XXII. NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY (part 1 of 2)

XXII. NAPOLEON'S PLACE IN HISTORY (part 1 of 2)

Exhaustion -- The Change in Napoleon's Views -- Intermitting Powers -- Their Extinction -- Common Sense and Idealism -- The Man and the World -- The Philosophy of Expediency -- A Mediating Work -- French Institutions -- Transformation of France -- Napoleon and English Policy -- His Work in Germany -- French Influence in Italy and Eastern Europe -- Napoleon and the Western World.

[Sidenote: Summary]

If Napoleon's qualities as usurper, statesman, and warrior be as remarkable as they appear, why was his time so short, what were the causes of his decline, and what is his place in history? The causes of his decline may be summed up in a single word--exhaustion. There exists no record of human activity more complete than is that of Napoleon Bonaparte's life. In its beginnings we can see this worshiper of power stimulating his immature abilities in vain until, with reckless desperation, he closed the period of training and made his scandalous bargain with Barras; then, grown suddenly, inexplicably rich, becoming with better clothing, food, and lodging physically more vigorous, he seems mercilessly to drive the rowels into his own flanks until initiative, ingenuity, and ruthlessness are displayed with apparently superhuman dimensions. The period of achievement is short, but glorious in politics; the age of domination is long and exciting. Throughout both there is the same wanton physical excess and intellectual dissipation. Then comes the turn. Every human age has in it the germs of the next; we begin to die at birth, and the characteristic qualities and powers of one period diminish as those of the next increase. So it was with Napoleon. He compressed so much, both as regards the number and importance of events, into so short a space that his times are like those wrinkled Japanese pictures which are made by shriveling a large print into a small compass--intense and deep, but unreal. To change the metaphor, he found the ship of state dashing onward, with her helm lashed and no one daring to take the task of the steersman in hand. He cut the lashings and laid hold. His unassisted efforts as a pilot gave the vessel a new course; but he had no steam or other mechanical power, no deus ex machina, to aid him; and, as the storm increased, exhaustion followed; he seemed to be steering when, in reality, his actions were under the compulsion of events he was not controlling; and this continued until the wreck.

But the inertia of his powers resembled their rise so perfectly as to represent continuous growth, and thus to deceive observers: in a few years he had ordered the Revolutionary chaos of western Europe to his liking, and the resultant organization worked by the principles he had infused into it. As he saw his imperfect and shallow theories of society successively confounded, he had no vigor left to reconstruct them and adapt himself to new situations. His efforts at the role of liberator throughout the Hundred Days deserve careful study. He simply could not yield or adapt himself, except in non-essentials. The shifts to which he had resort would have been ridiculous had they not been pathetic. The governmental forms attempted by the Revolution had been successively destroyed by the furious energy of Jacobinism: the Directory was but a compromise, and when it took refuge for safety in the army its performances seemed to the masses sure to bring back the Terror; the Consulate was only a disguised monarchy founded on military force; and as royalism was impossible, there seemed to vast numbers no other alternative than the Empire. That there was no other alternative was due to Napoleon's imperious character, now developed to its utmost extent. He was selfish, hardened, and, though active like his symbolic bee, without capacity for further development. His mother knew that he could not hold out; she said it, and saved money for a rainy day. He himself had haunting premonitions of this truth. His passion to perpetuate himself by founding a dynasty was the real basis for his warlike ardor. Profoundly moved, in fact awe-stricken, by the imperishable hatred of the older dynasties, and yet reveling in his military genius, he waged war ruthlessly and with zest, enjoying the discomfiture of his foes, and delighting in the exercise of his powers. But, after all, war was but a means. He frequently dwelt on the advantages of hereditary succession; he lingered with suspicious frequency over the satisfaction a dynastic ruler must feel in the devotion or, if not that, in the submissiveness of his people; he was hypersensitive to the slightest popular disturbance; and he must have foreboded his own fall, since he was accustomed to wear poison in an amulet around his neck, so that when the great crisis should arrive he might take his own life. "Ah! why am I not my grandson?" he longingly ejaculated.

This single cause of Napoleon's fall can be better seen in the record of his second captivity than in any other portion of his life. There is no such thing as absolute exhaustion short of death. But intermittent and flickering exertion is symptomatic of failing powers in a jaded horse; it forebodes the end in a worn-out man. Cheerful and busy at first, because recruited by a long and favorable sea-voyage, he set out in St. Helena at a racing gait to write history and mold the public opinion of Europe. Playful and energetic, he caught together the scanty remnants of his momentary grandeur, and emulated the masters of ceremony at the Tuileries in organizing a court and issuing edicts for the conduct of its little affairs. His life was to be that of a caged lion--caged, but yet a lion. The plan would not work. In the affairs of Longwood there were, as everywhere, hitches and irregularities. To Napoleon these soon became not the incidents, but the substance of life. With the departure of his secretaries the business of biographical composition became first irksome, then impossible, and the poor muse of history was finally turned out of doors. To regular exercise succeeded spasmodic over-exertion; complaint became the subject-matter for the exercise of both mind and tongue; daily association with kindly but second-rate persons checked the flow of great ideas; the combinations of Austerlitz and Wagram gave place to the small moves in a game of spite with a bureaucratic British governor. From the days of his boyhood until his alliance with Barras the exile had been a dreamy, vague, indefinite, unsuccessful fellow; his powers were not quickly developed. While he had France and Europe to work upon, he showed the extraordinary qualities repeatedly outlined, mind and hand, thought and deed, working together. Already jaded, his stupendous capacity became intermittent after the fatal armistice of Poischwitz; but it worked, for it still had the raw material of grand strategy and great politics to work on. This continued until after Waterloo. That battle, not a great one in itself, was nevertheless epic, both in its effects upon the world and in its ruin of the brains which had swayed the destinies of Europe for twenty years. Between the flight to Charleroi and the escape to the Bellerophon, Napoleon shows no pluck and no brains.

In actual captivity his mind was without a sufficient task and under no pressure from necessity. It consequently, though somewhat invigorated at first, intermitted more and more toward the close, working, when it did work, awkwardly and with friction, until the physical collapse came, and the end was reached. The attempts to remodel history, the efforts to delineate his own and others' motives, the specious summaries of his career and its epochs, the fragmentary expositions of his philosophy in ethics, politics, and psychology--all the stately volumes which bear his name, his literary remains, in fact, present a pitiful sight when closely examined. They are but the scoriae of a burnt-out mind, but dust and ashes; a splendid mass, but an extinct volcano. It was only natural that his successors and admirers should seek to erect a more enduring foundation for his fame by collecting and carefully editing what he had written when at his best, when acting according to his momentary, normal impulse, and when, therefore, he had the least pose and the greatest sincerity. But it is a proof of their shrewdness that they selected and published less and less after Erfurt, and that out of the voluminous pen-product of St. Helena they chose a hundred and fifty pages which the "Correspondence," intended to be the most splendid monument to the Emperor's glory, could present as authentic biographical material.

If, then, Napoleon was after all but a plain man, how did he become a personage? Simply because he was the typical man of his day, less the personal mediocrity; the typical burgher in personal character, the typical soldier in war, the typical despot in peace, and the typical idealist in politics; capable in all these qualities of analysis; capable, consequently, of being understood; capable of exhaustion and of being overwhelmed by combinations. In other words, he was really great because he was the shrewd common-sense personage of his age, considering the ideal social structure as a level of comfort in money, in shelter, in food, in clothes, in religion, in morality, in decency, in domestic good-nature, in the commonplace good things fairly divided as far as they would go round. This was the side of his nature which in a period of social exhaustion planted him four-square as a social force, presented him to France as the rock against which the "red fool-fury" of Jacobinism had dashed itself to pieces, and gave him for a time command of all hearts. Thus established, he at once fell heir to French tradition--that is, to the continuous policy of the nation in foreign and domestic affairs; which was that France should be the Jupiter in the Olympus of European nations by reason of her excellence both in beauty and in strength. Here was a temptation not to be resisted, the superlative temptation like that of the serpent and the woman, the chance to transcend by knowledge, the opportunity to "hitch his wagon to a star," to commingle the glory of France with his own until the elements were no longer separable. Into this snare, great as he was in his representative plainness, he fell, and in the ensuing confusion he not only destroyed himself, but brought the proud and splendid nation which had cherished him to the very verge of destruction. He could not sway one emancipated people without swaying an emancipated Europe, and this after Austerlitz he determined to do. Then he lost his head: his wisdom turned out to be nothing but adoration of mere expediency; his strength proved weakness when, with his imperial idealism, he braved in Spain the idealism of a true nation; his vaunted physical endurance disappeared with self-indulgence, the golden head and brazen loins fell in a crash as the feet of clay disintegrated before the storm of national uprisings.

This being true, we have in his career every element of epic greatness: a colossal man, a chaotic age, the triumph of principle, the reestablishment of historical equilibrium by means of a giant cast away when no longer needed. And this epic quality, which is not in the man alone nor in the age alone, appears when the two are combined, and then only. Looking at him in our cold light, he has every attribute of the commonplace adventurer; looking at the France of 1786 with our perspective, the people and the times appear almost mad in their frantic efforts to accomplish the work of ages in the moments of a single lifetime. Yet combine the two, and behold the man of the third estate rising, advancing, reflecting, and then planting himself in the foreground as the most dramatic figure of public life, and you have a scene, a stage, and actors which cannot be surpassed in the range of history. To the end of the Consulate the action is powerful, because it represents reality: a nation unified, a people restored to wholesome influences, peace inaugurated, constitutional government established. There is so far no tawdry decoration, no fine clothes, no posing, no ranting. But with the next scene, that of the Empire, the spectator becomes aware of all these annoyances, and more. The leading actor grows self-conscious, identifies himself with the public interest for personal ends and to the detriment of the nation, displays no moral or artistic self-restraint, and soon arranges every element so as to make his studied personal ambitions appear like the resultants of ominous forces which act from without, and against which he is donning the armor of despotism for the public good. The play becomes a human tragicomedy, and, verging to its close, ends, like the tragedies of the Greeks, with a people betrayed and the force of the age chained to a torrid rock as the sport of the elements.

Was this the end, and did Napoleon have no place in history, as many historians have lately been contending? Far from it. From his couch of porphyry beneath the gilded dome on the banks of the Seine, the Emperor, though "dead and turned to clay," still exercises a powerful sway. The actual Napoleonic Empire had, as we have before remarked, a striking resemblance to those of Alexander and Charlemagne. Based, as were these, upon conquest, and continued for a little life by the idealism of a single person, it seemed like a brilliant bubble on the stream of time. But Alexander hellenized the civilization of his day, and prepared the world for Christianity; Charlemagne plowed, harrowed, and sowed the soil of barbaric Europe, making it receptive for the most superb of all secular ideals, that of nationality; Napoleon tore up the system of absolutism by the roots, propagated in the most distant lands of Europe the modern conception of individual rights, overthrew the rotten structure of the German-Roman empire, and in spite of himself regenerated the long-abused ideas of nationality and fatherland. It must be confessed that his own shallow political science, the second-hand Rousseauism he had learned from his desultory reading, had little to do with this, except negatively. One by one he saw his faiths made ridiculous by the violent phases of Jacobinism after it took control of the Revolutionary movement. His heart, his conscience, his intellect, all undisciplined, then revolted against the metaphysic which had misled him, and "ideologist" became his most contemptuous epithet. Controlled by instinct and ambition, he nevertheless remained throughout his period the one thorough idealist among the men of action, Goethe being the superlative, transcendent genius of idealism among the thinkers. Each successive day saw his scorn of physical limitations increase, his impatience of language, customs, laws, of local attachment, personal fidelity, and national patriotism grow. The result was a fixed conviction that for humanity at large all these were naught. At last he planted himself upon the burgher philosophy of utility and expediency, putting his faith in the loyalty of his family, in homely dependence upon matrimonial alliance, in the passion of humanity for physical ease and earthly well-being. This was the concert by which he sought to create a federation of beneficent kingdoms that would win all men to the prime mover. Space and time rebelled; the lofty ideals of humanity and philosophy would not down; selfishness proved impotent as a support; the dreamer recognized that again he had been deceived. Haggard and exhausted, he finally turned, in the role of Napoleon Liberator, to the notion of nationality and of government swayed by popular will in all its phases. But it was too late. Instead of being the leader of a van, he had forgotten, in his own phrase, to keep pace with the march of ideas, and was a straggler in the rear, without a moral status or a devoted following.

All this is true; but it is equally true that much of his work endured both in France and in the civilized world. In France, indeed, the work he did has been in some details only too enduring. History is there to tell us that the test of high civilization is not necessarily in great dimensions. Those histories of the ancient world in which humanity seems strange and distasteful, of Egypt, Phenicia, Babylon, and Assyria, were wide in extent and long in duration: those of Greece and Rome, whose poets, statesmen, legislators, and warriors are our despair, were small in proportion and comparatively short in duration, while they were normal and healthy; the world-empires of both were neither natural nor admirable. It will not do, therefore, to judge Napoleon by the length of his career, nor by the standards of other times and different circumstances. The centralization of administration in the commonwealth which he rescued from the clutches of anarchy was probably essential to the rescue; the expediency which he deliberately cultivated in the Concordat, in the laws of the family and inheritance, and in the fatal Continental System, was possibly a statesman's palliative for momentary political disease. His artificial aristocracy, his system of great fiefs, his financial shifts--who dares to say that these institutions did not meet a temporary want? Moreover, it is worth considering whether a direct reaction to moderate, sane republicanism from extreme and furious Jacobinism was possible at all, and whether a reaction from Napoleon's imperial democracy was not easier and the results more permanent. In other words, is it likely that the third French republic could have been the direct successor of the first? The question is certainly debatable. No pen can so delineate the sufferings of France under Napoleonic institutions as that of Taine has so ably and scathingly done; his wonderful etching powerfully exhibits painful truths. But who is to blame if a nation is hampered by its administration, by a centralization it no longer needs, by social regulations which it has outgrown, by political habits which do not suit the age? Not alone the man who inaugurated them, for ends partly selfish but also partly statesmanlike; the people who timidly endure are responsible for the doom which will certainly overtake any nation living in a social and political structure antiquated and unsuitable.

One thing at least the new France has done with magisterial style: she has introduced into her political machinery respect for political habit. The French government of to-day is distinctly an outgrowth of conditions, and not of theories. Its constitution has none of the fatal marks of completeness which her other republican constitutions have borne; on the contrary, there never was a period in modern times when to the outsider French institutions seemed as crescive as they do to-day. And they have abundant material on which to work. There are signs that the system of nations as armed camps, for which Napoleon set the example, is breaking by its own weight; modern armies are mostly national schools controlled by scientific inquisitiveness and permeated by a civic spirit; the pacific federal system of the great European powers sometimes seems feeble and rickety, but it is in existence. Alliances are now federations for peace; the Triple Alliance continues to be a federation for peace; so too the Sextuple Alliance, so energetic and persistent in its support of Turkey, has been a federation for peace. Perhaps the day is nearer than we think when the Hague tribunal shall develop a vigorous, practical working system of international understandings, without appeal to war. Then certainly, but long before, let us hope, France may anchor her liberties in a bill of rights, destroy judicial inquisition, begin to slacken the bonds of her prefectoral system, emancipate her universities and academies, regenerate public feeling as to the increase of population by modifying her laws of the family, and go on not only to populate her own fertile fields, but to make the magnificent colonies which she has acquired the future homes of countless children, a field for exerting her superfluous energy--in short, when she may slough off her now superfluous Napoleonic institutions.

It would be utterly unjust, however, to plead a justification of Napoleon solely by such a monumental fact as that he was in all likelihood the forerunner of modern France. Even when the country adopted him, his positive, direct influence for good was great. The Concordat whatever its faults, partly secured a free church and a free state, separating thus what God had never joined together in holy wedlock; his splendid codes--for no matter who pondered and shaped them, they were his in execution--have guaranteed the perpetuity of civil equality not only in France, but, as the sequel has shown, throughout great expanses of Europe; the questions of a nation's right to its chosen ruler and government, agitated in a new form during the Hundred Days, were those with which succeeding generations were concerned until they were answered in the affirmative. The difference between the France of 1802 and that of 1815 is on one side painful, but on another side it is remarkably significant. The former was transitional and chaotic; the latter had that amazing but completed social union, stronger than any ever known in history, which has saved the country in succeeding storm-periods. In it there was respect for persons, for contract, for property; the administration was unitary, homogeneous, and active; the finances, though not regulated, were restored to vigor; and the processes were inaugurated by which the great cities of France have become healthful and beautiful, while at the same time the internal improvements of the country have been systematized and rendered splendid in their efficiency. Revolutionary concepts were so modified and assimilated that the efforts of the dynasties, when put to the test of public opinion, failed because they were felt to be absurd by the masses. It was one of Napoleon's aphorisms that "to have the right of using nations, you must begin by serving them well." Like a good burgher, he made his servants comfortable and happy. His example, moreover, was reflected abroad throughout Europe; and to the millions of plain and not very shrewd inhabitants of other lands, the Revolution, as Napoleon had shaped it, lost many of the horrors with which Jacobinism, to the everlasting damnation of both the thing and its name, had clothed it. It is a question whether there was in existence a strong liberal France, such as idealists depict, that could pacifically have done this wonderful work. Examining and duly weighing the desperation of dynastic absolutism, it looks as if nothing but the counter-poison of Napoleon's militarism could have prevented its annihilating French liberalism. Without Napoleon the conservative liberalism of to-day would have been impossible.

Turning to the field of general history, there are certain facts, admittedly Napoleon's doing, which quite as certainly are among the most important factors of contemporary politics. Of themselves these would suffice to give him a high place in constructive history. In the first place, he deprived England of the monopoly in what had long been essentially and peculiarly her political ideal. What was the basis of the long conflict between England and France to which Napoleon fell heir? Was the struggle of these two glorious and enlightened sister nations a struggle for territorial ascendancy in Europe? Not entirely. Was it a life-and-death struggle for ascendancy in the western world? No. The Seven Years' War had decided that question against France, and the American war for independence had in a sense evened the score in its decision against England; for the prize had been awarded to a new people. No; the conflict did not rage over this. What, then, was the cause? Nothing less than a passion for the ascendancy of one of these highest forms of civilization throughout the globe, including both Europe and America. This Anglo-Saxon political, commercial, religious, and social conception was, after the Napoleonic wars, no longer confined to Great Britain. Thence onward the great powers of Europe have been chiefly concerned, aside from their care for self-preservation, in partitioning Africa and Asia among themselves; and this process is no sooner complete than they begin to murmur about the Monroe doctrine and to cast longing eyes toward Central and South America. The state system which was once European has become coextensive with the sphere on which we live, and this notion of world-domination, so denounced when held by Napoleon, has become the motive-power of every great modern civilization.

If we consider the national politics of Europe beyond the boundaries of France, history again becomes a record of influences started by Napoleon's works, either of commission or of omission. Russia's grandeur as a European power appears to be largely due to the temporary extinction of Poland's hope for national resurrection. Had Napoleon, instead of playing his doubtful game with the grand duchy of Warsaw, turned into an autonomous permanency the scarcely known provisional government of Poland, which he actually inaugurated and which worked for a considerable time, and had he restored to its sway both the Prussian and Austrian shares in the shameless partition, we might have seen quite another result to the military migration of 1812. We can scarcely doubt, moreover, that Poland, restored under French protection, would have been a buffer state between Russia, Prussia, and Austria, rendering the crushing coalition an impossibility in 1813, while in 1814 the allies could probably never have crossed the French frontier, if indeed they had dared to go even so far in their march across Europe. But his positive achievement was quite as important. The Germany of to-day is a great federal state guided, but not dominated, by Prussia. What are its other important members? Bavaria, Wuertemberg, and Baden--all three in their present extent and influence the creations of Napoleon; the nice balance of powers in the German Empire is due to his arrangement of the map. There is even a sense in which all Germany, as we know it, sprang full armed from his head. He not merely taught the peoples of central Europe their strategy, tactics, and military organization: it was he who carried the standard of enlightenment (in his own interest, of course, but still he carried it) through the length and breadth of their territories, and made its significance clear to the meanest intellect of their teeming millions. Thereafter the longings for German unity, for German fatherland, for the organization of German strength into one movement, could never be checked. The swarm of petty tyrants who had modeled their life and conduct on the example of Louis XIV, and who in struggling to vie with his villainies had debauched themselves and their peoples, was swept away by Napoleon's ruthlessness, to give place to the larger, more wholesome nationality of the nineteenth century, which was destined in the end to inspire the surrounding nations with the new concept of respect, not alone for one's own nationality, but for that of others.

What French influence effected in Italy is a topic so recondite as to require separate discussion; for the results were not so immediate or so dramatic as they were in Germany. But the destruction of petty governments was as ruthless as in the north; the ideas which marched in Bonaparte's ranks found at least a large minority of intelligent admirers among the invaded; and Italian unity, though won by a family he feared and abused, is in no doubtful sense indebted for its existence, not merely to Napoleon's age, but to the ideas he disseminated and to the efforts at a practical beginning which he made. As to Austria-Hungary, the new historical epoch which makes her essentially the empire of the lower Danube takes its rise from Napoleon's time and influence. The relaxation of her grasp on Italy has thrown her across the Adriatic for the territorial expansion essential to her position as a great power. It has been her mission to rescue by moral influence some of the fairest lands in the Balkan peninsula from waste and anarchy. Mere proximity is a powerful factor; the turbulence of Austrian local patriotism has been the seed of wholesome discontent among the Christian populations of Turkey, whose first awakening was largely due to the emissaries sent by Napoleon to fire the hearts of the oppressed and suffering subjects of that distracted land. Servia is one example of this; and in a sense the national awakening of Greece began with the hopes similarly aroused.

The astounding magic of his name in the United States is partly due to a quality of the American mind which makes its possessor the passionate and indiscriminating adorer of greatness in every form. The Americans are more French than the French in their admiration of power. But, after all, this is not the main reason for their interest in Napoleon. They are, dimly at least, aware of certain facts which have determined their history and made them an independent nation; though already stated and discussed, we may be pardoned for recapitulating them in this connection. Their first war for independence left them tributary to the mother-country both industrially and commercially. It was Napoleon who pitilessly, though slyly and indirectly, launched them into the second war with Great Britain, from which they emerged with some glory and some sense of defeat, but, after all, with the tremendous and permanent gain of absolute commercial independence. In the second place, their purchase of Louisiana, though understood by only a few at the moment, revolutionized their national system both inside and outside. That momentous step destroyed the literal interpretation of the constitution, hitherto enslaving a congeries of jarring little commonwealths in the bondage of verbalism, because, though manifestly beneficent and necessary, it could be justified before the law only by an appeal to the spirit and not to the letter. Thenceforward Americans have steadily been enlarging their constitutional law by interpretation, and the apparent timidity of amendment which they display is simply due to the absence of necessity for revision as long as expansion by interpretation continues. But certainly quite as important as this was also the displacement, by the acquisition of that vast territory, of what may be called the national center of gravity. Until then the aspirations of Americans had been toward Europe; the public opinion of the country had, until then, demanded the largest possible intercourse with that continent compatible with freedom from political entanglement. Thereafter there was a change in their spirit: a continent of their own was open to their energies. For two generations their history has been concerned with exploration, with mechanical invention, and with solving the great problem of how to prevent an extension of slavery corresponding to the extension of territory. But nevertheless, steadily and vigorously two correlated concepts were propagating themselves: neglect of Europe, in order to expand and assimilate their recent acquisition; industrial exclusiveness, for the sake of this great home market which immigration, settlement, and the formation of new commonwealths were creating, not at the front door, but in the rear of the states stretching along the Atlantic. This resulted in a temporary "about-face" of the nation; and it is only now, when the prize of material greatness and of territorial unity has been secured, that the people turn once more toward the rising sun, in order to get from older lands everything germane to its own civilization, and to assimilate these acquisitions, if possible, in realizing its own ideals of moral grandeur.

HISTORICAL SOURCES

In making this book I had access to the following original sources:

I. Unpublished Documents: a, The papers of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the years of Napoleon's life, including those of the "Fonds Napoleon." b, The unpublished correspondence of Napoleon kept in the French Ministry of War, including the "Volumes Rouges" and the "Dossier de l'Empereur." This is as voluminous at least as the published correspondence, but of personal and technical rather than political interest. I have also consulted the archives of the General Staff in the same building concerning many events connected with Napoleon's career. c, The papers of Napoleon's youth known as the Ashburnham papers, but now owned by the Italian government, and kept in the Laurentian Library at Florence. Since I used them they have been published by Masson and Biagi, but the editors have corrected the text to an extent which is in our day not considered scientific. d, The despatches of American diplomatists resident abroad during Napoleon's career. e, Certain papers from the Record Office in London relating to Napoleon's surrender and his life in St. Helena. f, Certain papers of Henri Beyle containing characterizations of Napoleon and contemporary anecdotes concerning him. These were translated by Jean de Mitty from a cipher manuscript in the public library at Grenoble. g, A considerable number of Napoleon's letters, kindly put at my disposal by various collectors.

II. Published Official Papers. Within the last few years original documents concerning the Napoleonic epoch have been printed very extensively. Nearly all the important books are based on archival research, and the respective authors generally print a certain number of despatches or reports in justification of their conclusions. The following collections are the most important: a, The Correspondence of Napoleon. b, Official Papers of the Helvetic Republic. c, Diplomatic Correspondence between Prussia and France, 1795-97. d, Lord Whitworth's despatches. e, Ducasse's Supplement to Napoleon's Correspondence. f, The Papers of Gentz and Schwarzenberg. g, The Papers of Metternich. h, Napoleon's Letters to Caulaincourt. i, Napoleon's Letters to King Joseph. j, The Letters of King Jerome, Queen Catharine, and King Frederick of Wuertemberg. k, The Papers of Castlereagh, Banks, Jackson, and other English statesmen of the time. l, Diplomatic Correspondence between Russia and France. m, The Archives of Count Woronzoff. n, Diplomatic Correspondence of the Sardinian ambassadors at St. Petersburg. o, Diplomatic Correspondence of the ministers of the republic and kingdom of Italy. p, Lecestre's Unpublished Letters of Napoleon. This list might be extended almost indefinitely by adding such collections as Ducasse's Memoirs of King Joseph, Napoleon's Letters to Josephine, the Correspondence of Eugene, etc., etc.; but these older books are too well known to require enumeration, and, though authentic, are only semi-official or personal publications.

III. Contemporary Memoirs. Those titles given in the bibliography are, with a few exceptions, the most valuable. The positive, literal truth of the so-called memoirs attributed to Bourrienne, Constant, Caulaincourt, Barras, Fouche, and Avrillon is very slender. They are all made by skilful patchwork and must be read with the utmost caution. In fact, it is doubtful whether, with the exception of Barras's scandalous record, they have, strictly speaking, any right to the names they bear. This much negative value they have: that they show how history can be falsified in one interest or another.

During the fourteen years which have elapsed since the book was completed for magazine publication, and the twelve since it was revised to the form of four volumes, great numbers of what were then manuscript journals, memoirs, or letters have been printed and published; of these proper use has been made in this edition, and their titles are given in the bibliography. The author may be pardoned for remarking that few details of importance have been found incorrect, wherever experts agree, and that his many critics have made no demand for the reconstruction of his characterization in its broad outlines, however opposed they may be to his portrayals or discussions.

This list of books makes no pretense to completeness. It is a conservative estimate that there are two hundred thousand titles of books relating to Napoleon and his age. What is here given is sufficient to assure the reader a complete view of Napoleon and his times from the best sources.

WM. M. SLOANE.

New York, August 1, 1910.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHIES

=Briere, G.=; =Caron, P.=; et =Maistre, H.= Repertoire Methodique de l'histoire moderne et contemporaine de la France. Paris, 1898 (one vol. yearly).

=Cambridge Modern History=. New York and London, 1906. Vol. IX, Napoleon.

=Catalogue de l'Histoire de France=. 15 v.

=Dahlmann, E. C.=, and =Waitz, G.= Quellenkunde der deutschen Geschichte.

=Fournier, A.=, ed. Bourne, E. G. New York, 1903.

=Gardiner, S. R.=, and =Mullinger, J. B.= Introduction to English History. London, 1894.

=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliography of Napoleon. Leipzig, 1902.

=Kircheisen, F.= Bibliographie du temps de Napoleon. Paris, Geneva, London, 1908.

=Lumbroso, A.= Saggio di una bibliografia ragionata per servire alla storia dell' epoca Napoleonica. Modena, 1894-96. Parts 1-5.

EUROPE

=Alison, Sir A.= History of Europe from the commencement of the French Revolution in 1789 to the Restoration of the Bourbons in 1815. London, 1841-42. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Bredow, G. G.= Chronik des XIXten Jahrhunderts. 2 v. Altona, 1801. Continued by C. Venturini. 20 v. Altona, 1809-28.

=Delbrueck, H.= Historische u. politische Aufsaetze. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}.

=Faguet, E.= Politiques et moralistes du 19e siecle. Paris, 1891. 12{o}.

=Froidevaux, H.= La politique coloniale de Napoleon Ier. In Revue des questions historiques, tom. 68, pp. 608-620. Paris, Ier avril, 1901.

=Heeren, A. H. L.= Handbuch der Geschichte des europaeischen Staatensystems und seiner Colonieen. Goettingen, 1819.

=Houssaye, H.= 1814. 7 ed. Paris, 1888. 16{o}.

=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Paris, 1899.

=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo et la Terreur Blanche. Paris, 1899.

=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A.= Histoire generale du IVme siecle a nos jours. 12 v. Paris, 1893-1901. (Vol. IX, 1800-15. Bibliography.)

=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon History. London, 1889. 8{o}.

=Mahan, A. T.= The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire. 2 v. London, 1893.

=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Rocques de=. De la France et de l'Europe sous le gouvernement de Bonaparte. Paris et Lyon, an XII (1804).

=Plotho, C.= v. Der Krieg des Verbuendet. Europa gegen Frankreich im Jahre 1815. Berlin, 1818. 8{o}.

=Poelitz, K. H. L.= D. Europaeischen Verfassungen seit d. Jahre 1789 bis auf die neueste Zeit. Mit geschichtl. Einleit. u. Erlaeuter. 2te neu geordn., berichtigte u. ergaenzte Aufl. Leipzig, 1833. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Rambaud, A.=, et =Lavisse, E.= Histoire generale. v. Lavisse.

=Rocke, P.= Die Kontinentalsperre. Naumb., 1894. 8{o}.

=Schlegel, A. W.= Ueber d. Continentalsystem u. d. Einfluss desselben auf Schweden. Leipzig, 1814. 8{o}.

=Schulz, K. G.= Geschichte d. Kriege in Europa seit dem Jahre 1792. Berlin, 1827-53. 15 Baende in 23 Theilen.

=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Revolution francaise (1789-1815). 8 v. Paris, 1885-1904.

=Sorel, A.= Essais historiques et critiques. Paris, 1894.

TREATIES

=Angeberg, d'=. Le Congres de Vienne et les traites de 1815, precede et suivi des actes diplomatiques, avec intr. hist. par M. Capefigue. Paris, 1864. 2 v.

=Barral-Montferrat, Marquis de=. Dix ans de paix armee entre la France et l'Angleterre, 1783-1793. Ier v. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Bowman, H. M.= Die englisch-franzoesische Friedensverhandlung (Dez., 1799, bis Jan., 1800). Leipzig, 1899.

=Garden, G. de=. Histoire generale des traites de paix et autres transactions principales entre les puissances de l'Europe depuis la paix de Westphalie. Paris, 1848-59. 14 v. 8{o}.

=Laperouse, A.= Le Congres de Chatillon. Chatillon-sur-Seine, 1865. 8{o}.

=Leclercq, A.= Recueil des traites de la France. Publ. sous les auspices du ministre des affaires etrangeres. Paris, 1864-72. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Martens, G. F. de=. Recueil des principaux traites d'alliance, de paix, de treve, etc., conclus par les puissances de l'Europe, tant entre elles qu'avec les puissances et etats dans d'autres parties du monde depuis 1761 jusqu'a present (1801). Paris, 1791-1801. 7 v. 8{o}. Suppl. to 1807. Paris, 1802-08. 2 ed. Paris, 1817-35. 8 v. 8{o}. (Continued by his nephew to the present time.)

=Pons, Andre, Comte de Rio=. Known as Pons de l'Herault. Le Congres de Chatillon. Paris, 1825. 8{o}.

=Weiss, J. B. von=. Weltgeschichte (vols. XIX-XXII, 1795-1815). Leipzig, 1896-98.

DIPLOMATIC HISTORY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW

Bailleu, P. Preussen und Frankreich von 1795 bis 1807: diplomatische Correspondenzen. Leipzig, 1881-87. 2 v. 8{o}. (Publ. a. d. K. preuss. Staatsarchiv. Bde. 8, 29.)

Bignon, L. P. Souvenirs d'un diplomate (La Pologne, 1811-13), precedes d'une notice hist. sur la vie de l'auteur par M. Mignet. Paris, 1864.

=Buchez, P. J. B.= Histoire parlementaire de la Revolution francaise. 2 ed., revisee et entierement remaniee par l'auteur, en collaboration avec MM. Jules Bastide, E. S. de Bois-le-Comte et Q. Ott. Paris, 1845-47. 6 v. 12{o}.

=Constant de Rebecque, H. B.= Cours de politique const.; ou, Coll. des ouvrages publ. sur le gouvernement representatif, avec une intr. et des notes par Ed. Laboulaye. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Histoire des negociations diplomatiques relatives aux traites de Mortfontaine, de Luneville et d'Amiens. Paris, 1855. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Dufraisse, M.= Histoire du droit de guerre et de paix (1789-1815). Paris, 1867.

=Fournier, A.= Der Congress von Chatillon. Die Politik im Kriege von 1814. Eine historische Studie. 8{o}. Wien u. Prag, 1900. Tempsky.

=Fournier, A.= Gentz u. Cobenzl. Geschichte d. oesterreich. Diplomatie in den Jahre 1801-05. Nach neuen Quellen. Wien, 1880. 8{o}.

=Gardane, A. de=. Mission du Gen. Gardane en Perse sous le premier Empire. Documents historiques. Paris, 1865. 8{o}.

=Gardane, Comte G.= De histoire generale des traites de paix depuis la paix de Westphalie (to 1813). 14 v. Paris, 1849-59.

=Goldsmith, L.= Secret history of the cabinet of Bonaparte. London, 1810. 8{o}.

=Greppi=. Revelations diplomatiques sur les relations de la Sardaigne avec l'Autriche et la Russie. Paris, 1859. 8{o}.

=Kiesselbach, W. D.= Continentalsperre in ihrer Oekonomisch-Polit. Bedeutung. Ein Beitrag z. Handelsgeschichte. Stuttgart, 1850. 8{o}.

=Kleist, Heinr. v.= Politische Schriften und andere Nachtraege zu seinen Werken. Mit einer Einleitung zum ersten Male herausg. von R. Kopke. Berlin, 1862. 8{o}.

=Klinkowstroem, Clem. v.= Aus d. alten Registratur d. Staatskanzlei. Briefe Polit. Inhalts von u. an Frdr. v. Gentz aus den Jahren 1799-1827. Wien, 1870. 8{o}.

=Lefebvre, A.= Histoire des cabinets de l'Europe pendant le consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1866-69.

=Leouzon-le-Duc, L. A.=, Ed. Correspondance diplomatique du baron de Stael Holstein et de son successeur le baron Brinkman: documents ined. sur la Revolution (1783-99), recueillis aux archives royales de Suede et publies avec une introduction par L. Leouzon-le-Duc. Paris, 1881. 8{o}.

=Maistre, J. de=. Correspondance diplomatique, 1811-17. Ed. par A. Blanc. Paris, 1860. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Le departement des affaires etrangeres pendant la Revolution (1787-1804). Paris, 1877.

=Montgaillard, J. G. M. Roques=, known as Comte de. Memoires diplomatiques 1805-1819, extraits du ministere de l'interieur et publies, avec une introduction et des notes, par Clement de Lacroise. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Collection generale et complete de lettres, proclamations, discours, redigee d'apres le Moniteur, classee suivant l'ordre du temps 1796-1807, accompagnee de notes historiques, publiee par C. A. Fischer. Leipzig, 1808-13. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Pingaud, L.= Un agent secret sous la Revolution et l'Empire: le comte d'Antraigues. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Pozzo di Borgo, Comte=. Correspondance diplomatique du C{te} Pozzo di Borgo et du C{te} de Nesselrode depuis la Restauration.

=Pradt, D. D. de=. Histoire de l'ambassade dans le grand duche de Varsovie en 1812. 5 ed. rev. et corr. Paris, 1815. 8{o}.

=Stewarton=. Secret history of the court and cabinet of St. Cloud. In a series of letters. Anon. 4th American ed. New York, 1807. 12{o}.

=Tratchefski, A.= Relations diplomatiques de la Russie avec la France a l'epoque de Napoleon I. Saint-Petersbourg, 1890-93. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Ulmann, H.= Russisch-preussische Politik unter Alexander I und Friedrich Wilhelm III bis 1806, urkundlich dargestellt. 8{o}. Leipzig, 1899. Duncker.

=Vandal, A.= Negociations avec la Russie relatives au second mariage de Napoleon. In Revue historique, tom. 44, pp. 1-42. Paris, 1900.

MILITARY HISTORY

=Aster, K. H.= D. Kriegsereignisse zwischen Peterswalde, Pirna, Koenigstein u. Priesten im Aug., 1813, u. die Schlacht bei Kulm. Dresden, 1845. 8{o}.

=Aster, K. H.= Gefechte u. Schlachten bei Leipzig im October, 1813. 2 Ausg. Dresden, 1852-53. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Aster, K. H.= Schilderung d. Kriegsereignisse in und vor Dresden, vom 7 Maerz bis 28 August, 1813. 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1856. 8{o}.

=Barral, Georges=. L'epopee de Waterloo: narration nouvelle des cent jours et de la campagne de Belgique en 1815. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Beauchamp, A. de=. Histoire des campagnes de 1814-15. Paris, 1815-17. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Beauharnais, le Prince Eugene de=. Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire. Publ., annotes et mis en ordre par A. du Casse. Paris, 1858-60. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Krieges von 1806-07, oder Bemerk. Berichtigungen u. Zusaetze zu d. in Theile des Werkes: Geschichte d. Kriege in Europa seit d. Jahre 1792 als Folgen d. Staatsveraenderung in Frankreich unter Ludwig XVI, etc. Berlin, 1834. Breslau, 1836.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Krieges vom Jahre 1806 u. 1807, oder Bemerk. Berichtigungen u. Zusaetze zu d. in Theile des Werkes, etc. Breslau, 1836. (Contains the memoirs of Oginski, Eugen's von Wuertemberg, and Bennigsen.)

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Franzoes.-russ. Feldzuegs im Jahre 1812. Breslau, 1814. 8{o}.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Feldzuege 1814-15 in Frankreich, in besond. Beziehung auf d. Commando d. Kronprinzen v. Wuertemberg, herausg. v. d. Offizieren d. Wuertemb. Gen. Quart. Staabs. Stuttgart, 1818. 3 Hefte, mit 12 Plaenen.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Feldzuege v. 1813-14, von e. Offizier d. alliirten Armee. Berlin, 1815. 8{o}.

=Bernays, Guillaume=. Schicksale d. Grossherzogth. Frankfurt u. seiner Truppen. Eine kulturhistor. u. militaer. Studie aus der Zeit d. Rheinbundes. Berlin, 1882. 8{o}.

=Berthezene, P.= Souvenirs militaires de la Republique et de l'Empire [1798-1815]; publ. par son fils. Paris, 1855. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Bertin, G.= La campagne de 1814, d'apres des temoins oculaires. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Flammarion.

=Bertrand, E.= Les marins de la garde (1803-1815). 8{o}. Paris, 1895. Baudin.

=Bleibtreu, K.= Geschichte und Geist der europaeischen Kriege unter Friedrich dem Grossen und Napoleon. Leipzig, 1893.

=Borcke, J. v.= Kriegerleben. 1806-15. Nach dessen Aufzeichng. bearb. von Leszczynski. Berlin, 1888. 8{o}.

=Bourgeois, R.= Relation fidele et detaillee de la derniere campagne de Bonaparte terminee par la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean, dite de Waterloo ou de la Belle Alliance, par un temoin oculaire. Paris, 1815. 8{o}.

=Bourgoing, P. de=. Itineraire de Napoleon I de Smorgoni a Paris, episode de la guerre de 1812. Premier extrait des mem. militaires et politiques inedits. Paris, 1862.

=Bustelli, G.= L'Enigma di Ligny e di Waterloo (15-18 giugno, 1815) studiato e sciolto. 3 v. 8{o}. Viterbo, 1897. Agnesotti.

=Buturlin=. Hist. militaire de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Paris, 1824. 2 v. 8{o}. Atlas 4{o}.

=Chabot-Arnault=. Histoire des flottes militaires. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.

=Charras, J. B. A.= Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Waterloo. Avec un atlas. 6 ed. Paris, 1869. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Chesney, C. C.= Etude de la campagne de 1815: Waterloo. Bruxelles, 1870. 8{o}.

=Chesney, C. C.= Waterloo lectures. 2 ed. London, 1869. 8{o}.

=Chevalier, Ed.= Histoire de la marine francaise sous le Consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1886. 8{o}.

=Clausewitz, C.= v. Hinterlassene Werke ue. Krieg u. Kriegfuehrung. Berlin, 1862-89. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Colin, J.= Etudes sur la campagne de 1796-97 en Italie. 8{o}. Av. carte et croquis. Paris, 1897. Baudoin.

=Colomb, E.= v. Bluecher in Briefen aus den Feldzuegen 1813-15. Stuttgart, 1876. 8{o}.

=Corte=. Battaglie di S. Michele e Mondovi. Torino, 1846.

=Damitz, K. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden u. Frankreich. Berlin, 1837-38. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Danielson, J. R.= Finska kriget och Finlands krigare (1808-1809). Stockholm, 1898. Wahlstrom.

=Danilewsky, M.= Darstellung d. Feldzuges in Frankreich im Jahre 1814. In's deutsche uebertr. v. C. v. Kotzebue. Riga, 1837-38. 2 Bde.

=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Krieges im Jahre 1812. Mit 33 Plaenen. Riga, 1840. 8{o}.

=Danilewsky, M.= Geschichte des Vaterland. Krieges im Jahre 1812, auf Allerhoechsten befehl des Kaisers von Russland verfasst. Aus d. Russ. uebersetzt von C. R. Goldhammer. Riga, 1840. 4 Thle.

=Danilewsky, M.= Relation de la campagne de 1805 (Austerlitz). Tr. du russe par le gen. L. Narischkine. Paris, 1846. 8{o}. 1 carte et 1 plan.

=Davout, L.=, Prince d'Eckmuehl. Operations du 3e corps, 1806-07. Rapport publie par son neveu le general Davout, duc d'Auerstaedt. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Dechent=. Beitraege z. Gesch. des Feldzuges von 1806, nach Quellen des Archivs Marburg. Berlin, 1887. 8{o}.

=De Cugnac=. Campagnes de l'armee de reserve en 1800. Tom. I: Passage du grand Saint-Bernard. Tom. II: Marengo. Av. 21 cartes et croquis. Paris, 1900-01. Chapelot.

=Delauney=. Napoleon et la defense des cotes. Extrait du "Memorial de l'artillerie de la marine." Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Denniee=, Baron. Itineraire de l'Empereur Napoleon pendant la campagne de 1812. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.

=Desbriere, E.= 1793-1805. Projets et tentatives de debarquement aux iles britanniques. Av. 60 cartes et croquis. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1901-02. Chapelot.

=Ditfurth, M.= D. Schlacht bei Borodino am 7 Sept., 1812. Mit besond. Ruecksicht auf die Theilnahme d. deutschen Reitercontingente. Marburg, 1887.

=Doisy de Villargennes, A. J.= Reminiscences of Army Life under Napoleon Bonaparte. Cin., 1884. 12{o}.

=Doerr, J. D.= Schlacht von Hanau am 30 Oktbr., 1813. Cassel, 1851. 8{o}.

=Doublet, P. J. L. O.= Memoires historiques sur l'invasion et l'occupation de Malte par une armee francaise en 1798. Publ. pour la premiere fois par le comte de Panisse-Passis. Paris, 1883. 12{o}.

=Dumas, M.= Precis des evenements militaires; ou, Essai historique sur les campagnes de 1799 a 1814. Paris, 1816-26. 19 v. 8{o}.

=Durdent, R. J.= Campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Duruy, A.= Etudes d'histoire militaire sur la Revolution et l'Empire. Paris, 1888. 8{o}. (First chapter is La conspiration du Gen. Malet.)

=Du Teil, B{on} J.= Napoleon Bonaparte et les generaux du Teil (1788-94). L'Ecole d'artillerie d'Auxonne et le siege de Toulon. Une famille militaire au XVIIIe siecle.

=Eniden, F.= Erinnerungen eines oesterreichischen Ordonnanzoffiziers aus dem Feldzuge 1812. 8{o}. Wien, 1898. Seidel.

=Fabvier, C. N.= Journal des operations du sixieme corps pendant la campagne de 1814 en France. Paris, 1819. 8{o}.

=Fezensac, R. E. P. J. de Montesquiou, duc de=. Souvenirs militaires de 1804 a 1814. 4 ed. Paris, 1870. 12{o}.

=Foucart, P.= Bautzen (une bataille de 2 jours), 20-21 mai, 1813. Paris, 1897. 8{o}.

=Foucart, P.= Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'apres les archives de la guerre: Jena. Paris, 1887. 8{o}.

=Franzoesische= Armee im Jahre 1813, ein Beitrag zur Geschichte d. Befreiungs Kriege. Berlin, 1889. 8{o}.

=Friant Comte=. Vie militaire du lieutenant-general comte Friant. Paris, 1857. 8{o}.

=Gachot, E.= Histoire militaire de Massena. Paris, 1901.

=Gamot=. Refutation en ce qui concerne le M{al} Ney de l'ouvrage ayant pour titre "Campagne de 1815 ... par le G{al} Gourgaud." Paris, 1818. 8{o}.

=Gardner, D.= Quatre-Bras, Ligny, Waterloo: Narrative of the campaign in Belgium, 1815. London, 1882. 8{o}.

=Gerard, E. M., Comte=. Quelques documents sur la bataille de Waterloo, propres a eclairer la question portee devant le public par M. le Marquis de Grouchy. Paris, 1829. 8{o}.

=Giraud, P. F. F. J.= Campagne de Paris en 1814, precedee d'un coup d'oeil sur celle de 1813; ou, Precis historique et impartial des evenements depuis l'invasion de la France par les armees etrangeres jusqu'a la capitulation de Paris, la decheance et l'abdication de Buonaparte inclusivement. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Gleig, G. R.= Story of the battle of Waterloo. New York, 1847.

=Gouvion Saint-Cyr, L., Marquis de=. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire militaire sous le Directoire, le Consulat et l'Empire, 1798-1813. Paris, 1831. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Grenier, P.= Etude sur 1807 Manoeuvres d'Eylau et Friedland. Av. croquis. Paris, 1901. 8{o}.

=Grouchy, Gen.= Observations sur la relation de la campagne de 1815, pub. par le Gen. Gourgaud; et refutation de quelques-unes des assertions d'autres ecrits relatifs a la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, 1819. 8{o}.

=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Memoires du M{al} de Grouchy. Paris, 1873-74. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Guillaume, F., dit Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Histoire des campagnes de 1814 et 1815 en France. Paris, 1826. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Guillon, E.= Les complots militaires sous le consulat et l'empire, d'apres les documents inedits des archives. 12{o}. Paris, 1894. Plon.

=Guillon, E.= Nos ecrivains militaires. Etudes de litterature et d'histoire militaire. 2e ser. Depuis la Revolution jusqu'a nos jours. 12{o}. Paris. Plon.

=Hamilton, Captain Thomas=. Annals of the Peninsular campaigns from 1808 to 1816. Edinburgh, 1829. 3 v. 18{o}.

=Helfert=. D. Schlacht bei Kulm, 1813. Wien, 1863. Gr. 8{o}.

=Helldorff=. Zur Geschichte d. Schlacht bei Kulm. Aufklaerung verschiedener bis jetzt unrichtig darg. Thatsachen ueber die Tage vom 25-30 August, 1813. Berlin, 1856. 8{o}.

=Heymes=. Relation de la campagne de 1815, dite de Waterloo, pour servir a l'histoire du Marechal Ney. Paris, no date. 8{o}.

=Histoire= des societes secretes de l'armee et des conspirations militaires qui ont eu pour objet la destruction du gouvernement de Bonaparte. Paris, 1815. [Anon.]

=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Die Schlacht bei Borodino mit einer Uebersicht des Feldzugs von 1812. Koblenz, 1846. 8{o}.

=Hooper, G.= Waterloo, the downfall of the first Napoleon. London, 1890. 16{o}.

=Hoepfner, Ed. v.= D. Krieg von 1806 u. 1807. Beitraege zur Geschichte d. preuss. Armee nach d. Quellen d. Kriegs-Archivs bearb. Berlin, 1850-51. 4 v. 8{o}. Mit Schlacht u. Gefechts Plaenen u. Beilagen.

=Houssaye, H.= 1815. Waterloo. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Perrin. Trad. en allem. par A. Ostermeyer. 8{o}. London, 1900. Grant Richards.

=Jomini, H. de=. Portable atlas of the fields of Waterloo and Ligny. Brussels, 1851. 8{o}.

=Jomini, H. de=. Histoire crit. et militaire des guerres de la Revolution, 1792-1803. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1820-24. 15 v. 8{o} and atlas fol.

