Chapter XI…

Chapter XI

_Literature of the Nation in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries._

THE language of the people of Scotland at the commencement of the fourteenth century was still Celtic over the greater part of the country, although the Saxons or Angles had occupied a portion of the country in the south from the sixth century onward, and had gradually spread along the eastern coasts, and partly commingled with the Celtic inhabitants, retaining, however, under slight variation, their own speech and customs. North of the Tay the dialect of the Angles was limited to a comparatively narrow strip along the east coast. Originally the Lowland Scotch dialect was essentially similar to the Anglo-Saxon speech of Northumbria, and the process of its introduction and development on the north of the Tweed extended over a period of seven centuries. In the fourteenth century this dialect was spoken from the Humber to the Forth, and onward round the eastern seaboard toward the Moray Firth. Hence it has sometimes been a matter of debate amongst literary antiquaries, whether some of the early metrical romances, such as “Sir Tristrem,” were written on the south or the north side of the Tweed. For the twelfth and thirteenth centuries no writings have been preserved in this dialect which could with certainty be claimed as the compositions of writers living on the north side of the borders; but a considerable number of words and phrases of the vernacular occur in the early acts of the Scotch parliament, and in the ancient laws and customs of the burghs, which indicate some of the characteristics of the current dialect. As the Lowland people of Scotland were a mixed race, so the Lowland Scotch language shows traces of contact with the Celtic dialects of the country, and a number of Celtic words occur in the common vocabulary of the Lowland Scotch. It was, however, mainly in its ballad literature and poetry that the Lowland Scotch received real Celtic characteristics; much of the charm, pathos, penetrating passion, and chord of melancholy of its poetry, is derived from a Celtic source.

The earliest native songs, ballads, and tales of Britain were Celtic. The Celts had their Finn and Ossian, and many other great heroes, whose imaginary actions, deeds of valour, and feats of bravery, were originated in prehistoric ages, and orally learned and transmitted from generation to generation, with such additional variations as the fine imagination of the Celts might figure in ideal forms to recall the memory of their mighty leaders and departed ancestors. As century after century passed, these heroes in some instances became invested with more than mortal power; and thus the imagination of the poet had ample scope for the creation of ideal attributes and characteristics.

In the early part of the sixteenth century the Dean of Lismore made a collection of Gaelic poetry, and in 1862 a selection from his collection was published under the title of The Dean of Lismore’s Book. The pieces and fragments thus collected and published, appears to belong to different periods. The fragments of Ossianic poetry which were the common productions of the Celtic race, are the oldest in the collection, while the other pieces mostly belonged to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. This Gaelic poetry has a glow and charm which cannot be fully shown in an English translation. Celtic poetry usually presents a fine sense of style, and the characteristics of heightened expression, intense passion, piercing regret, and melancholy. The subjects of most of these old fragments are associated with feats of bravery and strength in battle, or feats and incidents connected with the chase of the deer and the boar, and other wild animals. The following presents a description of one of Ossian’s heroes:――

“His helmet close about the head Of this brave and dauntless man; His right arm bore a round black shield, The surface of its back engraved; A heavy, large, broad-bladed sword, Tightly-bound, hung by his side. He comes in attitude of fence, As where we stood he swift approached; Two javelins, with victory rich, Rest on the shoulder of his shield; For strength, for skill, for bravery, Nowhere could his match be found: A hero’s look――the eye of a king Shone in that head of noblest mould, Ruddy his face, his teeth pearl white; No stream ran swifter than his steed, Then did his steed bound on the shore, And he in whom we saw no fear, The well-formed warrior, then approached. In rage, sustained by his great strength, The maid he rudely bears away, Though by Finn’s shoulder she had stood. The son of Morne then hurled his spear, With wonted force, as he bore off; No gentle cast was that, in truth, The hero’s shield was split in twain. The wrathful Oscar then did shake The red dyed belt from his right arm, And killed the hero’s prancing steed, A deed most worthy of great fame; Then when the steed fell on the plain, He on us turned in fiercest wrath, And battle does, the onset mad, With all our fifty warriors brave. On the same side with me and Finn, The fifty stood in front of him; Yet though they oft stood firm in fight, His arm did now them force to yield. Two blows, and only two he gave, With vigour to each sep’rate man, When we were stretched upon the earth, Each man of us with whom he fought.

* * * * *

Then did the manly Gaul advance, The conquering hero to assail, Whoe’er he was could see them then, The struggle and the fight were fierce. Then did Mac Morne slay with his arm The King of Sorcha’s son, most strange; Sad was the coming of the maid Now that the brave in fight had fallen.”¹

¹ The Dean of Lismore’s Book, pages 22‒24.

This fragment presents clear description, strong passion, and characteristic individuality. Both English and Scotch poetry and literature were indebted to the mind and the genius of the Celtic race for several of their most charming and attractive features. It has been repeatedly stated by the most competent authorities that without the Celtic genius England would never have produced a Shakespeare.¹ Further, it has been recognised and admitted that English poetry received some of its distinctive features of style from a Celtic source. “The Celt’s quick feeling for what is noble and distinguished gave his poetry style; his indomitable personality gave it pride and passion; his sensibility and nervous exaltation gave it a better gift still, the gift of rendering with wonderful felicity the magical charm of nature. The forest solitude, the bubbling spring, the wild flowers, are everywhere in romance. They have a mysterious life and grace there; they are nature’s own children, and utter her secret in a way which makes them something quite different from the wood, waters, and plants of Greek and Latin poetry. Now, of this delicate magic, Celtic romance is so prominent a mistress, that it seems impossible to believe the power did not come into romance from the Celts.... Rhyme――the most striking characteristic of our modern poetry as distinguished from that of the ancients, and a main source, to our poetry, of its magic and charm, of what we call the romantic element,――rhyme itself, all the weight of evidence tends to show, comes into our poetry from the Celts.”² The popular Celtic heroes were known to the early writers of Lowland Scotch, and allusions to them occur in the writings of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; and thus Lowland Scotch literature is not an isolated stream springing from one source, as it derived its form and some of its most characteristic elements from the Celtic mind and genius.

¹ Morley, and Matthew Arnold.

² M. Arnold, The Study of Celtic Literature, page 132. 1891.

The earliest compositions in the Scotch dialect or northern English assumed the form of ballads or songs in rhyme, and they were common long before it became customary to commit them to writing. The rhymed form had taken such a hold of the national mind that our first three historical writers, Barbour, Wyntoun, and blind Henry, all composed their works in rhyme. The rhymed literature which preceded the long chronicles of Barbour and Wyntoun consisted: 1, of ballads and songs associated with historic incidents; and 2, short metrical tales, and romances. The subjects of the first class were varied, and embraced battles, personal encounters, feuds, domestic matters, and local incidents. Some of the second class assumed a tragic character, and many of them treated of incredible achievements and adventures; the marvellous in various forms, such as the realms of fairyland, spirits, ghosts, and other inhabitants of the supernatural regions, were presented in these tales and romances. They mainly owe their preservation to tradition, and the greater part of them have been collected from oral recitation during the last two centuries; but portions of early Scotch poetry and a number of ballads were collected in the sixteenth century and preserved in the well-known manuscripts of George Bannatyne, and Sir Richard Maitland. In 1507 a small collection of popular poetry was printed at Edinburgh by Walter Chapman; and the Complaynt of Scotland, which was published in 1549, gave a list of stories and tales then popular, and a collection of ballads was published about the time of the Reformation.

A collection by James Watson was issued in three parts――1706, 1707, 1710――which contained some pieces of ancient poetry. In 1724 Allan Ramsay’s Evergreen was published, which consisted mainly of extracts from Bannatyne’s manuscript, with a few early ballads, including one on the battle of Harlaw; and the same year he published the Tea-Table Miscellany, which contained seven old ballads. Dr. Percy, Bishop of Dromore, in 1755 gave the result of his researches to the public in his well-known collection, entitled Reliques of Ancient Poetry; and seven of the pieces printed by him have been claimed as Scotch productions. In 1769 Herd published a collection of Ancient and Modern Scottish Songs, Ballads, etc., in two volumes, and twenty ballads were printed in it for the first time; a new edition of this collection was recently issued. Pinkerton in 1781 published a volume entitled Scottish Tragic Ballads; and Select Scottish Ballads in two volumes in 1783; amongst these he inserted twelve pieces of his own composition, and passed them off as old ballads, but afterwards he admitted his offence. Joseph Ritson published several collections of Old Songs and Ballads; and in 1794 he issued a valuable collection of Scottish Songs with Music. James Johnson, a music-seller in Edinburgh, published a work called the Scots Musical Museum, 1787‒1803, which extended to six volumes, and in these ten ancient ballads were for the first time printed.

In the year 1802 Sir Walter Scott’s first and second volumes of the Minstrelsy of the Scottish Borders appeared, and a third volume followed in 1803. This work contained a great number of historic and romantic ballads, many of which had not been before printed; and it also presented in the form of introductions and notes a body of exceedingly valuable, varied, curious, and interesting information, touching the characteristics and the superstitions of the people, and the work formed an invaluable contribution to the ballad literature of Scotland. Robert Jamieson in 1806 published Popular Ballads and Songs in two volumes, and this meritorious work added sixteen ballads to Scottish traditional poetry. In 1808 John Finlay issued a collection of Scottish Historical and Romantic Ballads. Mr. Kinloch published a collection of Ancient Scottish Ballads in 1827, in which a number of traditional pieces were, for the first time, printed. The same year Motherwell’s Ancient and Modern Minstrelsy appeared, accompanied with a very valuable introduction and explanatory notes, which showed considerable critical power and historic insight. A new edition of this work was published in 1873. Peter Buchan, a faithful collector of traditional ballads, published in 1828 Ancient Ballads and Songs of the North of Scotland, hitherto unprinted, in two volumes; there are a few historical ballads in this collection, but not of an early period. Professor Aytoun published a good collection of Scottish Ballads in two volumes; and a number of other collections have been issued, which it is unnecessary to particularise. Various versions of many of these traditionary ballads occur; the same story and incidents may be presented in a somewhat different form in one district of the country from that in which it appears in another district, and sometimes different versions of a ballad may be found in the same locality. Some ballads have two or three more verses in one version than in another, though, excepting the additional verses, the versions may be nearly similar.

A traditional character under the names of Thomas of Ercildoune, or Thomas the Rhymer, was supposed to have been a writer of romance among the people on the Borders, and he was for long recognised as a poet and a prophet; but his life and writings seem to be involved in a haze of mist. The date of his birth has not been ascertained, but it appears that he attained the height of his reputation about 1283, and at this time it was reported that he foretold the death of Alexander III. He died before the end of the century. In 1804 Sir Walter Scott published the Romance of Sir Tristrem, from a manuscript of the fourteenth century, but it seems extremely doubtful if this be a work of Thomas of Ercildoune. The quaint character of the language of the romance indicates that it was an early production; but there seems to be no ground for assigning it to Scotland more than to the north of England. The style of Sir Tristrem is brief and elliptical, and the rhymes much complicated.

The ballad containing Thomas the Rhymer’s prophecies has been preserved in three early manuscripts, which are all more or less incomplete. The chief points and incidents of the piece may be presented thus:――On a fine May morning Thomas was reclining at Huntly Bank, near Eildon Hills, when he suddenly espied a lady of exquisite beauty, mounted on a dapple-grey palfrey, and richly apparelled. Thomas thought she was the Virgin Mary, and on finding that she was not the Queen of Heaven, he made love to her, but she declared that to listen to his requests would destroy all her beauty; but the Rhymer’s ardour could not be repressed, and at last she was induced to alight, then at once all her beauty vanished, which threw him into great amazement. She then told him that he must leave the middle earth and go with her for a twelvemonth. Accordingly they descended by a secret passage at Eildon Hill, and for three dreary days Thomas heard nothing but the soughing of the flood. At length they approached a fair herbary, well filled with flowers and fruit, and enlivened by the chirping of a great variety of birds; and Thomas, almost exhausted with hunger, then stretched his hand to snatch some of the tempting fruit, but she warned him to desist under the pain of being attainted by the fiend and falling into hell. She directed him to lay his head in her lap, and she pointed out to him the way to heaven, and to the palace of her own fairyland; and Thomas observed that she had recovered her beauty and resumed her rich attire. When they reached the palace it resounded with music and revelry. The scene was exceedingly merry. “The harp and fiddle, the lute, and rebeck, were playing, accompanied with every kind of minstrelsy; and knights were dancing three and three with lovely ladies, fair and free, all bedecked in rich array.” After Thomas had enjoyed this solace much longer than he thought, the queen of the fairies intimated to him that she must conduct him back to the Eildon tree. He was extremely reluctant to leave this fine lady, but she then expressed her fear lest the fiend of hell, who to-morrow was coming to claim his dues, should select him. When they returned to the Eildon tree, he entreated her to grant to him some token of their pleasant intimacy, and in compliance with his request she gave him the tongue that would never lie. She then poured forth a string of rather confused prophecies, in which allusions to the events and personages of the Scottish wars of Edward III. may be discerned.

Barbour and Wyntoun mention Thomas the Rhymer, and Bower noticed his prediction of the death of Alexander III., and Mair said: “To this Thomas our countrymen have ascribed many predictions, and the common people of Britain yield no slight degree of credit to stories of this kind, which I, for the most part, am accustomed to treat with ridicule.” Metrical prophecies ascribed to Thomas the Rhymer were current in the reigns of James V., Queen Mary, and James VI., and they were collected and published in Latin and in English. At the time of the Union of the Crowns Thomas reached the height of his fame. Birrel, touching this point, said――“At this time all the whole commons of Scotland that had read or understood, were daily speaking of and expounding the prophecies of Thomas the Rhymer, and other prophecies which were prophesied in old times.” John Colville, in a Latin oration which was published at Paris in 1604, expressed his wonder at the fulfilment of the prophecies of Thomas the Rhymer; the Earl of Stirling alluded to this subject in one of his compositions, and Drummond also mentioned it. With reference to the Rhymer’s prophecies Bishop Spottiswoode said:――“Whence or how he had this knowledge can hardly be affirmed, but sure it is that he did divine and answer truly many things to come.”¹

¹ Barbour’s Bruce, page 25, Jamieson’s Edition; Wyntoun, Volume II., page 157; Scotichronicon, Volume II., page 131; Birrel’s Diary; Irving’s History of Scottish Poetry, page 46.

The touching monody on the death of Alexander III., which has been preserved in Wyntoun’s Chronicle, presents an early specimen of the Scotch dialect. When Edward I., in 1296, approached to attack Berwick, the citizens were reported to have derided him in these rude lines:――

“What wenys Kynge Edwarde, with his lang shankys, To have wonne Berwyk, all our vnthankys; Gaas pykes hym.”

From this time till the Battle of Bannockburn the heroic struggles of the people afforded ample materials and incidents for historic ballads and rhymes; and many ballads and stories in rhyme associated with the name of Wallace and his deeds, were then composed in rude forms. Wyntoun mentioned one of Wallace’s earliest achievements, which still lives embodied in a ballad, and he also added that――“Of his good deeds and manhood, great gests I have heard are made, but not so many I trow as he in his day worked.” Barbour indicates that songs relating to the War of Independence were common among the people in his time, but few of these have been preserved; and it seems that the greater part of them were gradually incorporated into the three metrical narratives of Barbour, Wyntoun, and more especially Blind Henry’s Wallace, for Mair explicitly stated that Henry’s Wallace was composed from the traditional stories and ballads current among the people. An old English chronicler said that the Scots commemorated the national triumph of Bannockburn in the following strains:――

“Maydins of Englande, sore may ye morne For your lemmans ye have loste at Bannockysborne, Wyth heue a low; What wenyt the King of Englande So soon to have wonne Scotlande, Wyth a rumbylow.”

