penryn, the seat of Sir Charles Lemon, M.P. for the county.
And many of the cryptogamia flourish in a degree unknown in other countries, among which the magnificent Osmunda Regalis may be selected as a specimen.
A List of Plants that are growing in the open air at Pendarves, most of which have stood several years without protection.
Agapanthus umbellatus, many years. Aristolochia sempervirens, two years. Anthyllis Hermannia, three or four years. Alvysoa citra odora, several years. Acacia armata, two years. Aster argophyllus, four years. Benthamia pasifera, one year. Bocconia cordata, several years. Bouvardia triphylla, three or four years. Bignonia grandiflora, three years. Brugmansia suaveolens (datura arborea,) two years. Calceolaria, five or six species. Coronilla glauca and valentina, several years. Calendula tragus, several years. Cineraria populifolia, several years. Chrysocoma cernua aurea, several years. Collectia spinosa (from Chili), two years. Canna indica and bicolor, two years. Camellia Japonica, several varieties, two years. Capraria lanceolata, two years. Cobœa scandens, two years. Charlwoodia australis (Dracæna australis) covered in frosty nights last winter with a mat, and is now growing very strong, and is nearly six feet high. Clethra arborea, three or four years. Daphne odora, five or six years. Dolichos lignosus, two years. Duvaura undulata and dependens, one and two years. Encomus punctata, several years. Eriocephalus africanus, five or six years. Ericomus fragrans, two years. Eriobotrya japonica (loquat), three or four years. Echium grandiflorum and glaucophyllum, three or four years. Echium nervosum, stem six inches diameter, five feet four inches high, twenty-five feet in circumference, and from thirty to forty spikes of flowers. Edwardsia grandiflora, one year. ―――― microphylla, two years. Escallonia rubra and montividiensis, two years. Fuschia gracilis, nine feet six inches high, circumference forty feet, diameter thirteen feet ten inches. Fuschia conica, globosa, coccinea, maxima, apetela, adolphina, robertsia, virgata, &c. Gazania rigens, two years. Globularia longifolia, two years. Gnaphalium ericoides, stœchas, fetidum, four years. Geranium, many varieties, four years. Hippia frutescens, three or four years. Heliotropium corymbosum, two years. Hoya carnosa, two years. Hypericum monogynum, several years. Hydrangea hortensis, six feet six inches high, circumference forty-five feet. Justicia adatoda, two years. Jasminum revolutum, ten or twelve years. Lobelia crinus (rock work), three or four years. Lithospermum erubescens, two years. Leonitus leonurus, eight feet high, spreading eighteen feet on a low wall, three or four years. Melaleuca hypericifolia, five or six years. Maurandia Barclayana and semperflorens, two years. Melianthus major and coccineus, several years. Oxalis, several species. Othonna pectinata, two or three years. Ornithogalum longibracteatum, two years. Psoralea spicata, pinnata, and aculeata. Petunia nyctaginiflora, and phœnicia, two years. Passiflora cœrulea racemosa, two years. Richardia Æthiopica (Calla), many years. Salvia cardinalis, grahami, involucrata, &c. Saxifraga sarmentosa, several years. Thunbergia coccinea (on a wall), three years. Tradescantia crassula, three years. Teucrium latifolia and frutescens, three years. Vergilia Capensis, seven feet three inches high, diameter five feet, two years. Vestia lycioides, eight feet high, three years. Verbena chamoidryoides and pulchella, two years. Polygala speciosa and myrtifolia, three or four years. Olea fragrans, ten to twelve years (south wall). Physalis edulis, three or four years. Diosma ericoides, three to four years.
* * * * *
The Acacia lophantha, dealbata, and several other plants, have been planted out during the last spring, and will probably stand out the winter as well as the above.
Appendix
IV.
Since the parish of Broadoak was printed, an additional sheet of Mr. Hals’s manuscript has been communicated to the Editor by his friend the Rev. Richard Polwhele. It contains an account of the important military events which distinguished that parish and the neighbourhood, in 1644, and it is therefore printed as a curious addition to what has here been given in the body of the work, on the same subject. Mr. Polwhele has also sent another sheet relative to St. Stephen’s near Saltash, but that does not contain anything of the least importance.
These two sheets appear to have been separated from the work at Exeter by the carelessness of the bookseller in whose hands the whole had been lodged, and this confirms the suspicion of more important losses having taken place at the same time.
BROADOAK.
Broadoak is situate in the hundred of West, and hath upon the south Boconnock, west St. Winnow, east St. Pynock, north Cardinham; and by the name of Bradock it was taxed in Domesday Roll, 20 William I. 1087; which word, if it be single, signifies a rebel or traitor, one that betrays the trust and fidelity reposed in him by another; otherwise if it be commonly understood of Brad-ock or Brodock, it signifies broad trees of oak (Saxon).
In the Pope’s Inquisition into the value of Benefices before-mentioned, 1294, Capella de Bradock in decanatu de Westwellshire, appropriata Domui de Lanceston, was valued at xiii_s._ iv_d._ from whence it appears the church was endowed by the college of St. Stephen’s or Lanceston; in Wolsey’s Inquisition or Valor Beneficiorum at £8. 13_s._ 4_d._; the patronage in the Bishop of Exon, the incumbent Pearce, the rectory in possession of ――――; and this parish was rated to the 4_s._ per pound Land Tax for one year, 1696, £57.
Here let it be remembered that Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, General of the Parliament Army, being in Devon, received orders from his masters, 1644, to march from thence with the same towards Plymouth, in order to raise the siege thereof, it being then greatly distressed by Sir Richard Grenville, as was the west part of that county, who immediately set forward with his army, and marched on towards that place; yet not so quickly but that Grenville had notice of his motion, and, fearing he was not strong enough to engage his great army, he by night privately dislodged from the siege of Plymouth with his own regiment, Colonel Fortescue’s, Colonel Carew’s, and Colonel Acland’s; and the better to shun or avoid his enemy, marching down by way of Plympton, he turned aside towards St. Botolph’s and Saltash Passage, where with boats he passed over his troops, and so entered over the Tamar river into Cornwall; which Essex understanding as soon as he came to Plymouth, having thus raised the siege and relieved the town, forthwith marched after Grenville as far as Lestwithell and Bradoak Downs, himself quartering at Lanhydrock, the Lord Robartes’s house, and sending out troops of horse westwards if possible to attack him. In the mean time, King Charles I. being then in Somerset with his army, and having notice of those facts of Essex’s, forthwith marched out of Somerset through Devon with his army for Grenville’s relief, and entered Cornwall by way of Polston bridge, the 11th of August 1644; from thence advanced to Lanceston, and so directly to Liskeard, which place for some time he made his head quarters, where the townsmen and contiguous countrymen shewed themselves very zealous and loyal towards his service, especially for that the town or borough and manor of Leskeard was his son the Duke of Cornwall’s lands, in right of his Duchy of Cornwall.
Soon after which the country people gave private notice to the King, that on a certain day the quarter-master, General Dalbier, Lieutenant-Colonel Charleton, Colonel Allured, Colonel Barkley, and some other officers of Essex’s army were to dine at the Lord Mohun’s house, not far from Lestwithell.
At the day appointed the King dispatched a party of horse, and by surprise took them all prisoners (except Dalbier, who made his escape) and brought them all prisoners to Leskeard, where soon after Prince Rupert arrived at the King’s army, which gave great hopes of a notable victory over Essex; and, in order to give him battle, the King soon after drew forth his army from Leskeard, and marched west to Bradock Downs in this parish, opposite to St. Winnow and Boconnock Downs, where Essex lay encamped, on the east side of Lestwithell town, and there pitched his camp and standard, he himself, Prince Rupert, and Grenville quartering at the Lord Mohun’s house; from whence he sent a letter August 16th, as he had sent another before from Leskeard by the Lord Beauchamp’s nephew, to Essex, for a treaty of peace, to which he received no answer; then he sent another letter to him in the name of the officers of his army, to which Essex sent a negative answer directed to the Earl of Forth, purporting that he had received a letter from his lordship, and other commanders of the King’s army, by which a treaty with him was desired for a general peace, which he could not admit of without a breach of the trust reposed in him by the Parliament, having no power by his commission to treat in a matter of such importance.
Whereupon happened several skirmishes between the cavaliers and parliament troops; and in particular that challenge and sharp charge between Colonel Straughan’s for the Parliament and Colonel Digby’s for the King, was most remarkable. Straughan’s troop consisted of a hundred young men from sixteen to twenty years of age, on whose faces, as was said, never razor had past in order to shave their beards, all double, if not treble armed for this encounter. This troop of Straughan’s was led forth by himself on Bradock and St. Winnow Downs, having nothing on his head but a hat, and on the trunk of his body nought but a white linen shift, where they braved it for some time as was said before, giving defiance to a like number of the King’s party in sight of the King and both armies; whereupon soon after dislodged the Lord Digby’s troop for the King, to accept and fight this challenge of Straughan’s, who with great resolution and bravery advanced towards him, and gave the first onset or charge, but firing their pistols at too great distance, it did little harm to his adversary, whilst instantly Straughan, like a firebrand of hell, with a led horse by his side, had before commanded his boys, as he called them, to take their adversary’s fire, which they then did with unspeakable hardiness, and rushed on to the very horse heads of Digby’s troopers, that before had spent their shot, himself leading the fore front to the very points of their swords, when he discharged his double-barrelled pistols, and was in like manner seconded by his troopers, who had all the same sort of pistols, and most of them laden with three or four bullets each, which proved so fatal and disastrous a blow to Digby’s troopers, that the one half of them were slain on the spot or mortally wounded; and it was further observable, that scarce horse or man that escaped went not off without some hurt or damage, as I was told by one Mr. William Maye, a gentleman that was one of Digby’s troop, and sorely wounded in this battle, the marks of which through his hands, arms, and legs were visible, though cured to a large degree, till his dying day, 1672; and much the like account I had of this battle or combat from Mr. William Upcott, of Truro, and Mr. Joseph Upcott, of Morval, brothers, that were parcel of Straughan’s troop, who there took some of the King’s horses alive, their riders being slain, upon whose furniture was his proper arms, the star and the letters C. R.
But, alas! notwithstanding this success of Straughan’s troop, the King with his army had so hemmed in or surrounded Essex in his head quarters at Lestwithell, that he could not long subsist or have relief for his soldiers, for the Lord Goring and Sir Thomas Basset, Knt. stopped all provision with a great body of horse, that was coming to him by way of St. Blazey from the west, as Sir Richard Grenville did the like by way of St. Colomb, Bodmin, and Lanhydrock from the north; whereupon it was resolved by Essex’s council, that he should desert his army, and privately by night in a boat go down the river to Fowey, and from thence take ship for Plymouth, which expedient was accordingly put in execution, and the General Essex, the Lord Robartes, and some others the next day got into Plymouth, being the 31st of August 1644. On the same day Sir William Balfour with two thousand five hundred of the Parliament horse, with divers officers, viz. Colonel Nicholas Boscawen, his Lieutenant-Colonel James Hals, of Merther, Henry Courtenay, of St. Bennet’s in Lanyvet, Colonel John Seyntaubyn, of Clowans, and his Lieutenant Colonel Braddon, Colonel Carter, and several other officers and gentlemen of quality, early in the morning forced their passage over St. Winnow, Boconnock, and Bradock Downs, though the body of the King’s army, which lay encamped on the heath in those places, maugre all opposition to the contrary; from thence they rode to Leskeard, from thence to Saltash Passage, and from thence to Plymouth safely the same day, amidst their own garrison and confederates.
Notwithstanding this desertion of the general and other officers as aforesaid, Major General Skippon (a Londoner), like a good commander, resolved to live and die with his soldiers; and in order to their preservation, being at least twelve thousand men, he led them down the banks of the river on the west side thereof towards Foye, in order to transport them over the passage or river to Lanteglos, or ship them from thence for Plymouth, all other roads and high ways being stopped up by the King’s army as aforesaid, during which march Skippon’s men were sorely distressed in the rear by the King’s soldiers, so that five of their field pieces were taken in the lanes, whereupon the next morning his men made a stand, and with a brigade of horse that never deserted the infantry, charged the King’s troops with great courage and animosity, and beat them out of the field which they had lost the day before, with some loss; whereupon immediately the King sent Captain Brett with the Queen’s troop to attack them, who in the King’s sight charged Skippon’s brigade with that fury and violence as forced them to retire from the field aforesaid, whereby not only he regained the ground that was lost, but got some other fields from his party, and then returned in good order, having lost only four men, himself being shot in the arm, for which brave adventure the King knighted him on the spot. After which the Parliament soldiers were so dispirited that they could hardly be brought to stand to their arms; upon which dismay Colonel Butler and a trumpeter came to desire a parley with the King, which was forthwith granted, and a treaty followed on the first of September, when the Commissioners on the King’s part were Prince Maurice and the Earl of Bramford, for Essex’s soldiers Major-General Philip Skippon, Colonel Christopher Whichcott, and others, by whom a cessation of hostility was agreed upon in these terms――
Appendix
V.
Observations on an Ancient Manuscript, entitled Passio Christi, written in the Cornish Language, and now preserved in the Bodleian Library; with an account of the Language, Manners, and Customs of the People of Cornwall. By William Scawen, Esq. Vice-Warden of the Stannaries. (From a Manuscript in the Library of Thomas Astle, Esq. 1777.)
_On the Manuscript itself. On the description of the Passion contained therein. On the tongue in which the Passion is described, and the properties thereof, and how it relates to and concerns the people and places of Cornwall._
CONCERNING the manuscript itself, (which is the ground of the fabric) the first thing that presents itself is the outside, which is not polished, but in a homely, humble simplicity, and written upon a rough old vellum, which may be supposed to be before parchments here came much into use; and by the rude pictures set out therewith, it may seem to be before the art of painting became better amongst us.
Next to behold the chirography thereof, written in no other than the old Court Hand, not of the best form, but seeming somewhat older than we find it in other places, and some of the letters and characters different from the common Court Hand.
As to the speech itself, it is such as the common speakers of the Cornish now used here do not understand, nor any but such as will be at the pains to study it, no more than the common speakers of the vulgar nation of the Greeks do at this day Homer’s Iliad. So the Lord’s Prayer in the year 700 was thus in English: Vren fader thic arth, &c. In 900, Thu ure fader the eart on heofenum.
As to the antiquity thereof, we observe the name of our Saviour is all along written IHS, after the old form used in crucifixes, and then also the name written Chrest, not Christ. So we find it written in Tacitus, Suetonius, and in some other Roman authors it may be found. So Christians were called Chrestians, as Tertullian observes, Apol. c. 3.[25] And so the vulgar in Cornish speak it Chrest, and not Christ.
In this old piece are no words antiently intermixed of the Saxon tongue or Angles, which shews, in all probability, that it was written before their time at least, if not much further off; whereas, the common speech of it now carries much of those latter figures, to the disfiguring of the face thereof. But of all other intermixion, it seems to receive in it (with a kind of delight) the tongue of the Romans, by whom the people were easily brought to take up that tongue which they brought with them, and afterwards more and more by degrees in succeeding times, the Roman speech was interwoven with the Cornish, out of a natural propensity to it, as that tongue came to be used of all other nations afterwards, as was observed before.
Another argument there is (and that which is to be admired and rejoiced at) that in this old piece of the Passion, there is nothing heretical, little of error to be found, or savouring of ill opinions; which is strange, since it has passed through so many ages, in which so many ill broods have been hatched, and, amongst others, one of our own, the Pelagian heresy, a brat bred here amongst us at Bangor. Nor is there any mention made of any monastical persons, or several orders of men so living. Nothing that refers to Monks, Friars, Priors, or to any other orders, secular or sacred, nor any thing said in approbation or dislike of any such thing.
There is nothing in it savouring of the old bards or their poetry, nor having references to Merlyanisms, but a bare and sober relation of matter of fact.
II. As to the description of the Passion and Resurrection of our Saviour, I cannot again but admire, that it is so unpolluted with the Arian or Pelagian heresies. There are, it is true, some inoffensive and harmless traditions, and a word may be let slip of the Virgin Mary; and in those traditions you may observe the concurrence of others.
And, first, concerning this Longis: it is to be inquired whether he be not that Longinus mentioned in our Calendar on the fifteenth of March, or that Longinus on the first of December; for of Longinus there is the same history to be found in Picinellus his Mundus Symbolicus;[26] whose words are, D. P. Comestor ad Longinum vitiosos et caligantes fuisse oculos, cum vero fluentem in Christi latere sanguinem casu illis admovisset, videndi acumen recepisse. In eandem Septentiam canit S. G. Nazian-zenus.[27]
Ubi fixit hastam, defluentis sanguinis Tinctam liquore, et ecce! ut utraque manu Hausit, oculosque hoc ungit hinc ut scilicet Detergat oculum nocte, que cera legit, &c.
When into Christ he thrust his tainted spear, Lo! unto both his hands the blood flow’d there, Wherewith he anoints his eyes and then saw clear, Which like the night till that time blinded were.
Mr. Lassells, in his Voyages into Italy, tells us, that the picture of Longinus stands under the top of the spear with which Christ’s side was pierced, in the cupola at St. Peter’s church at Rome. It may be conjectured, that this tradition owes its origin to the literal sense of that prophecy; “they should look on him whom they had pierced.”