=Jomini, H. de=. Precis politique et militaire des campagnes de 1812 a 1814, extr. des souvenirs ined., avec une notice biog. et des cartes, plans et legendes, publ. F. Lecomte. Lausanne, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Jomini, H. de=. Precis politique et militaire de la campagne de 1815, pour servir de supplement et de rectification a la vie politique et militaire de Napoleon, racontee par lui-meme. Paris, 1839. 8{o}.

=Jurien de la Graviere, J. B. E.= Guerres maritimes sous la Republique et l'Empire, avec les plans des batailles navales ... et une carte du Sund ... 3e ed. Paris, no date. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Koch, J. B. F.= Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la campagne de 1814. Paris, 1819. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Krebs, L.=, et =Morris, H.= Campagnes dans les Alpes pendant la Revolution, d'apres les archives des etats-majors francais et austro-sarde (1794-1796). 8{o}. Av. 2 cartes et 7 croquis. Paris, 1895. Plon.

=Lacroix, D.= Les marechaux de Napoleon. 12{o}. Av. grav. Paris, 1896. Garnier.

=Larrey, D. J.= Memoires de chirurgie militaire et campagnes. (In his Mem. de med. et de chirur. militaire. 4 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1813-18.)

=La Tour d'Auvergne, E. de=. Waterloo. Etude de la campagne de 1815. Avec cartes et plans. Paris, 1870. 8{o}.

=Lecene, P.= Les marins francais, 1793-1815. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1885. 8{o}.

=Legler, Th.= Denkwuerdigkeiten a. d. russischen Feldzuge vom Jahr 1812. Jahrb. des hist. Vereins des Kantons Glarus, 1868.

=Leissnig, W. S.= Maersche u. Kriegsereignisse, Terrain Bemerkungen, u. s. w., eines Koenigl. Saechs. Dragoner Offiziers bei d. franzoes. Armee auf dem Zuge nach Moskau im Jahre 1812. I. Th. Marsch aus Lausitz, durch Polen, Preussen, Litthauen bis Moskau. Leipzig, 1828. 8{o}.

=Lewal=. La veillee d'Jena. Etude de strategie de combat. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. Chapelot.

=Leydolph, E=. Die Schlacht bei Jena. Mit 2 Karten. 2 Aufl. 8{o}. Jena, 1901. Braeunlich.

=Loben-Sels, E. von=. Precis de la campagne de 1815 dans les Pays-Bas. La Haye, 1849. 8{o}.

=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes d'apres les memoires et les recits de Baudin, Bonaparte, de l'admiral P. Bouvet, du vice-admiral Courbet, etc. 4{o}. Avec plans. Paris, 1900. Hachette.

=Loir, M.= Brueys a Aboukir (1er aout, 1798). 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Chapelot. Extrait de la "Revue militaire."

=Loir, M.= Etudes d'histoire maritime (Revolution; Empire; Restauration). 16{o}. Paris, 1901. Berger-Levrault.

=Loir, M.= Gloires et souvenirs maritimes. Paris, 1895. 4{o}.

=Lossau, v.= Charakteristik der Kriege Napoleons. (Mit Plaenen u. Karten.) Karlsruhe, 1843-47. 3 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.

=Lumbroso, B{on} A.= La campagne de Murat en 1815. Precis militaire et politique de la campagne de J. Murat en Italie contre les Autrichiens. 8{o}. Paris, 1899.

=Maag, A.= Die Schicksale der Schweizer-Regimenter in Napoleons I Feldzug nach Russland, 1812. 8{o}. Biel, 1890. Kuhn. 3 Aufl. 8{o}. Biel, 1900. Kuhn.

=Malachowski, v.= Ueb. die Entwickelung der Leitenden Gedanken zur ersten Campagne Bonapartes. Ein Vortrag. Berlin, 1884.

=Malo, C.= Champs de bataille de l'armee francaise (Belgique, Allemagne, Italie) (Genappe, Fleurus, Ligny, Steinkerque, Neerwinden, Malplaquet, Waterloo, Jena, Auerstaedt, Eylau, Friedland, Luetzen, Dresde, Leipzig, etc.). Avec illustr. 4{o}. Paris, 1901. Hachette.

=Martinien, A.= Liste des officiers generaux tues ou blesses sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Cavaliers de Napoleon. Paris, 1895. Fol.

=Menge, A.= Die Schlacht von Aspern am 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. Eine Erlaeuterung der Kriegsfuehrung Napoleons I und des Erzherzogs Carl von Oesterreich. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Stilke.

=Miller, M. v.= Darstellung d. Feldzugs d. Franzoes. verbuendeten Armee gegen d. Russ. im Jahre 1812, mit besond. Ruecksicht auf d. Theilnahme d. K. Wuertembergischen Truppen. Stuttgart, 1823. 2 Thle. 4{o}.

=Morris, W. O'C.= Napoleon, warrior and ruler, and the military supremacy of revolutionary France. New York, 1893. 8{o}.

=Mudford, W.= Historical account of the battle of Waterloo. London, 1817. 4{o}.

=Mueffling, A. G. v.= (genannt Weiss). Strategie napoleonienne. La campagne d'automne de 1813 et les lignes interieures. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Baudoin.

=Mueffling, C. v.= Geschichte d. Feldzuges d. Armee unter Wellington u. Bluecher im Jahre 1815. Nebst d. Plaenen d. Schlachten von Ligny, Quatre-Bras u. Belle-Alliance. Stuttgart, 1817. 8{o}.

=Mueffling, D.= Operationsplan der Preussisch-saechsischen Armee. 1806. Schlacht von Auerstaedt, Rueckzug bis Luebeck. Weimar, 1807. 8{o}.

=Mueffling, C. v.= Histoire de la campagne de l'armee anglaise et de l'armee prussienne en 1815. Stuttgart, 1817. 8{o}.

=Mueller, P.= L'Espionnage militaire sous Napoleon Ier. C. Schulmeister. 12{o}. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault.

=Napier, Sir Wm.= History of the War in the Peninsula and the South of France, 1807-14. London, 1828.

=Napoleon I.= Correspondance avec le ministre de la marine depuis 1804 jusqu'en avril, 1815. Extrait d'un portefeuille de Ste Helene. Paris, 1837. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Ney, M. L. F., duc d'Elchingen=. Documents inedits sur la campagne de 1815. Paris, 1840. 8{o}. See also Dumoulin.

=Noesfelt, F. A.=, und =Loebell, J. W.= Kriegsgeschichten aus d. Jahren 1812 u. 13, oder Darstellungen a. d. Feldzuegen d. Franzosen u. verbuendeten Truppen, u. s. w. mit dem Plan d. Schlacht bei Leipzig. Breslau, 1814-16. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Oman=. History of the Peninsular War. London, 1903. 3 v.

=Oncken, W.= D. Zeitalter d. Revolution d. Kaiserreiches u. d. Befreiungskriege. Berlin, 1884-86. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Pascallet, E.= Notice biog. sur M. le marechal marquis de Grouchy, pair de France, avec des eclaircissements et des details hist. sur la campagne de 1815 ... et sur la bataille de Waterloo. 2 ed. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.

=Pelet, J. J. G.= Reponse aux observations du Gen. Mueffling sur la campagne de 1813. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.") = Pelet, J. J. G., Baron=. Des principales operations de la campagne de 1813. Paris, 1826. 8{o}. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.")

=Pelet, J. J. G.= Tableau de la grande armee en sept. et oct., 1813. (Extrait du "Spectateur militaire.")

=Pelleport, le gen. vicomte Pierre de=. Souvenirs militaires et intimes de 1793 a 1853. Publ. par son fils sur manuscrits originaux, lettres, notes et documents officiels laisses par l'auteur. Bordeaux, 1857. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Petzel=. Die Operationen Napoleons von La Rothiere bis Bar-sur-Aube vom 1-25 Febr., 1814. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Mittler.

=Pfalz, A.= Die Marchfeldschlachten von Aspern und Deutsch-Wagram im Jahre 1809. 2 Aufl. Kornenburg, 1900. Kuehkopf.

=Pfister, A.= Aus dem Lager der Verbuendeten, 1814 und 1815. Stuttgart und Leipzig, 1897. Deutsche Verlagsanstalt.

=Picard, C.= La cavalerie dans les guerres de la Revolution et de l'Empire. 2 v. 8{o}. Saumur, 1895-96. Milon.

=Pieces= diverses relatives aux operations militaires et politiques du general Bonaparte. Paris, an VIII. 8{o}.

=Pion des Loches, A. A. F.= Mes campagnes (1792-1815). Notes et correspondance, mises en ordre et publiees par M. Chipon et L. Pingaud. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.

=Plotho, C. v.= Tagebuch waehrend d. Krieges zwisch. Russland u. Preussen in d. Jahren 1806 u. 7. Mit 2 Plaenen. Berlin, 1811. 8{o}.

=Poenitz, C. E.= Militaerische Briefe eines Verstorbenen, an seine noch lebenden Freunde; historischen, wissenschaftlichen, kritischen u. humoristischen Inhalts. Zur unterhaltenden Belehrung f. Eingeweihte und Laien im Kriegswesen. Adorf, 1841-45. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Porter, Sir R. Ker.= Hist. de la campagne de Russie pendant l'annee 1812, contenant des details puises dans des sources officielles ou provenant de recits francais interceptes et inconnus jusqu'a ce jour, traduit de l'anglais sur la 6e ed. M.... avec des notes. Paris, 1817. 8{o}.

=Poyen, H. de=. Les guerres des Antilles de 1793 a 1815. 8{o}. Av. cartes. Paris, 1896. Berger-Levrault. Extr. du Memorial de l'artillerie de la marine.

=Quinet, E.= Histoire de la campagne de 1815. Paris, 1862. 8{o}.

=Radetzky, Graf=. Denkschriften militaerisch-politischen Inhalts aus d. handschriftlichen Nachlass. Stuttgart, 1858.

=Roloff, G.= Politik und Kriegfuehrung waehrend des Feldzuges von 1814. 8{o}. Berlin, 1891. Mayer.

=Ropes, J. C.= Campaign of Waterloo. A Military History. 2d ed., with atlas. New York, 1893. 8{o}. Atlas fol.

=Ropes, J. C.= First Napoleon. A sketch political and military. Boston, 1895. 8{o}.

=Roth v. Schreckenstein=. D. Kavallerie in d. Schlacht an der Moskwa (von d. Russen Schlacht bei Borodino genannt) am 7 Sept., 1812. Nebst einigen ausfuehrlichen Nachrichten u. d. Leistungen des 4 Kavallerie-corps unter d. Anfuehrung d. Gen. Latour-Maubourg. Muenster, 1858. 8{o}.

=Roussel=. Les maitres de la guerre. Frederic II, Napoleon, Moltke. Essai critique, d'apres des travaux inedits du G{al} Bonnal. 18{o}. Paris, 1899. Montgredien.

=Rousset, C.= La grande armee de 1813. Paris, 1871. 8{o}.

=Rousset, C.= Les volontaires, 1791-94. Paris, 1870. 8{o}.

=Ruehle v. Lilienstern, J. J. v.= Reise eines Malers mit der Armee im Jahre 1809. Rudolstadt, 1809-11. 3 v.

=Ruehle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.= Bericht von Augenzeugen v. d. Feldzug im Oct., 1806. 2 Thle. Tuebingen, 1809.

=Ruehle v. Lilienstern, Th. Jak.= Pallas: e. Zeitschr. f. Staats. u. Kriegskunst. Jahrg. 1808-10. 12 Hefte. (Battle of Wagram.)

=Ruestow, W.= D. Krieg von 1805 in Deutschland u. Italien. Als Anleitung zu kriegshistorischen Studien bearb. Fraunfeld, 1853. 8{o}.

=Sargent, H. H.= Campaign of Marengo, with comments. 8{o}. London, 1897. Paul.

=Sargent, H. H.= Napoleon Bonaparte's first campaign, with comments. 8{o}. London, 1895. Paul.

=Saski=. Campagne de 1809 en Allemagne et en Autriche. 2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1899, 1900. Berger-Levrault.

=Sauzey=. Iconographie du costume militaire de la Revolution et de 'Empire, contenant de courtes notices historiques sur plus de deux cent corps de troupes, et huit mille references a plus de cinq mille planches d'uniformes colories. Av. preface par H. Bouchot. 16{o}. Paris, 1901. Dubois.

=Schleiffer, A. D.= Schlacht bei Hohenlinden am 3 Dezbr., 1800, u. d. vorausgegangenen Heeresbewegungen. Nach d. besten Quellen bearb. Mit e. Legende u. color. Karte. Rathenow, 1885. 8{o}.

=Segur, P. P. de=. Histoire de Napoleon et de la grande armee pendant l'annee 1812. 16e ed. Paris, 1852. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Serurier, Baron=. Memoires militaires, mis en ordre et rediges par son ami M. le Miere de Corvey. Avec une introduction de J. Turquan. Paris, 1894. 18{o}.

=Siborne, W.= History of the War in France and Belgium in 1815. 3d ed. London, 1848. 8{o}. Atlas fol.

=Smekal, G.= Die Schlacht bei Aspern und Esslingen, 21 und 22 Mai, 1809. 8{o}. Wien, 1899. Seidel.

=Soltyk, Comte R.= Napoleon en 1812. Mem. hist. et militaires sur la campagne de Russie. Paris, 1836. 8{o}.

=Souvenirs militaires=. Napoleon a Waterloo, ou precis rectifie de la campagne de 1815, avec des documents nouveaux et des pieces inedites, par un ancien officier de la garde imperiale qui est reste pres de Napoleon pendant toute la campagne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.

=Stewart, C. W. V.= Histoire de la guerre de 1813 et 1814 en Allemagne et en France. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.

=Stuhr, P. F.= D. drei letzten Feldzuege gegen Napoleon, Krit. historisch dargestellt. Lemgo, 1832. 8{o}.

=Tondu-Nangis= pere. La bataille de Montereau (18 fevr., 1814). Av. notes, etc. 16{o}. Montereau, 1900. Zanote.

=Treuenfeld, v.= D. Tage von Ligny u. Belle-Alliance. Hann., 1880. 8{o}.

=Wedel, C. A. W., Graf von=. Geschichte eines offiziers im Kriege gegen Russland, 1812, etc. Berlin, 1897. Asher.

NAPOLEON

a. MEMOIRS

=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the Emperor Napoleon on the Island of St. Helena. 3d ed., rev. by her daughter, Mrs. C. Johnston. London, 1873. 12{o}.

=Allonville, Comte d'=. Memoires secrets de 1770 a 1830. Paris, 1838-45. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Anglemont, E. d'=. Le Duc d'Enghien, histoire-drame. Paris, 1832. 8{o}.

=Arnault, A. V.= Souvenirs d'un sexagenaire. Paris, 1833. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. Histoire de mon temps: Memoires publ. par le Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier. 5 ed. Paris, 1894. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Audiffret-Pasquier, E. D., Duc d'=. History of my time: Memoirs, ed. by the Duc d'Audiffret-Pasquier, tr. by C. E. Roche. The Revolution, the Consulate, the Empire. New York, 1893-94. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Avrillon, Mme.= Memoires sur la vie privee de l'Imp. Josephine, sa famille, et sa cour. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Barante, A. G. P. Brugiere de=. Etudes historiques et biographiques. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1858. 2 v. 18{o}.

=Barante, A. G. P. Brugiere de=. Souvenirs, 1782-1866. Publ. par son petit-fils C. de Barante. Paris, 1890-95. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Barbe-Marbois, F. de=. Journal d'un deporte non juge; ou, Deportation, en violation des lois, decretee le 18 fructidor an V. (4 Sept., 1797). Paris, 1834. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Barras, P. F. J. N., Comte de=. Memoires. Pub. avec une introduction generale, des prefaces et des appendices par G. Duruy. Paris, 1895. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Baudouin, A.= Anecdotes historiques du temps de la Restauration, suivies de recherches sur l'origine de la presse, son developpement, son influence sur les esprits, ses rapports avec l'opinion publique, les mesures restrictives apportees a son exercise. Paris, 1853. 12{o}.

=Bausset, L. F. J. de=. Memoires anecdotiques sur l'interieur du palais. 1805-14. 2 ed. Paris, 1827. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Belliard, A. D.= Memoires (1792-1831), recueillis et mis en ordre par M. Vinet. Paris, 1842. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Bellune, Claude Victor Perrin=, duc de, pair et marechal de France. Memoires mis en ordre par son fils aine, Victor St. Perrin. Paris, 1847. v. 1. (No more published.)

=Beranger, P. J. de=. Ma biographie, suivie d'un appendice. 3 ed. Paris, 1859. 12{o}.

=Bertin, G. La= campagne de 1812, d'apres des temoins oculaires. Paris n. d. 8{o}.

=Beugnot, Comte J. C.= Memoires (1783-1815), publ. par le comte A. Beugnot, son petit-fils. 3 ed. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.

=Bigarre, General=. Memoires, 1775-1813. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Bonaparte, Lucien=, et ses memoires (1775-1840), ed. by T. Jung. Paris, 1882. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Bonaparte, Lucien=. Reponse aux memoires du general Lamarque sur les faits relatifs a 1815. London, 1835. 8{o}.

=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Memoires sur Napoleon, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration. 1829.

=Broglie, A. C. L. V., Duc de=. Souvenirs. 1785-1870. Paris, 1886-87. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Buloz, A., Ed.= Bourrienne et ses erreurs volontaires et involontaires; ou, Obs. sur ses memoires par Belliard, Gourgaud, d'Aure, de Survilliers, Meneval, Bonacossi, d'Eckmuehl, Massias, Boulay de la Meurthe, de Stein, Cambaceres. Paris, 1830. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Cadoudal, S. G. de=. Georges Cadoudal et la Chouannerie. Paris, 1887. 8{o}.

=Carnot, S. H.= Memoires, par son fils. Paris, 1861-64. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Castellane, B. E. V. E., le Marechal de=. Journal ... 1804-62. 2 ed. Paris, 1895-97. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Caulaincourt=. Souvenirs du duc de Vicence. Recueillis et publies par Charlotte de Sor (Mme. Oilleaux-Desormeaux). 4 ed. Paris, 1837. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Chaptal, J. A., Comte de Chanteloup=. Mes souvenirs sur Napoleon. Publ. par A. Chaptal. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Chastenay, Mme. de=. Memoires. Publies par Roserot. Paris, 1896.

=Chateaubriand, M. le Vicomte de=. Memoires d'outre-tombe. Paris, n. d. 6 v. 8{o}. (Oeuvres.)

=Chateaubriand, F. A. de=. Memoires de Bonaparte. Paris, 1860. 8{o}. (Oeuvres, v. 3.)

=Consalvi, H., Cardinal=. Memoires, avec une intr. et des notes par J. Cretineau-Joly. Ces mem. publ. pour la premiere fois sont enrichis du fac-simile de 8 autographes precieux. Paris, 1864. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Constant de Rebecque, B.= Memoires sur les Cent Jours. Paris, 1820-22. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Courier, P. L.= Collection des lettres et articles publ. jusqu'a ce jour. Paris, 1824. 8{o}.

=Davout=. Life. By Count Vigier. 2 v. Paris, 1898.

=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmuehl=. Memoire au roi. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Dieffenbach, L. F.= Karl Ludwig, Schulmeister, d. Hauptspion, Parteigaenger, Polizeipraefekt u. geheimer Agent Napoleons I. Eine mit benuetzung zahlreicher, bisher unbekannter amtl. Aktenstuecke angestellte histor. Untersuchung. Leipzig, 1879.

=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le General Arrighi de Casanova, duc de Padoue. Paris, 1866. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Le General Vandamme et sa correspondance. Paris, 1870. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Dufort, J. N.= Memoires sur les regnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI et sur la Revolution. Publ. avec une intr. et des notes par R. de Crevecoeur. Paris, 1886. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Dumas, C.= Memoirs of his own time, including the Revolution, the Empire, and the Restoration. Philadelphia, 1839. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Dumoulin=. Proces du marechal Ney. Paris, 1815. 2 v.

=Ernouf, A. A.= Le Gen. Kleber: Mayence et Vendee, Allemagne, expedition d'Egypte. 2 ed. Paris, 1870. 12{o}.

=Ernouf, A. A.= Maret, Duc de Bassano. 2 ed. Paris, 1884. 8{o}.

=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1812, contenant le precis des evenements de cette annee pour servir a l'histoire de Napoleon. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscrit de 1813, pour servir a l'histoire de l'empereur Napoleon. 3 ed. Paris, 1829. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Fain, A. J. F.= Manuscript of 1814: A history of events which led to the abdication of Napoleon. London, 1823. 8{o}.

=Fleury de Chaboulon, P. A. E., Baron=. Memoires pour servir a l'hist. de la vie privee, du retour, et du regne de Napoleon en 1815. London, 1820. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Fouche, F.= Memoirs of his public life, comprising letters to Napoleon, Wellington, Bluecher, etc. London, 1818. 8{o}.

=Gaete, Duc de=. Memoires, souvenirs, opinions et ecrits. Paris, 1826. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Garat=. Eloge funebre des generaux Kleber et Desaix, prononce le 1er vendemiaire an IX a la Place des Victoires. Paris, an IX. 8{o}.

=Geffroy, A.= Notices et extraits des manuscrits concernant l'histoire ou la litterature de France qui sont conserves dans les archives ou bibliotheques de Suede, Danemark et Norvege. Paris, 1856. 8{o}.

=Gentz, F. de=. Memoires et lettres inedits. Publ. par G. Schlesier. Stuttgart, 1841.

=Gerando, M. A. de Rathsamhausen, baronne de=. Lettres, suivies de fragments d'un journal ecrit par elle de 1800 a 1804. Paris, 1880. 12{o}.

=Grouchy, Marquis de=. Le M{al} de Grouchy du 16 au 19 juin, 1815, avec documents historiques inedits et refutation de M. Thiers. Paris, 1864. 18{o}.

=Hobhouse, J. C.= Letters by an Englishman at Paris during the last reign of the Emperor Napoleon I. Philadelphia, 1816. 8{o}.

=Home, G.= Memoirs of an Aristocrat and Reminiscences of the Emperor Napoleon. London, 1838. 8{o}.

=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantes=. Memoirs. London, 1831-35. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Junot, L. P., Duchesse d'Abrantes=. Memoires; ou, Souvenirs historiques sur Napoleon et la Revolution, le Directoire, le Consulat, l'Empire et la Restauration. 2 ed. Paris, 1835. 12 v. 8{o}.

=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Erinnerungen aus Paris im Jahre 1804. Berlin, 1804. 2 v.

=Kotzebue, A. F. F. v.= Souvenirs de Paris en 1804. Trad. de l'all. avec des notes. Paris, 1805. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Memoirs, correspondence and manuscripts. Publ. by his family. London, 1837. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Lafayette, G. M. de=. Mes rapports avec le Premier Consul (1797-1805). (V. 5 of his Memoires.)

=Lamarque, M.= Memoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1835-36. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Memoires et souvenirs d'une femme de qualite sur le Consulat et l'Empire. Paris, 1830. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Landrieux, J.= Memoires, 1795-97, avec une intr. biog. et hist. par L. Grasilier. Tome 1er. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Larevelliere-Lepeaux, L. M.= Memoires. Publ. par son fils, sur le MS. autographe de l'auteur, et suivis des pieces justificatives et de corresp. inedites. Paris, 1895. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Laskey, J. C.= Description of the series of medals struck by order of Napoleon Bonaparte. London, 1818. 8{o}.

=Lavalette, Comte de=. Memoires et souvenirs. Publ. par sa famille et sur ses manuscrits, 1789-1829. Paris, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Lejeune, L. F., Baron, General=. Memoires publies par M. G. Bapst. Paris, 1895. 2 v. 16{o}.

=Lemann, J.= Napoleon 1er et les Israelites. La preponderance juive. 2me partie: Son organisation (1806-1815). 8{o}. Lyon, 1894, Vitte; Paris, Lecoffre.

=Libri-Carrucci=. Souvenirs de la jeunesse de Napoleon. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.

=Macdonald, E. J. J. A., Duc de Tarente=. Souvenirs, avec une introduction par M. C. Rousset. Paris, 1892. 8{o}.

=Mahon, Patrice= (Art Roe, Papa Felix). Trois Grenadiers de l'an VIII. Paris, 1897. 8{o}.

=Maistre, J. de=. Memoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique. Avec explications et commentaires historiques, par A. Blanc. 2e ed. 1859. 8{o}.

=Malouet, P. V.= Memoires. Publ. par son petit-fils. 2 ed. augm. de lettres inedites. Paris, 1874. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Marbot, Baron M. de=. Memoires. Paris, 1891. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Marmont, A. F. L. Viesse de, Duc de Raguse=. Memoires. 1792-1841. Paris, 1857. 9 v. 8{o}.

=Massena, A., Duc de Rivoli, Prince d'Essling, Marechal de France=. Memoires, rediges d'apres les documents qu'il a laisses et sur ceux du depot de la guerre et du depot des fortifications, par le general Koch. Paris, 1848-50. 7 v. and atlas.

=Masson, F.= Napoleon chez lui. Paris, 1894.

=Melzi, d'Eril F., Duca di Lodi=. Memoire, documenti e lettere inedite di Napoleone 1º e Beauharnais. Ed. G. Melzi. Milano, 1865. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Memoires= et souvenirs d'un pair de France, ex-membre du Senat conservateur. Paris, 1829-30. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Memoires= tires des papiers d'un homme d'etat, sur les causes secretes qui ont determine la politique des cabinets dans la guerre de la Revolution, depuis 1792 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1828-38. 13 v. 8{o}. (Par le comte A. F. d'Allonville, A. de Beauchamp et A. Schubart.)

=Meneval, C. F., Baron de=. Memoirs illustrating the history of Napoleon I from 1802 to 1815. Ed. by his grandson, Napoleon Joseph de Meneval (tr. by Robert H. Sherard). New York, 1894. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Miot de Melito=. Memoires (1788-1815). 2 ed. Paris, 1873. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Mollien, N. F., Comte=. Memoires d'un ministre du tresor public, 1780-1815. Paris, 1845. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Montegut, E.= Le Marechal Davout, son caractere et son genie. Paris, 1882. 12{o}.

=Muralt, C. v.= Hans v. Reinhard, Buergermeister d. Eidgenossischen Standes Zuerich u. Landammann d. Schweiz. Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Schweiz waehrend d. letzten Jahrzehnte; bearb. nach Reinhards nachgelassenen Denkschriften, Tagebuechern u. Briefwechsel. Zuerich, 1838.

=Napoleon I.= Memoirs of the history of France. Hist. miscellanies. London, 1823. 3 v. 8{o}. (Dictated to the Count de Montholon.)

=Napoleon I.= Memoirs of the history of France during the reign of Napoleon, dictated by him at St. Helena. London, 1823-4. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Nasica, T.= Memoires sur l'enfance et la jeunesse de Napoleon I jusqu'a l'age de 23 ans. Paris, 1852. 8{o}. 2e edit., 1865. 12{o}.

=Neuville, J. G. Hyde de=. Memoires et souvenirs. Paris, 1890. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Ney, M. L. F., Duc d'Elchingen=. Memoires. Publies par sa famille. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Nodier, C. E.= Souvenirs, Portraits, Episodes de la Revolution et de l'Empire. 7 ed. doublee par l'adjonction de morceaux nouveaux et accompagnee de notes. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Nougarede de Fayet, A.= Notice sur la vie et les travaux de M. le comte Bigot de Preameneu, ministre des cultes sous l'Empire, l'un des trois redacteurs du Projet de Code Civil. Paris, 1843. 8{o}.

=Odeleben, E. O. I., Freiherr von=. Napoleon's Feldzug in Sachsen im Jahre 1813. 3 Aufl. Dresden, 1840. 8{o}.

=Pajol, C. P. V., C{te}=. Kleber, sa vie, sa correspondance. Paris, 1877. 8{o}.

=Pelet, J. J. G.= Mem. sur la guerre de 1809 en Allemagne, avec les operations particulieres des corps d'Italie, de Pologne, de Saxe, de Naples et de Walcheren. Paris, 1824-26. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Peyrusse, G. J. R., Baron=. 1809-15: Memorial et archives de M. le B{on} Peyrusse, tresorier-general de la couronne pendant les Cent Jours. Vienne, Moscou, Ile d'Elbe. Carcassonne, 1869. 8{o}.

=Pontecoulant, L. G. D., Comte de=. Souvenirs historiques et parlementaires, extraits de ses papiers et de sa correspondance, 1764-1848. Paris, 1861-65. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Rapp, Gen.= Memoires des contemporains pour servir a l'histoire de la Republique et de l'Empire. Iere livraison. Memoires du gen. Rapp. Publies par sa famille. Paris, 1823. 8{o}.

=Recamier, Mme J. F. J. A. B.= Souvenirs et correspondance tires des papiers de Mme Recamier (par Mme Lenormant). 3e ed. Paris, 1860. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Recamier, J. F. J. A. B.= Memoirs and correspondence. Tr. and ed. by I. M. Luyster. London, 1867. 12{o}.

=Remusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Memoires, 1802-08. Publies par Paul de Remusat. Paris, 1880. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Remusat, C. E. J. G. de V. de=. Lettres, 1804-14. Publiees par Paul de Remusat. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Rieu, J. L.= Memoires. Geneve, 1871. 18{o}.

=Roederer, P. L., Comte=. Oeuvres, publ. par son fils, A. M. Roederer. Paris, 1853-59. 8 v. 4{o}.

=Saint-Elme, Ida=. Memoires d'une contemporaine; ou, Souvenirs d'une femme sur les principaux personnages de la Republique, du Consulat, de l'Empire, etc. (1792-1824). Paris, 1827-28. 8 v.

=Savary, A. J. M. R., Duc de Rovigo=. Memoires pour servir a l'hist. de l'Empereur Napoleon. Paris, 1828. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Segur, P. P., Comte de=. Histoire et memoires. Paris, 1873. 7 v. 8{o}.

=Segur, P. P., Comte de=. Melanges. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.

=Stael-Holstein, Madame de=. Considerations sur la Revolution francaise: Ouvrage posthume publ. en 1818 par M. de Broglie et M. de Stael. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1861. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Stedingk, C. B. L. C., Comte de=. Memoires posthumes: rediges sur des lettres, depeches et autres pieces authentiques, laissees a sa famille, par le Gen. de Bjornstjerna. Paris, 1845-48. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M. de, Prince de Benevent=. Extraits des Memoires de. Recueillis et mis en ordre par Madame la comtesse O ... du C ... (le baron Lamothe-Langon), auteur des Memoires d'une femme de qualite. Paris, 1838. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M. de, Prince de Benevent=. Memoires, publ. avec une pref. et des notes par le Duc de Broglie. Paris, 1891. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M. de, Prince de Benevent=. Correspondance diplomatique: le ministere de Talleyrand sous le Directoire. Avec intr. et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1891. 8{o}.

=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Memoires sur la Convention et le Directoire. 2e ed. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Memoires sur le Consulat de 1799 a 1804, par un ancien conseiller d'etat. Paris, 1827. 8{o}.

=Thiebault, P. C. F. A. H. D., Baron=. Memoires, publ. sous les auspices de sa fille, Mlle C. Thiebault, d'apres le MS. orig. par F. Calmettes, 1769-1813. Paris, 1893-95. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Vauthier, G.= Essai sur la vie et les oeuvres de Nepomucene Lemercier. Toulon, 1886. 8{o}.

=Villele, Comte de=. Memoires et correspondance. Paris, 1888-90. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Vitrolles, E. d'Arnaud, Baron de=. Memoires et relations politiques: publ. par E. Forgues, 1814-1830. Paris, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Waldburg, G. T. v.= Nouvelle relation de l'itineraire de Napoleon de Fontainebleau a l'ile d'Elbe. Trad. de l'allemand. Paris, 1815. 8{o}.

=Welschinger, H.= Le Duc d'Enghien, 1772-1804. Paris, 1888. 8{o}.

=Wiehr, E.= Napoleon und Bernadotte in Herbstfeldzuge 1813. Berlin, 1893. 8{o}.

=Wilson, Sir R. T.= Private diary during the campaigns of 1812-14; from the invasion of Russia to the capture of Paris; ed. by H. Randolph. London, 1861. 2 v.

NAPOLEON

b. HIS CORRESPONDENCE

=Davout, L., Prince d'Eckmuehl=. Correspondance: ses commandements, son ministere, 1801-1815. Avec intr. et notes par Ch. de Mazade. Paris, 1885. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Driault, E.= Napoleon a Finkenstein (avril-mai, 1807), d'apres la correspondance de l'empereur, les archives du ministere des affaires etrangeres, les archives nationales. In Revue d'histoire diplomatique, tom. XIII, pp. 404-462. Paris, 1899.

=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Supplement a la correspondance de Napoleon I: lettres curieuses omises par le comite de publication, rectifications. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.

=Fievee, J.= Correspondance et relations avec Bonaparte. Paris, 1837. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Fournier, A.= Zur Textkritik der Korrespondenz Napoleons I. (Archiv. fuer Oesterr. Gesch., vol. 93.) Vienna.

=Guillois, A.= Napoleon: l'homme, le politique, l'orateur, d'apres sa corresp. et ses oeuvres. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Lecestre, Leon=. Lettres inedites sur Napoleon Ier (an VIII-1815). Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Le Vasseur=. Commentaires de Napoleon; suivis d'un resume des principes de strategie du Prince Charles. Paris, 1851-52. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Livre IX=. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France en 1815, avec le plan de la bataille de Mont Saint-Jean. Paris, 1820. 8{o}. This is the "Second manuscrit venu de Sainte-Helene." It was attributed to Napoleon and not repudiated by him.

=Marmottan, P.= Bonaparte et la republique de Lucques. Paris, 1896. 12{o}.

=Mauduit, H. de=. Les derniers jours de la grande armee; ou, Souvenirs, documents, et correspondance inedite de Napoleon en 1814 et 1815. 2 ed. Paris, 1847-48. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Commentaires. Paris, 1867. 6 v. 4{o}.

=Napoleon I=. Confidential correspondence with his brother Joseph. Sel. and tr. with notes from the "Mem. du roi Joseph." New York, 1856. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Correspondance. Publ. par ordre de l'Empereur Napoleon III. Paris, 1858-1870. 32 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Correspondance militaire, extrait de la corresp. generale. Paris, 1876-77. 10 v. 12{o}.

=Napoleon I=. Lettres a Josephine et lettres de Josephine a Napoleon et a sa fille. Paris, 1833. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Lettres inedites de. (An VII-1815.) Paris, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Letters to Caulaincourt. Published by A. Vandal in the "Revue bleue," mars--avril, 1895.

=Napoleon I.= New letters omitted from the edition publ. under the auspices of Napoleon III. Transl. by Lady M. Lloyd. London, 1897. Heinemann.

=Napoleon I.= Oeuvres litteraires. Publ. d'apres les originaux et les meilleurs textes, avec une intr., des notes historiques et litteraires et un index par T. Martel. Paris, 1888. 4 v. 12{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Oeuvres litt. et politiques. Nouvelle ed. (Ed. par P. Lacroix.) Paris, 1840. 18{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Recueil, par ordre chronologique, de ses lettres, proclamations, bulletins, discours sur les matieres civiles et politiques, etc., formant une histoire de son regne, ecrite par lui-meme et accompagnee de notes historiques par M. Kermoysan. Paris, 1853-1865. 4 v. 12{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Selection from his letters and despatches. With explan. notes by D. A. Bingham. London, 1884. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Opinions sur divers sujets de politique et d'administration recueillies par un membre de son conseil d'etat (B{on} Pelet) et recit de quelques evenements de l'epoque. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.

=Pelet de la Lozere, J.= Opinions de Napoleon sur divers sujets de politique et d'administration, recueillies par un membre de son conseil d'etat et recit de quelques evenements de l'epoque. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.

=Sassenay, Marquis de=. Napoleon I et la fondation de la Republique Argentine. Jacques de Liniers et le marquis de Sassenay (1808-1810). Paris, 1892. 12{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M. de, Prince de Benevent=. Correspondance avec le Premier Consul pendant la campagne de Marengo. Publiee par le Comte Boulay de la Meurthe. Extrait de la "Revue d'histoire diplomatique." Laval, 1892. 8{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M. de, Prince de Benevent=. Lettres inedites a Napoleon (1800-1809), publ. d'apres les originaux conserves aux archives des affaires etrangeres. Avec une intr. et des notes par P. Bertrand. 2e ed. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.

NAPOLEON

c. HIS FAMILY

=d'Arzuzon, C.= Hortense de Beauharnais. 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Levy.

=d'Arzuzon, C.= Mme Louis Bonaparte. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. Levy.

=Aubenas, J. A.= Histoire de l'Imperatrice Josephine. Paris, 1857-58. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Beauharnais, Eugene de=. Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire. Edited by A. du Casse. 10 v. Paris, 1858-60.

=Becker, A.= Der Plan der zweiten Heirat Napoleons. In Mittheilungen des Instituts fuer oesterreichische Geschichtsforschung, tom. 19, pp. 92-156. Innsbruck, 1898.

=Du Casse, P. E. A.= Les rois freres de Napoleon I; documents inedits relatifs au premier Empire. Paris, 1883. 8{o}.

=Ducrest=. Memoires sur l'Imperatrice Josephine. Paris, 1828. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Durand, Madame=. Napoleon and Marie-Louise (1810-14). A memoir. London, 1886. 12{o}.

=Herisson, M., Comte de=. Le cabinet noir: Louis XVII, Napoleon, Marie-Louise. 14 ed. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.

=Lamothe-Langon, B{on} E.L. de=. Napoleon, sa famille, ses amis, ses generaux, ses ministres et ses contemporains; ou, Soirees secretes du Luxembourg, des Tuileries, de Saint-Cloud, de la Malmaison, de Fontainebleau, etc., par M. le ... ex-ministre de S.M. Imperiale et Royale. Paris, 1840. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Marie-Louise=. Correspondance, 1799-1847. Lettres intimes et inedites a la comtesse de Colloredo et a Mlle de Poutet, depuis 1810 comtesse de Crenneville. Paris, 1887. 18{o}.

=Marmottan, P.= Elisa Bonaparte. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Champion.

=Masson, F.= Napoleon et sa famille. (1769-1802.) Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Memoires= sur l'Imperatrice Josephine, ses contemporains, la cour de Navarre et de la Malmaison (par Mme G.D. Bochsa, niece de Mme de Genlis). Paris, 1828. 3 v. 8{o}. (Attribues par M. Delacourt a Mme Durand.)

=Meneval, C.F., Baron de=. Napoleon et Marie-Louise: souvenirs historiques. 2 ed., cor. et augm. Paris, 1844-45. 3 v. 12{o}.

=Montesquiou, Abbe de=. Le divorce de Napoleon et l'abbe de Montesquiou. Auch., 1895. 8{o}.

=Turquan, J.= Souveraines et grandes dames. L'Imperatrice Josephine d'apres les temoignages des contemporains. Paris, 1896. 16{o}.

=Welschinger, H.= Le divorce de Napoleon. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.

=Wertheimer, E.= Die Heirat der Erzherzogin Marie Louise mit Napoleon I. Wien, 1882.

NAPOLEON

d. HIS MARSHALS AND GENERALS. See also MEMOIRS

=Berthier, Marshal=. Life. by Gen. Derrecagaix (Part I, to 1804). Paris, 1894.

=Bessieres, Marshal=. By A. Rabel. Paris, 1903.

=Blocqueville, A.L. d'Eckmuehl=. Le Marechal Davout, Prince d'Eckmuehl, raconte par les siens et par lui-meme. Paris, 1879-80. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Davout, Marshal=. Correspondance (1801-05). Edited by C. de Mazade. 4 v. Paris, 1885.

=Desaix, General=. By J. Desaix and La Folliot. Paris, 1879.

=Dumas, General Comte M.= Souvenirs (1770-1836). Edited by his son. 3 v. Paris, 1839.

=Goecke, R.= Das Grossherzogth. Berg unter Joachim Murat, Napoleon I u. Louis Napoleon, 1806-1813. Ein Beitrag zur gesch. der franzoes. Fremdherrschaft auf dem rechten Rheinufer. Meist nach den Acten d. Duesseldorfer Staats-Archivs. Koeln, 1877. 8{o}.

=Grouchy, Marshal=. Memoires. Edited by the Marquis de Grouchy. 5 v. Paris, 1873-74.

=Jourdan, Marshal=. Memoires militaires. 2 v. Paris, 1899.

=Lefebvre, Marshal=. By J. Wirth. Paris, 1904.

=Klaeber, H.= Leben und Thaten des franzoesischen Generals J.B. Kleber. Dresden, 1900.

=Maret, Marshal=. Life, by A. A. Ernouf. Paris, 1891.

=Moreau, J. V.=, Vie politique, militaire et privee du General. By A. de Beauchamp. Paris, 1814.

=Martha-Beker, F., Comte de Mons=. Etudes historiques sur le general Desaix. Clermont-Ferrand, 1852. 8{o}.

NAPOLEON

e. HIS BIOGRAPHY

=Ashton, J.= English caricature and satire on Napoleon I. London, 1884. 2 v. New ed., 1888.

=Barni, J.= Napoleon I et son historien M. Thiers. Paris, 1865. 12{o}.

=Batjin, N.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoleon Ier. London, 1867. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Baudus=. Etudes sur Napoleon. Paris, 1841. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Belloc, Mme. L. Swanton=. Bonaparte et les Grecs. Paris, 1826. 8{o}.

=Beyle, H.= (=Stendhal=, pseud.). Vie de Napoleon: fragments. 2 ed. Paris, 1877. 12{o}.

=Boehtlingk, A.= Napoleon Bonaparte: seine Jugend und sein Emporkommen (1769-1801). 2 Ausg. Leipzig, 1883. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Bois, M.= Napoleon Bonaparte, lieutenant d'artillerie a Auxonne; vie militaire et privee. 12{o}. Paris, 1898. Flammarion.

=Bonaparte, N. Joseph C. P., Prince=. Napoleon and his Detractors. Tr. and ed. with a biog. sketch and notes by R. S. de Beaufort. London, 1888. 8{o}.

=Bondois, P.= Napoleon et la societe de son temps (1793-1821). 8{o}. Paris, 1895. Alcan.

=Bonnal de Ganges=. La genie de Napoleon. Paris, 1896. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=. Memoirs of Napoleon Bonaparte. Ed. with pref. and notes by R. W. Phipps. New York, 1889. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Chalamet, A.= Guerres de Napoleon, 1800-07, racontees par des temoins oculaires. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Channing, W. E.= Remarks on the life and character of Napoleon Bonaparte. Edinburgh, 1837. 16{o}.

=Chuquet, A.= La jeunesse de Napoleon. 3 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1897-99. Colin. I. Brienne. II. La Revolution. III. Toulon.

=Colin, J.= L'Education militaire de Napoleon. Paris, 1900. Chapelot.

=Coquelle, P.= Napoleon et l'Angleterre, 1803-15. Paris, 1904.

=Coston, F. G., Baron de=. Biographie des premieres annees de Napoleon Bonaparte, c'est-a-dire depuis sa naissance jusqu'a l'epoque de son commandement-en-chef de l'armee d'Italie, avec un appendice renfermant des documents inedits ou peu connus posterieurs a cette epoque. Paris, 1840. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Dayot, A.= Napoleon raconte par l'image. Paris, 1894. 4{o}.

=Des Armoises, O.= Avant la gloire. Napoleon enfant. Napoleon et ses compatriotes. 18{o}. Paris, 1898. Librairie illustree.

=Ducere, E.= Napoleon a Bayonne. Bayonne, 1897. 8{o}.

=Dumouriez, C. F. D.= Jugement sur Bonaparte. (In his Memoires, v. 4.)

=Fischer, A.= Goethe und Napoleon. Eine Studie. 8{o}. Frauenfeld, 1899. Huber. Aufl. mit Anhang: Weimar und Napoleon. 8{o}. Ibid. 1900. Ibid.

=Fournier, A.= Napoleon I. Eine Biographie. Leipzig, 1888-89. 3 v. 8{o}. (Das Wissen d. Gegenwart. v. 67, 71, 72.) Eng. trans. New York, 1903. (Bibliography.)

=Gadobert, B.= La jeunesse de Napoleon I. De 1786 au siege de Toulon. (Relation inedite.) 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Chamuel.

=Gallois, Leon=. Histoire de Napoleon d'apres lui-meme. 5e ed. Paris, 1829. 8{o}.

=Garsou, J.= Beranger et la legende napoleonienne. 8{o}. Bruxelles, 1897. Weissenbruch.

=Garsou, J.= Les createurs de la legende napoleonienne. Barthelemy et Mery. Bruxelles, 1899.

=Gautier, Paul=. Madame de Stael et Napoleon. Paris, 1903.

=Geoffroy de Grandmaison, C. A.= Napoleon et ses historiens. 12{o}. Paris, 1896. Perrin.

=Germond de Lavigne, L. A. G.= Les pamphlets de la fin de l'Empire, des Cent Jours et de la Restauration. Catalogue raisonne. Paris, 1879. 12{o}.

=Grand-Cartaret, J.= Napoleon en images. Estampes anglaises. (Portraits et caricatures.) 4{o}. Avec 130 reproductions. Paris, 1895. Firmin-Didot.

=Hazlitt, W.= Life of Napoleon Buonaparte. 2 ed. London, 1852. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Holzhausen, P.= Der erste Konsul Bonaparte und seine deutschen Besucher. 8{o}. Bonn, 1900. Holzhausen.

=Jorissen, T.= Napoleon I et le roi de Hollande, 1806-1813, d'apres des documents authentiques et inedits. (La Haye, M. Nighoff.) Paris, 1868. 8{o}.

=Jung, Th.= Bonaparte et son temps (1769-1799), d'apres les documents inedits. Paris, 1880-81. 3 v. 12{o}.

=Lanfrent=. Histoire de Napoleon I. Paris, 1867-75. 5 v. 12{o}.

=Laurent, P. M.= History of Napoleon. London, 1840. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Laurent de l'Ardeche, P. M.= Histoire de l'Empereur Napoleon. Illustree par H. Vernet. Paris, 1849. Gr. 8{o}.

=Lemoine, A.= Napoleon Ier et les Juifs. 18{o}. Paris, 1900. Fayard.

=Lettow-Vorbeck, O. von=. Napoleons Untergang, 1815. Berlin, 1904.

=Levy, M.= Bonaparte a Valence. 8{o}. Tournon, 1898. Boyer.

=Levy, A.= Napoleon intime. 5 ed. Paris, 1893. 8{o}.

=Lockhart, J. G.= History of Napoleon Bonaparte. 3 ed. London, 1835. 2 v. 16{o}.

=Lumbroso, A.= Miscellanea Napoleonica. Roma, 1895, 1896, 1897. 8{o}.

=Lumbroso, A.= Napoleone I e l'Inghilterra. Roma, 1897. 8{o}.

=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Relation concernant l'embarquement et le sejour de l'Empereur Napoleon a bord du Bellerophon. Paris, 1826. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Les debuts des Bonapartes. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Napoleon chez lui: la journee de l'Empereur aux Tuileries. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Napoleon et les femmes. I. L'Amour. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Napoleon inconnu. Papiers inedits (1786-93). Publies par F. Masson et G. Biagi. Accompagnes de notes sur la jeunesse de Napoleon (1769-93). Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Monier, A.= Une annee de la vie de l'Empereur Napoleon; ou, Precis historique de tout ce qui s'est passe depuis le 1 avril, 1814, jusqu'au 21 mars, 1815 ... par A. D. B. M. 3 ed. rev. Paris, 1815. 12{o}.

=Napoleon Ier.= La Republique, le Consulat, l'Empire, Sainte-Helene, d'apres les peintres, les sculpteurs et les graveurs. Album oblong. Av. 80 planches et 500 gravures. Paris, 1895. Hachette.

=Norvins, J. M. de=. Histoire de Napoleon. 5 ed. Paris, 1834-36. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Paris= zur Zeit d. Kaiserkroenung. Nebst e Schilderung d. Hauptpersonen bei diesem Merkwuerd. Feste u. Napoleons Bildn. Leipzig, 1805. 8{o}.

=Pelissier, L. G.= Le registre de l'ile d'Elbe. Lettres et ordres inedits de Napoleon Ier, 28 mai, 1814,-22 fevr., 1815. 12{o}. Paris, 1897. Fontemoing.

=Peyre, R.= Napoleon I et son temps: histoire militaire, gouvernement interieur, lettres, sciences et arts. Paris, 1888. 4{o}.

=Pingaud, L.= Bernadotte, Napoleon et les Bourbons. Paris, 1901.

=Poullet, P.= La Belgique et la chute de Napoleon I. Extrait de la "Revue generale." Bruxelles, 1895. 8{o}.

=Prentout, H.= L'Ile de France sous Decaen, 1803-10. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. Hachette.

=Remacle, C{te} de=. Bonaparte et les Bourbons. Relations secretes des agents de Louis XVIII a Paris sous le Consulat (1802-03). 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Plon.

=Reverend, V{te} A.= Armorial du premier Empire. Titres, majorats et armoiries concedes par Napoleon Ier. 4 v. 4{o}. Paris, 1897. Champion.

=Riols, J. de=. Napoleon peint par lui-meme, anecdotes, souvenirs, caractere, appreciations, etc. Paris, 1895. 18{o}.

=Rocquain, F.= Napoleon I et le roi Louis, d'apres les documents conserves aux archives nationales. Paris, 1875. 8{o}.

=Roloff, G.= Napoleon I. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Bondi. Coll. Vorkampfer des Jahrhunderts.

=Rose, J. H.= Napoleon and English Commerce. In English Historical Review, v. VIII, pp. 704-725. London, 1893.

=Rose, J. H.= The Life of Napoleon I, including new materials from the British official records. London, 1902.

=Saint-Hilaire, Marco=. Histoire populaire, anecdotique et pittoresque de Napoleon et la grande armee. Paris, 1843. Gr. 8{o}.

=Scott, Sir Walter=. Life of Napoleon Bonaparte, with a preliminary view of the French Revolution. Edinburgh, 1827. 9 v. 12{o}.