The narrator said that this song was for long afterwards sung by the maidens and the minstrels of Scotland, to the reproof and disdain of the English, with other songs which he considered it unnecessary to particularise.

A spirited and graphic ballad on the Battle of Otterburn has been preserved. The battle was fought in 1388, and the Scots were led by the Earl of Douglas and the English by Henry Percy, the redoubtable Hotspur. Douglas fell in the heat of the engagement, but the Scots gained the battle:――

“When Percy with the Douglas met, I wot he was fu’ fain; They swakkit swords, and they twa swat, Till the blude ran down like rain. But Percy wi’ his gude braid sword, That could sae sharply wound, Has wounded Douglas on the brew, That he fell to the ground. And then he called his little foot-page, And said――‘run speedilie And fetch my ain dear sister’s son, Sir Hugh Montgomerie.’ ‘My nephew gude,’ the Douglas said, ‘What recks the death of ane, Last night I dreamed a dreary dream, And I ken the day’s thy ain. My wound is deep, I fain would sleep; Take thou the vanguard of the three, And bury me by the bracken bush, That grows on yonder lily lea. O bury me by the bracken bush, Beneath the blumin’ brier; Let never living mortal ken, That a kindly Scot lies here.’”¹

¹ Aytoun’s Scottish Ballads, Volume I., page 17.

The ballad on the Battle of Harlaw was probably written shortly after the event. It is a dry narrative, without ornament of any kind, and extends to 248 lines. But a much shorter traditional ballad on this battle has been preserved, of which several versions were popular in the North; and in the early part of the seventeenth century there was a tune known under the name of the Battle of Harlaw.

The ballad entitled “Sir Patrick Spens” has been supposed to have originated in connection with the marriage of James III. and the Princess of Denmark. It presents some striking description, and some very touching incidents:――

“They hadna sailed a league, a league, A league but barely three, When the lift grew dark, and the wind blew loud, And gurly grew the sea. The ankers brak, and the topmasts lap, It was sic a deadly storm; And the waves came o’er the broken ship, Till a’ her sides were torn.

* * * * *

And mony was the feather bed That floated on the faem, And mony was the gude lord’s son That never mair came hame. The ladyes wrang their fingers white, The maidens tore their hair, A’ for the sake o’ their true loves―― For them they’ll see na mair. O lang, lang may the ladyes sit, Wi’ their gowd kaims in their hair, A’ waiting for their ain dear lords, For them they’ll see na mair. Half ower, half ower to Aberdour, It’s fifty fathom deep, And there lies gude Sir Patrick Spens, Wi’ the Scots lords at his feet.”

A few of the romantic rhymes published in Scott’s Border Minstrelsy were probably composed in the fifteenth century, such as the fairy ballad of Tamlane. The fairies and elves, and other airy and subterraneous beings, were the surviving members of a numerous progeny descended from the far-gone past, and they still continued to hold a place in the popular imagination. Stories and rhymes relating to these imaginary beings were quite common among the Scots. The fairies of Scotland were a diminutive race, with a mixed and rather dubious character. They were extremely capricious in disposition, and mischievous in their resentment. They inhabited the interior of green hills, and danced by moonlight on the tops of them. They usually dressed themselves in green, but occasionally they wore heath brown. They were great riders, and sometimes their presence was discovered by the shrill ringing of the bridles of their invisible horses; while they occasionally indulged in the pleasures of the chase. One form of their resentment was to seize and carry off the infants of those who had in any way offended them.

There were romantic tales in the vernacular touching King Arthur and his knights, but these were common throughout Britain, and popular in France, and not in any way peculiar to Scotland. Still such tales had some influence on the productions of Barbour, Wyntoun, and Blind Henry. The ballad tales touching the adventures and the exploits of the popular heroes――Robin Hood, and his fellow, Little John――were well known among the Scots, although they had their origin on the English side of the border.

A long moral fable called Holland’s Howlat, seems to have been written about the middle of the fifteenth century. It was founded on the old fable of the jackdaw in borrowed plumage, but it is tedious and deficient in energy; the construction of the verse was strained to attain the alliterative form, which was a favourite style of composition with many of the rhymers of the period. The curious poem entitled ♦Cockelbie’s Sow, belonged to the same period. It is an unpolished rambling production, though some touches of humour occur in it, while it contained an enumeration of the names of songs, tunes, and dances, which were then popular in Scotland.

♦ “Cokelbie’s” replaced with “Cockelbie’s”

In the preceding pages I have briefly indicated the original sources, some of the elements, and the conditions and circumstances from which the literature of Scotland was developed; and I will now proceed to deal with the ascertained and definite literature of the nation.

John Barbour, the writer of the metrical story of Robert Bruce’s chequered, interesting, and glorious career, was born in 1316, two years after the battle of Bannockburn; but the exact date of his birth has not been discovered, and there is little known touching his early life. He was holding the position of Archdeacon of Aberdeen in 1357, and that year Edward III. granted a safe conduct to him to visit the University of Oxford for the purpose of study, with three scholars accompanying him. In 1364 Edward III. granted a safe conduct to Barbour with four horsemen in his company, to proceed through England and study at Oxford or elsewhere as he thought fit. In the following year he received permission from Edward to pass through England with six horsemen accompanying him, and to proceed to St. Denis, near Paris, and to other sacred places. In 1368 Edward III. gave him a safe conduct to pass through England accompanied by two servants and two horses, and to proceed to France for the purpose of study.¹

¹ Rotuli Scotiæ, Volume I., pages 808, 886, 897, 926.

Barbour was often engaged in the public service. In 1373 he was one of the Auditors of Exchequer, and soon after he was discharging the duties of Clerk of the Audit. He acted as one of the Auditors of Exchequer from 1382 to 1384, and for his public service in the year 1382, he received six pounds, thirteen shillings, and fourpence.¹

¹ Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Volumes II. and III.

He was then composing the remarkable national work which has handed down his name and fame to posterity. According to his own statement the work was more than half written in 1375. In 1377 he received a gratuity of ten pounds from Robert II. In 1379 he obtained by charter to himself and his assignees an annuity of twenty shillings from the Crown rents of Aberdeen; and in 1388 he received a grant of ten pounds yearly from the customs of Aberdeen under a charter of Robert II., as a reward for his faithful service. Barbour died at an advanced age about the year 1396. He exercised the power of assignation of his annuity of twenty shillings in favour of the cathedral of Aberdeen for the celebration of his anniversary, and the dean and chapter received this sum annually after his death. In the Exchequer Rolls of 1428 and subsequent years, it was expressly stated that this annuity had been granted to Barbour “for the compilation of the book of the deeds of King Robert the Bruce.”

Barbour resolved to write his story of Bruce in the language of the people of the Lowlands; his chief aim was to produce a plain and “soothfast story that every man might understand.” As indicated above, he had sojourned in England and in France in pursuit of knowledge; and no doubt he could have written his story of Bruce in Latin, if he had thought fit to follow the fashion of the educated class of his time. He was gifted with good natural faculties; his imaginative and reproductive powers were considerable, and he showed practical insight and good judgment; his feelings and sentiments were keen and warm, and his opinions were very liberal for the age. His general fairness and moderation was characteristic, though in a few instances his love of freedom and his patriotism caused him to use harsh expressions. His severe imprecation on the person who betrayed the brave Sir Christopher Seton, “In hell condemned mot he be;” but then it should be observed that Sir Christopher was one of those who formed the forlorn hope of Scotland under Bruce. Barbour detested Edward I. and Edward II., and a few other historic characters, on the ground of their extreme cruelty.

The literary merits of Barbour’s work, taking everything into account, were great. His language and style were, for the period, remarkably good. His style possessed the qualities of clearness, brevity, terseness, and point; his descriptions of scenes and positions, and delineations of historic characters, were generally vivid and interesting; while, in short, his poem was pervaded by a dignified simplicity and a directness of aim admirably calculated to attract and to sustain attention; its historical value has been long recognised by Scottish historians.

The work in its original form extended to one hundred and fifty chapters, which was the arrangement followed in Cosmo Innes’ edition; but Pinkerton and Jamieson in their editions divided the work into books. The earliest known edition of Barbour’s Bruce was printed at Edinburgh in 1571, of which only one copy now exists; the next edition was printed at Edinburgh in 1616, and it is also very scarce; but since then many editions have been issued.

Barbour devoted the first part of the work to the early career of Bruce; and he so far assumed the licence of the poet, as to make Bruce the competitor――the hero who endured so much privation and recovered Scotland――when in fact the competitor was only the grandfather of the real hero. This was, however, merely an introductory device for effect. The varied fortunes of Bruce, his reverses, privations, and many exploits, were all narrated with much spirit and energy; then after the tide turned in favour of Bruce, the progress of the war, the capture and the demolition of castles. A clear account of the preparations for the memorable battle of Bannockburn;――and here Barbour exerted his powers to the utmost, and produced a masterly description. He presented graphic pictures of the mustering of the English army and its march to Stirling; and the magnificent appearance of the great host――divided into ten divisions, with all the accompanying pomp and circumstance of war,――mounted knights, and burnished armour, shields, banners and pennons waving and glowing in the sun’s beams, “as if all the land was in a glare.” On the other hand, his description of the mustering of the small army of Scots, and Bruce’s homely manner of cheering his men, were very effectively contrasted with the glittering splendour of the opposing hosts. After noting a number of striking incidents as a prelude, and the speech which Bruce addressed to his army on the eve of the battle, saying to his men:――

“We have three great advantages: The first is, that we have the right, And for the right ay God will fight.

* * * * *

The third is, that we for our lives, And for our children, and for our wives, And for our freedom, and for our land, Are constrained to stand fast in battle.”

The great battle then began, the fierce charge of the English cavalry, the reeling of horses, and the mighty hosts of England broken by the wall of Scottish spears; the crash of lances and the blows with axes which cleft both helmets and heads, the thumps of the steel weapons hewing the mail armour of the enemy; and the intense eagerness of the Scots in the midst of the fight, the confusion and the slaughter of the English, the grass red with blood, and the final panic and flight of the enemy, were all described with graphic power and effect.

The remaining part of the work continued the narrative to the close of Bruce’s reign, and presented characteristic sketches of Bruce’s companions in arms――Douglas, Randolph, Edward Bruce, and others. Barbour also wrote another poem, which gave a genealogical history of the Kings of Scotland, and was entitled “The Brute,” but it is now lost.

The deeds and achievements of Bruce have been celebrated by several other Scottish poets, one of which preceded Barbour. A monk of Melrose, named Peter Finton, was said to have produced a work on Bruce, but not a fragment of it is known to be extant. Patrick Gordon composed in heroic verse “The Famous History of the Renowned and Valiant Prince, Robert the Bruce, King of Scotland.” The first book only was printed at Dort in 1615, and reprinted at Edinburgh in 1718, and at Glasgow in 1753; this poem came no further down than the Battle of Bannockburn. Dr. Jamieson mentioned a work in manuscript on Robert Bruce, King of Scotland, written about the end of the reign of James VI., which was in the archives of the Society of Antiquaries. A poem by John Harvey entitled “The Life of Robert Bruce, King of Scots,” was published at Edinburgh in 1727.

Barbour’s Bruce, after a comparatively short interval, was followed by Wyntoun’s Metrical Chronicle. Andrew Wyntoun, the Prior of St. Serf’s Monastery, wrote his Original Chronicle of Scotland in the language of the people, but still in the metrical form. Nothing has been ascertained touching the date of his birth and early life, but he was Prior of St. Serf’s Monastery in 1395, and lived at least till 1420. Thus it appears that Wyntoun was a contemporary of Barbour, and he several times mentioned and applauded the Archdeacon. Wyntoun complained of the scarcity of written materials, though perhaps he had access to some historic documents now lost. He stated that he had part of the Chronicle compiled by Peter Comestor, the Chronicles of Orasius and Friar Martin, and English and Scottish stories; the latter would include the ballads then current among the Scots. He inserted about three hundred lines in his own Chronicle from Barbour’s Bruce, and transferred thirty-six chapters from a person not named and adopted them in his own Chronicle. He mentioned the names of a number of ancient classic writers, and some of the fathers of the Church.

Although Wyntoun called his work The Original Chronicle of Scotland, he commenced it with a general history of the world. He treated at length of angels, creation, the death of Abel, the generations of Cain and Seth, the primeval race of giants, the ark of Noah and the Flood; the situation of Asia, Africa, Egypt, Europe, Britain, Ireland, and various other countries; the confusion of tongues, the lives of the patriarchs, the judges of Israel, the siege of Troy, the origin of poetry, and the arrival of Brutus in Britain. Five of the nine books into which his work was divided, were mostly occupied with the heterogeneous topics indicated above, in the sixth book he treated of the wars between the Picts and the Scots, and gradually limited his narrative to Scotland.

The language of Wyntoun’s Chronicle is nearly similar to that of Barbour’s Bruce, except that the orthography of a number of words exhibit variations, but they both followed the same form of versification. In genius and vigour Wyntoun stood much below Barbour, while he was more under the influence of superstitious feeling, the original Chronicle presenting many fabulous legends and stories, which convey a curious impression of his credulity. Wyntoun was a zealous churchman, and embraced every opportunity to magnify the power of the clergy. Still the latter portion of his work possesses considerable historic value, and contains useful information. A number of manuscripts of his Chronicle have been preserved, and it seems to have been popular in the Middle Ages. The part of this book relating to Scotland was edited by David Macpherson and published in 1795; and recently a new edition containing the entire work has been issued in the series entitled The Historians of Scotland.

James I. was not only an able ruler and a wise legislator, but, besides other accomplishments, he also attained distinction as a poet. When a prisoner in England, he had many opportunities of cultivating his mind, which he seems to have assiduously embraced. His genius and energy would have enabled him to attain distinction in any walk of life. It has been reported that he was an adept in all the manly exercises of his time; that he was well acquainted with the use of the bow and the spear; that he handled the sword with all the ease and dexterity of a master; that he was an excellent horsemen, a great pedestrian, and a fleet runner. He was a consummate musician, and excelled both in vocal and in instrumental music; he was especially distinguished as a performer on the harp, and touched its strings like another Orpheus. He has been extolled for his proficiency in polite literature, in philosophy, and in jurisprudence.¹ His habitual energy did not permit a single hour of his life to be wasted in listlessness, he was always occupied with his varied business and recreations. It is mainly by such mental activity, combined with a power of continuous attention, that eminence in anything of importance has been attained.

¹ Scotichronicon, Volume II., pages 504, 505; Buchanan’s History of Scotland, Book X. Chapter 57.

James’s chief work was a poem entitled the King’s Quair, which he composed when a prisoner in England; and its subject was the praise of the lady who subsequently became his wife. It was divided into six cantos, and extended to one hundred and ninety-seven stanzas. The poem showed a keen imagination, much feeling, and some touches of genuine poetry; and it also manifested a comprehensive and discriminative appreciation of the beauties of external nature, which indicated that the author’s capacity for the enjoyment of life was very great. As a specimen of his style, a few verses slightly modernised may be quoted:――

“Then, as it hapt, mine eyes I cast below, And there I spied, beneath my prison tower, Telling her beads, in walking to and fro, The fairest and the freshest youthful flower That ever I beheld before that hour: Entranced I gazed, and with the start Rushed instant all my blood into my heart.

Awhile I stood, abased and speechless quite, Nor wonder was; for why?――my senses all Were o’ercome with pleasure and delight, Only with letting thus my eyes to fall, That instantly my heart became her thrall For ever of free will: for nought was seen But gentleness in her soft looks serene.

* * * * *

In her beauty, youth, and bounty dwell, A virgin port, and features feminine, Far better than my feeble pen can tell, Did meek-eyed wisdom in her gestures shine, She seemed, persay, a thing almost divine―― In word, in deed, in shape, in countenance, That nature could no more her child advance.”

