XXII. NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY (part 2 of 2)

XXII. NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY (part 2 of 2)

N

=N=, Napoleon's monogram, iii. 40.

=Namur=, military operations near, iv. 171, 176, 182, 186, 211.

=Nangis=, Victor and Oudinot driven back to, iv. 65; Wittgenstein driven from, 72; N. at, 72; Berthier at, 72; French retreat stopped at, 84.

=Nansouty, Gen.=, in the Eckmuehl campaign, iii. 208; commanding cavalry in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; moves from Sezanne against Bluecher, iv. 62; ordered toward Montmirail, 63; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.

=Nantes=, immunity from the White Terror, iv. 222.

=Napier, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 208.

=Naples=, Bourbon influence in, i. 21; humiliation of, 192, 374; aids in defense of Toulon, 221; under foreign yoke, 345; French proposition to revolutionize, 373; becomes refractory, 401; makes peace with France, 402; N.'s leniency to, 421; N.'s influence in, 448; plunder of, ii. 17, 18; arrogance of, 17, 18; diplomatic offset of Spain against, 18; claims Malta, 18; neutralization of, 33; dread of French spoliation in, 39; makes war on Rome, 68, 72, 86, 87; spread of revolutionary ideas to, 86; joins the second coalition, 86, 91; Macdonald ordered to, 87; Bonapartist agency in, 89; capture of, by Championnet, 87, 93; unbridled license at, 92; watched by Murat, 190; Russia intercedes for, 203, 204; English ships forbidden to enter, 204; forced contributions from, 204; France withdraws from, 211, 262, 287; not allowed to garrison Malta, 284; seized by Saint-Cyr, 287; fate of her admiral, Caraccioli, 300; Russia demands France's evacuation of, 330, 347; independence of, 357; a focus of anti-French conspiracies, 357; N. demands expulsion of emigrants from, 357; N. threatens to seize, 362; Villeneuve ordered to, 371; Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; banishment of the Bourbons from, 391, 395, 401; iii. 214; Russian occupation of, ii. 395, 418; Joseph Bonaparte made king of, 395, 439; iii. 148; Massena ordered to, ii. 395; rupture of the Queen's engagement with N., 395; opened to English ships, 395; N. exacts tribute from, 396; Russia evacuates, 405; vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54; trouble concerning the Papal States, 67; abolition of the hostile strip between Italy and, 118; financial and political reform in, 130; Murat becomes king of, 147, 150, 279, 319; England's loss of trade with, 272; seizure of American ships by, 275; Murat returns to 373, 385; fails to support N., iv. 57, 59; insecurity of Murat's throne, 144; refrains from joining the European coalition against N., 162.

=Naples, King of=. See =Buonaparte, Joseph=.

"=Napoladron=," iii. 292.

=Napoleon Buonaparte=. (Note.--Items concerning Napoleon's relations with persons or places will be found under the respective names of such subjects. For a conspectus of events in his career, see the Tables of Contents in each volume. For aphorisms by or concerning Napoleon, see =Phrases=. For details of his character see paragraph below,--_Analysis of character_.) Birth and infancy, i. 33-47; brothers and sisters, 33, 34; forms of his name, 38; nicknames, 39; his personal recollections of childhood, 40, 45; development of military genius at the snow forts, 53; challenges a schoolmate, 51; letter to his father, 58; conceptions of the state, 78; aptitude for the navy, 57; two enemies of, 65; views on and first lessons in revolution, 123-134, 156, 190; hatred of France, 92, 122; improvement in financial condition, 127; a Corsican revolutionist, 130; first appearance as an orator, 132; political schemes, 137; certificates as to his republicanism, 136, 140; prepared for confirmation, 146; his detractors, 148; his desire concerning his biographies, 148; course of life from 1791 to 1795, 148 et seq.; payment of debts, 149; growing notoriety, 156; a starting-point of his career, 159; addresses the Minister of War on the National Guard, 159; debts of, 159; a Corsican Jacobin, 160-179; strained relations with the Ministry of War, 160, 295; purchases sequestrated church lands, 161; election methods, 166; his "civism," 170, 180; with the mob at the Tuileries, 176; on riots, 176; relations with the Marseilles deputation, 178; on the conflict of August 10, 1792, 178; seeks commission in naval artillery, 182; aims at Corsican leadership, 202; failure in politics, 211; general of brigade, 232, 236-242, 287; his own record of his life, 237; influential friends, 236, 240, 244; a Jacobin general, 236-246; denies his nobility, 237; refuses to obey the Convention's summons, 240; a Montagnard, 242; the "plan-maker" of the Robespierres, 245; the germ of his military system, 247; vicissitudes in war and diplomacy, 247, 259; suspension and arrest, 254-259; appeal to the "representatives of the people" (1794), 255; release, 257; the end of apprenticeship, 260-271; degraded from artillery to infantry, 278; Jacobin proclivities, 284, 286; renounces Jacobinism, 286; the General of the Convention, 287-301; plans marriage and settled life, 294; jealousy directed against, 310; his police services, 310; courtship and marriage, 310, 323; a typical Corsican, 311; views on love and marriage, 311; adopts new spelling of his name, 321; a product of Carnot's system, 332; the Oedipus of France, 339; on a great stage, 339-351; demands reinforcements, 347; insists on unity of command, 348; keynote of military policy, 348; secret of his military success, 351; "the Little Corporal," 362; iv. 154; an insubordinate conqueror and diplomatist, i. 363-377; entrusted with diplomatic powers, 364; threats against, 364; prostitution of his subordinates, 366, 376; scheme of art plunder, 368; views concerning arts and sciences, 369; plans succeeding the capture of Milan, 372-377; refuses bribes, 376; a prophecy fulfilled, 385; narrow escapes, 393; extinction of the Corsican in, 404; memoirs, 417; military jealousy directed against, 426; independent attitude of, ii. 4; attitude toward royalty, 4; "a personage in Europe," 9; plans for building up sea power, 18; bribery of and by, 19; constructive commander-in-chief of French forces, 36; represses pillage, 42; supplanter of the Revolution, 46; his "complete code of politics," 49; theories of government, 49, 50; doubtful points in connection with the Egyptian campaign, 49-52; on English political history, 50; "the pear is not yet ripe," 52; assumes the role of a prophet, 66; el Kebir, the Exalted, 67; receives secret information from his brothers, 79; summoned to take supreme command, 80; death at St. Helena, 82; iv. 234; gives toast: "the harmony of all the French," ii. 101; scheme to make him consul, 102; secret meeting of his friends, 15th of Brumaire, 102; critical moment in Talleyrand's house, 103; temporary dictator, 106; speech to Barras's messenger, 19th Brumaire, 107; dangerous confidence of, 109; "traitor and outlaw," 113, 115, 122; the arbiter of French destiny, 121; reports of his wealth, 122; First Consul, 124, 125, 130; royalist predilections for, 134; his choice of two policies, 138; the epoch of, 139; importance in universal history, 139; apparent loss of military ambition, 140; choice of administrators, 140, 149-153; English views of, 143, 144; salary as First Consul, 150; the personality of the council of state his, 152; aims at centralization of government, 153; beneficent effects of his regime on the world, 153; controls foreign relations, 153; foreign policy, 157, 158; makes enemies as First Consul, 158; the fate of France identified with his, 158; contrasts administrative with military glory, 164; on the art of war, 165; expansion of his schemes, 172; his favorite tactics, 177; distinction between the statesman and the general, 183-185; violation of the constitution in assuming command, 186; undisputed mastery of France, 185; sportive tricks with old dynasties of Europe, 194; period of his greatest renown, 198; married life, 198, 199, 256; malicious libels on, 199; as kingmaker, 205; urged by Russia to declare himself king, 209; codification of the laws, 222; regenerates feudal society, 224; study of law, 227; his interest in education, 227; the new era, 229; method of deporting opposition, 235-238; apparent summit of his power, 239; plots and attempts to assassinate, 239, 240; iv. 122, 138, 144; policy toward his enemies, ii. 241; popularity, 244-249; proposal to make him king, 248; the tool of fate and architect of his own fortunes, 250; his first marriage, 250; a soldier of fortune, 250; at maturity, 250 et seq.; a man of all ages, 253; the personification of France, 253; effect of conspiracies on, 255; safeguards for, 256; on friendships, 256; on the forces by which kings rule, 256; effect of his married life on the Code, 257; war a necessity to, 268; French admiration for, 377; expansion of the revolutionary system, 278; relations with the diplomatic corps, 279, 280; consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280; reception of diplomatic corps, Apr. 4, 1803, 284; remonstrances against adulation of, 295; mortification of, 312; on the pinnacle of revolutionary power, 314; brief review of his career, 314-318; creates a virtual tyranny, 315; "consul, stadholder, or emperor?" 321; his imperial title, 323; his civil list, 323; heraldic device of the empire, 323; secures the imperial succession to his family, 324; inauguration of the empire, 326; coronation, 327, 339 et seq.; iv. 249; his naval plans of 1805, ii. 334; reception of the news of Trafalgar, 334; as a man of science, 335; his strength with the army, 334; forms of his strategy, 337; fear of poison, 341; encourages arts and sciences, 347-351; first speech from the imperial throne, 347; germs of the national uprising against, 348; the spell of his name, 349; deprecates war, 351; backed by the nation, 352; "moderation" of, 355; anger at naval failures, 360; rapidity and perfection of his movements, 363; his military commanders, 364; sinks the emperor in the general, 364, 423; iii. 112, 404; the head of the French Empire, ii. 395; demands recognition as Emperor of Rome, 396; violation of dynastic ties, 404; ideas about territorial sanctity, 404; "Napoleon the Great," 407; the imperial catechism, 408; traveling arrangements, 425; distrust of his suite, 426; simplicity of his military dress, 438; likened to an octopus, 445; political methods and policies, iii. 1, 76, 115, 196, 316; a new seat of war for, 3; determined to "conquer the sea by land," 3; new experience in campaigning 5; his first child, 11; the center of his administration, 24; the supports of his empire, 24; centralization of government in, 25; nameless charges against, 26; his excuses for his license, 26; his monogram (N) 39, 40; commercial policy, 46, 137; attitude toward the Russo-Prussian alliance, 54; preference for action before words, 66; recognizes the power of decorations, 81; drafts on his associates, 81; the surname of Napoleon, 82; on the ambitions of the French people, 83; on paternal government, 83; personal decrees, 86; recognizes popular fickleness, 86; creates a titled class, 86; art under, 88; system of imperial patronage, 91; discourages gambling, 92; relations with his friends and generals, 93; imprisons a milliner, 92; pert remarks addressed to, 94; supposed cause of the turn of his fortunes, 96; ignorance concerning American affairs, 101; realizes the limitations of his power, 110; his "master," 110; ill luck at sea, 112; political system of, 115; the height of his power, 115; crushes a watch in passion, 130; his determination to crush opposition, 130; intercepts suspected correspondence, 130, 162; his "cabinet noir," 130; turn of his fortunes, 137, 151; justifies pillage, 159; crushing blows, 159, 161 et seq.; the embodiment of power, 160; divorce impending, 160; system of territorial expansion, 165; his extinctions of ruling dynasties, 165; diplomatic exhibit of his political scheme at St. Cloud, 169; dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172; appreciation of the drama, 173; familiarity with ancient history, 174, 175; thickening of the divorce plot, 179; the character of his civilization, 179; orders list of marriageable princesses to be prepared, 179; a gang of self-seeking traitors to, 193; well informed on the European situation, 195; system of spies, 196; skilful historians on, 196; shifts responsibility for wars onto the enemy, 198; his plan of campaigns, 202; policy of wooing people and abusing their rulers, 213; Bonaparte distinguished from Napoleon, 231; iv. 39, 133; ultimate terms of peace, iii. 239; sick of war, 238; dread of assassination, 240; excommunicated, 242; change in his manner, 245; his "harem," 246; declining popularity, 249; basis of his power, 250; alleges the reasons for his divorce, 253; decides on the Austrian marriage, 254; second marriage, 259; banishes the cardinals, 259; renounces title of Roman Emperor, 261; consolidation of his power, 262; fills vacant bishoprics, 263; extent of his empire, 264, 278; change of naval policy, 264; the national uprisings against, 269; causes leading to his overthrow, 269; mistaken policy of providing thrones for relatives, 278; his perquisites in English sugar and coffee, 279; Spanish schoolboys' nickname for, 292; deals with state property for personal benefit, 295; policy of personal attachments, 295; his "extraordinary domain," 295, 305; imperial residences, 301; endows maternity hospital, 301; chooses between lives of child and mother, 302; aspirations for sea power, 304; flood-tide of success, 305; method of replenishing an empty treasury, 305, 309; the man and the embodied political force of Europe, distinguished, 306-309; "Emperor of the Continent," 308; an incident that changed the course of history, 314; new naval schemes, 315; belief in the devotion of France, 316; policy of territorial aggrandizement, 316; his ideal, 319; beginning of his decline, 319; considered the anti-christ, 322; secret funds, 323; studies Roman history, 325; warned against war by ministers and friends, 326; warned of the fate of Charles XII, 326; moral reforms, 327; the climax of his drama, 331; physical characteristics at opening of the Russian campaign of 1812, 332; afflicted with dysuria, 332; address to his army before the Russian campaign, 334; plans of action, 335, 336; longing for a great battle, 337; desperate military straits of, 341; deplores the barbarity of war, 343; contracts a loathsome disease, 352; weakness and indecision on the retreat from Moscow, 355; shares the hardships of the army, 357, 362, 365; commands a division of the army, 363; bulletin of Dec. 3, 1812, 372; false report of his death, 376; wrath of the army against, 376; "robbed the cradle and the grave," 386; revolutionary training, 388; his "library," 388; on credit, 389; faces a European coalition, 391, 392; refuses to cede European holdings, 392; conciliatory attitude, 393; fallacies of his military schemes of 1813, 394; aims of the new coalition against, 399; belief in cavalry, 402; attitude toward Austria, 404; his blunder of 1813, 411; the beginning of the final disaster, 411; a tyro in dynastic politics, 416; alleged turning-point in his career, 418; suspects treachery, 418; isolation of, 417, 423; characterizes his Austrian marriage as stupidity, 418; his first fatal blunder, 420; tries to bribe Austria, 424; former friends turn against, iv. 2; advantage over the allies, 3; the hazard of the die, 4; characterization of the allies, 5; value of his presence in the field, 10; climax of disaster, 16; appeals to sentiment rather than history, 16; the wonder-year of his theoretical genius, 16; transformed from strategist into politician, 17; the diplomat outstrips the strategist, 16; definition of a great man, 21; outwitted by the allies, 25, 26; the savior of society, 43; found out by the masses, 44; newness of his nobility, 44; his aim the independence of the nations, 45; spends his private treasure on the army, 50; his last official act, 53; no longer Emperor, 53; leaves Paris for Chalons, 53; value of his prestige, 60; his supreme military effort, 59; a famous march by, 64; the allies' determination to exterminate the Napoleonic idea, 66, 67; his military correspondence, 1814, 66; yields to his marshals, 69; estrangement and desertion of his marshals, 72, 121, 129-132; suggestion that he abdicate, 74; realizes the war is for his extermination, 80; "the spasmodic stroke of the dying gladiator," 83; rouses the peasantry to guerrilla warfare, 85; desperate scheme of, 90; "this movement makes or mars me," 97; capture of a bundle of letters from Paris for, 98; chances for a last stand, 102; contemplates a new levy, 106; the allies refuse to treat with, 114; proposal that he govern France under guarantees, 114; overthrown by the legislature, 115; regains his equilibrium, 117; rage at learning of the surrender, 116; the allies refuse to negotiate with, 117; his first abdication, 117, 123-125, 128; influence over the troops, 118; desertion of the army, 126; the knell of the empire, 127; proclamation of April 5, 1814, 129; a homeless citizen of the world, 129; determination never to be taken alive, 129; final form of his declaration of abdication, 131; use of the imperial style, 133; the savior of European society, 133; treatment accorded to, by the allies, 133-142; parting gifts to old acquaintances, 134; treasure at Blois, 134; denies the charge of usurpation, 135; alleged to be a bastard, 137; alleged theft of crown jewels, 138; his true name said to be Nicholas, 138; calumnies heaped on, 138, 143; plots for the exile of, 138; adopts disguise, 139; farewell to the allies' commissioners, 140; effect of English customs on, 140; begins the administration of his island realm, 141; treasure at the Tuileries, 141; his historical commentaries, 141; forced to practise economy, 142; diminution of his private fortune, 144; scheme to deport him still further, 145; keeps informed as to course of European events, 146, 149; scouts the idea of a regency, 152; prepares for his escape, 152; alleged fears of deportation, 152; his escape justified, 152; dismisses the peasantry from his column, 155; troops flock to, 158; forms his new cabinet, 159; acquiesces in popular demand for constitutional government, 159; the apostle of popular sovereignty, 160; views on abolition of censorship of press, 160; devotion to the cause of public liberty, 161; resolution of the European dynasties to extirpate his regime, 161; "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," 162; proclaimed an outlaw, 162, 164; turns toward the moderate liberals, 165; call for volunteers, 165; his reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; proclamation to the army, June 15, 1815, 173; apparent successes of June 16, 1815, 184; effects of his inactivity, 194; his last dream of glory, 196, 197; loss of the last chance, 205; the emperor contrasted with the general, 207; demand for his abdication, 217; calls for him as dictator, 218; idea of regaining the government by force, 218; abdicates for the second time, 218; adopts civilian's clothing, 219; the government refuses responsibility for his safety, 219; romantic schemes for his escape, 222; desire for his execution, 224; regarded as the common prisoner of the allies, 225; General Bonaparte, a private citizen, 226; appeals against his sentence, 226, 227; upholds polygamy, 231; his autobiography, 230, 231; efforts for his release, 230, 231; as a prisoner, 230-235; attempts intercourse with friends in France, 231; farewell message to his son, 231; his testament, 233; bequests and their settlements, 233; last sickness and death, 234; a possible epitaph, 247; his rise to power, 247 et seq.; questionings as to his life and work, 247 et seq.; his love of artillery, 248; lack of education, 250; on greatness, 249; influence on history, 253 et seq.; early struggles, 254 et seq.; methods of acquiring supreme power, 258, 262, 263; lasting character of his work, 259; legal reforms, 260; police system of, 260; centralization of his administrative system, 260, 261, 264; social reforms, 260, 261, 264; educational system, 260; the secret of his downfall, 261; position among lawgivers and statesmen, 260; rule by military force, 261; attitude toward democracy, 261; deficient education in politics and history, 262; influence on modern times, 262, 292; popular distrust of his character, 263; meets intrigue with intrigue, 263; responsibility for bloodshed, 265; causes of his downfall, 285-288, 290; his place in history, 285-292; essays the role of liberator, 286, 290, 293; in captivity, 289; his "Correspondence," 289; roots out absolutism, 292; his artificial aristocracy, 294. Analysis of character. Ability to mold men, ii. 4, 5, 9, 33-36, 56, 97, 98, 102-105, 126, 132, 142, 149-153, 159, 164, 194, 196, 234, 361; iv. 39, 258, 259; as an adventurer, iv. 291; ambition, i. 55; 65, 71, 113, 117, 136, 161, 191, 199, 203, 206, 209, 258, 263, 310, 311, 341, 346, 362, 405; ii. 14, 29-32, 48, 73, 157, 314, 437; iii. 19, 21, 46, 83, 109, 110 114, 164, 245, 306, 308, 329; iv. 255, 261-265, 292; amusements, iv. 228, 230; anxiety for his safety and comfort, iv. 134; asceticism, i. 111; autocracy, ii. 275; bravado, iii. 18; use of bribery, acceptance and rejection of bribes, i. 203; ii. 34; as a burgher, ii. 279; iv. 248; calmness under stress, ii. 334; iv. 165; use of cant, iv. 45; capacity for work, energy, industry, and attention to detail, i. 210, 225, 245, 261, 263, 367; ii. 10, 29, 153, 197, 215, 222, 426; iii. 19, 24-26, 29, 53, 74, 77, 92, 171, 182-184, 209, 210, 216, 268, 269, 325, 333, 336-338; iv. 23, 54, 248-252, 265, 286; casuistry, i. 144; caustic, sarcastic or vigorous tongue or pen, i. 66, 118, 205; ii. 56, 58, 107, 108, 113, 159, 268, 391; iii. 34, 35, 61, 62, 65, 81, 213-215, 275, 327, 332, 343; caution, i. 211, 253; ii. 122, 315, 384; (lack of), ii. 315; iii. 3; change in temperament, iii. 232; character at Brienne, i. 58; cheerfulness and good humor, ii. 197, 279; iii. 19, 52; clemency, ii. 439; coffee-drinking habit, iv. 24; contempt for ideals, ii. 199; iii. 26; 88, 148, 315, 316; contempt for men and money, iv. 264; cosmopolitanism, 92; courage, i. 265-390, 393, 405; ii. 385; iii. 16, 19, 188, 240; iv. 62, 77; charge of cowardice against, ii. 384; a criminal, iv. 250; cruelty, ii. 70, 417, 439; decay of physical and intellectual powers, neglect of details, vacillation, etc., iii. 27, 93, 181; 209, 239-241, 246, 332, 347, 355; iv. 21, 31, 91, 197, 205, 214-218; 249, 285-291, 293; desire for peace, ii. 142, 420; iii. 238, 382, 407, 414, 418, 424; iv. 52, 160; desperation, iii. 91; despondency and pessimism, i. 80, 89, 98, 215; iii. 357; iv. 129; despotism, iii. 80, 83, 86, 88, 121, 316; iv. 261; the man of destiny and of the hour, the representative man of his epoch, a fatalist and opportunist, i. 1, 80, 143, 166, 171, 219, 237, 272-286, 321; ii. 97-110, 139, 381; iii. 61, 325; iv. 119, 168, 219, 256, 265, 289; determination to rule or ruin, iii. 399; his "divine character," ii. 407; domestic virtues--filial, parental, and connubial affection, i. 58, 64, 81, 141, 145, 161, 264, 285, 291, 309, 452-455; iii. 181, 224, 246, 252, 269, 276, 302, 306, 323, 327, 381, 392, 416; iv. 134-138, 169; love of dramatic effect; ability as an actor, i. 210, 341; ii. 31; iii. 112; iv. 153, 166, 249; dread of assassination and kidnapping, ii. 101; iii. 240, 368; iv. 139, 150; dreams of universal and European empire, i. 323; ii. 269, 272, 331, 336, 395; iii. 46, 73, 111, 328, 408, 432, 433; iv. 42, 159; dreams of Oriental conquest and empire, i. 78, 114, 293, 296, 317, 424; ii. 15-19, 47, 51-56, 61, 66, 73, 289, 440; iii. 20, 21, 33, 36, 51, 65, 106, 110-113, 117, 129, 159, 163, 166, 167, 309, 332, 352; iv. 256; dress, i. 376; ii. 30, 438; iii. 40, 63, 93. 257; duplicity, shiftiness, and versatility, i. 210, 234, 253, 265, 296, 299, 309, 396, 397, 447; dynastic ambitions and longings for an heir, ii. 233, 244-249, 256, 308, 317, 322, 328, 341; iii. 82, 104, 112, 147, 160, 246, 249, 252, 255, 260, 301, 307, 381, 416; iv. 159, 287; early education and later studies, i. 39-67, 71-82, 93, 114, 140-144, 151, 176, 182, 210, 265; early military irregularities and inaptitude, i. 94, 96, 115, 157, 160-174, 210; organizes educational system, ii. 409; iii. 26, 90; egoism, vanity, and self-assertiveness, ii. 80, 113, 118, 344, 437; iii. 26, 73, 93, 191, 202, 245, 304, 316; elasticity of spirits, iv. 117; elements of his failure, iii. 401, 402; endurance of privation, iii. 7, 18, 188, 209, 365; equestrianism, sporting instincts, etc., iii. 52, 257; exaggeration and disregard of truth, i. 233, 306; as a financier, ii. 134, 219, 410; iii. 25, 78, 295-300, 315, 389; iv. 249, 251, 259, 295; foresight and insight, ii. 44, 314, 437; iii. 318, 424; generosity, hospitality, and charity, i. 134, 417; ii. 30, 82; iii. 171, 176, 295, 297, 300, 301, 330; his all-embracing genius, ii. 203, 365; habit of reducing thoughts to writing, iv. 23; hallucinations and self-delusions, iii. 307, 332; iv. 91, 95, 104, 234; hatred and vindictiveness, i. 287; ii. 29; as a historian, iv. 152, 231, 288; humanity, iv. 39; his human supremacy, iv. 249; an iconoclast, ii. 28; imperious character, iv. 287; inconsistency, iii. 165, 231, 238, 267; iv. 250-253; inelegance of manner, lack of breeding and delicacy, ii. 197-202, 255, 279, 411; iii. 42, 80, 179; influenced by personal friendships, iv. 25; intellectual powers, iii. 43; intolerance of criticism, 88; invincibility, ii. 78; iii. 392; knowledge of human nature, ii. 227, 245; qualities of leadership, i. 55, 59, 60, 113, 119, 129, 132, 134, 186, 211, 221, 242, 310, 339-341; liberalism, ii. 443; literary tastes, studies, style, and work, i. 53, 54, 60, 63, 71, 76-98, 114, 118, 123, 126-131, 135-147, 150, 163, 176, 199, 206, 211, 216-219, 225, 265, 289, 307, 364-368, 400; ii. 15, 54, 408; iii. 25, 26, 173-176, 300, 325; iv. 69, 134, 159, 228, 231, 289; magnanimity (assumed), ii. 445; magnificence, lavishness, and love of display, iii. 50, 91, 256, 295, 301, 330-332, 352; a man of the people, 288 et seq.; views on marriage, 300; mathematical ability, i. 56, 66, 265; military blunders, iii. 4, 336, 341, 354-356, 374; iv. 186; military education, and early service in the army, i. 59, 60, 68, 73-82, 87, 94, 95, 126, 141, 144, 148, 157, 159-165, 180, 227, 232, 236-240, 245, 256, 265, 287, 292-297; military genius and strategy, i. 53, 217, 226, 239, 247, 264, 295, 301, 304, 342, 345-351, 354-362, 368-373, 378-385, 387, 395, 412, 416-418; ii. 32, 163, 169, 172, 182-185, 363-366, 369, 380, 402, 419, 423-428, 435, 436; iii. 1, 2, 6, 13, 18, 29-35, 156, 184, 192, 204-207, 210, 217, 219, 222, 229, 235, 333-335, 341-343, 346, 353, 356, 363, 368, 382, 401, 402, 413; iv. 4, 8, 16, 19-22, 29, 38, 54, 58, 59, 62, 65, 81, 92, 97, 146, 149, 154, 160, 170-174, 180, 184, 197, 212, 231, 253, 256, 267, 287, 288, 289, 299; denies moral responsibility, ii. 408; nerve, iii. 365; nervousness, 403; over-credulousness, iv. 7; patriotism, i. 155, 164, 165, 199, 201, 399; ii. 158, 159; persistence, i. 210, 211; ii. 62, 65, 72; personal appearance, i. 46, 56, 113; ii. 29, 30, 406; iii. 43, 92; iv. 197, 230; physical condition and vigor, i. 215; iii. 19, 43, 209, 302; iv. 149, 168, 169, 250-253; physical peculiarities, conditions, ailments, etc., i. 80, 85, 126; iv. 12, 15, 25, 168, 177, 179, 197, 200, 211-217, 222, 231-235; plain-spokenness, iii. 418; his political acumen, ii. 136; poverty, i. 52, 65, 66, 89, 111, 157, 174, 262, 279, 284, 288; powers of analysis and calculation, i. 55, 56; secret of his preeminence, iv. 249, 291; ready wit, iii. 94; recklessness, i. 236; as a reformer, iii. 189; reliance on public opinion, iv. 157; attitude toward religion and relations with the church, i. 76, 146, 209, 264, 422; ii. 41, 131, 173, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 264, 265, 325, 340, 396, 398, 407; iii. 26, 68, 85, 88, 89, 118, 154, 174, 175, 190, 215, 242, 249, 258, 259, 263, 305, 315, 377, 390; iv. 165, 230-235, 251, 259, 296; resolution, iii. 28, 209; restlessness, i. 156, 223, 227, 284; review of his character, iv. 264; sanguine temperament, iii. 21; self-assertion, self-confidence, self-interest, and selfishness, i. 59, 60, 66, 84, 113, 263, 309, 340, 363-366, 395; iii. 1, 33, 82, 109, 208, 231, 304, 309, 328; iv. 140, 250, 287; a self-made man, iv. 250; self-restraint, i. 376, 395; sensuality, i. 113, 452; ii. 66; iii. 10, 27, 108, 246, 257, 327, 352; iv. 142, 250; sensitiveness, ii. 197; slow development, iv. 288; social life, manners, and reforms, his court, public receptions, etc., i. 69, 137, 151, 262, 265, 284, 290, 291, 295, 309-312, 448; ii. 131 197, 200, 224, 255, 279, 406, 411; iii. 43, 58-61, 64, 80-89, 91-94, 169, 174, 179, 224, 301, 390; iv. 352; as soldier, statesman, and despot, iv. 247 et seq.; speculative mania, 172, 173, 185; statecraft and diplomacy, i. 265, 363, 431; ii. 20, 37, 125-131, 137, 146, 149, 242-249, 261, 264-269, 271, 279, 314-324, 329-332, 336, 346, 353, 354, 400-412, 426, 427; iii. 33, 64, 95, 128, 190, 310, 315, 322, 328, 343, 401, 408, 423; his strong will, ii. 224, 356, 357; views concerning suicide, and his attempts thereat, i. 80; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 218, 232, 287; superstition, ii. 76; temper, ii. 281; iii. 418; the terror of his name, 359; iv. 80, 84, 88, 93; theocratic assumptions, ii. 407; thirst for conquest and warlike zeal, ii. 331, 351, 380, 381, 437; iii. 326, 337; iv. 264, 287; thirst for power, 264; unscrupulousness, i. 87, 88, 126, 144, 160, 166, 201, 211, 237, 265, 295, 300 308; ii. 67, 144, 251, 314, 377, 439; iii. 82, 115, 316, 331; iv. 264; attitude toward and relations with women, i. 256, 265, 290, 291, 311, 312, 448; ii. 197, 438; iii. 26, 57-61, 298, 327; iv. 143, 252.