For the wood of the cross, (another of the traditions,) Genebrard’s account thereof, as reported by Purchas in his Pilgrimage, p. 30, comes somewhat near it, which is, that Seth went to the Cherub which kept Paradise, and received three grains of the Tree of Life, whereof we read in the Apocalypse, “The leaves shall heal the nation.” With these three grains was an oil made, wherewith Adam was anointed, and the stones put into his mouth, whence sprang the tree whereof the cross of our Lord was made, hidden by Solomon in the Temple, and after in the pool of Bethesda; according to which, in a church window at St. Neot’s, is one pictured putting something under another’s tongue, with this inscription, Hic Seth ponit tria grana sub lingua Adæ. If any list to see further about the timber whereof the cross was made, let him read Mr, Evelyn’s Sylva, c. 3, Num. 17. As to that of the smith’s wife, in forming the nails for the crucifixion, perhaps they might think, that as the first woman had the first hand in the transgression, so a woman must be employed in the last act of this tragedy. We may observe,
1. What true and manifest notions these antient people had, and faithfully retained, of the Trinity, and the reverence they gave them.
2. How distinctly and clearly they did set forth, in those dark days they lived in, the several distinct attributes of the Deity, assigning power to the Father, wisdom to the Son, goodness to the blessed Spirit.
4. How well they agree and adhere to the doctrine of the true church of Christ, in the points maintained by us concerning the loss and fall of man and mankind, and the restoration of him, and concerning the eternal decree and purpose of God, in the salvation of man, notwithstanding his fall.
We may observe by the Resurrection, thus shortly declared as it is, that it appears plainly that those people were not Nullyfidians.
Nor were they Solyfidians.
They placed the foundation of their happiness in belief.
And the superstruction thereupon in good works.
Lastly, we cannot think they were any way inclinable to the minds of those scoffers at the day of judgment, which St. Peter meets with in his second Epistle, 2, 9, and 10. Our people acknowledged, that at the Great Day of account a punishment shall be upon the wicked, and a glory expected to be given to the godly. Thus far as a taste only of what is contained therein.
III. On the tongue in which the Passion of our Saviour is thus described, we have, among other things, such as these observables:
1. The Idiom. 2. The Innocency and Cleanness. 3. The Wisdom. 4. Significances of it.
1. For the Idioms. They put the substantive before the adjunct or adjective. 2. The preposition sometimes comes after the noun. 3. It is usual to change a letter in the beginning, middle, or end of a word or syllable, and sometimes to omit in each for sound sake. 4. They contract several words into one for sound sake, and that very short also; with many other changes, of which it is hard to know or find any certain rule now, but some may be made out upon reading, due observation and experience had on this that follows; and for the pronunciation, the Cornish is not to be gutturally pronounced as the Welsh for the most part is, nor mutteringly as the Armorick, nor whiningly as the Irish (which two latter qualities seem to have been contracted from their servitudes), but must be lively and manly spoken, like other primitive tongues.
2. For the Innocency of it. What is most remarkable is, that it hath a most excellent defective qualification in it, peculiar to itself; for, whereas all other tongues abound in execrable oaths, the old Cornish have none at all, not so much as reproachful terms. The word that comes nearest to an oath with them is Areire, Areiaree, which is Mary, Mary, spoken by way of wonder. The next good defective qualification is, that there are no great titles in it, which Nutricule Tyrannidis.
3. For the Wisdom, Proverbs (which contain usually the wisdom of a nation) they have had, but we cannot find them in any great plenty. Yet some there are worthy observing, as these:
Cows nebas, cows da, nebas an yeveren an gevella. Speak little, speak well, little of public matter is best.
Cows nebas, cows da, hada veth cowsas arta. Speak little, speak well, and well will be spoken again.
Taw Tavas. Be silent tongue.――To call one Tavas Tavas, Tongue Tongue, is as great a reproach as you can put upon any one.
Reys yw meeras dueth ken lemmell uneth. Look twice before you leap once.
Neb na gare y gwayn coll restewa. He that loves not gain loss befall him.
Neb na gare y gy an gwra deveeder. He that loves not his dog will make him a choaked sheep.
Non ges goon heb lagas na kei hebs scovern. There is no down without eye, nor hedge without ears.
Na reys gara anvor goth ragan vor noweth. Do not leave the way old for the way new.
Guel gw gwetha vel goofen. Better keep than ask.――This is spoken of a wariness and precaution concerning lending.
Grova da rag, tha hannen te yn gurd. Do good, for thyself thou dost it.
4. Significancy of the Tongue. Adam gave names to the creatures, according to their natures; but the people of this land, having no better guide, have given names upon long experience had, and much observation made of the nature of things, and those do mostly appear now as to places and families. I shall adventure upon some instances:
Lanceston, alias Dunhevet. Camden would fain have it to be Fanum Stephani; indeed St. Stephen’s, which is a mile off, seems to be the mother church, Lanceston the daughter church. Others would have it to be Lancelot’s Town, one of the Champion Knights of King Arthur, but that is further from truth. The Chief Justice Foster, talking with me about it, would fain have Dunhevet to be the most ancient name, from Dune a town, and Hevet above it, which there is accordingly. I told his lordship we must fetch the derivation higher, from the Cornish original (and not from the Saxon), and that is Leostofen, which is a place of large extent, or a broad end, which is properly so according to the situation thereof, at the broad end of the county, from whence it grows towards the west still narrower, like to the point of a wedge. I read in a good author, that Radulphus, brother to Alfius, Duke of Cornwall, was founder of Lanceston. I think he means the castle there, not the town.
The names of places above, and from those places downwards, have suffered much violence along the river from Devon side, by reason of the mutations formerly spoken of; but from thence we shall take notice of some that have received their names antiently, passing down the river of Tamar (and on some of the branches thereof) where, by the way, I may say I am astonished at some of our late Geographers, who, in enumerating the famous bridges in all this have omitted altogether ours in Cornwall, of which, among land, other lesser, we have three that are very eminent, one of which, Wadebridge, stands further west; the two others, besides many smaller, are on the river of Tamar; one Horsbridge, the other called Newbridge. But much more I wonder at their omission among the rivers of the famous river of Tamar, a river, after the Thames, not behind any of note in this kingdom, which I mention the sooner, because it is most properly ours in Cornwall; for though it be great and very navigable far up, yet it arises in and floats only in this little county of Cornwall, and its whole course contains within the same, and it is the boundary thereof from other parts, wherein other streams do flow, Linnar, Fiddy, &c. and before it falls into the Estuarium, where it gives entertainment from Devon on the other side to Tavy, Plym, Yeom, and others, where they all lose their names in Tamar. And I do much more wonder that it should be printed by some others, that this famous river should fall into the sea near the Land’s End, whereas this alone possesses the whole honourable harbour of Plymouth (more than sixty miles distant from the Land’s End), and stands appropriated to the interest of Cornwall, belonging to the Duke thereof, the Prince of Wales. And to return to what I said last, in coming down from this broad end of the county to that famous harbour, though our next bordering neighbour Devonshire and the saints, have stolen away from us many of the antient British names, and intruded upon us many strange ones, yet some left us here and there of the antient speech all along, upon the river and the branches thereof, which I am obliged to memorize.
Lawhit, in Glamorganshire, is said to be Fanum Iltuti, to which the Ton being added in Cornish, makes it up. Iltutus was an ancient British Monk in King Arthur’s time. Landue may be the church or chapel of St. David, though Landuan in Cornish is the black church or chapel. And for Lezant, that is the holy saint, meaning St. Michael, to whom that church was dedicated.
As Cargreene, which is a rock in the gravel standing in a green place. Carbeele or Carbilly, a rock mentulæ formæ. Carkeele of the same signification.
Landulph, where St. Dulpho is memorized by the church’s name, and the well there so called St. Dulpho’s well. Halton, i. e. Haelton, a green place near the water.
Pillaton, a round or clue by a green.
Larrake I did formerly suppose to have been from Laun or Lun, which is usually set for a church or chapel; but on better consideration I think otherwise of it now, because I find several other places hereabouts written Larrake, which have no reference to church; and because the manor antiently was written and called Larrake, which is antienter than the church, and it signifies a place of content in Cornish.[28]
Blerrake I take to be of the same signification too; a little from which latter place, if content may be had from a prospect, it is there in my opinion. A place formerly called Ballahow, now the fairest and amplest I know any where, excepting such as are dignified by the sight of a metropolis, or such places of eminency, though it stands not on a promontory, and but a little from the sea in a plain, though but a rough one, and from it you may look directly into the sea, as far as human eye-sight can enable you.
Towards the sea-shore on the one side, you have in eye the Start in Devon, and westward the Lizard, for your boundaries. Towards the land northward, the wild moors of Devon, called the East Moors, and the other side the West Moors in Cornwall. Between those you may observe the vale countries of both, two rich valleys, one in Devon side, and the other in Cornwall, and take the sight of Tamar as their boundaries, and you will wonder, looking at it from above, to know how to think that river should find a way through those countries to the sea, especially if you consider that you seldom see water in those tracts of land by which it passes, yet you see also as it passes Plymouth the royal citadel, Plymton, Millbrooke, and abundance of small villages and boroughs in a country on each side pleasant, and the whole prospect not obscured by hills, or any thing else by which you may be hindered from the sun in any part of the day; besides this overlooks the Eddy-rock or stone, a dreadful place about a league out in the sea, where many hundred of ships have been wrecked, being in the trade way to the harbour from the west; yet I have heard some antient skilful mariners to aver, that if a good artist should go about to strike on this rock purposely, he would not be able to do it, so far doth chance go beyond art.
Cuttenbrake is a concealed head, and E. Trematon, a place on three hills.
Inesworth, which is Ineswartha, the island above, or the higher island, in respect to the situation of the island of St. Nicholas below, where the saint hath gotten the mastery again.
Ints or Ince, which is a proper name for an island, though this be joined, as Insworth is, by a short neck to other parts of the parish of St. Stephen’s. Here passing, we come by the mouth of the river to Pembernose, which is in Cornish the head of the night, or midnight, as if it were said that there is safe coming in there at any time; and from thence we pass to the uttermost point westward, called Penlee, which is the headland to the leeward; and so sailing along by the sea side to the two Gayers, the East and West Gayers near Ramehead, which may give nomination to families of that name in the west, which are now worn out there, and have had a good recruit in Plymouth, and from thence a better in London, by a late Lord Mayor, there so called, but taking his descent from Cornish original, according to the word.
Rame is a long ridge of rocks, and here called Ramehead, because it is so formed towards the sea like a ram’s horn, which hath turnings in it to put mariners in mind thereof: in Cornish Pendenhar. Sailing along from thence by the sea side, we come to Millan Dreth, that is, a mill on the sea sand at Loo,[29] or Lough, which is a common name with most nations for a low or watery place, and so Port-Loo, and Port-pinnion, the little port, nigh to which also is Denloe, or Delough; and stepping a little from thence in the land, is Minhinnitt, which is a hill on a highway, and so indeed it is rightly styled; and the well of St. Lollo, and the foot of Liskeard. Near to it is Liskeard (a near neighbour thereto), some say a place affected; others take it from the Cornish word Leskeveres, like length, like breadth, a square, so it anciently was, and so fortified, as the castle walls yet in part remaining show. Some would not have us go so far back, but would have us take it from a physician so named, and a miracle supposed to be wrought by him there, and this may be right also; but then we must suppose that to be St. Luke the physician, and some ground there is for that also, for the most antient street thereof is to this day called St. Luke’s street. Luke’s Day also is their day of feasting, and for choice of their Governor. This agrees well enough with the former as the fortification of it; and towards the sea again we come to Lestwithiel. Some hold that to be lion’s tail or lion’s train; others take it to be ‘enough together.’ The place, though now grown much in decay, hath formerly been held the only shire town, and where the Knights of the Shire have been still chosen, and the Convocation of the Stanneries held, &c. A great hall was lately there, which was used for those purposes in my knowledge, belonging to the Dukes of Cornwall, who did the like when under them; and here also they kept their court and residence, near to which stands yet their castle Restormell, in Cornish a bellyfull of money, a place of honey; besides which the Dukes had seven others, Liskeard, Tintagell, Lanceston, and Trematon, which is in Cornish three hills on a green top, though that came to the Crown by attainder. As for the river Vz or Vzell, which some speak of, I suppose is a mistake; the river there is the river of Fowey, in Cornish Foath, which hath its head spring in the moors above it, Venton Foath, in English called Foycombwell and Aqua de Fowey. As it comes further down near Foath, is a town or place called Tywardreth, in Cornish, a town on the sand, or above the sand, which agrees well with its situation, where heretofore there stood a priory, the buildings whereof are now decayed. I may not forget as next to Foath the town of Polruan, which is now a small village of fishing, but heretofore famous, standing on the top of an ancient hill, where are the ruins of a spacious fair church, called yet by the name of St. Saviour’s, Polruan is in Cornish, a frosty bottom, or frosty pool, this being seated over against Foath; between those two towns heretofore there went athwart the river a chain of iron from a small castle on each side, for their security against foreigners by sea, but by their neglect of preserving it in time of peace, was stolen away from them by some boats that came from Dartmouth in Devon, and carried there, where the river is of equal breadth, and the harbour is much like that of Fowey, and hath over against the town of Dartmouth a little town called King’s Way, which answers to Polruan against Fowey. The Fowey men have attempted the restitution of their chain, but never could obtain it, because they had been so careless, it being the means of their own preservation formerly. Between these two neighbouring towns of Fowey and Polruan, standing one against the other, in the harbour between them, there used to be antiently a solemn contention of justing performed upon the river every May-day, upon two boats singled out of equal strength, from the one side and from the other, to encounter each other upon the water, there being a stage made on each of them, upon the end of the boat, for the several champions to stand on. Several boats were to row with six oars a-piece, rowing fiercely against one another. The champions were arrayed only in white, slightly but better armed about the breast and neck, and holding a lance rebated in the form of an oar (according to their trade); but a fierce attempt they make upon each other, and one or both of them is usually carried by the push to sound the depth of the harbour, and then a new supply of others for fresh encounter is called for again.
This I have seen to be performed in my time, and it usually drew abundance of people together to behold the sport from the hills on both sides, and from the town, with many others, with boats likewise upon the river, and not without need, to receive up and recover their dejected champions, who end their encounters in peace, not without liquor, the element of their contention.
Mevagissy, or Mevagissey, a hill to keep mares in.
Penwarn, a head beloved.
Bodrigan, a hill by the ebbing of the sea.
Dudman or Gubman, a place where much ore is cast in.
This spot of land called Bodrigan, a spacious fair barton looking towards the sea, was not very long since possessed by gentry of the same name, whose estate was great; and being forfeited to King Henry the Seventh, part thereof was given to Trevanion, a noble family of this county; but this Bodrigan, with many other lands, to Edgcombe, that Sir Richard Edgcombe, of whom let me deliver my judgment, that he was a witty, valiant, wise, good man, and a good commonwealth’s man. Witty, as appears by his hiding himself and throwing his cap and coat away for his preservation, O quantum est subditis casibus ingenium. Valiant, in that he was made a Knight Banneret at Bosworth field. Wise, in that he was made choice of for one of the Commissioners for the happy treaty of marriage of Margaret, the King’s eldest daughter, with James the Fourth, King of Scots, a happiness to the kingdom at this day. A good man, and not a pilferer of the people (as many were in those days); otherwise he would be named in Perkin Warbeck’s Declaration, set down by Chancellor Bacon. A good commonwealth’s man, as appears by that stately and costly fabric of Newbridge built by him.
Peale, a spire, lies to the north of Tolpenwith a mile, and it is the true Land’s-end. This spire, called the Pele, stood on a little island; between it and the shore there is room for a boat to pass with oars; the spire was ten fathom or more above the ordinary flux of the sea, very narrow on the top, hardly room for a man to sit on it; in the floor it was and is fourteen feet square. In the year before King Charles the First was beheaded, it was prodigiously cut off in the floor by a storm, and falling broke in three pieces.
Herles, truly interpreted Hercules’ Pillars, are a ridge of rocks a quarter of a mile in length, standing like pillars divided into small islands, and distant from the Pele a mile. From these by the north coast we come to St. Ives, in Cornish Port Eer of Geer, a port with a pool. Paddestow, so called by Saxon Angles, being Patherickstow. Another place near by, called Little Petherick, which partakes not of the Cornish at all; for in the Cornish it is Lethanneck, a place of much sea-sand, which agrees well with the site, much sea and much sand there is driven. A little above which is the house of Edmund Prideaux, esq. my kinsman, now called Place, formerly Guarandre, or Warthantre, i. e. above the town or above the sand; but that we may do right to latter times also, we find much mention to be made also of Patrickstow, and that St. Patrick, after much time spent in Ireland, and endowments of learning by long study were obtained, he came into Cornwall, and built a monastery there not far from the river of Severn, which comes home to that which is said by Archbishop Usher, as also to the name of the place. Locus ubi Petrocus consedit in Cornubia, Petrocstow, hodie Padstow nominatur, prius Laffeneck. Antiq. p. 292; and after thirty years went to Rome, &c. By other authors it is said, that at Bodmyn his body was buried but stolen from thence, and carried by one Martinus to the abbey of Menevy or Mein, in Little Britany; but upon complaint to the king it was restored, and brought back undiminished to the Prior of Bodmyn. b. §. p. 293. But whether this were to be understood of St. Patrick, the apostle of Ireland, it is altogether to be doubted, since as to the burial of his body there hath been so much contention that that should be at Glastonbury; but another Patrick there was, perhaps a third, and one of note too, stiled Sænor Sæenex Patricius, as appears by the learned primate. He is said to be at the same time, and that he was Domesticus Sancti Patricii. Another there was also at some hundred years distance. With one of these it may better accord than with the great Patricius, who it may be said, had his name Dignitatis causa, as was usual with the Romans and Athenians, his parental name being Moun or Muun.