James concluded his poem, by recommending it to his masters, Gower and Chaucer.

The humourous poem entitled Christ’s Kirk on the Green, has sometimes been attributed to James I., but it seems to belong to a later period. This piece extended to twenty-three stanzas, and is characteristically comic and humourous, and brimful of rustic pleasantry. The subject of the poem was a rural gathering, which was common, where the assembled multitude danced, and engaged in sports and revels. After the dancing and other comic incidents of the scene, the bow was introduced and the poet then ridicules the awkwardness of the men in handling it, and describes their attempts thus:――

“With that a friend of his cry’d fy! And up an arrow drew, He forgit it so furiously The bow in flinders flew. So was the will of God, trew I, For had the tree been trew, Men said that kend his archery, That he had slane anew That day.

An eager man that stude him neist Lous’d aff a schott with ire, He ettilt the barn in at the breast, The bolt flew o’er the bire. Ane cry’d fy! he had slane a priest A mile beyond a mire; Then bow and bag fra him he keist And fled as fers as fire Of flint.

Then Lawrie as ane lyon lap And soon an arrow feathered, He aimed to pierce him at the pap, Thereon to win a wager; He hit him on the wame a wap, It buft like onie bladder, But sa his fortune was and hap His doublet was of leather, And saved him.”

Another burlesque poem of unascertained authorship, entitled Peblis to the Play, has been supposed to be a description of the annual gatherings held at Peebles in the month of May. It opens with a description of the people flocking from all quarters of the country to hold their holiday.

Henry the Minstrel, familiarly called “Blind Harry,” was a remarkable character, and composed the well known metrical Life of Sir William Wallace. The few particulars of the life of Blind Henry himself may be shortly told. John Mair, who wrote in the latter part of the fifteenth century and the early part of the sixteenth, said that Henry was blind from his birth, and in the time of my infancy, he composed an entire book on the deeds of Sir William Wallace, from such stories as were then current touching his deeds of daring. That by the recitation of his stories before men of the highest rank, he earned his food and raiment.¹ Some of those who have carefully studied Henry’s long poem, have on reasonable grounds doubted the statement that the minstrel was blind from his birth, as it has been observed that his descriptions of scenery are comparatively vivid, and he makes no allusion to his blindness himself. He called himself a rustic man, but it appears from his book that he had in some way obtained a very good education for the period. It seems that he was able to translate Latin, he used a number of words of French origin, and he knew a little about the ancient history of Greece and Rome, and much more of French romances, and current tales touching King Arthur.

¹ Mair’s Gestio Scotorum, page 169, 1740.

It would appear, from what was stated in a preceding chapter, that beggars and other idle vagabonds who infested the country, had sometimes feigned the role and assumed the character of minstrels, merely to enable them to pursue their unlawful modes of living with greater success and impunity. This explains the meaning of clauses which occur in several Acts of Parliament, for it is evident that the real minstrels were in high repute throughout this period. Robert I. occasionally gave gratuities to the minstrels; and for their services in connection with the marriage of David II., the minstrels received a fee of £66 15s. 4d.; and on the occasion of the coronation of David II. the minstrels present received a sum of £20 from the King, and £10 from the Queen. Robert II. granted his own minstrel, Thomas Aearsane, an annuity of five pounds per annum, and he gave payments to Thomas Fulhope, and other minstrels. In 1392 a payment was made for shields to the minstrels. The gratuities given by James IV. to the minstrels were already mentioned. During this period some of the burghs had minstrels, who were paid from the common fund, for performing public services and appearing in their official character on great occasions. Blind Henry was not altogether forgotten by James IV.; in April, 1490, he received eighteen shillings, in September the same year a similar sum; in April, 1491, eighteen shillings, in September the same year five shillings, and in January, 1492, nine shillings; and as no more entries of his name occur in the accounts, it has been supposed that he died shortly after.¹

¹ Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Volumes I., II., III., IV.; Accounts of the Lord High Treasurer, Volume I.

Blind Henry’s Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace was written in rhyme, and divided into eleven books, and extends in length to nearly twelve thousand lines. He professed to draw the materials of his narrative chiefly from a Latin chronicle by John Blair, who was Wallace’s chaplain, but not a trace or fragment of Blair’s work is now known to exist; he also mentioned Con’s chronicle, and in the course of his narrative he frequently speaks of “the book and my author,” but no Con’s chronicle has ever been discovered. It appears, however, that there were materials relating to Wallace’s deeds before Henry’s work appeared, but these, in all probability, were merely ballads and stories orally learned and repeated among the people. The only manuscript preserved of Henry’s work of authority and historic value is the one in the Advocates’ Library, Edinburgh, which is dated 1488, and purports to have been written in that year by John Ramsay. At that time Ramsay was a common surname in Scotland. John Ramsay of Bothwell was one of James III.’s favourites, who escaped execution on account of his youth, being subsequently employed in various offices under the Crown. Thus Henry’s book was put into the form, in which it has been preserved, before his own death, and from the sentiment which he expressed at the conclusion of his work it seems that he was pretty well satisfied with his production. What then were the actual sources from which it was drawn?

From a careful consideration of what is known about Blind Henry and his mode of life, and the actual historic facts, in so far as they have been ascertained, touching the national career of Wallace, I arrived at the ♦conclusion many years ago that the work in question was mainly derived from the traditions, the tales, and the rhymed ballads, which had accumulated around the name of Wallace since his execution in 1305, and were current among the people of Scotland in the second half of the fifteenth century. The blind minstrel probably commenced his work between the years 1450 and 1460, or one hundred and fifty years after the death of Wallace. The floating traditions and stories touching the deeds and the heroic achievements of Wallace, the idol of the people, were then ample and varied; all that Henry had to execute was to use these materials, which were naturally and specially suitable for his calling and mode of life, and finally to form them into a rhymed composition around the great national hero. This process of manufacturing would account for all the peculiar characteristics and inconsistences presented in the blind minstrel’s work, while it makes no assumption that the minstrel intended to mislead any one or misrepresent anything. As he simply embodied the ideas, the sentiments, the national prejudice, and the traditional notions of the acts and deeds of Wallace, which the people of Scotland entertained and gloried to hear repeated in his day, it consequently follows that Henry’s work was in complete harmony with the feeling and the notions of the Scots touching their greatest national hero, and they were ready to receive it with exulting delight. As an embodiment of the notions, the feelings, and the traditions of the people concerning Wallace, the work is genuine and invaluable, but considered as a historic narrative of facts and events relating to Wallace or any one else it is worthless. No doubt a strata of distorted facts were introduced into the work, but they were so much mingled with romance, prejudice, hate, and ferocity, as rendered them utterly valueless. For instance, Henry ascribed a degree of cruelty to Wallace himself which was quite inconsistent with all that is known of his character and life.

♦ “couclusion” replaced with “conclusion”

Touching the literary qualities of Henry’s long poem, the style was vivid and full of spirit. His account of adventures and battles was not constructed with much art, but the vigour of his mind and the glow of his patriotism were well fitted to fix the reader’s attention, and the author moves on from one adventure to another, and encounter after encounter, with unabated ardour. A few references to the face of nature occur in the work, and some touches which stand in marked contrast to the general series of blows and fights. He concluded his work thus:――“Go noble book, full of good sentences, suppose thou art barren of eloquence; go worthy book, full of true deeds, but in language thou hast great need of help. When there were many good poets in Scotland, it was a great pity that none of them cast their attention on thee, yet there is a part that can many advance; now bide thy time and be a remembrance. I bespeak your benevolence, for the book is said as well as I can.”

The book really did prove to be a great remembrance, as it had for three centuries an unexampled popularity among the Scots; it had passed through more editions than any other Scotch book before the period of Burns and Scott. It appears to have been amongst the first books printed in Scotland, for fragments of an edition of it printed by Walter Chapman about the year 1508 were discovered by the late Dr. David Laing. The earliest complete edition still preserved in the British Museum was printed at Edinburgh in 1570, and since then editions have appeared in 1594, 1601, 1611, 1620, 1630, 1648, 1661, 1665, 1673, 1699, 1711, 1713, and a number of more recent ones. An excellent and valuable edition by Dr. Jamieson, the author of the Scottish Dictionary, was published in 1820. Dr. James Moir edited for the Scottish Text Society an edition, to which he has contributed an introduction, a long series of expository notes, and a comprehensive glossary.

From the evidence indicated in the above paragraph, it seems manifest that the influence of Blind Henry’s Wallace on the feeling, the national prejudice, and the patriotism of the Scots, has been considerable. Burns, in a letter to Dr. Moore, said――“The story of Wallace poured a tide of Scottish prejudice into my veins which will boil along there till the flood-gates of life shut in eternal rest.” Think then how many Scotsmen may have been similarly affected by the story of Wallace in the three hundred years during which it was the most popular book in Scotland!

Robert Henryson was a contemporary of the blind minstrel, and one of the most eminent and estimable of the early Scotch poets. It has been supposed that he was born about 1425, but little has been ascertained touching his early life. It appears that he received a liberal education, for in 1462 he was admitted a member of the newly founded University of Glasgow as a licentiate in arts and bachelor in degrees. He seems to have acted for some time as schoolmaster of the Grammar School of Dunfermline, and he also acted as a notary public. His writings show that he had an accurate knowledge of the state of society in his time; he was a keen observer, and feelingly alive to the suffering and the injustice which prevailed in the nation. He died at an advanced age about the end of the fifteenth century.

As a poet who wrote in the language of the people, Henryson held a high place. His style was easy and flowing; and, though he did not show great inventive genius or passion, he had a fine perception of the beauties of external nature, and handled the objects around him with remarkable skill, and often presented vivid and touching descriptions. The piece entitled The Testament of Cresseid, which extended to over six hundred lines, has been considered his chief work. It was intended to be a supplement to Chaucer’s Troilus and Cresseid; as Henryson thought the conclusion of that work was unsatisfactory, he composed this piece to finish it off in proper character. The character, Cresseid, proved inconstant and false to her devoted lover, and she was in consequence afflicted at last with leprosy as a punishment, and though touches of pathos occur, the piece presented a rather sad and grotesque narrative, mixed with classic mythology. It first appeared in a printed form in the collected edition of Chaucer’s works, which was published at London in 1532, and the earliest known Scotch edition of the piece was printed by Charteris in 1593, of which a copy has been preserved in the British Museum.¹

¹ Laing’s Edition of Henryson’s Poems, pages 257‒258.

A number of Henryson’s short poems present very good examples of didactic poetry, such as his “Abbey Walk,” “The Praise of Age,” “Age and Youth,” and others. They are pervaded by a solemn, moral, and religious tone of feeling and thought; and though they lack the highest characteristics of poetry, yet they will compare favourably with the productions of his contemporaries. His poem entitled “Robene and Makyne” is a fine specimen of pastoral poetry, written in a natural and flowing style. He also produced thirteen Moral Fables, which were characterised by a quiet humour, simplicity, and clearness of style. His fables contained many allusions to the state of society, the rapacity of the aristocracy, and the hard treatment of the people. He showed considerable skill in narrating a story, and always endeavoured to produce a moral effect.

Sir John Rowll, a priest, produced a remarkable poem about the close of the fifteenth century, which presented a scathing denunciation of the persons who had stolen his fowls, and committed other serious depredations. This piece extended to two hundred and sixty-two verses, and is a curious specimen of style. The denunciation of the offenders proceeded thus:――“Black be their hour, black be their part, for five fat geese of Sir John Rowll’s, with capons, hens, and other fowls.... Now cursed and accursed be their fate while they are living on the earth; hunger, strife, and tribulation, and never be without vexation; of vengeance, sorrow, trouble, and care, graceless, thriftless, and threadbare, and at all times in their legacy fire, sword, water, and wodie.”¹ There were a number of other writers of rhyme in the fifteenth century, whose names have been preserved.

¹ Laing’s Select Remains of the Ancient Popular Poetry of Scotland.

John of Fordun produced the first long prose Chronicle and Annals of Scotland, composed in Latin, in the later half of the fourteenth century. He wrote the first five books, and left some materials which came down to 1383. Walter Bower, Abbot of St. Colm, wrote a continuation to the death of James I., and this compilation has long been known under the title of the Scotichronicon; the parts of it relating to the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries, have been considered to possess historic value, but the earlier portions of it are of less value. Latin language and literature in the Middle Ages had a considerable influence on some of the institutions of Scotland. Latin was used in the service and public worship of the Church, and English and Scotch writers enlarged their vernacular vocabulary from the Latin. “Until the end of the fifteenth century it was only in the theological and moral departments that Latin had much direct influence upon English, most of the Latin roots introduced into it up to that time having been borrowed from the French, but as soon as the profane literature of Greece and Rome became known to English scholars through the press a considerable influx of words drawn directly from the classics took place.”¹ From the later part of the fifteenth century the Scotch writers drew words very freely from Latin sources. The close political relations, and the long intercourse between France and Scotland had the effect of introducing a number of French words into the Scotch dialect, and in a few instances slightly affected its grammatical form.

¹ Marsh’s Lectures on the English Language, page 434.

The growing importance of the vernacular appeared in various directions. For a long time the Acts of Parliament were recorded in Latin, but toward the end of the fourteenth century they were sometimes written in the Scotch dialect, and after the return of James I. the Acts of Parliament were henceforth recorded and proclaimed in the language of the Lowland people. In the latter half of the fifteenth century the proceedings of the King’s Council and of the Judicial Committee of Parliament were recorded in the vernacular, and the early laws of David I., William the Lion, Alexander II., and Robert I., were translated into Scotch in the same century. The ancient code of burgh laws was also rendered into Scotch, and the records of the proceedings of the burghs in the fifteenth century were mostly written in the current vernacular; even some of the records of the religious houses then began to be engrossed in the Scotch dialect. Then, as now, there were two distinct living languages in Scotland――the Gaelic and the Lowland Scotch――and in each of these two languages, respectively, the traditions, the legends, the ballads, the poetry, and the tales of the nation were embodied, and were more or less familiar to the humblest of the people in the kingdom.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter XII

Education, Music, and Art of the Period.

IT was indicated in preceding pages that there were schools at an early period attached to the monasteries, and in some of the royal burghs. In the fourteenth century there were different classes of schools; the grammar schools in some of the royal burghs were partly under the patronage of the magistrates, but most of the schools were under the control of the Church. Robert I. sometimes gave assistance to persons carrying on their studies at the schools, and in 1364 David II. gave four pounds for the maintenance and clothing of a poor scholar, “consanguinei domini regis.” By a mandate of Robert II. four pounds was given to assist a poor scholar studying at the school of the burgh of Haddington in 1384; and in 1382 five pounds six shillings and eightpence were paid from the Exchequer for the expenses of two scholars of Bute. It appears that the rectors and masters of the schools of the period were frequently employed to discharge duties connected with the customs and the revenue. Master William Tranent, rector of the schools of Haddington, also acted as clerk of the cocket of Haddington and North Berwick; and the master of the school of Cupar sometimes acted as a collector of custom. Gilbert of Hay, son of Thomas of Hay, who was studying at the schools of St. Andrews in 1384, by mandate of Robert II., received twenty-six shillings to assist him, and two years after he received thirty-two shillings for dress; the King’s natural son, James, at the same time was studying at the schools of St. Andrews.¹ The grammar schools of Glasgow were founded before the middle of the fifteenth century, and were under the control of the Chancellor of the diocese. Of course Latin was taught in the grammar schools of the chief burghs of the kingdom, and in the schools connected with the monasteries; but whether the scholars were instructed in the current Scotch language at any of these schools during this period, has not been clearly ascertained. From the numerous writings and documents of various kinds produced in the vernacular in the fifteenth century, it would seem probable that the Scotch language was taught in some of the schools of the period.