=Napoleon II=, king of Rome, N.'s affection for, iii. 323, 381; Malet's conspiracy, 361; insignificance of, 377; possibility of a regency for, 422.

=Napoleone, Stephanie=, marries Prince Charles of Baden, ii. 399; N.'s liaison with, 399.

=Napoleon's Mount=, ii. 383, 386.

=Narbonne, Comte de=, mission from Dresden to Russia, iii. 331.

=Narew, River=, military movements on the, iii. 2, 13, 19.

=Nassau=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Nassau, Prince= of, anecdote of, iii. 422.

=National Assembly, the=, Corsican affairs in, i. 117-122; persuades Paoli to return to Corsica, 125; condemns Buttafuoco, 135; refuses to create Corsican National Guard, 140; debates on the military power, 142; difficulties of its work, 151-154, 158, 159; self-effacement of, 153; ecclesiastical legislation by, 168; the King takes refuge in, 175; dismisses the King's body-guard, 174; abolishes the kingship, 175; Lafayette endeavors to calm, 174, 176; disperses, 188.

=National Convention, the=, election of a, i. 188; meeting of, Sept. 21, 1792, 188; the King summoned before, 194; enforces its decrees in Corsica, 198; Paoli summoned to appear before, 198, 204; appeal to, by N., in Paoli's behalf, 199; denounces Paoli, 201; sends new commissioners to Corsica, 204; promises indemnity to Corsican sufferers, 208; supremacy of, 208; Corsica's successful revolt against, 216; popular support of, 219; effect of the "Treason of Toulon" on, 222; receives news of capture of Toulon, 233; vengeance on Toulon, 233; overthrow of the Girondists, 234; N. and Gen. Lapoype summoned before, 240; terrorists in, 250; turns on Robespierre, 251; downfall, 251, 266; Jacobins in, 266; question of reelection of members, 271, 282, 298; rebellion and riots against, 272, 283, 299; proclaims amnesty, 277; royalist intrigues in, 278; popular hatred of, 282; prepares for conflict, 282, 299; adopts N.'s plan for Italian campaign, 293; distrusts N., 299; triumph on the 13th Vendemiaire, 304-309; its plans thwarted by violence, 306; N.'s peculiar relations to, 341; financial maladministration, ii. 219; plans for invading England, 290; scheme of revolutionary extension, iii. 328;

=National Guard, the=, organization and reorganization of, i. 109, 143, 159, 272, 304, 308; calling in officers of, 164; N. adjutant-major in, 164; feeling against the Convention among, 283, 299; defense of the Tuileries, 299; oppose the Convention forces, 301-305; the 13th Vendemiaire, 301-305; N. appointed commander of, ii. 104; drafts for the imperial army from, iii. 387; in defense of Paris, iv. 99, 105; decay of imperialism among, 105; fails to persuade the Empress to stay, 109; N. hopes to raise, 116; refuses to obey the provisional government, 126; proclamation to, March 8, 1815, 146; reviewed by N., 166; surly spirit among, 165.

=National Guard of Corsica=, N.'s schemes to form, i. 122; N. appointed adjutant-major in, 164.

=National Library=, lecture system of the, i. 281.

=National List, the=, ii. 126.

=Naudin=, letter of N. to, July 27, 1791, i. 156.

=Naumburg=, Prussian headquarters at, ii. 422, 424; Davout and Bernadette at, 429; Bluecher pursues Macdonald to, iv. 15.

=Navarre=, question of the sovereignty of, i. 120; incorporated with France, 120; French invasion of, iii, 132; the chateau of, granted to Ferdinand VII, 147; N.'s contemplated movements in, 184; military government of, 278.

=Navy=, N.'s aptitude for the, i. 57; suicide among officers of the French, ii. 3; preparations at Toulon, 40.

=Nazareth=, skirmish at, ii. 71.

=Necker, Jacques=, schemes of, i. 44; N.'s study of, 78; minister of finance, 98; problems of taxation, 98, 105; flight from France, 98; banishment, 108; fall, 154; Mme. de Stael's inheritance from, iii. 299.

=Negroes=, arguments in favor of enslaving, ii. 236.

=Neidenburg=, military operations near, iii. 4, 8.

=Neipperg, Count A. A.=, relations with Maria Louisa, iii. 330; iv. 143, 162.

=Neisse=, siege of, iii. 20.

=Nelson, Adm. Horatio=, captures Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62; expected cooeperation with Austria at Savona, i. 353; sails from Cadiz in chase of the Egyptian expedition, ii. 57; returns to Sicily, 61; seeks the French fleet in Greece, 61; follows to Egypt, 61; loses an eye at Cadiz, 62; battle of Cape St. Vincent, 62; battle of the Nile, 62, 63, 81; battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209; sanctions the execution of Caraccioli, 300; correspondence with Dumouriez, 303; aided by Portugal, 332; plan to allure him to Egypt, 331; Villeneuve avoids, 334; enticed to the West Indies, 358; joins Cornwallis before Brest, 359; sails for Portsmouth, 359; pursues Villeneuve to Gibraltar, 358; chases Villeneuve to the West Indies and back, 370; arrives off Cadiz, 371; his ambition, 372; battle of Trafalgar, 373-376; his death, 374.

=Nemours=, Cossacks advance to, iv. 72.

=Nesselrode, Count=, appearance in Russian diplomacy, iii. 409; refuses to treat with France, 410; conference with Francis, 415; demands Austria's adherence to the coalition, 415; agrees to basis of Austrian mediation, 415; letter from Talleyrand to, iv. 107; approves the restoration of the Bourbons, 114; negotiates with Talleyrand, 113.

=Netherlands=, French defeats in, i. 172; Hoche's campaign in, 427; England's interest in, 450; iv. 67; the enlightenment of, ii. 37; course of affairs (1797-98), 37, 38; French agents in the, 39; English expedition to destroy the dockyards of, iii. 237; French influence in, iv. 41; Bernadotte assigned to watch, 55; English troops in the, 57; the allies' invasion of France via, 59, 97; campaign of the Hundred Days, 169 et seq.; weakness of the troops of, 195, 202. See also =Austrian Netherlands=; =Belgium=; =Dutch Flanders=; =Holland=.

=Neuburg=, Marmont at, ii. 365.

=Neufchateau=, member of the Directory, ii. 8, 35; mission to Congress of Rastatt, 52.

=Neufchatel=, ceded to France, ii. 390; Berthier created Prince of, iii. 86. See also =Berthier=.

=Neumarkt=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385; Massena's movements at, 436; flight of Hiller to, iii. 208; N. at, 413.

=Neu-Reppin=, military movements near, ii. 434.

=Neutrality=, the principle of the agreement of 1780, ii. 212.

=Neuwied=, Hoche crosses the Rhine at, i. 440.

=New Castile=, Duke del Infantado commissioned governor of, iii. 127.

=New England=, commercial greed, iii. 102.

=Newfoundland=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 333.

=New Galicia=, annexed to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239.

=New Orleans=, battle of, iv. 169.

=New York=, proposal that N. sail to, iv. 221.

=Ney, Marshal Michel=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; in battle of Hohenlinden, ii. 191; occupies Switzerland, 234, 272; service in the Army of England, 291; execution of, 300; joins N. at Waterloo, 300; created marshal, 323; plan for his invasion of Ireland, 335; character, 364; iii. 93; holds the bridge at Guenzenburg, ii. 366; victory at Leoben, 368; clears the enemy from the Tyrol, 380; at Bayreuth, 428; in battle of Jena, 430-432; invests Magdeburg, 436; at Neidenburg, iii. 4; strength in Poland, 7; threatens Koenigsberg, 9; reprimanded by N., 8; retreats from Heilsberg, 10; pursued by Bennigsen, 10; escapes to Gilgenburg, 10; in Eylau campaign, 15; battle of Heilsberg, 29; movements on the Passarge, 28; battle of Friedland, 30; created Duke of Elchingen, 86; yearly income, 87, 296; N.'s opinion of, 93; quarrel with Tolstoi, 108; at Logrono, 183; moves against Castanos, 185; lack of vigor of movement, 185; movement against Madrid, 186; stationed at Astorga, 188; in Leon, 283; strength, March, 1812, 324; advances on Duenaburg, 336; battle of Smolensk, 339; reckless pursuit after Smolensk, 339; battle of Borodino, 343; "the bravest of the brave," 359; hero of the retreat from Moscow, 359, 363; letter to Berthier, Nov. 5, 1812, 361; junction with Eugene, 364; "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," 364; perilous retreat from Smolensk, 364; his most brilliant deed of arms, 364; crosses the Dnieper, 364; at the crossing of the Beresina, 366, 370; reaches Vilna, 373; in campaign of 1813, 403; battle of Luetzen, 404; battle of Bautzen, 411; beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; confronts Bluecher at the Bober, iv. 7; battle of Dresden, 9; supersedes Oudinot, 17; battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; driven into Torgau, 19; letter to N., Sept. 7, 1813, 20; battle of Leipsic, 32; on the allies' march on Paris, 40; moves from Sezanne against Bluecher, 62; commanding the Young Guard, 72; battle of Craonne, 78; battle of Laon, 79; moves up the Aube, 91; battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92; courage, 104; at council at St. Dizier, 104; strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, 117; treasonable utterance at Fontainebleau, 119; demands the Emperor's abdication, 120; voices the disaffection of the army, 122; on commission to present abdication to the Czar, 123, 124; transfers his allegiance, 129; returns to Paris, 131; resents royalist affronts to his wife, 148; rejoins Napoleon at Auxerre, 157; recreated marshal, 167; in the Waterloo campaign, 172; dispute concerning his orders, 176; ordered to Quatre Bras, 176, 180, 185; moves to Gosselies, 176; interview with N., 179; battle of Quatre Bras, 180-188; at Frasnes, 184, 189; N. determines to join, 186; N.'s despatch to, June 17, 1815, 186; N.'s indignation at, 187; moves to cooeperate with N., 189; battle of Waterloo, 196, 200-210; insubordinate spirit, 205; commanding the Guard, 208; at Quatre Bras, 213; contrasted with Desaix, 213; at Eylau, 213; imprisoned and condemned to death, 223.

=Nice=, N. at, i. 209, 240, 244, 248, 253, 307, 339; inadequate works at, 214; the Buonapartes at, 244; news of the Terror in, 252; France's ambition to gain, 276, 327; lost to Sardinia, 352; proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Niemen, River, the=, military movements on, iii. 31, 336, 341, 373, 384; meeting of the sovereigns on, iii. 39 et seq.; Prussian territory on, 63; French advance from the Vistula to, 337; French advance to the Dwina from, 337.

=Nile, River, the=, the campaign on, ii. 59 et seq.; Mamelukes drowned in, 60; battle of, 61-66, 81, 370.

=Nimes=, alarm among the Protestants of, iv. 147.

=Niort=, enthusiasm for the fallen Emperor at, iv. 218.

=Nivelles=, military operations near, iv. 171, 178; topography of, 195, 196.

=Nivose=, the Plot of, ii. 239-241.

=Nobilles, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Nobility of France, the=, loss of its feudal power, i. 100; privileges, and assumptions of privileges of, 105, 109; yielding of privileges by, 109; flight of, 109, 142 (see also =Emigrants=).

=Noble Guard=, institution of a, iv. 148; abolition of the, 137.

=Nogara=, military operation near, i. 410.

=Nogent=, Victor ordered to, iv. 62; N. at, 62, 74; abandoned by Victor, 64; Souham's forces at, 102; abdication proposed to the Emperor at, 120.

=Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809=, iii. 274.

=Non-intervention Act, the=, iii. 102.

=Nordhalben=, Davout at, ii. 428.

=Nordhausen=, military movements near, ii. 434.

=Noerdlingen=, the French position at, ii. 365; capture of Werneck's division at, 367.

=Normandy=, unrest in, i. 222; Marmont's troops to withdraw into, iv. 120.

=North=, proposed League of the, ii. 418.

=North Cape=, a boundary of the Continental System, iii. 280.

=North German Confederation=, proposed organization of, ii. 418-421, 422. See also =Confederation of the Rhine=.

=North Sea=, proposed French expedition to, ii. 334; part of the coast incorporated into the French Empire, iii. 278, 287, 294.

="Northumberland,"= the, conveys N. to St. Helena, iv. 227.

=Norway=, lost to Denmark, iii. 70; subordination to Denmark, 280; in vassalage to France, 280; offered by Alexander to Sweden, 281, 314, 320, 324; Bernadotte's ambition to acquire, 281, 399; in possession of Denmark, iii. 282; Russian troops for the conquest of, 350; struggle with Sweden, iv. 164.

=Nossen=, defeat of the Saxons by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.

=Notables of France=, ii. 126; abolition of the list of, 247.

=Notre Dame Cathedral=, service in honor of the Concordat at, ii. 215; N.'s coronation in, 341-345.

=Novi=, battle of, ii. 83, 92, 96; military operations near, ii. 178.

=Nuits=, N. visits, i. 146; society in, 146.

=Nyon=, Carnot's concealment at, ii. 27.

O

"=Oberon=," iii. 175.

=Ocana=, battle of, iii. 287, 288.

=Ochs, Peter=, republican propagandist in Switzerland, ii. 40.

=Oder, River, the=, proposed surrender to N. of forts on, iii. 178; threatened expulsion of the French from, 416; military movements on, iv. 3; French garrisons on, 35.

"=Oedipe=," performed at Erfurt, iii. 172.

=Offenburg=, reputed emigrant conspirators in, ii. 302; Caulaincourt's expedition to, 304.

=Officialdom=, popular hatred of, i. 105.

=Offingen=, the French position at, ii. 365.

=Oglio, River, the=, Beaulieu retreats behind, i. 361; Austria's boundary in Venetia, 438; Scherer driven behind, ii. 88.

=O'Hara, Gen.=, captured before Toulon, i. 229.

=Old Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 155.

=Oldenburg=, proposal to include in North German Confederation, ii. 418; scheme to incorporate with France, iii. 266; Alexander I reserves his family rights over, 288; Alexander offers to exchange, for Erfurt, 288; incorporated in the French Empire, 310, 328; proposal that France evacuate, 407; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.

=Oldenburg, Duke of=, marries Grand Duchess Catherine, iii. 181, 278; dethroned, 278, 307; proposed allotment of territory to, 409.

=Old Guard, the=, battle of Leipsic, iv. 27, 33; moves against Bluecher from Sezanne, 61; N. reviews them at Fontainebleau, 117; N. takes leave of, 135; reduction of the pay of, 148; in battle of Waterloo, 205, 208. See also =Imperial Guard=.

=Ollioules=, capture and recapture of, i. 225.

=Olmuetz=, military operations near, ii. 379, 382.

=Olsusieff, Gen.=, annihilated by Marmont at Champaubert, iv. 63.

=O'Meara, Edward=, publisher of an Elban MS., i. 177; N.'s declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; N.'s conversations with, 441; physician to N., iv. 232; assists N. on his history, 232; dismissed by Lowe, 232.

=Oneglia=, Massena's advance through, i. 243; French troops in the valley of, 244; N.'s service at, 245, 255.

=Oporto=, seizure of the French governor of, iii. 122; bishop of, applies to England for help, 122; occupied by Soult, 286.

=Oppin=, Bernadotte at, iv. 28.

=Orange, House of=, indemnity to, for loss of power, ii. 262.

=Orange, the Prince of=, recalled to Holland, iv. 40; in Waterloo campaign, 172, 176; at the Duchess of Richmond's ball, 178; battle of Quatre Bras, 180.

=Orcha=, military movements near, iii. 364.

=Ordener, Gen.=, leads expedition to Ettenheim, and arrests the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 304.

=Ore Mountains=, contemplated operations in the, iv. 8; retreat of the allies toward, 12.

=Orezza=, N. at, i. 126, 160; meeting of the constituent assembly at, 131-134.

=Orgon=, attempt to assassinate N. at, iv. 138.

=Oriani, Comte B.=, N.'s statement to, i. 369.

="Orient," the=, sunk in Aboukir Bay, ii. 63.

=Oriental question, the=, ii. 262.

=Orleans=, prison massacres in, i. 188; French garrison at, iv. 118.

=Orloff, Count=, conducts negotiations for surrender of Paris, iv. 112.

=Ormea=, Massena's advance through, i. 243.

=Orscha=, French garrison in, iii. 341.

=Ortenau=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.

=Osnabrueck=, position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Ossian=, N.'s acquaintance with and study of, ii. 53; iv. 134, 231.

=Ostermann-Tolstoi, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; character, 107; conducts negotiations with N., 107, 112, 113; reception at Paris, 108; quarrel with Ney, 108; N.'s opinion of, 113; at St. Cloud levee, Aug. 15, 1808, 169.

=Osterode=, N.'s headquarters at, iii. 18, 25.

=Ostrach=, battle of, ii. 88.

=Ostrolenka=, Russian retreat to, iii. 5; Russians driven out of, 19.

=Othman=, the royal line of, iii. 163.

=Otranto=, embargo on, ii. 287; creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; Fouche created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Fouche=.

=Ott, Gen.=, besieges Genoa, ii. 165, 170, 173, 175; defeated by Lannes at Casteggio, 176; reaches Alessandria, 177; in battle of Marengo, 180.

=Otto, Comte L. G.=, ambassador to England, ii. 273; letter from N., Oct. 23, 1802, 272, 290; recalled from London, 277.

=Otto the Great=, N. likened to, ii. 340.

=Ottoman Empire=, proposed partition of, ii. 47. See also =Egypt=; =Turkey=.

=Oubril=, his treaty rejected by Alexander I, ii. 418, 421; Russian envoy to Paris, 401, 405, 418.

=Oudinot, Gen. C. N.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386; created Duke of Reggio, iii. 86; N.'s opinion of, 93; character, 93; commanding in Hanau, 203; ordered to Augsburg, 204; ordered to Abensberg, 208; battle of Wagram, 228; ordered to coerce Holland, 266; strength, March, 1812, 324; at the crossing of the Beresina, 367-370; in campaign of 1813, 402; threatens Berlin, 413; N.'s instructions to, iv. 5; defeated at Luckau, 8; fails in his movement against Berlin, 12-16; battle of Grossbeeren, 14; retreats to Wittenberg, 14; superseded by Ney, 17; battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; at Dresden, 20; battle of Leipsic, 29, 31; checks pursuits at Lindenau, 35; opposes Schwarzenberg, 61; driven back to Nangis, 65; before Provins, 72; captures Mery, 73; ordered to hold Bluecher, 73; checked by Schwarzenberg, 75; driven beyond Troyes, 76; retreats from Arcis, 94; at Bar-sur-Ornain, 103; strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; at the abdication scene, 120; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; recreated marshal, 167.

=Ourcq, River=, military operations on the, iv. 76.

=Ouvrard, G. J.=, sent by Fouche on mission to England, iii. 272.

P

=Pachra, River=, French crossing of the, iii. 355.

=Pacific Ocean=, influence of the United States on the, ii. 288.

=Paderborn=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 265.

=Padua=, military operations near, i. 410; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Pagerie, Marie-Josephe-Rose Tascher de la=. See =Beauharnais, Josephine=.

=Pagerie, Mlle. Tascher de la=, sought in marriage by Ferdinand VII, iii. 125; marries the Duke of Aremberg, 132.

=Pagerie, Tascher de la=, father of Josephine Beauharnais, i. 313; death of, 314.

=Paine, Thomas=, on financial condition of England, ii. 32.

=Pajol, Gen.=, seizes Montereau, iv. 73; in the Waterloo campaign, 173; engagement at Charleroi, 174; battle of Ligny, 183.

=Palace of the Government, the=, ii. 147.

=Palafox, Gen. Jose de=, military ability, iii. 156; at Saragossa, 184, 185.

=Palais Royal=, headquarters of the tribunate, ii. 151; a refuge for the disreputable, 151.

=Palestine=, the key of, ii. 73; importance of N.'s conquering, 73.

=Palm, J. P.=, bookseller of Nuremberg, execution of, ii. 417.

=Palma=, N. advances to, i. 443.

=Pamplona=, N. seeks information concerning, iii. 128; seized by Darmagnac, 132.

=Pan, Mallet du=, criticizes Mme. de Stael, iii. 298.

=Panatheri=, secretary of Directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Pantheon Club=, closing of the, i. 310.

=Paoli, Pascal=, his share in the history of Corsica, i. 15 et seq.; relations with the Jews and with the Vatican, 16; compared with Washington, 18; his character and renown, 17, 18; offers asylum to Rousseau, 19; hoodwinked by Choiseul, 20, 21; defeat and escape, 23; appeals to the Powers, 23; aspirations for Corsica, 26, 28, 116; N.'s address to, 40; his conciliation sought by France, 42; N. a supporter and admirer of, 53, 93, 137, 199, 210; the "History of Corsica," dedicated to, 93; N.'s correspondence with, 96-98; his return to Corsica, 117-125, 127, 131; activity of his agents, 118; directs Corsican agitation, 120; amnesty granted to, 120, 124; quits England, 124; honored by Louis XVI and the National Assembly, 124; misrepresented in Paris, 125; popularity in Corsica, 126, 198; meeting with N. at Rostino, 132; virtual dictator of Corsica, 133; agitation in his behalf in Corsica, 162, 170; interferes in riots in Ajaccio, 169; difficulties of his situation, 169; displeasure at N., 170; despair of, 185; commander-in-chief in Corsica, 185; N. seeks reconciliation with, 186; lieutenant-general in the French army, 187; opposes Sardinian invasion scheme, 189, 192, 196; N.'s insubordination to, 190; suspected of intrigue with England, 190, 201; position on declaration of war against England, 196; denounced by Lucien Buonaparte, 197; summoned to appear before the National Convention, 197, 204; N. antagonizes, 199-203, 205, 210, 242; denounced by the National Convention, 201; summons N. to Corte, 203; offers to leave Corsica, 204; seeks English protection for Corsica, 205-208; views of condition of France, 206; declared an outlaw, 207; fails to fortify Ajaccio, 257; seeks aid from England, 257; recalled to England, 261.

=Paolists, the=, i. 116.

=Papacy, the=, French feeling against the, i. 375; the Directory desires its overthrow, 419, 422; N.'s alliance with, 422; N. proposes negotiations with the, ii. 11; relations of N. and France with, 205, 206, 216. See also =Church=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=.

=Papal States, the=, French proposition to revolutionize, i. 373; French seizures and ransom in, 374; N. protects clergy in, 422; under French influence, 439; scheme to conquer, ii. 18; held by Austria, 145, 160; evacuated by Ferdinand IV, 203; N. demands expulsion of Russians, English, and Sardinians from, 396; N.'s influence over, recognized at Tilsit, iii. 55; N. demands banishment of hostile agents from, and closing of ports to England, 67; French invasion of, 118; demands for the inviolability of, 118; annexed to France, 262.

=Papelotte=, the farms of, iv. 195; fighting at, 201, 206.

=Paradomania=, iii. 50.

"=Parallel between Caesar, Cromwell, and Bonaparte=," ii. 230.

=Parbasdorf=, military operations near, iii. 226, 229.

=Paris=, the military school at, i. 48, 59, 60; N.'s sojourn in (1787), 86; the Parliament banished from, 106; base elements of population flock to, 108; encounter in the Place Vendome, 108; burning of the barriers, 108; destruction of the Bastille, 108, 109; Louis XVI takes up residence in, 109; famine, 151; return of the court to, 151; municipal reform, 153; N. returns to (May 28, 1792), 173; N.'s impoverished condition in, 173; great outburst of sedition, 174; Marseilles sends a deputation to, 174; the barricades on August 10, 1792, 177; N. and Elisa in, 182; N.'s residences in (Holland Patriots' Hotel), 183; (Fosses Montmartre), 264; (Michodiere Street), 295; (Chantereine Street), ii. 28; (Victory Street), 84; massacres of royalist prisoners, i. 183; overturn of municipal government, 187; committee of surveillance, 188, 189; prison massacres in (Sept. 2-6, 1792), 188; representation in the National Convention, 188; condemnation and execution of Louis XVI, 195; establishment of the revolutionary tribunal, 207; N. at (1793), 223; scenes of the Terror, 251; N.'s sojourn in (1795), 264, 280 et seq.; 289, 295; influence in political movements, 266; bread riots, 273; Jacobin plots, 273; critical condition of affairs, 273, 277, 280; social life (1795, 1796), 280-285, 290, 291, 316; hatred of the National Convention in, 282; military preparations, 283, 298, 299; royalist plots against, 298; critical condition of affairs, 298-301; rebellion against the Convention, 299 et seq.; the 13th Vendemiaire, 301-305; restoration of order, 305; N. cows the low elements in, 308; rejoicings in, over Piedmontese successes, 363; glorification of N. in (1796), 365; receptacle for plundered works of art, 369; "the capital of European liberties," 369; spring elections of 1797, ii. 2; critical condition of affairs, 3; royalist intrigues, the Clichy faction, 3, 5, 7; necessity for a powerful general in, 5, 7; Barras schemes to bring troops to, 6; the 18th of Fructidor, 8; N.'s remittances to, 13; feeling in, over the treaty of Campo Formio, 22; return of N. to (1797), 26-31; the "Street of Victory," 28; plot and counterplot in, 36; distrust of N. in (1798), 49; popular ideas in, concerning the Egyptian campaign, 68; N.'s triumphant progress from Frejus to, 83; hatred of the Terror, 94, 95; N.'s reception in (from Egypt), 95-102; banquet to N. in St. Sulpice, 100, 101; N. appointed commander of the troops, 102 et seq.; the 18th Brumaire, 103 et seq.; iv. 258; Fouche closes the barriers, ii. 109; apportionment of the guards in, 109; N. reopens the barriers, 109; the 19th Brumaire, 111 et seq.; weeding out old republican politicians from, 125; warlike feeling in (1800), 145; welcomes N. from Marengo, 185; N.'s relations with polite society in, 199; service in honor of the Concordat, 216; schemes of the Duc d'Enghien's supporters in, 240; explosion of infernal machine in Rue St. Nicaise, 240; Mme. de Stael exiled from, 259; restoration of street names, 258; improved social conditions, 259; the press of, attacks England, 271; center of the government, 279; feeling in, concerning N.'s court at Aachen, 339; coronation of N., 339, 340, 342-345; prospects of coming war in, 312; fickleness of society in, 312; abuse of Austria and Russia by press, 361; N. returns to (Jan. 27, 1806), 406; affection for N. in, 407; N. proposes to introduce bull-fights, 409; N. leaves for Mainz, 422; relics of Frederick the Great sent to, 437; official reports from Eylau in, iii. 17; the situation in (1807), 24 et seq.; the head and body of France, 24; sensitiveness of the Bourse, 24; Mme. de Stael returns to, and again expelled from, 26; the situation in, after Friedland, 36; proposal that Alexander visit, 50; question of the cardinal at, 69; return of N. from Tilsit to, 72; public works, 74, 380; Jewish Sanhedrim in, iii. 76; social vices in, 92; Tolstoi's reception at, 108; the soul of France, 151, 160; iv. 92, 99; the divorce scandal in, iii. 180; N. returns from Spain to (Jan. 6, 1809), 188; N. returns from Vienna to, 241, 245; N.'s second marriage, 258-261; the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to, 258, 264; rejoicings in, over birth of the king of Rome, 302, 303; a rival to Rome as capital of the Western empire, 307; remembrance of the Terror, 323; monarchical sentiment in, 323; importance of N.'s presence in, 372; the Malet conspiracy in, 375; 376; treachery in, 412; the allies, advance on, iv. 40, 41, 61, 65, 71, 90, 96-103, 110, 113, 219; gloom and panic in, 51, 81, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 166; N.'s public appearances in, 51, 52; the national-guard, 53; defense of, 59, 73, 85, 96, 97, 99, 105-112; Joseph acting regent in, 61; Bluecher's advance toward, 76; sends reinforcements to N., 80, 86; N.'s resolution to abandon, 91; N.'s march toward, 104, 105, 157; surrender of, 105, 113; the Empress's flight from, 106-112, 117; intrigue in, 107; royalist influences in, 108; in communication with Marmont, 109; summoned to surrender, 109; armistice before, 109; looking for N. in, 112; fighting before, 111; not to be sacked, 112, 113; entrance of the allies, 113, 117, 118, 221; council of the allies and French diplomats, 114; royalist enthusiasm in, 113-117; assents to the overthrow of N., 115; the white cockade in, 115, 147; plans for the recovery of, 117; reception of Louis XVIII in, 133; riots in, at burial of an actress, 146; secret longings for N.'s return in, 147; the garrison put under arms, 149; disappearance of the government, 158; raising the imperialist standard in, 158; placard on the Vendome column, 158; excitement in, 158; arrival of N. in, 159; treaty of, 165; the news of Waterloo and Ligny in, 215, 216; N. returns from Waterloo to, 217; formation of a new Directory, 218; appointment of a committee of public safety, 218; N. offers to defend, 220; possibility of reassembling an army in, 222.