The town of Stratton, in Cornish Straneton, a green dispersed with houses. Near this town is the place where the Cornish forces, on behalf of King Charles the Second, obtained the glorious victory over the rebellious army, anno 1643. In memory of which battle Sir Ralph Hopton was created Baron of Stratton, who afterwards dying without issue, the same title was conferred upon Sir John Berkley, both which lords were commanders in the Cornish army at that time.
There is a pretty vulgar fiction that Tamar, Tamara, being a subterraneous nymph, was courted and sought after by Tavy and Tawrage, who found her sitting under a bush at Morewinstow, the furthest part of Cornwall in the north. They being weary in searching after her, sat down by her and slept; she perceiving them to be fallen asleep, steals away from them suddenly and goes directly to the south. Tavy being first awakened, goes away silently after her, not acquainting his co-rival therewith. Tawrage that awakened last, finding them both gone, in haste rusheth out, and angrily runs away towards the north, foaming and fretting all along as he goes, till he loses himself in the Sabrina; whilst Tavy, on the Devon side, sends out some of his small streams to visit and court her, and to observe which way the nymph went, but she having got the start of him, leaves not of her speed till she comes into the Sound.
ANTIQUITIES CORNUONTANIC.
The causes of the Cornish Speech’s Decay.
1. The first and great cause of the decay of the Cornish speech was their want of a character, which not only contributed to the decay of the tongue, but to the vanquishing of the nation of the Britons, they being thereby disabled upon emergent occasions to write or communicate with one another against their invaders, and so “dum pugnabant singuli vincuntur universi,” as Tacitus says; and he also observes, “non aliud adversus validissimas gentes pro Romanis utilius quàm quod in commune non consulebant.”
What would have become of the Roman tongue, when the Goths and Vandals broke in upon Rome and all Italy, mixing the Roman tongue with their Runa-Gothica, if there had not been learned men (amounting to 160 elegant classical authors in Augustus his time) who preserved the tongue in their works?
I know it hath been and yet is the judgment of learned men, that the old Britons never had any character, yet I hope they will give me the liberty of declaring the reasons of my dissenting. I. It hath always been supposed that Ireland had a character; now Ireland was always accounted a British Island, however; yet I cannot positively affirm that the character which the Bishop of Tuam sets forth as British be really so, there seeming to be little difference between that and the old Saxon; neither can I consent to what he saith, that the Saxons, whom he calls their neighbours, learned their very characters from Ireland.
2. Though we may depend on Cæsar’s[30] authority, that Druidum doctrina non fuit literis mandata, sed memoriæ fuit, ne aut in vulgus proficiscentur, aut juventus qui eam perdiscebant negligentia aut in curia remitterent, which reasons, in my judgment, rather demonstrate that they had a character to communicate their doctrines by, if they had pleased to use it. II. The great use made of the Roman tongue, the laws of their conquest extending to letters and speech, as well as to territory; and where there is a delight, there are things best retained. Romanam Linguam Britanni non abnuebant, ut eloquentiam concupisserent. Tacit.
Fertur habere meos, si vera est fama, libellos Inter delicias pulchra Vienna suas. Dicitur et nostros cantare Britannia versus. Martial.[31]
Afri, Galli, Hispani avido arripuerunt et inducto novo paulatim oblituerunt veterum sermonem. Lips.
III. The great loss of Armorica, near unto us, by friendship, by cognition, by interest, by correspondence. Cornwall has received princes from thence, and they from us. We had heretofore mutual interchanges of private families, but as to our speech we are alike careless. We can understand words of one another, but have not the benefit of conferences with one another in our ancient tongue. I have met with some Friars born and bred there, who, one would think, should be able to discourse of their own pristine tongue, and of their own birthplaces, yet found them, though not totally ignorant that such things had been, yet insensible and careless of their former condition. They could tell me that my name Scawen, was in their tongue Elders, as here it is; that there are those that bear the same name, and one of them a bishop; but when he writ it he changed it to Sambucus, shewing thereby a mind declared to a new, rather than an inclination to his old name, and relation to his country speech.
IV. But, least the tender lamentations of those losses should be thought to put us out of memory of the loss of our tongue, the matter which we have in hand, we are here to mention a fourth cause, and that which most concerns this Peninsula of Cornwall, which is the giving over of the Guirremears,[32] which were used at the great conventions of the people, at which they had famous interludes celebrated with great preparations, and not without shews of devotion[33] in them, solemnized in open and spacious downs of great capacity, encompassed about with earthen banks, and in some part stone work of largeness to contain thousands, the shapes of which remain in many places at this day, though the use of them long since gone. These were frequently used in most parts of the county, at the conveniency of the people, for their meeting together, in which they represented, by grave actings, scriptural histories, personating patriarchs, princes, and other persons; and with great oratory pronounced their harangue, framed by art, and composed with heroic stile, such as have been known to be of old in other nations, as Gualterius,[34] an ancient father, hath been mentioned to be. This was a great means to keep in use the tongue with delight and admiration, and it continued also friendship and good correspondency in the people. They had recitations in them poetical and divine, one of which I may suppose this small relique of antiquity to be, in which the passion of our Saviour, and his resurrection, is described. They had also their Carols at several times, especially at Christmas, which they solemnly sung, and sometimes used, as I have heard, in their churches after prayers, the burden of which songs, “Nowell, Nowell, good news, good news of the Gospel,” by which means they kept the use of the tongue the better.
V. I cannot find that the British have boasted of many miracles done among them; if any such antiently there were, they were deprived of the memory of them by the Romans. I cannot affirm with so much reason (as some of our neighbours have done with confidence) who say, that at the last digging on the Haw for the foundation of the citadel of Plymouth, the great jaws and teeth therein found, were those of Gogmagog, who was there said to be thrown down by Corineus, whom some will have to be the founder of the Cornish;[35] nor am I able to assert, that some great instruments of war in brass, and huge limbs and portraitures of persons long ago, as some say that have been in some of the western parishes, were parts of giants, or other great men, who had formerly had their being there. But we may rather think those to be imaginary things or devices of old bards said to be there, though we have no certain memory of them neither. Nor may we think it strange that such things may be spoken of, since we may well credit some good historians, that write that Alexander, after that he had returned from his journey to India, caused a great representation to be made on the ground on the western side of the river Indus, of a huge campaign almost immeasurable, with tents, cabins, and platforms, and arms also, for horses, racks, and mangers, of such height as were not to be reached at; and that there were also scattered about the ground bits and bridles for horses, of extraordinary length and bigness, and that all this “ut de magnis majora loquantur,” and to make men think upon him and his miraculous acts with the more admiration.
VI. The sixth cause is, the loss of the ancient records, not of the Duchy or the Earldom of Cornwall, (which some affirm were burnt, and others lost in the ancient ruins of the castles of Rostormell, and other such,) but of those of whole Cornwall, whilst one of the four dynasties of this island, (or, as Pancirollus,) one of the five.
VII. The seventh cause is desuetude, or want of a continued use; and it is no wonder, if, after so many losses, the true use of the tongue vanished away or grew not into contempt. Speeches are compounded of words, and both of them of one nature, and continued according to their use, and of one of them it may be said as of the other
Multa recensentur quæ nunc cecidere, cadentque Quæ nunc sunt in honore vocabula, si volet usus.
Words many and tongues we recount, Which being fallen do oft remount, And those that are now priz’d by us, May fall to ground for want of use.
VIII. A general stupidity may be observed to be in the whole county. As to other matters monumental, there is little mention made of our antient stately fabrics amongst us, now ruinated; as to the founders of them, castles, battles fought, and other things: and as to churches (though we have abundance of fair ones for so small a county, where there is no city nor any great town in it) excellent foundations, but who the builders were we have no intelligence, only a great many false tutelaries of them we hear of. Little of the monasteries hath been said by those that have written copiously of others elsewhere. Scarcely anything of the ancient bishops here, or of the bishop’s see; only we know it to be said antiently, that it was removed from Bodmyn to St. German’s,[36] and that it was about anno 1000, Danorum turbine, from a country more open, to a place more woodland. The cathedral indeed might have been better memorized by Godwin in his Catalogue of Bishops, and enumeration of all the bishopricks; yet little is said of it or the four several chapels in several distinct places of the parish thereto belonging; and as for the monastery nothing at all. It is strange too that Mr. Camden should say, “Germani viculum nihil aliud est hodie, quam piscatorum casulæ:” whereas, there are no such things belonging to such a trade there seen, but instead thereof a cathedral, maintained at the great cost of the inhabitants, (though a great part, by an accident, about one hundred years since fell down,) a good monastical house yet undemolished, and hospitably inhabited, to the relief of poor people. The bishop’s seat and house are yet eminently extant in a Cornish name. The borough of St. German’s enjoys still the privilege of sending burgesses to Parliament by prescription. Pity it is that St. German, who came hither to suppress the Pelagian heresy, should have so bad a going off; for an old fable remains yet in report, that St. German being ill used fled away, leaving a sad curse behind him, to the cliffs at Rame near the head; where bewailing his misfortunes, the compassionating rocks in the cliffs shed tears with him, at a place ever since called St. German’s Well. True it is, such a spring there is, but the occasion of it cannot be more truly affirmed than the other part of the story that follows, viz. That he should be carried thence into remote countries by angels in a fiery chariot, the tract of whose wheels were said to be seen in those cliffs, but they are invisible. Thus much for the site of the place. As to the person of St. German, who perhaps never saw the place, I need not turn over old fabulous legends, nor a better sort who have written his life heretofore, but I may have liberty to relate what I have from the better hands of learned persons.[37] That besides his disputation and confutation of Pelagius at Verulam, and thereby freeing the church and nation from those heresies by a public edict from the Emperor Valentinian, whereby they were no more troubled with them afterwards, he the said St. German did other great works for this land, viz. 1st. the institution of schools of learning among the Britons; Dubritius and Iltutus being both of them his disciples. Dubritius was made Archbishop of Carlehon; Iltutus sent to Lan Iltut, a church bearing his name to this day; and one Daniell, made Bishop of Bangor; from these famous men the monastery of Bangor, and other monasteries in this land, were so well furnished with learned men, at the coming in of St. Austin from the Pope, they stood upon discreet and honourable terms.
2. The introduction of the Gallican Liturgy into use in the churches of Britany, which was ever different from the Romans, and thereby a happy means to have kept this nation from so much acquaintance with the Pope, as they had with him afterwards, to their great trouble. It is also said that St. Patrick, who carried over into Ireland the education monastic, and good principles therewith, and is held to be the Apostle of Ireland, spent many years under the discipline of St. German, when he came hither; who, after he had been employed in the embassy to the Emperor at Ravenna, died there one year before the Saxons’ arrival.
All this time we are left in the dark concerning the fabric of the Monastery of St. German’s, which could not be built till two or three hundred years perhaps after the Saxons got a perfect dominion here over the land, but we may believe that that and the cathedral might be dedicated to his memory afterwards, in respect of the many good works he had done elsewhere.
IX. As we have had an ill registry of monumental matters, so for five or six centuries past (before the two last), I doubt we had but few learned men here, which induces me to put that to the ninth cause of the decay of the Cornish tongue. After the suppression of the Druids, and that Christianity was received, yet learning decayed some while amongst the people, the best of them being carried abroad by the Romans and never returned; and then the supposed Saints coming in after them, made no reparation thereof, but by their supposed miracles, with which they entertained the people. So they had very few learned men amongst them, places of breeding and obtaining learning being remote, scarcely approachable, and the nation in continual troubles and dangers; and for latter times such learned men as came to us, seeing our own neglect of our tongue, have thought it not fit to take the pains to inquire into it, as a thing obscure and not fit to be studied by them, and so suffered to decay insensibly by them and the inhabitants.
X. The Cornish tongue hath mostly resided for some ages past in the names of the people, the gentry chiefly, and in the names of places, observed to be significant mostly as to the site, &c. or for some things eminent about them. Concerning both these, I must take liberty to shew how the speech has been invaded, and eaten up by intrusion, much of which hath been about churches and their sites, as well as by neglectful inobservation; for those Saxon saints have hungrily eaten up the antient names, which, when they could not well digest for hardness of the words, many catched up others from those whom they fieigned to be the tutelaries of those places, churches, and fountains, and supposed miracles wrought thereabouts, as St. Kaine, St. Gurrion, St. Tudy, St. Ive, St. Endellion, St. Kue, Landulph, St. Ust, St. Just, St. Marthren, &c. Of St. Mardren’s Well,[38] (which is a parish west to the Mount) a fresh true story of two persons, both of them lame and decrepit, thus recovered from their infirmity. These two persons, after they had applied themselves to divers physicians and chirurgeons for cure, and finding no success by them, they resorted to St. Mardren’s Well, and according to the ancient custom, which they had heard of, the same which was once in a year, to wit, on Corpus Christi evening, to lay some small offering on the altar there, and to lie on the ground all night, drink of the water there, and in the morning after, to take a good draught more, and to take and carry away some of the water, each of them in a bottle, at their departure. This course these two men followed, and within three weeks they found the effect of it, and by degrees their strength increasing, were able to move themselves on crutches. The year following they take the same course again, after which they were able to go with the help of a stick; and at length one of them, John Thomas, being a fisherman, was, and is able at this day, to follow his fishing craft. The other, whose name was William Cork, was a soldier under the command of my kinsman, Colonel William Godolphin, (as he has often told me) was able to perform his duty, and died in the service of his majesty King Charles I. But herewith take also this: one Mr. Hutchens, a person well known in those parts, and now lately dead, being parson of Ludgvan, a near neighbouring parish to St. Mardren’s Well, he observing that many of his parishioners often frequented this well superstitiously, for which he reproved them privately, and sometimes publicly in his sermons; but afterwards, he the said Mr. Hutchens, meeting with a woman coming from the well with a bottle in her hand, desired her earnestly that he might drink thereof, being then troubled with cholical pains, which accordingly he did, and was eased of his infirmity. The latter story is a full confutation of the former, for if the taking the water accidentally thus prevailed upon the party to his cure, as it is likely it did, then the miracle which was intended to be by the ceremony of lying on the ground and offering, is wholly fled, and it leaves the virtue of the water to be the true cause of the cure. And we have here, as in many places of the land, great variety of salutary springs, which have diversity of operations, which by natural reason have been found to be productive of good effects, and not by miracle, as the vain fancies of monks and friars have been exercised in heretofore.
Howbeit, there are some old names yet remaining of places of prayers or oratories, and the ruins shewing them to be such, as V. Gr. Paderda, which is prayers good, (of which many places are so named); Eglarose, the church in the vale, supposed antienter than the names of their churches. Their sites are eminent and ancient, standing towards the east, though no mention made how they came to be in decay, but supposed to be after the Saxon churches came to be erected, and miracles supposed to be wrought by those whose names they bear. Churches’ sites took new names, whereas the old Cornish names remain in all other places of the parishes generally; yet the names of the four old castles remain, and of manors also for the most part, and some other things in the Cornish, and do so continue the better, by reason of men’s particular interest in them: and so are the eminent hills likewise, especially towards the sea, and the hundred or hamlet names of the country remain so chiefly in the western parts; those on the eastern, standing towards the borders, have their names wrested away by neighbourhood, as are other things by like accidents in the eastern parts of the county; other names have been encroached upon by fantastical or vainglorious builders calling their houses after their own names, and others upon vain toys; but these are not many. Moreover, concerning the loss of our speech, and the names of families, I must here (but tenderly though) blame the incuriosity of some of our gentry; who, forsaking the etymologies of their own speech, have studied out new derivations of their names, endeavouring to make themselves as it were descended from French or Norman originals, in adopting or adapting their names thereunto; whereas, their own names in the Cornish are more honourable, genuine, and true; from the Conquest, forsooth, those would have their descent, (no illustrious thing in itself) whereas the ancestry of many of them have been here long before. How finely many have cozened themselves thereby, might be shewn, if it would not be offensively taken, by taking up of coat armour as from French originals. The art of heraldry hath been drawn out to us in French terms and trickings, mostly begun when our kings had most to do in those parts, and so from thence it hath continued ever since; and our Cornish gentry, finding the English so much addicted thereunto, have followed in that tract the same mode, and would fain have themselves understood such, when they were much better before than those French or Latin terms could make them, in which many of the English may be blamed as well as we; for the herald’s art hath many mysteries in it under their French and Latin terms, and many mistakes may be thereby to us and others who are not well acquainted with them, but in those that concern our own tongue, it is evident many have wronged themselves, and more may do so if not well heeded.
The grounds of two mistakes are very obvious. 1st. Upon the Tre or Ter. 2dly. Upon the Ross or Rose. Tre or Ter in Cornish commonly signifies a town, or rather place, and it has always an adjunct with it. Tri is the number. 3. Those men willingly mistake one for another; and so in French heraldry terms, they use to fancy and contrive those with any such three things as may be like or cohere with, or may be adapted to any thing or things in their surnames; whether very handsome or not, is not much stood upon. Another usual mistake is upon Ross, which, as they seem to fancy, should be a rose; but Ross in Cornish is a vale or valley. Now for this their French-Latin tutors, when they go into the field of Mars, put them in their coat armour prettily to smell out a rose or flower (a fading honour instead of a durable one); so any three such things, agreeable perhaps a little to their names, are taken up and retained from abroad, when their own at home have a much bttter scent and more lasting.