¹ Exchequer Rolls of Scotland, Volumes I., II., III.

The first Educational Act was passed by Parliament in 1496. This statute enjoined that the barons and freeholders of the kingdom should send their eldest sons and heirs to the schools till they were well instructed in Latin; and thereafter to attend the universities for a term of three years to study arts and law; in order that justice might reign throughout the kingdom, that the sheriffs and other judges acting under the authority of the King might know how to administer equal justice to all the people; so that “the poor people might have no need to apply to the King for every small injury.” Those who failed to comply with the provisions of the Act were to be fined twenty pounds to the King.¹

¹ Acts of the Parliaments of Scotland, Volume II. page 238.

The first Scotch university was a very simple institution. It was originated by a few men, who had some knowledge of literature and philosophy, and formed an association in St. Andrews under the patronage of Bishop Wardlaw, with the laudable aim of imparting instruction to all those who desired to attend their lectures. They commenced to deliver public lectures in 1410; and the Pope’s Bull, which sanctioned the establishment of the University, arrived on the 3rd of February, 1413. The following morning the clergy assembled in the refectory of the monastery, where the Bull was presented to Bishop Wardlaw, as Chancellor of the Institution, and read aloud; and they then proceeded to the high altar singing the Te Deum. After this the learned clerks and church dignitaries spent the day in celebrating the event with a festivity and rejoicing worthy of its significance. On the 6th of February a grand procession was held, which at once commemorated the arrival of St. Andrew’s bones and the inauguration of the privileges of the new University. The teaching staff consisted of four lecturers on the canon law, and three teachers of philosophy and logic.

Chiefly through the efforts of Bishop Turnbull, the University of Glasgow was founded in 1451 on the model of that of Bologna, under the authority and sanction of the Pope. In 1453 James II. extended his protection to all the members of the University――the rector, the deans of faculties, the procurators of nations, the regents, the masters, and the students; and also the writers, the stationers, parchment makers, and the sacrists; and he exempted them from all tribute, service, taxes, watching or warding, and all dues imposed or hereafter to be imposed in the kingdom of Scotland.¹ The University was poorly endowed. In 1459 Lord Hamilton granted to the University a house in the city and four acres of land on the Dovehill. In November 1475, John Laing, Bishop of Glasgow, gave to the University two books for the use of the regents, one of which contained the text of the Physics, and other treatises of Aristotle. Shortly after, Duncan Bunch, a former regent, gave seven volumes to the University, which contained treatises of Aristotle and his commentators, and also “una Biblia in pergamino in parvo volumine litera optima complete scripta.” In 1483 John Brown, also formerly a regent, presented to the University thirteen volumes, embracing treatises of a similar character to the preceding volumes; but none of these early manuscript donations to the University have been preserved.² This University had to struggle long with adverse circumstances and lack of funds.

¹ Origines Parochiales Scotiæ, Volume I., page 9.

² Glasgow University Library, by William P. Dickson, LL.D.

William Elphinston had received all the advantages of education which home and foreign universities could give him, and he made an excellent use of it. He was appointed Bishop of Aberdeen in 1483. He had discharged the duties of Chancellor and Privy Seal of Scotland, and was entrusted with several important embassies. He erected the central tower of his cathedral; and he built at his own cost a stone bridge across the river Dee. In 1494 at Elphinston’s earnest solicitation, James IV. obtained from the Pope a bull for the institution of the University of Aberdeen, and the King conferred on all its members the same privileges as those granted by James II. to the University of Glasgow, and by James I. to St. Andrews. The branches taught in the newly instituted University were civil and canon law, theology, and medicine.

The Scottish Universities were instituted as a branch of the system of Catholic education which had its head and centre in Rome, and they were incorporated members of one great educational scheme which embraced Europe in its folds. Thus they were closely associated with the Universities of the Continent. In fact, the constitution of the Scotch Universities were formed on the models of those of Paris, Bologna, and Louvain.

Some knowledge of Latin was a qualification required from all the entrants to the Universities, but Greek was not taught in Scotland before the sixteenth century. It appears that Arts was the first faculty constituted, which seems to have been the fundamental faculty in the Universities of the Middle Ages. In the latter half of the fifteenth century Scotsmen had become well known as able and ready teachers in the Universities of the Continent. Scotland then sent from her native Universities to those of France and other countries, as teachers of philosophy, Thomas Otterburne, Henry Leighton, Robert Fleming, Thomas Mushet, Umfrid Hume, and James Martin. The license to teach and a ready command of Latin, were the passports of the Scottish scholars through the Universities of Europe.

The early Scottish music seems to have been interwoven with the national songs and dances; but a people might have many songs and yet have little music. So far as has been ascertained, it appears that the earliest Scotch melodies were very simple, and consisted of one measure; and these simple tunes no doubt originated at a remote period. But in Scotland, as in other Catholic countries, the ancient vocal music was overlaid by that of the Church. “From the very earliest periods of descant, ecclesiastical musicians had been in the habit of taking the popular melodies of the time and working them into the services of the sanctuary.”¹ The Gregorian chant was taught in the Scotch cathedrals and in the early schools; and organs began to be introduced into the churches of Scotland in the reign of James I.

¹ Hullah’s History of Modern Music, pages 33‒35, 77, et seq.

As already indicated, singing and dancing were popular in Scotland during this period. There were professional singers, both male and female, and harpers, luters, and fiddlers. James IV. often gave small sums of money to singers, fiddlers, harpers, and dancers; and some notable characters occasionally performed before the King, such as the broken-backed fiddler in St. Andrews, who received nine shillings from the King, and the crooked vicar of Dumfries, who sang to the King at Lochmaben. In 1487 there were three public pipers in Edinburgh, who were supported in the following manner:――“For the honour of the city, the provost and council enacted that the common pipers of the burgh should be fed, and that they should go and get their food in turn from all persons of means; or if the pipers took wages, then they should live thereon for that day; and all those who did not give them food, should pay to them ninepence on their day, that is, to each piper threepence at the least.” There were similar officials in the other burghs of the kingdom, and they were sometimes called minstrels; but their functions were well understood, and consisted in playing favourite pieces of music in their progresses through the town every morning and evening; and on high occasions they attended the magistrates in their official character.¹

¹ Burgh Records of Edinburgh, Volume I., page 52; _Accounts of the Lord Treasurer_, Volume I.

Although the human voice is the first and the best of all instruments, still the development and improvement of musical art greatly depended on instruments. The performance of a varied piece of music required many instruments, and skill in making these was an essential condition of success. To harmonise the sounds of a number of wind and stringed instruments is an extremely difficult matter; and the tuning of instruments to play together was long of reaching such a state of perfection as in any degree satisfied the musical perceptions and sensibilities of the human mind. The noblest keyed instrument, the organ, was brought to considerable perfection in the fourteenth century, and by the end of the succeeding century it might be said to have been almost perfected. But the Scots at this period were far behind several other European nations in the art of making musical instruments. Many musical instruments, however, were then in use amongst the Scots; and in a rhyme written in the fifteenth century, upwards of twenty musical instruments were mentioned; while the harp, the lute, the pipes, and some kind of a fiddle, were quite common. The principle of the stringed instrument was known from a very early period, but the fiddle or violin has undergone many modifications. In the Middle Ages there were instruments somewhat resembling the violin, but the art of making and perfecting this fine instrument has been the work of comparatively modern times.

Religion, dramatic representations or plays, and dancing, were all associated with music. Dramatic exhibitions founded on mystical passages of the Scriptures, and hence called mysteries, were sometimes performed in the churches as acts of devotion in the Middle Ages. These were succeeded by moral plays, which approached somewhat nearer to the form of the drama, still presenting, however, a curious and grotesque jumble of characters. While at this period it is sometimes difficult to distinguish a dramatic actor from the bands of rope-dancers, buffoons, jesters, fools, singers, and fiddlers, who amused the kings and the nobles, as several of these callings were at times exercised by the same person. James IV. retained two or three fools, and frequent payments to them occur in the accounts.

In the department of painting there is little to record. The names of painters occur in the records during the reigns of David II. and Robert II., but there is no evidence that they were artists. Andrew, called the painter, was engaged in connection with the mint; and John, the painter, of Aberdeen, was employed to paint the armorial banners of David II. James I. had a painter called Matthew, who was engaged at the work in connection with the erection of the Palace of Linlithgow; and a payment for materials to John, the King’s painter, also occurs in the records. Payments to painters were made in the reigns of James II. and James III. James IV. gave his painter, David Pratt, an annual fee of ten pounds, besides payment for the work which he executed. In 1497 he was engaged in painting the altar in the new chapel at Stirling. He died in 1503. At the same period John Pratt, the painter, painted and gilded the vanes of the King’s tents, and emblazoned the King’s coat armour.¹ As indicated above, however, these men were not artists.

¹ Exchequer Rolls; Accounts of the Lord Treasurer.

In one of the minor arts, seal engraving on metal, some good work was executed in Scotland. The seals of the preceding period were briefly described, and the art of seal-making maintained its excellency in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The Great and the Privy Seals of the Scottish Kings present good specimens of this branch of art. The Privy Seal showed the royal arms only. The Great Seal of Robert I. is a very fine piece of work; and the Privy Seal of David II. is exceedingly beautiful both in design and execution. The Great Seal of Robert II. exhibited a change of costume in the equestrian figure of the King corresponding with the change in the style of armour, and the lettering is finely executed. The goldsmith was paid twenty marks for making the matrix of this seal. Some of the seals of the first Earl of Douglas are very beautiful. On the seal of the Countess of Mar of date 1405, the figure of a lady holding a shield in each hand was represented. Figures of the peacock and the swan were depicted on several of the seals of the period.

About the beginning of the fifteenth century the design of the Episcopal seals underwent a change. Instead of the simple figure of the bishop in pontifical vestments, which had formerly been the usual form, either a representation of the Trinity, the Virgin, or the patron saint, within a niche or beneath a canopy, became the prevailing style. The rich architectural designs of a number of the seals present very fine illustrations of that art; and a pretty accurate idea of the characteristics of the church architecture of the period might be formed from an examination of them.¹

¹ Laing’s Ancient Scottish Seals.

In conclusion, the volume opened with an explanation of the aim and scope of the work. A description of the geographical and physical features of the country, and the influence of climate, soil, and food, on the organisation of early society, were presented. The method of historic interpretation in connection with the early stages of the human race was then touched on; the interpretation and the sequent arrangement of the prehistoric phenomena of Scotland, and the discrimination of historic evidence followed. The ethnological problem came next, and after a brief statement touching the cradle and the language of the Aryans, the ethnology of Scotland was concisely treated. The Stone and the Bronze periods were treated at length, and a summary of the conclusions reached, touching the social condition, the religion, and the culture of the prehistoric people, was presented. The Roman Invasion, new historic conditions, the conflicts of the different races and tribes, which issued in the foundation of the Monarchy, were treated. An account of the introduction of Christianity was given, and its influence on the people pointed out. The narrative of the progressive extension of the kingdom was then resumed and continued to the close of the eleventh century; and it was observed that nothing had occurred to arrest the onward movement and civilisation of the people. The state of society from the seventh century to the end of the eleventh was treated at length, the clan organisation, the relation of the people to the land, and social customs were explained. Early architecture and the sculptured stones were handled at some length, in their historic relation to the people; the chief characteristics of Celtic art were briefly considered, and the Introduction closed with a notice of the fragments of early and traditional literature.

A critical estimate of the Anglo-Norman colonisation, and the result of the introduction of Norman Feudalism on the Civilisation of Scotland was presented. The narrative of the conflict of the nation was resumed and continued to the death of the Maid of Norway. A very full account of the social state and the progress of the people in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries was given, and the organisation and characteristics of Norman Feudalism explicated. The lamentable position of the nation arising from the disputed succession to the throne, the claims and proceedings of Edward I., and the candidates for the Crown, was narrated. Edward’s invasion of Scotland, the submission of the nobles, the deposition of Baliol, and the nation under the heel of the invader, were explained. The appearance of Wallace upon the scene, the rising led by him, his heroic struggles against the invaders, his capture and cruel execution, and the influence of his example upon the nation, were narrated at length. At last the nation seemed completely subdued, and Edward I. prepared a scheme for the government of Scotland; but a worthy successor of Wallace immediately appeared and mounted the throne of Scotland, and commenced to retake the kingdom from the enemy. Bruce’s followers were few in number, and he had to contend against fearful odds; but after a desperate and long struggle his heroic efforts culminated in the decisive and glorious Battle of Bannockburn; and the subsequent acknowledgment of the independence of the kingdom. The narrative of the external and internal conflicts of the nation was continued to the Battle of Flodden. An exhaustive account of the social condition of the nation in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries was presented, in which many subjects of the highest historic interest and national importance were treated and explained. After giving an account of the literature of the period, the volume concluded with a concise review of education, music, and art. Finally, this volume gives a continuous view of the people from the earliest traces of their occupation of the country onward, and of their condition, culture, and civilisation.

INDEX.

Abercorn, i., 116; castle of, 343, 390; Earl of, iii., 19.

Abercromby, Dr. Patrick, iv., 143.

Aberdeen, i., 148, 151, 234, 238‒9, 264, 284, 288, 306, 325, 366, 370, 386‒7, 390; ii., 116, 123, 192, 202, 212, 241, 247; iii., 28, 90, 91, 219, 223, 228; iv., 370, 375; University of, i., 415, 467; ii., 412, 413; iii., 62, 392‒3; iv., 60, 139, 317‒320.

Aberdeen, Earl of, iv., 482.

Aberdeenshire, i., 28, 49, 52, 68, 75, 90, 95, 140, 184, 271, 284, 287, 325; ii., 154; iii., 244; iv., 370, 371.

Abernethy, i., 114, 165, 245.

Aboyne, i., 174; Viscount of, iii., 93.

Ada, daughter of Earl David, i., 204, 256.

Adam, Dr. Alexander, iv., 153; William, Robert, James, 402.

Adamson, Archbishop of St. Andrews, ii., 182‒4, 189, 271, 380.

Aed, King, i., 136.

Agricola, General, i., 105, 109.

Agriculture, i., 100, 133, 150, 250‒254, 376‒381; ii., 266, 289, 290; iii., 303‒305; iv., 332‒339.

Aidan, King of Dalriada, i., 117‒8.

Aikman, iv., ♦429.

♦ page number provided by transcriber

Airlie, Earl of, iii., 90; castle of, 337.

Alan, Lord of Galloway, i., 211.

Albany, Duke of, i., 319, 321‒2, 324‒6; Murdoch, 326, 327, 328; Alexander, 348‒351; John, Regent, ii., 36‒37.

Ale, i., 251, 399, 400, 401, 402, 404; ii., 291‒292; iii., 217‒219; iv., 395.

Alexander I., reign of, i., 200, 201.

Alexander II., reign of, i., 209‒212, 242.

Alexander, III., coronation of, i., 213; reign of, 213‒217.

Alexander, William, iv., 209‒211.

Alison, Rev. Archibald, iv., 86; Sir Archibald, 155‒6; Dr. William, 312.

Allan, David, iv., 433; Sir William, 443.

Alloa, iv., 433.

Alnwick castle, i., 143, 300.

Amberley, Viscount, ii., 43, 44.

Anderson, Dr. Joseph, i., 52, 55, 57, 61, 65, 66, 168, 180; William, ii., 68; James, iv., 143, 144; Robert, 173.

Angles, i., 113, 118, 119.

Angus, Pictish King, i., 120; Angus, Chief, 116, 202; Angus Duff, 329; Angus, Lord of the Isles, 218, 285, 292, 293; Angus, Earl of, 342, 343, 350, 351; ii., 36, 37, 38, 61, 63, 64, 65, 181, 195, 212.

Annandale, i., 26, 203, 223, 349.