=Paris, Forest of=, formation of the Prussians behind, iv. 202.

=Paris, Marquis de=, leads the Parisian mob, i. 151.

=Paris sections=, the day of the, i. 302-312.

=Parker, Sir Hyde=, at battle of Copenhagen, ii. 209.

=Parliament of Paris=, reconstitution of the, i. 106; contest with Louis XVI, 106; banished from the capital, 106.

=Parma=, intrigue in the court of, i. 345; plundered of works of art, 369; N.'s leniency to, 421; N.'s influence in, 448; N.'s violation of neutrality of, ii. 144; secured to France, 204; adopts the French Code, 354; creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; Cambaceres created Duke of, iii. 86 (see also =Cambaceres=); ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 263; position in the French Empire, 279; granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.

=Parma, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359; plan to give the Papal States to, ii. 18; N.'s promises to, 332.

=Parthe, River=, military movements on the, iv. 27.

=Parthenopean Republic, the=, proclaimed, ii. 87; abandonment of, 203-205; fate of its admiral Caraccioli, 300.

=Parthians=, Roman campaigns against the, iii. 325.

=Pasquier=, Baron de, attitude toward N., ii. 95; prefect of police, iii. 376; episode of the Malet conspiracy, 377; imperial prefect, iv. 106.

=Passarge, River=, military operations on the, iii. 19, 22, 26, 28.

=Passariano=, N.'s headquarters at, ii. 20, 23, 24.

=Passau=, apportioned to Bavaria, ii. 266, 391; N.'s line of retreat to, 392.

=Passeyr=, the estates of, conferred upon Hofer's family, iii. 242.

=Patterson=, Elizabeth, married to Jerome Buonaparte, ii. 257.

=Paul I=, succeeds Catherine II, i. 425; institutes the second coalition, ii. 86; incensed at George III, 141; demands Thugut's dismissal, 142; incensed at Austria, 142, 154; withdraws from the coalition, 142; seeks control of Malta, 141, 154, 193; friendship with N. and France, 142, 154, 193, 263; plan for invasion of India and partition of Asia, 154; receives the sword of Valetta from N., 154; aims to destroy Austria's power, 194; accuses England and Austria of treachery, 194; concludes alliance with N., 209; assassinated, 210, 330, 380; iii. 37; effect of his death on France, ii. 210; antipathy to Great Britain, 263; supports the House of Savoy, 332. See also =Russia=.

"=Paul and Virginia=," iii. 297.

=Paunsdorf=, military operations near, iv. 32.

=Pavia=, the sack of, i. 361; military operations near, ii. 175.

=Pawnbrokerage in France=, iii. 77.

=Peasant proprietors=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 104.

=Peccadeuc, Picot de=, N.'s enemy, i. 65.

=Pelet, Gen.=, charges Berthier with treachery, iii. 206; on the battle of Aspern, 219; denies the story of Lannes's death-bed, 224; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 207.

=Pelham, Thomas=, employs Mehee de la Touche, ii. 297.

=Peltier, J. G.=, publishes "L'Ambigu," ii. 270; prosecuted for libeling N., 271.

=Penal Code, the=, iii. 295.

=Peninsula, Peninsular War=. See =Portugal=; =Spain=.

=Pensions=, reforms in French, i. 142.

=Pension system=, iii. 87.

=Pepin the Short=, coronation of, ii. 325.

=Peraldi=, associated with N. in Corsica, i. 117; becomes an enemy of N., 165, 170; seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 166; ordered to prepare fleet at Toulon, 187; seeks to arrest N., 202.

=Perceval, Spencer=, assassination of, iii. 378; mismanagement of English affairs, iv. 161, 162.

=Peretti=, his name reprobated in Corsica, i. 121; vote of censure on, 133; seeks election in National Guard of Corsica, 165.

=Permon, Mme.=, N.'s friendship with, i. 62, 178, 284-286; friendship with Salicetti, 284-286; correspondence with N., 285; declines N.'s matrimonial offer, 312; notable saying of, ii. 130.

=Perpignan=, reinforcements for Augereau from, iv. 94.

=Perponcher, Gen. G. H.=, in battle of Quatre Bras, iv, 180.

=Perregaux, Comte de=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 112.

=Persia=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; Sebastiani's mission to, 272-274; treaty with France, iii. 20, 21; N. arranges treaty between Turkey and, 20, 21; incited to invade India, 21; proposed rupture with England, 21; N. studies the history of, 166; N.'s intercourse with, 314; Themistocles's refuge in, iv. 227.

=Perthes=, Macdonald at, iv. 103.

=Peru=, scheme of a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 142.

=Peschiera=, seized by Beaulieu, i. 361, 371; French occupation of, 372, 379; the revolutionary movement in, 428; disarmament of, 442.

"=Peter the Great=," by Carrion-Nisas, ii. 350.

=Peterswald=, military movements near, iv. 10, 15.

=Petit, Gen.=, at review of the Guard at Fontainebleau, iv. 118; N.'s farewell to, 136.

=Petit Trianon=, N. secures the library from, iv. 219, 227.

=Peyrusse=, corruption of, iv. 5; keeper of N.'s purse at Elba, 152.

=Pfaffenhofen=, military movements near, iii. 206.

=Phelippeaux, A. de=, N.'s enemy, i. 65; superintends the defense of Acre, ii. 71, 73; parley with N. at Acre, 79.

=Phenicia=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Philip, Don=, of Spain, ii. 205.

=Philip le Bel=, schemes of world-conquest, ii. 46.

=Philippe "Egalite,"= despicable actions of, i. 151; scheme for his son, 331.

=Philippeville=, N. at, iv. 211, 216.

="Philosophical and Political History of the Two Indies,"= N.'s study of, ii. 47.

="Philosophic Visions" (Mercier)=, N.'s study of, ii. 53.

=Phrases=: Alfieri: "Italia virtuosa, magnanima, libera, et una," ii. 232. Anonymous or unassigned (see also Popular, infra): [A lady] "fond of men when they are polite," iii. 179. "A mystery in the soul of state," iii. 389. "Democracy an excellent workhorse, but a poor charger; a good hack, but an untrustworthy racer," iv. 265. "Everything has been restored except the two million Frenchmen who died for liberty," ii. 216. "Freedom of the seas and the invasion of England," ii. 360. [Bonaparte] "his consular majesty," ii. 293. A Paris actor: "J'ai fait des rois madame, et n'ai pas voulu l'etre," ii. 205. "Legislative eunuchs," ii. 151. [Louis XVIII] "learned nothing and forgot nothing," iv. 132. [The army chest] "a French Providence, which made the laurel a fertile tree, the fruits of which had nourished the brave whom its branches covered," iii. 296. Arndt: "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195. Berthier: "By general's reckoning, not that of the office," ii. 169. Cambronne: "The guard dies but never surrenders," iv. 210. Charles IV: A king "who had nothing further to live for than his Louise and his Emmanuel," iii. 166. Coignet: "Providence and courage never abandon the good soldier," iii. 326. Congress of Vienna: [Napoleon] "the enemy and disturber of the world's peace," iv. 162. Czartoryski: "Paradomania," iii. 50. Dalberg: "The monkey [Talleyrand] would not risk burning the tip of his paw even if all the chestnuts were for himself," iv. 108. Princess Dolgoruki: [The First Consul's residence] "is not exactly a court, but it is no longer a camp," ii. 196. Gentz: "The war for the emancipation of states bids fair to become one for the emancipation of the people," iv. 40. Goethe: "A great man can be recognized only by his peers," iii. 173. Kutusoff: "The plain gentleman of Pskoff," iii. 383. Machiavelli: "Friends must be treated as if one day they might be enemies," ii. 256. Marmont: "The tube of a funnel," iv. 26. Napoleon: "About to produce a great novelty," iv. 153. "A great man--one who can command the situations he creates," iv. 21. "A kind of vermin which I have in my clothes," ii. 242. "A lion's advice," iii. 352. "A man like me troubles himself little about a million men," iii. 418. "A thing must needs be done before the announcement of your plan," iii. 66. "Bullets have been flying about our legs these twenty years," iii. 364. "Credit is but a dispensation from paying cash," iii. 389. "Emperor of the Continent," iii. 308. "Enemy's lands make enemy's goods," ii. 441. [England a] "nation of traders," ii. 292. "Everything to-morrow," iii. 411. "Fortune is a woman; the more she does for me, the more I shall exact from her," i. 366. "Forty centuries look down upon you from ... the Pyramids," ii. 60. "Gathered to strike; separated to live," ii. 367. See also p. 378. "Generals who save troops for the next day are always beaten," iii. 347. "God hath given it [the crown of Italy] to me; let him beware who touches it," ii. 353. "Great battles are won with artillery," iii. 403. "I am conquered less by fortune than by the egotism and ingratitude of my companions in arms," iv. 129. "I am determined to be the last [the bottomless chasm] shall swallow up," iv. 79. "I am driven onward to a goal which I know not," iii. 325. "I am the god of the day," ii. 117. "I cannot be everywhere," ii. 376. (Cf. "The enemy's strength," infra.) "Ideologist," iv. 292. "I feel the infinite in me," iv. 262. "If there be one soldier among you who wishes to kill his Emperor, he can. I come to offer myself to your assaults," iv. 155. "I have destroyed the enemy merely by marches," ii. 366. "I have never found the limit of my capacity for work," iii. 210. "I have often slept two in a bed, but never three," iii. 41. "I leave my army to come and share the national perils," ii. 97. "I may find in Spain the Pillar of Hercules, but not the limits of my power," iii. 158. "In our day no one has conceived anything great; it falls to me to give the example," i. 366. "In war the moral element and public opinion are half the battle," iii. 393. "In war you see your own troubles; those of the enemy you cannot see. You must show confidence," iii. 208. "I pray God to have you in his holy keeping," ii. 407. "I shall conduct this war [Saxon campaign] as General Bonaparte," iii. 403. "It is ... courageous to survive unmerited bad fortune," iv. 134. "It rains hard, but that does not stop the march of the grand army," iv. 22. (Cf. "While others," etc., infra.) "I walk with the goddess of fortune, accompanied by the god of war," ii. 113. "Liberty and equality ... put beyond caprice of chance and uncertainty of the future," ii. 247. "Masters of the channel for six hours, we are masters of the world," ii. 332. "My generals are a parcel of post inspectors," iii. 158. "Metaphysicians ... fit only to be drowned," ii. 242. "My enemies make appointments at my tomb," iii. 246. "My master has no bowels, and that master is the nature of things," iii. 110. [Napoleon determined to] "conquer the sea by land," iii. 3. [Napoleon] "shows himself terrible at the first moment," ii. 439. [Napoleon] "the minister of the power of God, and his image on earth," ii. 408. [Napoleon's] "library," iii. 388. [Ney] "the bravest of the brave," iii. 359. "Perfidious and tyrannical Great Britain," iii. 150. [Singing the tune of Tilsit] "according to the written score," iii. 65. "Spurred and booted ruler," ii. 145. "Tete ... armee," iv. 235. "The art of war is to gain time when your strength is inferior," ii. 165. [The Concordat] "the vaccine of religion," ii. 216. "The Ebro is nothing but a line," iii. 158. "The enemy's strength seems great [to the division commanders] wherever I am not," iv. 7. (Cf. "I cannot," etc., supra.) "The finances are falling into disorder, and ... need war," iii. 308. "The game of chess is becoming confused," iv. 21. "The genius of France and Providence will be on our side," iv. 75. "The growlers," iv. 118, 123, 132. "The new Pillars of Hercules," iii. 308. "The pear is not yet ripe," ii. 52. (For the ripening of the pear, see ii. 99, 229.) "The Revolution is planted on the principles from which it proceeded. It is ended," ii. 137. "The Spanish ulcer," iii. 265. "The sun of Austerlitz," ii. 392. "The system of hither and thither," iv. 18, 19, 25. "The worse the troops the greater the need of artillery," iii. 403. "This is the moment when characters of a superior sort assert themselves," ii. 65. "This movement makes or mars me," iv. 97. "Three years more, and I am lord of the universe," iii. 308. "To have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving them well," iv. 296. "To honor and serve the Emperor is to honor and serve God," ii. 408. "To strike a salutary terror into others," ii. 311. "Victor of Austerlitz," ii. 392. "Vous etes un homme," iii. 173. "War is like government, a matter of tact," i. 364. [War with Russia] "a scene in an opera," iii. 318. "We'll pass these few winter days as best we may; then we'll try to spend the spring in another fashion," iv. 151 "We must pull on the boots and the resolution of 93," iv. 72. "Wherever ... water to float a ship, there ... a British standard," iv. 227. "Which has been the happiest age of humanity?" iii. 175. "While others were taking counsel the French army was marching," ii. 434. (Cf. "It rains hard," supra.) "Why am I not my grandson?" iv. 287. "You manage men with toys," ii. 246. Nelson: "England expects every man to do his duty," ii. 373. "In case signals cannot be seen or clearly understood, no captain can do wrong if he places his ship alongside that of an enemy," ii. 373. "Westminster Abbey or victory," ii. 63. Ney: "A marshal of the Empire has never surrendered," iii. 364. Mme. Permon: "The pike is eating the other two fish," ii. 130. Pitt (concerning): The "Austerlitz look," ii. 393. Pius VII: [Bonaparte the Pope's] "son in Christ Jesus," ii. 339. Popular: "Armed men spring up at the stamp of his foot," iii. 386. "Ban," and "arriere ban" (feudal terms), iv. 55. "Bautzen Messenger-boy," the, iv. 20. [Bluecher] "Marshal Forward," iv. 98. "Emperor of the Gauls," ii. 319. "Enemy's ships make enemy's goods," ii. 441. "Equality," ii. 221. "Fighting with the legs instead of with the bayonets," ii. 429. "France the most beautiful land next to the kingdom of heaven," iii. 7. "French fury," iv. 171. (Cf. "Furia francesca," ii. 391.) "Frenchmen, awake; the Emperor is waking," iv. 147. "He has been and will be," iv. 158. "His sacred Majesty," ii. 407. "Liberty of the seas," ii. 236, 263. "Marie Louises," the, iv. 51. "Mother Moscow," "the holy city," iii. 347. "Napoladron," iii. 292. "Napoleon, by the grace of God Emperor," ii. 407. [Napoleon] "perhaps an angel, perhaps a devil,--certainly not a man," iii. 415. "Napoleon the Great," ii. 407. "Neutral flag, neutral goods," ii. 263. "Neutral ships make neutral goods; free ships, free goods," ii. 212. "Paternal anarchy," iv. 147, 149. "Ragusade," iv. 127. "Robbing the cradle and the grave," iii. 386. "Sauve qui peut," iv, 210. "The Emperor's last victory," iv. 50. "The fountain of honor," ii. 246. "The liberator of Poland," ii. 444. "The little corporal," i. 362; iv. 118, 154. "The man of God, the anointed of the Lord," ii. 407. "The Napoleon of Potsdam and Schoenbrunn," iv. 117. "The return of the hero," ii. 97. Regnaud de St. Jean d'Angely: "The unhappy man [Napoleon] will undo himself, undo us all, undo everything," iii. 325. Revolution, Motto of the: France, "one and indivisible," ii. 344. St. Andre: "The fate of the world depends on a kick or two," iii. 422. Savigny: [The Code Napoleon] "a political malady," ii. 223. Sieyes: "Une poire pour la soif," ii. 130. Soult: "An inspiration is nothing but a calculation made with rapidity," iv. 248. Talleyrand: "Italy the flank of France; Spain its natural continuation; and Holland its alluvium," iii. 282. "Napoleon's civilization that of Roman history," iii. 179. "Pleasure will not move at the drum-tap," iii. 94. "Society will pardon much to a man of the world, but cheating at cards never," iii. 151. "There is no empire not founded on the marvelous, and here the marvelous is the truth," iv. 250. Vandamme: "That devil of a man," iii. 93. Villeneuve: "Any captain not under fire is not at his post, and a signal to recall him would be a disgrace," ii. 273. Wellington: "I must fight him here [Waterloo]," iv. 178. "Old Bluecher has had a ---- good licking," iv. 184. "Up, Guards! make ready!" iv. 209. Zacharias, Pope: "He is king who has the power," ii. 325.

=Piacenza=, military operations near, i. 358, 359; ii. 175; Loison at, 177; adopts the French Code, 354; creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; Lebrun created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Lebrun=.

=Piacenza, Duke of=, submission of, i. 359.

=Piave River=, military operations on the, i. 387, 388, 430, 432.

=Picardy=, movement of troops to, ii. 24.

=Pichegru, Gen. Charles=, N.'s early acquaintance with, i. 216; called to command Paris troops, 272; conquers the Austrian Netherlands, 273, 275; suspected of intrigue, 278; royalist schemes of, 298; ii. 161, 298; a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; conquest of Holland, ii. 6; plans a coup d'etat, 5; exposure of his treachery in 1795, 5, 6; proscribed, 8; implicated with Moreau, 72, 164, 299; escapes from Guiana, 161; heads royalist rising in Provence, 161; fall and death, 298, 299; leads royalist plot, 298; Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412; funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146.

=Picton, Sir T.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 173; battle of Waterloo, 201; killed, 201.

=Piedmont=, military operations in, i. 213, 256, 347, 352 et seq.; troops of, enter Savoy, 222; French movement against, 246; N. advises against advancing into, 247; Austro-Sardinian operations in (1794), 341; revolutionary spirit in, 345; conquest of, 352-362, 373; army separated from Austrians, 354; successes in, 363; French propositions to organize republic in, 363, 373; loses island of St. Peter, ii. 13; incorporated with the Ligurian Republic, 38; Moreau's last stand in, 83; held by Suvaroff, 141; held by Austria, 145, 160; tribute levied on, 186; incorporated with France, 232, 267, 272, 281; Jourdan's pacification of, 323; Alexander I demands indemnity for, 348; ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263; parallel between the Waterloo campaign and that in, iv. 170.

=Piedmontese=, in French service, ii. 14.

=Piktupoenen=, Frederick William and Hardenberg at, iii. 42; Frederick William's stay at, 60.

"=Pillars of Hercules, the new=," iii 308.

=Pillau=, Napoleon demands, as a pledge, iii. 36. French military stores in, 333.

=Pinckney, C. C.=, Talleyrand attempts to corrupt, ii. 34.

=Piombino=, given to Elisa (Buonaparte) Bacciocchi, ii. 354, 356. See also =Lucca and Piombino=.

=Pirch, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172, 205.

=Pire, Gen.=, ordered to Quatre Bras, iv. 176.

=Pirna=, Vandamme at, iv. 8-11; Mortier at, 12, 18; sickness of N. at, 12, 131; N. abandons, 17; N. moves on, 18.

=Pisa=, Carlo Buonaparte at, i. 29.

=Pitt, William, Jr.=, prime minister of England, i. 195; takes active measures against France, 221; difficulties of his administration, 448, 449; anxiety for peace after Leoben, ii. 12; declines to negotiate with N., 143; delusion concerning N. and France, 143; denounces N. as the destroyer of Europe, 144; advocates restoration of the Bourbons, 144; policy toward France, 208, 329-331, 360, 405; iii. 399; British confidence in, ii. 208; falls from power on the Catholic Emancipation question, 208; calls for defense of the kingdom, 292; raises volunteers, 292; returns to power, 329; his policy of European coalitions, 329-331; becomes prime minister, 337; on France's designs against England, 337; success of his efforts, 356; reception of the news of Austerlitz, 393; death, 393; Fox compelled to adopt his program, 405; England returns to his policy, iii. 399.

=Pius VI=, signs treaty of Tolentino, i. 350; ransoms Bologna, 374; prepares to recover lost territory, 398; quarrel with France, 401; N.'s problem concerning, 405; hostilities by, 409; campaign against, 419-423; his army dispersed, 421; expresses gratitude to N., 423; N.'s conquest of, ii. 9; ill health, ii, persecution of, 39; withdraws to Siena, 39; stripped of his possessions, 39; death, burial, and memorial services, 39, 131, 206, 216.

=Pius VII=, election of, ii. 206; resumes temporal power, 207; removes the ban from Talleyrand, 216; relations with N., 216, 339 et seq.; iii. 68, 118, 391; the matter of N.'s coronation, ii. 325, 339-346 et seq.; refuses to receive Mme. Talleyrand, 326; his demands for the Church, 326; at Fontainebleau, 340; his humiliation and return to Rome, 344-347; refuses a divorce to Jerome Buonaparte, 396; neutrality in the Austerlitz campaign, ii. 396; desires unity of the German Church, 402; refuses to recognize Joseph's sovereignty, iii. 68; N.'s ultimatum to, 68; refuses to join the French federation against England, 118; his demands on N., 118; concessions to N.'s demands, 118; prisoner at Grenoble, 119, 242; disbandment of the Noble Guard, 118; a faineant prince in the Quirinal, 119; issues bull, June 10, 1809, 119; wearing effect of N.'s quarrel with, 119; indemnity for, 215; deposed from the temporal power, 215, 242, 249; retains his ecclesiastical position, 242; excommunicates N. and his adherents, 242; imprisoned at Savona, 243, 306; removed from Rome to Fontainebleau, 243; refuses to renounce the secular power, 242; in Florence, 242; does not recognize N.'s divorce, 259; provision of residence and revenue for, 263; the second quarrel of investitures, 263; relations with the Gallican Church, 263, 264; inflexibility of, 263; De Maistre on the supineness of, 264; contrasted with Innocent II, 264; partial submission of, 305; refuses to institute N.'s nominees as bishops, 306; prisoner at Fontainebleau, 377, 390; hostility of the French ecclesiastics to, 391; the Concordat of Fontainebleau, 391; interviews with N. at Fontainebleau, 391; restoration of Roman domains to, 391; residence at Avignon, 391; retracts his assent, 391; release of, iv. 52; humiliation of, 256.

=Pizzighettone=, French occupation of, i. 372.

=Placentia=, ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, iii. 263; granted to Maria Louisa, iv. 133.

=Plagwitz=, fighting near, iv. 30.

="Plain," the=, position in the National Convention, i. 188.

=Plancenoit=, fighting at, iv. 205.

=Plancy=, military movements near, iv. 89.

=Plato=, N.'s study of, i. 95.

=Platoff, Count M. I.=, harasses the French retreat from Moscow, iii. 359, 364.

=Plauen=, fighting near, iv. 10; Austrians driven into, 10.

=Plebiscites=, of Dec. 15, 1799, ii. 129, 136; of May, 1802, 245-247; of 1804, 324.

=Pleisse, River=, military operations on the, iv. 27, 28.

=Plombieres=, Josephine's coterie at, ii. 85.

=Plutarch=, N.'s study of, i. 78; ii. 47.

=Plymouth Sound=, the "Bellerophon" in, iv. 222.

=Po, River=, the country of the, i. 356; ii. 175-178; military operations on the, i. 358, 359, 381, 441; ii. 172-174, 175, 176, 185.

=Point-du-Jour=, Serurier's guard at the, ii. 108.

=Poischwitz=, armistice of, iii. 414-418, 420; iv. 66, 197, 288.

=Poland=, partition of, i. 220, 420, 425; ii. 354, 414, 444; iii. 22, 50; Austria's gaze on, i. 325; French schemes for the reconstruction of, ii. 42-44; Alexander I's designs concerning, 356; iii. 45, 309, 316, 384; iv. 67; Alexander retreats to, ii. 391; extension of the French empire in, 396; sack of, 440; N.'s opportunity to save, 445; pro-Napoleon enthusiasm in, 445; iii. 17, 331; dissensions in, ii. 445; N.'s policy concerning, iii. 1, 8, 18, 45, 56, 214, 244, 314, 331; iv. 30; French occupation of, iii. 4, 7; enlistments from, under the French eagles, 3, 202, 324; N. organizes government for, 8; N. "the liberator of," 10; horrors of the winter campaign in, 18; a new field of warfare for N., 18; new levies ordered in, 20; morale of the French army in, 45; proposed transfer to the King of Saxony, 50; proposed new kingdom of, 56; Prussian provinces ceded to Warsaw, 62; possible restoration of, 65, 108, 244, 312-315, 322; iv. 298; war indemnity exacted from, iii. 78; French nobility endowed with lands in, 87; strengthening the French forces in, 117; dangers of withdrawing Russian troops from, 117; Davout recalled from, 165; reliance on N., 196, 316; invaded by Archduke Ferdinand, 201; concentration of troops at Warsaw, 203; Archduke Ferdinand's vicissitudes in, 212; enlargement of, 248; second partition of, 309; schemes of Alexander and Czartoryski in regard to, 309, 316; rupture between Alexander and N. over, 310 et seq.; Alexander refuses to restore the integrity of, 311; the patriots of, in Warsaw, 313; movement of Russian troops toward, 317; factor in the Russian war of, 1812, 328; N.'s mistake in not restoring, 331; Abbe de Pradt's mission from Dresden to, 331; the Diet of Warsaw begs for the reconstruction of, 331; possible schemes of French annexation of, 331; Czartoryski's ambitions in, 383; Kutusoff's advance through, 395; Prussia seeks to recover part of, 395-400; Bennigsen in, iv. 3; N. offers to renounce, 30; the extinction of, 298.

=Poles=, seek alliance with France, i. 420; in French service, 437; ii. 14; military service in Italy, 42; N.'s policy of winning, iii. 214; loyalty to N., 315; iv. 35; N.'s waning prestige among, iii. 335.

=Polish Church=, N.'s threat to liberate it from Rome, iii. 68.

=Politics, the art of=, i. 72; N.'s passion for, and study of, 94, 114, 126, 150, 199.

=Polygamy=, forbidden by the French Sanhedrim, iii. 76; N. upholds, iv. 231.

=Polytechnic School=, founding of the, i. 281; ii. 225-227; calling out of students of, iv. 109.

=Pomerania=, Prussia recommended to seize, ii. 420; Gustavus IV commanding in, iii. 36; Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42; N. promises to restore to Sweden, 268; Bernadotte's kindly treatment of, 280; Davout occupies Swedish, 321; offered to Bernadotte, 399.