=Scott, Sir Walter=. Vie de Napoleon Buonaparte, precedee d'un tableau preliminaire sur la Revolution franc. Paris, 1827. 9 v. 8{o}.

=Seeley, J. R.= Short History of Napoleon I. London, 1886. 8{o}.

=Seeley, J. R.= Courte histoire de Napoleon I. Trad. Paris, 1887. 18{o}.

=Segur, P. P. de=. Geschichte Napoleons und der grossen Armee im Jahre 1812. Stuttgart, 1841. 2 v. 16{o}.

=Sepet, M.= Napoleon, son caractere, son genie, son role historique. Paris, 1894. 16{o}.

=Sorel, A.= Bonaparte et Hoche en 1797. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoleon (1801-12), d'apres leur correspondance inedite. Paris, 1891.

=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Histoire generale de Napoleon Bonaparte, de sa vie privee et publique, de sa carriere politique et militaire, de son administration et de son gouvernement. Paris, 1827-28. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Vallaux, C.= Les campagnes des armees francaises (1792-1815). Av. 17 cartes. 18{o}. Paris, 1899. Alcan.

=Vandal, A.= L'Avenement de Bonaparte. Paris, 1902.

=Vandal, A.= Napoleon et Alexandre Ier: l'alliance russe sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1893-96. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Whately, R.= Historic doubts relative to Napoleon Buonaparte. With intr. by H. Morley. New York, no date. 16{o}.

=Yorck v. Wartenburg=. Napoleon als Feldherr. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1887-88. 2 v. 8{o}.

NAPOLEON

IN ELBA

=Campbell, Sir N.= Napoleon at Fontainebleau and Elba. 1814-1815. London, 1869. 8{o}.

=Fabre, J.= De Fontainebleau a l'ile d'Elbe. Paris, 1887. 8{o}.

=Foresi, E.= Napoleone I all' isola dell' Elba. Firenze.

=Gourgaud et Montholon=. Memoires p. s. a l'histoire de France sous Napoleon, ecrits a Sainte-Helene par les generaux qui ont partage sa captivite, et publ. sur le manuscrit entierement corriges de la main de Napoleon. 8 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1822-25. Didot. Bossange. Trad. en allem., espagn., angl. et dan.

=Helfert, J. A.= Napoleon I Fahrt von Fontainebleau nach Elba, April-Mai, 1814. Mit Benuetzung der aemtlichen Reiseberichte des kaiserlich oesterreichischen Commissars Gen. Koller. Wien, 1874. 8{o}.

=Lancelotti=. Napoleon auf Elba. Dresden, 1815.

=Livi, G.= Napoleone all' isola d'Elba. Milano, 1888.

=Pelissier, L. G.= L'Ile d'Elbe au commencement du XIXe siecle. In Bulletin de la Societe languedocienne de geographie, 1897.

=Pellet, E. A. M.= Napoleon a l'ile d'Elbe: melanges historiques. Paris, 1888. 12{o}.

=Pichot, A.= Napoleon a l'ile d'Elbe: chronique des evenements de 1814-15, d'apres le journal du Col. Sir Neil Campbell, le journal d'un detenu et autres doc. inedits ou pen connus, pour servir a l'hist. du premier Empire et de la Restauration, accompagne d'une gravure en taille douce. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.

=Waldburg, G. T. v.=, Ed. Napoleon Buonaparte's Reise von Fontainebleau nach Frejus, vom 17 bis 29 April, 1814. Einzigrechtmaessig. Ausg. Berlin, 1815. 16{o}.

FRANCE

=Anti-Jacobin, or Weekly Examiner=. 1st ed. London, 1797-98. 2d ed., 1799.

=Aucoc, L.= Conferences sur l'administration et le droit administratif, faites a l'Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees. 3 ed. Paris, 1885-86. 2v. 8{o}.

=Aucoc, L.= Le conseil d'etat avant et depuis 1789, ses transformations, ses travaux, et son personnel: Etude hist. et bibliographique. Paris, 1876. 8{o}.

=Aulard, F. A.= Le Directoire executif (in Rambaud et Lavisse, Histoire generale, t. VIII). Paris, 1898. 8{o}.

=Bailac, J. B.= Nouvelle chronique de la ville de Bayonne, par un Bayonnais. Bayonne, 1827-28. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Barante, A. G. P. Brugiere de=. Histoire du Directoire de la Republique francaise. Paris, 1855. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Ruckzugs d. Franzosen nach d. Schlacht bei Leipzig. Leipzig, 1815. 8{o}.

=Bertrand, A.= L'Organisation francaise: le gouvernement, l'administration. Paris, 1882. 12{o}.

=Bignon, L. P.= Histoire de France sous Napoleon, redigee et terminee par A. Ernouf. Paris, 1838-50. v 14. 8{o}.

=Bire, E.= Causeries historiques. Les historiens de la Revolution et de l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Bloud.

=Blanc, A. E.= Napoleon Ier: Ses institutions civiles et administratives. Paris, 1880. 8{o}.

=Blanc, L.= Histoire de la Revolution francaise. Paris, 1847-62. 12 v. 8{o}. Nouvelle ed. ornee de 600 gravures. Paris, 1881. 2 v. 4{o}.

=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte d. Krieges 1814 in Frankreich u. d. Sturzes Napoleons I, nach d. zuverlaessigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. von G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, 1866. 8{o}.

=Boissonnade, J. F.= Critique litteraire sous le premier Empire. Publ. par F. Colincamp. Paris, 1863. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Bosse, R. H. B. von=. Uebersicht d. franzoesischen Staatswirthschaft. Braunschw., 1806. 2 Thle.

=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de=. Les dernieres annees du Duc d'Enghien. (1801-1804.) Paris, 1886. 12{o}.

=Brunetiere, F.= Etudes critiques sur l'histoire de la litterature francaise. Paris, 1880-93. 5 v. 12{o}.

=Buchez, P. B. J., et Roux-Lavergne, P. C.= Histoire parlementaire de la Revolution francaise; ou, Journal des assemblees nationales depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1815. Paris, 1833-1838. 40 v. 8{o}.

=Chuquet, A.= L'Alsace en 1814. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Plon.

=Correard, F.= La France sous le consulat. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. May. Coll. Bibliotheque d'histoire militaire.

=Cobbett, W.= Facts and observations relative to the peace with Bonaparte. Philadelphia, 1802. 8{o}.

=Debidour, A.= Etudes critiques sur la Revolution, l'Empire et la periode contemporaine. 12{o}. Paris, 1886. Charpentier.

=Debidour=. Histoire des rapports de l'eglise et de l'etat en France (1789-1870). Paris, 1898. Alcan.

=Dejob=. L'Instruction publique en France et en Italie au XIXe siecle. 12{o}. Paris, 1894. Colin.

=Delplace, L.= La Belgique sous la domination francaise. 2 v. Louvain, 1896.

=Des Granges, C. M.= Geoffroy et la critique dramatique sous le Consulat et l'Empire (1800-14). (These.) Paris, 1897. Hachette.

=Desmarets, C.= Temoignages historiques, ou quinze ans de haute police sous Napoleon. Paris, 1833. 8{o}.

=Dontenville, J.= Le General Moreau, 1763-1813. Paris, 1899.

=Duruy, A.= L'Instruction publique et la Revolution. Paris, 1882. 8{o}.

=Duvergier de Hauranne, P.= Histoire de gouvernement parlementaire en France, 1814-1848; precedee d'une intr. Paris, 1857-65. 7 v. 8{o}.

=Faber, T.= Notices sur l'interieur de la France, ecrites en 1806. St.-Petersbourg, 1807. 8{o}. (La paix de Tilsit arreta la publication d'un second vol. qui devait paraitre. Le premier vol. n'a pas ete repandu dans le public que par une reimpression faite a Londres, dans le recueil intitule: "Offrandes a Bonaparte par trois etrangers." 1810.)

=Fauchille, P.= Du blocus maritime. Paris, 1882. 8{o}.

=Fauchille, P.= La question juive en France sous le premier Empire, d'apres des documents ined. Paris, 1884. 8{o}.

=Fauriel, C.= Les derniers jours du Consulat, manuscrit ined. Publ. et annot. par L. Lalanne. Paris, 1885.

=Fescourt=. Histoire de la double-conspiration de 1800 contre le gouvernement consulaire et de la deportation qui eut lieu dans la deuxieme annee du Consulat; contenant des details authentiques et curieux sur la machine infernale et les deportes. Paris. 1818. 8{o}.

=Fievee, J.= Correspondance polit, et administrative, commencee au mois de mai, 1814. 3 v. Paris, 1815-28. 12{o}.

=Forneron, H.= Hist. generale des emigres pendant la Revolution francaise. 4 ed. rev. et corr. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Fortescue=. The manuscripts of J. B. Fortescue, Esq. Preserved at Dropmore. London, 1894.

=Goncourt, E. et J. de=. Histoire de la societe francaise pendant le Directoire. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1892. 12{o}.

=Gourgaud, G.= Campagne de 1815, ou relation des operations militaires qui out eu lieu en France et en Belgique pendant les Cent Jours. Paris, 1818. 8{o}.

=Grouchy, Gen.= Fragments historiques relatifs a la campagne de 1815 et a la bataille de Waterloo. Paris, 1829. 8{o}.

=Hamel, E.= Hist. des deux conspirations du Gen. Malet. Nouv. ed. rev., corr. et augm. d'une nouvelle preface. Paris, 1873. 8{o}.

=Hahn, L.= D. Unterrichtswesen in Frankreich mit einer Geschichte der Pariser Universitaet. Breslau, 1848. 8{o}.

=Helie, F. A.= Les constitutions de la France. Ouvrage contenant, outre les constitutions, les principales lois relatives au culte, a la magistrature, aux elections, a la liberte de la presse, de reunion et d'association, a l'organisation des departements et des communes, avec un commentaire. Paris, 1875-79. 4 facs.

=Houssaye, H.= 1815, la premiere Restauration, le retour de l'ile d'Elbe, les Cent Jours. 15 ed., rev. Paris, 1894. 12{o}.

=Hueffer, H.= Quellen zur Geschichte des Zeitalters der franzoesischen Revolution. Leipzig, 1900. Teubner.

=Julien, B.= Histoire de la poesie francaise a l'epoque imperiale. Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Jullien, M. A.= Entretien politique sur la situation actuelle de la France et sur les plans du nouveau gouvernement. Paris, an VIII (1800). 8{o}.

=Labaume, E.= Histoire de la chute de l'empire de Napoleon, ornee de huit plans ou cartes pour servir au recit des principales batailles livrees en 1815-16. Paris, 1820. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Lacombe, P.= Essai d'une bibliographie des ouvrages relatifs a l'histoire religieuse de Paris pendant la revolution (1789-1802). Paris, 1884. 8{o}.

=Lacretelle, C. J. D. de=. Dix annees d'epreuves pendant la Revolution. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.

=Lafon, J. B. H.= Hist. de la conjuration du Gen. Malet, avec des details officiels sur cette affaire. 2 ed., rev., corr. et augm. des pieces offic. des proces; recueillies a la com. militaire, etc. Paris, 1814.

=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. Histoire de la Restauration. Paris, 1851-52. 8v. 8{o}.

=Lamartine, A. M. L. de=. History of the restoration of monarchy in France. New York, 1851-53. 8{o}.

=Lamothe-Langon, Baron E. L. de=. Les apres-diners de S. A. S. Cambaceres, second consul, ou revelations de plusieurs grands personages sur l'ancien regime, le Directoire, l'Empire et la Restauration, recueillies et publiees par le b{on} E. L. de Lamothe-Langon. Paris, 1837. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Lanzac de Laborie, de=. La domination francaise en Belgique, 1795-1814. Paris, 1895. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Lavallee, J.= Histoire de l'origine, du progres et de la decadence des diverses factions qui ont agite la France depuis le 14 juillet, 1789, jusqu'a l'abdication de Napoleon. London, 1816. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Lavisse, E.=, et =Rambaud, A=., Histoire generale du IVe siecle jusqu'a nos jours, ouvrage publie sous la direction de. Paris, 1893-97. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Lubis, F. P.= Histoire de la Restauration (1814-1830). 2e ed. Paris, 1848. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Lubis, F. P.= Resume de l'histoire des Cent Jours. Paris, 1843. 12{o}.

=Mahan, A. T.= Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812. London, 1893. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Martel, Comte A. de=. Historiens fantaisistes (M. Thiers). Paris, 1883. 2 v. 18{o}.

=Merlet, G.= Tableau de la litterature francaise (1800-1815). Paris, 1877-84. 3v. 8{o}.

=Meyer, Fr. J. L.= Briefe aus d. Haupstadt u. dem innern Frankreichs unt. d. Consular-regierung. Stuttgart, 1802. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Montglave, G. de=. Les souvenirs d'un grognard de la vieille. Paris, 1842. 8{o}.

=Mortimer-Ternaux=. Histoire de la Terreur (1792-1794). Paris, 1862-1881. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Nicolas, Ch.= Les Budgets de la France depuis le commencement du XIXe siecle. Tableaux budgetaires. Paris, 1882. 4{o}.

=Nougarede de Fayet, A.= Recherches hist. sur le proces et la condamnation du Duc d'Enghien. Paris, 1844. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Pajol, C{te}=. Pajol, general en chef, par le gen. de division C{te} Pajol, son fils aine. Paris, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Panckoucke, P.= La Republique consideree dans ses divers gouvernements, ou la France comme elle est apres ce qu'elle a ete. Essai d'observations impartiales et instructives sur les evenements et les hommes pendant la Revolution. Paris, an IV (1801). 8{o}.

=Passy, L.= Frochot, prefet de la Seine. Hist. administrative, 1789-1815. Paris, 1867. 8{o}.

=Peuchet, J.= Essai d'une statistique generale de la France. Paris. 1802. 4{o}.

=Pfuel, E. v.= D. Rueckzug der Franzosen aus Russland. Hrsg. von F. Foerster. Berlin, 1867. 8{o}.

=Picaud, A.= Carnot, l'organisateur de la victoire, 1753-1823. Nouv. ed. Paris, no date. 8{o}.

=Pisani, Abbe P.= La Dalmatie de 1797 a 1815. Episode des conquetes napoleoniennes. Paris, 1893. Gr. 8{o}.

=Pradt, D. D. de=. Recit historique sur la restauration de la royaute en France le 31 mars, 1814. Par l'auteur du "Congres de Vienne," etc. 2e ed. Paris, 1822. 8{o}.

=Proces= instruit par la cour de justice criminelle contre Georges, Pichegru, Moreau et autres prevenus de conspiration contre la personne du Premier Consul. Paris, 1804. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Rapetti, P. N.= La defection de Marmont en 1814, ouvrage suivi d'un precis des jugements de Napoleon Ier sur le marechal Marmont, d'une notice bibliog., avec extraits de tous les ouvrages publ. sur le meme sujet, etc. Paris, 1858. 8{o}.

=Regnault-Warin, J. B. J. I. P.= Introduction a l'histoire de l'empire francais; ou, Essai sur la monarchie de Napoleon. Paris, 1820. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Rochechouart, General Comte de=. Souvenirs sur la Revolution, l'Empire et la Restauration. Memoires inedits publies par son fils. Paris, 1889. 8{o}.

=Rocquain, F.= Etat de la France au 18 brumaire d'apres les rapports des conseillers d'etat charges d'une enquete sur la situation de la republique, avec pieces inedites, de la fin du directoire, publiees pour la premiere fois et precedees d'une preface et d'une introduction. Paris, 1874. 12{o}.

=Rodriguez, J. A.= Relation historique de ce qui s'est passe a Paris a la memorable epoque de la decheance de Napoleon Buonaparte, ecrite en espagnol et traduite en francais par l'auteur. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Sainte-Beuve, C. A.= Chateaubriand et son groupe litteraire sous l'Empire. Nouv. ed., cor. Paris, 1889. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Schaeffner, W.= Geschichte d. Rechtsverfassung Frankreichs. 2 Ausg. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1859. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Napoleon u. das franzoesische Volk unter seinem Consulate. Hrsg. von J. F. Reichardt. Germanien., 1804. 8{o}.

=Schlarendorf, G. v.= Bonaparte and the French people under his consulate. 5 American ed. New York, 1804. 8{o}.

=Schmidt, A.= Paris pendant la Revolution, d'apres les rapports de la police secrete, 1789-1800. Trad. franc. accompagnee d'une preface par P. Viollet. Paris, 1880-90. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Schmidt, A.= Parizer Zustaende waehrend d. Revolutionszeit von 1789-1800. Jena, 1874-76. 3 v. in 1. 8{o}.

=Schmidt, A.= Tableaux de la Revolution francaise. Publ. sur les papiers inedits du departement de la police secrete de Paris. Leipzig, 1867-70. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Schoelcher, V.= Vie de Toussaint Louverture. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.

=Schoell, F.= Recueil de pieces officielles sur les evenements qui se sont passes depuis quelques annees. Paris, 1814. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Sorel, A.= L'Europe et la Revolution francaise. Paris, 1893-95. 4v. 8{o}.

=Stourm, R.= Les finances de l'ancien regime et de la Revolution, origines du systeme financier actuel. Paris, 1885. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Sybel, H. von=. Geschichte d. revolutionszeit von 1789-1800. Neue Ausg. Stuttgart, 1882. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Taine, H.= Les origines de la France contemporaine. Paris, 1890-93. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Talleyrand-Perigord, C. M.= Correspondance inedite du prince de Talleyrand et du roi Louis XVIII pendant le congres de Vienne, publiee sur les manuscrits conserves au depot des affaires etrangeres, avec preface, eclaircissements et notes par G. Pallain. Paris, 1881. 8{o}.

=Thibaudeau, A. C.= Le Consulat et l'Empire; ou, Histoire de France et de Napoleon Bonaparte de 1789 a 1815. Paris, 1834-35. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Thiers, A.= Histoire du Consulat et de l'Empire (1799-1815). Paris, 1845-62. 20 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.

=Thiers, A.= History of the Consulate and the Empire of France under Napoleon. Tr. by D. F. Campbell. London, 1845-62. 20 v. Also Atlas fol. 1859.

=Toulongeon, F. E.= Histoire de France depuis la Revolution de 1789. Paris, 1801-06. 4 v. 4{o}.

=Vaulabelle, A. T. de=. Histoire de deux restaurations jusqu'a l'avenement de Louis-Philippe de jan., 1815, a oct., 1830. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1874. 11 v. 8{o}.

=Veron, L. D.= Memoires d'un bourgeois de Paris, comprenant la fin de l'Empire, la Restauration, la Monarchie de juillet, la Republique jusqu'au retablissement de l'Empire. Paris, 1856-57. 5 v. 16{o}.

=Villemain, A. F.= Souvenirs contemporains d'histoire et de litterature. Paris, 1855-56. 2 parts. 8{o}.

=Vuehrer, A.= Histoire de la dette publique en France. Paris, 1886. 8 v.

=Walsh, R.= Letter on the genius and dispositions of the French government. Philadelphia, 1810. 8{o}.

=Welschinger, H.= La censure sous le premier Empire. Paris, 1882. 1 v. 8{o}.

=Williams, H. M.= Narrative of the events which have taken place in France, with an account of the present state of society and public opinion. 2 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}.

THE CODE

=Colmet de Santerre=. Le divorce de l'empereur et le code Napoleon. 8{o}. Paris, 1894.

=Des Gilleuls, A.= De l'esprit du droit public sous le Consulat et l'Empire. 8{o}. Paris, 1896. Picard.

=Jac, E.= Bonaparte et le code civil. De l'influence personnelle exercee par le premier consul sur notre legislation civile. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Rousseau.

=Locre de Roissy, J. G., Baron de=. Proces-verbaux du conseil d'etat, cont. la discussion du projet de code civil. Annees IX-XII. Paris, an XII (1803-04). 5 v. 4{o}.

=Perouse, H.= Napoleon I et les lois civiles du Consulat et de l'Empire. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.

=Rehberg, A. W.= Ueber den Code Napoleon u. dessen Einfuehrung in Deutschland. Hannover, 1814. 8{o}.

=Roloff, G.= Die Kolonialpolitik Napoleons I. Karte. Muenchen, 1899. Oldenbourg, Coll. Historische Bibliothek.

=Sevin, F.= Etude sur les origines revolutionnaires des codes Napoleon. Nouv. ed. Paris, 1879. 8{o}.

=Thezard, L.= De l'influence des travaux de Pothier et du chancelier d'Aguesseau sur le droit civil moderne. Paris, 1866. 8{o}.

GREAT BRITAIN

=Adolphus, J.= History of England from the accession to the decease of King George III. London, 1840-45. 7 v. 8{o}.

=Alison, Sir A.= Lives of Lord Castlereagh and Sir Charles Stewart, the 2d and 3d marquesses of Londonderry; with annals of contemporary events. Edinburgh, 1861. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Auckland=. Journal and correspondence of William, Lord Auckland. London, 1861. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Bisset, R.= The History of the Reign of George III to the termination of the late war. London, 1803. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Brougham.= Historical sketches of statesmen who flourished in the time of George III. Paris, 1839.

=Browning, O.= England and Napoleon in 1803, being the despatches of Lord Whitworth and others, now first printed. London, 1887. 8{o}.

=Buckingham=. Memoirs of the court and cabinets of George III, by the Duke of Buckingham and Chandos. London, 1853-55. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Burghersh, Lord=. (John Fane, Earl of Westmoreland.) Memoir of the operations of the allied armies under Prince Schwarzenberg and Marshal Bluecher, 1813-14. London, 1822. 8{o}.

=Castlereagh, Lord=. Correspondence, despatches and other papers. Ed. by C. W. Vane. London, 1851-53. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Charlemont, James, First Earl of=. Manuscripts and correspondence. London, 1894. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Cockburn, Henry=. Memorials of his time. New ed. Edinburgh, 1874. 16{o}.

=Cornwallis=. Correspondence, ed. by Charles Ross. London, 1859. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Cottin, P.= Toulon et les Anglais en 1793, d'apres des documents inedits. Avec 3 planches et 4 dessins. 8{o}. Paris, 1898. Ollendorf.

=Cottin, P.= L'Angleterre devant ses allies (1793-1814): Toulon (1793), Anvers et Nimegue (1794), Quiberon (1795), Guadeloupe (1795), Egypte (1798-1800), Naples (1799), Cadix et Cabrera (1808-14). 8{o}. Paris, 1893. Aux bureaux de la Revue retrospective.

=Elliot, Sir G., Earl of Minto=. Life and Letters, 1751-1806. Ed. by the Countess of Minto. London, 1874. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Fox, C. J.= Memorials and correspondence, Ed. by Lord J. Russell. London, 1853-57. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Fox, Henry R.=, Lord Holland. Foreign reminiscences. Ed. by his son. New York, 1851. 12{o}.

=Henry, W.= Events of a military life. London, 1843. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Jackson, Sir G.= Diaries and letters from the peace of Amiens to the battle of Talavera. Ed. by Lady Jackson. Paris, 1872. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Jackson, Sir G.= The Bath Archives. A further selection from [his] diaries and letters from 1809-16. Ed. by Lady Jackson. London, 1873. 2 v. 8{o}.

=James, W.= Naval history of Great Britain. London, 1860. 6 v.

=Laughton, J. K.= Life of Nelson. London, 1894. 2d ed. 1900.

=Laughton, J. K.= The Nelson Memorial. Nelson and his companions in arms. London, 1896. 8{o}.

=Liverpool, Earl of (R. B. Jenkinson)=. Memoirs. London, 1827.

=Mahan, A. T.= Life of Nelson. London, 1897. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Malmesbury, Lord=. Diaries and Correspondence. London, 1844. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Massey=. A History of England during the reign of George III. London, 1855-63. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Maxwell, W. H.= Life of the Duke of Wellington. 4th ed. 1845. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Morris, Gouverneur=. Diary and Letters. New York, 1888. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Paget, Sir Arthur=. The Paget Papers. London, 1896. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Parliamentary History=. Vols. XXXVI et seq. London, 1803 et seq.

=Romilly, Sir Samuel=. Memoirs and Correspondence. London, 1847. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Rose, G.= Diaries and Correspondence. Ed. by L. V. Harcourt. London, 1859. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Segur, P. P. de=. History of the expedition to Russia in 1812. Philadelphia, 1825. 8{o}.

=Sidmouth=. Life and correspondence of Henry Addington, first Viscount Sidmouth. Ed. by G. Pellew. London, 1847. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Sinclair, Sir J.= Correspondence, with reminiscences of the most distinguished characters in Great Britain and in foreign countries during the last fifty years. London, 1831. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Stanhope=. Life of the Right Honorable William Pitt. London, 1861-62. 4 v. 12{o}.

=Stewart, C. W. V=., first Earl Vane and third marquis of Londonderry. Narrative of the war in Germany and France in 1813-14. London, 1830. 4{o}.

=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Civil Correspondence and Memoranda. London, 1860. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Wellesley, A., Duke of Wellington=. Despatches from 1799-1818. New ed. London, 1837-38. 9 v. 8{o}. (Vols. 4-12 of Coll. Despatches.)

=Windham, W.= The diary of William Windham, 1784-1810. Ed. by Mrs. Henry Baring. London, 1866. 8{o}.

=Yonge, C. D.= Life and administration of Robert Banks Jenkinson, 2d earl of Liverpool (1786-1820). London, 1868. 3 v. 8{o}.

ITALY

=Besancenet, A. de=. Le General Dommartin en Italie et en Egypte. Ordres de service. Correspondance, 1789-1799. Paris, 1880. 12{o}.

=Botta, C.= Storia d'Italia dal 1789 al 1814. Torino, 1824. 8 v.

=Bouvier, F.= Bonaparte en Italie (1796). 8{o}. Av. cartes. Paris, 1899. Cerf.

=Cantu, C.=, Ed. Corrispondenze di diplomatici della repubblica e del regno di Italia 1796-1814. Compilazione archivistica. Vol. Iº. Milano, 1884. 8{o}.

=Castro=. Milano durante la dominazione napoleonica. Milano, 1880. 8{o}.

=Castro=. Storia d'Italia dal 1799 al 1814. Milano, 1881. 8{o}.

=Coignet, Capitaine=. Les cahiers (1799-1815), publ. d'apres le MS. orig. par L. Larchey. Nouv. ed., rev. et cor. Paris, 1889. 12{o}.

=Coletta, P.= Storia del reame di Napoli dal 1734 al 1825. Paris, 1835. 8{o}.

=Coppi=. Annali d'Italia dal 1750 al 1807. Rome, 1849. 8{o}.

=Dandolo, G.= La caduta della republica di Venezia ed i suoi ultimi cinquant'anni. Studii, storici, ed appendice. Venezia. 1855-57. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Dejob=. Mme de Stael et l'Italie (avec une bibliographie de l'influence francaise en Italie, 1796-1814). Paris, 1890.

=Einsiedel, A. A. v.= Die Feldzuege d. Oesterreicher in Italien im Jahre 1805. Mit 1 Schlachtplan u. 1 Karte. Weimar, 1812. 8{o}.

=Fabry, G.= Histoire de l'armee d'Italie (1796-97). De Loano a fevr., 1796. 2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Champion. Tom. 3. 8{o}. Paris, 1901. Chapelot.

=Gachot, E.= La deuxieme campagne d'Italie, 1800. 16{o}. Paris, 1898. Perrin.

=Gaffarel, Paul=. Bonaparte et les republiques italiennes 1796-1799. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Graham, Colonel T.= Despatches on the Italian campaign of 1796-97. Ed. by J. H. Rose. In English Historical Review, vol. 14, pp. 111-124, 321-331. London, 1900.

=Helfert, J. A.= Koenigin Karolina von Neapel u. Sicilien im Kampfe gegen die franzoesische Weltherrschaft, 1790-1814. Mit Benuetzung von Schriftstuecken des K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1878. 8{o}.

=Johnston, R. M.= The Napoleonic Empire in Southern Italy. 2 v. London, 1904. (Bibliography.)

=La Folie, C. J.= (Coraccini, pseud.) Histoire de l'administration du royaume d'Italie pendant la domination francaise. Paris, 1823. 8{o}.

=La Folie, C. J.= (Coraccini, pseud.) Storia dell'amministrazione del regno d'Italia durante il dominio francese. Lugano, 1823.

=Liebenstein, T. E. F. v.= D. Krieg Napoleons gegen Russland in d. Jahre 1812 u. 13. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1888. 2 Thle.

=Litta Biumi, A.= Della Battaglia di Montenotte. Milano, 1846. 8{o}.

=Lucchesini=. Historische Entwickelung der Ursachen und Wirkungen des Rheinbundes. Aus dem Italienischen. Leipzig, 1822. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Nani-Mocenigo, Conte=. Venezia durante la dominazione napoleonica. Venezia, 1896. 8{o}.

=Pellet, E. A. M.= Bonaparte en Toscane en 1796. Paris, 1887. 12{o}. (Extrait de la "Revue bleue.")

=Reumont, A. v.= Beitraege zur Italienischen Geschichte. Berlin, 1853-57. 6 Bde.

=Rolhenburg, v.= Die Schlacht bei Rivoli. Leipzig, 1845.

=Romanin, F.= Storia documentata di Venezia. Venezia, 1853-61. 10 v.

=Sforza, G.=, Ed. Sull' occupazione di Massa di Lunigiana da' Francesi nel 1796, lettere d'un Giacobino. Lucca, 1880. 8{o}.

=Trolard, E.= Pelerinage aux champs de bataille francais d'Italie, v. 1. De Montenotte au pont d'Arcole. v. 2, 3. De Rivoli a Marengo et a Solferino. Paris, 1893. 4 v. 12{o}.

=Welschinger, H.= Le roi de Rome, 1811-32. Paris, 1897. 8{o}.

THE PAPACY

=Artaud de Montor, F.= Histoire des souverains pontifes romains. Paris, 1847-49. 8 v. 12{o}.

=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte de=, Ed. Documents sur la negociation du concordat. Paris, 1891-95. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Chotard, H.= Le pape Pie VII a Savone, d'apres les minutes des lettres ined. du gen. Berthier au prince Borghese et d'apres les memoires ined. de M. de Lebseltern, conseiller d'ambassade autrichien. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.

=Geoffroy de Grandmaison=. Napoleon et les cardinaux noirs, 1810-14. Paris, 1895. 16{o}.

=Giucci, G.= Storio de Pio VII. Rome, 1857-64.

=Haussonville, J. O. B. de Cleron d'=. L'Eglise romaine et le premier Empire, 1800-1814; avec notes, correspondances dipl. et pieces justificatives, entierement inedites. 3e ed. Paris, 1870. 5 v. 8{o}.

=Mejer, O. Z.= Geschichte der roemisch-deutschen Frage. Rostock, 1871-74. 3 Thle.

=Pradt, D. D. de=. Les quatre concordats; suivis de considerations sur le gouvernement de l'Eglise en general et sur l'Eglise de France en particulier depuis 1515. Paris, 1818. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Seche, L.= Les origines du concordat. I. Pie VI et le directoire. II. Pie VII et le consulat. Paris, 1894. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Theiner, A.= Hist. des deux concordats de la republique francaise et de la republique cisalpine conclus en 1801-1803 entre Napoleon Bonaparte et le Saint-Siege; suivie d'une relation de son couronnement comme empereur des Francais par Pie VII, d'apres des doc. ined. extraits des archives du Vatican et de celles de France. Paris, 1869-70. 8{o}.

SWITZERLAND

=Amtliche Sammlung= der Acten aus d. Zeit d. Helvetischen Republik (1798-1803) in Anschluss an d. Sammlung d. aeltern. eidg. Abschiede. Hrsg. auf Anordng. d. Bundesbehoerden. Bearb. v. J. Strickler. Bern, 1886-89. 3 Bde. 4{o}.

=Luginbuehl, R.= Ph. Alb. Stapfer, helvetischer Minister d. Kuenste u. Wissenschaften (1766-1840). Ein Lebens u. Kulturbild. Basel, 1887. 8{o}.

=Oechsli, W.= Die Schweiz in den Jahren 1798 und 1799. 8{o}. Zuerich, 1899. Schulthess.

=Rutsche, P.= Der Kanton Zuerich zur Zeit der Helvetik (1798-1803). 8{o}. Zuerich, 1900. Fasi.

=Schweizer, P.= Geschichte der Schweizerischen Neutralitaet.

=Senfft, F. C. L., Comte de=. Memoires: organisation politique de la Suisse, 1800-1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8{o}.

=Vulliemin, L.= Geschichte der Schweizerischen Eidgenossenschaft. Deutsch v. J. Keller. Aarau, 1877. 8{o}.

=Vulliemin, L.= Histoire de la confederation suisse. Ed. revisee et corrigee. Lausanne, 1879. 2 v. 8{o}.

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

=Barkhausen, G. H.= Tagebuch eines Rheinbund-Offiziers aus dem Feldzuge gegen Spanien und waehrend spanischer und englischer Kriegsgefangenschaft. 1808-14. Hrsg. von seinem Enkel. 8{o}. Wiesbaden, 1900. Bergmann.

=Baumgarten, H.= Geschichte Spaniens vom Ausbruch d. franzoesisch. Revolution bis auf unsere Tage. Leipzig, 1865-71. 3 v. 8{o}. (Staatengesch. d. neuesten Zeit. Bde. 9, 17.)

=Boppe, P.= La legion portugaise, 1807-13. 8{o}. Paris, 1897.

=Boppe, P.= Les Espagnols a la grande armee. Le corps de la Romana (1807-08); le regiment Joseph-Napoleon (1809-13). 8{o}. Paris, 1899.

=Grolmann, E. v.= Tagebuch eines deutschen Offizier ueb. seinen Feldzug in Spanien, 1808. Hrsg. v. P. T. Rehfues. Nuernberg, 1814.

=Hitzigrat, H.= Hamburg und die Kontinentalsperre. 4{o}. Hamburg, 1900. Herold (Programm).

=Joseph-Napoleon, King of Spain=. Memoires et correspondance politique et militaire, publ., annot. et mis en ordre par A. du Casse. 2 ed. Paris, 1854-55. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Lafuente y Zamalloa, M.= Historia-general de Espana, desde los tiempos mas remotos hasta nuestros dias. Madrid, 1850-67. 30 v. 8{o}.

=Moore, J.= Narrative of the campaign of the British army in Spain commanded by Sir John Moore. 2d ed. London, 1809. 4{o}.

=Rehfues, P. J.= Spanien nach eigner Ansicht im Jahre 1808 his auf die neueste Zeit. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1813. 4 Bde.

=Southey, R.= Hist. of the Peninsular War. London, 1823-32. 3 v. 4{o}.

GERMANY, INCLUDING RUSSIA AND AUSTRIA

=Adam, A.= Aus dem Leben eines Schlachtenmalers, Selbstbiographie nebst e. Anh. Hrsg. v. H. Holland. Stuttgart, 1886. 8{o}.

=Baader, J.= Streiflichter auf die Zeit d. tiefsten Erniedrigung Deutschlands oder die Reichsstadt Nuernberg in d. Jahren 1801-1806. Nuernberg, 1878.

=Beaulieu-Marconnay, Karl Frhr. v.= Karl v. Dalberg u. seine Zeit, zur Charakteristik d. Fuersten Primas. Weimar, 1879. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Beer, A.= Geschichte des Welthandels im XIX Jahrhunderte. Wien, 1864-84. 2 Bde.

=Beer, A.= Zehn Jahre oesterreichischer Politik, 1801-1810. Leipzig, 1877. 8{o}.

=Beitraege= zur Geschichte d. Jahres 1813, von einem hoehern Offizier d. preuss. Armee. Potsdam, 1843. 2 Bde. mit Beilagen.

=Beitzke, H.= Geschichte d. deutschen Freiheitskriege in den Jahren 1813-14. 4 neu bearb. Aufl. v. P. Goldschmidt. Bremen, 1883. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Blumenthal, M.= Der preussische Landsturm von 1813. Auf archivalischen Grundlagen dargestellt. 8{o}. Berlin, 1900. Schroeder.

=Bockenheimer, C. E.= Erinnerungen an die Geschichte d. Stadt Mainz in d. Jahren 1813 u. 14. Mainz, 1863. 8{o}.

=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte des Feldzuges im Jahre 1812, nach den zuverlaessigsten Quellen. Aus d. Russ. v. G. Baumgarten. Leipzig, 1862-63. 3 Bde. 8{o}.

=Boehtlingk, A.= Napoleon Bonaparte u. d. Rastatter Gesandtenmord: ein Wort an meine Herren Kritiker. Leipzig, 1883. 8{o}.

=Bouvier, F.= Les premiers combats de 1814. Prologue de la campagne de France dans les Vosges. Paris, 1895. 8{o}.

=Boyen, H. V.= Erinnerungen aus dem Leben d. Gen. Feldmarschalls H. v. B. aus seinen Nachlass im Auftrage d. Familie, hrsg. v. F. Nippold. 3 Thle. Leipzig, 1889-90. 8{o}.

=Brandt, Heinrich=. Aus dem Leben des Generals der Infanterie von Brandt, 2te Auflage. 3 Thle. Berlin, 1870-82.

=Burghersh, Lord=. Memoiren ueb. d. Operationen d. verbuendeten Heere unter dem Fuersten Schwarzenberg u. dem Feldmarschall Bluecher waehrend des Endes 1813 u. 1814. Aus d. Engl. von J. W. Schreiber. Berlin, 1844. 8{o}.

=Buturlin=. Tableau de la campagne d'automne de 1813 en Allemagne. 2e ed. rev. Paris, 1818. 8{o}.

=Cadet de Gassicourt, Ch. L.= Voyage en Autriche, en Moravie et en Baviere, fait a la suite de l'armee francaise en 1809. Paris, 1818. 8{o}.

=Cerini, Cl. F. X. v.= D. Feldzuege d. Sachsen in d. Jahre 1812 u. 1813. Aus d. bewaehrt. Quellen gezogen u. dargestellt von e. Stabsoffizier. Dresden, 1821. 8{o}.

=Charras, J. B. A.= Histoire de la guerre de 1813 en Allemagne. Derniers jours de la retraite de Russie. Insurrection de l'Allemagne. Armements. Diplomatie. Entree en campagne. 2 ed. Paris, 1870. 8{o}.

=Clair, C.= Andre Hofer et l'insurrection du Tyrol en 1809. 3 ed. Paris, 1880. 8{o}.

=Clausewitz, C. v.= Nachrichten ueber Preussen in seiner grossen Katastrophe. Berlin, 1888. 2 v.

=Colomb, F. A. von=. Aus dem Tagebuche. Streifzuege, 1813-14. Berlin, 1854. 8{o}.

=Dahlmann, F. C.= Waitz, G. Quellenkunde d. deutschen Geschichte. 5te Aufl. Quellen und Bearbeitungen der Deutschen Geschichte neu Zusammengestellt von G. Waitz. 3te Aufl. Goettingen, 1883. 8{o}.

=Darmstaedter, P.= Das Grossherzogtum Frankfurt. Ein Kulturbild aus der Rheinbundszeit. 8{o}. Frankfurt-am-Main, 1900. Baer.

=Dechend=. Die pr.-hess. Waffenbruderschaft im Jahre 1805. Jahrbuecher fuer die deutsche Armee und Marine. 1885. July, Oct., Nov.

=Delbrueck, H.= Das Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen Neithardt v. Gneisenau. Berlin, 1882. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Droysen, J. G.= D. Leben d. Feldmarschalls Grafen York v. Wartenburg. 10 Aufl. Leipzig, 1890. 2 Thle.

=Duncker, M. W.= Abhandlungen aus der neueren Geschichte. Leipzig, 1887. 8{o}.

=Eckardt, J.= Yorck u. Paulucci, Aktenstuecke u. Beitraege z. Geschichte d. Convention von Taurogge (18-20 Dezbr., 1812). Leipzig, 1865. 8{o}.

=Egger, Jos.= Geschichte Tirols von den aeltesten Zeiten bis in die Neuzeit. Innsbruck, 1871-76. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Ernouf, A. A.= Les Francais en Prusse (1807-08), d'apres des documents contemporains recueillis en Allemagne. Paris, 1872. 18{o}.

=Escoiquiz, Don Juan=. Wahrhafte darstell. d. Gruende, welche den Koenig Ferdinand VII im April d. Jahre 1808, zur Reise nach Bayonne bewogen haben. Aus d. Span, uebersetzt. Wien, 1816.

=Eugen, Herzog v. Wuerttemberg=. Memoiren. Frankfurt-an-der-Oder, 1862. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Euler, C.= Friedrich Ludwig Jahn; sein Leben u. Wirken. Stuttgart, 1881. 8{o}.

=Eyssenhardt, F.= Barthold Georg Niebuhr: ein biog. Versuch. Gotha, 1886. 8{o}.

=Fichte=. Der geschlossene Handelstadt. Wien, 1801. 16{o}.

=Fisher, H.= Studies in Napoleonic Statesmanship: Germany. Oxford, 1903.

=Foerster, F.= Geschichte d. Befreiungskriege, 1813-15. Nach Theilweise ungedruckten Quellen u. muendlichen Aufschlussen bedeutender Zeitgenossen. Leipzig, 1856-58. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Foucart, P.= Campagne de Prusse (1806), d'apres les archives de la guerre. Prenzlow-Luebeck. Paris, 1890. 8{o}.

=Fournier, A.= Historische Studien u. Skizzen. Prague, 1885. 8{o}.

=Friccius, C.= Geschichte des Krieges in den Jahren 1813 u. 1814. Mit besond. Ruecksicht auf Ostpreussen u. d. Koenigsberg'sche Landwehrbataillon. Berlin, 1843. 8{o}.

=Funck, K. W. F.= Erinnerungen aus d. Feldzuege des Saechsischen Corps unter d. Gen. Reynier im Jahre 1812, aus Papieren d. Verstorbenen. Dresden, 1829.

=Gagern, F. H. E.= Mein Antheil an der Politik. I: Unter Napoleons Herrschaft. II: Nach Napoleons Fall--d. Congress zu Wien. III: D. Bundestag. Stuttgart, 1822-30.

=Gentz, F. de=. Oesterreichs Theilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen. Nebst einem Anhang "Briefwechsel zwischen den Fuersten Schwarzenberg und Metternich." Wien, 1887. 8{o}.

=Gentz, F. de=. Tagebuecher. Aus dem Nachlass Varnhagen's v. Ense. Leipzig, 1873-74. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Gildemeister, J. K. F.= Fink's u. Berger's Ermordung. Beitr. zur Charakteristik d. franzoes. Herrschaft in Deutschland. Bremen, 1814.

=Goecke, R.= D. Koenigr. Westphalen. 7 Jahre franzoes. Fremdherrschaft im Herzen Deutschlands, 1807-1813. Nach den Quellen dargestellt vollendet u. hrsg. von Th. Ilgen. Duesseldorf, 1888. 8{o}.

=Goltz-Colmar, Frhr. v.= Rossbach u. Jena: Studien ueb. die Zustaende u. das geistige Leben in der preuss. Armee waehrend der Uebergangszeit vom XVIII zum XIX Jahrh. Berlin, 1883.

=Grolmann, E. v.= Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1814 in dem oestlichen u. noerdlichen Frankreich bis z. Einnahme v. Paris, als Beitrage z. neueren Kriegsgeschichte. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1842-43. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Guretzky-Cornitz, H. v.= Geschichte d. Ersten Brandenburgischen Ulanen-Regiments (Kaiser v. Russland) vom Jahre 1809-1859. Berlin, 1866. 8{o}.

=Haeusser, L.= Deutsche Geschichte vom Tode Friedrichs des Grossen bis zur Gruendung des deutschen Bundes. Berlin, 1854-57. 4 Thle. 2 veraenderte u. vermehrte Aufl. Berlin, 1858.

=Havemann, Wilh.= D. Kurfuerstenthum Hannover unter Zehnjaehnger Fremdherrschaft, 1803-1813. Jena, 1867. 8{o}.

=Heilmann, J.= Feldmarschall Fuerst Wrede. Leipzig, 1881. 8{o}.

=Heinrich, P.= Erzherzog Johann. Vienna, 1901.

=Helfert, J. A., Frhr. von=. Zur Loesung der Rastatter Gesandtenmordfrage. Gesammelte Aufsaetze. 8{o}. Stuttgart und Wien, 1900. Roth.

=Helfert, J. A.= Joachim Murat, seine letzten Kaempfe u. sein Ende. Wien, 1878. 8{o}.

=Helfert, J. A.= Maria Karolina v. Oesterreich, Koenigin v. Neapel u. Sicilien. Anklagen u. Vertheidigg., mit Benuetzg. v. Schriftstuecken d. K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Wien, 1884. 8{o}.

=Helfert, J. A.= Maria Louisa, Erzherzogin v. Oesterreich, Kaiserin d. Franzosen. Mit Benuetzg. v. Briefen an ihre AEltern u. v. Schriftstuecken d. K. K. Haus-Hof-u. Staats-Archivs. Prague, 1873. 8{o}.

=Henckel von Donnersmark, W. L. V., Graf=. Erinnerungen aus meinem Leben. Zerbst, 1847. 8{o}.

=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1813. 2 neu. bearb. u. verm. Aufl. Berlin, 1843. 8{o}.

=Hofmann, G. W. v.= Zur Geschichte des Feldzuges von 1815 bis nach d. Schlacht von Belle-Alliance. Koblenz, 1849. 2 Aufl. Berlin, 1851.

=Holzhausen, P.= Davout in Hamburg. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Jahre 1813-14. Von einem Freunde historischer Wahrheit. Deutsche Ausgabe. 8{o}. Muelheim a. d. Ruhr, 1892. Zeigenhirt.

=Hormayr, J. F.= D. Heer von Inneroestreich unter den Befehlen d. Erzherzogs Johann im Kriege von 1809 in Italien, Tyrol u. Ungarn. Durchgehends aus Offiziellen Quellen, aus d. erlass. Befehlen, Operations Journalen. Leipzig, 1848. 8{o}.

=Hormayr, H. v.= Lebensbilder aus dem Befreiungskriege. Piece aus den "Politischen Predigten des Dr. Faber." Leipzig, 1844. 8{o}.

=Horn, G.= Das Buch der Koenigin Luise. Mit Portraits u. Illustr. nach gleichzeit. Originalen. 2 Aufl. Berl., 1884. Fol.

=Hueffer, H.= Die Politik der deutschen Maechte im Revolutionskriege bis zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Franzoesisch. Rev. Bd. i.)

=Hueffer, H.= Oestreich u. Preussen gegenueber der Franzoesischen Revolution bis zum Abschluss des Friedens von Campo-Formio. Vornehmlich nach ungedr. Urkunden d. Archivs in Berlin, Wien u. Paris. Bonn, 1868. 8{o}. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Franzoesisch. Rev. Bd. i.)

=Hueffer, H.= D. Rastatter Congress u. d. Zweite Coalition. Bonn, 1878-79. 2 v. 8{o}. (Dipl. Verhandlungen a. d. Zeit d. Franzoesisch. Rev. Bd. i.)

=Knesebeck, E. v.= Leben des Freiherrn Hugh v. Halkett, k. Hannoverischer General d. Infanterie. Stuttgart, 1865. 8{o}.

=Koberstein, K.= Preussisches Bilderbuch. Leipzig, 1887. 8{o}.

=Krauss, Th.= Geschichte d. bayerischen Heeresabtheilung im Feldzug gegen Russland, 1812. Augsburg, 1857. 8{o}.

=Krones, R. v. Marchland, Frz.= Zur Geschichte Oesterreichs im Zeitalter d. franzoesischen Kriege u. d. Restauration, 1792-1816. Mit besond. Ruecksicht auf das Berufsleben d. Staatsmannes Frhrn. Ant. v. Baldacci. Gotha, 1886. 8{o}.

=Ledebur, A. L. v.= Erlebnisse aus den Kriegsjahren 1806-07. Ein Zeit u. Lebensbild zusammengestellt aus den hinterlassenen Papieren, etc. Nebst einigen kurzen Notizen ueber das Leben des Verewigten. Berlin, 1855.

=Lehmann, M.= Freiherr vom Stein. Vols. I and II, 1757-1808. Leipzig, 1903.

=Lehmann, M.= Knesebek u. Schoen: Beitrage zur Gesch. d. Freiheitskriege. Leipzig, 1875. 8{o}.

=Lettow-Vorbeck, O. v.= D. Krieg v. 1806-1807. Berlin, 1891-96. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Lombard, J. G.= Materiaux pour servir a l'histoire des annees 1805-07, dedies aux Prussiens par un ancien compatriote. Paris, 1808. 12{o}.

=Luetzow, Adf.= Freikorps in den Jahre 1813 u. 1814 von K. v. L. gegenueber d. in d. preuss. Jahrbuecher, hrsg. v. H. v. Treitschke, auf genommenen Darstellung v. A. Koberstein. Berl., 1884. 8{o}.

=Mallet du Pan, J.= Correspondance inedite avec la cour de Vienne (1794-98), publ. d'apres les MSS. conserves aux archives de Vienne par A. Michel; avec une preface de H. Taine. Paris, 1884. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Materiaux= pour servir a l'histoire de la bataille d'Austerlitz, recueillis par un militaire. Weimar, 1806. 8{o}. With a map of the battle-field.

=Meerheimb, F. v.= Die Schlachten bei Bautzen am 20 u. 21 Mai, 1813. Vortrag geh. in d. militaer. Gesellschaft zu Berlin am 2 Novbr., 1872. Berlin, 1873. 8{o}.

=Metternich, C. W. N. L., Fuerst v. Metternich-Winneburg=. Aus nachgelassenen Papieren (1773-1859). Hrsg. von R. Metternich-Winneburg; geord. von A. v. Klinkowstroem. Wien, 1880-84. 8 v. in 7. 8{o}.