Annandale, Earl of, iii., 179.

Anne, Queen, iii., 204, 205, 209, 211, 220, 222.

Anstruther, ii., 192.

Arbroath, monastery of, i., 249, 296, 432, 433, 434; town of, 238, 409; iii., 93, 301; iv., 375.

Arbuthnot, Alexander, ii., 372, 373, 413; Dr. John, iv., 228‒230.

Architecture, i., 157‒165, 247‒250, 428‒431; ii., 396, 397; iii., 396‒7; iv., 401‒411.

Ardnamurchan, i., 24, 261, 356; iii., 90.

Ardoch, i., 106.

Argyle, Earl of, i., 356‒7, 364, 365; ii., 63, 64, 89, 96, 97, 130, 134, 135, 145, 150, 181, 201, 202, 224, 226, 229; iii., 90, 91, 92, 99, 104, 121, 123, 159, 167, 192; Duke of, 206, 223, 241.

Argyleshire, i., 53, 116, ♦117, 121, 127, 210, 261, 369; iii., 91; iv.

♦ “177” replaced with “117”

Arkinholm, battle of, i., 343.

Armada, ii., 191, 192.

Armstrong, John, a marauder, ii., 224, 225; Dr. John, iv., 169.

Arran, island of, i., 23, 95, 216, 286, 379, 380.

Arran, Earl of, i., 346; Regent, ii., 63, 65, 67, 70, 74, 78, 86, 87; Stewart, Earl of Arran, 175, 177, 181, 184, 185, 187.

Arrowheads, i., 49, 50.

Art, early, i., 52, 75‒79, 166‒174, 176‒180, 241‒243, 470, 471; ii., 423‒425; iii., 393‒396; Progress of, in Scotland, iv., 428.

Aryan race, i., 38‒42; language of, 43.

Arth, a friar, ii., 51‒53.

Asceticism, i., 131, 156, 157, 244; ii., 43‒46, 261, 262.

Assembly, General, ii., 115, 129, 149, 151, 160, 166, 167, 169, 188, 193, 211, 213; iii., 28, 34, 36, 39, 69‒72, 77, 83, 84, 98, 104, 186; iv., 465‒485.

Athole, Earl of, i., 208, 209, 214, 217, 255, 263, 283, 285, 305, 306, 335, 337; ii., 143, 148; iii., 110; Marquis of, 174; Duke of, 207, 212.

Attwood, iv., 143, 144.

Auldearn, battle of, iii., 94.

Ayr, Burgh of, i., 240, 356, 359, 386, 387; ii., 69; iii., 303; iv., 369‒372; Castle of, i., 215, 248, 274, 287.

Ayrshire, i., 29, 114, 286, 287, 379; ii., 78; iii., 134, 153; iv., 341, 342.

Aytoun, William E., iv., 194.

Bacon, Lord, ii., 395; iii., 434‒435.

Badenoch, i., 211, 276, 356; iii., 181.

Badenoch, Lord of, i., 217, 256, 271, 274, 275, 277.

Baillie, General, iii., 93, 94, 95; Rev. Robert, 75, 76, 87, 88, 357, 358.

Bain, Dr. Alexander, ii., 420; iv., 139, 140, 141, 155.

Balcanqhall, Walter, ii., 177, 184, 187, 206.

Balfour, Sir James, ii., 75, 135, 144, 146; John, of Burley, iii., 151, 153, 343; Sir Andrew, 369.

Baliol, Bernard de, i., 203.

Baliol, King John, i., 256, 258, 259, 260‒262, 263, 264, 366; Edward, 304, 305, 306, 307.

Ballads, early, i., 184‒5, 441‒450; ii., 76, 77, 244, 245, 341‒345; referring to the Civil War and persecution, iii., 237‒346; Jacobite ballads, 346‒353.

Balmerino, Lord, iii., 18, 60.

Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, iii., 32.

Bane, Donald, King, i., 144.

Banff, i., 148, 248, 307, 385, 390, 391; iii., 301; iv., 373.

Bank of Scotland established, iii., 327‒329.

Bannatyne, George, ii., 371, 372.

Bannockburn, battle of, i., 291‒295.

Barbour, John, i., 451‒454.

Barclay, Robert, iii., 258; Dr., iv., 308.

Barlow, Bishop, ii., 54, 56.

Barmekyn hill, fort on, i., 90.

Barony, i., 223, 225.

Barton, Captain, i., 359, 363.

Beaton, James, Archbishop, ii., 38, 58; David, Cardinal, 58, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70‒72, 79.

Beaumont, Henry, i., 301, 305, 306.

Beck, Bishop of Durham, i., 266, 270.

Bede, i., 116, 122, 126.

Bellhaven, Lord, iii., 197, 211‒12.

Bell Rock, i., 23.

Bell, Dr. John, iv., 306, 307; Sir Charles, 307, 308.

Bellenden, John, ii., 317, 318; Sir John, 158; Sir Lewis, 274.

Berkeley, Bishop, iii., 470, 471.

Berwick-North, i., 387, 389.

Berwick, i., 206, 233, 234, 236, 238, 239, 248, 259, 260, 263, 264, 268, 279, 285, 295, 305, 350, 382; Treaty of, ii., 100, 272.

Bible, translations of, ii., 25‒27, 49, 170.

Bisset, Thomas, i., 271.

Black, David, ii., 204‒206; Dr. Joseph iv., 260‒263, 273, 276, 278.

Blackadder, John, iii., 139.

Blackie, John S., iv., 247‒249.

Blakey, Robert, iv., 160.

Blacklock, Dr. Thomas, iv., 171, 172.

Blair, Robert, iv., 169, 170; Dr. Hugh, 215.

Blair Athole, iii., 90.

Blair Castle, iii., 181.

Bœce, Hector, ii., 316.

Bondmen, i., 252, 380‒382.

Book of Common Order, ii., 113, 114; Book of Discipline, the first, 105‒113; the second, 171‒173.

Book of Canons, iii., 45, 46.

Boot and shoe manufactures, iv., 392, 393.

Borders, state of, i., 309, 315‒318, 322, 324, 342; ii., 223‒225; order established on the Borders, iii., 20‒28.

Borthwick Castle, ii., 143.

Bothwell, Earl of, i., 353, 426; ii., 69, 131, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138‒145; Francis Stewart, Earl of, 198, 272, 273, 274‒276.

Bothwell Bridge, Battle of, iii., 153, 154.

Botriphnie, i., 378; iv., 197.

Bower, Walter, i., 376, 463.

Boyd, Robert, of Kilmarnock, i., 283; Robert, Lord Boyd, 345, 346, 347; Sir Thomas, created Earl of Arran, 146, 147.

Boyd, Zachary, iii., 358, 359.

Braemar, iii., 222.

Brahmanism, ii., 428, 429, 431, 433.

Braxfield, Lord, iv., 458.

Breadalbane, Earl of, iii., 190, 191.

Brechin, i., 138, 164, 183, 238, 249, 276, 409; Castle of, 264, 276; Battle of, 342.

Bridges, Early, i., 250.

Briggs, Henry, ii., 389, 390, 391.

Brigham, treaty of, i., 218.

Britons of Strathclyde, i., 113, 114, 117, 123‒125, 138.

Britons and Scots, early laws of, i., 151‒153.

Brochs, i., 157‒163.

Brodick Castle, i., 286.

Brodie, Alexander, iii., 255; William, iv., 454.

Bronze weapons and tools, i., 74‒79.

Brooches, i., 117‒119.

Brown, Janet, ii., 231; Dr. Thomas, iv., 87‒97; John, 216; Dr. John, 217; Dr. William L., 218, 219.

Bruce, Robert, of Annandale, i., 203, 218, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260; Robert, Earl of Carrick, 266, 267, 271, 276, 278, 281‒283.

Bruce, Nigel, Thomas, Alexander, i., 285; Edward, 287, 290, 291, 292; Robert, ii., 201, 208, 216, 381, 382; Michael, iv., 177.

Brude, King of the Picts, i., 127.

Bruno, Giordano, writings of, iii., 399‒401.

Brunston, Laird of, ii., 69.

Buchan, Earl of, i., 208, 209, 211, 213, 217, 262, 287, 288, 319, 325, 352, 353, 373.

Buchan, Peter, i., 446.

Buchanan, George, ii., 58, 145; writings of, 364‒369, 409; Thomas, 260; Dr. Robert, iv., 224.

Buddha, his life and work, ii., 429‒432.

Buddhism, ii., 233, 432.

Burghs, the origin and organisation of, i., 33, 82, 83, 152, 232‒237; Custom and trade of, 382‒391; Social life and characteristics of the burghal communities, 397‒408, 414, 438, 439; ii., 230‒243, 291‒294; iii., 245‒248, 274‒278, 283‒289.

Burghs of regality, barony, and church, i., 226, 237, 238, 408, 409.

Burial dues exacted by the Church, ii., 39, 40.

Burnet, Bishop, his works, iii., 364‒366; John, iv., 441.

Burns, Robert, iv., 179‒182.

Burntisland, iii., 301.

Burton, Dr. John H., iv., 160.

Caerlaverock Castle, i., 247, 272.

Cairns, burial, chambered, i., 53‒64, 91, 92.

Caithness, prehistoric structures in, i., 53‒58; Norseman inroads, 136, 138, 139.

Caithness, Earls of, i., 207, 208; ii., 227; iii., 237, 238, 239.

Calderwood, David, iii., 38, 356, 357.

Caledonians, i., 105‒109, 110, 111, 114.

Caledonian Canal, iv., 354.

Calvin, ii., 119, 357‒360.

Cambuskenneth, i., 249, 367.

Cameron of Lochiel, i., 356; iii., 181.

Cameron, Richard, iii., 155, 156.

Cameronians, iii., 155, 174, 185, 186, 187.

Campbell of Glenlyon, iii., 192.

Campbell, Sir Colin, iii., 395; Dr. John, iv., 144; Dr. George, 85, 86; Thomas, his writings, 185‒187; Colin, architect, 402; Thomas, sculptor, 454.

Candlish, Dr. R. T., iv., 221, 222.

Canterbury, Archbishop of, i., 200, 201, 272.

Cantyre, i., 21, 215, 261, 285, 348.

Canute, i., 139, 192.

Carberry Hill, ii., 144.

Cardross, i., 302, 303.

Cargill, Donald, iii., 155, 156, 157.

Carham, battle of, i., 138.

Carlisle, i., 210, 318; iii., 227.

Carlyle, Thomas, iv., 156‒159; Dr. Alexander, 19, 43, 44.

Carmichael, Lord, iii., 186, 187.

Carmichael, John, of ♦Meadowflat, iii., 27; William, 151; Gershom, iv., 18.

♦ “Meadowflatt” replaced with “Meadowflat”

♦Carmon, Colonel, iii., 183.

♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.

Carrick, Earl of, i., 217, 266, 271, 278, 281, 302, 305, 314, 316.

Carswell, John, ii., 108.

Carstairs, William, iii., 178, 179.

Carved woodwork, i., 430; ii., 423.

Casket Letters, ii., 141, 142; iv., 145.

Cassillis, Earl of, i., 365; ii., 69, 150; iii., 19, 56, 87, 99, 104.

Castellio, Sebastia, ii., 359.

Castles, i., 247, 248, 428, 430; ii., 422, 423.

Catechisms, ii., 77, 78, 85, 109, 110; iii., 89.

Caterthun, hill fort, i., 89, 90.

Cathen, the King’s adviser, i., 125.

Caves, i., 43, 83, 163.

Celestius, ii., 356.

Celibacy, i., 131, 156, 244, 245; ii., 21, 22, 41‒43, 45, 46, 261, 262.

Celtic tribes, i., 44, 45, 90, 100, 101, 105, 110, 113‒116, 119.

Censorship of the press, ii., 277, 278.

Chalmer, James, ii., 90.

Chalmers, George, iv., 153; Dr. Thomas, 219‒221.

Chambered Cairns, i., 53‒65.

Chambers, Thomas, i., 336, 337; David, ii., 138; Dr. Robert, iv., 163.

Charles I., reign of, iii., 42‒100; policy of, 43‒50, 51‒54, 57, 58, 59, 63‒65, 66‒68, 71, 73‒75, 76, 77, 78‒82, 90, 95, 96, 97.

Charles II., reign of, iii., 103, 107, 110, 119‒163.

Charles Stewart, prince, iii., 226‒229.

Charters, i., 148, 201, 223‒225, 227, 232‒234, 373, 387, 422.

Chartularies, i., 247.

Chatelherault, Duke of, ii., 86, 130.

Chemical Science, iv., 260‒266, 273, 286, 296‒298, 397.

Chepman, Walter, ii., 300‒302.

Christian I., King of Denmark, i., 346.

Christianity, introduced, i., 121‒129; early form of, 130‒134; influence of, 134, 135, 168, 181, 186, 232, 245, 248‒250, 288, 289, 466, 467; ii., 437‒439, 443.

Church, early, i., 130‒134, 155‒157, 200, 201; re-organisation of, 212, 213, 243‒245; property of, 227, 252‒254, 380, 431‒433; state of, 332, 333, 431, 432; ii., 40‒43, 51, 76‒78, 79, 102.

Church, the Reformed, organisation of, ii., 104‒115; conflict with the Government, 165‒173, 177‒189, 192‒194, 197‒220; iii., 20‒42, 46‒82, 83‒87, 95‒101, 110, 120‒163, 164‒169; internal struggles of, iv., 467, et seq.

Circuit Courts, i., 222, 355, 356, 424; Lords of Council, Judicial Committee, i., 370, 371; Court of Session, ii., 216, 223; iii., 112, 113, 124, 232‒235; iv.; Church Courts, i., 227, 230, 371.

Cists, i., 55, 93, 95.

Civilisation, primary causes of, i., 19‒20, 31‒33, 34, 35; ii., 426, 427; gradual progress of, i., 53, 70, 71, 98‒102, 119‒121, 135, 149‒151, 161, 164, 169, 170, 181‒188, 232‒241, 245‒55, 330‒332, 366‒371, 382‒397, 408, 418‒422, 465‒472; ii., 109, 278‒291, 398, 419; iii., 101, 102, 294‒335; rapid development of, iii., 215; iv., 142‒145, 165, 284, 324‒332; et seq., 341‒400.

Clackmannan, iv., 343.

Claim of Right, of the Scotch Parliament, iii., 176, 177; Claim of Right, of General Assembly of the Church, iv., 480, et seq.

Clan, i., 146; iii., 225.

Clan Canan, i., 150.

Clan Morgan, i., 150.

Clanranald, chief of, i., 356; ii., 226; iii., 242, 243.

Cleland, William, iii., 153.

Clunymore, i., 378.

Coal, early notice of, i., 238, 409; mining, ii., 286; iii., 292‒293; iv., 341‒343.

Cochrane, Robert, i., 348‒350.

Cockburne, of Henderland, ii., 224.

Cockburn, Sir Richard, Sir John, iii., 18.

Coinage, i., 238, 394‒397; ii., 279‒282; iii., 320‒327; paper currency, 327‒329.

Coldingham, i., 209, 246.

Colin, King, i., 137.

Colliers, iii., 291‒292; iv., 342‒344.

Colville, John, i., 448.

Commerce, i., 239‒240, 391‒394; ii., 286‒290; iii., 112, 300‒303, 311; iv., 352‒357, 359‒363, et seq.

Compurgators, i., 228‒229.

Comyn, Clan, i., 213‒214.

Comyn, John, i., 217, 256, 271, 275, 277; slaughter of, 281.

Confessions of Faith, ii., 34‒35, 102, 204‒205; iii., 89.

Constantine, Roman general, i., 112.

Constantine I., son of Kenneth M‘Alpin, i., 136.

Constantine II., 136‒137.

Constantine III., 138.