=Pomerania, Duke of=, seeks representation at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27.

=Pompei=, member of the directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Poniatowski, Prince J. A.=, relies on N.'s good will, ii. 445; Archduke Ferdinand's pursuit of, iii. 211; reoccupies Warsaw, 212; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 323; doubts Lithuania's rising, 326; battle of Borodino, 344; battle of Wiazma, 359; claims to the Polish throne, 383; fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, 385; commanding in Galicia, 402; at Fischbach, iv. 18; battle of Leipsic, 29, 32, 34; drowned in the Elster, 34.

=Ponsonby, Sir W.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Pont d'Austerlitz=, iii. 74.

=Pont des Arts=, iii. 74.

=Pont d'Jena=, iii. 74.

=Pontebba Pass=, battles in, i. 433.

=Ponte Corvo=, Bernadotte created Prince of, ii. 396; iii. 86. See also =Bernadotte=.

=Pontecoulant, Doulcet de=, uses influence on N.'s behalf, i. 292; retired from the central committee, 295; N.'s relations with, ii. 3.

=Ponte-Nuovo=, battle of, i. 23; N. visits the battle-ground at, 132.

=Pont Royal=, the melee at the, i. 303.

=Popular government=, the rise of, i. 109.

=Popular representation without eyes, ears, or power=, ii. 126.

=Porcil=, military operations near, i, 391.

=Portalis, J. E. M.=, councilor of state, ii. 214; on committee to draft the Code, 222; minister of public worship, 346.

=Portland, Duke of=, prime minister of England, iii. 46, 69.

=Port Mahon=, i. 22.

=Porto Ferrajo=, seized by England, i. 398; arrival of the exile at, iv. 141; N.'s residence at, 143; danger of N.'s remaining in, 152.

=Porto Legnago=, Augereau driven into, i. 409.

=Port Royal=, education of Josephine de la Pagerie at, i. 313.

=Portsmouth=, Nelson sails for, ii. 359.

=Portugal=, growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276; war with Spain, ii. 18; joins the second coalition, 90; France offers peace to, 154; alliances with England, 154, 332; N.'s problems in, 203 et seq.; forced contribution levied on, 205; iii. 119; abandons English alliance, ii. 205; compelled to close her harbors to English ships, 205; iii. 67; France guarantees integrity of, ii. 211; neutrality of, 289, 332; iii. 67, 120; Spanish invasion of, ii. 332; proposed commercial war against England, iii. 55; N. calls for alliance with, 66; seizure of her fleet by England, 67; Junot's army on the borders of, 67; proposed acquisition by Spain, 67, 121; movement of English troops into, 111, 121; the situation in, 118; French invasion of, 120 et seq.; 151; obeys the Berlin and Milan decrees, 119; closing of the harbors, 119; rupture of diplomatic relations between France and, 119; dynastic troubles in, 119; democracy in, 119, 120; proposed partition of, 120; commerce with England, 120; Spain cooeperates with France against, 121; seizure of fortresses by France, 121; flight of Don John from, 121; escape of the fleet from the Tagus, 121; revulsion of feeling against Junot in, 122; fraternization of the people with Junot's army, 122; appointment of a council of regency, 122; Junot's military administration in, 122; applies to England for help, 122; insurrections against French rule, 122; N. offers the crown to Lucien, 129; intrigues for the throne of, 129; Junot appointed governor of, 132; to be given to a Bonaparte prince, 133; France proposes an exchange for, 133; the crown offered to Murat, 147; destruction of her commerce, 151; Junot's occupation of, 156; French evacuation of, 157; Lord Wellesley enters, 157; intensity of the rebellion in, 185; sympathy with Spain, 186; supposed English scheme to abandon, 187; Wellesley expels the French from, 236; England's loss of trade with, 272; reinforcements for the English army in, 284; English failures in, 283; held by Wellington, 283; Massena invades, 284; Junot aspires to the crown of, 287; Soult aspires to the crown of, 287, 296; Soult's invasion of (1809), 286; Wellington retreats to, 289, 290; N. proposes to restore, to the House of Braganza, 319; member of the Vienna coalition, iv. 164; N.'s dread of capture in, 220.

=Posen=, N. in, ii. 444; iii. 331; expected scene of operations, 1; French occupation of, 12; incorporated into the grand duchy of Warsaw, 56; Eugene assumes command at, 385; Murat abandons the army at, 393.

=Potemkin, Prince=, N. seeks service with, i. 216.

=Potsdam=, treaty of, ii. 377, 390; N. at, 437.

=Pougy=, military operations near, iv. 89.

=Pozzo di Borgo, Count C. A.=, the Corsican victory of, i. 22; associated with N. in Corsica, 117; member of the Directory of Corsica, 133; delegate to the National Assembly, 133; N.'s lifelong foe, 165; iii. 314; iv. 98; attorney-general of Corsica, i. 185; suspected of intrigue with England, 190; denounced by N., 206; ordered to trial, 403; Russian envoy at Vienna, ii. 445; iii. 178, 314; on the humiliation of Prussia, 63; influence at St. Petersburg, 165; at peace council in Paris, iv. 114.

=Pradt, Abbe de=, mission from Dresden to Poland, iii. 331.

=Prague=, Maria Louisa at, iii. 331; N. acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, iv. 135.

=Prague, Congress of=, iii. 417-420; 423; iv. 30, 41, 68.

=Prairial=, the 30th of, ii. 92.

=Pratzen=, fighting on the heights of, ii. 383-387.

=Preameneu, Bigot de=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.

=Prefects=, the system of, ii. 127.

=Pregel, River=, military movements on the, iii. 30.

=Prenzlau=, Hohenlohe's retreat to, ii. 434; Hohenlohe driven from, 436.

=Presburg=, treaty of, ii. 391, 405; iii. 55, 109, 195, 200; military operations near, 226, 230; Archduke John at, 227, 230.

=Press, the=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110; demand for freedom of in Corsica, 116; condition in France, 281; members of, proscribed, ii. 8; abolition of liberty of, 8, 145; N. and the liberty of, 23; muzzling of, 36, 254, 271; suppression of Jacobin papers, 97; N.'s use of, 186; iii. 25; servility to N., ii. 232-235; censorship of, 234, 235, 296, 350, 362, 397, 417; iii. 25, 88, 160, 297, 300; iv. 146; in modern France, ii. 254; N.'s reason for repression of, 254; liberty of, in England, 271; N. attempts to muzzle the English, 356; supervision of the, iv. 51; abolition of censorship promised, 159.

=Press-gang=, employment of, in France, ii. 332.

=Pretender, the=. See =Louis XVIII=.

=Preussisch-Eylau=. See =Eylau=.

=Preval, Gen.=, refuses service on d'Enghien courtmartial, ii, 307.

=Primary Assembly, the=, i. 305.

=Primogeniture=, N. on, i. 137; abolished, ii. 223; iii. 84; its advantages and decay, 84.

=Primolano=, capture of Wurmser's advance-guard at, i. 384.

="Prince of the Peace," the=. See =Godoy=.

=Pripet, River=, Bagration's stand on the, iii. 335.

=Privilege=, the overthrow of, i. 158.

=Privy council=, creation of a, ii. 247.

=Probstheida=, military movements near, iv. 32.

=Property rights=, N.'s share in codifying the law concerning, ii. 223.

=Prossnitz=, junction of Russian and Austrian troops at, ii. 379.

=Protestants=, demand of civil rights, for the, i. 106.

=Provence=, a tempestuous time in, i. 212; royalist rising in, ii. 161; royalist sentiment in, iv. 137; N.'s reception in, 138, 144; longing in, for the Emperor's return, 152; the White Terror in, 222.

=Provera, Gen.=, in Rivoli campaign, i. 406-414; called to reorganize the Roman army, ii. 39.

=Provins=, military movements near, iv. 62, 72, 81, 85.

=Prowtowski, Gen.=, accompanies N. to St. Helena, iv. 228.

=Prud'hon, Pierre=, painter, ii. 351.

=Prussia=, relations, alliances, etc., with Austria, i. 174, 324; ii. 86, 155, 264, 389, 413; iii. 22, 225, 234, 330; iv. 41, 57; captures Longwy, i. 179; expected enmity of, 187; effect of military successes of, 194; partition of Poland, 220, 425; abandons the coalition, 276, 324; defeats Austria, 325; uplifting of, and growth of the national spirit in, 325, 350, 425; ii. 41, 154, 415, 417; iii. 37, 44, 62, 95, 103, 106, 137, 159, 161, 193, 213, 225, 319, 327, 382, 385, 391-394, 397, 420, 423; makes peace with France (1795), i. 341, (1796), 349; neutrality of, 385; ii. 43, 90, 154-157, 311, 414; iii. 44; treaty with France (1796), i. 450; attitude toward France (1797-98), ii. 41-44; favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41; supposed mistaken policy of, 43; recognizes the Cisalpine Republic, 43; the center of gravity of Europe, 155; negotiates with France for Hamburg, 154; refuses to join the second coalition, 154; France's assistance to, against Austria, 154; N. negotiates with, 156; supremacy in the German Diet, 193; joins the "armed neutrality," 194; territories acquired by (1802), 265; strengthening of, 266; Ney's check on, 272; N. dictates her attitude, 1803, 282; acquiesces in the creation of the empire, 320; protests against Rumbold's seizure, 331; negotiates for Hanover, 356-358; relations with Russia, negotiations and treaties between the two countries, and attitudes of their rulers, 355, 356, 405, 406, 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 22, 37, 41, 54, 108, 168, 178, 225, 316, 320, 329, 330, 382, 385, 398, 424; iv. 67; Hardenberg's aim at consolidation, ii. 358; refuses alliance with England, 358; to receive Hanover for assistance to France, 361; garrisons Hanover, 361; strength compared with France, 361; violation of her neutrality, 365; resents Bernadotte's violation of Ansbach, 376; renounces her neutrality, 377; decline of her influence, 377; negotiates for peace, 381; to close her ports to England, 390; N. demands offensive and defensive alliance with, 390; subservience to France, 394; proposal to give Hamburg, Bremen, and Luebeck to, 400; alliance with France, 400; England declares war against, 400; acquires Hanover, 400, 405; humiliation of, 400, 406, 443; iii. 22, 37, 44, 56, 62, 65, 161-165; neutralization of her power, ii. 402; joins England and Russia, 406; territorial aggrandizement, 413; the reigns of the Fredericks, 413, 414; her army, 413, 414, 418-422, 424, 427, 434, 437; iii. 397, 417; iv. 171; education in, ii. 415; condition in 1806, 415; feudalism in, 414-417; influence of Queen Louisa in, 415; the reform party in, 414-417; exasperation at N. in, 416, 417, 420; N. demands the disarmament of, 418; ill effects of aristocratic pride in, 418-420; advised by N. to seize Pomerania, 420; N.'s necessity for quick action with, 420-422; the war party, 420, 427, 428; hesitation about mobilization, 421; declares war, 421; state of war with England, 421; weakness of, 422; plan of the campaign, 423, 424, 427; alliance with Saxony, 429; moral effect of Jena upon, 434, 435; advance of the French through, 435-439; total defeat of, 436-440; N.'s treatment of, 436, 441; plundered of works of art, 439; sack and rapine in, 439; unconscionable demands on, 442; peace negotiations, 442; abandoned by Saxony, 443; enlistments from, under the French eagles, iii. 3; retreat from Pultusk, 4; N.'s proffered terms to, after Eylau, 18; proposed rehabilitation of, 18; N.'s reserve forces in central, 22; treaty with Russia at Bartenstein, 22; proposal for a new coalition, 22; weakness of, 23, 35; numbers in the field, summer of 1807, 28; severity of N.'s terms for, 37; N. grants concessions at Tilsit, 42; armistice with, 42; retains strongholds in Silesia and Pomerania, 42; N.'s attempts to secure alliance with, 44; interest in Poland, 45; French liberal idea of France's affinity with, 45; representatives at Tilsit, 49; acquisitions of territory, 50; proposed transfer of Saxony to, 50; responsibility for her belligerency, 50; new boundaries, 55; retains Silesia, 55, 56; reorganization at Tilsit, 56; the kingdom of Westphalia carved out of, 56; treaty of Tilsit, 63 (see also =Tilsit=); feeling toward Frederick William in, 62; mutilation of, 62; war indemnity exacted from, 62, 78; French occupation of, 63, 99, 104, 108, 116, 166, 307; effect of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; fails to raise war indemnity, 99; closes and fortifies her harbors, 102; abolition of old land tenures in, 102; responsibility for the war with France, 102; the patriotic writers of, 103; reorganization of the educational system, 103; abolition of the privy council, 103; municipal autonomy, 103; freeing the serfs in, 103; the "yunker" class, 103; military reforms in, 103, 104, 162; the League of Virtue, 103, 161; subserviency to France, 104; hostility to France, 106; pleads bankruptcy, 106; N. proposes further humiliation of, 107; N. offers to evacuate, 108, 112, 167; encouraged to revolt, 159, 161, 163; civil reforms in, 164; death of military reforms in, 164; death of militarism in, 164; N.'s attitude toward, 178; endeavors to secure mitigation of N.'s demands, 178; proposes to reduce her army, 178; French evacuation of, 178, 182; effect of battle of Jena on, 190; military centralization of, 190; warlike temper in, 195; the pursuit after Waterloo, 210; secret armament in, 225; offer of Warsaw to, 225; French occupation of the coast, 266; Mme. de Stael in, 300; pecuniary demands upon, 307; treaty with France, Feb. 24, 1812, 320, 330; N.'s attitude toward, 321; influence in Germany, 320; threatened dismemberment of, 320; renders military aid to France, 320; furnishes contingent to N.'s army, 324; N. belittles, 327; coalition with Austria and Russia, 331; religious aspect of the European situation in, 382; N. hints at territorial cessions to, 392; in grand coalition against N., 393; forced to a decision, 395; N. demands more troops from, 395; advised by Metternich to join Russia, 395; entry of Russian troops into, 393, 398; aims to recover Prussian Poland, 396-400; popular detestation of N. in, 397; death of the Queen, 397; mobilization of the army, 397; condition at opening of 1813, 397-399; declares war, 398; scheme for territorial aggrandizement of, 398; seeks subsidy from England, 398; designs on Saxony, 399; N. determines to dismember, 399; subsidized by England, 399, 417; iv. 76, 164; strenuous endeavors of, iii. 403; proposed restoration of, 407; proposed new capital for, 409; N.'s new schemes for, 409; proposed enlargement of, 415; proposed rectification of the western boundary, 415; secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 417, 422; guarantees a war loan, 417; treaty with England, June 14, 1813, 417; strength of, iv. 5; N.'s personal spite against, 5, 17; N.'s attempts to separate Russia from, 17; heroism in, 19; losses at Dennewitz, 19; N. offers terms to, 21; scheme to restore her status of 1805, 22; concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; beginning of her military aggrandizement, 37; acquires the hegemony of continental Europe, 37; eagerness for war in, 41; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; proposes to invade France via Liege, 54, 57; troops on the Rhine, 55; N.'s implacable foe, 57; seeks the retention of her acquisitions, 67; desire for constitutional government in, 68; eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75; treaty of Chaumont, 76; the triple alliance, 76; Metternich strives to check ambition of, 88; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; quota of troops, 164; member of the Vienna coalition, 164; campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; reaps harvest of political spoils at Waterloo, 214; claims the glory of annihilating N., 214; losses at Waterloo, 214; claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of N., 225; influence in Germany, 298.

=Pruth, River=, Russia acquires a boundary on the, iii. 321.

=Przasnysz=, military operations near, iii. 13.

=Public works=, N.'s scheme of, ii. 279.

=Pultusk=, battle of, iii. 1-10.

=Puntowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Puster Valley=, military operations in the, i. 433.

=Pyramids=, battle of the, ii. 60.

=Pyrenees, the=, French troops in ii. 37, 44, 48; iii. 133, 134; Louis XIV "abolishes," 70; a boundary of the Continental System, 280; plans for the defense of, 421; Soult driven over, iv. 40; France's "natural boundary," 41.

Q

=Quasdanowich, Gen.=, N.'s operations against, i. 350; captures Brescia, 380; battle of Lonato, 380, 383; strength in Friuli, 386.

=Quatre Bras=, military operations near, iv. 171, 175, 178; battle of, 180-188; N.'s flight through, 211; Ney at, 214.

=Quedlinburg=, apportioned to Prussia, ii. 263.

=Queiss, River=, military operations on the, iv. 15.

=Quenza, Col.=, elected lieutenant-colonel in National Guard of Corsica, i. 166; commanding Corsican volunteers, 170; conduct at Ajaccio condemned, 172; his command under Dumouriez, 184.

=Quiberon=, English expedition to, i. 277.

=Quinette, N. M.=, member of the new Directory, iv. 218.

=Quirinal, the=, Pius VII a faineant prince in, iii. 119; forcible entry into, 242.

R

=Raab=, Archduke John advances toward, iii. 226.

=Radetsky, Count J. J. W.=, military genius, 6; favors invasion of France, 57; courage, 59; advises concentration of the allies at Arcis, 89.

=Radziwill, Princess=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415.

=Ragusa=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; N. offers the territory to England, 404, 405; Marmont created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Marmont=.

"=Ragusade=," the word, iv. 127.

=Rahmaniyeh=, Mameluke retreat toward, ii. 69.

=Raigern=, military operations near, ii. 385, 386.

=Rambouillet=, the imperial court at, iii. 301; flight of the Empress to, iv. 108-112, 135; N. at, 219.

=Rambouillet decree, the=, March 23, 1810, iii. 274.

=Ramolini=, associated with N. in Corsica, i. 117.

=Ramolino, Letizia= (mother of N.), marriage, i. 30; character, 30-34. See also =Buonaparte, Letizia=.

=Rampon, Gen.=, holds Argenteau in check, i. 353, 356; his stand at Monte Legino, 356, 393.

=Rapinat=, frauds of, ii. 91.

=Rapp, Count Jean=, on N.'s desire for peace, ii. 268; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; seizes a would-be assassin of N., iii. 240; recounts the horrors of the Russian campaign, 340; begs N. to desist at Smolensk, 340; commanding at Dantzic, 402.

=Rastatt=, Congress of, ii. 19, 22, 27, 38, 41, 51, 52, 69, 88, 89, 264; neutralization of, 22; the murders at, 89, 300.

=Ratisbon=, Jourdan's defeat near, i. 385; selected as N.'s headquarters, iii. 202; military movements near, 203, 204, 205, 209, 216; battle of, 211; seized by Archduke Charles, 216; N. wounded at, 240; given to Dalberg, 266; Saxon troops offered to Austria at, 399.

=Raynal, Abbe G. T. F.=, N. a disciple of, i. 71, 75-78, 81, 114, 115, 127, 137; ii. 46, 139; his works and opinions, i. 75-78; the "History of Corsica" addressed to, 92, 124, 127; founds prize for essay on America, 137.

=Raynouard, F. J. M.=, "The Templars," ii. 350.

=Real, P. F.=, urges action against Bourbon plotters, ii. 304; police-agent, 306; share in the trial of d'Enghien, 306-310.

=Reason=, the party of, i. 250.

=Recamier, Mme.=, social life in Paris, i. 290; ii. 411, 412; instigates Moreau's letter to N., 290; N.'s differences with, 411, 412; relations with Mme. de Stael, 411; exiled, 412.

=Recamier, M.=, bankruptcy of, ii. 411.

=Recco, Abbe=, N.'s early tutor, i. 41.

="Redoubtable," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Red Sea=, its importance, ii. 46.

"=Reflections on the State of Nature=," i. 145.

=Reform=, the French nobility and, i. 142.

=Regensburg=, seat of the German Diet, ii. 404. See also =Ratisbon=.

=Reggio=, new scheme of government for, i. 402; disposition by treaty of Leoben, 439; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Oudinot created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Oudinot=.

=Regnaud, M. L. E.=, ii. 214.

=Regnier, C. A.=, moves the appointment of N. as commander of the Paris garrison, ii. 104; in Leon, iii. 283; strength, March, 1812, 324.

=Reich, Baronne de=, imprisonment of, ii. 304.

=Reichenbach=, French generals killed at, iii. 410; secret treaty of, 416, 418, 422, 423; iv. 68.

=Reille, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283; at Leers, iv. 171; in the Waterloo campaign, 171; seizes Marchiennes, 173; crosses the Sambre, 173; at Thuin, 173; disperses the Prussians at Gosselies, 175, 177; battle of Quatre Bras, 181, 183, 186; battle of Waterloo, 199-203.

=Religion=, N.'s attitude toward, i. 146; ii. 205-208, 215-218, 224, 226, 227, 245, 256, 258, 259; iii. 174, 175; influence on the social life of the world, ii. 47.

=Religious opinion=, freedom of, decreed, i. 110.

=Remusat, Mme. de=, N.'s relations with, i. 77; ii. 9, 55, 118, 197, 198, 255, 421; iii. 19, 27, 80; confidences with Josephine, ii. 308; reports N.'s answers to Josephine's charges, iii. 27; conversations with Talleyrand, 80.

=Rene=, exploit at Lake Garda, i. 414.

=Rennes=, interview between N. and Villeneuve at, ii. 375.

=Republican calendar=, ceases to exist, ii. 406.

=Restoration, the=, revulsion of feeling against N. at the, ii. 199.

=Reudnitz=, military operations near, iv. 28.

=Revolution, the=, its germ, i. 74; N.'s views concerning, 78; first mutterings and opening of, 96-98 et seq.; excesses of, 108-111; federation for, 141; European antagonism to, 142; in the Rhone Valley, 148-159; becomes a national movement, 240; favored in Lombardy and Tuscany, 261; propagating the ideas of, 276; ii. 38; failure to give political freedom to France, 293; effect on the French people, 319; its humanitarian mission, 348; the art of, iii. 88; treatment in French literature, 88; completion of its program to close the continent to English commerce, 279; the work of, 422; N. the standard-bearer of, 424; iv. 152, 261; its principles and effect, 253-257; shorn of its horrors, 297.

=Rewbell, J. F.=, member of the Directory, i. 309, 329, 332; ii. 35; character, i. 329; dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; N.'s relations with, ii. 23; advocates N.'s resignation, 52; suspected of peculation, 92; fails of reelection to the Directory, 91.

=Rey, Gen.=, in the battle of Rivoli, i. 414.

=Reynier, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; battle of the Pyramids, 60; fails to keep Russia out of Warsaw, iii. 385; division commander under Eugene, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; battle of Leipsic, 27, 32, 34; captured at Leipsic, 34; exchanged, 61.

=Rheims=, prison massacres in, i. 188; occupied by N., iv. 77; captured by St. Priest, 80; N.'s low physical and moral condition at, 82; captured by the French, 82, 84, 85; N. at, 91, 107; captured by the allies, 94; possible advantages of a supposititious retreat by Marmont to, 99.

=Rhine, River, the=, the boundary question and struggles for, i. 276, 327, 334, 446, 450; ii. 22, 38, 41, 51, 193, 264, 356; iii. 416, 422; iv. 31, 41; royalist plots on, i. 297; military operations on, 341, 347, 358, 435, 439, 440; ii. 48, 87, 88, 160, 166, 304, 362-364, 404; iv. 36, 40, 54-60, 70, 169; plundering on, ii. 38; iii. 75; French supremacy on, ii. 96; N.'s scheme of petty states on, 265; French march to the Danube from, 376; Louis ordered to hold, 424; a French river, iii. 270; N.'s excursion on, 421.

=Rhodes=, Turkish naval preparations at, ii. 75; expedition to Egypt from, 75-79.

=Rhone, River, the=, French acquisitions on, i. 422; N.'s reception on, iv. 137.

=Rhone, Valley, the=, the Revolution in, i. 148-159; N.'s influence in, 178; civil war in, 213; to be ceded to France, ii. 40.

=Richelieu, Cardinal=, scheme of intervention in Germany, ii. 211; policy at close of the Thirty Years' War, 264.

=Richepanse, Gen.=, success on the Mettenberg, ii. 168; in battle of Hohenlinden, 191.

=Richmond, Duchess of=, ball on the eve of Waterloo, iv. 178.

=Richmond, Duke of=, interview between Wellington and, at the ball, iv. 178.

=Ricord=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; in siege of Toulon, 231; in charge of movements against Genoa, 248.

=Ricord, Mme.=, N.'s attentions to, i. 256.

=Riga=, N. threatens to march to, iii. 304; preparations for the siege of, 333; Prussian troops at, 338; military operations near, 353.

=Rights of man=, the, i. 326.

=Rippach=, skirmish at, iii. 404; death of Bessieres at, 404.

=Riviera=, Austrian garrison for the, ii. 170.

=Rivoli=, the starting-point of N.'s public career, i. 148; battle of, 380, 388, 410-416; ii. 140, 323; N.'s estimate of, i. 416, 420; effect of the campaign on European history, 416; Massena created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Massena=.

=Road-work=, French popular hatred of, i. 105.

=Roberjot=, member of Congress of Rastatt, ii. 88; killed at Rastatt, 89.

=Roberjot, Mme.=, accuses Debry of murder, ii. 89.

=Robespierre, Augustin=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219; in siege of Toulon, 231; N.'s friendship with, 236, 241, 247, 253, 289; leadership of, 241; describes the French campaign in Lombardy, 244; execution, 251; influence on N.'s life, iv. 248.

=Robespierre, Charlotte=, N.'s attentions to, i. 256.

=Robespierre, Mme.=, pension for, ii. 293.

=Robespierre, Maximilien=, member of the National Convention, i. 188; dictator of France, 194; fall and execution, 247-252, 266; religious decrees, 250; N.'s characterization of, 251; hatred of the Church, 330; dread of Carnot, 333; influence on N.'s life, iv. 248.

"=Robespierre, the Little=," i. 238.

=Rochambeau, Gen.=, succeeds Leclerc in San Domingo, ii. 237; surrenders to an English fleet, 237.

=Rochefort=, naval expedition from, ii. 331, 333; the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 359; the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; N. journeys to Rochefort, iv. 220; English cruisers at, 220; immunity from the White Terror, 223.

=Roederer=, ii. 51, 214; dreads a new Terror, 94; joins the Bonapartist ranks, 96; an opportunist, 98; on the necessity of renewing the constitution, 106; the 18th Brumaire, 107; member of the council of state, 152; on Fourcroy's educational measures, 227; advocates the Legion of Honor, 246; suggests hereditary consulship, 245; dismissed, 277; character, 277; reforms Neapolitan finance, iii. 130; interviews and conversations with N., 197; iv. 248, 249; sent out of France, 262.

=Roger-Ducos=, member of the Directory, ii. 92; scheme to make him consul, 102; proposed resignation of, 102; resigns from the Directory, 106, 115, 118; consul of France, 123.

=Rohan, Cardinal=, retirement at Ettenheim, ii. 301.

=Rohan-Rochefort, Princess Charlotte of=, married to Duc d'Enghien, ii. 301; the Duc d'Enghien's last message to, 310.

=Rohr=, Archduke Charles's force at, iii. 207.

=Roland, J. N.=, forms a ministry, i. 172; leader of the Girondists, 189.

=Romagna=, surrendered to France, i. 422; ceded to Venice at Leoben, 439; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21; Austrian forces in, 170.

=Roman Catholic Church=, N.'s views concerning the, i. 76; influence in Corsica, 128; opposition to the French Republic, 276; the Pope shorn of his temporal power, iii. 242; influence on France, iv. 253.

=Roman Catholics=, disturbances among, in Corsica, i. 167, 168.

=Roman Church=, N.'s failure to Gallicize, iv. 260.

=Roman Empire, the=, ii. 329; compared with Napoleonic France, ii. 222, 235.

=Roman Republic, the=, organization and proclamation of, ii. 30, 86; Neapolitan invasion of, 87; abandonment of, 205.

=Romanoff, House of=, N. proposes matrimonial alliances with, iii. 93.