Some, however, amongst us, have kept themselves better to the antiquities of their Cornish names in their coat armour, as that honourable family Godolphin,[39] in keeping still displayed abroad his white eagle, from the Cornish Gothulgon. Richard, king of the Romans, Emperor elect, supplied his Cornish border with silver (perhaps tin) plates, deducing them from the antient earls of Cornwall, as borne by them before the Norman Conquest, and, in honour to them and himself, still bearing the same afterwards. Chiverton, whose name in Cornish is a house on a green place or hill, he beareth a coat thereunto accordant, a castle with a green field under it; which may be well thought on as to the name in[40] Cornish, though, in the heraldry it had been more complete. V. a castle A. as I apprehend; Scaberius, which is sweepers or sweeping, A. 3 broom besoms V.; Gavergan, a goat; Keverel, a he-goat, or he-goats; that creature taking most delight, as it is observed, in the cliffs thereabout. These are better significations taken from home, than the other that are foreign; and yet the assumption of a coat from any particular act of a man’s own, is better than such as have reference barely to names, without some special signification therewith.
I had thoughts formerly, and made preparation to give many more instances, where many amongst us have been mistaken in those two particulars; but since it is a hard thing to convince men of old errors, and a harder to make a question against any concerning their gentelicions and the old forms thereof, though intended more for their honour, I shall forbear the further prosecution thereof; but in this, however, I shall do them right, that they, i. e. their ancestors, in this way thus trodden, have walked generally as antiently as any other gentry of this nation, and to my seeming, it had been better if they had stood still super vias antiquas avorum suorum, since most of those ancient families who have strayed abroad as aforesaid, have yet some of them, and many more had, lands and places of their own names in their possession long enjoyed; and a nearer passage it had been to their journey’s end, viz. their honour, if they had not adventured abroad: a testimony whereof we have in that great contention which happened in the time of King Edward III. between Carminow of this county (a family to which most of the ancient gentry here have relation) and a great person[41] of the nation, for bearing of one and the same coat armour, Azure, a bend Or. After many heats about it, a reference was made of it by the king to the most eminent Knights of that time, of which John of Gaunt, King of Castille, was one, before whom Carminow proved his right by the continual bearing thereof, and that before the Conquest, which was not disapproved nor disallowed, but applauded: yet, because the other contendant was a baron of the realm, Carminow was adjudged to bear the same coat still, but a file in chief for distinction sake. The decision was no way dishonourable, and the remembrance of the contention continued to the glory of his posterity, to which his motto in Cornish seems to have an allusion――in English, “A Straw for Whifflers or Dissemblers;” or as some have said to be, “A Fig Cala Rag Whetlow;” but we may take the same better, I think, from the very name of Carminow being in Cornish a rock immoveable, as a sign of his resolution, from thence, or formerly taken up.
Having gone through this passage, which I know not how it may be taken by my countrymen, let me make this observation, that since the gentry here have thought fit, or endeavoured by mistake, to forsake the antiquity of their Cornish names, and thereby their greatest interest, might perhaps prognosticate that their language, which was their ancient glory, should in revenge forsake them, as now it hath almost done; and I shall proceed to assign some other causes of the decay thereof.
XI. The vicinity, or near neighbourhood with Devon. I may say that vicinity only with the Devonians, we having none else, which next to the corruption of tongues by time and superstition to saints, hath most devoured the names of places, especially on the borders of Cornwall with Devon; and there is the worst language commonly spoken, and spoken rudely too, which corrupts not only their own country tongue but ours also, in the places that are nearest to them, and those infect others nearest to them. The names of the places are thereby also much altered in the Cornish, which antiently they had generally, and the particulars that do yet appear, do stand as marks only to shew that what were formerly had are now much eaten away, on the borders especially. ’Tis observed also elsewhere in this county furthest west, where the Cornish hath been most spoken, that the English thereabouts is much better than the same is in Devon, or the places bordering on them, by being most remote from thence from whence the corruption proceeds.
XII. Our gentry, and others, antiently kept themselves in their matches unmixt, commonly at home in their own country, both sons and daughters desiring much to do so, whereby they preserved their names here, and races the better; and when their names changed, it hath been observed to be to the places of their abode, sometimes willingly, sometimes by accident. So it hath continued the Cornish names to the places, and consequently the tongue. But indeed of late our gentry have frequently sought out foreign marriages in other counties, whereby, though it may be confessed they have brought in much wealth, and have goodly inheritances abroad, yet their offsprings have been dissipated, and their affection less intire to the county, the country-men, and country speech; yet it is to be observed, that not many of them have been very prosperous or of long continuance in other counties, where they cannot muster up very many of our names of gentry, Prideaux, Trevilian, Tregonwell, Penruddock, and a few others excepted, which shews that our Cornish are like those trees that thrive best and live longest in their own peculiar soil and air, which yet is fruitful and durable to those that come in amongst us. Not only gentry, which are very many, that have great inheritance by their matches here with Cornish families, but many others also, which seldom leave this country when they have been planted here.
XIII. The coming-in of strangers of all sorts upon us, artificers, traders, home-born and foreigners, whom our great commodities of tin (more profitable to others than ourselves) and fishing, have invited to us to converse with, and often to stay with us; these all, as they could not easily learn our tongue, for which they could not find any guide or direction, especially in these latter days, nor the same generally spoken or affected amongst ourselves, so they were more apt and ready to let loose their own tongues to be commixed with ours, and such, for the novelty sake thereof, people were more ready to receive than to communicate ours to any improvement to them. But ministers in particular have much decreased the speech; this country being far from academies, strangers from other parts of the kingdom have sought, as they still do, and have had their promotions here, where benefices are observed to be very good, and those have left their progenies, and thereby their names, remaining behind them, whereby the Cornish names have been diminished, as the tongue also: so that, as the reputed saints heretofore where they seated themselves, have robbed the places where their churches now stand for the most part of the Cornish names they had before, so the ministers since those times coming from other places, and other strangers, have filled up in many places the inhabitants and places here with their new names and titles brought amongst us, to the loss of many of the old. Here too we may add what wrong another sort of strangers have done to us, especially in the civil wars, and in particular by destroying of Mincamber, a famous monument, being a rock of infinite weight, which, as a burden, was laid upon other great stones, and yet so equally thereon poised up by nature only, as a little child could instantly move it, but no one man or many remove it. This natural monument all travellers that came that way desired to behold; but in the time of Oliver’s usurpation, when all monumental things became despicable, one Shrubsall, one of Oliver’s heroes, then governor of Pendennes, by labour and much ado caused to be undermined and thrown down, to the great grief of the country, but to his own great glory as he thought, doing it as he said, with a small cane in his hand. I myself have heard him to boast of this act, being a prisoner then under him.
XIV. Another cause I shall mention as a great loss of the tongue, though it be a great and wonderful advantage to the people otherwise: the orders of the church and state, commanding all the people young to learn the Lord’s Prayer, Belief, &c. in the vulgar tongue, supposing that to be intended the English, if a mother, surely a stepmother to us. Younglings take in that most, and retain longest, wherewith they are seasoned and bred up in their education.
Herein we must complain also of another new neglect to our speech, that the like care was not taken for us as for our brethren in Wales, in the making of the late act of Parliament for the uniformity of the Common Prayer, by which the five Bishops for Wales were commanded to see the Service Book to be printed in the Welch tongue. If it had been so here it had been a good counterpoise for the loss formerly mentioned concerning the young people; this might also perhaps have saved us some labour in this our undertaking, and it would have been of good use for some of our[42] old folks also, for we have some among these few that do speak Cornish, who do not understand a word of English, as well as those in Wales, and those may be many in some of the western parts, to whom Mr. Francis Robinson, parson of Landawednack told me, he had preached a sermon not long since in the Cornish tongue, only well understood by his auditory. This should have been taken into consideration by our gentlemen burgesses in that and other Parliaments, and by our bishops also; but better it had been if our ancient bishops when they fled hither from their invaders, had brought with them a character of their ancient speech, or left books written therein; or, in defect thereof, they or any other had done for us as Ulphius the bishop did for the Goths when they came to be seated in Italy, who there invented new Gothic letters for his people, and translated the Holy Scriptures into that language for them. This indeed had deserved our greatest thanks from our bishops, as no doubt they had them from those persons who received so great a benefit by their former and latter kindness therein; nor let that good old bishop Ulphius be censured (as he seems to be) for doing a superfluous work, because he might perhaps know that the then service of the church was celebrated in the Greek and Latin tongues, but rather let him be commended for his zeal in religion, and his love to his country and to his country people then with him, dwelling with strangers in another land, that continued so mindful of them and their speech, as we have been neglectful of ours. He by that means continued that tongue in use; we by his example might have regained ours, if the like care had been taken; but our people, as I have heard, in Queen Elizabeth’s time, desired that the Common Liturgy should be in the English tongue, to which they were then for novelty’s sake affected, not out of true judgment desired it. But, besides negligence, fatality is to be considered; fatality is a boundary beyond which nothing can pass; it hath been eminent in kingdoms and states, and those have had commonly fatal periods, as to a time determined five hundred years commonly. But more usual it is, that upon such mutations of kingdoms there have happened losses and mutations of tongues; it may therefore be the more wondered at, that this of the British, being none of the learned tongues to which the Lord had intrusted the writing of his Sacred Scriptures, should have here lasted so long through so many mutations, and that there is yet such a record thereof, as our old manuscript imports, with the purity of the doctrine therein contained, and some other small things in the Bodleian Library.
XV. The little or no help, rather discouragement, which the gentry and other people of our own have given in these latter days, who have lived in those parts where the tongue hath been in some use. In the time of the late unhappy civil war, we began to make some use of it upon the runnagates that went from us to the contrary part from our opposite works, and more we should have done if the enemy had not been jealous of them, and prevented us. This may be fit to be improved into somewhat, if the like occasion happen, for it may be talked freely and aloud to advantage, to which no other tongue hath reference. The poorest sort at this day, when they speak it as they come abroad, are laughed at by the rich that understand it not, which is by their own fault in not endeavouring after it.
XVI. The want of writing it is the great cause of its decay; for, though there wanted a proper character for it, yet we might have written it in the character now in use, but I never saw a letter written in it from one gentleman to another, or by any scholar; which is to be wondered at, and blamed as a thing unbecoming such as ought to be studious in every thing that is ancient: but since I began to set about this work, I prevailed upon those that translated it to write me several letters, which they at first found very hard to be done; but after some practice it seemed easier.
Here I cannot but lament the want of such persons, books, records and papers, which were late in being, and not now to be had, and my misfortune in not having translated them, that most unhappily escaped me; one was the manuscript of Anguin, who had translated out of Cornish into English ―――― his relations, after his decease, (having suits before me as Vice-Warden of the Stanneries for tin bounds) promised me the favour of those translations, but before their return to their houses, their people tearing all about for their controverted goods, had torn to pieces all those papers. In another place I was promised the sight of a Cornish Accidence; but that by another such-like accident was totally spoiled by children before it could be brought me. I have heard also that a Matins in Cornish was amongst the books of Dr. Joseph Maynard, but I could never attain to it. But besides the no helps by which I lie in this labyrinth, I have likewise had discouragements amongst ourselves at home. I have been often told that, besides the difficulty of the attempt, it would be thought ridiculous for one to go about the restoring of that tongue which he himself could not speak nor understand truly when spoken, to which I have made answer with these two following instances: one is of a countryman of ours, Langford by name; who being blind was yet able to teach others the noble science of defence, only he desired to know still the length of the weapon of his fellow combatant, with a guess of his posture, and this he practised with good success. The other is of one Grizling, of whom Mr. Camden says, that he being deaf could see words; that is, that notwithstanding his deafness he could answer any man’s question that set at table with him by the motion of his lips. This man I have seen also, and he would complain of such men as in those days wore great munchadoes, as they then called them, i. e. nourishing of much hair, by which he was hindered somewhat of the observation of their lips.
I may place these two men, one blind, the other deaf, for these qualities among the observable things of the county, knowing them to be true,――if the mentioning these examples in their comparison do not excuse me from being laughed at by those men that have censured me for my attempt.
Hic facit Adam et dicit Deus.
Dol ony onen ha try, Tas ha Sap yn Trynyte Ny ad eura ty then abry, haual dagan fare whare Ny a euhyth yn the vody sperys sans hylly beene Han been nans pan yn kylly, then dozty a del arte
Adam saf yn van yn clor, ha tryt the gyk ha the woys Preder my theth wull a dor, haual theym an pen then troys Myns us yntryr hag yn mor, evarnethe kemer halloys Yn bysma rag dry astor ty a veea bys mafy toys.
Adam del of Den aras, bos guythys a uronty af thys Kybar Paradys myathas saen gara un dra a govys War bup, frut losoen ha has, avo hynny hy teays Sacu yn frut ny fyth kymmyas, yea proen askyens hyulkis.
Nara tybbryth a henna, yen hyneuis pren askyens Ynnes a lena tya, hag a fyth marroeu vernens.
In English thus:
So are we one and three, Father and Son in Trinity, We make thee to us of clay like to our face anon, We will breath in thy body spirit holy, and ointment on his head, And life when lost to the earth thou must again.
Adam rise thou up in strength, and turn to flesh and blood; Think I came all of earth like me from head to foot; All that’s on land and sea upon them take thou authority, In this world from bring forth thou shalt have thee allowed.
Adam so of God’s grace but keep what’s granted thee; Take Paradise I appoint, only leave the thing thou ought. On each fruit herb and seed that in it is growing, Except the fruit thou shalt not take――that’s the tree of knowledge forbidden.
Do not eat of that’s named the tree of knowledge, Out from thence thou must and shalt die the death.
By this small part of a greater piece given (as I conceive) for Welsh, by a Welsh gentleman, it appears how near the Cornish and Welsh tongues are affined.
ANGLICK. CORNWALLECK.
Our Father which art in Ny Taz oz yn neau, bonegas heaven, hallowed be thy yw tha hanaw, tha name, thy kingdom come, gwtakath doaz, tha bonogath thy will be done on earth as bo gwrez en nove porarag it is in heaven; give us this en neau, roe thenyen day our daily bread; and dythma gon dyth bara giuians forgive us our trespasses, as ny gan cabu ura chen; we forgive them that trespass ledia ny ara idn tentation, against us; and lead us buz diluer ny thact deog. not into temptation, but deliver us from evil.
I believe in God the Father Mea greez en du Taz olgologack Almighty, maker of heaven y wrig en neu han and earth; and in Jesus noare. Ha yn Jesu Crest Christ his only son our y vabe hag agan arlyth avy, Lord, who was conceived by conseviys daz an Speriz the Holy Ghost, born of the Sanz, geniz thurt an voz Virgin Mary, suffered under Mareea, sufferai dadn; Pont Pontius Pilate, was crucified, Pilatt, ve gocis dan vernans dead, and buried. He ha bethis, ha thes kidnias descended into hell; the the yffarn, y sauas arta third day he rose again from yn trysa dyth, ha deriffians the dead; he ascended into da neau ha seth war deghow heaven, and sitteth at the dornyndue taz olgologack right hand of God the Father Thurt ena eu za Almighty, from thence doaz tha juga yn braw han he shall come to judge the vazaw. quick and the dead.
I believe in the Holy Me a greez yn Spiriz Ghost, the Holy Catholic Sanz, Sanz Cathalick Eglis, Church, the forgiveness of yn Communion yn Sanz, yn sins, the resurrection of the geiyanson pegh, yn derivyans body, and the life everlasting. yn corff, han bowians ragnuera andellazobo.
[25] Dr. Hammond’s Exposition to the Apocalypse.
[26] Tit. Dij et Homines, 1. 3. p. 457, cap. 163.
[27] Gr. Naz. in Trag.
[28] Here passing down the river, I would willingly have given by the way an account of the antient Cornish name of that eminent place now called Mount Edgcombe, but by reason that the present, and some other generations, have been so much inclined to the name it now bears, and the other generations before them had given it the name of West Stonehouse, as in relation to that on the eastern side of the river East Stonehouse, where the mansion of those gentlemen formerly was, (according to which I have seen an entry of it, Cum Perco et Passagio, in an antient Ouster le main) I could not attain to it.
[29] Off from Seaton, a valley between Ramehead and Loo, there is to be seen in a clear day in the bottom of the sea, a league from the shore, a whole wood of timber on its side, uncorrupted.
[30] Cæsar de Bello Gallico, lib. VI. ch. 14. Neque fas esse existimant, ea literis mandare cum in reliquis Græcis utantur literis. Id mihi duabus de causis instituisse videntur; quod neque in vulgum disciplinam efferi velint; neque eos, qui discant literis, confisos minus memorise studere.――Ed.
[31] The two first lines are from Lib. VII. Ep. 88. The last line from Lib. XI. Ep. 3.――Ed.
[32] Signification of which word in Cornish is “speeches great.”
[33] And so were the other devotions exercised, sub Dio, as you may see by the discourse of Ed. Jones.
[34] Gualterius, mentioned by Archbishop Laud in a speech in the Star Chamber.
[35] These bones must evidently have been found in a Cavern, the nature of which has been most ably ascertained and described by Doctor Buckland; and the Rev. Richard Hennah has examined another cavern of precisely the same nature, comprising bones of various large Mammalia, in the limestone formation, not far from Plymouth.――Ed.
[36] At St. German’s, the place of the author’s nativity, endowed by King Etheldred with lands, liberties, and privileges, but what or where non patet.