Conventicles, acts against, iii., 130, 131, 133, 138, 140, 146, 148, 149.

Convention of Royal Burgh, i., 234, 235.

Convention of Estates, iii., 173‒177.

Cope, Sir John, iii., 226, 227.

Corrichie, battle of, ii., 123, 124.

Cotterel, Colonel, iii., 110, 111.

Covenant, National, iii., 59‒62; Solemn League and Covenant, 83‒86.

Covenanters, iii., 68‒73, 74‒77, 78‒82, 86, 89‒102, 103‒105, 107.

♦Craftsmen, i., 335, 336, 404‒408; ii., 240, 241, 242, 293, 294; iii., 287‒289.

♦ “Craftesmen” replaced with “Craftsmen”

Craig, John, ii., 110, 158, 167, 185; Sir Thomas, 384; Andrew, iii., 245.

Craigellachie, iv., 354.

Craigmiller Castle, i., 349.

Craigphadrig, vitrified fort, i., 91.

Crannogs, i., 42, 84‒87.

Cranstoun, Sir William, iii., 21, 24, 25, 27.

Crawar, Paul, i., 332.

Crawford, Earl of, i., 321, 340, 341, 342, 343, 364; iii., 120, 179, 186.

Crawford, Sir William, i., 388, 389.

Crawford Moor, ii., 282; iii., 293.

Crichton, Sir William, i., 338, 339, 340.

Crinan, Abbot of Dunkeld, i., 139, 140.

Cromwell, iii., 99, 108, 100, 110, 111, 112‒115.

Culblean, battle of, i., 306.

Cullen, burgh of, i., 385, 386.

Culloden, battle of, iii., 229, 230, 351, 352; iv., 172, 173.

Cumberland, i., 105, 125, 142.

Cumberland, Duke of, iii., 228, 229.

Cummene, i., 181.

Cunningham, Allan, iv., 192, 193.

Cupar, i., 465; iii., 157.

Curates, under Charles II., iii., 130, 132, 173.

Dacre, Lord, ii., 62.

Dalkeith, iii., 227; castle of, i., 316, 342; ii., 423.

Dalriada, i., 116, 117, 127.

Dalry, iii., 133.

Dalrymple, Sir John, iii., 191‒193, 233, 234.

Dalziel, General, iii., 134, 135, 342.

Dancing, i., 457, 468; ii., 124, 125, 415; iv., 416.

Darien Colony, iii., 196‒204.

Darnaway Castle, i., 360; ii., 124.

Darnley, ii., 128, 129, 130‒136, 137, 138.

Dauney, William, iv., 416.

David I., reign of, i., 201‒204, 221, 223, 224, 225, 227, 228, 230, 232, 234, 235, 243, 244.

David II., reign of, i., 304, 306, 307‒313, 429.

David, Earl of Huntingdon, i., 204, 256.

Davidson, John, ii., 198, 214, 373, 374; Thomas, 302, 303; John, Principal of the University of Glasgow, 352, 408; Dr. Patrick, iv., 164.

Dean of Lismore’s Book, i., 442, 443.

Defence of the Country, armour, weapons, organisation of the army, i., 409‒413.

Denmark, marriage treaty, i., 346.

Descartes, method and principles of his system, iii., 403‒418.

Dickson, David, iii., 61, 359.

Dingwall, i., 385, 386.

Divorce, ii., 265, 266.

Donald I., i., 136.

Donald II., i., 136.

Donald Bane, i., 144.

Donald Balloch, i., 329, 330.

Donald, Lord of the Isles, i., 324‒326.

Douglas, Sir William, i., 266, 267; Sir James, 283, 286, 287, 290, 292, 300, 303; Sir Archibald, 305, 306; Sir William, 307; Sir John of Dalkeith, 342; Sir James, 435; Sir William of Drumlanrig, 389; Sir James, ii., 225; George of Parkhead, 284, 285; Sir Archibald, iii., 18.

Douglas, Earl of, i., 316, 317, 318, 321, 323, 326, 338, 339, 340, 341, 342, 343, 349, 388, 389, 390.

Douglas, Gavin, ii., 36, 310‒315; Dr. James, iv., 320.

Drumclog, battle of, iii., 153.

Drummond, Lord, i., 360; ii., 228; Earl of Perth, iii., 171, 172; Lady Margaret, i., 360.

Drummond, General, iii., 135; James, 227; William, 366, 367.

Dryburgh, Monastery, ii., 66.

Duff, King, i., 137; Angus Chief, 329;

♦Dumbarton, i., 114, 121; castle of, 248, 278; ii., 149, 154, 155; burgh of, i., 386, 391; iii., 302, 303; iv., 361.

♦ Separate item, not part of Duff.

♦Dumfries, Castle of, i., 248, 290; burgh of, 282, 356, 384; ii., 131, 186; iii., 24, 27, 134, 212, 228, 342, 386; iv., 371.

♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.

♦Dumplin, battle of, i., 305.

♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.

Dunaverty Castle, i., 285, 355.

Dunbar, Castle, i., 263, 383; ii., 133, 140, 141, 143, 149; town of, i., 383, 503; iii., 227, 300, 387; battle of, 109.

Dunbar, Earl of, i., 212, 214, 217, 218; iii., 18, 25, 26, 30.

Dunbar, William, ii., 303‒310.

Dunblane, cathedral, i., 249; ii., 423; city of, i., 238, 408.

Duncan I., i., 139, 140.

Duncan II., i., 143, 144.

Duncan, Dr. Andrew, iv., 302‒304.

Dundee, i., 83, 119, 248, 265, 267, 288, 387, 391, 437; ii., 69, 93, 197, 202, 233, 235, 237, 240, 243, 400; iii., 93, 223, 301, 303; iv., 243, 331, 357, 358, 375, 376.

Dundee, Viscount, iii., 174, 175, 181, 182, 183.

Dunfermline, Abbey of, i., 141, 144, 156, 239, 248, 252, 303, 385; burgh of, 238, 258, 408; ii., 400; iv., 375.

Dunfermline, Earl of, iii., 18, 30.

Dunkeld, i., 119; church of, 120, 134; abbot of, 138, 139, 143; bishopric of, 210, 218, 222, 225.

Dunlop, John, iv., 155; Alexander, 480.

Dunnichen, i., 116.

Dunnotter, i., 136.

Duns Law, iii., 74.

Dunsinnane, i., 91, 92, 140.

Dupin, Nicolas, iii., 313, 318, 333.

Durham, i., 203; battle of, 308; iii., 97.

Durham, James, iii., 359.

♦Durrisdeer, i., 91.

♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.

Durward, Alan, i., 214, 216.

Dury, John, ii., 167, 178, 179, 182.

Eadmer, i., 200, 201.

Earth-houses, i., 65‒70.

Earthenware, iii., 317; iv., 365, 366.

Edgar, King, i., 143, 144, 148.

Edinburgh, annexed, i., 137, 144, 151, 233, 247, 258, 276, 301, 306, 312, 317, 319, 338, 352, 354, 370, 388, 389; ii., 35, 54, 58, 65, 66, 78, 89, 90, 91, 93, 97, 99, 100, 115, 117, 119, 124, 128, 132, 133, 135, 140, 143, 148, 151, 154, 163, 167, 179, 183, 203, 206, 213, 219, 237; iii., 37, 41, 42‒44, 48, 49, 54, 55, 56, 67, 81, 99, 110, 120, 129, 134, 135, 147, 153, 163, 168, 171‒173, 174‒176, 180, 182, 186, 203, 206, 213, 219, 227, 236, 241, 274, 285; iv., 44, 70, 75, 87, 97, 144, 148, 165, 174, 178, 194, 211, 222, 234, 330, 391, 405‒6; Castle of, i., 248, 264, 274, 307, 322, 339, 349, 350, 358, 429; ii., 101, 134, 142, 144, 149, 152, 155; iii., 73, 159, 174, 175, 227; University of, ii., 414‒419; iii., 392, 393; iv., 18, 69, 70, 74, 75, 87, 97, 102, 103, 136, 148, 156, 157, 167, 257, 263, 274, 291‒315.

Edinburgh, treaty of, ii., 100.

Edmund, i., 143.

Education, i., 184, 245, 466; first Educational Act, 466, 467, 468; ii., 109, 110, 397‒422; iii., 375‒393; iv., 324‒330.

Edward I., policy of, i., 218, 219, 255‒260, 261, 262, 263‒265, 266, 269‒271, 272, 273‒279, 283, 287.

Edward II., i., 287, 290, 291, 292, 293, 294, 296, 298, 299, 300.

Edward III., Invasions of Scotland, i., 305, 306, 307; policy of, 309, 310, 311, 312.

Edward IV., i., 348, 349, 351.

Edward VI., ii., 75, 86, 87.

Egfrid, defeat of, i., 116.

Eglinton, Earl of, ii., 140, 229; iii., 56, 75, 99.

Elgin, i., 139, 264, 385, 390; ii., 251; iii., 92, 94; iv., 370;

Elizabeth, wife of Robert I., i., 303.

Elizabeth, Queen, ii., 92, 93, 99, 100, 145, 150, 220; iv., 147.

Elliot, Robert, iii., 27.

Ellon, iv., 370.

Elphinstone, Bishop, i., 467; ii., 300, 301.

Elphinstone, Lord, iii., 19; master of, 292.

England, policy of toward Scotland, i., 206, 214, 218, 257‒260, 261, 263‒265, 271, 273, 278, 280, 283, 287, 299, 300, 301, 305, 306, 309, 310, 322, 349, 361, 362; ii., 54‒57, 63‒67, 76, 99‒101, 155; iii., 179, 183, 184, 190‒193, 198, 201‒204, 206, 217‒221.

English language, i., 441, 443, 464.

English money, i., 396; ii., 282; one standard fixed, iii., 216.

Eocha, King, i., 136.

Episcopacy, ii., 108, 109, 157‒160, 164‒171, 177, 182‒185, 188, 210‒218; iii., 28‒42, 44‒69; abolished, 70‒72; reintroduced, 122‒128; again abolished, 180, 181, 184.

Erc, Chief, i., 116.

Eric II., King of Norway, i., 217, 259.

Errol, Earl of, i., 365, 373; ii., 195, 196, 199, 201, 212; iii., 19.

Erskine, Lord Robert, i., 334; John, of Dun, ii., 88, 89, 93, 108, 158, 185; Rev. Ebenezer, iv., 213; Rev. Ralph, 213; Dr. John, 213, 214; Thomas, Lord, 232‒234.

Ethnology, i., 38‒43; of Scotland, 43‒47, 114, 115, 116, 118.

Etive, Loch, vitrified fort on, i., 91.

Evans, Dr. John, i., 50, 51.

Exchequer, i., 221.

Excise, difficulties connected with, iii., 217‒219; iv., 395, 396.

Excommunication of Robert I., i., 295, 303; form of, ii., 255, 257.

Fairfax, iii., 342.

Falasie, i., 192.

Falkirk, battle of, i., 269‒271; iii., 228.

Falkland Castle, i., 323, 430; ii., 213, 274.

Fast Castle, i., 324, 353.

Fasting, i., 131; ii., 257‒260; iii., 272, 273.

Fergus, King, i., 120; Chief, 116, 205.

Ferguson, David, ii., 352; Adam, iv., 69‒74, 152.

Fergusson, Robert, iv., 178, 179.

Feudalism, i., 161, 190, 193, 198, 199, 201, 203, 209, 211, 220‒228, 256, 260, 261, 269, 337, 371‒376, 411.

Fife, Earl of, i., 143, 204, 209, 213, 217, 225, 271, 308, 314, 317, 319, 333.

Fifeshire, i., 105, 119, 121, 136, 304; ii., 66; iii., 151; iv., 142, 143, 341, 373.

Finlay, John, i., 446.

Firth of Forth, i., 23, 28, 109, 110, 115, 119.

Fisheries, i., 239, 377, 390, 391, 432; ii., 40, 54; iii., 301, 302, 303, 308; iv., 400.

Flanders, Count of, i., 240, 241, 391, 392.

Fleming, Robert, i., 283; Malcolm, 327, 339.

Fleming, Lord, i., 345; ii., 150.

Fletcher, Sir John, iii., 120; Andrew, of Saltoun, 179, 206, 255.

Flint weapons and tools, i., 48‒52.

Flodden, Battle of, i., 363‒365.

Forbes, Lord, i., 353, 354.

Forbes, Patrick, Bishop, iii., 362; Dr. John, 362, 363; Professor, iv., 266, 268.

Fordoun, iii., 94.

Fordun, John, i., 463.

Forest, free, i., 223; forest laws, 225, 417.

Forfar, Castle of, i., 248, 267, 288; burgh of, 373, 387; iv., 375.

Forfarshire, i., 89, 121, 202, 264, 378; ii., 88; iii., 90, 110; iv., 373.

Forfeited estates, i., 343, 344, 347; ii., 60; iii., 217, 224; iv., 336.

Forman, Andrew, Archbishop of St. Andrews, i., 428; ii., 36.

Forres, i., 248, 372, 385.

Forrest, Thomas, martyred, ii., 58.

Forrester, Robert, martyred, ii., 58.

Four Burghs, court of, i., 234, 235.

France, Alliance with, i., 262, 274, 275, 299, 300, 315; French troops in Scotland, 316, 317, 330, 363; ii., 76, 97.

Franchise, iv., 456, 460, 461‒463.

Francis II., ii., 97, 116.

Frankfort, ii., 75.

Fraser, William, Bishop of St. Andrews, i., 217, 246, 255.

Fraser, Sir Simon, i., 275, 277, 285; Alexander, 283; James, 305; Simon, 305; Captain Simon, iv., 421.

Free Trade with England under Cromwell, iii., 112.

French refugees, ii., 189.

Fyvie, i., 50, 432; iii., 91.

Fyvie, Lord, ii., 204; iii., 18.

Gaelic, i., 148, 175, 183, 184, 442‒444.

Galgacus, Chief, i., 106‒109.

Galloway, i., 115, 122, 201, 203; risings in, 205, 206, 211, 212, 272; law of, 229, 230; castles of, 290.

Galloway, Lord of, i., 211, 230, 256; Bishop of, 212; ii., 153.

Galt, John, iv., 204.

Game laws, i., 417.

Garioch, i., 325.

Gasklune, battle of, i., 319, 320.

Geddes, Sir William, iv., 142.

Geneva, ii., 75, 89, 113, 114, 359.

Geology, iv., 268‒271.

George I., iii., 222.

Gibbs, James, iv., 402‒404.

Gibson, James, ii., 188.

Gilbert, Chief, i., 206.

Gillespie, George, iii., 87, 362.

Gillies, Dr. John, iv., 152, 153.

Gladstanes, Archbishop of St. Andrews, iii., 19.

Glammis, Lord, i., 373; Master of, ii., 177, 181; iii., 19.

Glasgow, Bishop of――Wishart, i., 266, 273, 277, 283, 294; Turnbull, 466, 467; Laing, 467; Archbishop of, ii., 38, 59; iii., 19, 35, 363; Cathedral of i., 249.

Glasgow, city of, i., 125, 238, 403, 408, 465; ii., 97, 252, 400, 402, 403; iii., 50, 69, 128, 153, 218, 228, 245, 246, 248, 254, 284, 302, 303, 319, 328, 330, 331; iv., 348‒351, 360‒363, 370, 376, 378, 380, 383, 389, 392‒393, 395, 397‒399, 406‒409, 428; University of, i., 466; ii., 408‒410; iii., 388, 390, 391, 392; iv., 18, 19, 44, 60, 102, 260‒263, 266, 272‒275, 284, 315‒317.

Glass, introduction of, i., 420; Glass-making, iii., 315‒317; iv., 363‒365.

Glencairn, Earl of, ii., 69, 88, 89, 97, 130, 133, 145, 148, 177; iii., 120, 124.