=Rome=, maritime expedition against, i. 257, 261; difficulties of an attack on, 262; murder of French minister (Basseville) in, 261, 375, 422; N.'s hostility toward the central power at, 264; temporal power of the Pope, 345; plunder of, 369; ii. 39; plan to capture, i. 375; N.'s plans concerning, 401, 405, 422, 423; quarrel between France and, 401, 420; influence of, 404; proposition to hand her over to Spain, 420; campaign against Pius VI, 420-423; dispersal of the papal army, 422; Victor's military watch on, 431; N.'s influence in, 448; N.'s operations against, ii. 9; Joseph Buonaparte minister at, 28; Berthier proclaims the Roman Republic in, 39; calls Provera to reorganize her army, 39; liberal rising in, 39; Austria to be restrained from interference in, 42; Neapolitan invasion of, 68, 72, 87; recognition of the Pope's temporal power in, 207; restrictions on residence in, 216; remains of Pius VI sent to, 216; Chateaubriand French representative at, 260; France to evacuate, 262; Madame Mere and Lucien at, 342; N. demands recognition as Emperor of, 396; ports of, closed to enemies of France, 396; French occupation of, iii. 118; excommunication for the invaders of, 119; disbandment of the Noble Guard, 119; Pius VII's idle state in, 119; severing of the spiritual and temporal powers, 215, 242; the city incorporated with Italy, 242; occupied by Gen. Miollis, 242; the College of Cardinals and ecclesiastical courts transported to France, 258, 263; the department of, created, 262, 263, 279; secularization of the convents, 263; dispersal of foreign prelates, 264; Paris a rival to, as capital of the Western empire, 307; sends deputation to Paris, 380; restoration of the Pope's domains, 391; Murat marches on, iv. 56; Lucien fosters revolution in, 144; France the heir of, 253; influence throughout Italy, 256.

=Rome= (ancient), governmental systems of, adopted in France, i. 269, 270; ii. 123; influence on French art, iii. 88; the territorial expansion of, 164; loss of her political liberty, iv. 260; the history of, 294.

=Rome, the King of=, Schwarzenberg's toast to, iii. 261; the title, 262; birth of, 302, 328; brilliancy of his future, 302; address of the Paris Chamber of Commerce on the birth of, 303; his portrait at Borodino, 343; entrusted to care of the National Guard, iv. 53; Joseph enjoined to preserve him from Austrian capture, 91; likened to Astyanax, 91, 108; chances of his succession, 107; flight from Paris, 107-110; an ill omen for, 109; proposed regency for, 114; N. declares for his succession, 124; territory granted to, 133; proposed coronation of, 157; dismissal of his French attendants, 162; sends message to his father, 162; failure of the attempt to crown, 165; N.'s farewell message to, 233.

=Roncesvalles=, French military movements at, iii. 132.

=Ronco=, military operations at, i. 389-391.

=Rosily, Adm.=, ordered to supersede Villeneuve, ii. 372.

=Rositten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Rossbach=, battle of, iv. 267.

=Rosslau=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22.

=Rossomme=, N. at, iv. 195, 207, 210; fighting at, 211.

=Rostino=, meeting of N. and Paoli at, i. 132.

=Rousseau, Jean Jacques=, views on Corsica, i. 18, 19; offered asylum by Paoli, 19; N.'s study of, and admiration for, 65, 70-78, 114, 145, 264; ii. 139, 256; iv. 292; N.'s style compared with that of, i. 136; on man in a state of nature, 145; influence of, in France, 266, 267; theory of natural boundaries, 326; Chateaubriand a disciple of, ii. 259.

=Roussel, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Roustan=, reply to Rousseau, i. 76.

=Roverbello=, battle of, iv. 56.

=Roveredo=, battle of, i. 384; abandoned by Vaubois, 387.

=Rovigo=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Savary created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Savary=.

=Royal Corsican Regiment=, refuses to fight against its native island, i. 22.

=Royal family=, imprisoned in the Temple, i. 175.

=Royalism=, hatred of the French for, ii. 194; its evils abolished from France, 224.

=Royalists=, institute the "White Terror," i. 277, 278; plots and intrigues of, 277, 298, 328; ii. 3-6, 8, 36, 241, 297-301; iv. 81; English subsidies for, i. 325; banished from Sardinia, 353; the Clichy faction, ii. 3-5, 7, 8; relations and negotiations between N. and, ii. 3-6, 36, 124, 134, 195, 229, 239, 259; iv. 259; extended influence in 1798, ii. 5; events of the 18th of Fructidor, 7, 8, 22, 23; Austria seeks their triumph in Paris, 19; proscription of, 8, 22, 23; attitude of the Directory toward, 36; claims concerning the murders at Rastatt, 89; Moreau's tendency toward, 94; sigh for a second Richelieu, 120; views of the results of the 18th Brumaire, 121; encouraged to return to France, 130; dissensions among, 239-241; publish "L'Ambigu," 270; the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.; in Alsace, 301; argument in their favor, 348; growing strength of, iv. 98; display their enthusiasm in Paris, 114; their hour of triumph, 127; opposition to, by the army, 132; supported in Provence, 137; plots against N.'s life, 138, 144; commemorate the death of Louis XVI, 149; defend the Tuileries, 158; stirred up by Jacobin enmity to N., 166.

=Royal power=, N. on, i. 93.

=Royal Scots Fusileers=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

="Royal Sovereign," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373.

=Royer-Collard, P. P.=, Royalist intrigues of, iv. 106.

=Ruechel, Gen.=, his military command, ii. 425; at Eisenach, 427; ordered to concentrate at Weimar, 430; in battle of Jena, 430, 431.

=Rue de Paix, the=, iii. 74.

=Rue Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.

=Rully, Gen.=, commands expedition to Corsica, i. 125; killed at St. Florent, 126.

=Rumanizoff, Count=, Russian minister, iii. 100, 113; discusses partition of Turkey, 116; at the Erfurt conference, 171; foresees danger to the Franco-Russian alliance, 244; adviser to Alexander I, 351; leads the peace party of Russia, 351.

=Rumbold=, seized by French agents at Hamburg, ii. 330.

=Rumelia=, proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, iii. 55.

=Russbach, River=, military operations on the, iii. 219, 226, 230.

=Russia=, aggrandizement of, i. 22; N.'s ambition to serve, 216, 319; ii. 15; iv. 256; share in the partition of, and relations with Poland, i. 220, 425; iii. 45, 316, 318; relations and alliances with Austria, i. 325, 425; ii. 44, 61, 72, 145, 154, 209, 312, 355, 360, 363, 381; iii. 169, 178, 311-316, 328, 331, 342, 419; iv. 75, 76; death of Catherine II, i. 425; foreign policy (1797), 425; N. intercepts despatches from the Czar to Malta, 424; weakness of revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 45; alliances and relations with, schemes of conquest of, and wars with Turkey, 67, 72, 418; iii. 20, 51, 52, 55, 64, 99, 106-114, 162, 176, 236, 248, 309, 310, 321, 350; plans military operations in Italy, ii. 72; the second coalition, 86, 90, 136, 142; military operations in Holland, 90; military operations in Switzerland and Italy, 91; successes on the Trebbia, 92; defeats Joubert at Novi, 92; defeated at Zuerich by Massena, 93; withdraws from the second coalition, 142; interest in, and activity concerning Malta, 141, 154, 193, 210, 285; alliances and general friendly relations with France, 154, 203, 209-211, 263, 266, 347, 394, 401; iii. 36, 38, 43-46, 49, 65, 73, 107, 115, 166, 176, 178, 244, 255, 329; organizes the "armed neutrality," ii. 194, 209, 210; schemes of Oriental extension and conquest, 194, 209, 262, 330, 347, 348, 401; iii. 50, 55, 64, 108, 167, 236; iv. 41, 67; intercedes for Naples, ii. 203; N.'s relations with and attitudes toward, 203, 293, 356, 361; ii. 440-442; iii. 45, 103, 115, 280, 304, 306, 313-318, 392; relations with, subsidies from, and wars with England, ii. 209, 210, 263, 357, 401, 406, 421; iii. 49, 55, 64, 99, 100, 102, 105, 117, 265, 266, 287, 288, 316, 321, 351, 398, 417; iv. 41, 76, 164; assassination of Paul I and accession of Alexander I, ii. 210; abandons the "armed neutrality," 263; hostile and general unfriendly relations with France, 293, 312, 330, 347-349; 355, 356, 361; iii. 287, 288, 305, 309-318, 329, 392, 408; mourns the death of the Duc d'Enghien, ii. 311; stains on reigning houses of, 317; protests against seizure of Enghien, 331; occupies Ionian Islands, 330, 353, 357, 405; demands indemnity for the king of Sardinia, 330, 348, 418; attitude in 1805, 352; relations (friendly and hostile) with Prussia, 353, 376-378, 417, 418; iii. 1, 18, 21-23, 55, 225, 316, 320, 331, 382, 385, 397, 424; her troops in Galicia, ii. 363; Bernadotte and Davout watch her army, 366; military position on the Inn, 367; defeat of Mortier at Duerrenstein, 368; military position on the Enns, 367; outgeneraled by N., 376; the battle of Austerlitz, 382 et seq.; Czartoryski's view of her policy in 1803, 381; occupies Naples, 395; excluded from councils of Western Europe, 402; occupies Bocche di Cattaro, 405; strengthens Corfu, 405; pretensions in Germany, 419; military operations on the Danube, ii. 441; military operations against, iii. 1; concentrates troops at Pultusk, 1; driven from Warsaw, 2; character of the population, 3; a new seat of war for N., 3; battle of Pultusk, 4; retreat to Ostrolenka, 5; N.'s new experience in campaigning in, 5; defects in the army, 9; devotion of the army to the Czar, 9; the Cossacks, 9; defeat at Mohrungen, 10; condition of troops at Eylau, 14; financial difficulties, 20, 35, 304, 305; Turko-Persian alliance against, 20; successes on the lower Danube, 20; weakness of, 22, 23; requests Francis's adherence to convention of Bartenstein, 22; proposal for a new coalition, 22; bravery of her soldiers, 27; dissensions in the court, 28; forces engaged at Friedland, 31, 32; military sacrifices, 35; peace party in, 35; fighting the battles of others, 34, 35; destitution in the army, 35; schemes of territorial aggrandizement, 34, 35; N. demands pledges from, 36; proposed Baltic boundary line, 36; ambition to be regarded as a European power, 45; N. a foil to her ambition, 45; representatives at Tilsit, 49; schemes for the partition or acquisition of the Danubian principalities, 50, 55, 98, 99, 105, 310, 314; to mediate between England and France, 55; acquires Bielostok, 56, 62; refuses to seize Memel, 62; dislike of Savary in, 64; court and social manners and customs, 64; discontent with the Czar, 64, 109, 117; intrigues to acquire, and the invasion and acquisition of Finland, 64, 98, 113-116, 236, 248, 268, 281, 310, 316; attempts to bring Spain into the coalition, 71; effect of the treaty of Tilsit, 72; diplomatic intrigues in, 98; her good offices sought with Denmark, 98; frontier menaced by France, 99; Alexander seeks to abolish serfdom in, 99; commerce of, 99; effects of the peace of Tilsit on, 99; N. intervenes between Turkey and, 99; terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105; Tolstoi defends, 105; diplomatic crisis in, 108-110; sends a fresh mission to N., 110; proposed invasion of Sweden, 113; court intrigue in, 115; Caulaincourt conducts negotiations with, 116; blockade of the fleet by England, 117; outwitted by N., 129; the Spanish question discussed with, 158; N.'s proposed naval cooeperation with, 166; the anti-French party in, 167, 195; urged to occupy Warsaw, and parts of Prussia and Austria, 177; N. makes technical call for the aid of, 198; invades Galicia, 236; acquires part of Galicia, 239; menaced by the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 244; news of the Austrian marriage in, 255; treaty with Sweden, Sept. 17, 1809, 268; evades the Continental System, 280; Mme. de Stael in, 299; rivalry of France, 309; effects of the Continental System on, 310; an incident that changed the course of history, 314, 315; advances an army to the Danube, 314; prepares for war, 314; opens negotiations with England and Sweden, 316; war with France inevitable, 317; acquires a boundary on the Pruth, 321; treaty with Sweden, April 12, 1812, 321; withdraws troops from the Danube, 321; thoroughness of N.'s preparations for war with, 323-325; Caulaincourt's knowledge of, 326; agricultural distress in, 328; concentration of troops in, 328; intrigues leading to the war of 1812, 328-333; ukase of Dec., 1810, 329; the neutral trade of, 329; Narbonne's mission from Dresden to, 331; N.'s scheme to expel her from Europe, 332; N.'s military knowledge of, 333, 334, 340; menacing outlook for, 334; N.'s plan of campaign in, 333, 338; disposition of her army, 335; N. strikes the first blow at, 335; military weakness, 336; military enthusiasm in, 337; sufferings of both armies in, 337, 357 et seq.; battle of Smolensk, iii. 339; "the Ney of," 339, 340; despotic character of her government, 340; lack of centralization in, 340, 374; horrors of the campaign in, 340, 341; N. fails to pass counterfeit money in, 341; the lessons of Eylau and Austerlitz, 341; N.'s ignorance of the strength of feeling in, 342; speculation on the Czar's military policy, 342; battle of Borodino, 343-345, 346; the Kremlin, 345, 347; claims the honor of burning Moscow, 349; temper of the peasantry, 350; the Old Russian party for peace, 351; Alexander's advisers, 351; founding of the Russian Bible Society, 351; English military mission to reorganize the army, 351; causes of the French disasters in, 353; N.'s retreat from Moscow, 353-356; partizan warfare in, 359; adopting the tactics of Egypt in, 359; the terror of N.'s name in, 360, 363, 365; her allies, Want and Winter, 360, 373; massacre of French stragglers in, 362; N.'s contempt for, 363; treatment of French prisoners in, 367; hopes in, of capturing N., 367; N.'s excuse for defeat in, 372; compared with Spain, 374; poor generalship in, 374; diminishing strength of, 382; invades the grand duchy of Warsaw, 385; treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391; Metternich seeks to embroil Sweden and, 395; possession of Warsaw, 399; apathy of, 403; Nesselrode's appearance in, 409; secret treaty of Reichenbach, 416, 421; issues paper money, 417; treaty with England, 417; to maintain a standing army, 417; guarantees a war loan, 417; inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424; strength, iv. 6; N. attempts to separate Prussia from, 17; concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; the campaign of 1813, 39; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; anxiety for peace, 41; troops on the Rhine, 55; N. endeavors to separate Austria from, 75; the triple alliance, 76; treaty of Chaumont, 76; suspicious of Schwarzenberg's attitude, 89; barbarity of her troops, 102; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; Alexander proposes a home for N. in, 133; attitude at Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; quota of troops, 164; member of the Vienna coalition, 164; the campaign of the Hundred Days, 167 et seq.; claims the glory of annihilating N., 214; claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of N., 225; N.'s horror of being sent to, 227; expansion of, 298. See also =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =St. Petersburg=.

=Rustan=, N.'s body-servant, ii. 426; iii. 74; 410; iv. 134; Queen Louisa's allusion to, at Tilsit, iii. 61.

=Rustchuk, Pasha of=, appointed grand vizir, iii. 162; attempts to restore Selim III, 162.

S

=Saalburg=, military operations at, ii. 428.

=Saale, River=, military operations on the, ii. 429-433; iv. 19, 23, 25.

=Saar, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58.

=Sachsen, Gen.=, leads Neapolitan army against Rome, ii. 72.

=Sacken, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15; checks Schwarzenberg, 369; reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, iv. 63; held by Mortier, 74; battle of Craonne, 78.

=St. Aignan=, French envoy to Saxon duchies, iv. 42; imprisoned at Gotha, 42; conducts negotiations with N., 42, 43, 45.

=St. Amand=, d'Erlon ordered to move on, iv. 186.

=St. Andre=, mayor of Mainz, anecdote concerning N. and, iii. 421.

=St. Bartholomew's Day=, fears of a repetition of the massacre of, iv. 147.

="St. Bartholomew of privilege," the=, i. 110.

=St. Bernard range=, Austrian watch on the, ii. 170, 171. See also =Great St. Bernard=; =Little St. Bernard=.

=Saint-Cannat=, N. at, iv. 139.

=St. Cloud=, proposed councils at, ii. 101-104, 106, 109 et seq.; Bernadotte plans to head a force at, 109; Murat commanding guard at, 109; the 18th and 19th Brumaire at, 111 et seq.; iv. 258; N. declines a gift of, ii. 244; promulgation of the decree creating the empire from, 322; return of N. from Tilsit to, iii. 72; social vices at, 92; important levee at, Aug. 15, 1808, 169; N. and Maria Louisa at, 258; the imperial court at, 258; N. returns to, iv. 39, 47.

=Saint-Cyr=, Elisa Buonaparte educated at, i. 55, 176, 182; the Academy at, 176, 182.

=Saint-Cyr, Carra=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220, 221.

=Saint-Cyr, Gen.=, military successes of, i. 274; at battle of Biberach, ii. 167; engagement on the Mettenberg, 168; fails to come up at Messkirch, 167; reinforces Moreau at Engen, 167; enters Naples, 287; ordered to occupy Naples, 362; Villeneuve ordered to cooeperate with, 371; at La Junquera, iii. 183.

=Saint-Cyr, Gouvion=, strength of his corps, March, 1812, iii. 324; losses of his Bavarian corps in Russia, 337; Wittgenstein resumes offensive against, 359; junction with Victor, 360; checks Wittgenstein, 361; holds Dresden, iv. 7, 8, 25, 27; battle of Dresden, 9; sent to support Vandamme at Kulm, 15; guarding roads from Bohemia, 18.

=St. Denis=, tumults at, i. 86; restoration of the cathedral at, iii. 74; defense of, iv. 109.

=St. Dizier=, military movements near, iv. 58, 60, 95; N. at, 95, 96, 101; military council at, 103.

=St. Florent=, N. prepares plans for its defense, i. 91; French fleet at, 125; disorders at, 126, 191; expedition against Ajaccio from, 203-208; French power in, 207; English capture of, 260.

=St. George=, Provera at, i. 414.

=St. Gotthard Pass=, Suvaroff's disasters in, ii. 141; French passage of, 169, 172-174; Austrian watch on, 170.

=St. Helena=, N.'s will made at, i. 127; N.'s reminiscent statements made at, 146, 232, 289, 306; ii. 47, 75, 79, 81, 118, 145, 208, 292; 311; iii. 85, 210, 277; iv. 16, 62, 153, 156, 177, 191; N.'s death at, ii. 82; iv. 234; N.'s ambition concerning, ii. 289; early proposition to deport N. to, iv. 145; chosen as the place of exile, 224-229; N.'s objections to the rock, 226; special form of government for, 227, 229; the voyage to, 227, 287; landing of N. at, 229; topography, climate, etc., 228, 232; N.'s life on, 229-235; violent storm in, 234; the exile's court at, 288.

=Saint-Hilaire, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 388; in Eylau campaign, iii. 15.

=St. Ildefonso=, the treaties of, ii. 204.

=St. Jean d'Acre=. See =Acre=.

"=St. Jerome=," Correggio's, i. 374.

=St. Julien, Count=, blundering negotiations by, ii. 187, 188; imprisonment of, 188.

=St. Lambert=, Grouchy ordered to, iv. 190; Buelow at, 193.

=St. Leu=, proposal that Louis withdraw to, iii. 276.

=St. Mark=, actions at, i. 410, 412, 413.

=St. Maximin=, Lucien Buonaparte in, i. 238.

=St. Michael=, seizure of, by Massena, i. 436.

=St. Michel=, battle of, i. 410.

=St. Napoleon=, i. 39.

=St. Peter, island of=, capture, ii. 13.

=St. Peter's, Rome=, N. claims coronation in, ii. 396.

=St. Petersburg=, the French envoy dismissed from, ii. 348; return of the Czar from Tilsit to, iii. 64; the peace of Europe in, 65; the French ambassador at, 87; diplomatic intrigues at, 97; Alexander fears for, 98; diplomatic crisis in, 108, 109; court intrigue in, 115; terror of the British fleet in, 117; situation at, 118; social and diplomatic life in, 166; Caulaincourt's mission to, 165, 168, 169; Frederick William III at, 194; news of the Austrian marriage at, 255; N. threatens to march to, 304; Lauriston sent to replace Caulaincourt at, 318; defense of, 336; demoralization at, 336; military enthusiasm in, 337; founding of the Russian Bible Society in, 351; England's diplomacy in, 417. See also =Alexander I=; =Paul I=; =Russia=.

=St. Pierre=, arrest of the Prince of Monaco at, iv. 154.

=Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de=, rewards to, for literary work, iii. 297.

=St. Priest, Gen.=, captures Rheims, iv. 80; killed at Rheims, 82.

=St. Quentin=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=St. Roch=, the melee at the church of, i. 301-303.

=Saint-Ruff, Abbe de=, N.'s social relations with, i. 69, 81; death of, 149.

=St. Stephen=, attack on, i. 192.

=St. Sulpice=, banquet to N. in church of, ii. 100, 101.

=St. Tropez=, N.'s embarkation from, iv. 135, 137, 139; place of N.'s embarkation changed to Frejus, 139.

=Saladin=, founds the military organization of Mamelukes, ii. 58.

=Salamanca=, Sir John Moore at, iii. 186; battle of, 290, 377; defeat of Marmont at, iii. 343.

=Salicetti, Christopher=, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 116-121; succeeds Buttafuoco, 133; influence in Corsica, 185, 197, 204; plans invasion of Sardinia, 187-189; arrives in Corsica, 201; relations with N. and influence on his career, 201, 202, 205-209, 219, 225, 228, 252-257; adheres to France, 202; defends the Corsican commission, 205; arrives in Paris, 207; heads a commission to Corsica, 219; in siege of Toulon, 232, 233; influence in France, 233; plans expedition to Corsica, 233; ambition, 238; blamed for insurrection in Corsica, 254; seeks his own safety, 254; influence among the Thermidorians, 254, 255; friendship with Mme. Permon, 285; concealed by Mme. Permon, 285, 286; N.'s address to, 285, 286; levies forced contributions in Genoa, 345; plans of the Directory concerning, 364; rapacity, 376; duplicity, ii. 109, 110; gives Genoa a consular constitution, 233.

=Salm=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Salo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 436; engagement at, 437, 441.

=Salzburg=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Austria, 391; Lefebvre at, iii. 211; embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, 239.

=Sambre, River=, military movements on the, iv. 170, 173-175, 181.

=Sampiero=, i. 14; resemblance to N., 26; N.'s sketch of, 92.

=Sand, George=, in Madrid during the war, iii. 292.

=San Domingo=, influence of Louverture in, ii. 237; declares its independence, 237; unsuccessful attempt to conquer, 237; failure of N.'s ambition concerning, 289; plan for French recovery of, 333.

=Sandoz-Rollin=, Prussian minister in Paris, ii. 31.

=San Giuliano=, military operations at, ii. 178, 179.

=San Miniato=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 30.

=Sansculottes, the=, i. 249.

=Sansculottides, the=, i. 249.

=San Sebastian=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Santa Lucia=, French plans to strengthen, ii. 333.

=Santander=, besieged by Bessieres, iii. 156.

=Santarem=, Massena withdraws toward, iii. 286; "Marshal Stockpots" deserters at, 291.

=Santerre, A. J.=, leader of the mob of Aug. 10, 1792, i. 178; favored by N., 178; N.'s threat against, ii. 108.

="Santissima Trinidad," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Santon, Mount= (Austerlitz), ii. 386, 387.

=Saorgio=, N. at taking of, i. 255.

=Saragossa=, siege of, iii. 154-159, 184-186.

=Sardinia=, weakness of, i. 22; compared with Corsica, 25; hostilities between France and, 187-193, 196, 206, 214, 243, 247, 261, 262; goes to defense of Toulon, 221; operations in Piedmont, in 1794, 341; revolutionary spirit in, 345; signs armistice, 350, 354, 356; Victor Amadeus, king of, 352; conclusion of peace with France (1796), 363, 364, 400; N. opens negotiations with, ii. 11; provoked by France into Italian quarrels, 87; N.'s bad faith with, 144; Russia demands indemnity for the king of, 330, 417-418; Prussia bound to secure indemnity for king of, 377.

=Sardinia, island of=, Charles Emmanuel king of, i. 356; Charles Emmanuel retires to, ii. 39, 141; Nelson seeks shelter at, 57.

=Sart-a-Walhain=, Grouchy's movements via, iv. 188, 193.

=Sarzana=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27.

=Satschan Lake=, Russian disasters at, ii. 388.

=Saumarez, Sir James=, blockades the Russian fleet, iii. 117.

=Sauvinieres=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Savary, Gen.=, aide-de-camp to N., ii. 306; share in Duc d'Enghien's trial and execution, 306, 308-310; mission to Alexander I at Austerlitz, 382, 383; reports interview of Alexander I with N., 389; unsavory career, 412; marries Mlle. de Coigny, 412; in Eylau campaign, iii. 13; on N.'s mental and personal vigor, 19; expels the Russians from the Narew and Ostrolenka, 19; in battle of Heilsberg, 29; report of the meeting at Tilsit, 41; accompanies the Czar to St. Petersburg, 64; French ambassador to Russia, 98, 105; influence over the Czar, 64; disliked in Russia, 64; created Duke of Rovigo, 86; mission to Madrid, 142, 143; recognizes Ferdinand as king, 143; reproached by Ferdinand, 143; encourages Ferdinand to rely on N., 143, 144; accompanies Ferdinand toward Bayonne, 143, 144; notifies Ferdinand of his deposition, 145; hatred of, in Paris, 275; minister of police, 275, 376; episode of the Malet conspiracy, 376; provides for time of danger, 51; records N. correspondence, 97; alarm for the safety of Paris, 97; member of the Empress-regent's council, 105; character, 105; reproved by N., 107; Talleyrand to, on the flight of the Empress, 109; surprises Talleyrand and De Pradt together, 109; accompanies N. to Rochefort, 219; negotiations with Capt. Maitland, 223.

=Save, River=, territory on, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Savigny, F. K. von=, characterization of the Code, ii. 223.

=Savona=, military operations at, i. 253, 352, 353; ii. 160; imprisonment of Pius VII at, iii. 243, 306.

=Savoy=, military operations against, in Piedmont, i. 213; captured by France, 222; France's ambition to conquer, 276; France's claims to, 327; lost to Sardinia, 352; Kellermann in, 365; Chabran's forces in, ii. 169; proposal that France should keep, iv. 41.

=Savoy, House of, the=, French schemes against, i. 187; importance of France gaining over, 342; its system of government, 345; vicissitudes, 352; Francis I's hostility to, ii. 141; loses the support of Paul I, 232; lineage, 317.

=Saxe-Gotha=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxe-Weimar=, accepts French terms after Jena, ii. 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443.

=Saxony=, withdraws from the coalition, i. 385; neutrality of, 1796, 385; seizure of the English minister to, ii. 330; excluded from the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; proposal to include her in North German Confederation, 418; reported French advance on, 420; proposed independence for, 420; military movements in, 424-425; alliance with Prussia, 429; takes part in the Jena campaign, 443; spread of liberal ideas in, 443; abandons Prussia and adopts neutrality, 443; proposed exchange of territories, iii. 50; united with the Rhine Confederation, 56; acquires Kottbus, 62; independence, 73; the Archduke Charles proposes to march into, 198; furnishes troops to France, 202; troops in Dresden, 203, 324; defeated at Nossen by the Black Legion, 234; in vassalage to France, 279; supports N., 322; the levies in, 387; peculiar relations toward N., 394; turns to Austria, 394; threatened war in, 394; secret agreement with Austria, 399; Prussian designs on, 399; the campaign of 1813 in, 401 et seq.; iv. 1; strategy of the campaign in, iii. 404; abandons Austria, 407; declares in favor of France, 407; proposed allotment of territory to, 409; Prussia promises to cede part of, to Hanover, 417; invaded by Austro-Russian troops, iv. 8; national spirit in, 19; revulsion of feeling against France, 20, 22; refuge of the allies in, 24; defection of troops at Leipsic, 33; character of the campaigns in, 38.

=Say, J. B.=, member of the tribunate, ii. 151.

=Scandinavia=, effort to bring her into the coalition, iii. 22.

=Schaffhausen=, N. plans operations at, ii. 163.

=Scharnhorst, Gen.=, plan of the Prussian campaign, ii. 427-429; in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; institutes military reforms in Prussia, 103, 161; mission to Vienna, 320; hostility to N., 396; limits to his means, 403; killed at Luetzen, 406.

=Scheldt, River, the=, reopening of, i. 194; closing the navigation of, 450; a French river, iii. 270; scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399.

=Scherer, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 344; ordered to upper Italy, ii. 88; driven behind the Mincio and Oglio, 88; defeated at Magnano, 88; succeeded by Moreau, 88; incompetency, 88, 91.