[37] Archbishop Usher, in Primordiis. Bishop of St. Asaph. Dr. Stillingfleet, Orig. Britt.
[38] Bishop Hall, in his Mystery of Godliness, says, that a cripple, who for sixteen years together was fain to walk upon his hands, by reason the sinews of his legs were contracted, upon monitions in his dreams to wash in St. Mardren’s Well, was suddenly so restored to his limbs, that he saw him both able to walk and get his own maintenance.
[39] Godolanac, in the Phœnician, is a place of tin.
[40] So Molenneck, signifying Goldfinches, a chevron Sable, between three goldfinches Proper.
[41] Lord Scroope.
[42] Amongst which, as one of the fresh antiquities of Cornwall, let not the old woman be forgotten, who died about two years since, who was 164 years old, of good memory, and healthful at that age, living in the parish of Gwithian, by the charity mostly of such as came purposely to see her, speaking to them (in default of English) by an interpreter, yet partly understanding it. She married a second husband after she was 80, and buried him after he was 80 years of age. Her maiden name no one could remember, nor perhaps she herself. She was usually called after her two husbands’ several names severally and sometimes together, as it is usual for the meaner sort of people to do. As for her maiden name, she might say with a wench in Petronius, “Junonem meam iratam habeam si unquam meminerim me virginem fuisse.”
Appendix
VI.
WILLIAM OF WORCESTER’S ITINERARY.
As no account of William of Worcester is to be found in the common Biographical Dictionaries and Encyclopedias, it has been thought proper to prefix a short notice of his life and character to the following extract from his Itinerary:
William was the son of William of Worcester, and of Elizabeth, the daughter of Thomas Bottoner. His surname he took indifferently from either; and he is consequently sometimes denominated William Worcester, and William Bottoner. Bishop Tanner describes him as descended of a knightly family, but upon what evidence is not known; yet from certain passages in the Itinerary his father would seem to have been a substantial householder.
He was born in the parish of St. James at Bristol in the year 1415; and as he speaks of a stone vault in that city as having been built in 1428, at his own expense, it is probable that he lost his father, and came to his inheritance at a very early age. Of his childhood nothing is known; but there is some reason to suppose that he was taught the rudiments of learning by Robert Lane, whom he has commemorated as a very eminent schoolmaster at Bristol when he was a youth. In 1432 he first went to Oxford, where he was admitted of Hart Hall, now Baliol College.
It is said, that he was supported at the University by the celebrated Sir John Fastolf; the same who, in his own day, had great renown for his valour and munificence, and who was afterwards exposed to dishonour by Shakspere, with a trifling variation of his name, and a considerable distortion of his character. But it may be presumed that Worcester was indebted not so much to his bounty as to his protection; for if we may judge of Worcester’s patrimony from the few notices he has given us of his father’s property in Bristol, it is not likely that his own means would have been inadequate to the small expense of a collegiate course in those simple times; and we may therefore believe, that the connection which subsisted between Worcester and Fastolf, was merely a compliance with the general custom of the age, when youths of gentlemanly birth and competent fortune sought the patronage and entered the household of wealthy and powerful men. But, however this might have been, it is certain that he afterwards lived with Sir John at Caister, in Norfolk, where he acted as the knight’s secretary and confidential friend, and subsequently as one of his executors.
At Oxford Worcester prosecuted his studies with great diligence and success; and we are informed that he became eminent for his knowledge of history, medicine, and astronomy. On these subjects he is said to have written many books: yet it is likely that they were rather extracts and memorandums, than original and formal compositions. Besides these, he executed some translations from the classics; and we learn from his Itinerary, that on the tenth of August 1473, he presented the Bishop of Winchester with a translation of Cicero on Old Age. He tells us, however, that this gift was not sufficient to conciliate the good prelate’s regard; but he seems to insinuate, that the failure was owing less to the faults of the performance, than to the intervention of an enemy. Yet, whatever he might have suffered from the malice of his neighbours, it is possible, that the offering itself was considered of small value; and it might have been the less esteemed, if it be true, that the same treatise had been already rendered into English by John Tiptoft, the accomplished and unfortunate Earl of Worcester.
But it is on very slender evidence that this nobleman is said to have translated Cicero on Old Age. He had left in manuscript a translation of Cicero on Friendship; and when Caxton printed it, many years after his death, with an anonymous version of the essay on Old Age, in the same volume, he was at once supposed to have been the author of both; but the translation, thus published without a name, was professedly executed in honour of Sir John Fastolf, the friend and patron of William of Worcester; and as it is well known that many of his dependant’s literary performances were undertaken expressly for his sake, and, as at the same time William of Worcester might have been easily confounded with the Earl of Worcester, there is considerable probability that William, and not the Earl, was the author of the translation in question, and consequently William could not have suffered on a comparison with him in the manner suggested. Nor is it sufficient objection to this inference, that the productions of a writer, whose style has been chosen as an example of the barbarous taste of the age in which he lived, were not likely to be imputed to one whose extraordinary attainments had won the admiration of the polished and fastidious scholars of Italy; for whatever might have been the Earl’s superiority in classical knowledge, it does not appear that he had cultivated his native tongue with greater care than his contemporaries; and William of Worcester might not have fallen below him in the rude and unsettled English of that time.
Of William’s writings, of whatever kind, very little is now extant; and though for a few things the credit which he deserved has been given to others, it has been reasonably conjectured, that he has enjoyed in return the merit of some performances of which he was not the author; but however he might have laboured in the promotion of learning, he loved the acquisition of it so well, that he was accustomed to say, he found more pleasure in his books than some men derived from their estates; and to the attainments which he had made at the University, he added, by the help of one Giles, a Lombard, some acquaintance with French and Poetry.
Yet study was insufficient to satisfy him without observation: τὸ εἰδέναι δίττον ἔλεγεν εἶναι· τὸ μὲν ἐπιστήμῃ, τὸ δὲ τῇ πείρᾳ. He consequently sought to enlarge his knowledge by travelling; and he has been considered worthy of respect as the earliest topographer of England, “Primum Angliæ perlustratorem ne flocci facias;” but however this may be, he is certainly the first traveller who has left us any memorials of a journey into Cornwall; and the interest and value which his observations derive from this circumstance, have made them worthy of a place in the present Appendix.
The book, in which these notices are found, is entitled Itinerarium, sive Liber Rerum Memorabilium Willelmi Botoner dict. de Worcester. It had existed in manuscript only, till the year 1778, when it was published at Cambridge, from the original autograph in the Library of Corpus Christi College, by James Nasmith, formerly a Fellow of that Society. Besides this, indeed, there is another manuscript of the journal in the same library, but it is only a copy of the former, made by the procurement of Archbishop Parker; and as it is very incorrect, it is of no value in itself, and could have been of little use to the editor.
This Itinerary seems to have been a memorandum book, which the author kept with him on his journeys, not only into this county, but to other parts of this kingdom; and accordingly we find it stored with desultory notices of separate facts, and distant places, and abounding with trifling and unconnected observations, which seem to have been associated on the same page, only as the book was accidentally opened, and recorded rather from some present impulse, than with any settled and ultimate design. Nothing can be more rude than the style, or more worthless than many of the statements; and whatever might have been the writer’s real intention, it is very certain that his remarks, in the condition which they have actually come down to us, could not have been meant for publication. It might have been his purpose, when leisure and opportunity should serve, to arrange and expand the hasty and unconnected notes thus made by the way; but the brevity of the greater number would have insufficiently secured him against perplexities and mistakes; and as he might have erred occasionally through the acknowledged failure of his memory, or the unconscious influence of his imagination, it is possible that a careful and regular composition subsequently made, might have been less useful, than even the confused and scanty memorandums we possess.
Worcester came into Cornwall in the year 1478. Mr. Whitaker says, that it was in 1440. How he could have committed such a mistake, it is difficult to conceive, as the date is expressly recorded in the Itinerary itself. Mr. Polwhele, indeed, appears to have erred likewise; for, according to him, William’s journey was performed in 1473; but this is evidently nothing more than a misprint. In one of our county histories, the journey is stated to have occurred in 1460: it is probable, however, that the writer had never seen the Itinerary.
He set out from Norwich, on Monday the 17th of August, and reached London on the Thursday following. On the first of September he came to Bristol, and took his departure for Cornwall on the next day. He arrived at Launceston on Sunday the 13th, and on Monday pursued his journey towards the west. Near Bodmin his horse fell with him, but it does not appear that he received any injury. On Tuesday night he slept at Polwhele; and having visited the preaching friars at Truro on Wednesday, he came in the evening to Marazion. The next morning, Thursday 17th of September 1478, he attended mass in the chapel on the Mount. In the afternoon of the same day, he departed for Penryn; and going thence to Bodmin, he returned eastward, through the towns on the south coast. The towns and villages on the north coast of Cornwall he did not visit; and the statements which he makes respecting them, were merely the result of his inquiries. He seems, indeed, to have been as diligent in seeking information from others, as in making observations of his own; and no persons, whether smiths, ropers, or ferrymen, were considered unfit to furnish him with the knowledge which he wanted for his journal. Amongst those in Cornwall, from whom he learned most, was his cousin, Robert Bracey, at Fowey; but it is likely that he depended mainly upon the secular and regular clergy, who entertained him on the road, and gave him access to their chronicles and registers.
With regard to the nature and purpose of this journey, from the manner of the record itself, it would not be easy to conjecture, whether it was undertaken with feelings of devotion or of curiosity. The coldness of the whole narrative, and the careless brevity with which the accomplishment of the acknowledged object is related, were scarcely consistent with a fervid and lively devotion; and the insertion of so many facts and observations, which must have been useless when they were written, and now owe their value to their subsequent antiquity, while the documents of early times, and the traditions of the people, were almost wholly neglected, could not have happened under the influence of an active and judicious curiosity. And besides this, when William of Worcester was in Cornwall, it was impossible for an intelligent visitor to overlook the state of our ecclesiastical architecture. Many of our present churches had been recently built, and others were then building; and some account of their style and condition, of their founders and builders, and of the circumstances attending their erection, would have been far more amusing to his contemporaries than what he wrote, and of unspeakable interest in after times. And any other man, we may suppose, would have found something to say of the manners and habits of the people, and of their mines and fisheries; but from William of Worcester we know only by implication or accident, that he travelled in an inhabited country.
Yet without devotion he would not have visited the Mount, and without curiosity he would have made no observations by the way. The shrine of St. Michael, which had been the resort of superstitious people in remote times, had lately recovered its ancient reputation, after an interval of some accidental obscurity; and pilgrims were again attracted by the privileges conferred on it in the eleventh century, and were coming even from distant places in considerable numbers. William of Worcester was one of these; and as his penitence had brought him so far, it might be thought that his admiration would have delayed his return.
But the hospitalities of a place so ‘kind to strangers,’ the natural beauties of the Mount, and the venerable antiquity and romantic traditions of the castle and monastery, were not enough to detain him for a day; and with scarcely any regard to such things, he stayed but a few hours. In that short space he could not occupy himself with many inquiries; and we have received from him only a few bare facts, which he appears to have recorded rather as the justification of his pilgrimage, than with any precise knowledge of their value.
His subsequent pursuits, and the time of his death, are not known, nor have we any account of the number and the fortunes of his children. It is certain, however, that he was married; and he is reported to have taken a wife in opposition to the wishes of his patron. For Sir John Fastolf had designed for him some ecclesiastical preferment, and had consequently advised him to obtain orders in the church. Tanneri Biblioth.――Paston Letters.――Lelandus de Script. Brit.――Henry’s Hist. of Engl.
Incipiunt notabilia per W. Worcestre scripta in viagio de Bristolia ad Montem Sancti Michaelis in anno Christi 1478.
* * * * *
Castellum Tregtheney-Pomerey de Devonia edificatum stat juxta Mousehold, per 7 miliaria ultra Montem Sancti Michaelis.
Castellum Trethyn dirutum in fine occidentalissima Cornubiæ.
Turris castelli Karnbree, Sir John Bassett, chevalier, stat.
C. Helston dirutum: comes Cornubiæ Edmundus.
C. Trurew dirutum: comes Cornubiæ.
C. Treclysten dirutum.
C. Morisk, ubi comes Cornubiæ Edmundus manebat.
C. Fust, quondam Ricardi comitis Anarwit in Carnanton, dirutum.
C. Dynas super altum montem dirutum, et fons in medio castri ubi Tador dux Cornubiæ maritus … matris Arcturi fuit occisus, juxta villam Sancti Columpnæ.
C. Carloogus, dirutum, in villa prope Sanctum Columpnæ.
C. Keynok dirutum cum tribus wardis.
C. Laner dirutum in villa Laner.
C. Godollon dirutum in villa Lodollon.
C. Tregheny stat, pertinet Pomereys, in Trefeny burgagio super le South.
C. Lanyhorn stat in villa Lanyhorn quondam Archedes.
C. Dirford dirutum prope Golonant villa.
C. Frampton aliter Castrum Trevyan dirutum prope Seynt Terbyn.
Castrum Tyntagelle fortissimum dirutum prope Camelford, ubi Arthurus fuit conceptus.
Castrum vocatum Botreaux castel distat per duo miliaria ultra Tyntagele castelle.
C. Hyllysbery dirutum per 4 miliaria ultra Tyntagele.
C. Lescars stat, domini Principis.
C. Bynamy stat, domini J. Colshill chevalier.
C. Restormalle stat prope Lastydielle, in parco principis, quondam Edmundi comitis Cornubiæ ubi manebat.
C. Lanceston villa per comitem Cornubiæ fundatum.
C. Tremyton quondam principis prope Saltash.
Falmouth villa: ecclesia Penryn.
Turris Fowey Treweryestowe.
Turris apud Pollrewen.
C. Bodleet dirutum prope Tremedart villa ubi Colsell chevalier habet mansionem.
C. Kellysberve dirutum prope Bokehelle villa.
C. Polwhele dirutum in villa Polwhele ubi Other Phelip manet.
C. Morysk juxta Truro dirutum.
Turris Blekennok ab antiquo prope Lastydyall nupe Hugonis Curteney.
Turris in parochia Sanctæ Columbæ quondam Johannis Tregose armigeri, per 8 miliaria ex parte occidentali Bodman.
Itinerarium Cornubiæ ad occidentalissimum finem.
Prima inceptio comitatus provinciæ Cornubiæ est apud Polston-brygge per unum miliare ex parte orientali de Lanceston.
Polston-brygge per 1 miliare ex parte orientali de Lanceston.
De Lanceston usque Lyscard 10 miliaria.
De Lyscard usque Low 5 miliaria.
A Low usque Pollerewan 5 miliaria.
A Pollerewen usque Bodennek 2 miliaria.
A Bodenhac usque Fowey ex altera parte aquæ de le havyn de Fowey distat jactu unius arcus sagittæ.
A Fowey usque Trewardreth prioratum villæ ejusdem 2 miliaria super mare.
A Trewardreth usque Colonant super mare 2 miliaria.
A Colonant usque Lastydielle 3 miliaria super mare Fowey.
A Lastydielle usque Bodman 3 miliaria infra terram.
A Bodman usque Padisco super mare boriale 8 miliaria.
A Padisco usque Seynt Columbe infra terram in medio comitatus 5 miliaria.
A Seynt Columbe usque Methsholle infra terram 5 miliaria.
A Meschylle usque Graundpond 5 miliaria circa partem meridionalem comitatus Cornubiæ infra terram.
A Grantpont usque Treghonyburgh 5 miliaria in patria.
A Tregonye usque Trewrwborough super meridionalem partem versus mare australe infra patriam 5 miliaria.
A Tregran usque Seynt Mandyt 6 miliaria super mare meridionale ultra brachium maris.
A Seynt Mandyt usque Trewrewborough ovyr the water 5 miliaria, vocatum brachium maris de Falmouth.
A Trewrewborough usque Penryn 6 miliaria super le south see.
A Penrynborow usque Helstonborowgh 8 miliaria super costeras maris per circa 3 miliaria de le south see.
A Hellestonborow usque Marchasyowe juxta montem Sancti Michaëlís super litus maris 6 miliaria.
A Markysyow usque Pensans duo miliaria.
A Pensans usque Moushole 2 miliaria: Porthennys.
A Porthenys usque le Londys-ende 4 miliaria.
Finis Cornubiæ.
Sylla vocata Islond continet in longitudine 1111 miliaria et latitudo 4.
Seynt Mary island continet in longitudine 4 miliaria et latitudine 4 miliaria; pertinet abbati Tavystock.
Insula Rascow pertinet abbati Tavystock, continet in longitudine 3 miliaria et in latitudine 3 miliaria, inculta, cum cuniculis et avibus vocatis pophyns [puffins].
Insula Seynt Lyda (fuit filius regis ――――.) continet in longitudine et latitudine 1 miliare.
Insula Rat Island continet in longitudine 1 miliare et dimidium et in latitudine tantum.
Insula vocata le Blak-rok continet ex omni parte unum miliare, et ibi sunt cuniculi et aves, sed antea culta.
Insula septima vocata ――――.
1239. Ecclesia fratrum ordinis Sancti Francisci villæ de Bodnam fundatur per Edmundum primum comitem Cornubiæ 13 kalend. jullii; et ibi isti obitus inveniuntur.
1299. Obiit dominus Thomas de Cancia die 12 Januarii.
Obitus dominæ Johannæ de Kaermynaw.