Glencoe, iii., 191‒193.

Glenfinnan, iii., 226.

Glengarry, chief, iii., 190, 191, 226.

Glenlivet, battle of, ii., 201, 202.

Glenmore, i., 25, 215.

Godly Ballads, ii., 341‒345.

Gold ornaments, ancient, i., 79‒81.

Goodal, Walter, iv., 145.

Goodsir, John, iv., 306.

Gordon, Duke of, iii., 174, 175; iv., 421, 454.

Gordon, Sir Adam, i., 298, 305; Sir Alexander, 338; Sir John, ii., 124; George, 124; Sir Robert, iii., 237, 238; Sir Alexander, 238; Lord Gordon, 238, 239; Robert, 247; George, 267, 268; Dr., iv., 309; Sir John W., 446.

Gourlay, Norman, burned, ii., 54.

Gow, Neil, iv., 418, 420; Nathaniel, 421, 422.

Gowrie, Earl of, ii., 177, 179, 180, 181, 218, 219.

Gowrie, Carse of, i., 28.

Graham, Sir John, i., 271; David de, 277; Sir Robert, 327, 334, 335, 336, 337; William, iii., 313; John of Claverhouse, 153; George F., iv., 416.

Grammar Schools, i., 465, 466; ii., 399‒405; iii., 380‒388; iv., 327.

Grant, James, iv., 208.

Gray, Lord, iii., 238.

Gray, David, iv., 195.

Greenock, i., 409; iii., 303; iv., 394.

Gregory, James, iii., 371, 372; David, 372, 373; Dr. John, iv., 300, 302; Dr. James, 302.

Greyfriars Church, iii., 49.

Greyfriars Churchyard, iii., 61, 154.

Grub, Dr. George, iv., 164.

Gruoch, i., 139, 140.

Guilds, laws of, i., 235‒236, 404.

Guinea, iii., 330.

Guise, House of, ii., 57, 92, 93, 116, 124, 125.

Grum John, iv., 422.

Guthrie, James, iii., 123, 326; William, iv., 150; Dr. Thomas, 222.

Hackston, of Rathillet, iii., 151, 153, 156.

Haco, i., 215, 216.

Haddington, i., 307, 386, 387, 465; ii., 69, 303, 315; iv., 370.

Haddington, Earl of, iv., 335.

Haddingtonshire, i., 271; iv., 343, 373.

Hailes, Lord, iv., 146, 151, 152.

Halidon Hill, battle of, i., 306.

Hall, Sir John, i., 336.

Hamilton, Lord, i., 345, 346; Lord Claud, ii., 150, 155, 208; Marquis of, iii., 63, 64, 65, 67, 70, 71, 74; Duke of, 98, 99, 174, 175, 177, 179, 181, 193, 207, 211.

Hamilton, Patrick, martyred, ii., 49, 50.

Hamilton, of Bothwellhaugh, ii., 152; John, Archbishop of St. Andrews, 71, 77, 87, 96, 138, 150, 154, 406; Sir Thomas, of Monkland, iii., 18; James, Master of Paisley, 19; Sir Robert, 154; William, iv., 167; William, of Bangour, 170; Sir William, his writings, 102‒135.

Hamilton town, iii., 153; iv., 295, 296.

Harlaw, battle of, i., 324‒326, 450.

Harold, King, i., 194.

Harold, Earl of Orkney, i., 207, 208.

Harrington, James, iii., 450.

Hastings, John, i., 256, 259, 260; Henry de, 204.

Hawick, iv., 369, 370, 371.

Hawley, General, iii., 228, 229.

Hay, Gilbert, of Errol, i., 283; Hugh, 283, 284; Alexander, iii., 19; Sir James, 19.

Hebrides, i., 22, 23, 118, 134, 144, 156, 215, 217, 329, 346, 348, 355, 356, 357; ii., 60; iii., 242, 243.

Henderson, James, ii., 238; Alexander, iii., 52, 55, 60, 61, 70, 87, 88, 362.

Henry, the minstrel, i., 458‒462.

Henry I., i., 195, 202.

Henry II., i., 205, 206.

Henry III., i., 214.

Henry IV., i., 322, 324.

Henry VI., i., 345.

Henry VII., i., 353, 358, 361, 362.

Henry VIII., i., 362, 363; ii., 37, 51, 54‒56, 57, 61, 63‒67, 69, 76.

Henry II. of France, ii., 97.

Henry, Dr. Robert, iv., 151.

Henryson, Robert, i., 376, 462, 463; Dr. Edward, ii., 383.

Hepburn, William, i., 353; Patrick, Lord Hailes, 353; John, ii., 36, 406.

Hereditary jurisdiction, i., 220, 221, 223, 225, 226, 228, 237, 238, 372, 411, 424‒426; iii., 213, 225, 226.

Heresy, i., 37, 327, 332; ii., 18, 19, 49, 53, 58‒60, 68‒70, 74, 75, 78, 81, 91.

Hermitage Castle, i., 309.

Herries, Ralph, i., 285.

Herries, Lord, ii., 150.

Hertford, Earl of, ii., 65‒67.

Hexham, i., 253, 254, 268.

High Commission, Courts of, iii., 34, 132, 133.

Highlands, i., 23‒25, 27, 29, 206‒208, 329, 348, 355‒357; ii., 226, 227, 290; iii., 237‒239, 241‒244; iv., 353, 354.

Hill, Dr. George, iv., 219, 470.

Hill forts, i., 88‒92.

Historic Interpretation, i., 33‒37.

Historical conditions, i., 19, 45, 46, 85, 88, 101, 102, 113, 119, 120, 121, 135, 136, et seq., 227, 228, 255‒265; ii., 1, 2, et seq., 100, 103, 220; iii., 17‒20, 176, 177, 214, 215.

History of Scottish philosophy, iv., 17‒142.

Hogarth, George, iv., ♦422, 423, 427, 429.

♦ page numbers supplied by transcriber

Hogg, James, iii., 344; iv., 189‒191.

Holland, John, iii., 328.

Holyrood Abbey, i., 221, 222, 249, 338; Palace of, ii., 117, 130, 133, 136, 142, 179, 206, 209, 215, 273, 275, 423; iii., 396; Chapel of, ii., 119, 138; iii., 37, 51, 169, 172.

Home, Lord, i., 364; ii., 199, 224.

Home, John, iv., 174.

Homeldon Hill, battle of, i., 323.

Homil, James, i., 348, 350.

Hope, Sir Thomas, iii., 84, 367.

Howard, Lord, i., 363.

Hume, Lord, ii., 143, 145, 148.

Hume, Alexander, ii., 377, 378; Alexander, 402, 403; Sir Patrick, iii., 179; David, his philosophical writings, iv., 25‒44; history, 146‒148.

Huntingdon, Earl of, i., 204.

Hunter, Dr. Henry, iv., 217, 218; Dr. William, 320, 321; Dr. John, 321‒323.

Huntly, Earl of, i., 342, 350, 354, 356, 357, 358, 364; ii., 63, 64, 78, 116, 123, 124, 133, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 150, 152, 155, 192, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 203, 204, 206, 212; Marquis of, iii., 68, 74, 90, 94, 104, 222.

Hurry, General, iii., 93, 94.

Icolmkill, statutes of, iii., 242, 243.

Inchaffary, Abbot of, i., 292.

Inchcolm, ruins of monastery, i., 163.

Inchkeith, i., 23.

Inchmahome, i., 249.

Incontinence, i., 155, 244, 245; ii., 41.

India-rubber manufactures, iv., 391, 392, 393.

Indulf, King, i., 137.

Independents, iii., 88, 96, 97.

Influence of surrounding nature upon the Mind, i., 19, 20, 31‒33, 66; ii., 427.

Innermaith, Lord, ii., 145, 146.

Innes, Thomas, iv., 145; Cosmo, 162.

Invercharron, iii., 105, 106.

Inveresk, iv., 418.

Inverkeithing, i., 307, 387; iii., 301.

Inverlochy, battle of, iii., 92.

Inverness, i., 83, 91, 127, 151, 207, 233, 240, 306, 329, 356, 385, 390, 404; ii., 226, 227; iii., 94, 225, 226, 227, 228, 288, 302; iv., 354, 373, 374.

Inverurie, i., 278‒287; iii., 74.

Iona, i., 127‒134, 156, 175, 181, 182.

Ireland, 21, 48, 70, 77, 78, 126, 127, 133, 161, 174, 181, 211, 285, 291, 357; iii., 65, 85, 90, 297, 302, 303.

Irish, early writings, i., 117, 150; note illuminated manuscripts, 172, 173.

Iron works and manufactures, iv., 345‒352.

Irvine, i., 267, 391, 434; iii., 134.

Irvine, Sir Alexander, i., 328.

Irving, Dr., ii., 367; iv., 163.

Isles, lordship of forfeited, i., 348, 355.

Isabella, daughter of Earl David, i., 204, 256.

Jack, Thomas, ii., 402.

Jacobites, iii., 175, 176, 181‒183, 190, 193, 195, 196, 201, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 211, 213, 218, 219, 220, 222‒224, 226‒230.

Jacobite Songs, iii., 346‒353.

James I., reign of, i., 226‒337.

James II., reign of, i., 338‒344.

James III., reign of, i., 344‒352.

James IV., reign of, i., 353‒365.

James V., reign of, ii., 38‒39, 49‒62.

James VI., reign of, ii., 169‒220; iii., 17‒42.

James VII., policy of, iii., 163‒172.

James VIII., Pretender, iii., 223.

Jamesone, George, painter, iii., 393‒396.

Jamieson, Dr., i., 280, 461.

Jedburgh, 238, 356, 383, 426; ii., 292; iii., 24, 27, 380; iv., 371; castle of, i., 248, 264, 324; abbey of, 248; ii., 66.

Jeffrey, Lord, iv., 234‒236.

Jesuits, ii., 82‒84, 192, 195.

Joanna, Queen of David II., i., 302, 306, 307, 310.

John, King of England, i., 208, 209, 210.

Johnstone, of Johnstone, ii., 186, 224; Archibald, of Warriston, iii., 60, 61, 70, 87, 121, 123; Dr., 380; Mrs., iv., 204, 205.

Justiciary, i., 214, 222, 330, 386, 424.

Jury trial, i., 221, 230, 371.

Justice of the Peace, iii., 248, 249, 294.

Kay, John, iv., 366.

Kells, Book of, illuminated manuscripts, i., 172, 173.

Keith, iii., 244.

Keith, Sir Robert, i., 292, 293, 305, 367; Sir William, of Inverugy, ii., 228; Dr. William, iv., 319.

Kelso, i., 238, 344, 384; iv., 369; Abbey of, i., 216, 249, 250, 252‒254, 432; ii., 66.

Kennedy, Bishop of St. Andrews, i., 340, 345; Walter, ii., 309; Quintin, 349, 352, 353.

Kennedy, Lord, i., 360; ii., 309.

Kenneth I., M‘Alpin, i., 120, 121, 136.

Kenneth II., i., 138.

Kenneth, M‘Duff, i., 138.

Ker, George, ii., 195, 196; Mark, 224; Robert, iii., 19; Dr. David, iv., 319.

Kilconcath, William, i., 246.

Kildelith, i., 246.

Kildrummy Castle, i., 247, 264, 276, 284, 285, 306, 307.

Killiecrankie, Battle of, iii., 181‒183.

Kilmarnock, i., 409; iii., 297; iv., 369, 371, 372.

Kilpatrick, West, i., 110.

Kilsyth, battle of, iii., 95.

Kincardineshire, i., 136, 137, 378.

Kinghorn, i., 217, 258.

Kinghorn, Earl of, iii., 19.

Kirk-of-Field, ii., 135.

Kirkcaldy, iii., 301, 303; iv., 375.

Kirkcaldy, Sir William, of Grange, ii., 71, 149, 152, 153, 155, 156.

Kirkpatrick, i., 282.

Knapdale, i., 348.

Knox, John, ii., 69, 72, 73, 74, 75, 87‒89, 93, 94, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 104, 118, 119, 120, 123, 124‒127, 130, 134, 147, 153, 154, 159, 160‒165; his writings, 345‒349, 352‒354, 360‒364; Andrew, minister of Paisley, 195; Bishop of the Isles, iii., 242, 243; Dr., iv., 309.

Laing, David, ii., 300, 305, 331, 340, 343, 346; iv., 163.

Lamberton, Bishop of St. Andrews, i., 274, 281, 283, 285.

Lanark, i., 356, 387; ii., 181; iii., 160; iv., 373.

Lanarkshire, i., 29, 81, 114, 271, 279; iii., 134; iv., 341, 342, 343, 344, 347, 378, 381, 388.

Land, in connection with the tribe, and organisation of society, i., 100, 146‒150, 202, 223‒228, 250‒254, 371‒376, 377‒380, 380‒382, 421, 422; ii., 39, 40, 110, 266, 297; iii., 305; iv., 336‒339.

Langside, battle of, ii., 150.

Largs, battle of, i., 216.

Latin, i., 183, 245, 463, 464; ii., 5, 6, 379, 380.

Laud, Archbishop, iii., 45, 63, 66.

Lauder Bridge, i., 350.

Lauder, Sir Thomas D., iv., 206.

Lauderdale, Earl of, iii., 14, 129, 137, 142, 348.

Laws, early, i., 151‒153, 221, 222, 228‒231, 370, 371.

Lawson, James, ii., 162, 167, 184, 421.

Le Crocke, ii., 161.

Leibnitz, theory of monads, iii., 432‒434; iv., 255, 256.

Leighton, Bishop, iii., 141, 363‒364.

Leith, i., 316, 333, 346, 358, 359, 419; ii., 66, 89, 97, 98, 99, 100, 117, 132, 158, 275, 291, 294; iii., 74, 84, 300, 301, 303, 309, 313, 331, 332; iv., 357, 369.

Lennox, Earl of, i., 217, 283, 285, 327, 328, 354, 364, 365; ii., 37, 128, 131, 139, 152, 154, 155; Duke of, iii., 54.

Lennox, Esme Stewart, Duke of, ii., 175, 176, 177, 179.

Lesley, Norman, ii., 71.

Leslie, General Alexander, iii., 73, 76, 79, 338; General David, 95, 338; Sir John, iv., 263‒265.

Lesly, John, ii., 116.

Lesmahagow sanctuary, i., 232.

Leven, Earl of, iii., 175.

Lewis, island, i., 22, 357.

Leyden, University of, iv., 287, 292, 293, 304.

Leyden, John, ii., 319; iv., 184, 185.

Liddel, Dr. Duncan, ii., 393, 394.

Lindisfarne, i., 126.

Lindores, i., 323.

Lindsay, Alexander, i., 267, 277; Sir James, 317; Sir William, 321, 322; David, Lord of Crawford, 434; David, ii., 158, 167, 188.

Lindsay, Lord, ii., 132, 134, 143, 145, 148, 155, 175, 181, 206, 207.

Linlithgow, i., 258, 264, 274, 276, 290, 294, 307, 326, 345, 358, 387, 390; ii., 120, 152, 207, 349, 400; iii., 29, 80, 54; iv., 370.

Linlithgow, Palace of, i., 333, 360, 377, 429, 430, 470; ii., 62.

Linlithgow, Earl of, iii., 19.

Linlithgowshire, i., 29, 119; iv., 341, 342, 343, 373.

Lismore, Book of the Dean of, i., 442.

Literature, early, i., 181‒185, 215‒247, 441‒464; Poetry, ii., 301‒315, 331‒341, 370‒380; Ballad, 341‒345; Historical and various, 315‒330, 345‒364, 364‒370, 380‒385, 393‒396; Ballad and Jacobite Song, iii., 336‒355; Historical and various, 356‒368; Historical, iv., 143‒154, 154‒164; Poetry, 165‒182, 183‒198; Fiction, 199‒212; Religious, 213‒228; Miscellaneous, 228‒254.