=Schill, F. von=, N.'s abuse of, iii. 213; attempts to rouse the German spirit, 213; final stand and death at Stralsund, 213, 233; helps insurrection in Westphalia, 225; denounced by Frederick William, 233.

=Schimmelpenninck, R. J.=, Grand Pensionary of the Batavian Republic, ii. 233; represents the Batavian Republic at Amiens, 262; intrigues to make Louis Buonaparte king of Holland, 397.

=Schlapanitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Schleiermacher, F. E. D.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Schleiz=, engagement at, ii. 428.

=Schleswig=, Denmark's loss of, iii. 70.

=Schloditten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Schoenbrunn=, N. establishes headquarters in palace at (1805), ii. 369, 378; (1809) iii. 212; interview between N. and Haugwitz at, ii. 399; treaties of, 417; iii. 241, 244, 252; N.'s proclamations from, 215; N. leaves for the Lobau, 226; Prince Liechtenstein at, 239; accident to N. near, 240; attempt to assassinate N. at, 240; N. returns to Paris from, 245; virtual imprisonment of Maria Louisa at, iv. 143.

=Schrattenthal=, Kutusoff at, ii. 379.

=Schwarzenberg, Prince=, reliance on Peccadeuc, i. 65; Austrian minister to France, iii. 253; suggests the marriage of N. and Maria Louisa, 253; toasts the King of Rome, 261; commands Austrian contingent in Russian campaign of 1812, 324; in Volhynia, 338; holds back Tormassoff, 341; opposed by Tormassoff and Tchitchagoff, 350; retreats behind the Bug, 358; expected to cover the crossing of the Beresina, 363; driven back, 366; checked by Sacken, 369; lukewarmness, 382; retreats across the Vistula, 385; evacuates Warsaw, 385; seeks shelter in Cracow, 393; held back by Metternich, 395; commanding the Army of the South, iv. 3; hampered by presence of the allied sovereigns, 3; military incapacity, cowardice, and reputation, 6, 64, 69, 89, 90-94; N. moves against, 8; battle of Dresden, 9; Vandamme's pursuit of, 15; Murat fails to check, 17; protects Austria from invasion, 18; moves on Dresden, 18; southern movement by, 21; gets to southward of Leipsic, 22; Murat ordered to hold, 23; contemplated attack on, 23; proposed junction of Bluecher and Bernadotte with, 26; battle of Wachau, 28; battle of Leipsic, 27-32; suggests compromise plan of invasion of France, 57, 58; at Langres, 58; crosses the Rhine at Basel, 58; movement toward Auxerre, 60; junction with Bluecher, 60; strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 62; N.'s contemplated movement against, 62-65; steady advance of, 65; crosses Switzerland, 67; danger of his advancing to Fontainebleau, 72; sends flag of truce to Berthier, 73; retreats to Troyes, 73; quails before N.'s advance, 73; Macdonald and Oudinot in pursuit of, 73; checks Oudinot, 73; strength at Troyes, 74; withdraws behind the Aube, 74; justifies his course, 74; at Bar-sur-Aube, 74; N. prepares to attack, 74; at Congress of Chatillon, 77; Bluecher cut off from, 77, 78; N. plans to attack him at Chalons, 77; regains communications with Bluecher, 80; moves against Macdonald, 84; dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 85; supposed retreat to the Vosges, 86; engagements at Arcis and Torcy, 87; sickness, 89, 90; on the European policy of 1814, 88; retreats to Troyes, 90; N. misled by his actions, 90; apprehensions of N.'s strength, 92; strength, 92; battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 93; Bluecher seeks a junction with, 94; his communications threatened, 95, 96; junction with Bluecher, 95, 97; favors movement on Paris, 98; determines to seek a battle, 98; proposes to pursue N., 100; at peace council in Paris, 114; enters Paris with the allies, 114; seduces Marmont, 119; sows treason in the French army, 120; Marmont reveals his plot to, 125; plan for the campaign of the Hundred Days, 169.

=Schweidnitz=, the allied forces near, iii. 413; N.'s strategy at, 413.

=Science=, N. advises encouragement of, ii. 347.

=Scrivia, River, the=, Ott driven back to, ii. 176; the country of, 176-178.

=Sebastiani, Gen. F. H. B.=, mission to Persia and the Levant, ii. 272-274; obtains thorough knowledge of the East, ii. 440; strategy and diplomacy at Constantinople, 20; end of his influence in Turkey, 33; defeats a Spanish division, 237; moves up the Aube, iv. 91; battle of Arcis-sur-Aube, 92.

=Secret police=, license vice, iii. 92.

=Segovia=, French success at, iii. 156.

=Segur, Count=, minister to Russia, ii. 324; appointed master of ceremonies at the Tuileries, 324, 328; foresees France's discontent, iii. 326; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, iv. 132; plans the ratification of the Additional Act, 166.

=Seine, River, the=, the quays of, iii. 74; military movements on the, iv. 65, 69, 71, 73, 85, 90, 104, 112, 116.

=Selim III=, dismisses viceroys of Moldavia and Wallachia, ii. 441; moves against Russia, 441; declares war against England, iii. 20; overthrow of, 33, 51, 106, 162; held prisoner in the Seraglio, 162; murdered by Mustapha IV, 162.

=Semaphore=, use of, in warfare, iii. 205.

=Semlino=, disposition of the spoils of Moscow at, iii. 358.

=Semonville, Huguet de=, envoy to Constantinople, i. 197; dreads a new Terror, ii. 94.

=Senancour, S. P. de=, "Obermann," ii. 351.

=Senarmont, Gen.=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31.

=Senate, the=, in 1799; ii. 126, 127, 150-153; orders deportation of suspects, 241; subservience to N., 242-244; new methods of electing to, 247; enlargement of its powers, 247; the tool of the First Consul, 320; steps toward creating the empire, 319-322; changes in, under the constitution of 1804, 322; announces the result of the plebiscite, 341; substitution of a hereditary house for the elective, iii. 82; its members ennobled, 87; confirms the divorce, 247; decrees the annexation of the Papal States, 262; decadence of constitutional forms in, 295; speech of Maria Louisa before the, iv. 106; ordered to draft a new constitution, 114; absolves the army from allegiance to N., 119; proclaims Louis XVIII, 129, 132.

=Sens=, military movements near, iv. 62, 68; proposal to continue the war from a center at, 103; N. at, 105; the French garrison at, 118.

"=Sentimental Journey to Nuits,"= N.'s, i. 146.

=September 22=, celebration of, ii. 195.

=Serfdom=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; abolished in Warsaw, iii. 67.

=Serpalten=, military operations near, iii. 14.

=Serurier, Gen.=, general of division, Army of Italy, i. 345; at siege of Mantua, 415, 418; storms Gradisca, 433; delivers Venice to Austria, ii. 24; action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; commanding at the Point-du-Jour, 108; excites the soldiery at St. Cloud, 116; recreated marshal, iv. 167.

=Serves=, N. visits, i. 141.

=Servia=, the rise of, iv. 300.

=Seurre=, disorders in, i. 96.

=Seventh Regiment of the Line=, supports N. on his return from Elba, iv. 156.

=Seven Years' War, the=, i. 17, 22; iv. 261, 296.

=Sextuple Alliance, the=, iv. 295.

=Seychelles=, deportation of suspects to the, ii. 241.

=Sezanne=, N. at, iv. 61; Marmont at, 74; N.'s plan of movement via, 85.

=Shebreket=, Mameluke attack on the French at, ii. 59; action at, 61.

=Shipping=, harassing regulations by France, ii. 269.

=Shuvaloff, Count=, Russian commissioner at Poischwitz, iii. 414, 417.

=Sicily=, Ferdinand IV king of, i. 421; iii. 319; Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, ii. 57; Nelson returns to, 61; Joseph made king of, 395, 401; proposal that the Bourbons retain power in, 401; N. offers England territory as substitute for, 404, 405; England demands the surrender of, 405; withdrawal of English troops from, iii. 111; proposed French seizure of, 111, 112; English troops sent to Portugal from, 122; England threatened with loss of trade with, 272; English expedition to, 284, 294; French expedition against, 308.

=Siena=, Pius VI withdraws to, ii. 39; position in the French Empire, iii. 279.

=Sierra Morena=, defeat of Dupont in, iii. 156.

=Sieyes, Abbe=, pamphlet of the Third Estate, i. 107, 330; character, 330, 331; ii. 92; declines service in the Directory, i. 330, 331; relations with N., 330, 331; ii. 35, 49, 94, 100-102; president of the Ancients, 35; venality, 35; mission to Berlin, 41; checkmates Prussia, 43; charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; theories of government, constitution-building, etc., 49, 96, 100-102, 117, 118, 125, 126, 149, 322; member of the Directory, 83, 92; relations with Joubert, 92; schemes for a dictatorship, 94, 95; suspected of plotting with the House of Brunswick, 95; brought into the Bonapartist ranks, 96-98; surrenders his leadership, 100; proposed resignation of, 101; scheme to make him consul, 102; difficulty of holding him in the traces, 102, 103; resigns from the Directory, 106, 115; at St. Cloud, 19th Brumaire, 111; consul of France, 123; proceedings for election of First Consul, 129; accepts the estate of Crosne, 130; chief of the Senate, 129, 130; keeper of the Directory's secret funds, 129; negotiations and intrigues in Prussia, 155, 156; relations with the Directory, 155; monarchical schemes for France, 155, 156.

=Siguenza=, Castanos collects his troops at, iii. 185.

=Silesia=, wrested from Austria by Prussia, i. 325; Austria seeks compensation for, 325; Austria's ambition concerning, ii. 358; offer of part of, to Austria, ii. 445; military operations in, iii. 20; iv. 17; N. offers it to Austria, iii. 22; N.'s reserve forces in, 22; Prussia retains her strongholds in, 42; position in Europe, 55; remains Prussian, 55, 56; N. offers to offset the Danubian principalities against, 106-108, 112; French occupation, 116; Alexander demands relinquishment of designs on, 116; Davout ordered to, 165; Austria stipulates for acquisition of, 320; to be connected with Old Prussia, 398; Austria rejects N.'s offer of, 400; the Army of the East in, iv. 3; contemplated operations in, 7; military operations in, 17; strength of her forces under Bluecher, 62; army of, moves on Paris, 98.

=Silk culture=, introduced into Corsica, i. 80.

=Simplon=, creation of the department of the, iii. 278.

=Simplon Pass=, to pass under French control, ii. 40; the crossing of the, 169, 172; military road through, 233, 349; iii 74.

=Sisteron=, N.'s welcome at, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Slave-trade=, revival of the, ii. 236, 237, 245, 269, 270; England protests against, 270.

=Slobozia=, armistice concluded at, iii. 105; treaty of, 163.

=Smith, Adam=, N.'s study of, i. 78.

=Smith, Sir Sidney=, captures French transports, ii. 71; at the siege of Acre, 71, 73; occupies Jaffa, 75; watching N. at Alexandria, 79; allows N. to slip through his fingers, 82; puts into Cyprus, 82; concludes treaty at El Arish, 181; commanding British fleet at Lisbon, iii. 121; urges Don John to embark for Brazil, 121.

=Smohain=, the farms of, iv. 195; fighting at, 206.

=Smolensk=, N.'s plan to seize, iii. 333; military movements near, 333, 336-340, 350, 355, 356, 362; enthusiasm among the Russians at, iii. 338; strategical position, 338; battle of, 338-341; N.'s military blunder at, 340-343; the shrine at, 339, 343; compared with Acre, 340; French garrison in, 342, 358; concentration of French troops at, iii. 347; guerrilla warfare around, 350; arrival of the French army at, in its retreat, 362; massacre of French stragglers in, 362; shameful scenes in, 362; abandonment of wounded at, 363; the march to Lithuania from, 363; reorganization of the army at, 363; destruction of the fortifications of, 363; Ney's perilous retreat from, 364.

=Smorgoni=, N.'s desertion of his army at, iii. 373, 375.

=Social contract=, N.'s views concerning the, i. 77, 267.

=Social customs, privileges=, etc., i. 100-103; N.'s study of, 137, 138, 145, 150.

=Soedermannland, Duke of=, attempts the siege of Hameln, ii. 416.

=Soignes=, fears of Wellington's withdrawal behind, iv. 190; Wellington's position in front of, 192, 195.

=Soissons=, Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 257; Mortier at, iv. 74, 86; Bluecher recruits his forces at, 76; surrenders to the allies, 77, 83; French retreat to, 80; N. at, 80; the French army leaves, 81.

=Sokolnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385-388.

=Solano, Gen.=, makes ineffectual movement against the French, iii. 149.

=Solothurn=, the plundering of, ii. 40.

=Solre=, Gen. d'Erlon at, iv. 170.

=Sombreffe=, military movements near, iv. 171, 175-180.

=Somerset, Gen. F. J. H.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 202.

=Sommepuis=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Sommesous=, military movements near, iv. 91.

=Somosierra=, crossing the pass of, iii. 186.

=Sophia Dorothea=, wife of Jerome, iii. 322.

=Sortlack, Forest of=, military movements in the, iii. 30.

=Souham, Gen.=, in battle of Leipsic, iv. 32; at Nogent, 102; left in command at Essonnes, 124; seduced by Marmont, 125; summoned to Fontainebleau, 126; delivers his army prisoners to the Austrians, 126, 127.

=Soult, Marshal=, commanding force at Tarentum, ii. 204; service in the Army of England, 291; created marshal, 323; character, 364; iii. 286; seizes Memmingen, ii. 366; reaches Hollabrunn, 379; battle of Austerlitz, 384-388; at Muenchberg, 428; battle of Jena, 429-432; invests Magdeburg, 436; battle of Pultusk, iii. 4; strength in Poland, 7; campaign of Eylau, 15; at Osterode, 18; battle of Heilsberg, 28; pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31; created Duke of Dalmatia, 86; yearly income, 87, 296; movement against Blake, 185; lack of vigor of movement, 185; ordered to Mansilla, 188; entrusted with the pursuit of Moore, 189; battle of Corunna, 188; crosses the Esla, 188; defeated by Wellesley in Portugal, 236; causes Wellesley to withdraw, 237; service in Spain, 284; ordered to Andalusia, 286; ordered to join Massena in Portugal, 286; jealousy of Massena, 286; before Cadiz, 286; fails to relieve Massena, 286; defeated in attack on Sir John Moore, 286; captures Badajoz, 287; invasion of Portugal (1809), 287; occupies Oporto, 287; expelled from Portugal, 287; failure in Spain, 287; battle of Talavera, 287; made commander-in-chief, 287; bickerings with Joseph, 287; battle of Ocana, 287, 288; aims to win the crown of Portugal, 287, 296; retreats toward the south coast, 289; returns to Cadiz, 289; defeated at Albuera, 289; marches to relief of Badajoz, 289; joins Massena, 289; marches to Joseph's aid, 290; abandons Cadiz, 290; despatched on Pyrenean campaign, 421; shut up in Bayonne, iv. 40; thrown back on Toulouse, 81; strength, March, 1814, 102; available forces of, 118; defeat at Toulouse, 148; appointed minister of war, 148; revival of imperial sentiment in his army, 157; opposed to Murat, 157; recreated marshal, 167; chief of staff in the Waterloo campaign, 171, 190; blunder before Charleroi, 173, 174; cognizant of Bluecher's movement to Wavre, 191; orders to Grouchy, 194, 214; battle of Waterloo, 204; on inspiration, 248.

=Sound, the=, threats to close it to English commerce, iii. 69.

=South America=, Spanish concessions to France in, ii. 205; England's commerce with, iii. 55; England threatens to make Spanish colonies independent, 71.

=Spain=, affinity with Corsica, i. 9; Bourbon influence in, 22; expected enmity of, i. 187; goes to defense of Toulon, 221; blockades Mediterranean ports, 239; N.'s relations with, and attitude toward, 247; ii. 18, 203, et seq., 289, 332, 405; iii. 54, 71, 127, 131, 139, 149, 151, 157, 178, 190, 280 et seq., 293, 307, 319; iv. 30, 52; growth of liberal ideas in, i. 276; withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324; relations and alliances with France, 341, 421; ii. 203-206, 288-290, 332, 349, 358, 359, 371; iii. 78, 120, 132, 190; N. proposes to hand Rome over to, i. 420; drives Admiral Mann from the Mediterranean, 421; destruction of fleet off Cape St. Vincent, 456; diplomatic offset of Naples against, ii. 18; war with Portugal, 18; preparations for action in, 37; schemes of revolutionary propaganda for, 44; naval inaction, 67; low intrigues in, 204; effect of Marengo in, 204; Godoy prime minister, 204; proposed incorporation of Portugal with, 211; recovers colonies under the peace of Amiens, 262; exchanges Louisiana for Etruria, 272; England attacks her commerce, 289; exasperated over sale of Louisiana, 289; treaties with France, 289, 332; loses Trinidad and Louisiana, 332; war with England, Dec., 1804, 332; her maritime forces controlled by France, 332; humiliates Portugal, 332; naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 374; N. offers part of her territory to England, 405; called on for troops by France, iii. 22; proposal that she acquire Portugal, 67; attempt to bring her into the coalition, 71; incapacity of the Bourbons in, 70; N. encourages dissensions in, 71; decay and humiliation, 71, 123, 126, 134, 150; revolt against Godoy, 70; embargo on English commerce, 72; the fleet ordered to Toulon, 71; necessity for the "regulation" of her affairs, 111; the situation in, 118; secret compact with France for partition of Portugal, 120; new title for the king, 120; plans for invasion of, 120; scheme to acquire Portugal, 120; depletion of the army, 123; depopulation, 124; corruption, 124; social life, 124; degradation of the Church in, 124; primogeniture and land tenure, 124; factions of the crown prince and of the prime minister, 125; N. tempted by her colonies, 127, 133; arrest of the crown prince, 126; fortifying the French frontier, 126; announcement of the crown prince's conspiracy, 127; the "secret hand" in, 128; expected regeneration by France, 127; Dupont ordered to invade, 128; benefits accruing to England from troubles in, 131; N. on the intestinal troubles in, 131; the crown given to Joseph, 131, 150, 169, 280, 318; French invasion and occupation of, 132-135, 149, 151; deposition of Godoy from office, 134; Murat assumes command in, 135; popular outbreaks, 135, 140; abdication of Charles IV, 136; patriotic and national spirit in, 137-141, 151-156, 284, 288, 290; iv. 290; enthusiasm for Ferdinand VII, iii. 138; political intrigues in, 139-141; Murat Protector of, 140; attitude of the people toward Murat, 141; deposition of the Bourbons, 145; Murat appointed dictator, 146; N. assumes the royal and hereditary rights of the throne of, 148; Louis refuses the crown of, 148; military movements in western Spain and on the Baltic, 149; character of the people, 149-152, 153, 154, 190, 288; convocation of notables at Bayonne, 149; adoption of a new constitution, 150, 152; destruction of her commerce, 152; lack of centralization in, 151, 152, 374; guerrilla warfare, iii. 152-155, 190, 291; influence of the clergy in the rebellion, 154; French disasters in, 154, 290, 291; fate of French soldiers in, 155; French movement against southern, 156; French pillage in, 158; national uprising against France, 158, 192; difficulties of the French campaign in, 157; offer of the throne to Archduke Charles, 166; N. returns to, 182; caliber of the French army in, 183; N.'s strength in, Nov. 3, 1808, 183, 184; regular and irregular forces, 184; N. assumes command in, 184; lack of military genius in, 185; Sir John Moore enters, 186; sympathy between Portugal and, 186; abolition of the Inquisition and of the feudal system, 189; N. institutes reforms in, 189; formation of a liberal constitution for, 191; N. threatens to assume the crown, 191; question of annihilating its nationality, 191; statements as to N.'s leaving, 196; reinforcements for, 202; Wellesley prepares for invasion of, 236; need of prompt action in, 238; the war in, 249; the crown offered to Louis and rejected, 270; England's loss of trade with, 272; Fouche's offer to restore the Bourbons to, 271; seizures of American ships in, 275; annexation of part of, to France, 278; open warfare in, 282; seizure of northern provinces of, 282; "the natural continuation of France," 282; policy of total annexation, 282; French rapine in, 282; policy of military administration for, 282; quality and strength of the French armies in, 283; Massena in command in, 283; Wellington's provisions for French victories in, 284; blunders by the insurrectionary leaders, 288; Wellington enters, 289; French occupation, close of 1812, 290; Soult abandons the south of, 290; discipline of the French army in, 291; England's expeditions to, 293; confiscation in, 296; troops withdrawn from Germany for service in, 307; N.'s offer of peace in, refused by England, 318; England to be driven from, 328; compared with Russia, 374; French disasters in, 377; exhaustion of, 382; recall of commanders from, 386; treaty with Russia, July, 1812, 391; in grand coalition against N., 392; N. offers peace to England in, 392; Wellington's reverses in, 392; proposal to restore Bourbon rule, 416; N. abandons, 420; Wellington's successes in, 423; French defeats in, iv. 14; N. offers to restore the independence of, 30; rises in support of Wellington, 40; proposed independence of, 41; prolongation of the war in, 51; restoration of the king to, 52; relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52; adoption of a new constitution, 52; member of the Vienna coalition, 164; N.'s dread of capture in, 221.

=Spandau=, capitulation of, ii. 436; proposed siege of, iv. 2.

=Spartel, Cape=, Nelson's fleet off, ii. 372.

=Specialist=, the work of the, iv. 251.

=Speculation=, mania for, in France, i. 288, 289; ii. 219.

=Spirding, Lake=, military movements near, iii. 10.

=Splueglen Pass=, proposed movement of the reserve army via, ii. 169; crossed by Macdonald, 192.

=Spree, River=, military movements on the, iii. 407, 409; iv. 14.

=Stadion, Count=, Austrian diplomatic agent, ii. 381; Austrian minister of state, iii. 21, 104, 194, 199; letter from Metternich, July 26, 1807, 104; urges prompt action, 199; resigns, 253; mission to the allies' camp, 408.

=Stael, Mme. de=, relations with, enmity toward, and criticisms of N., ii. 22, 119, 139, 197, 199, 259; iii. 94, 297-301; procures revocation of Talleyrand's exile, ii. 34; N.'s study of her writings, 53; "Influence of the Passions," 53; on liberty in France, 119; her salon, 199; her character, 259; iii. 297-301; banishments of, ii. 411; relations with Mme. Recamier, ii. 411, 412; returns to Paris, iii. 26; ordered back to Geneva, 26; at Coppet, 298; difficulties with the Directory, 298; criticizes Josephine Beauharnais, 298; difficulties with the Committee of Public Safety, 298; poverty, 299; her book on Germany, 300.

=Stage=, censorship of the, ii. 349.

=Standing armies=, i. 67.

=Staps=, attempts to assassinate N., iii. 240.

=Starhemberg, Count=, Austrian ambassador to London, iii, 104; leaves London, 104.

=Starsiedel=, fighting at, iii, 406.

=State=, N.'s conceptions of the, i. 78.

=State system=, the, iv. 298.

=States of the Church=, Pius VII strives to augment the, ii. 346.

=Steffens, Prof.=, summons German students into the ranks, iii. 398.

=Stein, Baron H. F. C.=, Prussian statesman, ii. 415; iii. 103; frees the serfs, 103; introduces military reforms in Prussia, 162; resigns his ministry, 162; N. demands his dismissal, 162, 178; seeks refuge in Vienna, 178; exile from Prussia, 193; effect of his reforms, 320; adviser to Alexander I, 351; reorganizes Prussian provinces, 385; formulates the treaty of Kalish, 385; relations with Alexander, 385, 396; hostility to N., 397; iv. 57, 67; joins Frederick William at Breslau, iii. 396; on the unification of Germany, 397; character, 397; leading part in Prussia's awakening, 398; prepares to govern the conquered territories, iv. 34.

=Sterling, Adm.=, naval operations of, ii. 359.

=Stettin=, capitulation of, ii. 436; Davout's force in, 202; proposed French movement on, 393; held by the French, 402; relief of the French in, iv. 2.

=Stewart, Sir Charles=, English minister at Berlin, iii. 417; influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417.

=Steyer=, armistice signed at, ii. 192.

=Stockach=, battle of, ii. 88; captured by Lecourbe, 166.

=Stockholm=, installation of Bernadotte at, iii. 281.

"=Stockpot, Marshal=," iii. 291.

=Stoetteritz=, fighting at, iv. 33.

=Strabo=, N.'s study of, i. 78.

=Stradella=, Desaix commanding corps at, ii. 177; fortified camp at, 175; military operations near, 185.

=Stralsund=, threatened by Mortier iii., 19; Schill's final stand at, 213, 234; capture of, 234.

=Strasburg=, Moreau's army at, i. 347; Moreau and Desaix cross the Rhine near, 440; retirement of Cardinal Rohan from, ii. 301; imprisonment of Duc d'Enghien at, 304, 305; French expeditions to, 304; iii. 203; Caulaincourt's mission to, 107; Maria Louisa's progress through, 257; Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, iv. 95, 96; sends troops to relief of Paris, 102.

=Strebersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 217, 218.

=Street of Peace, the=, iii. 74.

=Street of Rivoli, the=, iii. 74.

=Strehla=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striefen=, fighting near, iv. 9.

=Striegau=, Bluecher at, iv. 3, 6.

=Stuart=, British envoy to Vienna, ii. 302.

"=Study in Politics, A=," projected by N., i. 289.

=Studjenka=, the passage of the Beresina at, iii. 368-371.

=Stura, River, the=, Massena's advance through valley of, i. 243; Austrian force on, ii. 170.

=Stuttgart=, Bourrienne in diplomacy at, i. 174; machinations of Mehee de la Touche in, ii. 297, 298; expulsion of the English envoy at, 330.

=Styria=, junction of Austrian troops in. ii. 367; Prince Eugene in, iii. 225; Archduke John banished to, 230.

=Suchet, Marshal Louis-Gabriel=, retreat before Melas, ii. 165; expected to attack Melas, 170; military operations on the Var, 174; pursues the Russians, 378; battle of Austerlitz, 387; service in Spain, iii. 283; annihilates Blake's Spanish army, 289; captures Aragon and Valencia, 289; captures Tarragona, 377; contrasted with Augereau, iv. 94; strength, March, 1814, 102; available forces of, 118.

=Sucy=, N.'s letters to, i. 165; prophesies as to N.'s future, ii. 28.

=Suez, Isthmus of=, importance of, ii. 46.

=Suez Canal=, suggested by D'Argenson, ii. 46.

=Suicide=, N.'s views concerning, and his attempts to commit, i. 80, 81; ii. 75; iv. 130, 131, 217, 232, 287.

=Sunday=, resumption of its observance, ii. 258.

="Supper of Beaucaire," the=, i. 212-221, 286.

=Survilliers, Comte de=. See =Buonaparte, Joseph=.

=Suvaroff, Gen. A. V.=, defeats Macdonald on the Trebbia, ii. 92; holds Piedmont, 141; driven by Massena to Bavaria, 142; disasters in the Alps, 141.

=Swabia=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450; demonstrations of emigrants in, ii. 307; withdrawal of Austrian troops from, 311; French occupation of, 405.

=Sweden=, excluded from Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27; joins the "armed neutrality," 194; N.'s hatred for the royal house of, 416; Joachim I's aspirations to the crown of, 416; Prussia recommended to go to war with, 420; member of the coalition, iii. 20; held back by Mortier, 19; internal dissensions, 35; neutrality of, 46; failure of commercial negotiations with England, 49; proposed commercial war against England, 55; virtual dependence on France, 66; English regulations concerning American trade with, 100, 101; supposed assistance from England to, 113; N. hints at rectification of her boundaries, 113; proposed Russian invasion of, 113; makes obstinate resistance in Finland, 117; failure of the demonstration against, 159; Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 165; N. promises to restore Pomerania to, 268; promises to exclude British commerce, 267; treaty with Russia, Sept. 17, 1809, 268; cedes Finland to Russia, 268, 281; Frederick VI hopes to acquire, 280; N.'s ambitions concerning, 280; accession of Charles XIII, 280; selection of Bernadotte as heir to the throne, 280; abdication of Gustavus IV, 280; Mme. de Stael in, 299; Alexander offers Norway to, 314, 321, 350; Russia opens negotiations with, 316; demands and acquires a liberal constitution, 317; eagerness to escape from French protection, 318; N. offers Finland to, 321; bids for her alliance by France and Russia, 320, 321; Davout occupies Pomerania, 321; treaty with Russia, April 12, 1812, 321; Alexander demands better terms for, 329; in grand coalition against N. (1813), 392; Metternich seeks to embroil Russia and, 395; subsidized by England, 399; ambition to secure Norway, 399; N. attempts to win over, 399; evacuates Hamburg, 407; commercial agreement with England, 424; inaugurates the coalition of 1813, 424; Bernadotte seeks to annex Norway to, iv. 55; struggle with Norway, 164; member of the Vienna coalition, 164.