1329. Richardus Rex Alemaniæ obiit 3 die Aprilis.
1314. Jacobus Penerell obiit.
1349. Johanna de Carmynaw obiit.
1342. Elizabet Peuerell obiit.
Johannes filius Radulphi domini de Kayryshays, primus fundator ecclesiæ fratrum, obiit 3 die junii.
1346. Margeria de Treverbyn obiit 9 die junii.
1372. Dominus Hugo Peuerelle miles obiit 21 die junii.
Innocentius papa tercius obiit 16 die jullii.
1349. Margaretta Sergeaux obiit primo die augusti, et hic est sepulta.
Johannes Manne et Isabella consors ejus die 2 augusti obiit.
Johanna mater Ricardi Regis Angliæ. obiit die 8 augusti.
1369. Dominus Thomas de Carmynaw.
[These obits are more fully extracted again in p. 239.]
Longitudo Ecclesiæ monalium postea canonicorum Sancti Petroci, quondam Regis Cumbrorum gencium, de Bodmania, continet 57 passus, et latitudo ejusdem continet 30 steppys.
Latitudo capellæ Beatæ Mariæ continet circa 24 steppys.
Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis de Bodman cum choro continet 90 steppys. Latitudo vero ejusdem continet 40 steppys.
Abbathia ecclesiæ canonicorum de Bodman fundata primo per Athelstanum regem, et secunda vice per ――――. Warwast episcopum Excestriæ, qui fuit filius sororis Willelmi conquestoris, et 3ᵃ vice per Graundson episcopum.
Sanctus Petrocus, rex patriæ Cumbrorum, id est partis borialis regni Angliæ, reliquit regnum fratri suo juniori; jacet in pulchro scrinio apud Bodman ecclesiam coram capella Beatæ Mariæ.
Fons principalis fluminis de Falmouth and Peryn incipit apud montem de Nevyle per duo miliaria ex parte orientale de villa de Trewrew, id est per 8 miliaria de Peryn et Falmouth.
Ecclesiam prioratus de Trewardreth prope Fowey, monachorum ―――― fundavit.
Flumen fontis portus Falmouth vocatus Sowker incipit juxta Seynt Stevyns ――――. Zugher per 6 miliaria ex parte occidentali de Trewrew: et aliud flumen incipit apud villam Seynt Stevyn per 8 miliaria de Trewrew ex parte orientali, et vadit per Trurew usque Penryn.
Universis sanctæ matris ecclesiæ presentes litteras inspecturis vel audituris salutem: noverit universitas vestra quod sanctissimus dominus papa Gregorius, anno ab incarnatione domini millessimo septuagessimo, ad ecclesiam montis Sancti Michaeli in tumba in comitatu Cornubiæ gerens eximæ devocionis affectum, pie concessit ecclesiæ predictæ, quæ ministerio angelico creditur et comprobatur consecrari et sanctificari, omnibus fidelibus, qui illam ecclesiam cum suis beneficiis et elemosinis exepecierunt seu visitaverint, tertiam partem penetenciarum suarum eis condonari. Et ut inconcussum et inviolabile fine tenus permaneat; ex autoritate Dei patris omnipotentis et Filii et Spiritus sancti omnibus successoribus suis interdixit, ne quid contra hoc decretum usurpare presumant. Ista verba in antiquis registris de novo in hac ecclesia repertis inventa, prout hic in valvis ecclesiæ publice ponuntur. Et quia pluribus istud est incognitum, ideo nos in Christo Dei famuli et ministri hujus ecclesiæ universitatem vestram, qui regimen animarum possidetis, ob mutuæ vicissitudinis obtentum requirimus et rogamus, quatenus ista publicetis in ecclesiis vestris, ut vestri subditi et subjecti ad majorem exortacionem devocionis attencius animentur, et locum istum gloriosius perigrinando frequentent ad dona et indulgencias predicta graciose consequenda.
Apparicio Sancti Michaelis in monte Tumba, antea vocatale Hore-rok in the wodd; et fuerunt tam boscus quam prata et terra arabilis inter dictum montem et insulas Syllye, et fuerunt 140 ecclesiæ parochiales inter istum montem et Sylly submersæ.
Prima apparicio Sancti Michaelis in monte Gorgon in regno Apuliæ fuit anno Christi 391.
Secunda apparicio fuit circa annum domini 710 in Tumba in Cornubia juxta mare.
Tertia apparicio Romæ fuit, tempore Gregorii papæ legitur accedisse: nam tempore magnæ pestilenciæ, &c.
Quarta apparicio fuit in ierarchiis nostrorum angelorum.
Spacium loci Montis Sancti Michaelis est ducentorum cubitorum undique oceano cinctum, et religiosi monachi dicti loci, Abrincensis antistes Aubertus nomine, ut in honore Sancti Michaelis construeret ――――; predictus locus opacissimâ primo claudebatur sylvâ, ab oceano miliaribus distans sex, aptissimam prebens latebram ferarum, in quo loco olim comperimus monachos domino servientes.
Memorandum, longitudo ecclesiæ Montis Sancti Michaelis continet 30 steppys.
Latitudo continet 12 steppys.
Longitudo capellæ novæ edificatæ continet 40 pedes, et est 20 steppys;
Latitudo continet circa 10 steppys.
Ab ecclesia usque pedem montis ad aquam maris continet 14 tymes 60 steppys.
Longitudo maris inter villam Markysyoo usque pedem montis Sancti Michaelis continet per estimacionem mille CC id est 700 steppys, Anglice x tymes lxx steppys.
Nomina principalium fluminum in Cornubia.
Thamar aqua famosissima in Cornubia.
Tavy incipit a ―――― et vadit per Tavystok.
Plym incipit in Dertmore per 14 miliaria in parte boriali, et vadit usque portum vilæ Plymton.
Erm, magnum flumen incipit in Dertmore, et currit usque villam ―――― de le south see.
Yalm water incipit in Dertmore, et vadit ad villam ―――― per 18 miliaria ―――― le more super montem villæ Terwent juxta Camelford valde altum.
Avyn water incipit in Dertmore, et vadit per ―――― in portum ――――.
Dert aqua magna incipit in Dertmore, et est major flumen omnium fluminum, et currit per Toteness per spacium xx miliariorum de fonte, et. deinde currit usque Dertmouth havyn.
Tengmouth, id est Kenton, aqua incipit in Dertmore, et currit per xx miliaria, per ――――, et cadit in mare apud Tengmouth.
Exwater incipit apud Exmore per 30 miliaria ex parte boriali Excester, currit per Bamton, qui distat usque Kyrton per spacium 15 miliariorum, a villa Kyrton usque civitatem Excetyr currit per spacium 7 miliariorum, et ab Excetyr currit usque Topsam, sunt 3 miliaria, et de Topsam currit usque villam Exmouth-havyn per spacium vi miliariorum et ibi cadit in mare meridionale.
Sancta Norwinna virgo jacet in ecclesia, [quæ] stat per ii miliaria de Seynt Nichtons, ubi deo fontes duorum fluminum oriuntur, viz. Thamar flumen qui seperat Cornubiam et Devoniam, et terminat apud le havyn de Saltash juxta Plymouth per tria miliaria, et dictum flumen Thamar currit per Lanceston prope tria miliaria dictæ villæ, et de Ferywater vocat. Calstokyath per tria miliaria de Tavystok usque Kaenrrovn, et deinde usque portum Salt-ash, ubi cadit in portu maris, in toto currit circa 40 miliaria: et alterum flumen vocatur Torge et currit per Haderlee Toryton Bydyford; et cadit in mare apud portum sive Hamonem de Appuldore-port, et sic currit per terram in circuitu per estimacionem 40 miliaria ex parte boriali.
Flumen aquæ de Newbrygge per 5 miliaria ultra Tavystock vocatur Lyner et ejus fons incipit ――――.
Mons Sancti Michaelis
Markysho 7 miliaria usque
Hellyston, usque
Truro 8 miliaria, et usque
Graundpond sex miliaria, et usque
Owstalle 6 miliaria, et usque
Lastydiell 8 miliaria
Lyscard x miliaria usque
Tavystoke, et a dicta villa usque
Okynham 16 miliaria, et a dicta villa ――――.
Tavy aqua sub monasterio Tavystoke currit; incipit in forest Dartemore scita per duo miliaria ex parte orientali villæ de Tavystoke; sed dicta aqua sive fons incipit in dicta foresta ultra 8 miliaria villæ Tavystoke, et vadit per abbathiam de Bokelond per 4 miliaria de Tavystok, et inde per parochialem ecclesiam de Beereferrys ubi les sylver mynes fodiuntur, et abinde cadit in aquam de Tamar infra spacium miliaris supradicti portus.
Pons aquæ Lyners vocat Newbryge distat ex parte meridionali et orientali de Tavystoke per 5 miliaria, id est, a villa de Lescard eundo versus monasterium Tavystoke.
Okyhampton.
Stykylpath distat a Okynton 3 miliaria, et ibi est fons vocatus Tow-water, et incipit per tria miliaria ex parte meridionali, et vadit per mare septemtrionale per Ydy usque Barstaple.
Zeele villa sequitur prope Stykylpath per unum miliare.
Crokornwylle distat per 10 miliaria de Okynampton inter dictam villam et Crokyniwelle, et distat ab Excestre 10 miliaria.
Excestre civitas.
Informacio Thomæ Peperelle de Tavystoke notarii publici.
Sanctus Ramonus episcopus Hiberniæ jacet in scrinio in ecclesia abbathiæ de Tavystoke inter chorum et capellam Beatæ Mariæ; et ejus dies translacionis agitur 5 die januarii, vigiliæ epiphaniæ, et ejus dies obitus agitur die 28 Augusti.
Sanctus Barnocus, anglice Barnoc, heremita, jacet apud Bramton per 4 miliaria ex parte norwest de Berstaple; fuit filius regis Calabriæ; ejus dies agitur 7 die januarii.
Sanctus Herygh, frater Sancti Vuy, episcopus, jacet in quadam ecclesia scita sub cruce ecclesiæ Sancti Pauli Londoniarum; ejus dies agitur in vigilia omnium sanctorum, id est ultimo die octobris.
Sanctus Vuy, frater Sancti Herygh, jacet in ecclesia parochiali Sancti Vuy prope villam Lalant super mare boriale per tria miliaria de Mont-Myghell; ejus dies agitur die primo februarii.
Sancta Hya, id est Seynt Hy, soror Sancti Herygh et soror Sancti Vuy, virgo jacet in ecclesia parochiali villæ Seynt Hy super mare boriale circa 12 miliaria ab ultimo fine occidentalis regni Angliæ; et ejus dies agitur tertio die februarii.
Castrum quadratum de Lydiford fundatum fuit antiquis annis preteritis per primores Cornubiæ tum conver ――――.
Pons profundissimus tocius Angliæ sub ponte et strictus ――――.
Flumen pontis altissimi sub castro de Lydyford per sex miliaria de Tavystoke, et 6 usque Tokynton; currit de Dertmore fons ejus per 10 miliaria ex parte boriali maris prope villam Seynt Nyghtow, et currit usque aquam portus de Plymouth.
Castrum prenobile de Okehampton prope villam Okehampton per 12 miliaria de Tavystoke versus orientem et Excestriam, quondam Thomæ Curteny comitis Devoniæ, edificatum per Thomam primum comitem.
Fons fluminis de Okehampton currit sub castro supradicto, incipit apud Cremere in Thertmore, et currit usque Lydiford villam et ad Barstaple, incidens in mare boriale portus Barnstaple.
Sancti Michaelis archangeli apparicio in castello Angeli Romæ die 8 Maii.
Sancti Michaelis in monte die 16 Octobris.
Sanctus Gyermocus episcopus, dies ejus agitur die Sancti Johannis in festo natalis: per tria miliaria de monte Sancti Michaelis.
Sancta Branca virgo, dies ejus agitur die primo ―――― jacet in ecclesia prædictæ sanctæ per IIII miliaria montis Michaelis.
Sancta Matheriana virgo jacet in ecclesia parochiæ de Mynstre per dimidium miliare de Botreaux castelle, et per III miliaria de Camelford: fecit unum miraculum de quodam homine extra sensum, ac una muliere et quadam puella in festo Sancti Jacobi, uno anno preterito, et ejus festum agitur circa 9 diem aprilis, secundum relacionem ―――― rectoris parochiæ villa de Mynster.
In libro Kalendarii principalis libri Antiphaner ecclesiæ Thomæ prioris canonicorum de Bodman inveni scriptum de bona manu.
Sanctus Codocus confessor, 24 die Januarii, C littera.
Sanctus Pieranus episcopus, 5 die Martii, A littera.
Sanctus Wenedocus, et Felicitatis virginis, 7 die Marcii.
Sanctus Constantinus rex et martir, 9 die Marcii, E. littera.
Sanctus Woronus confessor, die 7 Aprilis, F. littera.
Sanctus Ydrocus confessor, die 5 Maii, F. littera.
Sanctus Karantocus episcopus et confessor, 16 die die Maii, C. littera.
Sancta Potenciana virgo, die Sancti Dunstani archiepiscopi.
Sanctus Germanus episcopus et confessor, die 27 Maii.
Dedicatio ecclesiæ conventualis Bodman 24 die Augusti.
Sanctus ―――― heremita die 21 Augusti, B. littera.
Exaltacio Sancti Petroci die exaltacionis sanctæ crucis.
Sanctus Laudus 21 die septembris.
Translacio Sancti Petroci die 8 octobris, A littera.
Sanctus Johannes archiepiscopus Ebor. die 25 octobris.
Sanctus Withinocus episcopus et confessor, die 7 Novembris C littera.
Sancta Menna martir, die XI novembris.
Sancta Menefreda virgo non martir, die 24 novembris F. littera.
Sanctus Osmundus episcopus 4 die decembris.
Sanctus Servacius episcopus.
Sanctus Senseus jacet in parochia Sancti Justi juxta Hellyston circa 4 miliaria.
Memorandum quod villa Lawnceston est principalis et major latititudo tocius comitatus Cornubiæ, quia distat a mare boriali per 9 miliaria ex parte orientali, 20 miliaria de mare Severn ex parte boriali, et similiter decem miliaria a mare ex parte meridionali.
Flumen aquæ de Bodman incipit in prioratu Sancti Petroci de Bodman; le Carn-Water nominatur a quodam homine vocato Carn, qui fecit pontem in villa Bodman; et cadit in aquam vocatam Dynmere per unum miliare versus boriale mare de Bodman; et sic vadit per villam Pascow per 12 miliaria de Bodman versus mare boriale, ubi capit in portu maris borialis post transitum super Dynmerbrygge [qui] continet 6 archuatas, et per Wadebrygge qui continet 12 archuatas de lapidibus constructas.
Memorandum de ortu foncium et aquarum fluminum in comitatu Cornubiæ et Devoniæ.
Excestre aqua incipit ――――.
Tyngmouth flumen, aqua proxima versus Myghellmont, incipit apud ――――.
Flumen Deerso, quod vadit ad hamonem villæ Totenese, et sic usque Dartemouth.
Flumen Plymouth.
Flumen Tavystoke incipit circa 3 miliaria ex parte boriali Tavystoke, cadit in Ashwater.
Flumen Plinmouth.
Flumen pontis Riale incipit in parte boriali Launceston per tria miliaria, cadit in Ashwater; prima aqua Tamar, ubi est passagium per decem miliaria ad mare meridionale.
Flumen aquæ vocatæ Low-log incipit in le mere ex parte boriali Lyscard et Lascydialle-brigge, et cadit in mari apud portum Low.
Flumen aquæ de Fowey vadit per Reppynbrygge per 6 miliaria citra Fowey; incipit apud fontem vocatum Few per IIII miliaria ultra Lascidyelle.
Flumen aquæ Trywardreth prope Fowey incipit in parochia villæ Seynt Austell et cadit in Trewardreth bay.
Flumen aquæ Trywoodreth vadit per Valemouth portum.
Flumen portus Barleford.
Insula de Greef scita est in Cornubia juxta prioratum monachorum de Trewdreth, juxta villam de Fowey per tria miliaria ex parte occidentali; et dicta insula jacet ex opposito patriæ Britanniæ vocatæ le Foorne. Et insula Ushand jacet in le seebord, anglice south et north, per distanciam latitudinis de le narrow see vocatum aliter le channel de Flaunders per spacium v kennyngys, et quilibet kennyng continet VII leucas, id est 21 miliaria, unde sunt cv miliaria; hæc habentur per informacionem Roberti Bracey consanguinei mei apud Fowey.
Insula Camber est ex opposito Wynchelsea et Rye, distat a firma terra de Wynchylsee per 3 miliaria, et continet ex omni parte circa duo milliaria, et est in media dictæ insulæ capella Sancti Antonii.
Insula parva, anglice a rok, vocata Edestone, scita sowth et north ex opposito Plymouth, aliter dicta le forland de Raume opyn upon Plymmouth, et jacet in le narrow-see per circa 15 miliaria.
Insula Sancti Michaelis de Loo jacet anglice opyn upon villæ Loo, videlicet per 5 miliaria ex parte orientali de Fowey, et a firma terra in mari per unum miliare, et continet in circuitu per 4 miliaria, et in latitudine ex omni parte per 1 miliare.
Insula montis Sancti Michaelis continet in circuitu circa unum miliare, et distat a firma terra per jactum unius sagittæ; et insula Ushand in Britannia est in meridionali parte insulæ de Mont-Myghelle.