=Metternich-Winneburg, R.=, Ed. Oesterreichs Theilnahme an den Befreiungskriegen: ein Beitrag z. Gesch. d. Jahre 1813-15 nach Aufzeichngn. von Frdr. v. Gentz, nebst e. Anh. Briefwechsel zwischen den Fuersten Schwarzenberg u. Metternich, geordnet u. zusammengestellt von A. v. Klinkowstroem. Wien, 1887. 8{o}.

=Meyer=. Erinnerungen aus Hannover u. Hamburg aus den Jahren 1803-1813. Nebst einem Anhang mit Bemerkungen. Von einem Zeitgenossen. Hannover, 1843. 8{o}.

=Mirus, R. D.= Treffen bei Wartenburg am 3 Okt., 1813. Berlin, 1863.

=Monckeberg, C.= Hamburg unter dem Drucke d. Franzosen, 1806-1814. Hist. Denkwuerdigkeiten. Hamburg, 1863. 8{o}.

=Montgelas, Max, Graf v.= Denkwuerdigkeiten (1799-1817) im Auszug aus dem Franzoes. Original uebers. von Max Frhrn. v. Freyberg-Eisenberg u. hrsg. v. Ludg. Grafen v. Montgelas. Stuttgart, 1887. 8{o}.

=Mueffling, F. C. F., Frhr. v.= (sonst =Weiss= genannt). Aus meinem Leben. 2 Thle. Berlin, 1851. 8{o}. Aus meinem Leben. Berlin, 1855. 2 Thle. 8{o}. (Untrustworthy.)

=Mueffling, C. v.= D. Preussisch-russische Campagne im Jahre 1813 bis zum Waffenstillstande. Breslau, 1813. 8{o}.

=Mueller, F. v.= Erinnerungen aus den Kriegszeiten v. 1806-1813. Braunschw., 1851. 8{o}.

=Natzmer, G. E.= Aus dem Leben der Gen. Oldwig v. Natzmer: Ein Beitrag z. preuss. Geschichte. Berlin, 1876.

=Naumann, R. D.= Voelkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Nebst Nachrichten von Zeitgenossen u. Augenzeugen ueber Dieselbe. Karte des Schlachtfeldes u. Plane d. Stadt Leipzig von 1813. Leipzig, 1863. 8{o}.

=Neumann, L.=, et =Plason, A. de=. Recueil des traites et conventions conclus par l'Autriche avec les puissances etrangeres depuis 1763 jusqu'a nos jours. Leipzig, 1855-59. 6 v. 8{o}. Nouvelle suite. Vienne, 1877-91. 12 v. 8{o}.

=Ompteda, F. v.= Zur deutschen Gesch. in dem Jahrzehnt vor den Befreiungskriegen.

I: D. Ueberwaeltigung Hannovers durch die Franzosen. Eine hist, polit. Studie. Hannover, 1866.

II u. III: Politischer Nachlass des hannoverschen Staats u. Cabinet-ministers Ludw. von Ompteda aus den Jahren 1804-1813. Veroeffentlicht von F. v. Ompteda. Jena, 1869.

=Oncken, W.= Oesterreich und Preussen im Befreiungskriege: urkundliche Aufschluesse ueber d. politische Geschichte des Jahres 1813. Berlin, 1876-79. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Perthes, C. T.= Politische Zustaende u. Personen in Deutschland z. Zeit d. franz. Herrschaft. Das suedliche u. westliche Deutschland. 2 Aufl. Gotha, 1863. 8{o}.

=Pertz, G. H.= D. Leben den Feldmarschalls Graf en Neithardt v. Gneisenau, 1760-1815. Schluss Bd. von H. Delbrueck. Berlin, 1864-81. 5 Bde. 8{o}.

=Pertz, G. H.= D. Leben des Ministers Freiherrn von Stein, 1757-1831. Berlin, 1849-55. 6 v. 8{o}.

=Pfister=. Aus dem Lager des Rheinbundes, 1812-13. Stuttgart, 1897.

=Plotho, C. v.= D. Krieg in Deutschland u. Frankreich in d. Jahren 1813-15. Berl., 1817. 4 Thle. 8{o}.

=Pohl, J. G. v.= Denkwuerdigkeiten a. meinen Leben u. aus meiner Zeit. 1840.

=Prokesch, A. v.= Denkwuerdigkeiten aus dem Leben des Feldmarschalls Fuersten Carl zu Schwarzenberg. Neue Ausg. Wien, 1861. 8{o}.

=Ranke, L. von=. Hardenberg u. d. Gesch. d. preussischen Staates von 1793-1813. 2 Aufl. Leipzig, 1879-81. 3 v. 8{o}. (Saemmt. Werke. Bde. 46-48.)

=Reichardt, J. F.= Vertraute Briefe aus Paris, geschrieben in den Jahren 1802-3. 2 Ausg. Hamburg, 1805. 3 Thle. 8{o}.

=Reiche, L. v.= Memoiren, hrsg. von L. v. Weltzien. Leipzig, 1857. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Rist, J. G.= Lebenserinnerungen, herausg. von G. Poel. Gotha, 1880. 2 Th.

=Roos, H. U. L. v.= Ein Jahr aus meinem Leben, oder Reise von den westl. Ufern d. Donau an die Nara, suedl. von Moskwa u. zurueck an die Beresina mit d. grossen Armee Napoleons im Jahre 1812. St. Petersburg, 1832. 8{o}.

=Schimpff, G. v.= 1813. Napoleon in Sachsen. Nach des Kaisers Korrespondenz. Dresden, 1894. 8{o}.

=Schlitter, H.= Kaiser Franz I u. die Napoleoniden vom Sturze Napoleons bis zu dessen Tode. Wien, 1888. 8{o}.

=Schlossberger, A. v.=, Ed. Briefwechsel der Koenigin Katharina u. d. Koenigs Jerome v. Westphalen, so wie d. Kaisers Napoleon I m. dem Koenig Friedrich v. Wuerttemberg, vom 8 Oktbr., 1801, bis 22 Dezbr., 1810. Stuttgart, 1886. 8{o}.

=Schlossberger, A. v.=, Ed. Politische u. militaerische Correspondenz Koenig Friedrichs von Wuerttemberg mit Kaiser Napoleon I. 1805-1813. Stuttgart, 1889.

=Schmoelzer, H.= A. Hofer und seine Kampfgenossen. 8{o}. Innsbruck, 1900. Wagner.

=Seeley, J. R.= The Life and Times of Stein, or Germany and Prussia in the Napoleonic age. Cambridge, 1878. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Segur, P. P., Comte de=. Napoleon a Moscou, un passage de la Beresina. (From Hist. de Napoleon et de la grande armee pendant l'annee 1812. Comment by A. Hemme.)

=Servieres, G.= L'Allemagne francaise sous Napoleon I. Paris, 1904.

=Staps, Fr.= Erschossen zu Schoenbrunn bei Wien, auf Napoleons Befehl im Oktober, 1809. Eine Broch. aus d. hinterlass. Papieren seines Vaters... Berlin, 1843. 8{o}.

=Steffens, H.= Was ich erlebte. Aus d. Erinnerung niedergeschrieben. Breslau, 1840-44. 10 v. 8{o}.

=Steffens, H.= Zur Erinnerung: aus Briefen an seinen Verleger. Hrsg. v. M. Tietzen. Leipzig, 1871. 8{o}.

=Stern, Alfr.= Abhandlungen u. Aktenstuecke zur Geschichte d. preussischen Reformzeit 1807-1815. Leipzig, 1885. 8{o}.

=Strippelmann, F. G. L.= Beitraege zur Gesch. Hessen-Cassels, Hessen, Frankreich, 1791-1814. Marburg, 1877. 1 Heft. 2 Heft. Gesch. d. Napoleonschen Usurpation Kurhessens u. Achtserklaerung, im Jahre 1806. Marburg, 1877.

=Stutterheim, K. v.= La bataille d'Austerlitz par un militaire, temoin de la journee du 2 Decembre, 1805. Hamburg, 1806. 8{o}. (This work was tr. by P. Coffin into English in 1807.)

=Stutterheim, K. v.= La guerre de l'an 1809 entre l'Autriche et la France, par un officier autrichien. Vienne, 1811. 8{o} and atlas.

=Thielen, M. F.= D. Feldzug d. verbuendeten Heere Europas 1814 in Frankreich unter dem Oberbefehle des K. K. Feldmarschalls Fuersten Carl zu Schwarzenberg. Wien, 1856. 8{o}.

=Thielen, M. v.= Erinnerungen aus dem Kriegerleben eines 82 Jaehrigen Veteranen d. Oesterreichischen Armee, mit besonderer Bezugnahme auf die Feldzuege d. Jahre 1805, 1809, 1813-15; nebst einem Anhang d. Politik Oesterreichs vom Jahre 1809-1814 betr. Wien, 1863. 8{o}.

=Thugut, Frhr. v.= Vertrauliche Briefe. Hrsg. v. A. v. Vivenot. Wien, 1872. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Thuerheim, A.= Ludwig, Fuerst Starhemberg, Ehemaliger K. K. a. o. Gesandter an den Hoefen in Haag, London u. Turin, etc. Graz, 1889. 8{o}.

=Tournon, de=. Die Provinz Bayreuth unter franzoesischer Herrschaft (1806-10). Mit Karte. Aus dem Franzoesischen uebersetzt von L. von Fahrmbacher. 12{o}. Wunsiedel, 1900. Koehler.

=Vivenot, A. v.= Thugut, Clerfayt und Wurmser. Original-Dokumente aus dem K. K. Haus-Hof-und Staats-Archivs in Wien vom Juli, 1794, bis Februar, 1797. Wien, 1869. 8{o}.

=Vivenot, A. v.= Zur Geschichte des Rastatter Congresses. Wien, 1871. 8{o}.

=Voss, Sophie Marie, Graefin v.= 69 Jahre am preussischen Hofe. Aus den Erinnergn. Leipzig, 1876.

=Welden, L. v.= D. Feldzug d. Oesterreicher gegen Russland im Jahre 1812. Wien, 1870.

=Welden, L. F. v.= D. Krieg v. 1809 zwischen Oesterreich u. Frankreich von Anfang Mai bis zum Friedensschlusse. Aus offiziellen Quellen. Mit e. (lith.) Uebersichtskarte d. Marchfeldes (in mp. fol.). Wien, 1872.

=Wertheimer, E.= Geschichte Oesterreichs u. Ungarns im ersten Jahrzehnt d. XIXten Jahrh. Nach ungedr. Quellen. Leipzig, 1884-1890. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Wigger, F.= Geschichte d. Familie v. Bluecher. Schwerin, 1870-79. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Winkopp, P. A.=, Ed. D. Rheinische Bund. Frankfurt, 1806-12.

=Wohlwill, A.= D. Befreiung Hamburgs am 18 Maerz, 1813. Hamburg, 1888.

=Wolzogen, L. v.= Memoiren, aus dessen Nachlass unter Beifuegung offizieller militaer. Denkschriften mitgetheilt v. A. v. Wolzogen. Leipzig, 1851. 8{o}.

=Wuttke, H.= D. Voelkerschlacht bei Leipzig. Berlin, 1863. 8{o}.

=Ziehlberg, A. v. Ferdinande v. Schmettau=. Eine Erinnerg. aus dem Jahre 1813. Dessau, 1886. 8{o}.

=Zwiedineck-Suedenhorst, H. v.= Erzherzog Johann v. Oesterreich im Feldzuege v. 1809. Mit Benuetzg. der v. ihm hinterlassenen Acten u. Aufzeichngn., amtl. u. Privat-correspondenzen dargestellt. Mit 3 Plan-skizzen. Graz, 1829. 8{o}.

RUSSIA AND POLAND

=Bernhardi, Th. v.= Denkwuerdigkeiten a. d. Leben des kaiserl. russ. Generals v. d. Infanterie Carl Frdr. Grafen v. Toll. 2 verm. Aufl. Leipzig, 1865. 4 Bde.

=Bernhardi, Th. v.= Geschichte Russlands u. der europaeisch. Politik, 1814 bis 1831. Leipzig, 1863-77. 3 v. 8{o}. (Staatengesch. d. neuesten Zeit. Bde. 7, 21, 23.)

=Bloch, J. de=. Les finances de la Russie au XIXe siecle. Historique et statistique. 2 vol. 8{o}. Paris, 1900. Guillaumin.

=Bogdanowitsch, M.= Geschichte d. Krieges im Jahre 1813 fuer Deutschlands Unabhaengigkeit. Aus d. Russ. mit Genehmigung d. Autors von A. S. St. Petersburg, 1863-69. 2 Bde.

=Bonaparte, Louis=. Documents historiques et reflexions sur le gouvernement de la Hollande. (Nouv. ed.) Paris, 1820. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Bourgeois, R.= Tableau de la campagne de Moscou en 1812. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Breaut, J., des Marlots=. 1812. Lettre d'un capitaine de cuirassiers sur la campagne de Russie. Publiee par J. A. Leher. Paris, 1885. 18{o}.

=Burkersroda, v.= D. Sachsen in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte des russ. Feldzugs im Jahre 1812, besond. im Bezug a. d. Schicksal d. K. Saechs. Truppen-Abtheil. bei d. grossen franzoes. Armee. Naumburg, 1846. 8{o}.

=Chambray, G.= Histoire de l'expedition de Russie, 1812. 3 ed. Paris, 1839. 8{o}.

=Choiseul-Gouffier, Comtesse de=. Reminiscences sur l'empereur Alexandre I et sur l'empereur Napoleon I. Paris, 1862. 8{o}.

=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Memoirs and correspondence, with documents relative to the Prince's negotiations with Pitt, Fox, and Brougham, and an account of his conversations with Lord Palmerston and other Eng. statesmen in London, 1832. Ed. by A. Gielgud. 2 ed. London, 1888. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Czartoryski, A. G., Prince=. Memoires et correspondance avec l'empereur Alexandre I. Pref. de Ch. de Mazade. Paris, 1887. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Foerster, F.= Napoleon I russischer Feldzug, 1812. 3 Aufl. 1857.

=Foucart, P.= La campagne de Pologne: Pultusk et Golymin, nov., 1806,-jan., 1807, d'apres les archives de la guerre. Paris, 1882. 2 v. 12{o}.

=Gentz, F. de=. Depeches inedites du chevalier de Gentz aux hospodars de Valachie, pour servir a l'histoire de la politique europeenne (1813 a 1828), publiees par le comte Prokesch-Osten fils. Paris, 1876-77. 3 v. 8{o}.

=George, H. B.= Napoleon's Invasion of Russia. London, 1899. Unwin.

=Goethe, Thdr.= Aus d. Leben eines saechsischen Husaren u. aus dessen Feldzugen, 1809, 1812-13 in Polen u. Russland. Leipzig, 1853. 8{o}.

=Gourgaud, G.= Napoleon et la grande armee en Russie, ou examen critique de l'ouvrage de M. le Comte Ph. de Segur. 4e ed. Paris, 1827. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Guillaume, F.=, dit =Guillaume de Vaudoncourt=. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la guerre entre la France et la Russie en 1812. London et Paris, 1816 et 1817. 4{o}, et un petit vol. de planches.

=Helldorf=. Aus dem Leben des kaiserlich. russischen Generals d. Infanterie, Prinzen Eugen v. Wuerttemberg, aus dessen eigenhaendigen Aufzeichnungen so wie aus dem schriftlichen Nachlass seiner Adjuanten gesammelt u. hrsg. Berlin, 1861-62. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Joyneville, C.= Life and Times of Alexander I, Emperor of All the Russias. London, 1875. 3 v. 12{o}.

=Kobeko, D.= La jeunesse d'un tsar. Paul Ier et Catherine II. Ed. Dimitri de Benckendorff. Paris, 1896. 8{o}.

=Labaume, E.= Circumstantial narrative of the campaign in Russia, with plans of the battle of Moskwa and Malojaroslavetz, 1812. Tr. E. Boyce. 7 ed. London, 1816. 8{o}.

=Labaume, E.= Relation circonstantiee de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Ouvrage orne des plans de la bataille de la Moscowa et du combat de Malojaroslavetz. Paris, 1814. 8{o}.

=Leher, J. A.=, Ed. de Breaut des Marlots, J. Lettre d'un capitaine de cuirassiers sur la campagne de Russie, 1812. Paris, 1885. 12{o}.

=Lehmann, M.= Scharnhorst. 2 Thl. seit dem Tilsiter Frieden. Leipzig, 1887. 8{o}.

=Lossberg, H. v.= Briefe in d. Heimat geschrieben waehrend des Feldzuges 1812 in Russland: ein Beitrag z. Geschichte dieses Feldzuges. Cassel, 1844. 8{o}.

=Margueron=. Campagne de Russie. 8{o}. Paris, 1897. Charles-Lavauzelle.

=Meerheim, R. v.= Erlebnisse eines Veteranen d. grossen Armee waehrend des Feldzuges in Russland in 1812. Herausg. v. dessen Sohne R. v. Meerheim. Dresden, 1860. 8{o}.

=Miliutin=. Geschichte des Krieges Russlands mit Frankreich im Jahre 1799. Muenchen, 1856. 3 v. 8{o}.

=Minckwitz, A. v.= D. Brigade Thielmann in dem Feldzuge von 1812 in Russland. Hierzu ein (lith.) Situationsplan vom Schlachtfelde d. Schlacht an der Moskwa am 7 Sept., 1812. Dresden, 1879. 8{o}.

=Oginski, M. v.= Denkwuerdigkeiten ueb. Polen u. die Polen im Jahre 1788-1815. Deutsch v. F. Gleich. Leipzig, 1827. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Oginski, M. v.= Memoires sur la Pologne et les Polonais depuis 1788 jusqu'a la fin de 1815. Paris, 1826-27. 4 v. 8{o}.

=Porter, Sir R. Ker.= Narrative of the Campaign in Russia during 1812. London, 1815.

=Puibusque, L. G.= Lettres sur la guerre de Russie en 1812, sur la ville de St.-Petersbourg, les moeurs et les usages des habitants de la Pologne. 2 ed. Paris, 1817. 8{o}.

=Rambaud, A.= History of Russia from the earliest times to 1877. Tr. by L. B. Lang. London, 1879. 8{o}.

=Roeder, Frz.= D. Kriegszug Napoleons gegen Russland im Jahre 1812. Nach den besten Quellen u. seinen eigenen Tagebuechern dargestellt, nach d. Zeitfolge d. Begebenheiten, hrsg. v. K. Roeder. Leipzig, 1848. 8{o}.

=Roeder v. Bomsdorf, O. W. K.= Mittheil. aus d. Feldzug in Russland 1812, an einen Offizier des Generalstabes. Leipzig, 1816. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Rostopchin=, or =Rostoptchine, F.= Verite sur l'incendie de Moscou. Paris, 1823.

=Ruestow, W.= D. Krieg gegen Russland. Politisch-militaerisch Bearb. Zuerich, 1885. 2 Bde. 8{o}.

=Surruges, Abbe=. Lettres sur l'incendie de Moscou, ecrites de cette ville au R. P. Bouvet. 2 ed. Paris, 1823. 8{o}.

=Tatistcheff, S.= Alexandre I et Napoleon, d'apres leur correspondance inedite. 1801-12. Paris, 1891. 8{o}.

=Tchitchagoff, P.= Memoires inedits. Campagnes de la Russie, 1812, contre la Turquie, l'Autriche et la France. Berlin, 1855. 8{o}.

=Tolstoi, L.= Physiologie de la guerre. Napoleon et la campagne de Russie. Tr. par M. Delines. Paris, 1887. 12{o}.

=Wilson, Sir R.= Narrative of events during the invasion of Russia by Napoleon Bonaparte, and the retreat of the French army, 1812. Ed. by G. H. Randolph. London, 1860. 8{o}.

=Woronzow, S. R., Comte de=. Arkhiv kniazia Vorontsova, viii, ix. Boumagi gr. S. R. Vorontsova. Moskva, 1876. 3 t. 8{o}.

NETHERLANDS

=Grolmann, E. von=. Geschichte des Feldzugs von 1815 in den Niederlanden u. Frankreich, als Beitrag z. Kriegsgeschichte d. neueren Kriege. Hrsg. von Major v. Damitz. Berlin, 1837. 12 v. 8{o}.

=Kampen, van=. Geschichte der Niederlande. Hamburg, 1831-33. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Legrand, L.= La revolution francaise en Hollande: la republique Batave. Paris, 1894.

=Paquet, Syphorien=. Voyage historique et pittoresque fait dans les Pays-Bas et dans quelques departements voisins pendant les annees 1811, 1812 et 1813. Paris, 1813. 2 v. 12{o}.

SCANDINAVIAN POWERS

=Hochschild, C. F. L.= Desiree, reine de Suede et de Norvege. Paris, 1888. 16{o}.

=Schinkel, B. v.= Minnen ur Sveriges nyare historia. I{ra} afd. Bihang, 1, 2, 3. Upsala, 1881-83. 8{o}.

=Schmidt, Fr.= Schweden unter Karl XIV Johann. Heidelberg, 1842. 8{o}.

=Swederns, G.= Schwedens Politik u. Kriege in dem Jahre 1808-1814 vorzueglich unter Leitung des Kronprinzen Carl Johan. Deutsche, von dem verf. gaenzlich umgearb. Ausg. aus dem Schwed. von C. F. Frisch. Leipzig, 1866. 2 Thle. 8{o}.

=Thorsoe, A. D.= Danske stats-politiske historie fra 1800-1864. I. Tidsrummet, 1800-14. Kiobenhavn, 1873. 8{o}.

=Touchard-Lafosse, G.= Histoire de Charles XIV (Jean Bernadotte), roi de Suede et de Norvege. Paris, 1838. 3 v. 8{o}.

EGYPT

=Abdurrahman Gabarti=. Journal pendant l'occupation francaise en Egypte, suivi d'un precis de la meme campagne par Mou'allem Nicolas-el-Turki, tr. de l'arabe par A. Cardin. Paris, 1838. 8{o}.

=Bertrand, General H. G.=, Ed. Guerre d'Orient. Campagnes d'Egypte et de Syrie. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de Napoleon dictes par lui-meme a Sainte-Helene et publies par le Gen. Bertrand. Paris, 1847. 2 v. 8{o}. Atlas fol.

=Boulay de la Meurthe, Comte=. Le directoire et l'expedition d'Egypte: Etude sur les tentatives du directoire pour communiquer avec Bonaparte, le secourir et le ramener. Paris, 1885. 12{o}.

=Copies= of original letters from the army of Gen. Bonaparte in Egypt, with an Eng. tr. London, 1798-1800. 3 parts. 12{o}.

=La Jonquiere, C.= L'Expedition d'Egypte (1798-1801). 2 v. 8{o}. Av. cartes. Paris, 1900-1901. Charles Lavauzelle.

=Nakoula-el-Turk=. Histoire de l'expedition des Francais en Egypte. Tr. et publ. par Desgranges. Paris, 1839. 8{o}.

=Pieces= officielles de l'armee d'Egypte. 2e partie. Par., an IX. 8{o}.

=Simon, E. T.= Correspondance de l'armee francaise en Egypte, interceptee par l'escadre de Nelson. Trad. en franc. Paris, an VII. 8{o}.

=Richardot, C.= Nouveaux memoires sur l'armee francaise en Egypte et en Syrie, ou la verite mise au jour sur les principaux faites et evenements de cette armee, la statistique du pays, les usages et les moeurs des habitants, avec le plan de la cote d'Aboukir a Alexandrie et a la tour des Arabes. Paris, 1848. 8{o}.

=Villiers du Terrage, E. de=. Journal et souvenirs sur l'expedition d'Egypte (1798-1801); publ. par le B{on} M. de Villiers du Terrage. 8{o}. Av. cartes et gravures. Paris, 1899. Plon.

=Wilson, Sir R. T.= History of the British expedition to Egypt. 2 ed. London, 1803. 4{o}.

THE BALKAN STATES

=Beer, A.= D. Orientalische Politik Oesterreichs seit 1774. Prague, 1883. 8{o}.

=Boppe, A.= Documents inedits sur les relations de la Serbie avec Napoleon I, 1809-14. Extrait de l'Otatchbina, livres XIX et XX. Belgrade, 1888. 8{o}.

=Zinkeisen=. Geschichte des osmanischen Reiches. Gotha, 1859. 8{o}.

SAINT HELENA

=Abell, Mrs. L. E. B.= Recollections of the emperor Napoleon during the first three years of his captivity. London, 1845. 12{o}.

=A Diary of St. Helena= (1816-1817). The journal of Lady Malcolm, containing the conversations of Napoleon with Sir P. Malcolm, ed. by Sir A. Wilson. 16{o}. London, 1899. Innes.

=Antommarchi, F.= Memoires; ou, Les derniers moments de Napoleon. Bruxelles, 1825. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Bingham, Gen. G. R.= Diary of Napoleon's Voyage to St. Helena. Blackwood's Magazine, Oct., 1896.

=Forsyth, W.= History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena: from the letters and journals of Sir H. Lowe. London, 1853 3 v. 8{o}.

=Gourgaud, Gen. G. de=. Sainte-Helene: Journal inedit de 1815 a 1818. 2 v. 8{o}. Paris, 1899. Flammarion. Trad. en allem. par H. Conrad. 8{o}. Stuttgart, 1901. Lutz. Coll. Memoiren-Bibliothek.

=Las Cases, E. A. D. M. J., Marquis de=. Memorial de Sainte-Helene; ou, Jour. ou se trouve consigne, jour par jour, ce qui a dit et fait Napoleon durant dix-huit mois. Paris, 1823-24. 8 v. 8{o}.

=Lullin de Chateauvieux, J. F.= Manuscripts transmitted from St. Helena by an unknown channel. New York, 1817. 12{o}.

=Lullin de Chateauvieux, J. F.= Manuscrit venu de Sainte-Helene d'une maniere inconnue. 4 ed. Lond., 1817. 8{o}.

=Maitland, Sir F. L.= Narrative of the surrender of Buonaparte and of his residence on board the Bellerophon. 2 ed. London, 1826. 8{o}.

=Masson, F.= Autour de Sainte-Helene. Paris, 1909.

=Melliss, J. C.= St. Helena: a phys., hist., and topog. description of the island, incl. its geology, fauna, flora, and meteorology. London, 1875. 4{o}.

=Montchenu, Marquis de=. La captivite de Sainte-Helene, d'apres les rapports inedits, par G. Firmin-Didot. Paris, 1894. 8{o}.

=Montholon, C{tesse} de=. Souvenirs de Sainte-Helene (1815-1816); publ. sous les auspices du V{te} du Couedic de Kergoualer, son petit-fils, par le C{te} Fleury. Av. gravures. 18{o}. Paris, 1901. Paul.

=Montholon-Semonville, C. T. de=. History of the captivity of Napoleon at St. Helena. London, 1846-47. 4 v. 8{o}. American ed., Philadelphia, 1847. 8{o}.

=Montholon-Semonville, C. T. de=. Recits de la captivite de l'Empereur Napoleon a Sainte-Helene. Paris, 1847. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Napoleon I.= Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de France sous le regne de Napoleon, ecrits a Sainte-Helene par les generaux Gourgaud et Montholon, qui ont partage sa captivite. 2e ed., disposee dans un nouvel ordre et augmentee de chapitres inedits, etc. Paris, 1830. 9 v. 8{o}.

=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoleon dans l'exil; ou, Une voix de Sainte-Helene. Trad, par A. Roy. London, 1823. 2 v. 8{o}.

=O'Meara, B. E.= Napoleon in Exile; or, A Voice from St. Helena (1815-18). 2 ed. New York, 1853. 2 v. 8{o}.

=Recueil de pieces authentiques sur le captif de Sainte-Helene=, de memoires et documents ecrits ou dictes par l'Empereur Napoleon, suivis de lettres de MM. le grand marechal C{te} Bertrand, le C{te} de Las Cases, le Gen. B{on} Gourgaud, le Gen. C{te} Montholon. Paris, 1821-25. 12 v. 8{o}.

=Schlitter, H.= D. Berichte d. K. K. Commissars Bartholomaeus v. Stuermer aus St. Helena zur Zeit d. dortigen Internirung Napoleon Bonapartes, 1816-18. 8{o}. Wien, 1886. 8{o}.

=Warden, W.= Conduct and conversations of Napoleon Buonaparte and his suite during the voyage to St. Helena, and some months there. Albany, 1817. 12{o}.

INDEX

A

=Aachen=, N.'s court at, ii. 329, 339, 350.

=Aalen=, the French position at, ii. 365.

=Abdullah Pasha=, routed at Esdraelon, ii. 71, 72.

=Aben, River=, military operations on the, iii. 207.

=Abensberg=, Lefebvre defeats the Austrians at, iii. 207; Oudinot ordered to, 208; battle of, 211.

=Aberdeen, Lord=, English envoy at Vienna, iii. 422.

=Abo=, Alexander's hint to Bernadotte at, iv. 55.

=Aboukir=, battle of, ii. 77-80, 97; trophies from, deposited at the Invalides, 147.

=Aboukir Bay=, battle of, ii. 62, 63.

=Abrantes=, Junot at, iii. 121.

=Abrantes, Duchesse d'=, friendship with N., i. 178, 283.

=Absolutism=, its growth in Europe, i. 67; its decline and abolition, 106-110, 119, 151; iv. 162, 250, 292.

=Academy, The=, ordered to occupy itself with literary criticism, iii. 26.

=Acken=, military operations near, iv. 21, 22, 25.

=Acqui=, military operations at, i. 354.

=Acre=, Phelippeaux at, i. 65; siege of, ii. 47, 70-76; the key of Palestine, 73; relief expedition from Constantinople to, 73-75; parley between Phelippeaux and N. at, 79; compared with Smolensk, iii. 340.

=Act of Mediation, the=, ii. 234.

=Acton, Sir J. F. E.=, rule of, in Naples, ii. 357.

=Adam, Albrecht=, on the French advance into Russia, iii. 337.

=Adam, Sir F.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Adda, River=, military operations on the, i. 359, 381; ii. 172.

=Addington, Henry=, succeeds Pitt in the ministry, ii. 208; negotiates for peace, 210; belief in the peace of Amiens, 213; holds England to be arbiter of the Continent, 263; Continental policy, 263, 266, 267; appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 266; his influence undermined by Pitt, 292; driven from power, 337.

=Addison, Joseph=, on England's insular position, ii. 263.

=Additional Act, the=, iv. 160, 161, 166.

=Aderklaa=, Austrian advance through, iii. 219.

=Adige, River=, military operations on, i. 371, 379, 383-391, 406-414, 434, 442; ii. 87, 91, 193, 368; iii. 201; iv. 39; cession to Austria of lands on, ii. 21; boundary of the Cisalpine Republic, 21; boundary of Austria in Italy, 193; Eugene to collect troops on, 362.

=Adrial, M.=, member of the council of state, ii. 222; reviser of the Code, 222.

=Adriatic Sea=, N. threatens to seize, i. 404; French fleet in, ii. 18; cession to Austria of lands on, 21; marriage of, 24; N.'s control of, iii. 110; the highway to India, 111.

=AEetes=, N. likened to, iv. 387.

=AEneid=, N.'s notes on the, iv. 232.

=Afghanistan=, projected rising against England in, iii. 21.

=Africa=, proposed military operations in northern, iii. 114; the partition of, iv. 298.

="Agamemnon," the=, at siege of Bastia, i. 260; ii. 62.

"=Agathon=," iii. 175.

=Agricultural laborers=, condition at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102, 105, 109.

=Agriculture=, encouragement of, ii. 220.

=Aigues-Mortes=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=Aisne, River=, military movements on the, iv. 77, 93.

=Aix=, Fesch at, i. 44; N. at, 141; iv. 139, 154; arrest of Corsican commissioners at, i. 204; N.'s sickness at, iv. 139; bitter feeling against N. at, 138, 154.

=Ajaccio= made a seat of government, i. 25; the Bonaparte family in, 26-35; N. at, 81-90, 118, 128, 135, 159, 193, 203 prepares plans for its defense, 91; political parties in, 116; patriotic schemes, 118; N. assumes leadership in, 118; the democratic club at, 118, 123, 127, 128, 145, 184; withdrawal of French troops from, 121; reorganizing the municipal government, 123, 127; attack on N. in, 128; disorders in, 128-130, 166-172, 180, 191; claims to be capital of Corsica, 134; political movements in, 163-170; election of officers in, 165, 166; popular feeling against N. in, 170, 171; embarkation of Sardinian expedition at, 191; N. demands allegiance to France from, 199; N.'s plot against the citadel at, 201-209; expedition from St. Florent against, 204-207; outburst against the Bonapartes in, 205; N.'s cave at, 210; weakness of, 257; N.'s last visit to, ii. 82.

=Albania=, N. offers the country to England, ii. 404.

=Albuera=, battle of, iii. 289.

=Albufera, Duke of=. See =Suchet=.

=Alessandria=, opening of the road to, i. 257; military operations near, 352; in French hands, 373; Melas rallies his army at, ii. 174, 177; topography of the country, 177, 178; Melas retires to, 180; N. concedes to the allies at Chatillon, iv. 87.

=Alexander I=, succeeds Paul I, ii. 210; waives claim to Malta, 210; liberates English ships, 210; his bloody title to the throne, ii. 210, 317; iii. 36, 37; iv. 114; abandons the neutrality policy, ii. 263; personal relations between N. and, 263; iii. 34, 37, 40, 43, 52-53, 64, 73, 97, 105, 107, 116, 118, 248, 255, 310, 408, 411; pacification of, ii. 265; ruptures diplomatic relations with France, 311; animus toward France, 330; greed for Oriental empire, 330, 331, 347, 348, 357, 406, 418; iii. 33, 176, 236, 245; iv. 67; attitude on the death of Enghien, ii. 330, 348; demands indemnity for King of Sardinia, 330; N.'s words of warning to, 347; demands indemnity for Piedmont, 348; undertakes peace negotiations, 356; his scheme of redistribution of Europe, 355; England's negotiations with, 355; character and personality, 356; iii. 41-43, 117, 171, 310, 351, 420; iv. 6, 68, 132; recalls his peace envoy, ii. 357; brings Prussia into the coalition, 376, 377; at Berlin, 376, 377; relations with Frederick William III, 377; iii. 57, 107, 195; prefers one of Paul I's assassins, ii. 380; at Olmuetz, 380; N. opens negotiations with, 380; forces the battle of Austerlitz, 382; after the battle, 389; deserts Francis I, 390; interview with N., 391; retreats to Poland, 391; evacuates Naples, 405; conscienceless concerning territories of others, 405; breaks off negotiations with N., 418; rejects the Oubril treaty, 421; uncertain attitude, 420; N.'s insinuations concerning Queen Louisa and, iii. 57; N.'s doubts about his movements, 1; activity after Jena, 1; offers rewards for French prisoners, 9; devotion of the army to, 9, 10; interest in Constantinople, 28; meeting with N. at Tilsit, 34 et seq., 49, 53; N.'s proposals to, 36; reminded of Paul I's death, 36; invited to make a separate peace, 36; accepts N.'s terms, 37; promises to aid France against England, 41; deserts Prussia, 42; proposed visit to Paris, 51; proposes a treaty with Turkey, 51; on European politics, 51; opinion of Louis XVIII, 52; claims concessions from N., 55; saves Silesia to Prussia, 56; acquires Bielostok, 56; refuses to seize Prussian territory, 62; parting from N. at Tilsit, 63; Savary's influence over, 64; hostility of Russian society to, 64, 109, 118, 336; enmity to England, 70; N. proposes matrimonial unions to, 93, 179, 181, 247, 248; coquets with English agents, 97; effect of the treaty of Tilsit on, 99; apprehensions at England's actions, 99; seeks to abolish serfdom, 99; difficulties of his position, 99; demands reparation for Denmark, 100; declares war on England, 102; repudiates the agreement of Slobozia, 105; keeps faith with N., 105; holds N. to his promises, 106; ambition to acquire the Danubian principalities, 105, 116, 117, 176, 248; appoints Tolstoi to negotiate with N., 107; declines N.'s offers, 108; essays to effect the liberation of Prussia, 108, 168; continues his demands on N., 110; N. seeks further interviews with, 113, 116; court intrigue around, 115; receives presents from N., 116; seeks to acquire Finland, 115, 168, 176; breaks off negotiations for interview with N., 116; "stalemated," 117; humiliation of, 117, 310; Joseph seeks his consent to acceptance of the Spanish crown, 131; uncertainty concerning N.'s plans, 165; approves N.'s course at Bayonne, 166; friendship with Caulaincourt, 165, 168, 248; proposed second meeting with N., 166, 168, 169; informed of the capitulation of Baylen, 166; influence on Emperor Francis, 167; rewon by N.'s promises, 166; remonstrates with Austria, 166, 168; determines to exact the fruits of Tilsit, 168; intellectual pretensions, 171; meeting with N. at Erfurt, 172 et seq.; dramatic incident at performance of "Oedipe," 172; apparent success of his demands at Erfurt, 177; hot words with N. at Erfurt, 177; approves of N.'s contemplated divorce, 181; relies on N. to gratify his ambitions, 194; at Koenigsberg, 193, 194; modifies his tone to Vienna, 194; neutrality of, 225; gives no support to Francis, 236; orders invasion of Galicia, 236; his observance of Franco-Russian treaties, 238, 244; advises peace, 239; N. explains the treaty of Schoenbrunn to, 245; hesitates to betroth his sister to N., 247, 248; fears the loss of Moldavia and Wallachia, 248; chagrined at the Austrian war and its results, 249; anxiety for a French alliance, 248; attitude concerning N.'s second marriage, 255, 316; offers Norway to Sweden, 281, 314, 321; discriminates against France in customs duties, 288; action on N.'s occupation of the North Sea coast, 287; reserves his family rights over Oldenburg, 288; refuses to accept Erfurt, 288; liberal tendencies, 309; friendship with Czartoryski, 309, 311, 383; ambition for equality with N., iii. 310; essays the role of European mediator, 309; disgusted with the old dynasties, 309; outwitted by N. in the Polish negotiations, 310 et seq.; impending rupture with N., 310 et seq.; rupture with N. over the Polish question, 311 et seq.; refuses to restore the integrity of Poland, 312; proposes to accept the crown of Warsaw, 311; virtual declaration of war against France, 311; hopes of the Poles in, 313; N. offers the use of the "Moniteur" to, 315; N. threatens action against, 314; prepares for war, 315; proves an untrustworthy ally, 316; determines on defensive warfare, 316; position as to the Continental System, 316, 328; N. warns him of his military preparations, 318; hints an offer of the French crown to Bernadotte, 321; makes qualified alliance with Prussia, 320; effect of his policy on Prussia, 320; makes terms with Turkey, 321; personal connection with the war of 1812, 328; concessions by, 328; ultimatum to France, 328, 329; proposes counter-terms to N., 329; demands better terms for Sweden, 330; invited to Dresden, 331; demands the evacuation of Prussia, 330; ukase of December, 1810, 329; his German advisers blamed, 336; allays trouble at St. Petersburg, 326; financial difficulties, 336; military policy, 341; replaces Barclay de Tolly by Kutusoff, 343; his advisers, 351-352; silent steadfastness, 351-352; religious spirit, 351; conduct after the capture of Moscow, 352; determines to continue the war, 351; friendship with Galitzin, 351; treatment of French prisoners, 367; makes terms with Prussia, 382; goes to Vilna, 383; project to become king of Poland, 384; seeks alliances with Prussia and Austria, 384; abandons the Polish idea, 384; ambition to pose as liberator of Europe, 383; relations with Stein, 385, 396; in correspondence with York, 384; negotiates treaty with Spain, July, 1812, 391; Metternich seeks to embroil him with Bernadotte, 394; advances against Eugene, 395; favors annexation of Saxony by Prussia, 399; importance of keeping him hostile to France, 415; N.'s attempt to negotiate with, 415; secret meeting with Metternich, 415; fatalism of, 420; Francis seeks alliance with, 420; jealousy of Austria, 424; mediocrity in military affairs, iv. 6; in military council at Trachenberg, 6; battle of Leipsic, 28-34; anxiety for the future of absolutism, 40; distrust of his allies, 40; Jacobinism of, 40; dissatisfied with Frankfort terms, 40; desires revenge for Moscow, 40; checks Bernadotte's ambitions, 55; encourages Bernadotte's ambition, 55, 57; holds the balances in the coalition, 57; ambition for European supremacy, 58; predicts speedy entry into Paris, 61; military blunder, 63; designs to acquire Galicia, 67; poses as a liberal, 68; designs regarding Poland, 67; desires to conquer France, 67; forbids the restoration of Vaud to Bern, 68; suspends the Congress of Chatillon, 70; consents to re-opening the Congress, 72; activity of, 88, 89; prepares for the entry into Paris, 90; terror-stricken at Arcis, 92; attitude toward Austria, 98; holds a military council, 98; intrigues with Vitrolles, 98; eagerness to annihilate N., 98; violates armistice before Paris, 110; orders an assault, 110; fears N.'s arrival at Paris, 110; Talleyrand sends a "blank check" to, 113; leads the allies into Paris, 113; schemes for French government, 114; the representative of legitimacy, 114; presides at the council for peace, 114; deceived by the Parisians' reception, 113; approves the Bourbon restoration, 114; Caulaincourt seeks audience of, 116; Marmont's offer to, 119; hears Talleyrand's remonstrance against the regency, 125; presentation of N.'s abdication to, 124, 125; hatred for absolutism, 126; hears of the defection of N.'s army, 126; revulsion of feeling in favor of the Empire, 126; refuses to accept the abdication, 129; generous impulses, 132; proposes a home for N. in Russia, 133; alleged indelicacy of his visit to the Empress at Rambouillet, 135; boast as to his servants, 138; protests to Talleyrand against violations of treaty obligations, 153; determines to retain ascendancy in the coalition, 169; converted to the legitimacy idea, 224; besought for N.'s release, 231; correspondence with: Galitzin, Prince, iii. 311; George III, iii. 181; Marmont, iv. 119; Napoleon, iii. 111, 113, 165, 315, 350.

=Alexander the Great=, N. likened to, i. 423; iii. 319; iv. 292; N.'s admiration for, ii. 15, 47, 147, 157; his work for civilization, 157; iv. 251, 292; his ideal, iii. 319; the cause of his undoing, iv. 261.

=Alexandria=, N.'s views concerning, ii. 47; Nelson seeks the Egyptian expedition at, 57; N.'s arrival at, 57; capture of, 58; the march to Cairo from, 59; Adm. Brueys ordered to, 61; N. at, 66; arrival of the Rhodes expedition at, 77; English fleet at, 79; N. sails from, 81; England's occupation of, 280.

=Alfieri, Vittorio=, sings of Italian freedom, ii. 232; iv. 39.

=Alien Act=, England's position with regard to, ii. 271.

=Alkmaar=, capitulation of the Duke of York at, ii. 93; capitulation of, 141.

=Alle, River=, military operations on the, iii. 29, 30.

=Allemand=, retreat of the French through, iv. 99.

=Allenburg=, Bennigsen collects his troops at, iii. 31.

=Allix, J. A. F.=, at Auxerre, iv. 102; battle of Waterloo, 201.

"=All the Talents=," the ministry of, iii. 46.

=Almeida=, siege and capture of, iii. 284; retaken by the English, 289.

=Alpon, River=, military operations on the, i. 389, 391.

=Alps, the=, military operations in, i. 213, 412, 426, 433; ii. 160-173, 186, 187; the keys of, i. 342, 355; French supremacy in, ii. 96; Suvaroff's disasters in, 141; Hannibal's passage of, 169; road across the Simplon, 233; France's "natural boundary," iv. 41.

=Alsace=, Austria driven out of, i. 273; royalists in, ii. 301; Duc d'Enghien's conspiracy in, 301, 305; regulations for Jews in, iii. 77; proposed cession of, to Austria, iv. 67.

=Alten, K. A. von=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Altenburg=, peace negotiations at, iii. 237.

=Altenkirchen=, battle of, i. 385.

=Alvinczy, Gen. Joseph=, N.'s operations against, i. 350; commanding Austrian forces for relief of Mantua, 386-392; defeats Massena at Bassano and Caldiero, 389; operations against Verona, 389-392; retreats from Caldiero, 390; operations on the Adige, 406-414; the Rivoli campaign, 406 et seq.; defeat at Rivoli, 414; flees to the Tyrol, 414.

=America=, disquiet of the English colonies in, i. 22; precedent for France's aid to English colonies in, 23; English measures against colonies in, 24; Raynal's question concerning the discovery of, 137; Marquis de Beauharnais in, 314; collapse of French schemes of colonization in, ii. 237; France looks to her possessions in, 280; scheme for a Bourbon monarchy in, iii. 134, 141.

=American Embargo Act of 1807=, iii. 101-102, 274-275.

=Americas, Emperor of the Two=, iii. 120.

=Amiens=, the treaty of, ii. 211, 230-236, 243, 262-264, 266-274, 280, 284, 332, 351, 400; iii. 47; iv. 264.

=Amsterdam=, asked for loan of ten millions, ii. 154; smuggled commerce of, iii. 265, 267; Louis permitted to return to, 271; removal of the capital to, 277; march of French troops to, 276; sends deputation to Paris, 380.

=Amurrio=, Gen. Victor at, iii. 183.

=Anarchists=, in France, ii. 134; assassination schemes among, 239.

=Anarchy=, the seed of "a pure democracy," i. 397.

=Ancients, Council of the=, represent public sentiment, ii. 2; members of, proscribed, 8; Sieyes president of, 35; join the Bonapartist ranks, 100; give banquet to N. in St. Sulpice, 100; share in Bonapartist plots, 101; plots of the 18th Brumaire, 102 et seq.; endeavor to postpone N.'s dictatorship, 112; pass vote of confidence in N., 114; adopts the Consulate, 123.

=Ancona=, capture of, i. 422; importance of, 423; N. at, 423; N. proposes to seize, 447; rise of, 447; fall of, ii. 142; Austrian occupation of, 182; seized by French troops, 396; annexed to Italy, iii. 69, 118.

=Andalusia=, Dupont advances toward, iii. 156; withdrawal of troops from, 188; Soult ordered to, 286.

=Andernach=, alteration of boundary at, ii. 21.

=Andreossy, Gen. A. F.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, 81; action on the 18th Brumaire, 105; ambassador to London, 277; despatch from N. to, 284; reports Austrian activity, iii. 21; influence in Vienna, 23.

=Angely, Regnault de St. Jean d'=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; member of the council of state, 152; prophesies the undoing of France, iii. 325.

=Angerburg=, Lestocq at, iii. 8.

=Anghiari=, Provera crosses the Adige at, i. 410, 414.

=Anglas, Boissy d'=, quells riot at the National Convention, i. 283.

=Anglo-Saxon= spirit of civilization, iv. 254.

=Angouleme, Duchess of=, affronts Madame Ney, iv. 148.

=Angouleme, Duke of=, proclaims Louis XVIII, at Bordeaux, iv. 87.

=Anne, Grand Duchess=, mentioned for marriage with N., iii. 179, 181; N. seeks her hand in marriage, 248, 250.

=Ansbach=, Bernadotte's movements in, ii. 365, 376; ceded to Bavaria, 390; Augereau commanding in, 416; French violation of territory, iii. 59; military movements near, iv. 35.

=Anselme, Gen.=, i. 191.

=Antibes=, recruits for N.'s army from, iv. 155.

=Antilles=, scheme for population of the, ii. 236.

=Antommarchi, Dr. F.=, assists N. on his history, iv. 232; N.'s physician, 232.

=Antonelli, Cardinal=, diplomatic duel with Portails, ii. 346.

=Antraigues, Comte d'=, exposes Pichegru's treachery, ii. 5, 6; furnishes pen portrait of N., 28, 29.

=Antwerp=, commercial key to central Europe, iv. 42; N. "loses his crown for," 42; refused to France by the allies, 67; N. refuses to give up, 74; N. concedes, to the allies, 87.

=Aosta=, arrival of Lannes at, ii. 171.

=Apennines=, military operations in the, i. 243, 352, 374; ii. 93.

=Apolda=, military movements near, ii. 432.

=Apollonius of Tyana=, N. compares Jesus Christ with, ii. 206.

=Aqua tofana=, plot to poison N. with, i. 418.

=Arabia=, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78, 95.

=Aragon=, French occupation of, iii. 155; military government of, 279; captured by Suchet, 289; French possession of, 377.

=Aranjuez=, the revolution at, iii. 135-144; Charles IV's court at, 135, 136, 138.

=Arc de Triomphe=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Arch-Chancellor of State=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Arch-Chancellor of the Empire=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

"=Archive Russe=," cited, i. 216.

=Arch-Treasurer=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Arcis-sur-Aube=, Bluecher advances on, iv. 58; N. moves to, 85-88; battle of, 86, 92, 93; proposed concentration of the allies at, 89; retreat of the French from, 93; N.'s retreat from, 95; French capture of, 96.

=Arcole=, N. at, i. 393; the lessons of, 394; battle of, 389, 390, 399; ii. 140.

=Ardennes Mountains=, proposed boundaries for Germany, iii. 320; military operations in the, iv. 170.

=Ardon=, loss of, iv. 79.

=Aremberg, Duke of=, marries Mlle. Tascher de la Pagerie, iii. 132.

=Arena, Joseph=, success of, in Isola Rossa, i. 119; member of the National Assembly, 133; banished to Italy, 162; influence of, 233; charged with conspiracy, ii. 235; execution of, 241.

=Arenberg=, member of the Confederation of the Rhine, ii. 403.

=Argenson, Comte d'=, suggests the Suez Canal, ii. 46.

=Argenteau, Gen.=, defeated at Dego and Montenotte, i. 353.

=Aristocrats=, guillotining the, i. 251; under the regime of the First Consul, ii. 258.

=Arles=, the canal of, ii. 349.

=Armed neutrality=, the, ii. 209-212; Russia abandons the, 263.