=Swiss Guard=, at the Tuileries, i. 299.

=Switzerland=, republican schemes and revolutionary movements in, i. 329; ii. 27, 40; N.'s schemes and influence in, i. 448; ii. 12, 144, 233, 234; French plundering of, 40; organization of the Helvetian Republic, 86; Massena ordered to command in, 87; Russian military operations in, 91-93; Berthier commanding in, 140; Massena's successes in, 140; Massena makes a forced levy in, 153; falls into French hands, 164, 234, 281; Kray's retreat via, cut off, 166; jealousy of Piedmont, 233; factions in, 234; adoption of the name, 234; neutrality of, 234; the Act of Mediation, 234; furnishes contingents to N.'s armies, 234; iii. 3, 20, 323; occupied by Ney, ii. 272; lends aid to France in 1803, 289; independence of, 354; N.'s claim to, 354; Prussia bound to secure the liberties of, 377; Mme. de Stael banished to, 411; relations of France with, iii. 54, 73; Valais separated from, 278; violation of her neutrality by the allies, iv. 56, 57, 66, 67; fails to support the Emperor, 57, 59; reported rising in, 88; Jerome and Joseph take refuge in, 135.

=Syria=, Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition off the coast of, ii. 57; N.'s schemes of conquest in, 61, 62; Turkish movements in, 68-70; the French advance into, 68, 69.

=Szuczyn=, Russian retreat to, iii, 8.

T

=Tabor, Mount=, battle near, ii. 72.

=Tabor Bridge=, Murat crosses the, ii. 368.

=Tacticus=, N.'s references to, ii. 235.

=Tactics and strategy=, the lessons of Austerlitz, ii. 391, 392.

=Tafalla=, Moncey at, iii. 183.

=Tagliamento, River=, military operations on the, i. 430-432.

=Tagus, River, the=, British fleet in, iii. 121; French attempt to capture the fleet in, 121; Dupont holds, 156; the lines of Torres Vedras, 285; military operations on, 285.

=Taine, H. A.=, on the Napoleonic regime, iv. 294.

=Talavera=, battle of, iii. 236, 284, 287.

=Talleyrand, Prince=, minister of foreign affairs, ii. 17, 34, 35, 130, 153, 323; relations with and views on N., ii. 17, 23, 24, 30, 31, 33-35, 96, 97; iii. 81, 94-96, 133, 151, 168, 175, 179, 301; iv. 165, 233; attempts to force N.'s hand, ii. 23; relations with Mme. du Barry, 33; expelled from England, 33; Mirabeau's opinion of, 33; relations with the Directory, 34; career, 33-35; system of national education, 33, 225-227; charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; member of the Institute, 47; advocates seizure of Egypt, 47, 48; intrigue with N., Barras, and Sieyes for a new constitution, 49; ascribes the Egyptian expedition to N., 51; proposed mission to Constantinople, 66; dreads a new Terror, 94; critical moment in his house, before the 18th Brumaire, 103; influence on Barras, 107; Bourbon sympathies of, 122; N. proposes a constitution to, 126; offers peace to Portugal, 154; monarchical views of, 158; discusses possibility of N.'s death, 186; negotiations with Count St. Julien, 188; negotiations with Cobenzl, 189; demands bribes from American envoys, 212; the Pope's ban removed from, 216; carves up German principalities, 265; demands to know England's intentions concerning Malta, 273; Lord Whitworth's utterances to, 284; his explanation of the scene of March 13, 1803, 284; urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304; notifies Baden of the seizure of Duc d'Enghien, 308; charged with suppressing despatches, 306; Josephine's dread of, 308; blamed by N. for the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; iii. 198; murder of the Duc d'Enghien sits lightly on, ii. 312; Grand Chamberlain, 324; attitude of Pius VII toward, 326; excommunication taken off from, 326; replies to Russia's demands, 330; diplomatic replies to Pius VII, 346; at Vienna, 382; created Prince of Benevento, 396; iii. 94, 279; negotiations with Lord Yarmouth, ii. 400, 401; bribed by German princes, 403; on the proposed North German Confederation, 420; at Tilsit, iii. 49, 53; warns N. against Queen Louisa's fascinations, 60; author of treaty of Tilsit, 60; Queen Louisa's sarcasm to, 61; showy character of his diplomacy, 65; responsibility for the treaty of Tilsit, 72; advocates support of the Emperor, 80; conversations with Mme. de Remusat, 80; on the discords in the imperial court, 94; resigns from the ministry, 94, 96; salary, 96; his influence on the wane, 96; Vice-Grand Elector, 96; iv. 106; policy after Austerlitz, iii. 125; favors Ferdinand VII, 125; resumes active diplomacy, 133; negotiations with Izquierdo, 133; at Bayonne, 145; estimate of Ferdinand VII, 145; constituted custodian of Ferdinand VII, 148, 169; stinging rebuke addressed to N. by, 151; prepares to return to public life, 169; acts in the interests of Austria, 171, 178; at the Erfurt conference, 171, 178-181; ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181; his treachery read by N., 197; blamed by N. for the Spanish failure, 197; member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 254; on the natural extensions of France, 282; meeting of N. and Mme. de Stael at house of, 298; pecuniary losses, 301; on the aims of the coalition of 1813, 400; spreads alarming reports, iv. 51; on the Spanish situation, 51, 52; royalist intrigues of, 51, 106, 107, 113; member of the Empress-regent's council, 106; Murat's and Lannes's characterizations of, 107; desires a violent death for the Emperor, 107; opposes the departure of the Empress from Paris, 107; N.'s knowledge of his duplicity, 107, 108; on the Empress's flight from Paris, 108; Dalberg's characterization of, 107, 108; simulated flight from Paris, 112; interview with Prince Orloff, 112; sends a "blank check" to Alexander, 113; at peace council in Paris, 114; gives adherence to Louis XVIII, 113; negotiates with Nesselrode, 113; member of the executive commission, 114; learns of Marmont's defection, 125; remonstrates with Alexander against the regency, 125; suspected complicity in plots to assassinate N., 138; negotiates secret treaty between France, England, and Austria, 145; influence at the Congress of Vienna, 144, 145; double intrigues of, 148, 149, 153; ignores Russian and English protests, 153; attainted, 157; N. appeals to, 165; at Carlsbad, 224; returns to Paris, 224; reception by Louis XVIII, 224; resumes active functions, 224; on the secret of empire, 250; his value in European politics, 251; correspondence with--French, ambassador at London, ii. 284; Grenville, Lord, 143; Napoleon, 34, 49, 361; iii. 18, 117; Nesselrode, Count, iv. 106; character: ambition, iii. 96; iv. 106; brilliancy, ii. 33; iii. 65; capacity for intrigue, ii. 49, 130; iv. 51, 106, 108, 112, 148, 153; diplomatic and political ability, ii. 33, 131, 346; iii. 65, 95, 133; duplicity, ii. 33-35, 130-132; iv. 107; gaming passion, ii. 33; greed 131; learning, 33; licentiousness, 33, 131; self-interest, iii. 193, 197, 253, 381; treachery, 193, 197; iv. 106; unscrupulousness, ii. 33, 35, 212; iv. 107, 138; venality, ii. 34, 131, 265, 390, 391, 403; iii. 81, 94, 125; iv. 251; versatility, ii. 33.

=Talleyrand, Mme.=, Pius VII refuses to receive, ii. 326.

=Tallien, J. L.=, opposes Robespierre, i. 251; social life in Paris, 290; influence for N., 296; favors appointment of N. as Convention general, 299; marriage, 315.

=Tallien, Mme.=, "the goddess of Thermidor," i. 290; N.'s social intercourse with, 291; matrimonial experiences, 315.

=Talma, F. J.=, i. 319; accompanies N. to Erfurt, iii. 174; N.'s intimacy with, iv. 250.

=Tanaro=, N. at taking of, i. 255.

=Tanaro, River=, the country of the, ii. 178.

=Taranto=, embargo on, ii. 287; creation of hereditary duchy of, 396; Macdonald created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Macdonald=.

=Tarentum=, Soult's force at, ii. 204.

=Tarragona=, captured by Suchet, iii. 377.

=Tarutino=, Kutusoff takes position at, iii. 350.

=Tarvis=, capture of, i. 433.

=Tatars=, characteristics of the, iii. 9.

=Tatary=, N. studies the history of, i. 95.

=Tauenzien, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; during the Waterloo campaign, 172.

=Tauroggen=, Convention of, iii. 385, 395.

=Taxation=, Necker's problems of, i. 98; exemption of privileged classes from, 98, 100, 105; conditions of, at outbreak of the Revolution, 101-106; the stamp tax, 106; the land-tax, 105, 106; outbreak against, at Auxonne, 111; demand for equality of, in Corsica, 116, 117; reform of the system of, ii. 134, 220.

=Tchitchagoff, Adm.=, joins Tormassoff, iii. 350; pursuit of the French army by, 358, 366, 383; hopes of capturing N., 367; description of N., 367; captures Borrissoff, 367, 368; driven out of Borrissoff, 368; at the crossing of the Beresina, 370; blamed by Kutusoff and Wittgenstein, 374, 375; bad generalship of, 375, 383.

=Tchernicheff, Gen.=, commanding Army of the North, iv. 2.

=Telnitz=, fighting at, ii. 385, 386.

="Templars, The,"= by Raynouard, ii. 350.

=Temple, the=, the royal family imprisoned in the, i. 175.

=Tenda Pass=, captured by the French, i. 243, 256; N.'s entertainment for Mme. Turreau at, 256.

=Teplitz=, Louis's flight to, iii. 276; Bennigsen reaches, iv. 22.

=Terror, the=, i. 250-252, 266, 272, 314, 333; iv. 262; fears of a revival of, ii. 92.

=Terrorists, the=, growing influence of, ii. 93; assassination schemes among, 239.

=Testamentary rights=, under the Code, ii. 224.

=Tettenborn, Gen.=, relieves Hamburg, iii. 402.

=Texel, the=, Marmont ordered to Mainz from, ii. 362.

=Thann=, battle of, iii. 210.

=Tharandt=, Klenau's march to Dresden from, iv. 10.

=Themistocles=, his refuge with the Persians, iv. 227; N. draws parallel between his case and that of, 227.

=Thermidorians, the=, i. 252; prominent members of, 254; adopt Roman systems, 269, 270, 271; establish the Directory, 271; anger the people of Paris, 273.

=Thielemann, Gen.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172; at Wavre, 194.

=Third Coalition, the=, ii. 354 et seq.; Prussia induced to join, 376, 377; rout of the allies at Austerlitz, 388; destruction of its strength and morale, 388.

=Third Estate, the=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101; constitution of, 108; assumes to represent the nation, 108; forces a junction with the two upper Estates, 108; Sieyes's pamphlet on the, 107; N.'s care for, iv. 258, 261.

=Third Republic=, the constitution of the, i. 267.

=Thirty Years' War=, Richelieu's policy at close of the, ii. 264.

=Thome=, alleges attempt to stab N., ii. 116.

=Thonberg=, N. at, iv. 32.

=Thorn=, siege of, iii. 2; French occupation of, 12; military movements near, 13; N. in, 331; French military stores in, 333.

=Thought=, influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46.

=Thouvenot, Gen.=, service in Spain, iii. 283.

=Three Emperors, Fight of the=, ii. 391.

=Thugut, Count=, greed for territorial aggrandizement, i. 325; determines on Italian conquest, 425, 426; opens negotiations at Leoben, 436; warns Gen. Clarke to keep away from Vienna, 452; ii. 42; not deceived by treaty of Campo Formio, 22; Paul I demands his dismissal, 142; repudiates St. Julien's negotiations, 188; overthrow of, 189.

=Thuin=, military operations at, iv. 173.

=Thumery, Marquis of=, suspected of plotting against N., ii. 303.

=Thuringia=, military movements in, ii. 427.

=Tiber, River=, military operations on the, i. 421.

=Ticino, River=, military operations on the, i. 358; ii. 173.

=Tierney, G.=, on England's attitude toward France, ii. 144.

=Tilly, Count=, N.'s letter to, Aug. 7, 1794, i. 253.

=Tilsit=, Bennigsen crosses the Niemen at, iii. 31; meeting of the Emperors at, 34-65, 93; treaty of, 34, 35, 54, 60, 63-66, 69, 72, 95, 97, 99, 104-110, 116-120, 132, 166-172, 177, 245, 248, 255, 265, 294, 304, 309, 313, 314, 328; neutralization of, 42; reasons leading to the peace of, 44 et seq.; Queen Louisa at, 44, 57-62; French representatives at, 49; fraternizing of Russia and France at, 49-53; decoration of the Russian grenadier at, 63; N.'s position at, 179; Macdonald reaches, 384.

="Times," the= (London), on the allies' capture of Paris, iv. 108.

=Tissot, Dr.=, N.'s letter to, i. 84.

=Tobacco=, establishment of state monopoly in, iii. 304.

=Toledo=, Dupont's forces near, iii. 156.

=Tolentino=, treaty of, i. 350, 421; ii. 326.

=Toll, Gen.=, meets Alexander I after Austerlitz, ii. 388; proposes concentration of the allied forces, iv. 89; advises movement on Paris, 98.

=Tolosa=, French forces at, iii. 183.

=Tolstoi, Gen.=, See =Ostermann-Tolstoi=.

=Torbay=, the "Bellerophon" at, iv. 221, 226.

=Torcy=, battle at, iv. 86; military operations at, 90.

=Torgau=, Saxon troops withdrawn from, iii. 407; French occupation of, iv. 2; Ney driven into, 19; battle of, 267.

=Tormassoff, Gen.=, confronted by Schwarzenberg, iii. 342; joined by Tchitchagoff, 351.

=Torres Vedras=, the lines of, iii. 285.

=Tortona=, surrendered to France, i. 355; N. at, 453; scheme to relieve Massena via, ii. 169; the key of Genoa, 172; topography of the country, 177, 178; the Consular Guard at, 178.

=Tortugas, the=, death of Leclerc in, ii. 237.

=Touche, Mehee de la=, contrives Moreau's ruin, ii. 296-298; English plots with, 330.

=Toulon=, the recovery of, for the Convention, i. 148; military and naval preparations at, 187, 220, 221, 261; ii. 40, 47, 57, 332; return of the Sardinian expedition to, i. 198; anarchy in, 207, 213; the Buonapartes in, 212; the Buonapartes driven from, 216; siege of, 220, 233, 289; Marseilles refugees at, 221; Lord Hood's seizure at, 221; the "treason" of, 221-223; N. at, 223, 240, 255, 257, 289, 307; N.'s plans for capture of, 230; N. seeks mercy for rebels at, 233; the National Convention's vengeance on, 233, 234; massacres in, 234; British occupation of, 239; recapture of, 249; news of the Terror in, 251; English fleet driven from, 260; the Corsican expedition leaves, 262; N. at siege of, 289; forced military loans in, 345; departure of Egyptian expedition from, ii. 52-56; Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57; N. sails from Alexandria for, 82; failure of Villeneuve's expedition from, 333; N. orders the Spanish fleet to, iii. 71.

=Toulouse=, Soult thrown back on, iv. 81; defeat of Soult at, 147.

=Tournon, the Chamberlain de=, mission to Spain, iii. 128.

=Tours=, the French garrison at, iv. 118.

=Trachenberg=, military council at, iv. 6.

=Trade=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101.

=Trafalgar=, N.'s reception of the news of, ii. 334; battle of, 373-376; iii. 47; effect in France, ii. 394; N.'s reply to, ii. 441; the lesson of, 264.

=Trannes=, military movements near, iv. 60, 89.

=Transpadane Republic, the=, i. 367, 400, 402, 428; question of a constitution for the, ii. 10.

=Trasimenus=, creation of the department of, iii. 262, 263.

=Traun, River=, military movements on the, iii. 211.

=Treaties=, the value of, iv. 263. For specific treaties see the names of parties signatory (countries or rulers) and of the places at which signed.

=Trebbia, River=, French disasters on the, ii. 83, 92.

=Treilhard, M.=, member of the Directory, ii. 92.

=Trent=, military operations near, i. 384, 409, 414; abandoned by Vaubois, 387; Brune advances to, ii. 192; apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, 266; ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Treuenbrietzen=, Prussian pursuit of Oudinot to, iv. 14.

=Treviso=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Mortier created Duke of, iii. 86 (see also =Mortier=); the Buonaparte family princes of, iv. 44.

=Trianon=, N. retires to, after the divorce, iii, 257; the imperial court at, 301.

=Trianon Decree, the=, iii. 279.

=Tribunate, the=, ii. 126, 150-153; constitution of, 241; opposition to N. in, 242, 243; secret sessions of, 247; new method of electing to, 247; form of addressing the First Consul in, 293; Carnot remonstrates in, against adulation of N., 295; independence of, 320; initiates the imperial movement, 321; condition under the imperial constitution of 1804, 322; destruction of, iii. 82; compared with the English Parliament, 83; its functions, 83.

=Tricolor=, Louis XVI, adopts the, i. 109; N.'s scheme to unfurl, in Corsica, 122; insult to, in Naples, 192.

=Triest=, N. threatens to seize, i. 404; seized by N., 434; reoccupied by Austria, 435; rise of, 447; importations of English goods at, iii. 165; ceded to France, 239; England's loss of trade with, 272; basis of possible Oriental operations, 331; French occupation of, 423; N. offers the city to Austria, 424.

=Trinidad=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262; ceded to England, 332.

=Triple Alliance, the=, iv. 21, 76, 295.

=Triumphal Arch, Paris=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Tronchet=, on committee to draft the Code, ii. 222.

=Troyes=, recall of the Parliament to Paris from, i. 106; battle of, iv. 60; military movements near, 60, 68, 72-76, 86, 88-91, 95, 104, 105.

=Truchsess-Waldburg, Count=, Prussian commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 134; N.'s attitude toward, 134; allegations concerning N.'s physical ailments, 139, 168.

=Tudela=, French success at, iii. 156; scheme of operations at, 158; Spanish forces near, 184, 185.

=Tuileries, the=, the mob at, i. 176; the carnage at, 178; Robespierre orders the destruction of, 251; storming of, Aug. 10, 1702, 273; defense of, 299-303; N. at, on the 18th Brumaire, ii. 105, 106; Lannes's guard at, 108; decoration of, 147; rechristened "the palace of the government," 147; N. takes possession of, 148; residence of the Buonapartes at, 195, 196; social functions at, 255, 256, 279, 327-328, 406; consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280; N.'s interview with Lord Whitworth at, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282; scene between Whitworth and N., March 13, 1803, 281, 282; the imperial court at, 324, 326-328; refurnishing the, iii, 25; social vices at, 92; N. at, 110; the divorce scandal in, 180; the divorce decree pronounced in, 247; imperial family life at, 323, 381; depository of the Emperor's funds, 366, 389; iv. 50, 141; the officers of the National Guard summoned to, 53; flight of the Empress from, 109; changes in the court at, 148; N. reenters, 158; struggle between royalists and imperialists at, 158; loneliness of, 159.

=Turas=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Turenne, Marshal=, military genius, i. 348; N. compared with, 348, 349; N.'s analysis of the wars of, iv. 232, 266.

=Turin=, military operations around, i. 353, 354; N.'s influence in, 448; Gen. Clarke's mission to, 452; N. in, ii. 27; revolutionary movements in, 39; Bonapartist agency in, 89; Charles Emmanuel IV invited to return to, 141; Melas hastens to, 170, 174; topography of country near, 178; sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Turkey=, N. studies the history of, i. 95; seeks to organize its armies, 292; France seeks alliance with, 293; N.'s plans for service in, 292, 296-298; Austria's gaze on, 325; N.'s eye on, 424; France's influence on, 424; disaffection in, ii. 17; schemes for the dismemberment of, 16, 18, 33, 42, 44, 382, 405; iii. 37, 51, 55, 99, 105-114, 165, 169, 176, 245, 311, 313, 316; France's justification of Egyptian schemes to, ii. 47; N. seeks alliance with, 48; refuses alliance with France, 67; negotiations and alliances with Russia, 67, 72; iii. 51, 56, 99, 105, 322; 350; alliance with Russia and Austria, 56; military activity, 1799, 74; joins the second coalition, ii. 90, 93; checked by Franco-Russian treaty of peace (1800), 154; defeat of, at Heliopolis, 181; Egypt restored to, 211; treaty between France and (1801), 211; integrity of her boundaries, 262; suzerainty over Ionia and Egypt, 262; N. on her policy, 347; source of discord between France and Russia, 417; Oubril undertakes to guarantee her integrity, 417; N. resolves to assert supremacy over, ii. 441; military operations on the Dniester, 441; N.'s scheme of protectorate over, 441; hostilities with Russia, iii. 1, 163, 236, 248, 310; declares war against England, 20; N. arranges a treaty between Persia and, 20, 21; Austria espouses the cause of, 22; overthrow of Selim III, 33, 51, 106, 163; revolt of the Janizaries, 33; alliance with France, 33; end of Sebastiani's influence in, 33; Russian acquisitions in, 64; French influence in, 99; N. intervenes between Russia and, 100; terms of the agreement at Slobozia, 105; Russia's ambition to acquire territory of, 108; usurpation of Mustapha, iv, 162; threatened anarchy in, 163; reform in, 163; threatened loss of French prestige in, 163; accession of Mahmud II, 163; Alexander's uncertain position in regard to, 166; N. fears her alliance with Russia or England, 177; England's trade under the flag of, 280; Russian designs against, 309; Austria seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of, 316; pivotal in European politics, 318; N. endeavors to form alliance with, 322; in grand coalition against N. (1813), 392; European support of, iv. 295; N.'s influence on modern, 300.

=Turreau, Gen.=, at Mont Cenis Pass, ii. 170; crosses Mont Cenis, 172.

=Turreau, Mme.=, N.'s ghastly entertainment for, i. 256.

=Tuscany=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27-29; favors the French Revolution, 262; peace between France and, 262; withdraws from the coalition (1795), 324; military operations against, 357-421; French proposition to revolutionize, 373; treaty with France, Jan. 11, 1797, 410; plunder of, ii. 16; involved in Italian quarrels, 87; France acquires temporary possession of, 87; N.'s bad faith with, 144; Austrian occupation of, 160, 170, 182; reinforcements for Melas from, 170; creation of kingdom of, 205; British ships driven from harbors of, 287; the situation in, iii. 118; ecclesiastical reforms and confiscations in, 264; Elisa created Grand Duchess of, 279. See also =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Tuscany, the Grand Duke of=, i. 345; flees to Vienna, ii, 87; loses his territory, 193; territories acquired by, 266.

=Tutschkoff, Gen.=, in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.

=Twelfth Light Dragoons=, at the battle of Waterloo, iv. 211.

=Two-Cent Revolt, the=, i. 79.

=Two Sicilies, the=, i. 421.

=Tyrol, the=, the road to Vienna through, i. 342; military operations in, 371-373, 383-387, 392, 414, 431, 433-436; ii. 367, 380; iii. 201, 212, 213, 234; N.'s unsuccessful attempt to conciliate its people, i. 385; loyalty to Austria, 409; the insurrection in, 436; Kray's retreat to, cut off, ii. 166; Iller commanding in the, 188; Soult cuts off the Austrian retreat to, 366; Ney sweeps the Austrians from, 380; N. threatens to seize, 389; ceded by Austria to Bavaria, 391; insurrection ripe in, iii. 195; Archduke John to excite revolt in, 199; rising against Bavarian rule, 201; repression of priestly tyranny in, 201; revolution against bondage in, 201; characteristics of its people, 201; Maximilian's reforms in, 201; guerrilla warfare in, 210, 234; abandoned by Archduke John, 211; its people abused by N., 213; French evacuation of, 225; rising in, 234; French invasion of, 241; effects of the armistice of Znaim, 241; reduced to submission, 241; amnesty offered by Prince Eugene, 241; opened to the allies, iv. 56.

U

=Ucciani=, N.'s escape to, i. 203.

=Udine=, congress at, ii. 20.

=Ulm=, Austrian retreat to, ii. 168; Austrian troops in sight of, 363; the French at, 363-365; the capitulation at, 366, 367; concentration of troops in, iii. 203.

="Undaunted," the=, N. sails for Elba on, iv. 140.

=United Irishmen=, misunderstanding between the Directory and the, ii. 67.

=United States, the=, constitutional government in, i. 152; the French idea of the system of government in, 269; Talleyrand's residence in, ii. 33; Talleyrand's views on, 33, 34; mission concerning protection of commerce, 34; treaty of commerce with England, 1794, 212; arrogance of the Directory toward, 211, 212; imbroglio with France, 212; suspension of diplomatic relations with France, 212; commercial convention with France, 212; neutrality declaration, 1793, 212; Jerome Buonaparte's residence in, 257; events leading to the war of 1812, 288, 289; iii. 274; purchases Louisiana, ii. 289, 332; iv. 300; N.'s relations with, and influence on, ii. 289; iii. 101, 275; iv. 300; Carnot's comparison of France with, ii. 321; Moreau's banishment to, 299; commercial rivalry with England, iii. 46; British claim of right of search, 47, 48; effect of British "orders in council" upon, 47; ocean commerce, 48; authorizes reprisals, 48; French attacks on commerce of, seizures of vessels, etc., 49, 273, 274, 296, 321, 322; rising naval power, 49; liberty of testamentary disposition in, 85; English provisions concerning the carrying trade of, 100-102; permitted to trade direct with Sweden, 100, 101; N. attempts to force them into the French system, 101, 102; decline of trade with England, 102; Jefferson's administration, 101, 102; agricultural policy of the Democrats, 101, 102; the embargo, 102, 274, 275; the war of 1812, 102, 322; policy of the Federalists, 102; the Non-intervention Act, 102; indispensability of cotton in Europe, 266; "neutralized" commerce of, 267; proposal that Louis XVIII acquire a kingdom in, 271; alleged seizure of French vessels by, 274; the Non-intercourse Act of March 1, 1809, 274; prohibition of commercial intercourse with England and France, 274; seizure of ships by England, 275; Lucien attempts to escape to, 277; chafing under restrictions of commerce, 318; crippled commerce of, 321; declares war against England, 378; naval successes of, 378; Moreau summoned from, 407; iv. 2; N. plans escape to, 219, 220; Hamilton's treasury system, 259; the independence of, 261; the war for independence, 297; wars with England, 300, 301; popular interest in N. in, 300, 301; expansion of constitutional law, 301; growth of, 301; N.'s influence in, 301; the slavery question in, 301. See also =America=.

=University of Berlin=, iii. 103.

=University of France=, ii. 228; iii. 89.

=Ural Mountains=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Urbino=, annexed to Italy, iii. 68, 118.

=Uscha, River=, military operations on the, iii. 340.

=Ussher, Capt.=, conveys N. to Elba in the "Undaunted," iv. 140, 141.

=Usury=, the curse and its cure in France, ii. 219; iii. 76, 77.

=Utizy=, military movements near, iii. 344.

V

=Valais=, declared an independent commonwealth, ii. 233; Chateaubriand French representative in, 260; scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266; separated from Switzerland, 278; independence of, 278; annexed to the French empire, 278.

=Valeggio=, N.'s narrow escape at, i. 393.

=Valencay=, the Spanish captives at, iii. 148, 168, 261.

=Valence=, N. joins his regiment at, i. 67; N.'s life at, and visits to, i. 66-82, 125, 134, 141, 145, 149, 150, 154-158, 184, 223; the garrison at, and people of, 143; obsequies of Mirabeau at, 153, 154; friends of the Constitution in, 155; reception of N. and Elisa at, 184; occupied by Carteaux, 215; death of Pius VI at, ii. 39; burial of Pius VI at, 216; meeting of N. and Augereau near, iv. 138.

=Valencia=, massacre of the French at, iii. 154; Moncey advances on, 156; French defeat before, 159; captured by Suchet, 289; temporary French government at, 377.

=Valenciennes=, evacuation of, i. 222.

=Valenza=, military operations near, i. 358.

=Valetta=, French plot to seize, ii. 18; the sword of, given to Paul I, 154.

=Valjouan=, Victor drives the Austrians from, iv. 71.