Pentybers-rok, maximus scopulus, in aqua Severn scita, ex parte occidentali portus de Padistow ac castri Tyntagelle per 4 miliaria, et distat a firma terra per unum miliare, et ibi nidificant aves vocatæ ganettys, gullys, seemowys, et cæteræ aves marinæ.
Insula Sancti Nicholai in portu de Plymouth scita continet in longitudine ―――― et latitudine ――――.
Et ibi est capella Sancti Nicholai fundata.
Bodman Villa.
Longitudo ecclesiæ prioratus canonicorum Bodman continet 64 virgas.
Latitudo ejus continet 17 virgas.
Companile continet in latitudine 7 virgas.
1239. Ecclesiam fratrum Sancti Francisci de Bodman Richardus comes Cornubiæ, filius fratris Henrici tercii, fundavit; et anno Christi 1352 dedicata est ecclesia per Johannem de Grandissono Exoniensem episcopum.
In martirologio fratrum minorum Bodman.
Scriptum est, lex gratitudinis requirit, ut beneficia beneficiis recompensentur, unde Beatus Augustinus libro soliloquiorum dicit, beneficium accepisti, et auctorem ejus non agnoscis; dominus in manifesto, et largitor in occulto, ista arguunt ingratitudinem: et quia labilis est humana memoria, ne multiplicia beneficia facta in ecclesia monasterii Sancti Benedicti de Hulmo, diocesis Norwicensis, per Johannem Fastolf chevalier, ideo dignum duxi dicta hic in scripto redigere ut patebit inferius.
Nobiles et generosi in kalendario fratrum Sancti Francisci de Bodman.
Edmundus et Johannes comites Cornubiæ.
Johannes filius Radulphi de Bodman.
Dominus Johannes de Arundell chevalier.
Dominus Willelmus Seregeaux.
Dominus Hugo Peverelle.
Dominus Thomas de Cantia.
Dominus Johannes Beaupree.
Dominus ―――― Trewynt.
1369. Dominus Thomas Carmynew miles.
Dominus Willelmus Sergeaux.
Dominus Willelmus Trelothyk.
Dominus Baldewynus de Bello prato.
Dominus Edmundus Hywys armiger.
Dominus Walterus Blewet.
Willelmus Blundelle.
Dominus Thomas de Cantia, obiit anno Christi 1299.
1360. Domina Sibilia Daime obiit.
Richardus rex Alemaniæ, comes Cornubiæ, 3 die Aprilis obiit.
1314. Jacobus de Peverelle obiit.
1346. Margeria de Treverbyw obiit.
1327. Hugo de Peverelle miles obiit.
Walterus episcopus Exoniensis obiit die 23 Jullii, precipuus benefactor fratrum Sancti Francisci.
1349. Domina Margareta Sergeaux, obiit primo die Augusti.
Johannes Mowne armiger, die 2ᵒ Augusti.
Dominus Radulphus de Wytheel.
Domina Alicia Fittzwater.
Edmundus comes Cornubiæ, primo die Octobris.
Johannes Rodeney miles.
Edmundus Clevedon miles.
Willelmus Chambron anno Christi 1353.
In registro apud Bodman ecclesiam fratrum minorum.
Magna pestilencia per universum mundum inter Saracenos, qui pagans, et postea inter christianos; incepit primo in Anglia circa kalend. Augusti, et parum ante Nativitatem Domini intravit villam Bodminiæ, ubi mortui fuerunt circa mille quingentos per estimacionem; et numerus fratrum defunctorum a capitulo generali Lugduniæ celebratum anno Christi 1351, usque ad aliud sequens capitulum generale, fuit de fratribus tresdecim milia octingenti octaginta tres, exceptis sex vicariis.
Informacio Roberti Bracey apud Fowey.
Sancta Kynburga virgo, 25 die Junii, in Kalendario Bodman.
Sanctus Vylloc, heremita et martir, natus de Hibernia, de parochia Lanteglys, ubi Walterus episcopus Norwicensis fuit natus in dicta parochia per unum miliare villæ de Fowey, et dictus sanctus habet festum ejus custoditum die jovis proxime ante festum pentecosten.
Polrewen villa } Bodennek villa } sunt in parochia Lanteglys scitæ Lanteglys villa } super aquam de Fowey.
Memorandum quod Walterus episcopus Norwicensis fuit natus in dicta villa, et fuit filius molendinarii.
Sanctus Wyllow fuit decapitatus per Melyn ys kynrede prope locum ubi episcopus Norwici Walterus fuit natus, et portavit usque pontem Sancti Wyllow per spacium dimidii miliaris ad locum ubi dicta ecclesia fundatur in suo honore.
Sanctus Barnic episcopus, callid Anglice Seynt Barre, sepelitur in ecclesia de Fowey, et ejus festum per III dies proxime ante festum sancti Michaelis, id est per XIII septimanas proxime ante festum Natalis Domini.
Sanctus Hyldren episcopus jacet in parochia Lansalux juxta parochiam Lanteglys; ejus festum agitur primo die Februarii, id est vigiliæ purificationis Beatæ Mariæ.
Sanctus Sirus presbiter jacet in ecclesia prioratus religiosorum Sancti Keryk per unum miliare villæ de Fowey, et cella pertinet prioratui de Montague.
Sanctus Mancus episcopus jacet in ecclesia Lanretho prope villam de Fowey infra duo miliaria; ejus festum agitur die jovis proxime ante festum pentecosten.
Sanctus Juncus jacet in ecclesia de Plynt prope villam de Loo, per 6 miliaria de Fowey, et 14 miliaria de Plynton.
1457 circa, Nicholaus Radford, manens apud Pogh-hylle circa 4 miliaria de Kyrton, juris peritissimus de concilio domini Bonevyle contra Thomam Corteney comitem Devoniæ, fuit occisus per Thomam filium comitis seniorem, in loco seu domo dicti Radulphi [sic, qu. Radford]; et dictus Thomas filius postea comes fuit, et fuit capitaneus apud Wakefeld, ubi Ricardus dux Ebor, Georgius comes de Richmond ―――― fuere occisi.
Versus in tabula ecclesiæ Tavystok.
Cum sine spe timor, mox desperatio torquet, Et nisi spes timeat, subita presumpcio damnat, Ergo timor sine spe, nec spes valet absque timore, Sic inferre potest, hic amat, ergo timet, Est amor ergo timor, sed non convertitur inde.
Ordulphus dux Cornubiæ tempore Edgari regis fundavit monasterium de Tavystoke.
Versus in kalendario ecclesiæ Tavystoke.
Quo quis a dextris te percute sive sinistro.
Hic perempti sunt pirati sine numero et 12 apud Sulham.
In kalendario ecclesiæ monasterii Tavistoke.
Sanctus Petrocus confessor, 4 die Junii.
Sanctus Nin martir, die 15 Junii.
1264 Sancti Simonis de Monte-forti, die 4 Augusti.
Sancti Adelwaldi episcopi, die 2 Augusti.
Sancti Elidii episcopi, 8 die Augusti, jacet in insula Syllys.
Dedicacio ecclesiæ Sanctæ Mariæ de Tavystoke, 21 die Augusti.
Sancta Elena regina, die 25 Augusti.
Sanctus Genosius, die 25 Augusti.
Sanctus Rinnom episcopus, die 30 Augusti.
Nō + memoria de sancto Hermeto, 28 die Augusti.
Nō + memoria de sancto Aidiano martire, 8 die Septembris.
Nō + sancto Maurio cum sociis VI M^1 III^c XXVI.
Longitudo ecclesiæ monasterii Tavystoke continet preter capellam Beatæ Mariæ 126 steppys; et ejus latitudo continet cum 14 steppys latitudinis navis ecclesiæ 21 steppys.
Longitudo navis dictæ ecclesiæ tantum usque ad chorum continet 60 steppys.
Longitudo chori 42 steppys; longitudo capellæ cum transitu circa 36 steppys.
Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis Tavystoke continet 90 steppys; et ejus latitudo continet 26 steppys.
Longitudo ecclesiæ parochialis Lyscard continet 74 steppys.
Latitudo ejus continet 34 steppys.
Longitudo claustri novi 45 steppys.
Insulæ de Sully sunt sub approtasmento Pii papæ anno 1462, 6 idus Julii anno 3^o pontificatus Pii papæ, ad instanciam abbatis Tavystoke, et domini Johannis Colfylle militis, domini principalium insularum, et dictus abbas est rector dictarum insularum.
* * * * *
Memorandum quod comes de Oxford per V annos preteritos die Martis in crastino Sancti Michaelis, tempore quo Fortescue armig. fuit vicecomes Cornubiæ, applicuit ad castrum Mont. Mychelle cum LCCC hominibus. Et contra XI millia hominum armatorum ex parte domini regis E. quarti dictum comitem obsedebant per XXIII septimanas, videlicet usque diem sabbati proxima ante diem martis carniprivii voc. le clansyng days pro ―――― cum domino rege demittebat fortalicium eundo ad dominum regem.
De fundatione Collegii Penryn.
1471. Die jovis, vigilia parascheven, obiit Magister Trewynnard, natus in villa Seynt Ives, quondam socius collegii Exoniensis Oxfordiæ, postea prepositus collegii Sancti Thomæ villæ de Penryn per ―――― annos continuavit.
Locus Collegii predicti in Penryn ab antiquo vocabatur Glasneyth in lingua Cornubiæ, anglice Polsethow, aliter dictus puteus sagittarii.
Falmouth havyn pertinet villæ Penryn.
Fundacio collegii predicti per Walterum episcopum Excestriæ in anno Christi 1265.
In anno millesimo domini ducenteno.
Atque sexagesimo post cum quinto pileno.
Mem. quod dominus Johannes Anger fuit vicarius magistri Michaelis Trewynnard.
Mem. quod longitudo eeclesiæ videlicet navis continet 36 steppys meos; et longitudo chori continet circa 60 steppys.
Inceptio tabulæ fundacionis Collegii Penryn.
Placet mihi dicere vel stanti scriptura, Res auditas ponere pro gente futura.
Itinerarium.
Le north-see. Villæ principales super mare boriale sitæ.
Primo Seynt Hyes villa versus orientem ex parte boriali maris distat a Musholt 8 miliaria.
De Seynt Hyes usque Lananta 2 miliaria.
De Lananta usque Redruth borough 8 miliaria.
De Redruth super mare usque Seynt Columb 18 myles.
De Seynt Columbe usque Wade-brygge [pons longus est] prope Padistow 5 miliaria.
De Wade-brygge [18 archys longitudinis] usque Tyntagell borough 8 miliaria.
De Tyntagell usque Botrowse-castell 3 miliaria.
De Botrowse-castell usque Camelford 3 miliaria.
De Camelford usque Stratton prope castellum Lynamy, domini Johannis Colvyle, 12 miliaria.
De Stratton usque Kylkhampton super mare VI myles.
De Kylkhampton usque Almanteston et Downehedborow 12 miliaria infra patriam.
De Almanteston usque Polston-brygge versus orientem duo miliaria; et ibi inceptio comitatus Cornwalliæ.
Mem. de Seynt Hyes villa, et omnes villæ proxime sequentes sunt scitæ super mare boriale versus orientem præter villam de Launceston.
Memorandum, quod pons Wade-brygge scita super et prope villam Wade, ex parte meridionali villæ de Paddistow, continet 18 arches; et longitudo pontis est north et south.
Memorandum in patria comitatus Cornubiæ est.
Pons magnus est scitus super aquam Tamar, est scitus inter Kylkhampton et Lanceston super le Freshwater.
Pons vocatus Polston-brygge scitus super flumen Tamarwater, sequitur per unum miliare de Lanceston ex parte orientali, continet circa 6 arches, per patriam edificatus.
Item, pons vocatus Greston-brygge scitus super aquam Thamar per tria miliaria ex parte orientali de Lanceston in medio patriæ.
Pons vocatus Hautes-brygge proxime sequitur super aquam Thamar prope villam Dyrynton, per unum miliare ex parte orientali de Derynton.
De Hawtys-brigge usque Kellyngton villam sunt 5 miliaria, et aqua fluminis Thamar transit usque Seynt Germayn, et deinde usque Kaergrowne, et de Kaergrowne usque Asth, ubi cecidit in mari inter Plymoth et Saltash.
Memorandum quod aqua Thamar incipit apud fontem inter villam Seynt Nyghtens et Torynton.
Memorandum de lez havyns Cornubiæ.
A Pensans usque Plymmouth havyn, et specialiter pertinentes ad havyn de Falmouth sunt 147 portus et crykes.
Imprimis circa villam Falmouth sunt 147 havyns infra spacium 70 miliaria a Tavystoke versus occidentem usque portum Markysew versus occidentem et Pensans.
Pensans havyn distat, videlicet ab occidentalissima parte Angliæ proxime les isles de Syllye, per 2 miliaria ad villam vocatam Markysyow, distat per 20 miliaria usque
Truro, distat per 4 miliaria usque
Falmouth [et] Penryn, distat per 4 miliaria usque
Seynt Austyn, distat per 6 miliaria usque
Thewrew, [Tywardreth] a Frensh priorie, distat per 10 miliaria usque
Collant, distat per 5 miliaria usque
Lastydyelle, distat per 4 miliaria usque
Fowey, distat per 10 miliaria usque
Bodennek, per 2 miliaria a
Bodennek Botroux castell, distat usque Low 5 miliaria.
A Low havyn distat usque Plymouth [et] Saltash 11 miliaria.
A Saltash usque Corgrowne tria miliaria.
Corgrowne prope Tavystoke abbotys ―――― ibi sunt salmones per duo miliaria de Corgroyn.
Plymouth.
Distat par 3 miliaria de Saltash usque Plymouth.
Hinc finit les havyns de Cornewayles.
Mem. from Pensance to Seynt Yves jette 6 myle.
Item, from Seynt Yves usque Lalant havyn 2 myle.
Item, from Lalant havyn to Patystoe havyn.
Item, from Patystoo havyn to Barstaple.
Item, from Barstaple to Ilfercombe.
Item, from Ilfercombe to Briggewater.
Item, from Bryggewater to Uphylle.
Item, from Uphylle to Mynett.
Item, from Mynehed to Bristow.
Oxford ultra Faryndon 12 myles.
Faryndon ultra Bassett-Sutton 15 myle,
Bassett Sutton per 15 myle de Clak.
Clak distat 15 miliaria de Bath,
Bathe 15 miliaria.
Well.
Glastynbery distat usque Brygewater 9 miliaria.
A Bryggewater ad Taunton 7 miliaria.
Pons pulcherrimus ultra Tanton per 1 miliaria.
A Taunton usque Wellynton 5 miliaria.
A Wellynton usque Culmyton 10 miliaria.
A Colmyton usque Excestre 10 miliaria.
Excestre.
Sanctus Justus martir jacet in parochia Sancti Yoest, distat a Pensans versus occidentem per 5 miliaria super litus occidentalissimæ partis Angliæ, et de villa Mousehold ultra versus insulas Syly per IIII [xxx] miliaria.
Sanctus Borianus martir est in parochia Sancti Boriani, distat ultra villam Pensansper 4 miliaria super littus maris.
Castrum Restormel est scitum inter villam Lastydielle et Lanceston.
Lanceston villa est per 16 miliaria ex parte north-west.
A Excestre ad Montem Michaelis, prima villa Baytyns, ad Crocornwell 10 miliaria.
A Crokornwell to Okynton-castell 10 miliaria.
De Okynton usque Launceston 15 miliaria.
A Launceston usque Bodman per ―――― more 20 miliaria.
A Bodman usque Machell 14 miliaria.
A Machell usque Rydryth citra Helleston 12 miliaria.
A Redryth usque Montem Sancti Michaelis 12 myles.
Memorandum quod Truro scita est citra Rytheryth versus orientem per 7 miliaria.
1. Mount Mygell ultra Excestre 100 miliaria.
2. Seynt Mychel de Rock per 30 miliaria ultra montem Sancti Michaelis et per 5 miliaria ultra Bodman.
3. Seynt Mychel Rowtor per tria miliaria de Camelforth, per 8 miliaria de Bodman.
4. Sanctus Mychaelis de Brenton, ibi est capella per 2 miliaria ultra Tavystoke versus Lanceston.
5. Sanctus Mychels borough per 7 miliaria de Taunton citra.
Sanctus Michaelis de Montague prope Yevell, et per 2 miliaria de Crokehorn, altissimus mons.
Sanctus Myghell prope Glastynbery voc. de Torre.
6. Sanctus Michaelis Trewin per 5 miliaria ultra Lastendon super altum montem.
Fycetyr xx m. to
Okynton, and 15 m. to
Lanceston, et est pons voc. Polston bryge per unum miliare citra Lanceston, ubi Cornubia incipit.
Bodman 20 m. and to Metshald [Mitchel] 16.
Metshow 16 myle, and 16 m.
to Redryth, and to the (?) 10 myle, and to
Mount Myghell 16 myles, Markysowe.
Calstoketrach proper per unum miliare voc. Howtesbrygge per 4 miliaria de Kellyngton.
Fowey moor per 12 miliaria longitudinis, et infra 8 miliaria est Trewynt villagium.
Plymouth 20 miliaria to Okyngton.
Plymton est castell, ys 3 miliaria de Plymton citra Plymouth.
In ecclesia fratrum predictorum villæ Truro.
Sanctus Vincentius frater ordinis predicti 5 Aprilis.
Sanctus Illugham de Cornubia jacet prope Redruth prope villam Truro burgagium.
1465. Rad’s Reskymer arm. obiit.
Radulphus de Albo Monasterio chevalier.