=Army= (French), its relation to the throne, i. 67; demoralization and discontent in, and desertions from, 67-69, 96, 112, 142, 173; iii. 4, 5, 224, 290, 291, 323, 326, 342, 360, 365, 372, 383, 402-404, 411, 412; iv. 4, 7, 12, 13, 19, 20, 22, 36, 62, 63, 69, 73, 83, 99, 101, 118, 122, 146, 147; changes in the, i. 141-143; compulsory service, 142, 143, 213; reorganization of the, 149, 158, 159, 164; regulations, 287; political sentiments in, and influence of, 305, 347, 348, 426; ii. 4, 5, 102, 103, 235; iv. 118, 126; N.'s relations with, care for, and reliance on, i. 362, 365, 366; ii. 29, 140, 153, 196, 248, 318, 361, 408; iii. 50, 325, 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 50, 59, 123, 131, 137; 219, 248, 249, 255, 259, 260; its prestige weakened by 18th Fructidor, ii. 22; its mainsprings of action, 37; importance of N.'s securing its adhesion, 102; N.'s manifestos to, 159, 160; contempt for the Concordat, 217; quartered in foreign countries, 141; disappearance of discontent in the, 318; creation of marshals of France, 321; conciliating the, 323; its leaders, 364; effect of Trafalgar on, 376; effect of Austerlitz on, 394; the army chest, 409, 410; iii. 295; change in the personnel of the, 3; venality of contractors, 4, 5; improving the commissary, 7; strengthening the, 22; censorship of correspondence from the, 25; founding of military factories, 25; morale after Eylau, 45; N.'s exhibitions of, to the Czar, 50; pension system, 87; military schools, 91; its lust for sack and booty, 155, 224; over-confidence in, 231; the cantiniere of Busaco, 291; discipline in Spain, 292; "Marshal Stockpot's" deserters, 291; expense of maintenance, 295, 305; its equipment for the Russian campaign of 1812, 333; N.'s address to, before the Russian campaign, 334; sufferings in Russia, 337, 357 et seq.; vitality, 374; wrath at N.'s desertion, 375; scheme for supporting, 388; quality of the new (1813), 401; juvenile soldiers in, iv. 4, 5, 21; corruption in the, 5; lack of pay for, 5; effect of long campaigning on the generals, 7; dwindling numbers of, 20; dearth of military supplies, 50; ambition among the minor generals, 118; revival of Bonapartist feeling among the, 148; returns to N.'s standard, 158; reorganization of, 165; its morale at Waterloo, 198; N.'s farewell address to the, 219. See also =Conscription=.

=Army of Catalonia=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of Egypt=, advances on Syria, ii. 68, 69; abandoned by N. in Egypt, 80; Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the, 79; its desolate plight, 80, 81.

=Army of England, the=, creation of, ii. 24; N. general of, 24, 35; on the watch at Boulogne, 48; the right wing of, 51; strength, 290, 291; ordered to march to the eastward, 362.

=Army of Helvetia=, incorporated into the Army of the Rhine, ii. 140.

=Army of Holland=, freed for active service, ii. 146.

=Army of Italy=, equipment of the, i. 196; campaign in the Alps, 213; N.'s service with and command of, 216, 224, 237, 255, 318-22, 342; question of its sustenance, 239; strength and organization, 240, 241; N.'s plans for the, 245; Corsicans in the, 252; N.'s monograph on, 288; promised booty, 339, 340, 344; the question of its employment, 342, 343; joined to that of the Pyrenees, 343; destitution of, 344; strength (1796), 346; pillage in the, 351; reinforced from Vendee, 387; popularity of, 419; growing arrogance of the, ii. 4; reinforced by the Army of the Alps, 9; speculations as to further employment, 32; restrained from pillage, 42; Moreau's service with, 72; division of, and disaster, 87; frauds in, 91; commanded by Massena, 140, 186; scheme for raising money for, 154; N.'s manifesto to, 159, 160; its line of operations, 160; service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of Silesia=, contemplated movement against, iv. 24; contemplated movement of, 25.

=Army of the Alps=, Napoleon's plans for the, i. 245; combined with Army of Italy, ii. 9.

=Army of the Danube=, under command of Jourdan, ii. 72.

=Army of the East= (Allies), iv. 3.

=Army of the Elbe=, formation of, iii. 393.

=Army of the Interior=, the, i. 298; N. made second in command, 305; N. reorganizes, 308; 1796, 345; commanded by Augereau, ii. 7.

=Army of the Main=, formation of the, iii. 393.

=Army of the Netherlands=, service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of the North=, conquers the Austrian Netherlands, i. 273; in 1796, 347; operations on the Rhine, 434; Barras's schemes in regard to, ii. 6.

=Army of the North= (Allies), in Brandenburg, iv. 3; contemplated movement against the, 24.

=Army of the Pyrenees=, transferred to Maritime Alps, i. 342; joined to that of Italy, 344; service on the Rhine, iv. 55.

=Army of the Reserve=, ordered to Italy, ii. 163, 164; expected to attack Melas, 170; crosses the Alps, 169-173.

=Army of the Rhine, the= (French), N. seeks to join, i. 216; N. fails of admission, 224; commanded by Citizen Beauharnais, 314; the question of its employment, 342; fails to support N. in Italy, 435; destitution of, ii. 6; Augereau commander of, 7; disbanded, 35; Moreau commanding, 140; N.'s manifesto to, 159; contempt for the Concordat in, 235; the San Domingo expedition selected from, 236; N.'s method of quelling opposition in, 235-237; weakened to ensure success in Italy, 296.

=Army of the Rhine= (Archduke Charles's), i. 425.

=Army of the Sambre and Meuse=, wins battle of Fleurus, i. 273; campaigning in the Alps, 425; brought to Paris, ii. 7.

=Army of the South= (Allies), iv. 3; pursues Murat, 26; Augereau attempts to hinder, 94; Francis joins, at Lyons, 97.

=Army of the Tyrol= (Austrian), retreats to head waters of the Enns, iii. 216; Archduke John ordered to join, 216.

=Army of the Var=, i. 191.

=Army of the West, the=, N. ordered to join, i. 263; N. refuses to serve in, 279, 296; under Hoche, 346; reinforces the Army of Italy, 387; freed for active service, ii. 146.

"=Army Organization=," N.'s essay on, iv. 232.

=Arnault, A. V.=, reports N.'s speech to Barras, ii. 107; "Memoirs" of, iii. 298; records interview between Mme. de Stael and N., 298.

=Arndt, E. M.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; his war-cry of "Freedom and Austria," iii. 195; inspires to German unity, 397.

=Arrighi=, Gen. J. T., wounded at Acre, ii. 76.

=Art=, N.'s plunder of works of, i. 368, 423, 446; revival of, ii. 259; N. advises encouragement of, 347.

"=Art and History of War=," N.'s essay on, ii. 340.

=Artillery=, N.'s study and use of, i. 48; ii. 178; condition in 1796, 329; its use at Wagram, iii. 229; use of, at Leipsic, iv. 28, 33.

=Artisan class=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102.

=Artois, Count of=, leads emigrant royalists against France, i. 298; returns to England, 304; schemes for the restoration of, ii. 239; complicity in the Cadoudal conspiracy, 298; refrains from entering France, 301; doubtful courage of, 301-303; suspected of plotting in Paris, 303; N. determines to seize, 302; his plots in Paris, 311; supposed capture of, iv. 104; enters Paris, 132; reception in Lyons, 156.

=Asia=, France's interest in, ii. 16; N.'s schemes of conquest in, 61; Russia's ambition in, 154, 193; England's vulnerability in, iii. 112; proposed invasion of, 113; N.'s scheme to drive Russia into, 332; the partition of, iv. 298.

=Asia Minor=, proposed military operations in, iii. 114.

=Aspern=, the advantage of position at, ii. 179; battle of, iii. 218-225, 231, 232; monument in churchyard of, 223; losses at, 224; military operations near, 226; captured by the Austrians, 228.

=Assembly of Notables=, i. 105.

=Assyria=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Asti=, topography of country near, ii. 178.

=Astorga=, British troops at, iii. 186, 188; N. at, 188, 196; Ney at, 188.

=Astrakhan=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Asturias=, rebellion in, iii. 154; flight of Blake into, 185.

=Asturias, Prince of=, leads revolt against Godoy, iii. 70; conspiracy of his father against his succession, 71, 127; arrest of, 72, 126; proposed French matrimonial alliance for, 71, 125, 133, 144; character, popularity, and following, 124; seeks N.'s aid, 125, 126; mentions his mother's shame, 126; commissions the Duke del Infantado, 126; trial and release, 127; pardoned by his father, 127; Charles IV, abdicates in favor of, 136. See also =Ferdinand VII=.

=Astyanax=, the King of Rome likened to, iv. 91, 108.

=Atheists=, in the National Convention, i. 250.

=Athies=, capture and recapture of, iv. 80, 81.

=Atlantic=, N.'s mastery of ports on the, iii. 264.

=Attila=, N. likened to, i. 443.

=Aube, River=, military operations on the, iv. 58, 60, 74, 85, 86, 91, 93, 96.

=Aubry, Francois=, royalist intrigues by, i. 278; N.'s vindictiveness toward, 287, 289.

=Auerstaedt=, battle of, ii. 430-434; Prussia's humiliation at, iii. 57; Davout created Duke of, 86. See also =Davout=.

=Augereau, Gen. P. C. F.=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; general of division, Army of Italy, 345; defeats Austrians at Millesimo, 353, 354; at Lonato, 381; battle of Bassano, 388; at Verona, 388; battle of Arcole, 380-391; battle of Lonato, 393; driven into Porto Legnago, 409; the Rivoli campaign, 410, 414; commanding Army of the Interior, ii. 7; takes command in Paris, 7; events of the 18th of Fructidor, 8; commanding Army of the Rhine, 9; opposes N., 35; blunders in south-western Germany, 37; commanding in the Pyrenees, 37, 44; Jacobin candidate for supreme command, 94; fails to attend banquet at St. Sulpice, 101; offers services to N., 109; position on the Main, 190; dangerous position after Hohenlinden, 191; at Concordat celebration at Notre Dame, 215; victory at Castiglione, 323; created marshal, 323; plan of naval expedition for, 333; commanding in Germany, 364; exasperates the people of Ansbach, 416; near Coburg, 428; battle of Jena, 429-431; at Golynim, iii. 4; strength in Poland, 7; in the Eylau campaign, 13, 14-17; wounded at Eylau, 17; created Duke of Castiglione, 86; income, 87; service in Spain, 283; in campaign of 1813, 402; battle of Leipsic, iv. 32; confronting Bubna at Geneva, 56; sent to Eugene's assistance, 56; waning loyalty of, 56, 59; repulses Bubna from Lyons, 67; moral exhaustion of, 72; letter from N., 72; driven back to Lyons, 81; strength, 94; incapacity, 94; evacuates Lyons, 94; N.'s kindness toward, 94; contrasted with Suchet, 94; strength, March, 1814, 102; available forces, 118; transfers allegiance to Louis XVIII, 133, 138; meeting with N. near Valence, 138; alleges patriotism as cause of his desertion, 138; attainted, 157; N.'s forgiveness for, 233.

=Augsburg=, military movements near, iii. 203, 205.

=Augusta of Bavaria=, marries Eugene de Beauharnais, ii. 399.

=Aujezd=, military operations at, ii. 388.

=Aulic Council=, i. 426, 430; ii. 160, 367.

=Austerlitz=, battle of, ii. 379 et seq., 423; the lessons of, 391, 392; iii. 341; "the sun of," ii. 392; iii. 343; reception of the news in England, ii. 393; meeting of the sovereigns after, iii. 38; fruits of the battle, 109; Talleyrand's policy after, 125; N.'s terms after, 164; Alexander's pliableness after, 351; the battle compared with that at Leipsic, iv. 37; interview between Francis and N. at, 30.

=Austerlitz, Bridge of=, in Paris, iii. 74.

=Austin, John=, on the Napoleonic Code, ii. 223.

=Austria=, hampered by alliances, i. 22; campaign against France, 65; France declares war against, 172, 187; relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with Prussia, 174; ii. 389, 414; iii. 225, 235, 320, 331; captures Lafayette, i. 179; effect of military successes, 194; military operations against, in Piedmont, 213; partition of Poland, 220, 425; Massena's campaign against, 243; opening of hostilities against, 243; enters Genoese territory, 245; cessation of operations against, 261; defeated at Weissenburg and Fleurus, 273; driven out of Alsace, 273; relations with England (alliances and negotiations with, and subsidies from), 277, 434; ii. 156, 160, 187, 188, 351, 358, 369; iii. 104, 165, 194, 195, 198, 225, 422; iv. 76, 145, 164; armistice between France and, i. 278; French schemes against, 293; defeated by Prussia, 325; hostility to France, 325; relations (alliances and negotiations for mutual support) with Russia, 325, 425; ii. 45, 61, 72, 312, 355, 357, 360, 363; iii. 178, 311, 328, 331, 385, 419; question of military operations against, i. 342; operations in Piedmont in 1794, 341; plans for overthrow of, 346; forces of, separated from Sardinians, 350; N. dictates terms to, at Leoben, 350; military operations in Lombardy, 352-362; defeated at Montenotte, 353; army separated from Piedmontese, 354; crushed at Lodi, 360, 361; violates Venetian neutrality, 361, 371; treaty with Venice, 371; outgeneraled by N. at Mantua, 372; the system of cabinet campaigning in vogue in, 378; interest in possession of Mantua, 379; losses in campaign before Mantua, 383; temporary cessation of hostilities between France and, 392; France's interest in the humiliation of, 398; military enthusiasm in, 406; fourth attempt to retrieve position in Italy, 406; Spain allied with France against, 421; precarious condition of foreign relations, 424; magnificence of her opposition to France, 426; covets Venetian territory, 428; reoccupies Triest and Fiume, 435; England blamed for trouble between France and, 435; treaty of Leoben, 436-441; seeks to retain Modena, 270; secures possession of Venetia, 437-442; ii. 38; proposes to recognize the French republic, i. 439; defeated by Hoche on the Rhine, 439, 440; rupture of the coalition with England, 441; N. offers Venice to, 446; influence of N. in, 448; desires restoration of the Milanese, 451; schemes of European reorganization, 451; iii. 22, 41, 50, 109, 195; Gen. Clarke's mission to, i. 451; releases Lafayette, 457; N. has free hand in negotiations with, ii. 7; final negotiations with, 10; activity of, 9; treaty of Campo Formio, 19-21; Carnot's desire for peace with, 19; Venice seeks to continue war with, 24; Congress of Rastatt, 27, 89, 191, 264; humiliation of, 37, 265, 440; iii. 104, 211, 213, 251, 254-256; attitude of Frederick the Great toward, ii. 41; acquisition of Swiss territory, 40; to be restrained from interference in Rome, 42; declines reciprocity with France, 42; favors secularization of ecclesiastical principalities, 41; disturbed feeling in, 42, 43; Bernadotte's embassy to, 42, 43, 51; France's demands on, concerning the Bourbons, 43; strained relations between France and, 43; alliance with Turkey, 72; violates the Helvetian Republic, 72; relations (strained or hostile) with Prussia, 86, 264, 361; iii. 21, 44; iv. 41, 57, 58; scheme to dismember Bavaria, ii. 88; military operations on the Adige, 91; military operations on the Rhine, 91, 93; joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 142, 143; defeats Massena at Zuerich, and Joubert at Novi, 93; incurs the ill-will of Paul I, 142, 193, 209; holdings in Italy, 145; duplicity with Russia, 145; Russia incensed at, 154; France's services to Prussia against, 154; military situation at beginning of 1800, 160; Moreau ordered to move against, 164; system of tactics pursued by, 165; defeated at Engen, 166; successes in Italy, 170; quality of her troops, 178; battle of Marengo, 178-185; negotiates for peace, 182, 187; agrees to evacuate northern Italy, 182; armistice between France and, 182, 188; interest to abandon England, 187; N. proposes general armistice to, 187; seeks concessions in Italy, 189; raises new troops, 188; N. determines to prosecute the war with, 189; position behind the Inn, 190; signs peace of Luneville, 192; her line in Italy, as fixed at Luneville, 193; armistice of Steyer, 192; battle of Hohenlinden, 192; signs separate peace, 192; loss of power, 194; the spiritual principalities in, 193; Russia's jealousy of, 194; aspirations concerning Bavaria, 194; ecclesiastical influence in, 264; share in redistributions of 1802, 265, 266; Ney's check on, 272; proposed occupation of Malta by, 285; N.'s preparations for striking, 291; truckles to France, 311; withdraws troops from Swabia, 311; acquiesces in creation of French empire, 320; represented at N.'s court at Aachen, 329; N.'s designs against, 334, 336, 347; recuperating, 347; pretext for war between France and, 352; Francis's title and powers curtailed, 352; the sanitary cordon, 355; popular dislike of Russia in, 355; Alexander's scheme for compensating, 355; apprehensions of losing Venice, 357; falls into N.'s trap, 358; army reforms, 358; mobilizes troops, 358; her ambitions, 358; her disarmament demanded, 361; N. threatens to march to Vienna, 361; abused in Paris newspapers, 361; declaration of war against, 362; declares war against France, Sept. 3, 1805, 363; strength, 363; her line of defense, 365; popular opinion of N. in, 366; capitulation of Ulm, 367; junction of troops at Marburg, 367; outgeneraled by N., 377; drives the Elector of Bavaria from Munich, 377; battle of Austerlitz, 381 et seq.; ill feeling between Russia and, 381; threatened with loss of Venetia and the Tyrol, 389; accepts N.'s terms for an armistice, 389; N.'s scheme to crush, 390; suspected bribery of Talleyrand by, 390; pays war indemnity to France, 390; cessions by, 390; acquires Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, 391; surrenders Venice to France, 390; losses at Austerlitz, 392; stripped of leadership, 394; neutralization of her power, 402; Francis I declares himself hereditary emperor, 404; protector of Ragusa, 405; demoralization of the army, 419; rehabilitation of, 440; neutrality between Russia and Turkey, 441; anxiety concerning Polish lands, 444; offer of Silesia to, 445; iii. 22; resolves on neutrality, ii. 445; Turko-Persian alliance against, iii. 20; N. proposes alliance with, 21, 22; hostile preparations, 21; proposal for a new coalition, 21; proposes to act as mediator, 22; shrewd attitude of, 23; throws troops on frontier of Galicia, 23; omitted from the Continental Olympus, 41; N.'s object to humiliate, 44; interest in Poland, 45; partition of, 49, 55; her position after Tilsit, 56; proposed commercial war against England, 55; offended dignity of, 65; treaty of Fontainebleau, Oct. 10, 1807, 104; outward subserviency to France, 104; N.'s attitude toward, 104; military reorganization of, 103, 164, 166, 198, 199; proposed neutralization of, 113; the situation in, 117; awakening of the national spirit in, 137; encouraged to revolt, 159, 163-165, 178; effect of the Bayonne negotiations on, 163 et seq.; hereditary rivalry with France, 164; belligerent tone in, 165, 178, 193, 195; necessity for her repression, 167; N. and Alexander remonstrate with, 167-169; N. proposes alliance with, 169; to be held in check by Russia, 169; compact between Russia and France against, 169; Russia urged to occupy part of, 177; transformation of, 192 et seq.; the German movement in, 193; opportunity to lead a revolt against N., 195; failure of negotiations with France, 198; change of plan of campaign, 198, 204; Napoleonic ideas in, 200; Archduke Charles's proclamations, 200; intoxicated with success, 201; the fifth war with, 202 et seq.; her aggressions, 213; extinguishment of her hopes in Italy, 215; claims the battle of Aspern, 223; losses at Wagram, 230; plague in her army, 237; to reduce her army, 238; cession of territory, 239; N.'s terms of peace, 239; N. contemplates alliance with, 238, 245, 249; reduced to a second-class power, 239, 251, 254, 255; desire to assassinate N. in, 240; recognizes N.'s acquisitions in Spain, Portugal, and Italy, 239; joins the Continental System, 239; N. chooses a matrimonial alliance with the House of, 246; necessity of placating, 254; good feeling toward France, 254; democratic tendencies in, 256; distribution of the lands taken from, 266; brought into the Napoleonic system, 268; bankruptcy of, 304; alliance with France, 310, 311; interest in stirring up strife between France and Russia, 313; pro-Russian party in, 313, 314; N.'s reply to Francis's request for assistance, 314; Alexander seeks the favor of, 316; foments hostile feeling between Russia and France, 316; seeks territorial aggrandizement at expense of Turkey, 316; contemplates neutrality, 320; overawed by N.'s preparations, 320; contributes troops to the French army, 320; stipulates for territorial enlargement, 320; furnishes troops for Russian campaign of 1812, 320; agricultural distress in, 328; acquires Galicia, 331; attitude of her troops toward Russia, 342; N. suspicious of, 382; narrow escape at Essling, 383; Alexander seeks alliance with, 384; value of her alliance to France, 390; Roman Catholic influence in, 390; proposed surrender of Illyria to, 392, 407, 415; hostility to N. in, 394, 395; Saxony turns toward, 394, 399; Metternich's diplomatic schemes for, 395; refuses to enter coalition against France, 396; N. offers to subsidize, 395; N. seeks aid from, to check Kutusoff, 395; proposes to act as mediator, 395, 407-411, 415, 416, 419, 420; wooed for the coalition, 398; secret agreement with Saxony, 399; rejects N.'s offer of Silesia, 400; hostile neutrality of, 403; N.'s attitude toward, 403; pivotal in European politics, 403, 409, 411; growing strength, 403, 419-423; abandoned by Saxony, 407; proposed surrender of Dalmatia to, 407; proposed rectification of her western frontier, 407; outwits N., 412, 424; iv. i, 13; gathers troops in Bohemia, iii. 413-414; the allies' reliance on, 415; fear of N., 415; Nesselrode demands her adherence to the coalition, 415; aggrandizement by royal marriages, 416; to be pledged never to side with France, 415; proposed enlargement of, 416; secret treaty of Reichenbach, 415, 418, 422; throws off the mask of mediator, 419; duplicity of, 419; regeneration of, 419; seeks to regain ascendancy in Germany and Italy, 423; N.'s agents in, 422; N. attempts to bribe, 423, 424; declares war, 423; Hamburg and Triest offered to, 424; takes the lead among the allies, iv. 6; strength, 6; N. seeks alliance with, 13, 17; saved by Schwarzenberg from invasion, 18; N. offers terms to, 21; scheme to restore status of 1805, 22; concludes alliance of Sept. 9, 1813, 22; seeks to regain predominance in Italy, 30; rise of her Prussian rival, 37; desires peace, 41; demands Italian territory, 41; at the Congress at Frankfort, 41; troops on the Rhine, 54-56; forms alliance with Murat, 56; the Czar's designs to check, 67; violates Swiss neutrality, 68; suspicious slowness of her movements, 68; eager for an armistice, 70, 71, 75; N. endeavors to separate Russia from, 75; treaty of Chaumont, 76; the triple alliance, 76; attitude toward N., 89; N.'s dread of capture of the Empress by, 91; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; weight of her yoke in Italy, 143; negotiates secret treaty with England and France, 145; invited to take part in the coronation of the King of Rome, 157; member of the Vienna Coalition, 164; quota of troops, 164; refuses help to France, 165; the campaign of the Hundred Days, 170 et seq.; claims the glory of annihilating N., 214; claims the right of overseeing the imprisonment of N., 215; loss of Italian territory, 300.

=Austria-Hungary=, the rise of, iv, 299, 300.

=Austrian Netherlands, the=, defeat of the French in, i. 172; the revolutionary spirit in, 187; Dumouriez's successes in, 194; French conquest, of, 273; surrendered to France, ii. 21. See also =Belgium=.

=Autun=, N. at, i. 30, 46, 48-50; iv. 157; the Buonapartes at, i. 46; Talleyrand bishop of, ii. 33.

=Auxerre=, military movements near, iv. 60; Imperial forces at, 102; Ney rejoins N. at, 157.

=Auxonne=, N. at, i. 94, 96, 111, 112, 141, 144-147, 223; disturbances in, 111, 112, 152; N. seeks to be retained at, 149.

=Avignon=, the Girondists at, i. 214; N. arrives before, 214; Jacobin siege of, 214; N.'s life at, 214, 215; annexed to France, 422; the Pope asks compensation for the loss of, ii. 216; lost to the Pope at the peace of Tolentino, 326; residence of Pius VII at, 391; Augereau's neglected guns at, iv. 94; plots to assassinate N. at, 138.

=Azanza, M. J. de=, King Joseph's Spanish minister at Paris, iii. 282;

=Azara, Chevalier J. N. de=, represents Spain at Amiens, ii. 262; at the Tuileries, March 13, 1803, 283.

=Azores=, proposition to deport the Emperor to, iv. 145.

B

=Babylon=, the history of, iv. 293.

=Bacciocchi, Mme.=, literary coterie, ii. 258; acquires the duchy of Lucca, 354. See also =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Bacciocchi, Pasquale=, marries Elisa Buonaparte, i. 322.

=Bachelu= in battle of Waterloo, iv. 199, 204.

=Bacon, Francis=, N.'s study of, ii. 53.

=Badajoz=, Soult's capture of, iii. 286; English siege and storming of, 289-291, 319.

=Baden=, violation of her neutrality, i. 179; ii. 331, 363; makes peace with France (1796), i. 385, 450; relations with Russia, ii. 266; strengthening of, 266; residence of the Duc d'Enghien in, 301; French expedition to, 304; news of the Duc d'Enghien's arrest in, 305; friendly relations with France, 377; acquires territory after Austerlitz, 391; subservience to France, 394, 402; created a separate kingdom, 398; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; supplies contingent for N.'s army, ii. 404; iii. 322; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; turns from N. to the allies, iv. 40; position in Germany, 298.

=Bagration, Gen. Peter=, holds Murat at Hollabrunn, ii. 379; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; in campaign of Eylau, iii. 14; called in by Barclay de Tolly, 335; movements on the Dnieper and Pripet, 336; contemplated junction with Barclay, 336; establishes communication with Drissa, 336; driven east by Davout, 338; junction with Barclay at Smolensk, 336, 338; plan of junction with Barclay at Vitebsk, 338; battle of Smolensk, 339.

=Bailly, Jean Sylvain=, mayor of Paris, i. 109.

=Balcombe, Mr.=, entertains N. at St. Helena, iv. 229.

=Balearic Isles=, N. offers them to England, ii. 404, 405.

=Balkan Peninsula=, Russia's ambitions in, iii. 310; rescue of the people of, iv. 300.

=Baltic Sea, the=, England's operations in and on, ii. 209, 210; iii. 24, 35, 36, 98, 117; gateway of, 69; Spanish military movements on, 149; N.'s mastery of ports on, 266; efficient blockade of, impossible, 280.

=Baltimore=, Jerome Bonaparte's residence in, ii. 257.

=Bamberg=, Austrian troops at, ii. 365; N.'s military route through, 422; concentration of troops in, iii. 203.

=Bank of England=, suspends specie payments, i. 456; scarcity of money in, iii. 304.

=Bank of France=, organization of, ii. 135, 219; the Recamiers and the, 411, 412; compelled to lower its rate, iii. 74; plethora of silver in, 304.

=Barbary=, plots of the pirates to seize N., iv. 150.

=Barbe-Marbois, F.=, proscribed, ii. 8; minister of finance, 214; state treasurer, 220; minister of the treasury, 410.

=Barbets=, guerrilla bands of, i. 373.

=Barcelona=, French troops at, iii. 132; Duhesme besieged in, 183; besieged by Vives, 184.

=Barclay de Tolly, M. A.=, proposed movement against, iii. 335; calls in Bagration, 335; retreats to Drissa, 336; junction with Bagration at Smolensk, 336-338; plans to meet Bagration at Vitebsk, 338; battle of Smolensk, 338-340; takes stand behind the Uscha, 340; retreats toward Moscow, 339; charged with German bias, 342; succeeded by Kutusoff, 343; retained as military adviser, 343; restored to chief command, 399, 410; battle of Bautzen, 411; with the Army of the South, iv. 3; battle of Leipsic, 28; advises pursuit of N., 98.

=Barere, Bertrand=, exiled, ii. 356.

="Bargain of Famine,"= the, i. 96, 101.

=Barham, Adm.=, naval administration of, ii. 370.

=Baring, Major=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 204.

=Barnabe=, declares Brumaire illegal, ii. 235.

=Barras, Jean-Paul-Francois-Nicolas=, relations with N. and influence on his career, i. 225, 236, 289, 293, 296, 299, 319, 329; ii. 22, 31, 35; iv. 220, 285, 288; in siege of Toulon, i. 231; opposes Robespierre, 251; influence among the Thermidorians, 254; leader of military committee of the Convention, 272; a Dantonist, 289; in social life, 290, 329; commander-in-chief of Convention forces, 299; claims the honors of the 13th Vendemiaire, 301, 303; resigns his command, 305; member of the Directory, 309, 332; character, 309, 329; ii. 35, 91; intimacy with Josephine Beauharnais, i. 315; connection with N.'s marriage, 317; bribed by Venetian ambassador, 440; dissatisfied with treaty of Leoben, 441; learns of Pichegru's treachery, ii. 6; plan to bring troops to Paris, 6; clamors for peace, 19; derides Carnot's suggestions, 19; responsibility for the 18th Fructidor, 22; responsibility for the 13th Vendemiaire, 22; approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24; charged with tampering with Bernadotte, 43; intrigue with N., Talleyrand, and Sieyes for a new constitution, 49; suggests that N. assume a dictatorship, 49; warns N. to leave France for Egypt, 52; resignation and fall of, 101, 107, 115, 119; N.'s charges against, before the Ancients, 113.

=Barry, Mme. du=, relations with Talleyrand, ii. 33.

=Bar-sur-Aube=, military movements near, iv. 60, 74, 90, 96, 104; narrow escape of Francis at, 95; N.'s march through, 104.

=Bar-sur-Ornain=, Oudinot at, iv. 103.

=Bartenstein=, French occupation of, iii. 12; military movements near, 15; treaty of, iii. 22, 23, 36.

=Barthelemy, F.=, member of the Directory, ii. 1; imprisonment of, 8.

=Basel=, treaty of, i. 276; ii. 204; iii. 124; alteration of boundary at, ii. 21; republican propaganda in, 40; invasion of France via, iv. 57, 58; headquarters of the allies at, 66; Schwarzenberg's communications with, threatened, 95; tomb of Erasmus in, 247.

=Bassano=, defeat of Wurmser at, i. 384; Alvinczy defeats Massena at, 386, 387; battle of, 386, 387; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Maret created Duke of, iii. 87. See also =Maret=.

=Basseville, N. J. H.=, killed in Rome, i. 261, 375, 422.

=Bastia=, made a seat of government, i. 25; N. at, 90; radical influences in, 116; patriot success in, 120; tradition concerning N.'s connection with events at, 120; share in annexation of Corsica to France 122; Paoli's return to, 125; revolutionary movements in, 131; declared the capital of Corsica, 134; disorders in, 162; N. sails from, May 2, 1792, 171; N. flees to, 202; under domination of Salicetti, 204; French power in, 207; imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; English capture of, 260; Nelson at, ii. 62.

=Bastille, the=, destruction of, i. 108, 109, 158; celebrations of the storming of, 174; ii. 195.

=Batavian Republic, the=, formation of, i. 276; an appanage of France, 325; naval defeat at Camperdown, ii. 38; dependence on France, 38; levy of troops and war material on, 38; Anglo-Russian force forced to evacuate, 93; loyalty to N., 146; a new constitution for, 233; regains colonies, 233, 262; English efforts to discredit France in, 264. See also =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

="Battle of Dorking,"= ii. 290.

=Battle of Five Days=, iii. 210.

="Battle of the Nations,"= iv. 37.

=Bautzen=, battle of, iii. 410, 411; iv. 4; fatal results of the French victory at, iii. 411; N. moves toward, iv. 17; the Young Guard ordered to, 17; N. nicknamed from, 20; boy soldiers at, 21; the armistice after, 42.

="Bautzen Messenger-Boy,"= the, iv. 20.

=Bavaria=, treaty with France (1796), i. 450; Austria's gaze on, 325; ii. 194, 358, 363; Austria's scheme to dismember, 88; Suvaroff driven from Italy to, 142; Moreau ordered to drive the Austrians into, 164; the campaign in, 190 et seq.; negotiations with France, 211; acquires Passau, 266; relations with Russia, 266; Alexander I's scheme of giving to Austria, 356; N. threatens to enlarge, 361, 390; Austrian troops in, 365; the Elector driven from Munich by Austria, 377; friendly relations with, subservience and military support to France, 377, 394, 402, 404, 422; iii. 3, 195, 203, 279, 322, 387; acquires Ansbach, ii. 390; created a separate kingdom, 389, 391, 398; acquires territory after Austerlitz, 390; member of the Confederation of the Rhine, 403; joins in the war against Prussia, 422; defeated at Innsbruck, iii. 201; N.'s success in, 225; Maria Louisa's progress through, 256; allotment of Austrian lands to, 266; losses of her soldiers in Russia, 337; Roman Catholic influence in, 390; hesitates to furnish new levies, 394; Augereau commanding troops of, 402; national spirit in, iv. 19; revulsion of feeling against France, 19, 22, 26, 40, 56; part in the campaign at Leipsic, 35; position in Germany, 298, 299; battle of Hanau, 35; the campaign of Waterloo 69, et seq.

=Bayanne, Cardinal=, at Paris, iii. 68; his demands on behalf of the Pope, 118.

=Baylen=, capitulation of, Dupont at, iii. 157, 159, 166.

=Bayonne=, formation of new French army at, iii. 120, 126, 132; N. goes to, 142; Ferdinand VII at, 144; trial of Ferdinand at, 145; end of negotiations at, 147; convocation of Spanish notables at, 149; ultimate failure of N.'s work at, 151; N. at, Nov. 3, 1808, 184; effect of negotiations at, 185; the decree of 1808, 274; Soult shut up in, iv. 40.

=Bayreuth=, N. at, ii. 422; Ney at, 428; Davout's force in, iii. 202.

="Beaucaire, the Supper of,"= i. 216, 219.

=Beauderet=, military movements near, iv. 185.

=Beauharnais, Marquis Alexandre de=, marriage to Josephine de la Pagerie, i. 313; service in America, 314; separated from his wife, 314; commander of the Army of the Rhine, 314; partial reconciliation with Josephine, 314; elected to States-General, 314; president of National Assembly, 314; denunciation, imprisonment, and execution, 314.

=Beauharnais, Eugene de=, birth of, i. 313; early life, 315; interposes to reconcile Josephine and N., ii. 85; viceroy at Milan, 258; ordered to organize troops on the Adige, 362; marries Augusta of Bavaria, 399; expels the English from Leghorn, iii. 67; letter from N. to, 68; presents ultimatum to Pius VII, 68; formally adopted by N., 130; viceroy of Italy, 130; defeated by Archduke John, 201; letter from N. to, 208; commanding in Italy, 211; character, 211; at Villach, 217; at Bruck, 225; drives Archduke John into Hungary, 226; battle of Wagram, 228; guards the Marchfeld, 235; executes Hofer's sentence, 241; offers amnesty to the Tyroleans, 241; informs Josephine of the impending divorce, 246; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; acquires principality of Frankfort, 266; viceroy of Italy, 279; a grand duchy created for, 322; strength of his corps, March, 1812, 324; contemplated movement by, 336; battle of Borodino, 344; defeats Kutusoff at Malojaroslavetz, 355; battle of Wiazma, 360; the hero of the retreat from Moscow, 362, 363; at Krasnoi, 364; junction with Ney, 364; succeeds Murat in command, 385, 393; reorganizes the army, 393; withdraws to Berlin, 393; retires behind the Elbe, 393; establishes headquarters at Leipsic, 393; N.'s instructions to, 393; to guard Holland, 393; Alexander advances against, 395; strength in the Saxon campaign of 1813, 402; junction with N., 404; ordered to raise a new army in Italy, 407, 414; driven over the Adige by Hiller, iv. 39; checkmated in Italy, 56; battle of Roverbello, 56; concludes armistice, 56.

=Beauharnais, Francois de=, French minister at Madrid, connection with Ferdinand's conspiracy, iii. 127; conducts intrigues for the Portuguese throne, 129; opens the eyes of Godoy, 132; advises Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, 142.

=Beauharnais, Hortense=, birth of, i. 313; early life, 315; interposes to reconcile Josephine and N., ii. 85; marries Louis Bonaparte, 257; iii. 269. See also =Buonaparte, Hortense=.

=Beauharnais, Josephine=, social life in Paris, i. 290; N.'s infatuation for, and marriage, 312-323; ii. 341; birth and early life, i. 313-315; characteristics, 313-320; imprisonment, 315; returns to Martinique, 313; returns to France, 314; intimacy with Barras, 315. See also =Bonaparte, Josephine=.

=Beauharnais family=, proposed alliance between Ferdinand VII and, iii, 125-128; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253.

=Beaulieu, J. P.=, commanding Austrian army in Lombardy, i. 352-361; attacks Laharpe at Voltri, 352, 353; falls back on Acqui, 354; N.'s operations against, 355-366; military genius, 358; defense of Milan, 358-361; outflanked at Piacenza, 359; retreats to the Mincio, 361; seizes Peschiera, 361, 372; thwarts N.'s plan, 361; violates Venetian neutrality, 372; his army scattered, 378.

=Beaumont=, military operations near, iv. 170.

=Becker, Gen.=, accompanies N. to Rochefort, iv. 219; urges N.'s value as a general, 219.

=Beet-root sugar=, production encouraged, iii, 79; N.'s interest in, 304.

=Belce, Canon=, vice-president of the Directory of Corsica, i. 133.

=Belgium=, proposals to establish a republic in, i. 194; plunder of works of art from, 369; N.'s policy concerning, 429; ceded to France by treaty of Leoben, 438; England's efforts to release, 450; France's interest in, 450; England's concessions as to, ii. 12; incorporated with France, 153; the Code Napoleon in, 223; public works in, 349; visit of N. and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; mediocrity of soldiers of, iv. 20; the allies refuse to give the country to France, 67; N. entreated to abandon, 70; N. refuses to give up, 74; campaign of Waterloo, 169 et seq.; provisions for defense of, 172; weakness of her troops, 195, 201. See also =Austrian Netherlands=.

=Belle Alliance=, French van at, iv. 190; N. at, 193, 194, 196; topography, 195; the French position at, 196; fighting at, 210.

=Bellegarde, Gen. H. de=, supersedes Melas, ii. 188; on the Mincio, 188.

="Bellerophon," the=, Napoleon embarks on, iv. 220, 221, 222, 287; sails for Torbay, 221; goes to Plymouth Sound, 222; in Torbay, 227.

=Bellesca=, organizes rebellion in favor of Don John, iii. 122.

=Belleville=, defense of, iv. 109, 110.

=Belliard, Gen. A. D.=, carries the news of surrender of Paris to the Emperor, iv. 105, 115; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132.

=Bellingham, John=, assassinates Mr. Perceval, iii. 378.

=Bellinzona=, Austrian force at, ii. 170; Moncey arrives at, 172.

=Bellowitz=, military operations near, ii. 386.

=Belluno=, Lusignan driven beyond, i. 432; creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; Victor created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Victor=.

=Belt, the=, difficulties of Bernadotte's crossing the, iii. 117.

=Belbedere, Gen.=, forces near Burgos, iii. 184.

=Benevento=, Talleyrand created Prince of, ii. 396 (see also =Talleyrand=); destruction of magazines at, iii. 188.

=Bennigsen, Gen. L. A. T.=, assassin of Paul I, ii. 380; commanding Russian forces at Breslau, 380; battle of Pultusk, iii. 4, 8; general-in-chief of the Russian army, 8, 9; position at Szuczyn, 8; turns back Ney from Koenigsberg, 8; attempts to reach Dantzic, 9; attempts to destroy Ney, 10; defeated at Mohrungen, 10; military genius, 9, 27; campaign of Eylau, 13 et seq.; captures French courier at Eylau, 14; retreats to Koenigsberg, 18; hampered for men and funds, 20; moves against Ney on the Passarge, 28; retires behind the Alle, 29; strength, summer of 1807, 28; battle of Heilsberg, 29; injurious delays by, 30; battle of Friedland, 31; abandons Heilsberg, 32; confesses defeat, 32; retreats across the Niemen, 31; reinforcements for, 32; proposes an armistice, 34, 36; commanding in Poland, iv. 3; reaches Teplitz, 22; in battle of Leipsic, 32.

=Berchtesgaden=, apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Austria, 391; embodied in the Confederation of the Rhine, iii. 239.

=Beresina=, battle of, compared with that of Friedland, iv. 37.

=Beresina, River=, the crossing of the, iii. 363, 366, 374.

=Berg, Grand Duchy of=, quota of men, ii. 404; French seizure of lands near, 420; vassalage to France recognized at Tilsit, iii. 54; the Grand Duchess quarrels with Queen Hortense, 179; scheme to incorporate it with France, 266; Louis Napoleon created Grand Duke, 279; the French regency of, 421; French influence in, 423.

=Bergamo=, the revolutionary movement in, i. 428, 436, 437.

=Bergen=, battle of, ii. 93.

=Bergeres=, Bluecher retreats to, iv. 65.

=Berlier, M.=, assists in preparation of the Code, ii. 222.

=Berlin=, consternation in (1797-98), ii. 41; Sieyes' mission to, 41; French party in, 155; the visits of Alexander I to, 376, 438; war feeling in, ii. 417; N. refuses to treat outside of, 435; N.'s entry into, 438; N. receives Polish deputation in, 444; French occupation of, iii. 12; centralization in, 374; Eugene at, 393; the Prussian court removed to Breslau from, 396; patriotism in the university, 398; defense of, 399; proposed allotment of, to Jerome, 409; threatened by Oudinot, 413; England's diplomacy in, 417; French demonstrations against, iv. 2; Buelow commanding at, 3; overestimate of its strategical value, 5; Bluecher's road to, blocked by Lauriston, 8; failure of Oudinot and Macdonald in movements against, 13-20; N. determines to march on, 17, 18; possible movement toward, 26.

=Berlin Decree=, the, ii. 441; iii. 45, 48, 49, 101, 119, 273, 321.

=Berlin University=, iii. 103.

=Bern=, treaty of Leoben to be ratified at, i. 439; proposed congress at, ii. 19, 20; capture of the city, 40; French intervention in, 40; the plundering of, 40; French military arrogance in, 41; attempt to restore the constitution of, iv. 68.

=Bernadotte, Gen. J. B. J.=, military successes of, i. 273; a product of Carnot's system, 332; commanding Army of the Sambre and Meuse, 426; storms Gradisca, 433; communicates Pichegru's treachery to Barras, ii. 6; ambassador to Austria, 42, 51; charges of venality concerning his mission, 43; recalled, 43; characteristics, 43, 93; iii. 317; iv. 2, 3, 55; marries Desiree Clary, ii. 43; iii. 280; ordered to the middle Rhine, ii. 87; develops the conscription schemes of Carnot, 93; secretary of war, 93; counterplots on the 18th Brumaire, 109; plans to head a force at St. Cloud, 109; created marshal, 323; ordered to Goettingen, 362; commanding in Germany, 365; marches to Ingolstadt, 365; watches the Russian army, 366; violates Prussian neutrality at Ansbach, 376; in battle of Austerlitz, 383-385; Prince of Ponte Corvo, 396; iii. 86; at Lobenstein, ii. 428; defeats Hohenlohe at Schleiz, 428; at Naumburg, 429; absence from Jena and Auerstaedt, 432; relations with N., 432; iii. 280, 317; at Apolda, ii. 434; defeats Prussians at Halle, ii. 436; sacks Luebeck, ii, 440; strength in Poland, iii. 7; position at Elbing, 8; action at Mohrungen, 10; escapes to Gilgenburg, 10; threatens Koenigsberg, 10; in campaign of Eylau, 13; threatens Denmark, 69; Denmark yields to, 70; income, 87; fails to join the Russian forces in Finland, 117; restrains Spanish operations on the Baltic, 149; his advance-guard of Spanish troops, 159; troops in Bremen, Hamburg, and Luebeck, 202; to concentrate in Dresden, 203; ordered to Linz, 216, 225; relieved by Lefebvre at Linz, 225; in battle of Wagram, 228, 230; disgraced at Wagram, 228, 237; heads troops for service in the Netherlands, 237; kindly treatment of Pomerania, 280; failure on the Marchfeld, 281; chosen as successor to Charles XIII, 280; installation at Stockholm, 281; assumes title of Prince Charles John, 280; popularity in Sweden, 280; republicanism of, 281; ambition to acquire Norway, 281, 399; iv. 55; changes from Roman Catholic to Lutheran, iii. 317; character of his rule, 317; eager to escape from French protection, 317; varied character of his life, 317; virtual king of Sweden, 317; unwillingly grants a liberal constitution, 317; ambition to acquire the French crown, 321; iv. 2, 3, 14, 15, 26, 55, 57, 85, 114; temporizes with France and Russia, iii. 321; assists Russia against N., 350; Metternich seeks to embroil him with Alexander, 394; N. attempts to win over, 399; Pomerania offered to, 399; joins the coalition, 399; iv. 2, 3; his troops evacuate Hamburg, 407; commanding Army of the North, 3; in military council at Trachenberg, 6; battle of Grossbeeren, 14; at Jueterbog, 18; battle of Dennewitz, 18, 19; crosses the Elbe, 22; contemplated movement against, 23; N. seeks to engage, 25, 26; proposed junction with Schwarzenberg, 26; at Merseburg, 27; at Oppin, 28; offers terms to Davout, 55; ordered to the lower Rhine, 56; at Liege, 85; receives flag of truce from Joseph, 85; the allies dread betrayal by, 85.

=Bernadotte, Mme.=, i. 294.

=Bernburg=, French forces at, iii. 393.

=Berneck=, defeat of Junot by the Black Legion at, iii. 234.

=Berner Klause=, the, i. 412.

=Berry=, military movements near, iv. 77, 78.

=Berry, Charles Ferdinand, Duc de=, doubtful courage of, ii. 301; refrains from entering France, 301; suspected of plotting in Brittany, 303.

=Berry-au-Bac=, abandoned by Marmont, iv. 81; Marmont at, 85.

=Berthier, Gen. Alexandre=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; service in the Alps, 346; at Lodi, 361; in the Rivoli campaign, 413; carries treaty of Campo Formio to the Directory, ii. 24; plunders Venetia, 38; proclaims the Roman Republic, 39; ordered to kill hostile tribesmen, 70; ordered to prepare for triumphal entry into Cairo, 76; accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, 81; action on the 18th Brumaire, 104; forms the army of reserve, 140; sent to Geneva, 140; method of computing his army, 169; plans for crossing the Alps, 169; urges capture of Fort Bard, 171; created marshal, 323; Master of the Hounds, 324; muzzles the press in Prussia, 417; letter from N., Aug. 25, 1806, 420; personal attendance on N., 425; in battle of Eylau, iii. 16; iv. 174; at Tilsit, iii. 52, 59; income, 87, 296; created Prince of Neufchatel, 86, 96, 279; appointed vice-constable, 96; at Bayonne, 144; chief of staff, 203, 323, 402; orders to, iii. 203; deficiency of military knowledge, 204; fails in execution of his orders, 205; charged with treachery, 206; on N.'s habit of work, 210; discovers attempt to assassinate N., 240; N.'s proxy to marry Maria Louisa, 254-256; created Prince of Wagram, 256; letter from Ney to, Nov. 5, 1812, 360, 361; informs Macdonald of the Russian disasters, 384; alleged hostility to Jomini, iv. 2; battle of Dresden, 11; at Nangis, 73; receives flag of truce from Schwarzenberg, 73; persuades N. to resume negotiations, 74; capture of one of his couriers, 96; at council at St. Dizier, 103; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; Marmont sends treasonable documents to, 119; at the abdication scene, 121; transfers his allegiance to Louis XVIII, 132; nicknamed "Peter," 147; faults at Eylau and Wagram, 173.

=Berthollet, C. L.=, plunders Italian scientific collections, i. 369; accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81; member of the senate, 151.

=Berton, L. S.=, i. 61.

=Bertrand, Gen. H. G.=, base conduct at Vienna, ii. 369; in campaign of 1813, iii. 402; in battle of Bautzen, 410; beleaguers Schweidnitz, 413; battle of Dennewitz, iv. 18; driven by Bluecher to Bitterfeld, 22; battle of Leipsic, 28, 29, 30, 32, 35; takes Weissenfels, 35; defends the Rhine at Kastel, 54; begs N. to abandon Belgium and the left bank of the Rhine, 70; at the abdication scene, 121; accompanies N. to Elba, 134, 138; sends positive instructions to Grouchy, 187, 191; escorts N. from the field of Waterloo, 211; accompanies N. to Rochefort, 219; accompanies N. to St. Helena, 227.

=Bertrand, Mme.=, present at N.'s death-bed, iv. 235.

=Bessarabia=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.

=Bessieres, Gen. J. B.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; created marshal, 323; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; in Eylau campaign, iii. 15, 16; created Duke of Istria, 86; income, 87; character, 93; N.'s opinion of, 93; invades Spain, 132, 134, 143; instructions to, concerning Spanish policy, 140; ordered to arrest Ferdinand, 144; besieges Santander, 156; defeats the Spaniards at Medina de Rio Seco, 156; occupies Old Castile and Aragon, 155; ordered to connect with Junot, 157; at Miranda, 183; pursues Hiller, 209; battle of Essling, 220; commanding the Young Guard, 324; killed at Rippach, 404, 406; importance of his loss to N., 404.

=Bethencourt, Gen.=, crosses the Simplon, ii. 172; near Domo d'Ossola, 172.

=Beugnot=, regent of Berg, iii. 421; anecdote concerning, 421, 422.