=Valladolid=, captured by the French, iii. 132; French success near, 156; French communications at, 157; N. at, Jan. 6, 1809, 189.

=Valmaseda=, Blake driven back to, iii. 184.

=Valmy=, defeat of the allies at, i. 194.

=Valtellina, the=, quarrel between the Grisons and, ii. 11; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 40.

=Vandamme, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386-388; dread of N., iii. 93; in battle of Eckmuehl, 209; at Linz, 216, 225; relieved by Lefebvre, 225; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; commanding division in Eugene's army, 393; junction of Danish troops with, 407; captures Hamburg, 407; goes to Davout's assistance, 413; in battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; at Pirna, 8-10; pursues the allies, 10; battle of Kulm, 15; captured at Kulm, 15; character, 15; in the Waterloo campaign, 169-173; advances toward Fleurus, 180; battle of Ligny, 181.

=Vandeleur, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Vanne, River=, iv. 105.

=Var, River=, military operations on the, ii. 160, 165, 170, 171, 174.

=Vatican=, relations of Paoli with the, i. 16.

=Vauban=, disgrace of, i. 332; eulogized by Carnot, 333.

=Vaubois, Gen.=, service in the Alps, i. 347; defeated by Davidowich, 387, 388, 392; service in Egypt, ii. 53.

=Vauchamps=, battle of, iv. 64.

=Vaud=, revolutionary outbreak in, ii. 27, 40; French intervention in, 40; Alexander forbids the restoration of, iv. 68.

=Vaux=, submission of Carlo Buonaparte to, i. 31.

=Venaissin, the=, annexed to France, i. 422.

=Vendee, la=, civil war, massacres, and royalist plots in, i. 207, 213, 222, 234, 249, 276, 305, 325, 449; ii. 91, 143, 146, 240, 241; iv. 102, 166, 218; reinforcements for the Army of Italy from, i. 387; N. conciliates, ii. 146; revulsion of feeling against the Bourbons in, iv. 146; N. seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220.

=Vendemiaire=, the 13th of, 301-305; ii. 22.

=Vendetta, the=, i. 10-15.

=Vendome, Column of=, erection of the, iii. 74; placard on the, iv. 158.

=Venetia=, neutrality violated by Beaulieu, i. 361; jealousy between Venice and other towns of, 427; coveted by Austria, 428; the revolutionary movement in, 436; the mainland ceded to Austria, 438; the oligarchy of, 444; French military operations in, ii. 13; France's acquisitions in, 21; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, 21; plunder of, 38; surrender to Austria, 38; N. threatens to seize, 389; incorporated with Italy, 395, 405; admitted to the Concordat, iii. 118. See also =Venice=.

=Venetian Alps=, road to Vienna through the, i. 342.

=Venetian Republic=, political status in 1796, i. 345.

=Venice=, N. studies the history of, i. 95; Austria's ambitions in, 325, 424; ii. 357, 363; military operations against (1796), i. 357; Beaulieu violates neutrality of, 371-373; treaty with Austria, 371; decadence and downfall of, 371, 451; at N.'s mercy, 373; resents violations of territory, 401; N.'s violation of neutrality of, 427; the humiliation of, 427-429; the Golden Book of, 428, 429, 436; pillage in, 427, 445; ii. 16; Kilmaine's military watch on, i. 431; revolution in, 435, 445-447; concludes negotiations with N., 436-438; acquires Bologna, Ferrara, and the Romagna, 438; N. forbidden to interfere with, 441; loss of independence, 441-446; fires on French ship, 443; N. "an Attila to," 443; N. declares war against, 443; the oligarchy of, 444; attempts to bribe N., 445; treaty between France and (1797), 446; the new republic of, 446; loses independence, 446, 447; French occupation of, 445-447; letter from N. to the provisional government, 447; N.'s characterization of the Venetians, 447; N. offers the republic to Austria, 446; N. reproached for the overthrow of, ii. 5; Lallemant's propaganda in, 10, 11; Junot's demands on the senate, 11; dismemberment of, 16; the Directory's ambition for the conquest of, 16; ceded to Austria, 21; the last doge of, 24; destruction of the "Bucentaur" at, 24; destruction of naval stores at, 24; seeks to continue war with Austria, 24; dragged into war by N., 144; election of Pius VII at, 206; N. threatens to seize, 361; surrendered to France, 391; Pius VII refuses to extend the Concordat to, iii. 68; ceded to France, 109; appropriations for the harbor, 109; N. at, Nov., 1808, 128; interview between Joseph and N. at, 129-132; basis of possible Oriental operations, 332. See also =Venetia=; =Venetian Republic=.

=Ventimiglia=, seized by Massena, i. 243.

=Vercelli=, Melas proposes to attack N. via, ii. 174.

=Verdier=, success at Logrono, iii. 156; occupies Aragon, 155.

=Verdun=, abandoned by the enemy, i. 186; imperial troops at, iv. 102.

=Verhuel=, Dutch commissioner to Paris, ii. 397.

=Verona=, N. at, i. 399; French occupation of, 372; military operations near, 379, 380, 388-392, 410-414; insurrection in, 436, 442, 443; disarmament of, 442.

=Veronese Vespers, the=, i. 436, 442.

=Versailles=, meetings of the Estates at, i. 96, 107; luxury in, 151; the Parisian mob at, 151; prison massacres in, 188; Macdonald's guard at, ii. 108; N. retires to, after his divorce, iii. 257; Souham delivers his army prisoners at, iv. 126, 127.

=Vicenza=, military operations before, i. 387; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396.

=Victor, Gen. C. P.=, attacks Provera at La Favorita, i. 415; watches Rome, 431; reinforces Lannes at Casteggio, ii. 176; commanding corps at Marengo, 176-182; service in the Army of England, 291; battle of Heilsberg, iii. 29; battle of Friedland, 30-32; created Duke of Belluno, 86; yearly income, 87; character, 93; N.'s opinion of, 93; at Amurrio, 183; defeated by Wellesley at Talavera, 236; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; ordered to advance east from the Niemen, 347; in retreat from Moscow, 359 et seq.; effects junction with Saint-Cyr, 361; checks Wittgenstein, 361; abandons Vitebsk, 361; driven back, 366; at the crossing of the Beresina, 366-372; ordered to hold back Wittgenstein, 369; defeated by Wittgenstein at Borrissoff, 369; division commander under Eugene, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; relieves Glogau, 413; battle of Dresden, iv. 8-10; guarding roads from Bohemia, 18; battle of Leipsic, 28, 31, 32; assigned to defense of the Rhine, 54; ordered to Nogent, 62; junction with Macdonald at Montereau, 64; abandons Nogent, 64; driven back to Nangis, 65; drives the Austrians from Valjouan, 71; fails to capture Montereau, 71-73; moral exhaustion of, 71-73; degraded, but restored to favor, 72; commanding portion of the Young Guard, 72; battle of Craonne, 78.

=Victor Amadeus=, king of Sardinia, i. 244, 352; guards Lombardy, 342; checkmated by N., 355; death of, 336; relationship to Louis XVIII, 355, 356.

="Victory," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 373, 374.

=Vienna=, plans for French advance on, i. 385; Austria opposes N.'s advance to, 426; combined movements on, 430 et seq.; the peace party in, 437; rejoicing in, at treaty of Leoben, 439; Gen. Clarke's mission to, 451; rejoicings in, over treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 22; Gen. Clarke forbidden to enter, 42; dread of revolutionary sentiment in, 42; attack on the French embassy (1798), 43; flight of Ferdinand III to, 87; N.'s plans to subdue, 163; N. sends peace commissioner to, 186; court intrigues at, 189; Moreau advances toward, 192; Stuart British envoy to, 302; N. threatens, 361, 378; French treachery at, 369; the French enter, 367-369, 378; Talleyrand at, 382; Pozzo di Borgo's mission at, ii. 445; Andreossy's mission at, 443; French influence in, iii. 22; decree of, May 17, 1809, 118; belligerent tone at, 165, 178, 193, 195; effect of N.'s and Alexander's remonstrances at, 167, 168; Metternich goes to, 193; defensive measures for, 203; N.'s march on, after Eckmuehl, 212; capitulation of, 212; N.'s characterization of its inhabitants, 213; Charles's plan to free, 216; proposed French retreat toward, 222; N.'s army around, 226; consternation at rumored Franco-Russian marriage, 251; French soldiers nursed in, 254; marriage of Maria Louisa at, 254-257; pro-Russian party in, 313, 314; characterization of N. in, 415; England's diplomacy in, 417; Francis fears a French invasion of, iv. 3; Congress of, 144, 145, 162, 164; news of N.'s escape in, 162.

=Vienna Coalition, the=, iv. 164, 251.

=Vigo=, Villeneuve at, ii. 359.

=Villach=, N. enters Germany at, i, 434; Eugene and Macdonald at, iii. 217.

=Villanova=, military operations at, i. 389.

=Villefranche=, expedition against Corsica from, i. 189.

=Villeneuve=, N. at, iv. 105.

=Villeneuve, Adm.=, in the battle of the Nile, ii. 63; commanding at Toulon, 332; proposed naval expedition for, 333; escapes from Toulon, and returns, 333; ordered to the West Indies, 334; character, 333, 358, 371-375; returns to European waters, 358; his combined fleet at Ferrol and Corunna, 359; at Vigo, 359; disheartened, 359; dissatisfied with his fleet, 359, 371, 372; encounter with Calder, 359, 371; ordered to relieve Rochefort and Brest, 359; retreats to Cadiz, 359, 370, 371; fails to appear in the Channel, 362; chased by Nelson to the West Indies and back, 370; retreat to Ferrol, 371; orders for Mediterranean cruise, 372; remonstrates against his orders, 372; N. prepares to supersede, 372; tries to evade disgrace, 372; battle of Trafalgar, 373-375; interview with N., 375; his suicide, 375.

=Villetard=, French republican agent in Venice, i. 445.

=Vilna=, N. in, iii. 331-335; Barclay de Tolly's army confronting, 335; the French retreat through, 370, 372; N.'s incognito journey through, 375; Kutusoff enters, 383; Alexander goes to, 383.

=Vimeiro=, defeat of Junot at, iii. 157-159.

=Vincennes=, the trial and execution of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 305, 306, 308-310; iii. 196.

=Vincent, Gen.=, Austrian representative at Erfurt, iii. 178, 193.

=Visconti=, "Greek Iconography," iv. 219.

=Vistula, River, the=, N.'s conquests west of, ii. 437; plan of campaign on, 441; bridging of, iii. 2, 3; French positions on, 7; attempt to drive the French across, 28; proposed boundary line on, 36; military operations on, 117, 393, 396; Alexander promises assistance to Prussia on, iii. 320; the French army reaches, 330; French advance to the Niemen from, 337; Murat's position on, untenable, 385; Schwarzenberg retreats across, 385; threatened expulsion of the French from, 416; French garrisons on, iv. 35; N. entertains hopes of returning to, 63, 66, 69.

=Vitebsk=, its strategical position, iii. 338; N. at, 338; military movements near, 339, 364; French garrison in, 341; the French abandon, 361.

=Vitoria=, Dupont ordered to, iii. 128; Ferdinand VII at, 143; French forces at, 183; battle of, 420.

=Vitrolles=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 98, 106, 108; captured with Weissenberg at St. Dizier, 104.

=Vitry=, military movements near, iv. 58, 91, 93, 94; Prussian occupation of, 95; French troops at, 102.

=Vives, Gen.=, besieges Barcelona, iii. 184.

=Vivian, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 210.

=Volga, River, the=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; Cossacks of, iii. 9.

=Volhynia=, Austrian troops in, iii. 331, 338; Bagration's position in, 335.

=Voelkermarkt=, Archduke John at, iii. 317.

=Volney, Constantin F. C.=, espouses the Corsican cause, i. 120, 121; N.'s friendship with, 163; ii. 97, 335; member of the senate, 151.

=Voltaire=, on the character of Paoli, i. 18; N.'s study of, 78; ii. 256; iv. 231; his "Essay on Manners," i. 150; on the Hohenzollern territories, ii. 442; performance of his "Oedipe" at Erfurt, iii. 172.

=Voltri=, military operations at, i. 353.

=Vorarlberg=, Kray's retreat via, cut off, ii. 166; ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Vosges Mountains, the=, proposed boundary for Germany, iii. 320; the allies turn the line of, iv. 57, 58; supposed retreat of Schwarzenberg to, 86; reported rising in, 88; N. urges guerrilla risings in, 90.

=Voss, Countess=, attendant on Queen Louisa, iii. 60.

W

=Wachau=, battle of, iv. 27-30.

=Wagram=, Charles's advance toward, iii. 218; battle of, 225-232; iv. 173; French demoralization after, iii. 231; doubtful honors of, 231, 232; N.'s position after, 232; position of Francis after, 232; Berthier created Prince of, 256. See also =Berthier=.

=Walcheren=, the English expedition to, iii. 237, 253, 270, 272, 284.

=Walewska, Countess=, N.'s amours with, iii. 11; visits N. at Elba, iv. 142.

=Walhain=, Gerard at, iv. 192; Grouchy at, 192, 213.

=Wallachia=, dismissal of the Turkish viceroy of, ii. 440, 441; alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55; Russian evacuation of, 64; Russian ambition to possess, 98, 115, 116, 176, 310; Russian occupation of, 99, 105; Alexander demands possession of, 105; N. offers to offset Moldavia and, against Silesia, 106, 108, 113; proposed evacuation of Prussia for that of, 108; Alexander's fear of losing, 248; Russia threatened with the loss of, 314.

=Wallenstein=, scene of his overthrow by Gustavus Adolphus, iii. 404.

=War=, N.'s aphorisms, theories, and plans of, i. 346-349; ii. 268; iii. 202; barbarity in, ii. 70; thirst for, in France, 93; the art of, 180.

=Warens, Mme. de=, memoirs of, i. 76.

=Warfare=, progress in methods of, i. 394, 395; in Napoleonic times, ii. 178-180.

=Warsaw= (city), Louis XVIII living in, ii. 239; Polish national movement in, ii. 444; the Russians driven from, iii. 1, 2; French occupation of, 6-11; frivolity in, 10; N.'s amours in, 11; N. offers to evacuate, 167; proposition that Russia occupy, 177, 178; Archduke Ferdinand to march against, 199; captured by Archduke Ferdinand, 201; Polish troops at, 203; reoccupied by Poniatowski, 212; offered to Prussia, 225; attitude of the Poles in, 313; Jesuit influence in, 31; proposition to make it capital of a Saxon province, 328; N. in, 331; the Diet begs the restoration of Poland, 331; Schwarzenberg evacuates, 385; Russian occupation of, 385; proposed new capital for Prussia, 409.

=Warsaw, Grand Duchy of=, creation of, iii. 56, 64, 73; acquires Prussian territory, 62; new constitution for, 67; N. seeks to add Silesia to, 106, 108, 113; Alexander's jealousy of, 108; N. promises to evacuate, 113; fortification of, 117, 165; acquires New Galicia, 239; territorial acquisitions, 244, 310; pro-Russian party in, 311; Alexander proposes to accept the crown of, 311; military operations in, 322; open to invasion, 329; N.'s incognito journey through, 375; interview between N. and De Pradt at, 375, 382; Russian invasion of, 385; N. refuses to give up, 392; reft from Saxony, 394; in Russian possession, 399; threatened dismemberment of, 409, 423; proposed extinction of, 415; N.'s scheme in, 298.

=Washington, George=, comparison of Paoli with, i. 18; death of, ii. 147; admiration of France for, 147; statue at the Tuileries, 147; festival in honor of, 147, 148; compared with N., 148; declares the neutrality of the United States (1793), 212.

=Waterloo=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179; the Prussian pursuit after, iii. 210; N.'s attempt at suicide after, iv. 131; N.'s reminiscences of, 175; Wellington indicates the battle-ground, 178; the controversial literature of, 186; the battle-field, 189 et seq.; character of the French troops at, 196; Wellington's headquarters at, 195; the plans of battle, 197; the battle, 199 et seq.; application of the name to the battle, 212; review of the battle, 212 et seq.; political spoils, 214; moral effect on the Emperor, 216; the news in Paris, 216; N.'s monograph on, 232; N.'s delay at, 267; epic character of, 288; effect on the world, 289.

=Waterloo Campaign=, parallel between campaign in Piedmont and, iv. 170.

=Wavre=, military operations at, iv. 182, 184, 187, 191-195, 214.

=Wealth=, N. on, i. 137.

=Weapons of war in 1796=, i. 349.

=Wehlau=, military movements near, iii. 30.

=Weimar=, dissension in the Prussian camp at, ii. 429; fighting at, 431; meetings of N. with Goethe and Wieland at, iii. 72, 73, 176.

=Weimar, Grand Duchess of=, entertains N., iii. 174.

=Weirother, Col.=, at Austerlitz, ii. 381.

=Weissenberg, Gen.=, captured near St. Dizier, iv. 104.

=Weissenburg=, battle of, i. 273; the French position at, ii. 365.

=Weissenfels=, taken by Bertrand, iv. 35.

=Weissensee=, narrow escape of Frederick William III at, ii. 436.

=Wellenburg=, acquired by Wuertemberg, ii. 391.

=Wellesley, Sir Arthur=, takes command of operations in Portugal, iii. 122; enters Portugal, 157; defeats Junot at Vimeiro, 157; recalled to England and vindicated, 186; expels the French from Portugal, 236; prepares for invasion of Spain, 236; battle of Talavera, 236; withdraws before Soult, 237; created Duke of Wellington, 265; See also =Wellington, Duke of=.

=Wellesley, Lord=, succeeds Canning as prime minister, iii. 272; Secretary for Foreign Affairs, 284; reinforces the army in Portugal, 284; succeeded by Castlereagh, 378.

=Wellington, Duke of= (see also =Wellesley, Sir Arthur=), effect of Moore's spirit on, iii. 189; holds Portugal, 283; reinforced by Lord Hill, 283; battle of Talavera, 284, 287; battle of Busaco, 284; retreat down the Mondego, 284; constructs the lines of Torres Vedras, 285, 286; battle of Ocana, 287, 288; difficult position at Lisbon, 288; character, 288, 289; summons famine to his aid, 289; advances into Spain, 289; battles of Albuera and Fuentes de Onoro, 289; retreats to Portugal, 289; recaptures Almeida, 289; attacked by Lord Liverpool, 288; on Massena's stand, 289; battle of Salamanca, 290; storming of Badajoz, 290, 319; captures Ciudad Rodrigo, 290, 319; advances on the Duero, 290; period of inactivity, 290; returns to Portugal, 290; resumes the offensive, 290; between two fires, 290; demoralization of his army, 291; moves against Madrid, 290; defeats Marmont at Salamanca, 377; withdraws to the Portuguese frontier, 377; hampered by English political situation, 377, 378; reverses in the Peninsula, 392; battle of Vitoria, 420; threatens France, 420; successes in Spain, 420, 423; Spain rises to support, iv. 40; on the war in Spain, 52; signs conditions with N., 52; succeeds Castlereagh at Congress of Vienna, 145, 169; proposes to deport N. to St. Helena, 145; recalled by Lord Liverpool, 149; desires to take the field, 169; military genius, 169; plan of campaign of the Hundred Days, 169; dissatisfaction with his troops, 169; N.'s position with regard to Bluecher and, 171; influence over troops, 172; relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172; awaits developments, 172; reminiscences of Waterloo, 173, 178; relations with Bluecher, 176; interview between the Duke of Richmond and, at the ball, 178; indicates the battle-ground at Waterloo, 178; concentration of his troops, 178, 179; criticizes Bluecher's tactics, 181; meeting with Bluecher at Bry, 180; battle of Quatre Bras, 181-188; conversation with Col. Bowles, 184; retreat to Mont St. Jean, 185, 189; N. determines to attack, 185; apprehended junction of Bluecher and, 187, 190; his choice of position, 189 et seq., 193, 196, 213; proposes to fall back to Brussels, 190; strength at Waterloo, 190; Bluecher promises support, 190; Grouchy aims to prevent union between Bluecher and, 192; his resolution to give battle in front of Soignes, 192; his center at Mont St. Jean, 195; Gneisenau's doubt of his standing at Waterloo, 194; lack of confidence in the Dutch-Belgian troops, 195; headquarters at Waterloo, 195; lines of retreat, 195, 214; the plan of Waterloo, 197; battle of Waterloo, 199 et seq.; repeated calls for Bluecher, 204; stories of his anxiety, 207; his conduct of the Waterloo campaign, 213; faint-hearted cooeperation with Bluecher, 213; restores Louis XVIII, 220; danger of N.'s surrender to, 323; share in the reconstruction of France, 225; alleged attempt to assassinate, 234.

=Wels=, Russian troops at, ii. 367.

=Wereja=, capture of the French garrison of, iii. 350.

=Werneck, Gen.=, capture of his division at Noerdlingen, ii. 367.

=Werther=, N. compared to, i. 81.

=Wesel=, ceded to France, ii. 390; French garrison at, 404, 416, 424; demand for its restoration to Prussia, 422.

=Weser, River=, French occupation of the coast near, iii. 266; territory on, offered to Sweden, 399.

=Western Empire=, accomplishment of N.'s dream of, iii. 73; an end to the dreams of, 422.

=West Indies, the=, scheme for populating, ii. 236; English blockade of the French fleet in, 257; Jerome Buonaparte in, 257; England watches French policy concerning, 267; France looks to her power in, 280; N.'s ambitions in, 289; French squadrons ordered to, 333; Nelson enticed to, 358; N.'s ambitions in, iii. 308.

=Westphalia=, military movements in, ii. 425; organization of the kingdom of, iii. 56, 62; Jerome king of, 73, 279; war indemnity exacted from, 78; levy of troops in, 132, 322-324; sequestration of Frederick William's estates in, 162; insurrection in, 225; Schill's failure in, 233; scheme to incorporate part with France, 266; French occupation of, 307; French influence in, 423; flight of Jerome to France, iv. 40.

=West Prussia=, Lestocq's retreat through, ii. 435.

=Whitbread, Samuel=, on the French Revolution, ii. 144.

="White Terror," the=, i. 277; iv. 222.

=Whitworth, Lord=, character, ii. 267; ambassador to Paris, 266, 276; evades declaration of England's Maltese policy, 273; summoned to the Tuileries, Feb. 17, 1803, 280-282; at consular levee of March 13, 1803, 280-282; his attitude, 284, 285; on N.'s reception of April 4, 284; reports on France's naval preparations, 284; publication of his despatches in England, 284; N.'s declarations to, on subject of invading England, 290; a diplomatic method of, iii. 418.

=Wiazma=, battle of, iii. 350.

=Wieland, C. M.=, interview with N. at Wiemar, iii. 174; decorated at Erfurt, 176; estimate of N.'s influence, 322.

=Wilberforce, William=, deprecates war with France, ii. 285.

=Willach= (Carinthia), ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Willenberg=, military movements near, iii. 13.

=William, Prince= (of Prussia), mission to Paris, iii. 178; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.

="William the Conqueror," by Duval=, ii. 350.

=Willot, Gen.=, proposes to destroy the Directory, ii. 78; suspected of plotting against N., 303.

=Wilson, Sir Robert=, endeavors to reorganize the Russian army, iii. 351.

=Wintzengerode=, captures Soissons, iv. 77; defeated near St. Dizier, 95.

=Wischau=, junction of Austrian and Russian troops at, ii. 379.

=Wittau=, military operations near, iii. 227.

=Wittenberg=, captured by Davout, ii. 436; French forces at, iii. 393; French occupation of, iv. 2; military movements near, 14.

=Wittgenstein, Gen.=, in the Russian campaign, iii. 341; menaces the French left, 350; resumes offensive against Saint-Cyr, 359; checked by Victor and Saint-Cyr, 361; pursuit of the French army, 366, 383; Victor ordered to hold back, 368; at the passage of the Beresina, 370; defeats Victor at Borrissoff, 370; bad generalship of, 374, 383, 384; losses in the Russian campaign, 383; fails to cut off Macdonald's retreat, 384; commanding the allied army, 403; the battle of Luetzen, 405; loses his command, 411; commanding Army of the East, iv. 3; battle of Leipsic, 29; driven from Nangis, 72.

=Wkra, River=, bridging of the, iii. 2.

=Wolkousky, Prince P. M.=, in military council with Alexander I, iv. 98.

=Women=, N.'s attitude toward, and ideas concerning, i. 138, 143, 256, 311, 317, 448; ii. 197, 198, 255; iii. 326, 327; education of, ii. 225, 226; demands of German social custom on, iii. 259, 260.

=Wrede, Gen.=, in campaign of Eckmuehl, iii. 206; movements before Ratisbon, 209; defeated by Hiller at Erding, 212; battle of Wagram, 229; reaches Vilna, 373; commanding Bavarian troops, iv. 35.

=Wright, Capt.=, lands the Cadoudal conspirators in France, ii. 297, 298; Savary suspected of complicity in death of, 412.

=Wurmser, Gen.=, N.'s operations against, i. 350; sent to reinforce Beaulieu, 357; military genius, 378; marches to relief of Mantua, 378 et seq.; operations on Lake Garda, 381-383; attempts to succor Mantua, 383, 384; operations on the Brenta, 384; advance-guard captured at Primolano, 384; defeated at Bassano, 384; demoralization of his army, 384; makes ineffectual sally from Mantua, 392; besieged in Mantua, his defense and surrender, 406-418; N.'s generosity to, 417, 418.

=Wuertemberg=, makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450; grants to the Grand Duke of, ii. 265; relations with Russia, 266; French march through, 363; friendly relations with and subservience to France, 377, 402; iii. 279; created an independent kingdom, ii. 391, 398; acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 402, 403; supplies contingents to N.'s armies, ii. 404; iii. 3, 322, 324, 394; Maria Louisa's progress through, iii. 256; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; turns from N. to the allies, iv. 40; position in Germany, 298.

=Wuertemberg, Princess Catherine of=, marries Jerome Napoleon, iii. 93, 94.

=Wuerzburg=, seized by Jourdan, i. 385; reported French occupation of, ii. 420; N.'s base, 424; French forces at, iii. 393.

Y

="Yamacks," the=, iii. 162.

=Yarmouth, Lord=, negotiates for peace, ii. 400, 401, 404.

=Yelin=, author of "Germany in her Deepest Humiliation," ii. 417.

=Yermoloff, Gen.=, pursuit of the French army by, iii. 383.

=Yonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116, 157.

=York, Duke of=, besieges Dunkirk, i. 222; defeated by Brune at Bergen, ii. 93, 323; capitulates at Alkmaar, 93.

=York, Gen.=, in correspondence with Alexander I, iii. 384; concludes convention of Tauroggen, 385, 392, 395; nominally degraded, 385; desertion of the French cause, 393; his action approved by the Estates of eastern Prussia, 397; battle of Bautzen, 410; battle of Leipsic, iv. 30; reinforces Bluecher at Montmirail, 63; held by Mortier, 74; routs Marmont at Athies, 79; quits Bluecher's army, but returns, 80.

="Young Guard,"= the, iii. 222; battle of Luetzen, 405; battle of Dresden, iv. 9; ordered to Bautzen, 18; at Dresden, 21; under command of Ney, 72; Victor commanding portion of, 72; "melts like snow," 78; N. reviews, 117; battle of Waterloo, 205.

Z

=Zaborowski=, N. seeks service with, i. 217.

=Zach, Gen.=, in battle of Marengo, ii. 180.

=Zacharias, Pope=, on kingly power, ii. 325.

=Zamosc=, held by the French, iii. 402.

=Zampaglini=, Corsican patriot brigand, i. 139.

=Zante=, France's jealous care of, ii. 32.

=Zealand=, French occupation of, iii. 270; N.'s offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270.

=Zembin=, the Emperor's retreat through, iii. 370.

=Ziethen, Gen. J. J.=, in Waterloo campaign, iv. 172; at Charleroi, 173; at Fleurus, 173, 174; battle of Waterloo, 204, 205.

=Zittau=, French advance from Dresden to, iv. 6; Bluecher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8.

=Znaim=, military operations near, ii. 367; Kutusoff's retreat to, 379; Charles withdraws toward, iii. 230; fighting at, 230; French repulse at, 235; the armistice of, 241, 251.

=Zorndorf=, battle of, iv. 267.

=Zuerich=, the plundering of, ii. 40; battles of, 93, 141; Army of the Reserve ordered to, 164, 169; Massena's victory at, 323.

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