Johannes Ardell chevalier.
Johannes Beaupre chevalier.
Radulphus de Bello-prato chevalier obiit 1329.
Dominus Otho de Godrygan.
1464. Matilda Ardelie, obiit die 5 Novembris.
1264. Penryn villa prope Falmouth. Ecclesia collegii, ubi magister Michaelus fuit principalis prepositus canonicorum et vicariorum ibidem, fundata fuit per Walterum le goode episcopum Excestriæ; et episcopum cognomine Graundson [qui] fuit alter ejus fundator in beneficiis dictæ post dictum Walterum.
Longitudo dictæ ecclesiæ, navis videlicet ejusdem, continet circa 50 steppys.
Latitudo brachiorum ecclesiæ continet per estimationem tantum 50 steppys.
Longitudo chori ecclesiæ cum circuitu ejusdem continet circa 50 steppys ultra per estimacionem.
Apud Mount Myghylle.
Memorandum Mountes-bay lyeth froe le setre yn the est party to the poynte of Moushole yn the west party; and the chef rode of the bay for see men that comyth thes way ys called Gooveslake cum a yense neekly.
In kalendario ecclesiæ Mont Myghell.
Sanctus Wilfridus episcopus in crastino Sancti Georgii.
Sanctus Petrocus confessor 4 die Junii.
Sancta Hylda virgo 25 die Augusti.
Sanctus Hermes confessor ―――― Cornubia 28 die Augusti.
Translacio Sancti Berini episcopi 4 die Septembris, id est die Sancti Cuthberti.
S――――. Majore martir die XI Novembris.
Sanctus Nonnita mater Sancti David jacet apud ecclesiam villæ Alternoniæ per 6 miliaria de Lanceston, ubi natus fuit Sanctus David.
Brokannus in partibus Walliarum regulus fide et morum etc. per Gladewysam uxorem ejus genuit 24 filios et filias, et hiis nominibus vocabantur.
Nectanus.
Johannes.
Sudebrent.
Menfrede.
Delyan.
Tetha.
Maben.
Wentu.
Wensent.
Marwenna.
Wenna.
Julliana.
Yse.
Morwenna.
Wymip.
Wenheden.
Cleder.
Kery.
Jona.
Heley.
Lanant.
Rerhender.
Adwenhelye.
Tamalant.
Omnes isti filii et filiæ postea fuerunt sancti et martires vel confessores, et in Devonia vel Cornubia heremeticam vitam ducentes; sicut enim inter omnes quorum vitæ meritis et virtutum miraculis Cornubiensis vel Devoniensis irradiatur ecclesia, beatus Nectanus primo genitus fuit, ita cæteris omnibus honestate vitæ major fuit, et prodigiorum choruscitate excellentior extitit.
Fuit in ultimus Walliarum partibus vir dignitate regulus, fide et morum honestate preclarus, nomine Brokannus, a quo provincia ipsa nomen sortita nuncupatur Brokannok usque in presentem diem; hic itaque Brokmannus, antequam ex uxore sua Gladewysa filium vel filiam genuisset, in Hiberniam profectus est, uxorem suam et omnia sua relinquens; timuerat enim, ne si cum uxore sua remaneret, generacionem ex ea procrearet, qua impediretur ne libere Domino servire potuisset. Mansit igitur in Hibernia 24 annis, bonis operibus intendens; postea autem visitare patriam suam volens, rediit in Walliam, ubi uxorem suam adhuc viventem invenit. Post aliquantulum autem temporis sicut Deus preordinaverat, licet ipse homo non proposuisset, uxorem suam cognovit, ex qua postea 24 filios et filias genuit. Videns Dei virtutem cui nemo resistere potest, ait, “Jam Deus in me vindicavit quod contra disposicionem voluntatis ejus venire frustra disposui; quia enim 24 annis ab uxore mea ne sobolem procrearem illicitè effugi, dedit mihi pro quolibet anno illicitæ continentiæ sobolem unam quia jam 24 filios et filias post 24 annos ab eadem uxore suscepi.” Prædicti autem 24 filii et filiæ, quos predictus Brokannus ex uxore sua Gladewysa genuit, hiis nominibus vocabantur, Nectanus et cætera.
Et venerandus vir Nectanus per quæque nemorosa dispendia investigando querere ab hiis repertus latronibus in loco, qui adhuc hodie dicitur Nova Villa; ibi jam ecclesia in ejus honore construitur. 15 kal, Julii capite truncatus est, et caput suum propriis accipiens manibus per medium ferme spacii stadium usque ad fontem quo morabatur detulerit, ibique sanguine circumlinitum sudori cuidam lapidi imposuit, cujus adhuc cædis et miraculi sanguinolenta in eodem lapide remanent vestigia.
1189. Pridie nonas Julii obiit Henricus rex secundus Angliæ, sepultus est in Normannia.
Henricus rex ―――― dedit maritagium Isabellæ filiæ Ricardi Strangbow Willelmo Mariscallo primo, et sic factus est comes tocius Pembrochiæ, et dominus tocius hereditatis.
1200. Abbathia de Voto in Hibernia; Willelmus Marescallus fundavit.
1175. Ricardus comes de Strangbow obiit.
1148. Gilbertus Strongbow obiit.
1287. Conventus ecclesiæ Beatæ Mariæ de Tynterna intravit dictam ecclesiam ad celebrandum in nova ecclesia.
Et quinto nonas Octobris in anno sequenti conventus intravit in choro, et prima missa celebrata fuit ad magnum altare.
Mem. quod in Anglia sunt 52,080 villas per Domesday invent.
Item, sunt in Anglia XV milia XI ecclesiæ parochiales.
1242. Gilbertus Marescallus obiit et sepultus est apud novum templum London 5 kalend. Julii, et obiit in quodam torneamento apud Warewyk; et eodem anno Walterus quartus filius Willelmi Marescalli successit in hereditatem antecessorum suorum, et factus est comes Pembrochiæ.
Et obiit anno Christi 1246, videlicet 5 kalend. Decembris apud castrum Godrici.
1246. Ancelinus quintus frater obiit, et apud Tynternam sepultus decimo kalend. Januarii.
1438. Die jovis voc. Maundy-Thursday magister Johannes Benet rector de Pytney obiit.
Viagium Thomæ Clerk de Waar, incipiendo octavis Sancti Johannis Baptistæ circa annum Christi 1476, equitando ad Montem infra 10 dies, et revertendo ad Waare per alios 10 dies.
Waare.
Watford.
Bekynfeld.
Henely.
Redyng.
Kyngyslere.
Andever.
Salisbery.
Sheftysbery.
Shyrborn.
Yevylle.
Crokehorn.
Cherd.
Honyton.
Excetyr.
Crocornwille.
Okynton.
Lanceston.
Bodman.
Machehole.
Rooderyth.
Marchew. Margew distat per unum quartum miliaris de Monte Michaelis.
* * * * *
Longitudo ecclesiæ canonicorum regularium Sancti Augustini villæ de Allaunston continet 100 de steppys meis.
Et in latitudine continet 24 de steppis meis.
Mem. Episcopus Warwaste fundavit ecclesiam canonicorum regularum de Launceston.
Ecclesiam Seynt Germyns.
Ecclesiam ――――.
1236. Henricus rex Angliæ duxit Elianoram filiam comitis Provinciæ apud Cantuar. idibus Januarii die dominica.
In ecclesia de Lanceston.
Sanctus Nectanus martir die Junii ut ibidem et Lanson.
Sancta Monnetta 3 die Jullii.
Sancta Elena mater Constantini imperatoris.
Sanctus Pyranus episcopus de Cornubia 18 die Novembris.
In Hibernia. Translacio Sancti Genesii Lesmorensis archiepiscopi 6 vel 5 nonas Maii.
Translacio capitis Sancti Genesii martiris 14 kal. Augusti.
Villa de Launceston, in ecclesia canonicorum de Launceston.
Natale Sanctæ Satinolæ virginis 4 nonas Augusti.
In Britannia, natale Sancti Genesii martiris, qui ob. capitis truncationem ―――― in ecclesiæ canonicorum Lancesdon.
Castrum de Morteyn in Lancesdon fundatum per comitem de Morteyng.
Et fuerunt III fratres sub nomine Sancti Genesii, et unusquisque caput suum portabat; unus archiepiscopus Lismore.
_Nomina liberorum tenentium in Acle,[43] tempore comitis Rogeri Bygod, qui est dominus manerii et patronus ecclesiæ, circa annum Christi ――――._
Johannes tenet I mesuagium, XII acras terræ, r. per annum IIs.
Hugo le Ris t. IX acras terræ, r. XVIIId.
Willelmus de Burgo tenet I mesuagium, r. VIs.
Thomas de Burgo r. pro communi habendo IIIId.
Rogerus Plantyng t. XXXVI acras I rod, r. IXs. VId.
Ricardus Stywar et Robertus de Ecclesia tenent X acras terræ, r. XVIId. ob.
Hugo de Caylly tenet ――――.
Willelmus de Monte Caviso tenet ――――.
Godwynus Segge r. ad festum Sancti Martini per certam convencionem IIs.
Edūs Oberdam t. ―――― et reddit per annum XVIs. VId. ob. q.
Willelmus Cosus t. X acras terræ I rod. r. IIs. Id. ob.
Placita et perquisita valent per annum Cs.
Est ibi forum quod affirmatur ad XLs.
Est ibi columbare, valet per annum VIIIs.
Turbaria per estimacionem per annum IIIIl.
Item duo molendina valent per annum IIIIl.
Item possunt sustentare L averia in manerio tempore hiemali, et per totum annum LX porcos.
Item herbagium castri valet IIIl.
Item valor III mariscorum per annum XXXVl.
Item valor gardini per annum Xs.
Item valor prati et pasturæ per annum XIXs. XId.
Item redditus assis’ valet VIIIl. IXs. VId. q.
Item valor tocius terræ arabilis de dominico valet per annum XXIIIl. XIXs. VId.
Item est ibidem consuetudo, quod quilibet habitans in villa, non habens terram nec domum dabit comiti per annum id. et estimatur per annum IVs.
Item sunt ibidem in dominico CCIX acræ et XII pertic. terræ arabilis in diversis culturis dominii.
Item sunt III marisci viz. de Holm, mariscus de Hesty, et mariscus de Hallycote.
Est ibidem parcus, in quo possunt sustentare CXX averia per annum, et valet pastura cujuslibet VId.
* * * * *
Sanctus Mybbard heremita, filius regis Hiberniæ, aliter dictus Colrogus, ejus corpus jacet in scrinio ecclesiæ de Kardynan, distat per duo miliaria de Bodman, ex parte orientali et meridionali, et per 4 miliaria de Lastydyelle ex parte boriali et per 7 miliaria de Lescard ex parte occidentali, secundum relacionem uxoris ―――― ecclesiæ, qui fuit natus in parochia; et ejus dies agitur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecostes.
Sanctus Mancus, consodalis ejus, heremita jacet in parochia de Lanteglas; at villa vocata Bodennek est in dicta parochia, et ejus festum agitur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecostem.
Sanctus Wyllow heremita fuit consocius Sancti Manii et Sancti Mydbard et ejus festum tenetur die jovis proxima ante festum pentecosten, et ipse jacet in parochia Alleretew [Lanteglos] per unum miliare de Bodennek.
* * * * *
Die lunæ 16 Augusti incepi viagium de Norwico usque Myghell-mont in Cornubia.
Martis 18.
Mercurii 19.
Jovis 21 die Augusti applicui Londoniis hora meridionali.
Veneris 21 London.
Sabbato 23 London.
Dominica 23.
Lunæ 24.
Martis 25.
Mercurii 26, hora quinta post meridiem equitavi de Londoniis versus episcopum Wyntoniensem apud Waltham et Wynchester, et reposui apud Wandesworth.
Jovis.
Veneris 28 die applicui ad dominum episcopum hora prandii, et post meridiem equitavi usque Southampton cum Thoma Danvers.
Veneris predicto applicui Southampton et ibi pernoctavi.
Sabbato 29 Augusti, applicui apud Romsey-abbey in meridie, post repastum meum cum magistro North apud Nusselyng.
Dominica 30 die Augusti fui apud Salysbery per medietatem diei ante meridiem.
Dicto die fuit apud Wylton-abbey ad missam Sanctæ Edithæ.
Dicto die dominica applicui apud villam Cheverelle per duo miliaria citra le Vyes, ubi quidem homo vocatus Philippus Pur pernoctavit me sua curtesia.
Lunæ applicui ――――.
Lunæ ultimo die Augusti equitavi per villam de Vyes, Yakysbery, et ultimo apud Manerium de Crofton, quondam Katermayno in parochia de Helmerton, ubi feci negotium Thomæ Danvers armigeri.
Postea equitavi per villas de Stanley-abbey et Chypenham, et applicui usque Castelcombe.
Martis die primo Septembris, Sancti Egidii, equitavi per Mershfelde versus Bristolliam, applicando ibi hora circa 6 post meridiem.
Mercurii primo Septembris, Bristolliæ.
Jovis 2 Septembris, incepi equitare de Bristollia primo per aquam usque ―――― et postea equest. usque Aust-clyf ibidem pernoctando.
Veneris 3 die Septembris de Aust-clyff per aquam usque Chepstow navigando, ad prandium applicando usque abbathiam de Tyntern.
Sabbati 4 die Septembris, fui ibidem.
Dominica 5 die Septembris fui Tyntern-abbey tota die.
Lunæ 7 die Septembris equitavi de Tyntern in mane.
Lunæ predicto fui apud Chepstow.
Lunæ predicto applicui ultra aquam per Aust-clyff usque Westbery.
Martis 7 die Septembris nativitatis Beatæ Mariæ apud Westbery audivi divina servicia.
Martis predicto post meridiem applicui Bristolliæ.
Mercurii 9 Septembris, de Bristollia hora meridionali applicui usque Wells pernoctando.
Jovis 10 Septembris, applicui Glastynbery, et applicui post meridiem usque Chedsey villam per duo miliaria de Bryggewater.
Veneris 11 Septembris, applicui Bryggewater.
Veneris predicto, jantavi apud Taunton ―――― et applicui ad noctem ad villam de ―――― per 12 miliaria de Taunton.
Sabbati 12 die Septembris jantavi apud Kyrton, ubi est collegium.
Sabbati prædicto applicui ad villam Okenton, ubi est castellum comitis Devoniæ, pernoctando ibidem.
Dominica 13 die Septembris de Okenton usque villam de Launceston cum castro, et pernoctavi tota die et nocte.
Locutus fui de doctore Ewen et certis cronicis.
Lunæ 14 die Septembris, exaltationis sanctæ crucis, de prioratu Launceston equitavi per le Moore post meridiem, ubi equus meus occidet, applicando ad Bodman, loquendo cum fratre Mowne etcet.
Martii 15 die Septembris apud Bodman loquendo cum ―――― Bernard, et equitavimus per villam Trewro, pernoctando cum Otys Philip valetto coronæ regis.
Mercurii 16 die Septembris fui apud Trewro, et apud fratres predicantes videndo martilogium, et applicavimus usque villam Markysew prope Montem Michaelis ad noctem.
Jovis 17 die Septembris Sancti Lamberti, audivi missam apud Myghell-mont.
Jovis predicto, post meridiem reequitavi usque villam Penryn.
Veneris 18 Septembris, pernoctavi usque villam Penryn, ubi est collegium, et applicui ad Bodman.
Dominica 20 Septembris, equitavi de Bodman usque villam Lastidyelle, et applicui usque villam Bokehenney et ―――― et Fowey, loquendo et pernoctando cum Roberto Bracey.
Lunæ 21 equitavi per Lyscard apud Ferram, et applicui per le moore vocat. Dertmore, et per aquam vocatam le Hach ―――― et applicui usque abbathiam Tavystoke, pernoctando.
* * * * *
Sanctus Cradokus est honoratus in ecclesia capellæ prope Patistow in comitatu de Cornewaylle propter vermes destruendos bibendo aquæ fontis ibidem.
* * * * *
Castrum Restormalle prope villam prope Lastudielle, et Castrum Lastudielle in Cornubia, ambo fundantur per Ricardum regem Alemaniæ fratrem regis Henrici tertii per relationem Benedicti Bernard armigeri.
Il port de argent, ung lion de gulys rampand armee de azur.
The felde argent, le baton zable, le lyon gulys.
Le champ de azur, et ung egle displayed de argent, oveque ung test le beke de rouge.
* * * * *
Pontes Cornubiæ a villa Excestre transeundo versus usque le Mount.
Brygge Excet’ vocat. Exbrygge.
Oklynton brygge per 20 miliaria de Excestre.
Lydford brygge per 6 miliaria de Okynton.
Hawtys brygge per 8 miliaria de Lydford.
Launceston brygge borialis super aquam Thamar, ubi Hawtys brygge.
Wade-brygge de xvi peres per 20 miliaria de Launceston in le northa syde Comewayle.
Memorandum inter Lyscard et Bodman est Reperend brygge per unum miliare de Bodman.
Tregheney brygge per 20 miliaria de Metsholle versus le Myghell Mont, et per 30 miliaria de Lanceston westward.
* * * * *
Lowbrygge ut maximus pons circa vi arcuum sita est inter Plymouth et Fowey, scilicet in villa de Low, qui est estward.
[43] Acle is in Norfolk, and this portion of the extracts from Worcestre’s very indigested collections, together with some other passages, ought to have been omitted, but they were not noticed in time. Edit.