=Beurnonville, Marquis de=, N.'s envoy to Prussia, ii. 156; royalist intrigues of, iv. 115, 140.

=Beys=, the Egyptian, ii. 58.

=Biberach=, battle of, ii. 167.

=Biberich=, anecdote of N. at the castle of, iii. 422.

=Bible=, N.'s study of the, iv. 231.

=Bicetre, prison of=, imprisonment of a milliner in, iii. 92.

=Bielostok=, united to Russia, iii. 56, 62.

=Bilbao=, Lefebvre near, iii. 183.

=Bisamberg=, junction of Archduke Charles and Hiller at, iii. 212, 216; military operations near, 228, 229.

=Biscay=, N.'s contemplated movements in, iii. 184; military government of, 279.

=Bismarck, Prince Otto von=, policy in, 1875, ii. 269.

=Bitterfeld=, Bertrand driven by Bluecher to, iv. 22.

=Biville=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators at, ii. 298.

=Black Elster, River=, military movements on the, iv. 20.

=Black Forest, the=, Dessaix defeats the Austrians in, i. 440; military operations in, ii. 166, 365.

=Black Legion, the=, organization of, iii. 234; defeats Junot at Berneck, 234; defeats the Saxons at Nossen, 234.

=Black Sea=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209.

=Blake, Gen.=, defeated at Medina de Rio Seco, iii. 156; advances from Durango, 184; concerted French movement against, 185; driven back to Valmaseda, 184; N.'s scheme to annihilate, 184; defeated at Espinosa, 185; joins La Romana, in Asturias, 185; annihilation of his army by Suchet, 289.

=Blankenburg=, Louis XVIII retreats to, ii. 5.

=Blankenhain=, Prince Hohenlohe at, ii. 428.

=Blasowitz=, military operations near, ii. 385.

=Blois=, N.'s private treasure at, iv. 50, 134; imperial regency established at, 115; French garrison at, 118; dissolution of the imperial government at, 135.

=Bluecher, Marshal G. L. von=, member of Prussian reform party, ii. 415; Prussian commander, 419; military movements near Eisenach, 427; battle of Auerstaedt, 433; reaches Luebeck, 437; duplicity to Klein, 436; surrender of, 437; in campaign of 1813, iii. 399; at Striegau, iv. 3, 6; violates the armistice, 3, 6; commanding the army of the East, 6; gives N. an advantage, 6, 7; secures an independent command, 6; pursued by N., 7; at Bunzlau, 7; retreats behind the Deichsel, 7; crosses the Katzbach, 8; battle of Katzbach, 15; pursues Macdonald, 15; Macdonald fails to hold, 17; operations in Silesia, 17; attacks Macdonald at Fischbach, 18; Macdonald ordered to check his advance, 20; advances on Dresden, 20; northward movement, 21; marches to Kemberg, 22; drives Bertrand to Bitterfeld, 22; contemplated movement against, 23; N. seeks to engage, 25, 26; joint movements with Bernadotte and Schwarzenberg, 26; advances to Halle, 26; battle of Leipsic, 28, 30, 33; acquires two Swedish corps, 56; crosses the Rhine, 57; aims to annihilate N., 57; crosses the Saar, 58; invests the Mosel fortresses, 58; advances on Arcis, 58; effects union with Schwarzenberg, 60; defeated at Brienne, 60; battles of La Rothiere and Troyes, 60; predicts a speedy entry into Paris, 61; leads the advance down the Marne, 62; attempts to cut off Macdonald, 61; strength, Feb. 9, 1814, 61; French movement from Sezanne against, 62, 63; battle of Montmirail, 63; retreat across the Marne, 63; defeated at Vauchamps, 64; retreats to Bergeres, 65; drives Marmont to Fromentieres, 64; N. deals him "a blow in the eye," 70; Marmont ordered to hold, 71; at Mery, 73; collects his army at Chalons, 73; Oudinot sent against, 73; pursued by N., 75; makes diversion in favor of main army, 75; advances on Paris, 76; letter from Frederick William III, Feb. 26, 1814, 75; N. in pursuit of, 76; moves on Meaux, 76; recruits his forces at Soissons, 77; retreats up the Ourcq, 76; checked by Marmont and Mortier, 76; crosses the Marne, 76; cut off from Schwarzenberg, 77; driven north, 77; battle of Craonne, 78; retreats from Craonne to Laon, 78; dissensions in his army, 77-80, 84; battle of Laon, 79; recalls York, 80; regains communication with Schwarzenberg, 80; dismayed at the capture of Rheims, 84, 85; besieges Compiegne, 84; resumes the offensive, 92, 93; Marmont's plan of operations against, 93; crosses the Aisne, 93; effects junction with Schwarzenberg, 94, 95, 97; captures a courier to the Empress, 96; advised of the movement on Paris, 98; "Marshal Forward," 98; crosses the Marne, 99; fears of, in Paris, 108; captures Montmartre, 111; desires to take the field, 169; plan of the campaign of Waterloo, 169; quality of his troops, 171; N.'s position with regard to Wellington and, 171; relative strength in Waterloo campaign, 172; awaits developments, 173; relations with Wellington, 176, 177; possible change of strategy, 176; defensive movements, 178; at Fleurus, 179; retires from Fleurus, 180; his tactics criticized by Wellington, 181; meeting with Wellington at Bry, 180; battle of Ligny, 181, 182; gets "a ---- good licking," 183, 184; wounded at Ligny, 185; Grouchy's pursuit of, 187; apprehended movement to join Wellington, 187; promises support to Wellington, 190; Grouchy aims to prevent union between Wellington and, 191; movement to Wavre, 191-194; disaster at Ligny, 193; possible retreat via Louvain, 194; fails to come to Wellington's assistance, 204; Wellington's faint-hearted cooeperation with, 213; his lines of retreat, 214; determination to kill N., 220, 223; character: ambition, iv. 7; ardor and courage, 59, 98, 177, 181, 182; desire for glory and revenge, 68, 220, 223; duplicity, ii. 436; head-strong temper, iv. 6, 7, 14; influence over troops, 171, 172; over-confidence, 62, 63; self-indulgence, 172.

=Bober, River=, military movements on the, iv. 7, 16.

=Bocognano=, N. in hiding near, i. 202, 203.

=Bohemia=, Archduke Ferdinand escapes into, ii. 366; Archduke Ferdinand commanding in, 380; N.'s line of retreat through, 392; plan of Austrian operations in, iii. 199; N.'s reasons for not pursuing Archduke Charles into, 210; gathering of Austrian troops in, 414; boundary of a neutral zone, 414; beacons flash the declaration of war through, 423; Austro-Russian troops in, iv. 3; advance of Russian troops toward, 6; the allies' communication with, threatened, 9; guarding the passes from, 18; refuge of the allies in, 24; army of, moves on Paris, 98.

=Bohemian Forest=, military movements in the, iii. 204, 210, 216.

=Bois, Pierre du=, proposes French seizure of Egypt, ii. 46.

=Bologna=, seizure and ransom of, i. 374, 375; the Pope prepares to recover, 398; armistice of, 401; new scheme of government for, 402; N. at, 409, 419; military operations at, 409, 419; surrendered to France, 421; ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; corporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.

=Bonaparte=. See =Buonaparte=.

=Boniface, Pope=, crowns Pepin, ii. 325.

=Bonifacio=, N. at, i. 193.

=Bonnier, M.=, member of the Congress of Rastatt, ii. 89; killed at Rastatt, 89.

=Bontemps, M.=, arrest of, ii. 27.

=Bordeaux=, condition in 1793, i. 222; exempt from legislation concerning Jews, iii. 78; opens its gates to English troops, iv. 87; proclamation of Louis XVIII., 87; N. seeks to rouse imperial feeling in, 220; immunity from the White Terror, 223.

=Borghese, Prince=, marries Pauline (Buonaparte) Leclerc, ii. 258; separates from Pauline, iv. 142.

=Borghese, Princess Pauline (Buonaparte)=, looseness of her life, iv. 142; acquires the duchy of Lucca, ii. 354; dismissed from Paris, iv. 142; accompanies N. to Elba, 139-142; alleged scandalous relations with N., 142. See also =Buonaparte, Pauline=.

=Borghetto=, battle of, i. 372.

=Borgo, Pozzo di=. See =Pozzo di Borgo=.

=Bormida, River=, road to Italy opened through the valley of, i. 257; the country of, ii. 177; Melas crosses, 178; military operations on the, 181.

=Borodino=, Bonaparte at, ii. 392; battle of, iii. 343, 344, 346-348; rescuing the wounded from the field of, 358.

=Borrissoff=, the French retreat through, iii. 363, 366, 370; Russian plan of operation at, 366; captured by Tchitchagoff, 367, 368; battles at, 369-372.

=Borstell, Gen.=, battle of Dennewitz, iv. 19.

=Bosporus=, proposed expedition to the, iii. 113.

=Botanical Garden=, lecture system of the, i. 281.

=Bothnia=, repulse of the Russians from, iii. 116.

=Bou, Mme.=, i. 184.

=Boudet, Gen. Jean=, in battle of Essling, iii. 219, 220.

=Bouille, Marquis F. C. A. de=, i. 314.

=Boulay de la Meurthe, Antoine=, presents temporary plan of the Consulate, ii, 123; member of the council of state, 152; reviser of the Code, 222.

=Boulogne=, the Army of England, flotilla, and military preparations at, ii. 48, 290, 291, 331, 358; N. at, 48; N.'s ceremonial at, July, 1804, 328; real purpose of the flotilla, 334; distribution of Legion of Honor crosses at, 360; the army ordered east from, 362.

=Bourbon-Conde, Louis-Antoine-Henri de=. See =Enghien, Duc d'=.

=Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance=, Corsica joins the, i. 21.

=Bourbons, the=, influence of, i. 22; N.'s attitude toward, 177; ii. 29, 194, 205, 271, 301, 312, 356; iv. 156; discredit royalty, i. 268; their motto, 297; France's demands on Austria concerning, ii. 43; hopes and rumors of restoration of, and plots therefore, 94, 122, 158, 194, 255, 317; iv. 51, 67, 68, 113, 114, 164, 165; Talleyrand's predilection for, ii. 122; England's attitude toward, 143, 144, 271, 356; iv. 68; a blow at the, ii. 207; N. complains of England's protection of, 271, 356; foster the Jacobin spirit of insurrection, 300; responsibility for the execution of Ney, 300; the Duc d'Enghien, 301; intrigues against N.'s life, 304; iv. 141, 144; N.'s attempt to fix death of Duc d'Enghien on, ii. 312; causes of the French dislike for, 317; their "divine right," 317; their founder, 350; scheme to establish a monarchy in America, iii. 134, 141; Metternich's desire to restore the, iv. 67, 68; rising in Vendee, 102; restoration of, 109, 113-115, 132, 146; enthusiasm for, in Paris, 115; revulsion of feeling in France and by Alexander against, 125, 126; fickle imperialists support Louis XVIII, 132; maintain spies in Elba, 142; N. on the illegitimacy of their throne, 156.

=The Neapolitan=, impending downfall, ii. 357; banished, 390, 395, 401; iii. 214; proposal that they retain power in Sicily, ii. 401.

=The Spanish=, scheme to emancipate Spain from rule of, ii. 44; incapacity and degradation, iii. 70; N.'s attitude toward, 142; deposed, 145-148, 150, 164; proposals to restore the throne to, 271, 416.

=Bourgeoisie=, the, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 101, 107; N. seeks the support of, ii. 278.

=Bourmont, Gen.=, deserts before Charleroi, iv. 174.

=Bourrienne, L. A. F. de=, on the question of N.'s birth, i. 37; shares mathematical honors with N., 56; shares N.'s poverty in Paris, 174; obtains diplomatic position at Stuttgart, 174; anecdotes of N. by, 175; describes N.'s personality, 284; N.'s friendship for, 295; improved fortunes of, 295; N.'s confidences with, ii. 51; on N.'s plans of escaping from Egypt, 83; N. expresses his satisfaction to, concerning the 18th Brumaire, 110; rebukes N. at St. Cloud, 113; character, 277; dismissed, 277; on Mme. de Stael, iii. 298; venality of, iv. 106.

=Bourse=, N.'s failure to govern the, ii. 410; rise in values after the Austrian marriage, iii. 264.

=Bowles, Col. Geo.=, conversation with Wellington, iv. 184.

=Boyer, Gen. J. P.=, prepares a "triumphal" return to Cairo, ii. 76.

=Brabant=, visit of N. and Maria Louisa to, iii. 269; French occupation of, 270; N.'s offer to exchange it for Hanseatic towns, 270.

=Braganza, House of=, decline of, iii. 119; flight to Brazil, 134; N. proposes to restore Portugal to, 319.

=Brandenburg=, proposed allotment of, to Jerome, iii. 409; the Army of the North in, iv. 2; contemplated operations in, 7.

=Brandenburg, House of=, the imperial crown for the, ii. 420; owes its safety to the Czar, iii. 73.

=Braunau=, the Austrian camp at, ii. 365; captured by Lannes, 367; Russian troops at, 368; French occupation of, 405.

=Bray=, Macdonald before, iv. 72.

=Brazi=, Don John embarks for, iii. 121.

=Breisgau=, grant to Grand Duke of Tuscany in, ii. 193; Duc d'Enghien prepares to retire to the, 302, 303; part of, acquired by Baden, 391; Wuertemberg acquires part of, 391.

=Breitenlee=, Austrian advance through, iii. 220.

=Bremen=, closed to British commerce, ii. 287; laid under contribution, 287; proposal to give it to Prussia, 400; Bernadotte's force in, iii. 202; scheme to incorporate with France, 266; position in the French empire, 279; French forces at, 393.

=Brenta, River=, military operations on the, i. 384, 390-392, 406.

=Brescia=, seized by France, i. 371; the French position at, 379; captured by Quasdanowich, 380; evacuated by the enemy, 381; the revolutionary movement in, 428, 435.

=Breslau=, Russian troops at, ii. 380; the Prussian court moves from Berlin to, iii. 396; patriotism in the university, 398; French occupation of, 413; pursuit of the allies to, 413; French evacuation of, 414, 415; military movements near, iv. 3.

=Brest=, naval preparations at, ii. 48, 68, 333, 359, 360, 441; blockade of, iii. 48; junction of Nelson and Cornwallis before, ii. 359; the fleet ordered to the English Channel from, 359; Villeneuve's mission to relieve, 360; the squadron ordered to the Mediterranean, iii. 111; imprisonment of Schill's followers in, 233; naval station at, 380.

=Brest-Litovski=, military operations near, iii. 353.

="Briars, The,"= N. a guest at, iv. 229, 230.

=Bribery=, N.'s first lesson in, i. 203.

=Bridge of Arts=, the, iii. 74.

=Brienne=, N. at, i. 37, 46-59, 146, 210; iv. 60; N.'s mock battles at, i. 53; iv. 60; Lucien Buonaparte at, i. 81; Lucien quits, and Louis remains at, 88; Louis fails of admission to, 96; N.'s garden at, 210; N.'s contemporaries at, 216; battle of, iv. 60, 61; military movements near, 95, 96.

=Brienne, Mme. Lomenie de=, N.'s early friend, i. 52, 105.

=Brigandage=, suppression of, in Corsica, i. 14, 15.

=Brigido, Col.=, at battle of Arcole, i. 390.

=Brindisi=, embargo on, ii. 287.

=Brinkmann=, on N.'s influence in France, ii. 133.

=Brissot, J. P.=, leader of the Girondists, i. 189.

=Brittany=, foundation of the Jacobin Club in, i. 107; violence and civil war in, 207, 222, 277, 305; ii. 91, 146; N. conciliates, 146; suspected plot of the Duc de Berry in, 303.

=Brixen=, Joubert at, i. 434; apportioned to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Broglie, Duc de=, on the Emperor's court at Fontainebleau, iii. 245.

=Broussier, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102.

=Bruck=, Prince Eugene at, iii. 225.

=Brueys d'Aigalliers, Vice-Adm. Francois-Paul=, commanding French fleet in the Adriatic, ii, 18; ordered to Corfu, 62; ordered to Alexandria, 62; in the battle of the Nile, 62-66.

=Bruix, Adm. E.=, sent to conquer the Mediterranean ii. 79; interview with Barras, 107; argument in favor of the slave-trade, 236.

=Brumaire=, the plot of the 18th of, ii. 102 et seq., 119 et seq., 315; iv. 258.

=Brune, Gen. G. M. A.=, plunders Bern, ii. 40; military genius, 88; campaign in Holland, 87, 93, 96, 323; battle of Bergen, 93; supersedes Massena in Italy, 190; advances to Trent, 192; created marshal, 323; venality of, iii. 81.

=Brunet, Gen.=, commanding the Army of Italy, i. 213.

=Bruenn=, military operations near, ii. 367, 369, 379, 383-386; iii. 229; N. establishes headquarters at, ii. 379.

=Brunswick=, French occupation of, ii. 443; organization of the Black Legion, iii. 234; the Black Legion's escape through, 234; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.

=Brunswick, Charles F. W., Duke of=, commander-in-chief of the Prussian army, ii. 419, 424, 427; at Naumberg, 424; decline of his influence, 428; at Erfurt, 427; plan of opposition to the French, 428; in battle of Jena, 429-433; death of, 433, 443; proclamation against the French republic, 443; appeals to N.'s mercy, 443.

=Brunswick, Frederick W., Duke of=, deprived of his throne, iii. 234; organizes the Black Legion, 234; exploits with the Black Legion, 234; escapes to England, 234.

=Brunswick, House of=, Sieyes suspected of plotting with the, ii. 95.

=Bruslart=, governor of Corsica, plots against N., iv. 150.

=Brussels=, proposed invasion of France via, iv. 57; York retires to, 80; military operations near, 170, 179, 180, 190, 192, 194, 195; topography of, 195.

=Brutus=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.

=Bruyeres=, killed at Reichenbach, iii. 410.

=Bry=, meeting of Wellington and Bluecher at, iv. 180.

=Bubna, Gen.=, emissary from Francis to N., iii. 238, 395; iv. 21; suggests an armistice, iii. 408; procrastinates, 417; confronting Augereau at Geneva, iv. 57; in the campaign of 1814, 62; driven from Lyons by Augereau, 67.

="Bucentaur," the=, destruction of, ii. 24.

="Bucentaure," the=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Budberg=, Russian councilor, iii. 52.

=Budweis=, Archduke Charles at, iii. 216.

=Buenos Ayres=, English expedition against, iii. 100.

="Buffer" states=, ii. 402; iii. 55.

=Bug, River=, proposed French occupation to the, ii. 442; military operations on the, iii. 2, 117, 358.

=Bulgaria=, alleged concession of, to Russia, iii. 55.

=Bull-fights=, N. proposes to introduce them into Paris, ii. 409.

=Buelow, Gen. F. W. von=, junction of Bernadotte with, iii. 399; commanding Army of the North, iv. 3; holding Berlin, iv. 3; strength, 3; belittled by N., 5; military ability, 14; battle of Grossbeeren, 14; battle of Dennewitz, 18; cooeperates with Graham in the Netherlands, 57; captures Soissons, 77; commanding reserve forces, 177; in Waterloo campaign, 177; near Beauderet, 185; at St. Lambert, 194; battle of Waterloo, 204-207.

=Bunbury, Sir Henry=, on commission to notify N. of his sentence, iv. 226.

=Bunzlau=, Bluecher at, iv. 7.

=Buonaparte, Carlo Maria di= (father of N.), early life of, i. 29, 30; ennobled, 29; marriage, 30; submission and French naturalization, 32; character, 22, 44; death, 34, 63; ambitions and advancements, 43-47, 57, 63; mission to Versailles, 44-47; claim against the Jesuits, 47, 63; breaks down, 57; his "infamy," 97; N. renounces the royalist principles of, 136; his paternity of N. denied, iv. 137.

=Buonaparte, Caroline= (sister of N.), birth, i. 33; at Nice, 244; early life, 322; gift to her brother on departure for Egypt, ii. 53; married to Murat, 195, 258; resents N.'s abuse of Murat, iv. 56. See also =Murat, Mme=.

=Buonaparte, Princess Charlotte=, proposal to marry her to the Prince of Asturias, iii. 129; sent to Madame Mere, 130.

=Buonaparte, Hortense=, life in Holland, iii. 26; death of her eldest son, 52; quarrels with the Grand Duchess of Berg, 179; share in the Austrian marriage negotiations, 253; Louis complains of, 270; criticized by Mme. de Stael, 298. See also =Beauharnais, Hortense=.

=Buonaparte, Jerome= (brother of N.), birth, i. 33, 64; sent to school in Paris, 309; marriage to Elizabeth Patterson, ii. 257; residence in the United States, 257; deserts his wife Elizabeth, 257; service in the West Indies, 257; fails to secure divorce from his American wife, 396; marries Catherine of Wuertemberg, 399; iii. 93, 94; assists in the sack of Poland, ii. 440; commanding corps of Wuertembergers and Bavarians, iii. 3; King of Westphalia, 56, 279; Pius VII refuses to annul his marriage, 68; assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; relations with N., 82; ordered to raise levies in Westphalia, 132; at the Erfurt conference, 171; defeated by the Black Legion, 234; deprived of part of Hanover, 278; supplies quota to N.'s army, 322; in the Russian campaign, 336; at Grodno, 336; military blunders and incompetence, 336; proposed allotment of Brandenburg and Berlin to, 409; flees to France, iv. 40; takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; battle of Waterloo, 199, 211.

=Buonaparte, Joseph= (grandfather of N.), ennobled, i. 28.

=Buonaparte, Joseph= (brother of N.), childish relations with N., i. 40; educated for the priesthood, 44, 55; goes to Autun, 44; character, 49; iii. 130, 131; iv. 106; desire for military service, i. 55; search for a career, 55, 57, 79, 83, 89, 96, 134, 140, 288, 292-295; attends his father in his last illness, 58, 63; his politics, 83; studies law at Pisa, 89; early struggles, 96; claims share in framing Corsican appeal to National Assembly, 118; appointed mayor's secretary at Ajaccio, 123; at Marseilles, 127; member of the Constituent Assembly at Orezza, 131, 134; represents Ajaccio in district Directory, 134; disappointments to, 134; political offices and schemes, 140, 144; member of Corsican Directory, 161; reminiscences of, conversations, confidences, and relations with N., 178; iii. 45, 82, 109, 140, 148, 149, 190; leaves Corsica for Toulon, i. 207; trades on his brother's commission in the National Guard, 208; made commissary-general, 238; marriage of, 254; deprived of employment, 284, 287; settles in Genoa, 288, 291; proposed land speculation for, 288; N.'s correspondence with, 290-297, 312; ii. 66; iii. 18, 184, 299; iv. 61, 73, 77, 91, 216; plans for diplomatic appointment, i. 292, 294; marriage, 295; enamoured of Desiree Clary, 312; receives diplomatic appointment, 309; French minister at Rome, ii. 28, 39; demands Provera's dismissal from Rome, 39; demands his passports, 39; sends information to N. in Egypt, 80; political and social preferment, 96; member of the Five Hundred, 95; plenipotentiary to negotiate with Cobenzl, 188; France's representative at Luneville, 193; his skilful diplomacy, 256; negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263; N. confides the Duc d'Enghien's case to, 307; at Malmaison, 308; seeks clemency for the Duc d'Enghien, 308; coolness between N. and, 308; the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; created Elector and imperial prince, 322; on his brother's strength with the army, 334; at N.'s coronation, 342; declines the crown of Italy, 352; in battle of Austerlitz, 387; made king of Naples, 395; dominion over Sicily, 401; advised to show himself terrible at first, 439; reports N.'s Indian scheme, 442; Pius VII refuses to recognize his sovereignty, iii. 68; assumes the title of Napoleon, 82; residence at Naples, 129; interview with N. at Venice, 129-131; the crown of Spain offered to, 131; reform of Neapolitan politics, 130; ambition, 131; ordered to Bayonne, 149; king of Spain, 150, 169, 142, 279, 382, 421; assumes government at Madrid, iii. 154; entreats N. assistance in Spain, 158; lacks male descendants, 160; asserts his sovereignty, 190; driven from Madrid, 190; the Spaniards swear allegiance to, 191, 192; accompanies N. on his second marriage journey, 258; his Spanish territory contracted, 278; signs a conditional abdication, 282; bickerings with Soult, 287; Wellington moves to Madrid against, 290; temporary government at Valencia, 377; acting regent in Paris, iv. 58, 61; gives up hope, 81; sends flag of truce to Bernadotte, 85; enjoined to save the Empress and her son from Austrian capture, 91; member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106; proclaims his brother's approach to Paris, 109; prepares for defense of Paris, 109; deputy emperor, 111; overtakes the Empress at Chartres, 111; empowers Marmont to treat for surrender, 111; Napoleon's rage at, 115; takes refuge in Switzerland, 135; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; president of the council of state, 169; advised to hold the legislature in hand, 216.

=Buonaparte, Josephine=, marital relations with N., i. 452-455; ii. 66, 84, 198, 256, 328; iii. 11, 26, 27, 160, 161, 179-181, 246, 247, 252-253; character, licentious conduct, jealousy, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 55, 84; iii. 11, 27, 92, 246, 247; domestic and social life, the imperial court, etc., i. 452-455; ii. 254-257, 279; iii. 91-94, 145; the divorce, its causes and decretal, i. 453, 454; ii. 66, 84, 256, 328; iii. 99, 160, 161, 179-181, 245-247, 252, 253; letters from N., i. 320, 452, 455; iii. 43, 60, 110; visits Rome, ii. 28; joins N. in Paris, Dec., 1797, 28; royalist intrigues with, 36; bids farewell to N. at Toulon, 55; influence over Gohier, 97; in pecuniary straits, 122; brings about marriage between Hortense and Louis Bonaparte, 257; fear of Talleyrand, 308; attitude in the Duc d'Enghien's case, 308; accompanies N. to Boulogne, 328; ecclesiastically married to N., 341; the coronation, 342-346; forbidden to follow her husband to Poland, iii. 27; reproaches N. with his amours, 27; travels through France, 74; accompanies N. to Bayonne, 142; N.'s harsh treatment at Fontainebleau, 179; self-abasement of, 246; withdraws to Malmaison, 247; conducts negotiations for N.'s Austrian marriage, 253; N. visits, after the divorce, 257; never preferred to power, 327.

=Buonaparte, Letizia=, death of, i. 34; tradition concerning birth of N., 39, 40; character, 40; iv. 137, 287; letter from N. to, i. 64; vicissitudes of fortune, 64, 65, 80, 96, 225, 291; ii. 95; iv. 287; her opinion of N., i. 84; settles near Toulon, 262; disapproves N.'s marriage, 321; social influence, ii. 96; remark of Mme. Permon to, 130; distrusts N.'s elevation, 258; residence in Corsica, 258; refuses to attend the coronation, 342; Princess Charlotte's sojourn with, iii. 130; attacks on her good name, iv. 137; visits N. at Elba, 142; thrift, 287; knowledge of N.'s limitations, 287.

=Buonaparte, Louis= (brother of N.), birth, i. 33; prospects, 80; loses appointment to artillery school, 88; remains at Brienne, 88; N. aids and protects, 89, 96, 140, 144, 147, 149, 150; fails to secure admission to Brienne, 96; certificate to his republicanism, 136; confirmed, 147; follows his brother's fortunes, 159, 263; idle career, 184; promoted adjutant-general of artillery, 238; ordered to Chalons as a cadet, 238; officer of home guard at Nice, 254; falls from favor, 254; lieutenant of artillery, 262; deprived of employment, 284; ordered to Chalons, 288, 291; promoted, 309; marries Hortense Beauharnais, ii. 257; iii. 269; his son Napoleon, ii. 282; created Constable of France, 323; iii. 96; at N.'s coronation, ii. 342; declines the crown of Italy for his son, 352; made king of Holland, 397; iii. 25, 96, 269; ordered to hold the Rhine, ii. 424; character, iii. 25; reprimanded by N. for economy, 25; character of his reign, 25, 148, 270, 271, 276-278; letters from N., 140, 148, 276; relations with N., 82; assumes title of Louis Napoleon, 82; the Spanish crown offered to, 140; refuses the crown, 140, 207; loyalty to the Dutch, 140; violates the Continental System, 266; N.'s affection for, 269; promoted general, 269; made councilor of state, 269; share in the Italian and Egyptian campaigns, 269; arrogates the royal dignity to himself, 270; N.'s quarrel with, 269-277; N. offers to exchange the Hanseatic towns for Brabant and Zealand, 270; contemplates resistance to N., 270; reduced to the position of a French governor, 270, 271; prepares to defend Holland, 271; summoned to Paris, 270; complains of his queen Hortense, 270; virtually a prisoner in France, 270; submits to N., 271; permitted to return to Amsterdam, 271; opens negotiations with England, 271; continues to oppose N., 275, 276; flight to Teplitz, 276.

=Buonaparte, Louis Napoleon= (nephew of N., son of Louis; crown prince of Holland), created Grand Duke of Berg, iii. 279.

=Buonaparte, Lucien= (great-uncle of N.), condition, i. 40; affection for his family, 65; illness of, 79, 84-89; political opinions, 115; death, 161.

=Buonaparte, Lucien= (brother of N.), birth, i. 33; goes to Autun, 43; relations with N., 55, 89, 115; advancement for, 57; at Brienne, 81; turns toward the priesthood, 81; leaves Brienne, 88, 115; efforts to enter at Aix, 96; memoirs of N., 97, 98, 207, 316-319; ii. 265; independence of, i. 140; radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; letter to Costa, 187; in diplomatic service, 197; denounces Paoli, 197; at Toulon, 207; appropriates N.'s birth certificate, 208; in commissary department, 208, 225; "the little Robespierre," 238; marriage, 254; deprived of employment, 284; destitution of, 288, 289; imprisoned at Aix, 291; liberated, 309; foments quarrels in Italy, ii. 87; political and social preferment, 95; member and president of the Five Hundred, 97, 105, 114-118; on the 19th Brumaire, 115-118; makes a dramatic scene at St. Cloud, 116; summons Bonapartist members of the Five Hundred to meet, 118; harangues the mutilated chambers, 123; minister of the interior, 131; suggests plebiscite on the question of life consulship, 245; declines to marry the queen of Etruria, 257; exiled, 257; second marriage, 257; democracy of, 257; in literary society, 257; at summit of his career, 257; French minister to Madrid, 257; dispute between N. and Joseph concerning marriage of, 308; the savior of N.'s fortunes on the 18th Brumaire, 315; the right of imperial succession in his family, 322; created an imperial prince, 322; at Rome during N.'s coronation, 342; proposal that he take the crown of Etruria, iii. 129; opposes hereditary consulate for N., 129; residence at Rome, 129; marries Mme. de Jauberthon, 129; refuses kingly honors, 129, 130; refuses to divorce his wife, 129, 130; character, 129, 135; interview with N. at Mantua, 129, 130; sails to the United States, 277; captured by the English, 277; Mme. de Staels complaint of N. to, 298, 299; fosters revolution in Rome, iv. 144; assigned to the House of Peers, 160; member of the council of state, 169; advises a dictatorship after Waterloo, 217; endeavors to solve the difficulties after Waterloo, 217; N. dictates his abdication to, 218.

=Buonaparte, Maria-Anna= (sister of N.), i. 33.

=Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa= (sister of N.), birth, i. 33; educated at Saint-Cyr, 55, 60, 62, 71; defective education, 71, 182; N. visits at St. Cyr, 176; quits St. Cyr and returns to Corsica, 182, 184; at Nice, 244; suitor for, 291; marriage to Felice Bacciocchi, 322; ii. 258; acquires Massa-e-Carrara and Garfagnana, 395; created Grand Duchess of Tuscany and Princess of Lucca and Piombino, iii. 279. See also =Bacciocchi, Princess=.

=Buonaparte, Nabulione=, i. 33, 36; forms of the name, 38, 39.

=Buonaparte, Napoleon=. See =Napoleon=.

=Buonaparte, Napoleon Louis Charles= (nephew of N., son of Louis), N.'s partiality for, ii. 282; iii. 269; proposal to create him king of Italy, ii. 352; death of, iii. 52, 160, 269.

=Buonaparte, Pauline= (sister of N.), birth of, i. 33; at Nice, 244; suitor for, 291; flirtation with Freron, 322; marries Gen. Leclerc, ii. 236; marries Prince Borghese, 258; acquires Guastalla, 395; adviser to Maria Louisa, iii. 257; created Duchess of Guastalla, 279. See also =Leclerc, Mme.=; =Borghese Princess=.

=Buonaparte family, the=, i. 8, 20-34; ennobling and coat armor of, 28; vicissitudes of fortune, 35, 58, 63, 65, 80, 83-90, 96, 114, 115, 134, 161, 164, 184, 185, 205, 215, 236, 284, 288, 291, 322; N. regards himself as head of, 88, 161, 211, 309, 322; claim against the government, 89, 115; the "infamy" of, 97; Salicetti's influence over, 116; influence in Corsica, 139, 202; N.'s devotion to, 140, 161, 244; outburst against, in Ajaccio, 205; driven from their estates, 205; leave Corsica for Toulon, 208; residence in Toulon, 208, 212; flight to Marseilles, 212; driven from Toulon, 216; social diplomacy of, 262; news of N.'s return from Egypt brought to, ii. 83; political preferment among members of, 95; meeting to consider the hereditary consulship, 244; the women of, 258; domestic life, 279; relations with the First Consul, 279; social triumph of, iii. 93; urge divorce from Josephine, 125; allotment of crowns among, 133, 139; consolidation of Italy under, 167; agree on the Austrian marriage, 254; arrogance of its members, 270, 278; fraternal instincts, 322; Austrian discovery of their royal descent, iv. 44; proscribed, 223; France again under, 233.

=Burgau=, ceded to Bavaria, ii. 391.

=Burgos=, Murat assumes command at, iii. 134; Ferdinand VII at, 143; siege and fall of, 183, 185; French movement toward, 185; failure of Marmont to capture, 290.

=Burgundy=, N. visits, i. 146.

=Burke, Edmund=, influence of his oratory, i. 195; on Malmesbury's mission to Paris, 449.

=Burrard, Gen. H.=, defeats Wellesley's plans at Vimeiro, iii. 157; retired from active service, 186.

=Busaco=, battle of, iii, 284, 285; the cantiniere of, 291.

=Buttafuoco, Matteo=, treachery of, i. 17, 22; invites Rousseau to Corsica, 19; relations with Choiseul, 21; represents Corsica at Versailles, 115; attitude toward Corsican patriots, 117; popular hatred of, 121, 133, 135; succeeded by Salicetti, 133, 136; N.'s diatribe against, 133, 136; N.'s "Letters" to, 145; his marriage condemned by N., 311.

=Buxhoewden, Gen.=, advance of Russian troops under, ii. 367; joins Kutusoff at Wischau, 379.

=Bylandt, Count de=, advises Holland to defy France, iii. 271; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201.

C

=Cabanis=, influence on the Consulate, ii. 195.

=Cabarrus, Jeanne M. I. T.=, i. 315. See also =Fontenaye, Mme. de=; =Tallien, Mme.=

=Cadiz=, Nelson loses an eye at, ii. 62; Villeneuve makes for, 359, 371; Collingwood blockades, 371; Nelson's fleet off, 373; threatened invasion by England, iii. 133, 155; seizure of a French fleet at, 155; Soult before, 286, 289; Soult abandons, 290; becomes the capital of the nationalists, 290.

=Cadore=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 395; Champagny created Duke of, iii. 87. See =Champagny=.

=Cadoudal, Georges=, complaints of England's harboring of, ii. 271; conspiracy to seize N., 297 et seq.; leader of the Chouans, 297; arrest and execution, 299, 303; N.'s clemency toward his co-conspirators, 328; funeral mass celebrated for, iv. 146.

=Caesar, Augustus=, N. likened to, iii. 43.

=Caesar, Julius=, N.'s study of and admiration for, resemblances between N. and, i. 161, 395, 423; ii. 147, 158, 159, 230; iii. 319; iv. 130, 232, 266; N. disclaims the role of, ii. 112, 117; his work for civilization, 157; iii. 319.

=Caffarelli, Gen.=, bearer of N.'s letter to Pius VII, ii. 339; in battle of Austerlitz, 387.

=Cagliari=, expedition against, i. 191.

=Cahors=, birthplace of Murat, ii. 195.

"=Caia=," and "=Caius=," ii. 329.

"=Ca Ira=," i. 244, 266.

=Cairo=, military operations at, i. 352; ii. 60; Magallon consul at, 47; the march from Alexandria to, 59; capture of, 61; failure of the promised plunder at, 61; fortification of, 67; N. at, 69, 76; retreat of the army from Acre to, 75; N.'s "triumphal" return to, 76; surrender of, 211.

=Calahorra=, the Spanish forces near, iii. 184, 185.

=Calais=, parallel between Magdeburg and, iii. 62.

=Calder, Adm. Sir Robert=, encounters Villeneuve off Cape Finisterre, ii. 359; reinforces blockade of Brest, 359; encounter with Villeneuve, 371.

=Caldiero=, occupied by Alvinczy, i. 388; Alvinczy retreats from, 390.

=Calendar, the Republican=, i. 248.

=Calonne, C. A. de=, taxation problems of, i. 105.

=Calotte=, the constitution of the, i. 94.

=Calvi=, French influence and power in, i. 116, 207; the Buonapartes seek asylum in, 205; N. at, 205; imprisonment of Corsicans in, 252; English capture of, 261.

=Cambaceres, J. J. R.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 93; appointed consul, 130; minister of justice, 130; organizer of the Code Napoleon, 222, 226; scheme for reform of the tribunate, 242; suggests plebiscite on question of life consulship, 244; Chancellor of France, 323; at N.'s coronation, 342; demurs to action against the Duc d'Enghien, 304; created Duke of Parma, iii. 86; salary, 96; arch-chancellor, 96; on N.'s appearance after the treaty of Schoenbrunn, 245; member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253; member of the Empress-Regent's council, iv. 106; character, 106; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159.

=Cambronne, Gen. P. J. E.=, aids in N.'s escape from Elba, iv. 153; in battle of Waterloo, 209.

=Campan, Mme.=, appointment in the imperial court, ii. 324.

=Campbell, Sir Neil=, British commissioner at Fontainebleau, iv. 134; N.'s relations with, 134, 142, 150; accompanies N. to Elba, 140; ambassador to N.'s court at Elba, 144; leaves Elba for Florence, 150, 153.

=Camperdown=, battle of, ii. 38.

=Campo Formio=, treaty of, i. 456; ii. 18-22, 24, 31, 37, 42, 145, 148, 187; iii. 329.

=Canada=, lost to France, i. 17, 22.

=Canals=, Bonaparte's scheme of, ii, 279.

=Canino, Prince of=. See =Buonaparte, Lucien=.

=Cannes=, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. 153, 154.

=Canning, George=, denounces N., ii, 144; foreign secretary in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; responsibility for the bombardment of Copenhagen, 70, 97; despatches the fleet to the Baltic, 98; demands the secret articles of Tilsit, 98; fall of, 272; policy of action against N., 284; enforces Orders in Council, 378.

=Canonical institution=, the question of, iv. 390.

=Canova, Antonio=, makes statue of Empress Maria Louisa, iii. 300.

=Cantonal assemblies=, ii. 247.

=Cape of Good Hope=, taken by England from the Dutch, ii. 12, 38; ceded to the Batavian Republic by treaty of Amiens, 233; England's rights in, 262; N.'s ambitions concerning, 289; iii. 308.

=Cape St. Vincent=, battle of, i. 456; ii. 62.

=Cape Verd Islands=, proposition to deport N. to, iv. 145.

=Caprera=, expedition against, i. 192.

=Caprino=, battle at, i. 412, 413.

"=Captain=," Nelson's ship in battle of Cape St. Vincent, ii, 62.

=Capuchins=, attempt to oust them from Corsican domains, i. 168.

=Caraccioli, Adm. F. C.=, execution of, ii. 300.

=Cardinals, the College of=, transplanted to France, iii. 258, 263.

=Carinthia=, N. in, i. 434; revolutionary sentiment in, ii. 42; part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Carinthian Mountains=, pursuit of Archduke John across the, iii. 212.

=Carlsbad=, Talleyrand at, iv. 224.

"=Carmagnole=," the, i. 244, 266.

=Carniola=, Charles guards road into, i. 432; ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Carnot, Lazare N. M.=, minister of war, i. 233, 279; favors N., 299, 320; reorganizes the French army, 240, 325, 332, 333, 379; military policy of, 249; removal of, 279; escape of, 285; ii. 8, 27; member of the Directory, i. 186, 330-333; character, 330-333; at battle of Maubeuge, 332; plans the Italian campaign (1795), 346; N.'s correspondence with, May, 1796, 364; advises restoring the Milanese to Austria, 451; relations with N., ii. 8; desire for peace with Austria, 19; Barras derides his suggestions, 19; writes a justificatory pamphlet, 91; development of his conscription scheme, 93; reappointed minister of war, 130, 153; influence on the fall of the Directory, 130; military genius, 153; detaches Lecourbe's force from Moreau's army, 168; possible successor to N., 186; influence on the Consulate, 195; member of the tribunate, 243; remonstrates against adulation of N., 295; opposes the creation of the Empire, 321; pensioned, iii. 297; commissioned to write on fortification, 297; invited to join in insurrection, iv. 149; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; advises a dictatorship for France after Waterloo, 217; member of the new Directory, 218.

=Caroline, Queen of Naples=, iii. 124; on Maria Louisa's imprisonment at Schoenbrunn, iv. 143.

=Carpentras=, lost to the Pope at peace of Tolentino, ii. 326.

=Carrier, J. B.=, crimes of, i. 234; opposes Robespierre, 251.

=Carrion-Nisas, A. H.=, "Peter the Great," ii. 350.

=Cartagena=, Villeneuve ordered to, ii. 371; rebellion in, iii. 154.

=Carteaux, Gen.=, seizes Valence, i. 214; besieges Avignon, 214; takes Marseilles, 220; captures Ollioules, 225; besieges Toulon, 224, 225; ignorance of military affairs, 227; removed from command, 228.

=Cassel=, Bluecher's military movements in, ii. 427; restored to its former ruler, iv. 40.

=Castanos, Gen. F. X. de=, causes Dupont's surrender at Baylen, iii. 156; position on the Ebro, 184, 185; concerted French movement against, 185; collects his troops at Siguenza, 185.

=Casteggio=, battle of, ii. 176.

=Castellane=, journal of, iii. 361.

=Castelnuovo=, disarmament of, i. 442.

=Castiglione=, battle of, i. 382; ii. 140; Augereau's victory at, 323; celebration of the battle of, 228; Augereau created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Augereau=.

=Castile=, French occupation of, iii. 286; weakness of French forces in, 289; reinforcements for Massena ordered from, 289.

=Castlereagh, Lord=, secretary for war in Portland cabinet, iii. 69; policy of action and bitterness against N., 284; iv. 145, 162; prime minister of England, iii. 328; inspires action by Bernadotte, 350; becomes foreign secretary, 378, 417, 422; dissatisfied with the Frankfort terms, iv. 42; character, 42, 67; at headquarters of the allies at Basel, 66; influence in European councils, 67, 68; under Metternich's influence, 68; uneasiness at N.'s message to Francis, 75; on the European policy of 1814, 89; protests against the use of the imperial style by N., 133; negotiates secret treaty between England, Austria, and France, 145; protests to Talleyrand against violation of treaty obligations, 153; retires from Congress of Vienna, 173; letter from Lord Liverpool, June 20, 1815, 224.

=Catalonia=, French occupation of, iii. 156; Duhesme evacuates, 157; military government of, 279; French possession of, 377.

=Catharine of Wuertemberg=, marries Jerome Bonaparte, ii. 399; iii. 93, 94.

=Cathcart, Gen. W. S.=, besieges Copenhagen, iii. 70; heads English embassy to Russia, 351; influences the armistice of Poischwitz, 417; English minister at St. Petersburg, 417; at Congress of Prague, 423.

=Catherine II=, policy of, i. 22; iii. 51, 309; death of, i. 425, 452; N. shatters a gift of, ii. 20; N.'s admiration for, 347; share in partition of Poland, iii. 309; her life and work, iv. 251.

=Catherine, Grand Duchess= (of Russia), mentioned for marriage with N., iii. 180, 181; marries the Duke of Oldenburg, 181, 278, 310.

=Catholic emancipation=, the question of, ii. 208.

=Cato=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.

=Cattaro=, Alexander I's scheme for acquiring, ii. 356; Russian occupation of, 405; compensation for, iii. 56.

=Caulaincourt, A. A. L. de=, leads expedition to Offenburg, ii. 304; Master of the Horse, 324, 425; relations with N., 425; iii. 107; iv. 87, 105, 115, 134, 159; conducts negotiations with Russia, iii. 87, 107-110, 113, 116-118, 165, 168, 169, 244, 310, 315, 318, 408-411; connection with the d'Enghien murder, iii. 107; N.'s instructions to, 115; discusses partition of Turkey, 116; explains Bernadotte's dilatoriness, 117; reproved by N., 165; friendship with the Czar, 165, 168; ordered to ventilate the divorce question, 181; conducts N.'s matrimonial negotiations in Russia, 247, 248; explains the Austrian marriage to Alexander, 255; recalled, 318, 326; knowledge of Russia, 325, 326; French commissioner at Poischwitz, 414; at Congress of Prague, 423; letter from Metternich, November, 1813, iv. 42, 45; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 42; letter to Metternich, Dec. 2, 1813, 46; conducts negotiations at Chatillon, 67-71, 74, 78, 87; demands authority to treat after La Rothiere, 69, 70; blamed for not saving his country at Chatillon, 70; letter from Maret, 87; at council at St. Dizier, 103; seeks peace at any price, 103; seeks audience with Alexander, 116, 117; at the abdication scene, 121, 122; on commission to present abdication to Alexander, 124, 125, 126; urges the regency, 126; transfers his allegiance, 129; N.'s declaration to, concerning his generals, 128; memoirs of, 130; records N.'s first attempt at suicide, 130; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; member of the new Directory, 218.

=Cautillon=, attempt to assassinate Wellington, iv. 234; N.'s bequest to, 234.

=Cavallos=, defends Ferdinand's position, iii. 143.

=Cavalry=, N.'s views on, and use of, i. 59; ii. 178.

=Cayenne=, wholesale deportations to, ii. 8.

=Celibacy=, N. on, i. 138.

=Ceracchi=, charged with conspiracy, ii. 235; execution of, 241.

=Ceraino=, military operations near, i. 412.

=Cerbeau, Du=, i. 143.

=Cervoni=, i. 220, 233.

=Ceva=, battle of, i. 352-335.

=Ceylon=, retained by England, ii. 211, 262; France guarantees its return to Holland, 289.

=Chaboulon, Fleury de=, sent to Naples, iv. 152; reveals the state of France to N., 152.

=Chabran, Gen.=, forces in Savoy, ii. 169; crosses the Little St. Bernard, 171.

=Chabrol=, imperial prefect, iv. 106.

=Chaillot=, suspected plot of royalists at, ii. 303.

=Chalons=, N. leaves Paris for, iv. 53; French concentration at, 58; N. reaches, 58; N. plans pursuing Bluecher to, 65; Bluecher collects his army at, 73; N. plans to attack Schwarzenberg at, 77; Marmont ordered to, 91, 93; the allies open new communications via, 97.

=Cham=, Archduke Charles makes a stand at, iii. 210, 216.

=Chamartin=, the French troops at, iii. 187, 189.

=Chambers of Commerce=, establishment of, ii. 220.

=Chambery=, N. at, ii. 27, 30; reinforcements for Augereau at, iv. 94.

=Champagny, L. A.=, created Duke of Cadore, iii. 87; appointed Minister of External Relations, 96, 132; plenipotentiary at Altenburg, 238, 239; succeeded in the Foreign Office by Maret, 318; mission to Francis at Dijon, iv. 128.

=Champaubert=, battle of, iv. 63, 66.

=Championnet, Gen.=, overthrows the Neapolitan throne, ii. 87; disgraceful conduct at Naples, 92.

=Channel tunnel=, the, ii. 290.

"=Chant du Depart=," the, iv. 118.

=Chaptal, J. A.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152.

=Chardon, Abbe=, on N.'s boyhood, i. 45.

=Charenton=, Marmont and Mortier driven back to, iv. 99.

=Charette=, institutes royalist retaliation on republican prisoners, i. 277.

=Charleroi=, military operations near, iv. 171, 173-177, 179, 180, 196, 208; N. at, 175, 177, 211, 239.

=Charles, Archduke=, defeats Jourdan, i. 385; defeated by Moreau, 385; campaign in the Tyrol, 425, 428; ordered into Friuli, 426, 430; military genius, 426; iii. 215; guards Carniola, i. 432; battle on the Tagliamento, 432; on the river Mur, 434; cut off from succor, 436; letter from N., 435; defeats Jourdan at Ostrach and Stockach, ii. 88; effect of his successes, 89; defeats Massena at Zuerich, 93; defeated by Massena at Zuerich, 141; withdraws temporarily from service, 160; resumes command after Hohenlinden, 192, 358; commanding Austrian army in Italy, 363; reaches Marburg, 367; position on the Adige, 367; commanding Austrian troops from Italy, 380; the throne of Spain offered to, iii. 166; reorganizes the Austrian army, 198; declares war against France, 199; to operate in Bohemia, 199; plans to rouse the German people, 199; procrastinates, 199; offensive movement in the Danube valley, 204; N.'s plan for meeting, 203; mistakes in the campaign of Eckmuehl, 204-207; crosses the Isar, 205; a lost opportunity, 204; plan of offense, 205; marches against Davout, 205; marches on Ratisbon, 205, 208; force at Ludmannsdorf and Rohr, 207; force at Moosburg, 207; retires to Ratisbon, 209; in battle of Eckmuehl, 209; retires before Davout, 209; N.'s reasons for not pursuing after Eckmuehl, 210; crosses the Danube, 210; makes a stand at Cham, 210, 216; sues for peace, 211, 216; junction with Hiller at Bisamberg, 212, 216; seizes Ratisbon, 216; at Budweis, 216; indecision of, 216; his line on the Danube, 216; advance toward Wagram, 218; attempts to break N.'s bridges, 219; in battles of Aspern and Essling, 219-223; conduct after Aspern, 223-225; seeks the offices of diplomacy, 224; battle of Wagram, 226-232; withdraws toward Znaim, 230; orders Archduke John to attack, 230; pursued by N. and Marmont, 235; asks an armistice, 235; quarrels with the Emperor and John, 235; resigns his command, 235; at marriage of Maria Louisa, 256.

=Charles Emmanuel=, succeeds Victor Amadeus, i. 356; retires to Sardinia, ii. 39, 87, 141.

=Charles Emmanuel IV=, invited by Russia to return to Turin, ii. 141.

=Charles Ludwig Frederic, of Baden=, marries Stephanie Napoleone, ii. 399.

=Charles the Great=, his work for civilization, ii. 157; N.'s emulation of, 157; iii. 304, 306; French longings for a modern, ii. 214; restoring the empire of, 233; reversion to state and titles of the reign of, 323; coronation of, 325; gift to the Papacy, 346; his system of "marches," iii. 55; N. resumes the grant of, 118; magnificence of his empire, 131; Spanish territory of, 133, 134; his donation to Hadrian I revoked by N., 215; his ideal, 319; N. compared with, 319; iv. 292; the second, iii. 330; imitation of his times, iv. 165; influence on Europe, 292.

=Charles IV= (of Spain), attachment to Godoy, ii. 204; king of Spain, 289; subserviency to France, and relations with N., iii. 71, 126-128, 141; conspires against his son's succession, 71; unites with N. in coercing Portugal, 119; scheme to acquire Portugal, 120; character, 124; announces his son's conspiracy, 127; blames the French minister at Madrid, 127; correspondence with N., 128, 131, 133; pardons Ferdinand, 127; proposes to cut off Ferdinand's succession, 127; N. reveals his policy to, 133; panic-stricken at the French invasion, 133; deposes Godoy, 135; last days of his kingdom, 135; abdicates, 136; repudiates his abdication, 138, 145; seeks Murat's protection, 138; virtual prisoner in the Escorial, 142; deposed, 144-148; summoned to Bayonne, 145; refuses Ferdinand's offer to surrender the crown, 145; pensioned, 147; restrains Gen. Solano's movements, 149; at Compiegne, 148; goes to Marseilles, 149; weakness of, 150; goes to Italy, 149.

=Charles V=, magnificence of his empire, iii. 131.

=Charles X.= See =Artois, Count of=.

=Charles XII of Sweden=, military despotism of, ii. 118.

=Charles XIII=, king of Sweden, ii. 416; succeeds Gustavus IV, iii. 280; makes Bernadette his successor, 280; under N.'s protection, 280; feebleness of his rule, 317.

=Charters=, destruction of feudal, i. 109, 110.

=Chartres=, flight of the Empress and Joseph through, iv. 111.

=Chartres, Duc de= (Louis Philippe), scheme to place him on the French throne, iv. 148.

=Chateaubriand, F. A.=, friendship with Mme. Bacciocchi, ii. 258; literary works, 259; envoy to Valais, 260; a disciple of Rousseau, 259; envoy to Rome, 260; supposed sponsor for the Concordat, 260; influence, 260; his name omitted from the honor list of 1810, iii. 300; on the new constitution, iv. 160.

=Chateau-Thierry=, French occupation of, iv. 63; Bluecher's retreat through, and sack of, 63, 64; Macdonald's failure at, 72; military movements near, 94.

=Chatelet=, military operations near, iv. 174, 177, 179.

=Chatham, Earl of=, compared with Carnot, i. 331; policy toward France, ii. 208.

=Chatillon, Congress of=, iv. 68-75, 79, 87, 88; Caulaincourt's carte blanche at, 69, 70, 88; rumored preliminaries of peace at, 73; sends ultimatum to N., 74, 76; closes, 76; capture of some of the diplomats of, 95.

=Chaumont=, surrenders to one Wuertemberg horseman, iv. 51; treaty of, 76, 164; military operations near, 90.

=Chemnitz=, the Saxon army at, ii. 424; contemplated movements at, iv. 23.

=Chenier, Andre=, ii. 350.

=Chenier, M. J.=, driven from the tribunate, ii. 243; "Cyrus," 350; suppresses his writings, iii. 88; rewards for his literary work, 297; opposes the empire, 300; made inspector-general of the university, 301.

=Cheops, Pyramid of=, N., in the, ii. 66.

=Cherasco=, capture of, i. 354, 355.

=Chevreuse, Mme. de=, pert remark to N., and banishment, iii. 94.

=Chimay, Princess de=, i. 315. See also =Tallien, Mme.=

=China=, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78.

=Chiusa Veneta=, capture of fort at, i, 433.

=Choiseul, C. A. G.=, refuses protectorate to Corsica, i. 16; his policy toward Corsica, 20-22; disgrace of, 43; N.'s hatred for, 50; scheme of Egyptian conquest, ii. 46.

=Chouans, the=, rebellion of, i. 277, 325, 449; legislation against, ii. 94; the Cadoudal conspiracy, 297 et seq.

=Christian VII=, imbecility of, iii. 70.

=Christianity=, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76, 77.

=Church, the=, N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, i. 76, 77, 146, 147, 264; ii. 159, 173, 205, 206, 215, 246, 258, 265, 398, 407; iii. 68, 69, 85, 89, 118, 119, 154, 190, 215, 242, 243, 249, 258, 259, 262-264, 305, 306, 315, 377, 390; demands for reform of, in Corsica, i. 116, 117; enforced contributions by, at Ajaccio, 127; attitude of the French governments toward, and relations with the nation, 244; ii. 91, 131, 216, 258, 325 et seq.; N.'s study of the Gallican, i. 150; reorganization of its property, 152; changes in, 162; sequestration of lands of, 161, 268, 269; Louis XVI's support of, 268; N.'s speculation in sequestered lands of, 288; plotting in, 297; question of allegiance of the clergy, 401; relation to education, ii. 226-228; influence in Austria and Germany, 264; reconstruction in France, 318; scheme for unity of, in Germany, 402; archbishops created counts, iii. 87; degradation in Spain, 123; pillaged in Spain, 158; repressed in the Tyrol, 201; the bishops' court pronounces N.'s first marriage null, 253; attitude toward N.'s second marriage, 258, 259; the College of Cardinals transplanted from Rome to Paris, 258, 264.

=Cicero=, statue at the Tuileries, ii. 147.

=Cintra=, Junot surrenders at, iii. 157, 159, 186.

=Cisalpine Republic, the=, formation of, ii. 10, 21; pillage of, 38; treaty with France, March, 1798, 38; the Valtellina incorporated with, 40; recognized by Prussia, 43; dissolution of, 83; picks a quarrel with Sardinia, 87; reestablishment of, 173, 186, 231; tribute levied on, 186; question of a president for, 230; English efforts to discredit France in, 264.

=Cispadane Republic, the=, i. 401, 402; question of a constitution for, ii. 10.

=Citadella=, battle of, i. 388.

"=Citizen=," use of the term in France, ii. 194.

=Citizenship=, liberty, equality, and fraternity in, i. 110; the primary duty of, 306.

=Ciudad Rodrigo=, Spanish defense of, iii. 284; storming of, 290, 319.

=Civil Code=, introduced into Warsaw, iii. 67. See also =Code=.

=Civil liberty=, developed in inverse ratio to political liberty, ii. 223.

"=Civism=," i. 170, 180, 315.

=Clacy=, captured by N., iv. 79.

=Clanship=, i. 10.

=Clarke, Gen.=, letter from N., Nov. 19, 1796, i. 399, 400; at Montebello, 452; meeting with N., 451; mission to Vienna, 451; French agent in treaty of Campo Formio, ii. 20; recalled to Paris, 20, 23; forbidden to enter Vienna, 42; guardian to King Louis's widow, 233; drives British ships from Tuscan harbors, 287; created Duke of Feltre, iii. 86; ordered to fortify the Spanish frontier, 126; minister of war, iv. 106; member of the Empress-Regent's council, 106, 108; advises the flight of the Empress, 108; prepares for defense of Paris, 109; N.'s rage at, 115.

=Clary, Eugenie Bernardine Desiree=, proposal to wed N. to, i. 295, 312; affianced to Duphot, ii. 39, 43; marries Bernadotte, 43.

=Clergy, the=, position at outbreak of the revolution, i. 100, 101, 107; attitude in Corsica, 115, 116; N.'s attitude toward, and relations with, 124, 146, 147, 422, 423; ii. 11; revolution among the clergy of Dauphiny, i. 143, 152; constitutional reforms for, 153; upheaval among, 162; attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; transported to Cayenne, 8; Talleyrand a leader among, 33; released from the Jacobin ban, 131; abolition of celibacy of, 206; conformists and nonconformists to the civil constitution, 205, 215; a "consecrated constabulary," 217; restoration to the ecclesiastical fold, 346; encourage rebellion in Spain, iii. 154. See also =Church=; =Papacy=; =Pius VII=; =Rome=.

=Cleves=, Prussia's price for, ii. 266; ceded to France, 390.

=Cleves and Berg=, the Grand Duchy of, ii. 404; French garrison in, 404.

=Clichy Club, the=, ii. 3, 5, 7, 23.

=Coalition of 1813=, centrifugal forces in, iv. 55-58.

=Cobenzl, Count L.=, Austrian plenipotentiary at Campo Formio, ii. 20; at Congress of Rastatt, 28; negotiates with France after Marengo, 189; on universal conquest, iii. 43.

=Coblentz=, headquarters of French royalists, ii. 121.

=Coburg=, military operations near, ii. 428.

=Cockburn, Adm. Sir George=, conveys N. to St. Helena, iv. 227, 230.

=Code Civil=, its contravention by Jewish legislation, iii. 76.

=Code Napoleon, the=, ii. 221-225; iv. 296; introduced into Parma and Piacenza, ii. 354; abolition of the law of entail and primogeniture, iii. 85; N.'s excuse for overruling, 85; introduced into Holland, 277; in Italy, iv. 40.

=Code of Commerce=, the, ii. 224; iii. 74.

=Code of Criminal Procedure, the=, iii. 224.

=Coignet, Private=, N.'s friendly familiarity with, ii. 196.

=Coignet=, writes of the entry into Berlin, ii. 438; on the march to Russia, iii. 326; reports demoralization after Dresden, iv. 12.

=Coigny, Mlle. de=, married to Savary, ii. 412.

=Coimbra=, military movements near, iii. 285.

=Colborne, Sir J.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Col di Tenda=, the French line at, ii. 160.

=College of Cardinals=, increased French representation in the, iii. 118.

=College of France, the=, ii. 226.

=Colli, Gen.=, commanding Piedmontese troops, i. 353, 354; reinforcements for, defeated, 354.

=Collingwood, Adm. Cuthbert=, his knowledge of the enemy's movements, ii. 370; blockades Cadiz, 371; at Trafalgar, 373.

=Cologne=, Macdonald entrusted with defense of, iv. 54.

=Colombier, Caroline du=, N.'s first love, i. 77, 149.

=Colombier, Mme. du=, i. 75, 149.

=Colonization=, Talleyrand's views on, ii. 33.

=Colonna=, represents Corsica in the National Assembly, i. 117, 118; member of the Directory of Corsica, 133.

=Colonna-Cesari=, leads Corsican expedition against Sardinia, i. 192, 193.

=Column of Vendome=, erection of the, iii. 74.

=Comedie Francaise=, members accompany N. to Erfurt, iii. 174.

=Commerce=, condition of, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 102; influence on the social life of the world, ii. 46; encouragement of, 220; revived by the peace of Amiens, 236; improved condition of, 259; the scope of British, 270.

=Committee of Public Safety=, usurps supreme power, i. 207; aided by Carnot, 223; Corsicans denounced in, 252; keeps N. under surveillance, 255, 256; plans expedition against Rome, 261; abolished, 279, 289; the new, 291, 292, 297; appoints N. on military commission, 292; proposes to transfer N. to Constantinople, 297; considers policy of excluding English goods from the Continent, ii. 441; difficulties with Mme. de Stael, iii. 297.

=Communal list, the=, ii. 126.

=Compiegne=, Spanish royal exiles at, iii. 148; meeting of the Emperor with his Austrian bride at, 257, 258, 261, 268; Bluecher besieges, iv. 84.

=Compignano, Countess of=. See =Buonaparte, Marie-Anne-Elisa=.

=Compulsory loans=, ii. 134.

=Compulsory military service=, i. 213.

=Concordat, the=, ii. 207, 215, 301, 326 et seq., 402; iv. 259, 294, 296; service in honor of, ii. 215; its effect in France, 216; "the vaccine of religion," 216; contempt of the Army of the Rhine for, 235; the supposed sponsor for, 260; effect in Germany, 264; extension to Venice refused by Pius VII, iii. 68; Venetia admitted to, 118; undoing the work of, 119; rupture of, 306.

=Concordat of Fontainebleau=, the, iii. 391, 392.

=Conde=, evacuation of, i. 222.

=Conde, the Great=, ii. 301.

=Conde, Prince of=, ii. 308.

=Condorcet, J. A. N. de C.=, believer in equality of the sexes, ii. 226.

=Conegliano=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Moncey created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Moncey=.

=Confederation of the Rhine, the=, organization of, ii. 401-406, 417; Hesse-Cassel refused admission to, 442; levies of troops for France in, iii. 21, 196, 203, 322, 387, 394; recognized at Tilsit, 54; Saxony united with, 56; relations with France, 73, 74, 279, 382; additions to, 239; called to arms by Prussia, 398; proposed abandonment of French protectorate over, 407; proposed dissolution of, 415; proposed dynastic independence for sovereigns of, 422; purpose of the allies to free, iv. 21; resolved into its elements, 40; forced by allies to raise military contingents, 54.

=Confiscation=, opposition to the reintroduction of, ii. 242; principle of punishment by, iii. 295, 296.

=Coni=, surrendered to France, i. 355.

=Connewitz=, military operations near, iv. 27, 28.

=Consalvi, Cardinal=, negotiates the Concordat, ii. 207; memorialist of Pius VII, 347; dismissed from the papal service, 397.

=Conscription, the=, i. 275, 379; ii. 87, 93, 248, 306, 362, 409, 422; iii. 3, 21, 24, 25, 76, 77, 126, 132, 198, 291, 323, 326, 386, 387, 390, 414; iv. 21, 47-51, 99, 165; development of Carnot's scheme, ii. 93; N.'s influence on the laws of, 248; how enforced, 306; Jewish evasions of the, iii. 76; Jews made subject to, 77.

=Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers=, founded, i. 281.

=Conservatory of Music=, reorganization of, i. 281.

=Constable=, creation of the office of, ii. 322.

=Constabulary=, abolition of the, i. 142.

=Constance, city of=, ceded to Baden, ii. 391.

=Constance, Lake=, the Austrian camp on, ii. 365.

=Constant=, N.'s valet, iv. 134.

=Constant de Rebecque, Henri-Benjamin=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; member of the tribunate, 151, 242; driven from the tribunate, 243; president of the council of state, iv. 159; supports the chambers, 217.

=Constantine, Grand Duke=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 386, 387; Bennigsen writes to, after Friedland, iii. 32; leader of the peace party, 35; at Tilsit, 52; with the Army of the South, iv. 3.

=Constantine the Great=, N. likened to, ii. 329.

=Constantinople=, proposal to send N. to, i. 296; N.'s eye on, 423; proposed mission for Talleyrand to, ii. 66; Russia to aid in defense of, 73; N. given leave to march on, 72, 73; fleet sent to relief of Acre from, 73, 74; Russian ambition to acquire, 356; iii. 28, 64, 108, 113; a British fleet at, 20; French influence at, 33, 99; proposed disposition of, after Tilsit, 55; revolution in, 162; England threatens to bombard, 321.

=Constitutional checks=, i. 106.

=Constitution of 1799=, prohibition against First Consul's military leadership, ii. 162.

=Consular Guard, the=, at Marengo, ii. 179, 180; strengthening of, 277.

=Consulate=, proposed formation of a, ii. 102; a disguised monarchy, iv. 287.

=Continental System, the=, ii. 288, 375, 400; iii. 98, 101, 160, 165, 197, 239, 249, 255, 262-281, 283, 287, 294, 303, 304, 310, 316, 323, 328-330, 377, 409, 420, 425; iv. 294; England's policy against, iii. 100-102.

=Copenhagen=, battle of, ii. 209; bombardment of, iii. 70, 97-100, 280.

=Coppet=, Mme. de Stael's residence at, ii. 411; iii. 298.

=Corday, Charlotte=, assassination of Marat, i. 234.

=Cordova=, French capture and abandonment of, iii. 156.

=Corfu=, N. proposes to seize, i. 447; France's jealous care of, ii. 32; Adm. Brueys ordered to, 62; blockade of, 67; Russian occupation of, 353, 356, 357, 405; French occupation of, iii. 99, 109, 111; English naval watch on, 111; proposed expedition to Egypt from, 114.

=Corizier=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76.

=Corneille, Pierre=, N.'s study of, iii. 173; iv. 231.

=Cornet=, starts the proceedings of the 18th Brumaire, ii. 103.

=Cornwallis, Lord Charles=, character, ii. 263; negotiates the treaty of Amiens, 263.

=Cornwallis, Adm. William=, junction of Nelson and, before Brest, ii. 359.

=Corona=, military operations at, i. 410, 414.

=Correggio, A. A.=, plunder of the works of, i. 369, 374.

=Corsica=, external relations, i. 8-16, 24, 26; physical features and population, 8-16, 39, 263; Rousseau's views on, 9, 19; the Buonaparte family in, 8, 27 et seq.; feudalism in, 9, 18; Paoli's share in history of, 15 et seq., 117-125, 127, 130, 132, 196-198, 204-207; national heroes and patriotism in, 14, 42, 115, 117; Jews in, 16; French schemes concerning, expeditions against, and occupations of, 16-25, 79, 120, 122, 125, 154, 165, 201-208, 261, 342, 403, 421; N.'s love for, residences in, schemes concerning, and peculiar relations to, 17-19, 50-53, 58, 81, 82, 87-92, 96, 112, 116, 117, 122-124, 133, 160-170, 183-187, 209-211, 233, 253, 254, 257, 340, 341; ii. 158, 250; Montesquieu's views on, i. 19; joins the Bourbon-Hapsburg alliance, 21; ceded by Genoa to France, 22; England's interests in, protectorate over, conquest and abandonment of, 23, 119, 124, 196, 205-208, 256-262, 402, 421; disaffection, riots, and rebellion in, 25, 42, 83, 111-122, 139, 147, 166-170, 198, 254, 403; compared with Sardinia, 25; N.'s history of, 76, 86, 91-98; introduction of silkworm culture into, 80; the betrayal of, 98; the Revolution in, 111-122; scheme of liberation, 112 et seq.; plan for elective council in, 114; rival parties and classes, schemes and intrigues in, 114-122, 162, 163, 166, 169-170, 185, 190, 199-210; desired reforms for, 116; representation in the National Assembly, 116-122; the council of twelve nobles in, 118; Genoa's claims to, 120, 121, 126; ecclesiastical and religious troubles, 128, 162, 168; democracy in, 131; meeting of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131-134; Bastia declared the capital, 134; the National Guard in, 133, 139, 157-159, 185, 192; N. leaves for Auxonne, 141; N. mobbed in, 147; customs in, 158; N. leaves, 170; expedition against Sardinia from, 189-193; enforcement of the Convention's decrees in, 197; Salicetti deserts the cause of, 201; N. appointed inspector-general of artillery for, 202; new commissioners sent to, 204; the Buonapartes leave, 207; success of revolt against the Convention, 216; Convention commission for, 219; N.'s expedition against, 233, 256-258, 262; employment of refugees from, 252; Salicetti blamed for insurrection in, 254; wretched internal plight, 260; charges against refugees from, 263; N.'s last visit to, ii. 82.

=Corsican Feuillants, the=, i. 163.

=Corsican Jacobins, the=, i. 163.

=Corso, Cape=, Paoli's landing at, i. 125.

=Corte=, the town of, i. 15; removal of seat of government from, 25; Carlo Buonaparte at, 29-32; a Paolist center, 116; Joseph Buonaparte at, 161; N. ordered to, 186, 203; meeting between Paoli and N. at, 190; N. a suspect at, 202.

=Corunna=, the junta of, iii. 158; Moore's retreat to, and death at, 189; England's tardiness at, 192.

=Cossacks=, military achievements of, iii. 9, 10, 13, 20; harass the retreating French army, 362, 364; relieve Hamburg, 402; in battle of Leipsic, iv. 29; in the campaign of 1814, 62; advance to Nemours and Fontainebleau, 72; at the battle of Laon, 79; fears of, in Paris, 108.

=Costa=, letter from N. to, i. 186; letter from Lucien to, 186.

=Council of Ancients=, the, i. 270.

=Council of Juniors=, the, i. 270.

=Council of State, the=, ii. 127, 149-152; stripped of its supremacy, 247; approves N.'s action against the Duc d'Enghien, 305; its functions, iii. 83.

="Count of Essex," the=, i. 86.

="Courier," the London=, publishes Spanish manifesto of N., iii. 283.

=Coustou, Abbe=, attends Carlo Buonaparte's death-bed, i. 64.

=Coxe's "Travels in Switzerland,"= N.'s study of, i. 150.

=Cracow=, ceded to the grand duchy of Warsaw, iii. 239; Schwarzenberg seeks shelter in, 393.

=Crance, Dubois de=, i. 223; reorganization of the French armies by, 325; organizes national conscription, 379.

=Craonne=, battle of, iv. 78.

=Crema=, withdrawal of the Austrians from Milan to, ii. 173.

=Croatia=, Austrian recruiting in, i. 386; part of, ceded to France, iii. 239.

=Cromwell, Oliver=, N. disclaims the role of, ii. 112, 117; the need of a second, in France, 119; N. compared with, 230.

=Cronstadt=, Alexander fears for, iii. 98.

=Crosne=, Sieyes accepts the estate of, ii. 130.

=Crottendorf=, military operations near, iv. 28.

=Crusades, the=, ii. 46.

=Cuneo=, associated with N. in Corsica, i. 117.

=Custine, Gen. A. P.=, occupies Frankfort, i. 194; defeat of, 194.

=Cyprus=, Sir Sidney Smith puts into, ii. 82.

="Cyrus,"= by Chenier, ii. 350.

=Czartoryski, A. G.=, memoirs of, ii. 356; Russian minister of foreign affairs, 356; on the Russian policy in 1805, 381; friendship with Alexander I, ii. 445; iii. 309, 383; on the hereditary disease of the Romanoffs, iii. 50; retirement of, 309; schemes in regard to restoration of Poland, 309, 315, 383; transfers faith from Alexander to N., iii. 315.

=Czernicheff, Count=, aide-de-camp to Alexander I, iii. 329; N. offers terms to, 329.

D

=Dagobert=, N. in the iron chair of, ii. 328.

=Dalberg, Archbishop=, scheme to unify the German Church, ii. 402; Prince-Primate, 402; at the Erfurt conference, iii. 171; receives Ratisbon in exchange for Frankfort principality, 266; his territory erected into a grand duchy for Eugene, 322; estimate of N.'s influence, 322; characterization of Talleyrand, iv. 107; at peace council in Paris, 114; member of the executive commission, 114, 115; attainted, 157.

=Dalmatia=, ceded to Austria at Leoben, i. 438; alterations of boundaries near, ii. 21; ceded by Austria to Italy, 391; creation of hereditary duchy of, 395; assigned by N. to Italy, 405; N. offers to exchange, iii. 22; French dominion recognized at Tilsit, 54; Soult created duke of, 86 (see also =Soult=); French strength in, 113; proposed surrender of, to Austria, iv. 407.

=Dalrymple, Sir H. W.=, retired from active service, iii. 186.

=Damascus=, garrison of El Arish ordered to, ii. 69; reinforcements for Acre from, 71.

=Danican, Auguste=, royalist leader, i. 298; the 13th Vendemiaire, 302.

=Danilevsky=, on the allies reaching Paris, iv. 110.

=Danton, G. J.=, becomes head of the Jacobin commune, i. 187; member of the National Convention, 188; dictator of France, 194; overawes the Girondists, 234; murder of, 250.

=Dantzic=, military movements near, iii. 7, 10, 13; siege of, 12, 19; surrender of, 22, 28; freedom restored to, 56; independence of, 73; Lefebvre created Duke of, 86 (see also =Lefebvre=); Davout ordered to hold, 266; French military stores in, 333; Murat's position at, untenable, 385; measures for the relief of, 393; held by the French, 402; Rapp commanding at, 402; proposed new capital for Prussia, 409; proposed division of the domain, 409; proposed cession of, to Prussia, 415, 423.

=Danube River, the=, rebellion against Turkey on, ii. 48; Kray retreats toward, 166; proposed Indian expeditions via, 209; military operations on, 363, 366, 367, 441; iii. 105, 113, 117, 163, 202-204, 206, 210, 212, 213, 216-221, 226, 227, 314; Mack essays to cross at Guenzburg, ii. 366; the French march from the Rhine to, 376; annihilation of Mortier on, 378; N.'s line of retreat to, 425; Russian successes on the lower, iii. 20; N. plans redistribution of territories on, 50; proposed Russian acquisitions on, 55; topographical features, 217; the crossing at Lobau, 217, 218, 221, 226, 227; defeat of Russians by Turks on, 248; Russia warned not to cross, 314; Russian successes on, 320; withdrawal of Russian troops from, 321; effect of the rising of, at Essling, 383.

=Danubian Principalities=, proposed partition of, iii. 50; Alexander's ambition to acquire, 105, 108, 116, 117; N. offers to exchange them for Silesia, 106, 108, 112. See also =Moldavia=; =Wallachia=.

=Dardanelles, the=, Alexander I's scheme for seizing, ii. 356.

=Darmagnac, Gen.=, invades Navarre, iii. 132; seizes Pamplona, 132.

=Darmstadt=, relations with Russia, ii. 266; strengthening of, 266; quota of men, 404.

=Daru, P. A. N.=, advises wintering in Moscow, iii. 352.

=Daunou, P. C. F.=, dreads a new Terror, ii. 94; ideas of government, 127; named as consul, 130; member of the tribunate, 151; influence on the Consulate, 195; driven from the tribunate, 243; attempt to admit him to the senate, 243; upholds Machiavelli's theses concerning the Church of Rome, iii. 262.

=Dauphiny=, the peasantry of, i. 143; N. travels in, 143; revolutionary feeling among the clergy of, 143, 152; anti-royalist feeling in, iv. 154.

=David, Abbe=, arrest of, ii. 296.

=David, Jacques L.=, painter, ii. 351.

=Davidowich, Gen. P.=, defeated at Roveredo, i. 384, 385; strength in the Tyrol, 387; defeats Vaubois, 387, 388, 392; retreats to the Tyrol, 392.

=Davout, Gen. L. N.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53, 323; service in the Army of England, 291; created marshal, 323; character, 364; iii. 93; watches the Russian army, ii. 366; in battle of Austerlitz, 380, 382, 386, 387; at Nordhalben, 428; at Naumburg, 429; in battle of Jena, 430-434; captures Wittenberg, 436; sacks Poland, 440; at Golynim, iii. 5; strength in Poland, 7; in the Eylau campaign, 13, 15-17; in battle of Heilsberg, 29; pursues Lestocq from Friedland, 31-33; created Duke of Auerstaedt, 86; income, 87; N.'s opinion of, 93; recalled from Poland to Silesia, 165; commanding in Saxony, 198; Archduke Charles plans to attack, 198; his command in the fifth Austrian war, 202; forces in Stettin, Bayreuth, Hanover, and Magdeburg, 202; to concentrate at Bamberg, 203; commanding on the Isar, 204; Archduke Charles marches against, 205; to concentrate at Ingolstadt, 204-207; movements before Ratisbon, 205; on the Laber, 207; in battle of Eckmuehl, 208; forces back Archduke Charles, 208; battles of Aspern and Essling, 220-222; battle of Wagram, 230, 231; ordered to hold Baltic positions, 266; revenue of, 296; occupies Swedish Pomerania, 321; letter from N., 324; strength, March, 1812, 324; reproved for his reports of Prussia, 326; slowness of action at opening of the Russian campaign, 336; drives Bagration eastward, 338; battle of Borodino, 344; on the retreat from Moscow, 357-359, 363; battle of Wiazma, 359; at Krasnoi, 365; division commander under Eugene, 393; in campaign of 1813, 402; occupies Hamburg, 407, 413; Vandamme goes to his assistance, 413; to threaten Berlin, iv. 2; N.'s instructions to, 5; mediocrity of his troops, 20; besieged in Hamburg, 55; invited to join in insurrection, 149; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; advises N. after Waterloo, 217; suggests N.'s use of force, 218.

="Day of the Paris sections, the,"= i. 302-312.

=Debry, J. A. J.=, N.'s friendship with, i. 293; ii. 88, 89; member of Congress of Rastatt, 88; wounded at Rastatt, 88, 89; accusations against, 89.

=De Bussy=, in the La Fere regiment, iv. 78; gives N. worthless information at Craonne, 78.

=Decadi=, decadence of the festival, ii. 258.

=Decres, Adm.=, French minister of marine, ii. 291; letter from N., Sept. 13, 1805, 291; warns N. against his career of conquest, iii. 325; member of N.'s new cabinet, iv. 159.

=Defermon, J.=, ii. 214.

=Dego=, battle of, i. 352, 353, 355; iv. 65.

=Deichsel River=, Bluecher retreats behind the, iv. 7.

=Delacroix=, French minister of foreign affairs, i. 449; French agent in the Netherlands, ii. 38.

=Demagogues=, disgust with, in France, ii. 134.

=De Maistre=, N. refutes his theory of social order, iii. 89; on the supineness of Pius VII, 264.

=Democracy=, a pure, i. 131, 397; Germany's opposition to, 247; its good and bad qualities, iv. 265.

=Denfort=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Denmark=, joins the "armed neutrality," ii. 194; iii. 46, 66; proposed commercial war against England, 55; N. calls for alliance with, 66; importance of her sea power, 69; ordered to declare war against England, 69; England offers to seize her fleet, 69; refuses England's offer, 69; yields to Bernadotte, 70; losses of Norway, Schleswig, and Holstein, 70; yields to England, 70; humiliation of, 70; vassalage to France, 70, 279; England seeks to conciliate, 98; bombardment of Copenhagen, 97-100, 280; Alexander I demands reparation for, 100; N. urges England's restoration of her fleet, 104; Spanish troops in, 159; seizure of American ships by, 275; hostility to England, 280; holds Norway, 280; friendly to France, 281; despatches troops to Hamburg, 407; shifts her assistance from Russia to France, 407; strengthening the alliance between France and, 421.

=Dennewitz=, battle of, iv. 18, 19.

=Denon, D. V.=, accompanies N. on his return from Alexandria, ii. 81.

=Departmental list, the=, ii. 126.

=De Pradt=, in charge of Polish affairs, iii. 375; interview between N. and, at Warsaw, 375, 382; royalist intrigues of, iv. 106, 108.

=Desaix, Louis-Charles-Antoine=, a product of Carnot's system, i. 332; crosses the Rhine near Strasburg, 440; defeats the Austrians in the Black Forest, 440; service in Egypt, ii. 53, 60, 78, 81; battle of the Pyramids, 60; ordered to leave Egypt, 81, 177; reaches Stradella, 177; battle of Marengo, 176-186; killed, 181, 187; contrasted with Ney, iv. 213.

=Desenzano=, military operations near, i. 411.

=Desgenettes, Dr.=, heroism at Jaffa, ii. 75.

=Des Mazis=, N.'s friendship for, i. 62, 65; appointed to the regiment of La Fere, 66.

=Dessau=, captured by Lannes, ii. 436.

=Dessolles, Gen.=, ii. 164.

"=Destiny=," N.'s, i. 79.

=Deutsch-Wagram=, Archduke Charles advances to, iii. 218. See also =Wagram=.

=D'Hilliers, Gen.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53.

="Dialogue on Love,"= by N., i. 77, 145.

=Diderot, Denis=, co-author with Raynal, i. 75.

=Diebitsch, Gen. H. K. F. A.=, encounters a Prussian force, iii. 384; military adviser to Alexander, iv. 98.

=Dieppe=, landing of the Cadoudal conspirators near, ii. 298.

=Diet, the=, reduction of Austria's power in, ii. 193.

=Digeon, Gen. A. E. M.=, seduced by Marmont, iv. 125.

=Digne=, N.'s march through, on return from Elba, iv. 154.

=Dijon=, N. visits, i. 146; formation of an army of reserve at, ii. 140; surrenders to the allies, iv. 67; Francis in, 113, 128.

=Diodorus Siculus=, N.'s study of, i. 78.

=Diplomacy=, the language of, i. 21.

=Dippoldiswalde=, military movements near, iv. 11.

=Directory, the=, establishment of, i. 270, 305, 309, 329-331; social life under, 280, 281; Europe and, 324-338; financial war policy, 340; assumes to dictate military plans, 348, 354; plans to belittle N., 363, 372; entrusts N. with diplomatic powers, 364; yields to N.'s plans, 364, 373; contributions sent to, 366, 367; plans for campaign in Germany, 384; attitude toward Italy, 397-405; N.'s relations with, 363-373, 397-405, 419, 422-427, 439, 441, 451; ii. 7, 26, 30, 34-37, 42, 49-52, 67, 72, 80, 88-99, 108; iv. 248, 249; ratifies the treaty of Leoben, i. 441; letters from N., April 19, 1792, 441; May 27, 1797, 447; Pitt's negotiations for peace with, 449; refuses to treat with England, 450; antagonism to the, ii. 2; plot of Louis XVIII and Pichegru against, 5, 6, 7; Moreau's relations with, 6; gains complete control on the 18th of Fructidor, 8; reliance on the army, 8; effects of the 18th Fructidor on, 22; attitude toward Italy and Venice, 23; approves the treaty of Campo Formio, 24, 30; relations with Talleyrand, 34; members of, 35; attitude toward emigrants, 36; attitude toward clergy, 36, 41; attitude toward royalists, 36, 205; attitude toward the German ecclesiastical principalities, 41; Eastern policy, 47; Jacobinism in, 49, 94; fails to secure alliance with Turkey, 67; misunderstanding between the United Irishmen and, 67; weakness, 68, 91; desires the escape of the army in Egypt, 79; reconstruction of, 83, 91, 92; blunders in Italy, 87, 89; corruption in, 91, 92; Gohier president of, 97; N. pays official visit to, on return from Egypt, 97; relations with Moreau, 100; last days and downfall, 103 et seq.; iv. 257, 258, 286; Carnot's influence on its fall, ii. 130; suppresses freedom of the press, 145; incorporates Belgium with France, 153; attitude toward Prussia, 155; relations with Sieyes, 155; liberty of conscience under the, 206; suspends diplomatic relations with the United States, 212; pretensions toward the United States, 211; financial maladministration, 219; recourse to forced contributions, 219; plans for invading England, 290; system of licenses for English goods, iii. 280; difficulties with Mme. de Stael, 297; organization of a new, iv. 218.

=Divine right=, kings by, ii. 407; abolition of, in France, iv. 257.

=Divorce=, N.'s share in codifying the law of, ii. 222; under the Code, 224; N.'s advocacy of easy, 237.

=Dnieper River=, military operations on the, iii. 315, 336, 338, 339, 342, 364.

=Dniester River=, Turkish movements on the, ii. 441.

=Doctoroff, Gen.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 388; in battle of Eylau, iii. 15.

=Dole=, publications of N.'s literary work at, i. 145.

=Dolgoruki, Prince=, mission from Alexander I to N., ii. 382.

=Dolgoruki, Princess=, on N.'s receptions, ii. 196.

=Doelitz=, military operations near, iv. 29, 32.

=Domination=, the power of, iv. 248, 249.

=Domo d'Ossola=, Bethencourt near, ii. 172.

=Don, River=, proposed Indian expeditions via, ii. 209; the Cossacks of the, iii. 13.

=Donaueschingen=, the Austrian headquarters at, ii. 160; abandoned by Kray, 166.

=Donauwoerth=, military movements near, iii. 203; N. reaches, 205.

=Donzelot, Gen F. X.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 201, 202, 203, 209, 210.

=Dora Baltea River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.

=Dora Ridaria River=, Austrian force on the, ii. 170.

=Dornburg=, military movements near, ii. 432, 434.

=Dorothea, Empress-Dowager of Russia=, disapproves N.'s proposed marriage to Anne, iii. 248; hatred of N., 248.

=Douay=, N. ordered to, i. 79, 80.

=Doulaincourt=, N. at, iv. 105.

=Doulevant=, N. at, iv. 104.

=Doumerc, Gen. J. P.=, moves from Sezanne against Bluecher, iv. 62.

=Dover=, scheme of naval demonstration off, ii. 332.

=Drac, River=, iv. 155.

=Draft=, use of, in France, ii. 93.

=Drave, River=, military movements on the, i. 435; iii. 217.

=Dresden=, death of Moreau before, ii. 299; N. at, iii. 65, 66, 67, 375, 389, 394, 409, 416, 417, 423; iv. 7-10, 12, 13, 17-21; Bernadotte to concentrate in, iii. 203; Saxon troops in, 203; N.'s strategy at, 216; seized by the Duke of Brunswick, 234; meeting of the allied sovereigns at, 330; the climax of the Napoleonic drama, 330; iv. 16; N.'s incognito journey through, iii. 375; interview between N. and Metternich at, 389; interview between N. and Frederick Augustus at, 394; French forces at, 393; Eugene to hold, 393-394; welcomes Alexander and Frederick William III, 399; discontent at military occupation, 399; retreat of the allies behind, 406; destruction and rebuilding of the bridges at, 406, 407; French occupation of, 408, 409; defense of, iv. 2, 13, 17, 18; held by Saint-Cyr, 7; French advance to Zittau from, 6; menaced by the allies, 7; battle of, 8-13, 17-19; demoralization of the army after, 12; N.'s mistakes after, 14-16; N.'s physical ailments at, 12, 16; N.'s successes at, 20, 21; Schwarzenberg moves on, 18; Oudinot at, 21; Bluecher advances on, 20; boy soldiers at, 21; N.'s retreat from, 22-24; N.'s scheme to hold, 23; Frederick's love for, 25; French garrison in, 25-27; Maret's influence over N. at, 69; N. acknowledges his mistake in not making peace at, 135.

=Drissa=, weakness of, iii. 336; Bagration establishes communication with, 336.

=Drouot, Gen. A.=, in battle of Austerlitz, ii. 387; battle of Leipsic, iv. 28, 32; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; attachment to N., 118; strength after the surrender of Paris, 118; accompanies N. to Elba, 134; advises against the escape from Elba, 153.

=Dueben=, N. at, iv. 25.

=Dubois, Gen.=, in battle of Waterloo, iv. 203.

=Duclos's "Memoirs of the Reigns of Louis XIV and Louis XV,"= N.'s study of, i. 150.

=Duero, River=, military movements on the, iii. 157, 159, 290.

=Dufresne=, ii. 214.

=Dugommier, Gen. J. F.=, appointed commander-in-chief before Toulon, i. 229; influence at Toulon, 232.

=Dugua, Gen. C. F. J.=, service in Egypt, ii. 53; in battle of the Pyramids, 60.

=Duhesme, Gen. P. G.=, invades Spain, iii. 132; at Barcelona, 132; occupies Catalonia, 155, 156; evacuates Catalonia, 157; besieged in Barcelona, 183; in battle of Waterloo, iv. 205.

=Dulaure's "History of the Nobility,"= N.'s study of, i. 150.

=Dumanoir, Adm.=, at Trafalgar, ii. 374.

=Dumolard, J. V.=, interpellates the government as to N.'s independence, ii. 3.

=Dumoulin, Jean=, comes to N.'s aid at Laffray, iv. 156.

=Dumouriez, Charles F.=, takes part in the conquest of Corsica, i. 120; on the northeastern frontier, 184; wins battle of Jemmapes, 194; defection of, 198; correspondence with Nelson, ii. 303; suspected of royalist plots, 303, 305.

=Duenaburg=, preparations for the siege of, iii. 333; Ney advances toward, 336.

=Duncan, Adm. Adam=, wins the battle of Camperdown, ii. 38.

=Dunette, Gen.=, marches to relief of Paris, iv. 102.

=Dunkirk=, besieged by Duke of York, i. 222.

=Duphot, Gen. L.=, affianced to Desiree Clary, ii. 39, 43; killed at Rome, 39.

=Dupont, Gen. Pierre=, in battle of Friedland, iii. 31; ordered to invade Spain, 128; invades Spain, 132; advances on Andalusia, 156; holds the Tagus, 156; capitulates at Baylen, 156, 157, 159, 167.

=Durango=, Blake advances from, iii. 184.

=Duroc, Gen. G. C. M.=, wounded at Acre, ii. 76; N.'s aide-de-camp, 101; N.'s envoy to Prussia, 156, 282; Grand Marshal of the Palace, 324; offers Hanover to Prussia, 362; personal attendance on N., 425; proposes terms after Tilsit, iii. 36; blamed for Queen Louisa's failure, 62; proposes indemnity for Maria Louisa, 67; created Duke of Friuli, 86; at Bayonne, 144; foresees France's discontent, 326; killed at Reichenbach, 410-411; N.'s grief for, 411; N. contributes to monument to, iv. 5; N. proposes to take the name of, 221.

=Duerrenstein=, destruction of Mortier's division at, ii. 368, 378.

=Durutte, Gen. J. F.=, sent to Ligny, iv. 181; battle of Waterloo, 201, 202, 205, 206, 210.

=Duesseldorf=, Jourdan's army at, i. 347; Jourdan crosses the Rhine at, 385.

=Dutch Flanders=, ceded to France, i. 276.

=Duteil=, N.'s acquaintance with, i. 95; N. seeks aid from, 157; grants N. permission to sail for Corsica, 180.

=Duteil, Gen. J.=, general of artillery before Toulon, i. 229; on N.'s ability, 232.

=Dutheil, N. F.=, devises plan of campaign for Austria and England, i. 342.

=Dutot=, takes N.'s place in the West, i. 293.

=Duval's "William the Conqueror,"= ii. 350.

=Duvernet's "History of the Sorbonne,"= N.'s study of, i. 150.

=Dwina, River=, fortifications on the, iii. 315; military movements on the, 337, 341, 359. 361.

=Dyle, River=, military movements on the, iv. 188, 190.

E

=East, the=, N.'s attention turned toward, i. 78; N.'s comparison of Europe with, ii. 46; N.'s dreams of empire in. See also =Napoleon=.

=East Friesland=, scheme to incorporate it with France, iii. 266.

=East Galicia=, part of, ceded to Warsaw, iii. 239.

=East India Company=, lends the island of St. Helena to the government, iv. 225.

=East Indies=, England watches French policy concerning, ii. 267.

=East Prussia=, Ney moves on, iii. 8.

=Ebelsberg=, battle of, iii. 211.

=Ebrington, Lord=, N.'s characterization of Cornwallis to, ii. 263; N.'s declaration to, concerning the Duc d'Enghien, 311.

=Ebro, River=, military movements on, iii. 133, 157, 159, 183; proposed exchange of territory on, 133; boundary of French annexed territory, 278.

=Ecclesiastical princes=, N. on the status of, ii. 27.

=Ecclesiastical principalities=, secularization of, on the Rhine, ii. 193.

=Ecclesiasticism=, N.'s confusion of ideas concerning, i. 76.

=Eckmuehl=, the campaign of, iii. 202 et seq.

=Education=, demands for, in Corsica, i. 117; N.'s interest in, system and reforms of, 176; ii. 225-228, 318, 408; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 260.

=Egalite, Philip=, member of the National Convention, i. 188.

=Egle, Mme.=, guardian of the Beauharnais children, i. 314.

=Egypt=, N.'s plans of conquest of, i. 424; ii. 17, 33, 46-54, 289; iii. 106; scandals of Mameluke administration in, ii. 17, 47; French schemes of conquest, 16, 46-54; iii. 112, 114; importance of, ii. 46; rebellion in, 47; the expeditionary forces, 48-54; scholastic branch of the expedition, 53; plunder of, 55-57, 67; departure of expedition from Toulon, 55; character of the population, 57; the Mamelukes, 58; terrors of the campaign, 59; the army disheartened, 61; Nelson follows the French fleet to, 62; N.'s rule in, 65-67; N.'s religious masquerading in, 65-67; establishment of printing-presses in, 66; insurrection suppressed in, 67; establishment of an Institute in, 66; dearth of news from France, 67, 78; rumors of N.'s death in, 68; despatches from France, Feb., 1799, 72; N. given leave to remain in, 73; importance of N.'s conquering, 73; Turkish preparations for the relief of, 74; attempted risings in, 76; Adm. Bruix sent to relieve the army in, 79; N. returns from, 80-85; the colonial idea, 81; the turning-point of success in, 81; Kleber prepares to evacuate, 143; Desaix recalled from, 177; desperate situation of the French in, 181; Kleber's administration in, 181; assassination of Kleber, 181; French disasters in, 210; restored to Turkey, 211; England to evacuate, 262; Turkey's suzerainty over, 262; question of reestablishing French colonies in, 273; N. disclaims designs on, 280; N.'s irritation at England's occupation of, 280; Davout's campaign in, 323; N.'s immoralities in, 328; plan to allure Nelson to, 331; the object of the expedition against, 337; English commerce with, iii. 48; English expedition to seize, 100; French expedition against, in 1811, 308; the tactics of the army in, adopted in Russia, 359; N.'s desertion of the army in, likened to his conduct at Smorgoni, 375; work on, compiled by N.'s order, iv. 219; history of, 293.

=Eichstaedt=, portion of, acquired by Grand Duke of Tuscany, ii. 266; ceded to Bavaria, 391.

=Eisdorf=, fighting at, iii. 406.

=Eisenach=, military movements near, ii. 425, 427; the allies outwitted at, iv. 35.

=El Arish=, siege and surrender of, ii. 69; massacre of the garrison, 70; treaty between Sir Sidney Smith and Kleber at, 181.

=Elba=, N.'s literary labors at, i. 177; iv. 159, 230-232; secured to France, ii. 204; France to evacuate, 262; Countess Walewska follows N. to, iii. 11; iv. 143; the sentence of exile to, iv. 129; the monarch of, 129, 133, 151; N.'s journey to, 134-141; possibility of her not receiving the imperial exile, 135; imperialist and royalist sentiment in, 141; N. begins his new administration, 141; N.'s life in, 141 et seq.; Bourbon spies in, 142; visitors to, 143; scheme to deport N. from, 145; N.'s escape from, 152-154; the naval patrol at, 153; N.'s monograph on, 232.

=Elbe, River, the=, the Prussian base on, ii. 428; key to the valley of, 437; English blockade of, 441; iii. 48; western boundary of Prussia, 56; commanded by fortress of Magdeburg, 56, 57; the kingdom of Westphalia created on, 56, 73; preparations to oppose English landing on, 72; French occupation of the coast near, 266; military movements on, 393, 396, 406, 407; iv. 2, 6-9, 18, 20-26; scheme of Hanoverian extension on, 399; territory on, offered to Sweden, 399; French recovery of the lower part, 407; boundary of a neutral zone, 414; exhaustion of the French on, iv. 19; French garrisons on, 35.

=Elbing=, military movements near, iii. 8, 13.

=Elchingen=, Ney created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Ney=.

="Elective Affinities,"= iii. 172.

=Electoral Colleges=, ii. 247.

=Eliot, Sir Gilbert=, viceroy of Corsica, i. 261.

=Elliott=, killed at Arcole, i. 399.

=Elsfleth=, escape of the Black Legion to, iii. 234.

=Elster, River, the=, military operations on, iii. 404, 405; iv. 20-21, 27-30, 33-34.

=Elysee, the=, N. takes up residence at, iv. 159; N. returns from Waterloo to, 216, 218.

=Embabeh=, battle of, ii. 59.

=Embargo=, the, ii. 287, 389, 400, 441.

=Emigrants=, plots by, i. 172, 277, 325; ii. 303; confiscation of property of, and harsh legislation against, i. 172, 305, 316; ii. 94, 219; the aristocrats of the, i. 213; N.'s speculation in lands of, 288; attitude of the Directory toward, ii. 2, 36; N.'s secret dealings with, 9; Talleyrand among the, 33; encouraged to return, amnesty to, and indemnity for, 130, 245, 324; 411; N. complains of England harboring, 271; N. demands their expulsion from Naples, 357; return to France under Louis XVIII, iv. 146; banished again from France, 157.

=Emigration, the=, i. 109, 152, 155, 268.

=Emperor of the Two Americas=, the, iii. 120.

=Empire=, the French use of the term, ii. 248.

=Empire of the West=, N. threatens to resuscitate the, ii. 272.

=Engen=, battle of, ii. 166.

=Enghien, Duc d'=, arrest and murder of, i. 179; ii. 241, 304-309, 312, 316, 331, 412; iii. 107; iv. 138; monarchical schemes and plots of, ii. 239, 240, 301-305; character, 301; married to Princess Rohan-Rochefort, 301; seeks service with England, 302; residence at Ettenheim, 302-306; prepares to retire to Freiburg, 302; N. examines papers of, 305; N. defends the execution of, 310; N. blames Talleyrand for his murder, 311; iii. 197; statements concerning N.'s connection with his murder, 196, 197; N.'s self-blame for murder of, iv. 233.

=England=, France's emulation of, i. 22; hampered by parliamentary opposition and American disquiet, 22; the American uprising against, 23, 24; Paoli's relations with, asylum in, and aid from, 23, 124, 169, 196-198, 205-207, 260; gives aid to, establishes protectorate over, and takes possession of Corsica, 23, 119, 190, 205-207, 256-262; transformation of parties in, 24; N.'s study of history of, 78, 95, 114, 156; sympathy with France in, 142; French admirers of the constitution of, 143; constitutional government in, 152; closes the Scheldt, 194; republican ideas in, 195; effect of execution of Louis XVI in, 195; hostility between France and, 195, 324; ii. 32, 35, 144, 208, 269, 273-285, 400, 401, 441; iii. 64, 110, 378; N.'s ideas of serving, i. 207, 216, 317; ii. 15; iv. 255; subsidizes European powers, i. 221; ii. 146, 187, 208, 263, 351, 358, 360, 375, 401, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 399, 417, 422-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 67, 76, 164; naval establishment, expenses, and activity, i. 221, 421; ii. 209, 290; iii. 236, 237; captures Ollioules, i. 225; in the defense and occupation of Toulon, 230, 239; naval operations and power on the Mediterranean (other than specifically mentioned items), 239, 257; ii. 15-19, 56, 262; iii. 111, 112; influence in Genoa, i. 243; prints counterfeit French money in Genoa, 246; fails to help the allies in Piedmont, 257; N.'s attitude toward, Sept., 1794, 257; naval supremacy, 257; ii. 15-17, 48, 63, 209, 290, 371, 375; iii. 47-49, 109-112, 267-268; iv. 41; alliances with Austria, i. 276; ii. 156, 160, 188; sends fleet to northern coast of France, i. 298; subsidizes French royalists, 325; the fleet driven from Leghorn, 373; seizes Porto Ferrajo, 398; insurrection in Corsica against rule of, 402; blamed by N. for embroiling France and Austria, 435; rupture of the coalition with Austria, 441; military condition in 1796, 449; desire for peace with France, and negotiations leading thereto, 449, 456; ii. 12, 86; iii. 271, 415; interest in the Netherlands and Belgium, i. 450; prestige, magnificence of empire, influence, independence, etc., of, 456; ii. 45, 55, 73, 209, 264, 297, 394, 401; iii. 45-49, 110-112, 189, 318, 420; iv. 38, 140; defeats Spain at Cape St. Vincent, i. 456; price of consols, March, 1797, 456; effect of the treaty of Leoben in, ii. 12; conquest of Dutch colonies, 12, 38; N.'s personal hostility to, 14, 16, 188, 280-285, 330, 441-444; iii. 49, 65, 66, 88, 109-114, 308-309, 329, 352, 408; iv. 75; speculations in Paris as to operations against, ii. 32; financial condition, 32, 208; Talleyrand expelled from, 33; defeats Holland at Camperdown, 38; acquires the Cape of Good Hope, 38; protects Sardinia, 39; N.'s schemes of invasion of, 48, 290-294, 328, 330-338, 358-362; N.'s views on political history of, 50; her Indian possessions, and French and Russian schemes to strike her through them, 52, 194, 209, 263, 273; iii. 110, 112-114; naval operations at Acre, ii. 71, 73; fleet at Alexandria, 79; joins the second coalition, 90, 136, 143; military operations in Holland, 91, 92; iii. 236, 272, 284, 294; completion of the work of the Revolution in, ii. 139; relations, negotiations, and alliances with Russia, 141, 210, 356, 357, 401, 406, 420; iii. 41, 49, 55, 71, 98-100, 102, 105, 117, 315, 321, 351, 392, 417; reception of Russian soldiers in, after Alkmaar, ii. 141; siege, capture, and occupation of Malta, and negotiations concerning its cession and tenure, 141, 193, 210, 262, 267, 273, 280, 284, 289, 351, 352, 356, 401; attitude toward the Bourbons, 143; declines to negotiate with N., 143; prepares to invade France, 143; denounced by N. as author of the war of 1799, 143; debate in Parliament on N.'s accession as First Consul, 143; hatred of revolutionary excesses, 143; alliance with Portugal, 154; opposes spread of revolutionary ideas, 157; blockades Genoa, 165; formation of the "armed neutrality" against, 194; accused by Paul I of treachery, 193; the Continental System and the embargo, N.'s commercial warfare against, 203, 205, 269, 287, 288, 347, 375, 389, 399, 441; iii. 45-49, 55, 64-65, 67, 71, 99, 102, 109, 165, 239, 265, 268, 280, 284, 293-294, 303, 304, 307, 328, 420 (see also =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=); Portugal forced to withdraw from alliance with, ii, 205; reply to the "armed neutrality," 209; N.'s demands for colonial cessions, 210; concludes peace with France, Oct. 1, 1801, 211; retains Ceylon and Trinidad, 211; treaty of Amiens, 210, 263, 266, 270, 273 et seq.; iv. 264; treaty of commerce with the United States, 1794, ii. 212; recognizes neutrality of United States, 212; attempts to put down San Domingo insurrection, 237; surrender of Rochambeau to, 237; schemes for restoration of Charles X in, 240; to evacuate Egypt, 262; Paul I's antipathy to, 263; efforts to discredit France in Europe, 264 et seq.; disapproves N.'s reconstruction of Europe, 266; appoints Lord Whitworth ambassador to Paris, 267; refuses to admit French consuls, 270; protests against the slave-trade, 269; commerce of, 269, 276; iii. 46, 49, 120, 265-268, 280, 288, 294, 309, 316, 424; iv. 41; position with regard to the Alien Act, ii. 171; freedom of the press in, 270; complaints against, of harboring emigrants and Bourbons, 271; attacks of the French press on, 271, 294; N. attempts to muzzle the press in, 270, 356; N.'s answer to remonstrances from, 272; occupation of Alexandria, 280; suspects France's war preparations, 280, 282; N.'s treatment of her representative, 280; the royal message of March 8, 1803, 282; the militia called out, March 10, 1803, 282; diplomatic rupture with France, 285; publication of Lord Whitworth's despatches in, 284; declares war against France, May 18, 1803, 285; declares embargo on French ships, 287; commencement of hostilities, 287; attacks Spanish commerce, 289; panic in, 290; plans for defense, 291, 329; puts Caraccioli to death, 300; interest in Jacobin insurrection, 300; active diplomacy in, 301; the Duc d'Enghien seeks to enter the service of, 302; N.'s attempt to fix the death of Duc d'Enghien on, 311; Pitt's return to power, 329; nature of the war with, 329; expulsion of her envoys from Stuttgart and Munich, 330; naval aid from Portugal, 332; war with Spain, Dec., 1804, 332; acquires Trinidad, 332; blockades Brest, 333; Addington succeeded by Pitt, 337; justice of the war with, 352; European alliances, 351; bad faith of, 351; N. insists on no asylum for the Bourbons in, 356; fails to secure Prussia's alliance, 358; N.'s policy toward, 360; author of the Third Coalition, 360; Mack's ideas of her invading France, 365; naval shortcomings, 370; battle of Trafalgar, 373-376; reception of the news of Austerlitz in, 393; lethargy after Trafalgar, 399; declares war against Prussia, 400; Fox assumes power, 400; N. considers peace with, 400; Lord Yarmouth's negotiations, 404; N. offers European territory to, 404, 405; end of negotiations with, 405; alliance with Prussia and Russia, 406; demands the surrender of Sicily, 405; proposal to give Hanover to, 418, 420; state of war with Prussia, 422; her vulnerable point, iii. 441; "enemy's ships make enemy's goods," 441; the soul of continental coalitions, 441; right of search and impressment, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100; Orders in Council, ii. 441; iii. 48, 100, 101, 265, 267, 272, 321, 378; Turkey declares war against, iii. 20; sends fleet to Constantinople, 20; refuses subsidy to Russia, 20; Afghanistan incited against, 21; Persia stirred up against, 21; proposal for a new coalition, 22; naval operations in the Baltic, 24, 35, 36, 97, 98, 117; withholds subsidies, 35; troops in Pomerania, 36; Alexander promises to oppose, 41; opposed to Prussia's neutrality, 44; necessity for N.'s humbling, 44-49; France declares war against (1793), 47; "All the Talents" ministry, 46; Duke of Portland's ministry, 46; commercial rivalry with the United States, 46; the "rule of 1736," 46; understanding with the United States, 47; declares blockade from Brest to the Elbe, 42; war with France (1803), 47; decline of manufactures, 47; failure of commercial negotiations with Sweden and Russia, 48; French demands on, 55; Russia to mediate between France and, 55; seizes the Portuguese fleet, 67; gains entrance to and is expelled from Leghorn, 67; offers to seize Denmark's fleet, 69; Denmark ordered to declare war against, 69; threatens to make Spanish South American colonies independent, 71; bombards Copenhagen, 70; enmity of Alexander I to, 70; Parliament compared with the French tribunate, 83; decadence of primogeniture in, 84; seeks to conciliate Denmark, 98; Egyptian expedition, 100; expedition to Buenos Ayres, 100; Russia declares war against, 100, 102, 105; retaliates on Russia by Orders in Council, 100; announces blockade of European ports, 100, 101; decline of trade with the United States, 101; the war of 1812, 102, 322; Austria's secret sympathy with, 104; N. urges her restoration of the Danish fleet, 104; N.'s desire for peace with, 104, 112, 159, 271, 392; iv. 46; contempt for the blockade, iii. 109; withdraws troops from Sicily, 111; sends troops to Portugal, 111, 120, 122, 157, 283, 284; supposed assistance to Sweden, 114; proposed menace to, 113; blockades the Russian fleet, 117; promised cooeperation of the Papal States against, 118; Portugal enforces the Berlin and Milan decrees against, 119; fate of her allies, 121; supports the House of Braganza, 121; outbreak of the Peninsular war, 123; benefits accruing from the troubles in Spain, 131; scheme to capture Cadiz, 133, 155; negotiations with Austria, 163; proposed humiliation of, 170; plans of N. and Alexander at Erfurt concerning, 177; N. fears an alliance between Turkey and, 177; exasperated at the capitulation of Cintra, 186; supposed plan to abandon Portugal, 187; tardiness at Corunna, 192; offers to subsidize Austria, 194; Austria appeals for assistance to, 225; escape of the Duke of Brunswick to, 234; expedition to Flushing, 236-237; necessity of bringing her to terms, 249; N.'s allegations against, 260; the lesson of Trafalgar, 264; paper blockade by, 268; the neutralization system, 267; licenses violations of the Orders in Council, 267; Louis opens negotiations with, 271; rejects Fouche's agent, 271; loss of trade with Portugal, Spain, and Triest, 272; threatened with loss of trade with Hanseatic towns and Holland, 272; United States prohibition of commercial intercourse with, 274; the Walcheren expedition, 272, 284, 294; N. proposes that she withdraw the Orders in Council of 1807, 272; proposal that she send joint expedition with France to establish Louis XVIII in America, 271; seizure of American ships by, 273; Fouche's English-Dutch conspiracy, 273; destruction of her wares on the French borders, 279; Denmark's hostility to, 280; divided councils in, 284; expedition to Sicily, 284, 294; finds support in Spanish popular feeling, 283; strength of forces in the Peninsula, 284; attitude toward affairs in the Peninsula, 288; depreciation of the currency, 294; expedition to Spain, 294; Mme. de Stael in, 299; N. hopes to meet her on the sea, 304; threatened with bankruptcy, 304; exchange of prisoners with, 307; her colonial interests, 309; Russia opens her ports to, 316; refuses N.'s offer of peace in Spain, 319; armistice with Russia, 321; threatens to bombard Constantinople, 321; under Castlereagh's leadership, 328; to be driven from Spain, 328; arouses Sweden against France, 350; negotiates peace between Turkey and Russia, 350; distracted condition of politics in, 377; naval defeats, 378, 379; United States declares war against, 378; assassination of Mr. Perceval, 378; negotiates treaty between Russia and Spain, July, 1812, 392-393; in grand European coalition against N., 392; Metternich's negotiations with, 395; returns to Pitt's policy, 399; abandons Hanoverian schemes, 399; proposal to bleed her colonies, 408; proposed isolation of, 408; the allies' reliance on, 422; guarantees a war loan, 417; treaty with Prussia, June 14, 1813, 417; treaty with Russia, June 15, 1813, 417; issues paper money, 417; to be kept out of the continental peace, 419; Metternich proposes that she continue the war, 419, 420; commercial agreement with Sweden, 424; influence in Holland, iv. 30, 41; determination to crush France, 31; at the Congress of Frankfort, 41; proposal that she hand back French colonies, 41; "maritime rights," 41, 45; prolongation of the war in Spain, 51, 52; desire to establish equilibrium in Europe, 67; signs treaty of Chaumont, 76; effect of the triple alliance on, 76; troops occupy Bordeaux, 87; party to the treaty of Fontainebleau (April, 1814), 133; distinction in, between the two Napoleons, 133; N. contemplates taking refuge in, 135; N.'s eulogy of her civilization and chivalry, 140; negotiates secret treaty with Austria and France, 145; regency in, 161; lack of suitable leaders in, 161; her dynastic alliances, 161, 162; effects of N.'s restoration on, 162; member of the Vienna Coalition, 164; campaign of Waterloo, 170-173; losses at Waterloo, 214; claims the glory of annihilating N., 214; watches the harbor of Rochefort, 220; N. throws himself on the generosity of, 221; reasons for N.'s surrender to, 222-223, 227; asylum for political refugees, 223; intolerance of death penalty for political offenses, 225; resolves to banish N., 225-229; N. desires to acquire citizenship in, 226; sympathy for N. in, 227, 230; passes special acts for government of St. Helena, 228; N.'s last wishes for, 233; the Seven Years' War, 261, 297; character of the wars with France, 265; N.'s struggles with, 297; wars with the United States, 300.

=English Channel, the=, marching French troops to, ii. 24; naval operations in, 52; obstacles to N.'s crossing, 291; N.'s hope to hold, 332; French plans for seizing, 334; Villeneuve ordered to, 359; Villeneuve's attempt to enter, 371.

=Enns, River=, military operations on the, ii. 367; iii. 216.

=Entail=, restoration of the right of, iii. 82; abolition of the law of, 84.

=Enzersdorf=, military operations near, iii. 219, 220, 227.

=Enzersfeld=, military movements near, iii. 217.

=Epernay=, captured by the allies, iv. 94.

="Epochs of My Life,"= i. 82.

=Eppes=, Marmont at, iv. 79.

=Equality=, N.'s affectation of love for, ii. 30; one of the meanings of the word, 221.

=Equality of citizenship=, decreed, i, 110.

=Erasmus=, tomb of, iv. 247.

=Erding=, battle of, iii. 211.

=Erfurt=, military movements near, ii. 425; the Duke of Brunswick at, 427; fall of, 436; meeting of N. and Alexander at, iii. 170 et seq.; treaty of, 177, 236, 244, 248, 315; N.'s maladroitness at, 177, 178; N.'s vacillation at, 180, 181; the conference at, 193, 194; Alexander redeems his promise made at, 236; offered to Alexander and refused by him, 288; the throne of, offered to the Duke of Oldenburg, 307; Alexander offers to exchange Oldenburg for, 328; French troops ordered to, 328; French forces at, 393; N. goes to, 401; plan of winter quarters at, iv. 23; Saxon and Bavarian troops at, 35; Murat deserts at, 56.

=Erlon, Gen. d.=, in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 170, 176, 186; battle of Quatre Bras, 181-187; N.'s expression of indignation at Ney to, 187; battle of Waterloo, 200, 202, 206.

=Erskine, Lord=, on England's attitude with regard to France, ii. 144.

=Escoiquiz, Canon=, tutor to Ferdinand VII, iii. 124; letter to N., Oct. 12, 1808, 124, 127; defends Ferdinand's position, 143; notified by N. of Ferdinand's deposition, 145; infamy of, 150.

=Escorial=, Godoy's intrigues at the, iii. 127; Charles IV a virtual prisoner in, 142.

=Escudier, J. F.=, commissioner of the National Convention, i. 219.

=Esdraelon=, battle on the plains of, ii. 72.

=Esla, River=, military movements on the, iii. 188.

=Espagne, Gen. J. L. B.=, in battle of Aspern, iii. 220.

=Espinosa=, defeat of Blake at, iii. 185.

=Essarts, Ledru des=, evacuates Meaux, iv. 99; seduced by Marmont, 125.

="Essay on Revolutions"= (Chateaubriand's), ii. 259.

=Essen, Gen. H. H.=, in campaign of Eylau, iii. 13.

=Essenbach=, military operations near, iii. 206.

=Essling=, battle of, iii. 219-222, 225-228, 232; N. exposes himself at, 240-241; effect of rising of the river at, 383.

=Essling, Prince of=. See =Massena=.

=Essonne, River=, military operations on the, iv. 116.

=Essonnes=, N. at, iv. 105; Marmont at, 124; Marmont's defection at, 128.

=Establishment of St. Louis=, the female academy at St. Cyr, i. 182. See also =St. Cyr=.

=Estates, the=, meetings at Versailles, i. 96, 107.

=Estates, the three=, i. 44; in the seventeenth century, 107.

=Estates-General=, meetings of the, i. 86, 106, 107; fusion of the three bodies, 108; troops ordered to control the, 108.

=Esterhazy, Prince=, at the marriage of Maria Louisa, iii. 256.

=Etoges=, battle of, iv. 65; military movements near, 64, 94.

=Etruria=, creation of the kingdom of, ii. 205; death of King Louis, 233; iii. 67; exchanged for Louisiana, ii. 272; under French protection, 357; N. calls for alliance with, iii. 66; neutrality of, 66; scheme to incorporate in Italy, 120; proposal that Lucien take the crown of, 129; abdication of the Queen Regent, 128; incorporated into the kingdom of Italy, 129; the crown offered to Ferdinand VII, 145; N.'s disposition of, 164.

=Ettenheim=, residence of the Duc d'Enghien at, ii. 302; reputed emigrant conspiracy at, 303; Ordener's expedition to, 304; arrest of the Duc d'Enghien at, 305; Caulaincourt's mission to, iii. 107.

=Eulen Mountains=, military movements near, iv. 413.

=Euphrates=, proposed military operations on the, iii. 113.

=Europe=, movement of civilization in, i. 2; the revolutionary epoch and spread of revolutionary ideas in, 2, 100 et seq.; ii. 44, 86, 156; absolutism, its decay and abolition, i. 67; iii. 278; iv. 162, 254, 292; aroused feelings, concerted movements, and coalitions against France, i. 142, 325, 441; ii. 51, 67, 86, 90, 136, 142, 145, 194, 209, 330, 348; iii. 72, 106, 377, 382, 394, 396, 400, 417; iv. 145, 146, 161-163; N. on the sovereigns of, i. 156; the Directory and, 324-338; neutrality of northern, 341; conditions of civilization and warfare in (1796), 349; the destinies of, dependent on fate of Italy, 351, 385; N. a citizen of, 404; schemes of reconstruction of the map of, 425; ii. 265, 355, 402; iii. 51, 55, 56, 72, 73, 199, 399, 422; iv. 3, 6, 144, 145; schemes of pacification of, i. 447; ii. 203, 213, 356; iii. 307, 382, 408, 414, 415, 419-421; iv. 75; France's foreign policy, in, ii. 2; schemes of Napoleonic and French empire over, 10, 29, 214, 272, 336, 354; iii. 108, 114, 408; N. on the freedom of, ii. 31; iii. 82; N.'s relations to, and influence on, ii. 37, 137, 213, 272; iii. 179; iv. 133, 298; upheavals in the politics of, ii. 40-45, 255; compared by N. with the Orient, 46; general armament of (1798), 68; N.'s visions of military domination in, 73; situation of affairs at close of 1799, 86; jealousy in, concerning the Mediterranean, 136; N. the destroyer of, 144; influence of England in, and her subsidies to the powers of, 145, 187, 209, 263, 351, 359, 360, 374, 400, 421; iii. 284, 294, 398, 417-425; iv. 30, 31, 55, 68, 76, 164; situation of affairs at beginning of 1800, ii. 152 et seq.; efforts of the Directory to extend the French system in, 155; Prussia's place in, 155; iii. 18; military situation in (1800), ii. 160; the "armed neutrality," 194; reduction of Austria as a power in, 194; the old dynasties and the dynastic idea in, 194, 269, 317; iii. 65, 153, 162, 199, 200, 416; iv. 44; anxiety in, as to permanency of peace of Amiens, ii. 261; destruction of the balance of power, 266; N.'s warning to, March 13, 1803, 284; N.'s views on continental conquest, 290; N.'s notification to, in the murder of the Duc d'Enghien, 316; the embargo, blockades, and other commercial warfare in, 334, 347, 376, 441, 442; iii. 48, 49, 55, 98-102, 109, 140, 279, 280, 307, 328 (see also =Berlin Decree=; =Continental System=; =Milan Decree=); outbreak of war in 1805, ii. 348; N. arrayed against, 351; the price of the hegemony of, 392; Fox upholds existing sovereignties in, 404; necessity of colonial produce to, 441; Russia's ambition to be included in, iii. 45; general warfare in, 47; English monopoly of commerce, 46; law of colonial trade, 46; Alexander I on politics of, 52; St. Petersburg holds the peace of, 65; N.'s hopes of a coalition in, against England, 65; general Sanhedrim of, 76; influence of the peace of Tilsit on, 95; a moment of universal anarchy for, 104; the situation in, 117, 118; power of the word "legitimacy" in, 148; growth of the national idea in, 154, 162, 200, 268; iv. 292 (see also =Germany=; =Prussia=); the right of force in, iii. 164; the French idea of their great cause in, 214; views on N.'s second marriage, 256; publicity of N.'s domestic concerns throughout, 277; system of private confiscations, 296; rejoicings over the birth of the king of Rome, 301, 302; the condition of, set forth in N.'s reply to the Paris Chamber of Commerce, 303-305; N.'s coast system of protection 307; apprehensions of war in, 315, 318; tendency toward rupture of the peace of, 317; the Russian march of French troops over, 330; N.'s scheme for two powers in, 329; responsibility of Kutusoff for bloodshed in, 374; Austria a pivotal state in, 403, 409, 411; N. desires to avoid the reprobation of, 414; a neutral zone for, 414; peace congress of, 415; nervousness among the allies, iv. 5; Prussia acquires the hegemony of continental, 37; distrust among the allies, 40, 41; the commercial key to central, 42; struggle for manhood suffrage in, 43; exactions of the allies in central, 54, 55; the armed forces of, Jan. 1, 1814, 55; jealousies among the powers, 57, 58; England's desire to establish equilibrium in, 68; military outrages in, 102; mobilization of troops, 165; notified that the Empire means peace, 165; possible consequences of N.'s success at Waterloo, 213; the doctrine of legitimacy, 224; France the teacher of, 253; abolition of feudalism and ecclesiasticism, 254; progress of reform in, 263; a bellicose age in, 264; influence of Charles the Great on, 292; the armies of modern, 295; the alliances of, 295; the national politics of, 298.

=Eutritzsch=, military operations near, iv. 29.

=Exageres=, the, i. 234.

=Executive Council=, establishment of the, i. 188; military preparations by, 194.

=Exelmans, Gen. R. J. I.=, corresponds with the Emperor, iv. 148; in Waterloo campaign, 173.

=Extravagance=, at outbreak of the Revolution, i. 105.

=Eylau=, the campaign of, iii. 12 et seq.; iv. 173; the causes of N.'s weakness at, iii. 26; the grand army after, 45; the lessons of, 341.

F

=Family relations=, under the Code, ii. 223.

=Fanaticism=, iv. 263.

=Fauvelet=, N.'s school friend, i. 178.

=Faypoult, G. C.=, French political agent in Genoa, ii. 10.

=Feltre=, creation of hereditary duchy of, ii. 396; Clarke created Duke of, iii. 86. See also =Clarke=.

=Feraud=, murder of, 284.

=Ferdinand, Archduke=, commanding Austrian army in Germany, ii. 363; escapes into Bohemia, 366; at Ulm, 366; commanding in Bohemia, 380; invades Poland and captures Warsaw, iii. 199, 201; vicissitudes in Poland, 212; evacuates Warsaw, 212; on the way to Charles's assistance, 225.

=Ferdinand of Parma=, ii. 205.

=Ferdinand I=, King of Naples, ii. 357; iii. 319. See also =Ferdinand IV=.

=Ferdinand III=, flees to Vienna, ii. 87.

=Ferdinand IV=, position in 1797, i. 421; evacuates the Papal States, ii. 204; compelled to restore plunder, 204.

=Ferdinand VII= (see also =Asturias, Prince of=), letters to N., iii. 137, 143, 149; seeks N.'s favor, 137, 150; enters Madrid, 138; doubtful recognition of his throne, 140; hinted order that he go to Bayonne, 142; at Vitoria, 143; revulsion of Spanish feeling against, 143; goes to Bayonne, 143, 144, 145; N.'s attitude toward, 142-151; orders for his arrest, 144; deposed, 144-148; character, 146, 149, 150; offers to surrender his crown, 146; the crown of Etruria offered to, 145; trial at Bayonne, 146; popularity in Spain, 146, 154; pension and grant to, 147; in virtual custody of Talleyrand, 148; cowed into submission, 147, 151; asks N.'s adoption and permission to appear at court, 261; release of, iv. 52; relapses into absolutism and ecclesiasticism, 52.

=Fere-Champenoise=, the Emperor at, iv. 87; military movements near, 91; retreat of the French through, 99.

=Fermo=, consolidated with the kingdom of Italy, iii. 118.

=Ferrara=, the Pope prepares to recover, i. 398; new scheme of government for, 402; surrendered to France, 422; ceded to Venice at Leoben, 438; incorporated in the Cisalpine Republic, ii. 21.

=Ferrol=, reported junction of French and Spanish fleets at, ii. 359; blockade of, 359; Villeneuve's retreat to, 371; supposed English schemes at, iii. 187, 188.

=Fersen, Count=, essays to represent Sweden at Congress of Rastatt, ii. 27.

=Fesch, Joseph=, i. 32; childhood with N., 40; appointed to seminary at Aix, 44; N.'s correspondence with, 55, 79, 141; enters the priesthood, 64; returns to Corsica, 112; literary collaborator with N., 124, 147; member of the constituent assembly at Orezza, 131; custodian of N.'s papers, 139; supplanted as head of family by N., 161; radical leader at Ajaccio, 184; leaves Corsica for Toulon, 207; in commissary department at Toulon, 208; storekeeper in commissary department, 225; escapes arrest, 254; at Aix, 291; conforms to the civil constitution, ii. 206; archbishop of Lyons and cardinal, 258; reenters the church, 258; Grand Almoner, 324; selects a physician for N., iv. 232.

=Feudal System=, in Corsica, i. 9, 18; remnants of the, 67; absorption of its power in the French crown, 100; abolition of, 110, 152, 193; ii. 224; iii. 85, 189, 190; iv. 254; the oath of the Legion of Honor concerning, ii. 246; N.'s influence on, iii. 322; French hatred of, iv. 43.

=Feuillants, the=, i. 153; form a ministry, 174; fall of the ministry, 179.

=Fichte, J. G.=, member of the reform party in Prussia, ii. 416; influence on Prussian regeneration, iii. 103.

=Fifth Regiment= (French), N. offers himself to the bullets of the, iv, 155.

=Fifty-second Regiment= (English), in battle of Waterloo, iv. 209.

=Figueras=, captured by the French, iii. 132.

=Filangieri, Gaetano=, N.'s study of, i. 78.

=Finance=, an occult doctrine of, iii, 390.

=Finisterre, Cape=, Calder encounters Villeneuve off, ii. 359.

=Finkenstein=, N. at, iii. 18, 24, 25; Persian envoy at, 18.

=Finland=, Russian ambition to acquire, iii. 37, 98, 113, 168, 176; Russia's claims to, recognized at Tilsit, 55; acquired by Russia, 64, 236, 248, 268, 310, 316; Russian invasion of, 115, 116; Russia threatened with the loss of, 314; offered to Sweden by N., 321.

=Fioravente, Gen.=, captured at Verona, i. 443.

=First Consul=, the office of the, ii. 127.

=Fischbach=, military movements near, iv. 18.

=Fismes=, N. aims to strike the Prussians at, iv. 77; Marmont rallies his troops at, 81, 82; junction of Marmont and Mortier at, 93; Marmont retreats to, 100.

=Fitz-James, Edward=, royalist intrigues of, iv. 107.

=Fiume=, reoccupied by Austria, i. 435; seized by N., 434; N. proposes to cede, iv. 423.

=Five Hundred, the=, i. 270; their representation of public sentiment, ii. 1; inquiry in, as to N.'s independence, 3; its members proscribed, 8; Jacobin majority in, 94, 97; Bonapartes among, 95; Lucien Bonaparte elected president, 97, 105; N. at the meetings of, 18th and 19th Brumaire, 106, 111-120; counterplots against N. among, 109; opposition by, 110-120; meeting of Bonapartist members of, 118; adopts the Consulate, 123; deposition of members, 125; rewards among, for complacency, 125.

=Flahaut, Gen. A. C. J.=, sent to seek Marmont's advice, iv. 116; advises a return to Lorraine, 116; bearer of despatch from N. to Ney, 186.

=Flanders=, N. in, i. 79; N. journey to, iii. 312. See also =Austrian Netherlands=; =Batavian Republic=; =Dutch Flanders=; =Holland=; =Netherlands=.

=Fleurus=, battle of, i. 273; Jourdan's victory at, ii. 323; military operations near, iv. 173, 175, 180; N. at, 180, 185.

=Florence=, the Buonaparte family in, i. 27, 30, 44, 45; position in the French empire, iii. 279; sends deputation to Paris, iii. 380.

=Flushing=, Holland's indemnity for, ii. 154; English capture of, iii. 237; N. builds ships at, 237.

=Fombio=, battle of, i. 359.

=Fontainebleau=, Pius VII, at, ii. 340; treaty of, iii. 70; social vices at, 92; treaty of (Oct. 10, 1807), 104; N.'s court at, 108, 245, 301; diplomatic negotiations at, 118; treaty of (Oct. 28, 1807), for partition of Portugal, 119, 120, 121, 133, 149, 151; N.'s harsh treatment of Josephine at, 179; imprisonment of Pius VII at, 243, 377, 390, 391; the decree (of Oct. 18, 1810), iii. 279; the Concordat of, 391, 392; military movements near, iv. 68, 72, 104; N. at, 105, 116, 158; N. reviews the Guard at, 116, 117; treasonable utterances of the marshals at, 119; scene of N.'s abdication, 120-122; council of war at, 128; treaty of (April, 1814), 133-136, 137, 139, 144-146, 152; N. leaves, for Elba, 139.

=Fontanes, Marquis de=, oration on Washington by, ii. 148; retires from presidency of the senate, iii. 294; grand master of the university, 294.

=Fontenaye, Mme. de=, i. 315. See also =Tallien, Mme=.

=Forchheim=, N.'s base, ii. 424.

=Forez Regiment=, the, i. 143.

=Forfait, P. A. L.=, Secretary of the Navy, ii. 130.

=Foerstgen=, military operations near, iv. 20.

=Fort Bard=, ii. 171.

=Fort Carre=, N.'s confinement in, i. 253-255.

=Fortification=, N.'s essay on, iv. 232.

=Fort Luco=, fires on French ship at Porto di Lido, i. 443, 446.

=Fort Mulgrave=, capture of, i. 230.

=Fouche, Joseph=, describes atrocities at Toulon, i. 233; opposes Robespierre, 251; Minister of Police, ii. 92, 323, 412; joins the Bonapartist ranks, 106; detection of plots by, 110; N.'s confidence in, 149; attitude toward the conspirators of Nivose, 241; suspected of Jacobinism, 241; disgraced, degraded, and banished, 241, 277; iii. 180, 275; character, ii. 277; iii. 193, 253, 267, 271; iv. 148; instigates Moreau's letter to N., ii. 299; urges action against Bourbon plotters, 304; ordered to supervise correspondence from the army, iii. 25; created Duke of Otranto, 87; licenses vice in Paris, 92; whips in the nobility to the imperial court, 93; favors Ferdinand VII, 125, 126; share in the matter of Josephine's divorce, 179, 180; raises national guards for service in the Netherlands, 237; on the second marriage of N., 253; advocates alliance with Russia, 253; member of extraordinary council on N.'s second marriage, 253; raises troops to repel the Walcheren expedition, 253; the superserviceable Mephistopheles of the empire, 271; intervenes in Holland's negotiations with England, 271; English-Dutch conspiracy, 275; returns from exile in Italy, 326; memorializes against war, 326; warns N. of the fate of Charles XII, 326; recalled to active service, 421; double intrigues of, iv. 149; neutrality of, 157; member of N.'s new cabinet, 159; military conspiracy of, 161; plots against N., 165, 166; attitude after Waterloo, 217, 218; member of the new Directory, 218; refuses responsibility for N.'s safety, 219.

=Fouge, Mme.=, N.'s relations with, ii. 329.

=Fouquier-Tinville, A. Q.=, execution of, i. 272.

=Fourcroy, A. F.=, member of the council of state, ii. 152, 214; organizer of the educational system of France, 227, 228.

=Fourth Artillery=, treason in the, i. 173.

=Fourth Regiment=, N.'s service in the, i. 149, 159.

=Fox, Charles James=, on French military successes, i. 275; reports N. as favorable to peace, ii. 273; defends France in Parliament, 273; visits N. at Paris, 273; bias toward France, 282; lays aside French sympathies, 292; secretary of state, 394; becomes prime minister, 399; declares war against Prussia, 400; negotiations with N., 400, 404; supposed peace policy of, 401; upholds the claims of existing sovereignties in Europe, 404; compelled to adopt Pitt's program, 405; death, 405; iii. 46.

=Foy, Gen. M. S.=, Massena's envoy to Paris, iii. 287, 289; brings orders for reinforcements, 289; in the Waterloo campaign, iv. 171; battle of Waterloo, 199.

=France=, convention with Genoa regarding Corsica, i. 17, 21; emulation of England, 22; her colonial ambitions, possessions, and losses, 21, 450; ii. 4, 237, 271, 281; iii. 55, 85; iv. 295, 296; precedent for her aid to American colonies, i. 23; relation of the army to the throne, 67; N. studies her history and politics, 78, 95, 176; N.'s bitterness against, 80, 81, 92, 122, 136; outbreak of the Revolution of 1789 in, 100 et seq.; social conditions and customs, the domestic relations, etc., 100-110, 193, 266, 290; ii. 45, 194-198, 200, 213, 223, 318; iii. 75-79, 87-90, 159-161, 388-390, 392; iv. 48, 49, 259-262, 295-296; financial troubles, issues of paper money, financial policies and reforms, i. 105, 289, 327; ii. 48, 134, 186, 219, 229, 318, 409-411; iii. 25, 74, 78, 79, 197, 294, 295, 304-305, 388-390; iv. 259; declared a limited monarchy, i. 106; the rise of popular government, 109; destruction of feudalism, 110; iii. 85, 322; adoption of the tricolor, i. 109; the end of absolutism, 119; the title and position of the king, 119, 151, 158; Corsica and Navarre joined to, 120; disorganization of the army, 140; changes in, 140-144; patriotism, spirit of national unity, military enthusiasm, etc., 140, 155, 158, 195, 266-270, 326; ii. 146, 156, 225, 319; iii. 6, 7, 198, 323, 324, 386, 387; iv. 73, 171; the first stage of transformation in, i. 150; famine, 151; the problem of government, 151-154, 158; geographical reconstruction, 152; failure of reform, 153; split on the subject of monarchy, 153; the national oath, 155; fear of war, 155; vicissitudes of royalism in; Bourbon and anti-Bourbon sentiment and intrigues, 155, 268, 278, 297; ii. 8, 22, 95, 130, 235, 301; iv. 49, 50, 81, 113-115, 126; desertion of troops to Austria, i. 173; anarchy, 173, 234; outbreak of insurrection, June 20, 1792, 174; the republic, 176; expected coalition against, 187; efforts at and failures of constitutional government, 187, 268; ii. 92, 101, 112, 121, 245; iii. 294, 295; iv. 157, 159, 166, 257 (see also specific constitutions mentioned infra); abolition of the monarchy, i. 189, 194, 267; ii. 317; declaration of the republic, i. 189; establishment of an executive council, 189; political parties, 188; the republican calendar, 188; ii. 258, 346, 406; the dictatorship, i. 194; preparing for foreign war, 194; declares war against England, 195; N.'s personal relations with and influence on; the likes and dislikes of the French people for N., 209-211, 323, 369; ii. 29, 97, 133, 142, 152, 185, 199, 215, 218, 272, 293, 329; iii. 1, 2, 25, 65, 73-75, 79, 80, 160, 168, 315, 316, 379, 380, 386, 387; iv. 41-45, 48-50, 53, 54, 101, 102, 123, 124, 131-133, 146, 147, 150, 152, 233, 255, 256, 259, 260, 263, 293, 298; civil war, i. 212 et seq.; ii. 142, 145; massacres, i. 234; militarism, 249-251, 306; ii. 73; iii. 160; difficulties of a new political program, i. 267-271; confiscation of lands, 268; adoption of ancient Roman governmental systems, 270; the Directory, 270, et seq.; land and labor troubles, 272; purging of the army, 275; military successes, 275; territorial ambitions, 276; suspected influences in the army, 278; the constitution of 1795, 278, 293, 297, 299, 304-308, 309, 330-333; ii. 1, 92, 96; reaction in, i. 280; condition of the press, 281; ii. 145, 254, 271, 294; growth of science, literature, and the arts, i. 281; iii. 26, 88-91, 297, 300; woman in, i. 290; British views of affairs in, 297; English fleet on northern coast, 298; military dictatorship, 305; parties, 305; the regicides in, 309; coalitions against, 324; ii. 40, 86, 90, 136; cursed by absolutism, i. 327; the popular conception of its boundaries, 327; struggle for and achievement of liberty and civil rights, 326-329; ii. 126, 136, 261, 293, 317; iii. 82, 83; iv. 38, 160, 295; the 13th Vendemiaire, i. 328; foreign policy, 329; intestinal troubles, 329; military dictator of Europe, 333; condition at opening of 1796, 333; a new lease of national life for, 340; military strength and recuperative power, 344-349; ii. 9, 13, 14, 160; iii. 27, 28, 323, 324, 387-389; iv. 47, 48, 50, 59, 60, 102, 103, 105, 148; vicissitudes of her naval power, i. 345-349; ii. 331, 334, 359, 360, 370, 375; iii. 314, 315; iv. 75; apex of revolutionary greatness, i. 351; preeminence in Europe, 351; rejoicings over Lodi, 361; foreign populations well disposed toward, 387; Eastern policy, 423; ii. 47; dissatisfaction with treaty of Leoben, i. 441; desire for peace, ii. 1, 140, 187, 243, 394; iii. 112, 197; iv. 19, 52, 157; suicide among naval officers, ii. 3; internal administration, offices and office-holders, and public works, 3, 127, 149-159, 217-228, 271, 273; iii. 74, 91, 160, 249, 296, 297, 301; iv. 48, 296; the 18th of Fructidor, ii. 8; martial law in, 8; punctiliousness in exacting war indemnities, 13; exasperation at England's mastery of the seas, 16; aspirations toward "liberty of the seas," 16; educational methods and reforms, 34, 225-228; iii. 26, 89-91; iv. 261, 296; N. constructive commander-in-chief, ii. 36; makes war only against tyrannical dynasties, 42; schemes of world-conquest, 46; popular ideas concerning the Egyptian campaign, 67; N. summoned to take supreme command, 80; elections, May, 1799, 91; relations between Church and state, religious sentiment, the clergy, etc., 91, 131, 205, 206, 215, 224, 227, 258, 318, 398; iii. 67, 90, 119, 306, 388, 391; iv. 147, 160, 253, 259, 296; fears of a revival of the Terror, ii. 92; the draft in, 93; iii. 387 (see also =Conscription=); arbitrary tariff in, ii. 93; thirst for glory and booty in, 93, 105, 268, 361; iii. 6, 82, 323; iv. 49, 248; the constitution of 1799, ii. 96, 100, 118, 126, 136, 148, 149, 150, 162, 242, 246, 261; "the pear is ripe," 98, 103; need of a Cromwell, 119; feelings of the various parties, 122; adoption of the Roman consular system, 123; the plebiscite of Dec. 15, 1799, 128, 136; the new charter, 129; compulsory loans, 134; disgust at demagogues, 134; results of the upheaval of Brumaire, 133; taxation methods and reforms, 135, 153, 220, 349; iii. 78, 305, 389; end of the provisional Consulate, ii. 137; two policies open to N., 137; confidence in the new administration, 140; English preparations to invade, 143; the inveterate foe of England, 146; salaries of the First Consul, consuls, and other officers, 150; the legislative system, 149-153, 242; iii. 83 (see also titles of its various branches); the judicial system, and legal abuses and reforms, ii. 149-153, 222-224, 306, 319; iv. 260, 295; isolation against England and Austria, ii. 156; N.'s scheme of leadership among nations, 156; her fate identified with that of N., 158; inefficiency of the department of war, 165; use of the term "citizen," 194; public festivals, 195; use of the term "empire," 194, 248; the center of a system of republics, 205; characteristics and temperaments of her people, 205, 254, 261, 315; iii. 260; iv. 44, 171, 254; satisfaction with the peace of Amiens, ii. 213; N.'s reorganization of, 213 et seq.; aspirations toward a European empire, 214; position in Europe in 1801, 214; political centralization, 218, 293; iii. 160; iv. 92, 97, 260, 294; usury in, ii. 219; iii. 75, 77; iv. 48; speculation in, ii. 219; the Ministry of the Interior, 218; crime in, 218; confiscation of crown and emigrants' lands, 219; levy of forced contributions by, 220; revival of the public credit, 220; commerce, agriculture, and industries in, 220, 272, 349; iii. 75, 76, 160, 249, 265, 295, 303, 304, 377; iv. 48; compared with the Roman empire, ii. 222; tendency toward one-man government, 229; discontent of the republicans, 230; tendency toward a paternal government, 235; the Consulate compared with the Roman empire, 235; plebiscite on question of hereditary consulship, 245, 247; prerogatives of the government, 248; her cup of satisfaction full, 248; N. the personification of, 251; autocratic power of the government, 254; restoration of public confidence, 259; sanctions N.'s schemes of European reorganization, 265; arbitrary shipping regulation, 270; protective policy, 270; restores the slave-trade, 270; sequestrations of English property in, 270; influence of the bourgeoisie, 278; prepares naval armaments, 280; importation of English goods into, forbidden, 288; disregard for treaty stipulations, 288; seizure of English prisoners of war in, 288; declares embargo on British ships, 287; failure of the Revolution to give political freedom to, 293; effect of Moreau's fate on the moderate republicans, 300; police system, 300, 412; iv. 260; law of treason in, ii. 306; indignation over the death of the Duc d'Enghien, 311; the days before the empire, 317 et seq.; N.'s conception of the empire, 317, 318; question of consular heredity, 317; reforms in, 318; creation of the empire, 322 et seq.; the constitution of 1804, 322; the question of hereditary empire, 322; imperial titles in, 322; creation of marshals, 323; N.'s civil list, 323; the imperial heraldic device, 323; N.'s distinction between the state and the empire, 324, 396, 404; scheme of a great empire, 330; her generals and admirals contrasted, 334; blockades European ports, 334; destruction of the Pope's hopes for ecclesiastical matters in, 346; restoration of the Gregorian calendar, 346; European apprehensions as to her assumptions, 348; decline in government bonds, 349; iii. 24; iv. 48; union of the crowns of Italy and, ii. 352; position in the European balance, 354; iii. 46; military commanders, ii. 364; naval power shattered at Trafalgar, 375; preeminence of, 393; the court of (1806), 406, 411; the imperial catechism, 408; venality of officials, 410; iii. 295; continental conquests, ii. 441; right of search and impressment, 441; the supports of the empire, iii. 24; likened to a cephalopod, 24; founding of military factories, 25; declares war against England (1793), 47; colonial trade, rule of 1756. 47; closes harbors to English ships, 47; to mediate between Russia and Turkey, 55; desire for naval allies, 66; effect of the treaty of Tilsit in, 72; her European relations, 73; lays other countries under commercial tribute, 74; journeys of the Emperor and Empress through, 74; the Semitic question in, 75-77; iv. 259; panic of 1805, iii. 78; appreciation of government bonds, 79; prosperity, 80; creation of hereditary legislators, 82; the right of entail, 82, 85; the aristocracy, 85-87; creation of a noble class, 86, 87; salaries of ministers and ambassadors, 87; the prefecture, 89; restriction of commerce with the United States, 102; lack of an heir to the throne, 112; proposed supremacy in Europe, 114; secret compact with Spain for partition of Portugal, 119; negotiates for rights in Spanish colonies, 133; welcome to the grand army in, 182; rival schools of history in, 196; the army and nation exhausted, 224; discontent in, 233, 249, 325; iv. 49-52; cession of Austrian territory to, iii. 239; growing independence of the nobility, 250; absolutist tendency, 256; enthusiasm over N.'s second marriage, 258-261; transplantation of the ecclesiastical establishments from Rome to, 258, 263; creation of the papal departments of Rome and Trasimenus, 262, 263; overpowered by England at sea, 264; monopolies in, 267; violations of the Continental System in, 266; scheme to incorporate new lands into, 266; seizure of American vessels by, 275, 321; part of the North Sea coast incorporated into the empire, 278, 287; enlargement of the empire, 279; vassal states, 279; a central bureaucracy in, 279; proposal to incorporate Spain into, 282; the natural extensions of, 282; principle of punishment by confiscation, 295; Russian discrimination against goods from, 288; enthusiasm in, over birth of the King of Rome, 302; the successor to the Frankish dominion of Charles the Great, 304; military expenses, 305; revenue from contributions, 304; the war method of replenishing the treasury, 305, 308; exchange of prisoners with England, 307; expeditions against Sicily, Egypt, and Ireland, 308; Russia's virtual declaration of war against, 312; effect of the Continental System on industry, 323; "flying columns," 323; admiration for the empire in, 323; general confidence in, 326; intrigues leading to the Russian campaign of 1812, 328-332; scarcity of provisions in, 329; Malet's conspiracy, 361, 376; revolutionary spirit in, 375, 376; effect of the Russian failure in, 377; civil officials whipped into line, 379; relief for soldiers' families, 379; plan of regency for, 380; reception of stragglers from Russia in, 386; the stimulus of bad news in, 386; seizure of communal domains, 389; proposed "guard of honor," 390; N. threatens to abolish the legislature, 390; value of the Austrian alliance to, 390; possibility of N.'s becoming king of, 400; proposed territorial concessions by, 408; scheme to confine her to the west bank of the Rhine, 423; exhaustion of, iv. 1; demoralization of the marshals, 13; military reverses, 19; revulsion of feeling of Bavaria and Saxony regarding, 19; England's determination to crush, 31; death throes of the empire, 37; her "natural boundaries," 41; the Frankfort proposals as to territorial changes, 42-45; hatred of dynastic rule, 43; failure of popular sovereignty, 43; hatred of feudalism, 43; movement for the expulsion of the invaders, 44; publication of the allies' proclamation in, 45; losses of the wars of 1812-1813, 47; the home guard, 50; radical agitation in, 49; "sedentary" volunteers, 50; panics, 51; imperialist sentiment in, 52-55; invaded by the allies, 53 et seq.; disaffection in the National Guard, 53; schemes of the allies for invasion of, 54, 57, 68; the allies determine to confine her to her royal limits, 68; the Czar's determination to conquer, 68; proposal that she continue the war with England, 75; attempt to confine N. to the boundaries of royal, 77; marauding excesses of the allies, 85; irregular warfare in, 99; empty arsenals in, 106; the dissolution of the empire, 110; proposed forms of government for, 114; under three forms of government, 115; the provisional government seeks the Emperor's death by assassination, 119; regeneration of, 121; proposed perpetuation of the empire, 120; N. renounces the throne of, 131; pensions N., 131; the virtue of the French burgher, 141; fails to pay N.'s pension, 142, 144, 150; formation of the new upper chamber, 146; restored to position of a great power, 146; Louis XVIII's constitution, 146; change of public opinion, 146-150; comparative expenses of the kingdom and the empire, 147; return of the emigrants to, 147; restriction of the suffrage, 147; release of prisoners of war, 147; "paternal anarchy" in, 147, 149; abolition of orphan asylums, 148; N.'s march through, on his return from Elba, 158-162; visions of a reunited, 157; N.'s plans for, on returning from Elba, 157; returned emigrants banished from, 157; N. the "liberator" of, 157; the apostle of popular sovereignty in, 159; abolition of privilege and divine right, 160, 257; the new cabinet, 159; reconstruction of the House of Peers, 160; promulgation of the Additional Act, 160; plebiscite in, 160; the specter of war in, 161, 166; bitterness of the nobles, 166; pledged to self-defense only, 168; reconstituted corps of marshals, 167; the "French fury," 171; Austrian and Prussian schemes for the humiliation of, 214; Carnot advises a dictatorship for, 217; organization of a new Directory, 218; demands for N.'s abdication, 218; appointment of committee of public safety, 218; the allies in, 219; the White Terror, 222; reconstruction, 224; confiscation of the imperial domain, 233; the Revolution in, 253-255; the teacher of Europe, 254; the heir of Rome, 253; enthusiasm for principle, 254; the Third Estate, 259, 261; overthrow of the old regime, 260; Protestantism in, 259; the new regime, 260; tendency toward revolution, 261; the Terror, 262; conspiracies in, 263; rupture of the treaty of Amiens, 264; trial of a single-headed government, 265; abandonment of the people to N.'s purposes, 265; character of the wars with England, 265; the French tradition, 290; present conditions of government, 295; hopes for the future, 295; progress between 1802 and 1815, 296; N. the forerunner of modern, 295; the Seven Years' War, 297. See also names of persons or places connected with events in, passim.