Liturgy, iii., 44, 46‒50, 51‒58, 62, 63.

Livingston, Sir Alexander, i., 338, 339, 340; John of Livingston, 389, 390; Sir William, iii., 19.

Livingston, Lord, i., 345; ii., 150.

Livingstone, Dr. David, iv., 250.

Lochaber, i., 329, 356; iii., 181.

Lochiel, chief of the clan Cameron, i., 356; iii., 181, 226.

Lochindorb Castle, i., 247, 276.

Lochleven, i., 140; ii., 144, 145, 147, 150.

Lochmaben, Castle, i., 281; town of, 372, 468.

Locke, John, writings of, iii., 452‒462; iv., 17, 18, 27.

Lockhart, Colonel, iii., 113; Sir George, 148, 233; Sir George of Carnwath, 208, 209, 210, 214; John G., iv., 207, 208.

Logan, John, iv., 177, 178.

Logic, iii., 437‒439; iv., 130‒133.

Logie, Margaret, i., 310.

Lomond, Loch, i., 29.

London, i., 271, 279, 280, 285; ii., 99, 220; iii., 54, 82, 86, 116, 118, 173, 179, 183, 198, 229, 296; iv., 167, 173, 245.

Long Parliament, iii., 80, 84, 86, 87, 89, 96, 97.

Lord of the Isles, i., 285, 292, 312, 324, 325, 329, 330, 341, 348, 355.

Lords of the Articles, i., 369, 370; iii., 37, 38, 129, 130, 180, 183, 184.

Lords of the Congregation, ii., 89, 91, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100.

Lorne, Lord of, i., 284, 312; black knight of, 338; ii., 89.

Lothian, i., 47, 116, 138, 185, 189.

Lothian, Earl of, iii., 18, 188, 189, 190.

Loudon, Lord, iii., 55, 57, 58, 60, 61.

Loudon Hill, battle of, i., 286, 287.

Lowe, Dr. Peter, ii., 393.

Lovat, Lord, i., 386.

Lubeck, i., 268.

Lude Hill, iii., 181.

Lulach, i., 140.

Lumphanan, battle of, i., 140.

Luther, ii., 17, 32‒34, 49.

Lyndsay, Sir David, ii., 42, 331‒340.

M‘Ancrum, Donald B., ii., 229.

M‘Angus, William, iii., 237.

Macbeth, i., 139, 140, 148.

M‘Cowane, Donald C., ii., 229.

M‘Crie, Dr. Thomas, iv., 154.

M‘Culloch, Horatio, iv., 449.

Macdonald, Lord, i., 163.

Macdonald, Sir Donald, iii., 190; Chief of Glencoe, 191‒192; of Boisdale, Glengarry, Keppoch, 191, 226; Donald Gorm of Sleat, Donald of Ylanterim, Captain of Clanranald, Angus of Dunivaig, 242, 243.

Macdonald, Alaster, iii., 90.

Macduff, i., 261, 271.

Macgill, James, ii., 146, 158, 274.

MacGregors, clan of, iii., 243; Patrick Roy, 244.

MacHeth, i., 205, 207, 209.

Mackay, ii., 227; Donald, iii., 237, 238; Dr. Charles, iv., 196; Angus, 425.

Mackay, General, iii., 176, 181‒183.

Mackenzie, Kenneth, iii., 19; Sir George, 144, 146, 147, 234, 368; Henry, iv., 199, 200.

Mackinnons, i., 117, note; Rory, iii., 242.

Mackintosh, of Borlum, iii., 224; Sir James, iv., 97‒101; Robert, 421.

Macknight, Dr. James, iv., 216, 471.

Maclean of Lochbuy, i., 357; Lauchlan, iii., 242; Hector of Duart, 242; Lauchlan of Lochbuy, 242.

Macleod, of Lewis, i., 357; Rory, of Harris, iii., 242; Dr. Norman, iv., 223, 224.

MacNeil of Barra, i., 357.

Macpherson, James, iv., 175, 176.

Macquharrie, Gellespie, iii., 242.

M‘Sevir, Farquhar, ii., 229.

MacWilliam, i., 207, 208, 209.

Magi, i., 128, 129.

Magnus VI., King of Norway, i., 216.

Maid of Norway, i., 217, 218, 219.

Mair, John, ii., 51, 315, 316.

Maitland, Sir Richard, i., 445; ii., 370, 371; William, 99, 100, 120, 121, 135, 141, 152, 155, 156, 157.

Malcolm I., reign of, i., 137.

Malcolm II., reign of, i., 138, 139.

Malcolm III., reign of, i., 140‒143.

Malcolm IV., reign of, i., 204, 205.

Malise, Earl of Strathern, i., 203.

Mallet, David, iv., 169.

Man, Isle of, i., 216, 301.

Manufactures, Textile, woollen, i., 100, 133, 150, 162, 241, 390, 392, 406, 407; ii., 294; iii., 306‒310; iv., 366, 369‒372; linen, iii., 311‒313; iv., 372‒376, 377; jute, 375‒377; cotton, 377‒379, 383; thread, 379‒380; silk, 380; mixed fabrics, 380, 381.

Mar, Earl of, i., 208, 214, 216, 217, 304, 305, 312, 325, 334, 348, 349; ii., 139, 145, 148; elected Regent, 155, 177, 184; iii., 19; John, Secretary of State, 210; his rising, 222‒224.

March, Earl of, i., 255, 270, 305, 321, 322, 328, 333, 334.

Marchmont, Earl of, iii., 262.

Margaret, Queen of Malcolm III., i., 141, 143, 155‒157; Queen of James III., 346, 351; Queen of James IV., 360‒362; ii., 36, 37.

Marischal, Earl, i., 358; ii., 86, 419; iii., 19, 222.

Marriage, i., 99, 153‒156, 428; ii., 229, 261‒266; iii., 264, 278‒281.

Mathematical Science, progress of, ii., 386‒391; iii., 371‒374, 403; iv., 254‒260.

Marston Moor, battle of, iii., 95.

Mary of Gueldres, Queen of James II., i., 340, 344, 345.

Mary of Guise, Queen of James V., ii., 57, 86, 87, 90, 91, 93, 95, 97, 98, 101.

Mary, Queen of Scotland, ii., 62, 63, 79; reign of, 116‒147; imprisonment of, 144; escape, flight to England, 150; her execution, 189, 190.

Mary, Queen of England, ii., 87, 92.

Maxwell, Lord, i., 345; ii., 186, 187, 224; Master of, 225; iii., 27.

Maybole, ii., 353.

Mechanical Science, i., 408; ii., 384‒386; progress of, iv., 271‒285.

Medical Science, state of, i., 414, 415; ii., 392‒394; iii., 368‒371; progress of, iv., 286‒323.

Melrose, Monastery of, i., 125, 126, 246, 254, 302, 303, 432, 438; ii., 66.

Melville, James, ii., 71; Sir James, 141, 142; Andrew, 167, 182, 201, 202, 213, 214, 409, 410, 412; iii., 32, 33; Sir Robert, iii., 19.

Melville, Lord, iii., 179, 183, 186.

♦Menteith, Earl of, i., 213, 214, 217, 218, 263, 383, 308, 317.

♦ “Monteith” replaced with “Menteith”; Printed out of alphabetic order.

Menteith, Sir John, i., 278, 279.

Metaphysics, iii., 399‒401, 405, 407‒414, 418‒452, 432‒434, 468, 469, 470; iv., 126‒130, 136‒139.

Methven, Bruce defeated at, i., 284; lands of, 377.

Middleton, Earl, Royal Commissioner, iii., 121‒123, 125‒129.

Military service under the feudal organisation, i., 409‒412.

Mill, Walter, executed for heresy, ii., 91; John S., iv., 135; James, 155.

Miller, Hugh, iv., 238‒240, 271.

Mining, ii., 282‒286; iii., 291‒294; iv., 340‒345.

Mitchell, James, 135, 147, 148; Dr. Charles, iv., 318.

Moir, Dr. James, i., 461; David, iv., 208.

Monk, General, iii., 110, 116.

Monmouth, Duke of, iii., 153, 154, 167.

Monro, John, iv., 292; Alexander, professor, 292‒294; Alexander, 304‒305; Alexander, 305‒306.

Montgomery, Sir John, i., 321; Sir Hugh, 449; Sir Matthew, ii., 229; Alexander, poems of, 375‒377; Sir James, iii., 179, 180.

Montgomery, Lord, i., 345.

Montrose, i., 276, 387, 391; ii., 69, 182, 217; iii., 301, 303, 323; iv., 369, 375, 424.

Montrose, Earl of, iii., 18, 74; Marquis of, 90‒95, 105, 106, 338, 339.

Moral philosophy, iii., 417, 418, 424‒430, 448, 451, 452, 466‒467; iv., 19‒24, 38‒40, 45‒50, 68, 69, 71‒74, 81, 82, 94‒96, 98‒101.

Moray, Sir Andrew, i., 266, 267, 268; Sir Andrew of Bothwell, 306, 307, 378; Thomas, 379.

Moray, Earl of, Randolph, i., 283, 290, 292, 296, 298, 299, 300, 302, 304, 305, 308, 317, 360; James Stewart, Earl of, ii., 123, 128, 129, 130, 131, 134, 136; elected Regent, 148‒152.

Morken, King, i., 124, 125.

Morton, Earl of, ii., 132, 133, 134, 142, 143, 145, 147, 151; elected Regent, 155, 158, 165, 169, 175, 176.

Mouat, Bernard, i., 285.

Mowbray, 291, 294.

Mure, William, iv., 163, 164.

Murray, Lord George, iii., 227, 228; Mungo, 227; Gideon, 21.

Music, i., 245, 468, 469; ii., 421‒422; iii., 386‒388; iv., 416‒428.

Musselburgh, ii., 144; iii., 300.

Nairn, i., 372, 386; castle of, 248.

Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, ii., 386‒391.

Narne, Duncan, ii., 415.

Nasmyth, iv., 436.

Navigation, teaching of, iii., 386.

Navy, under James IV., i., 363.

Negative Confession, ii., 176.

Ness, Loch of, i., 25.

Newbattle, i., 239, 434, 435.

Newbattle, Lord, iii., 18.

Newcastle, i., 318; ii., 75, 184; iii., 33, 79, 80, 97.

Nithsdale, Earl of, iii., 222.

Nithsdale, i., 26, 272.

Norham, meetings at, i., 255, 256, 258; castle of, 209, 300, 359, 363.

Normans, i., 189‒194, 196, 197, 101‒103.

Norman Conquest, i., 141, 197, 198.

Norsemen, i., 47, 118, 120, 134, 136, 214‒217.

Northallerton, battle of, i., 203, 204.

Northampton, Treaty of, i., 300, 301.

Northumberland, i., 142, 143, 262, 268, 295, 300, 318.

Northumbria, i., 116, 138, 441.

Norway, 21, 144, 215, 216, 217, 219.

Oaths associated with feudalism, i., 258, 264, 281, 372, 373.

Ochiltree, Lord, ii., 146, 275; iii., 19, 235, 236.

Odistown, i., 303.

Ogham, writing, i., 174, 175.

Ogilvie, Sir Walter, i., 319, 320.

Oliphant, Sir William, i., 277, 278.

Oliphant, Lord, i., 373; ii., 228.

Orkney Isles, i., 22, 47, 53, 58‒61, 138, 139, 158, 215, 217, 219, 346; ii., 60; iii., 302; iv., 372, 373.

Orkney, Earl of, i., 138, 139, 207, 208; iii., 239‒241.

Ormiegill, i., 55.

Ormiston, Laird of, ii., 69.

Ormond, Earl of, i., 343, 379.

Ossian, Ossianic poems, i., 442‒444; iv., 175, 176.

Otterburn, battle of, i., 318, 449.

Otterburne, Thomas, i., 468.

Oxford, i., 451, 452; iii., 372, 373, 374; iv., 102, 134.

Pae, David P., iv., 208, 209.

Painting, i., 470; ii., 423, 424; iii., 393‒396; iv., 428‒454.

Paisley, i., 83, 151, 238, 409; ii., 195; iii., 386; iv., 182, 183, 205, 206, 214, 372, 377, 378, 380; Abbey of, i., 249, 324, 355.

Paper, manufacture of, ii., 2; iii., 317‒319; iv., 384‒389.

Parliament, origin and constitution of, i., 366‒370; Meetings of, 295, 309, 310, 311, 313‒315, 316, 320, 327, 328, 329, 330, 334, 340, 343, 347, 349, 351, 353, 354, 357; ii., 38, 49, 60, 65, 68, 91, 102, 126, 139, 149, 183, 193, 213; iii., 30, 33, 37, 41, 44, 77, 81, 84, 97, 99, 103, 121‒128, 129, 137, 140, 142, 158‒160, 164‒167, 168, 180, 183, 193, 202, 203, 205, 206‒208, 210‒215.

Parliament of the United Kingdom, introduced changes in Scotland, iii., 217‒218, 220.

Paterson, Abraham, ii., 284; Robert, 289; William, iii., 196, 199.

Patronage, ii., 107, 172; iii., 103, 104, 184; iv., 467‒473 et seq.

Peasantry, in Normandy, i., 191, 193; in Germany, ii., 16, 17.

Pedro de Ayala, i., 360.

Peebles, i., 282, 356, 384, 402; ii., 260; iii., 274, 290, 307, 380; iv., 246, 369.

Peers, Scottish representative, iii., 214.

Pembroke, Earl of, i., 283, 284, 286, 287.

Pennington, Joseph, iii., 21.

Pentland Firth, i., 22.

Pentland, battle of, iii., 134.

Percy, Henry, i., 266; Sir Henry, Sir Ralph, 318, 449.

Perkin Warbeck, i., 357‒359.

Persecution, ii., 49, 50, 53, 54, 58, 68‒70, 91; iii., 130‒135, 140, 144‒154, et seq.

Perth, i., 119, 151, 205, 208, 233, 258, 264, 276, 278, 279, 283, 290, 307, 311, 320, 327, 333, 335, 369, 386, 387, 391, 433; ii., 69, 93, 94, 96, 179, 214; iii., 39‒41, 90, 193, 194, 222, 223, 226; iv., 196, 354, 373.

Perth, Earl of, iii., 171, 172.

Peterhead, iii., 223, 301, 302; iv., 370, 374.

Philip IV., of France, i., 262, 271.

Phillip, John, iv., 450, 451.

Philiphaugh, battle of, iii., 95, 338.

Philosophy, ii., 28‒30, 220; outline of European in the seventeenth century, and early part of the eighteenth, iii., 398‒471; Scottish, iv., 17‒142.

Physical Science, progress of, iv., 255‒271.

Picts, i., 112, 114, 115, 116, 119, 120, 127, 128.

Pinkerton, John, iv., 153, 154.

Pinkie, battle of, ii., 76.

Pitcairn, Dr. Archibald, iii., 371; Robert, iv., 163.

Plantations, nonconformists banished to, iii., 167, 168, 223.

Pont, Robert, ii., 158, 184, 382, 383.

Poor Laws, ii., 238, 239, 267; iii., 248‒254.

Population, i., 413; iv., 214, 495.

Postal communication, iii., 296‒296; iv., ♦352, 356.

♦ Page numbers supplied by transcriber.

Prehistoric period, Stone Age, i., 36, 47‒71; stone weapons and tools, 48‒53; modes of disposing of the dead, chambered cairns, cremation, 53‒65; earth-houses, 65‒70; primitive boats, 70; Bronze Age, 71‒74, 74‒96; bronze weapons and implements, 74‒79; ornaments, 79‒81; traces of dwellings, 81‒83; crannogs, 84‒87; hill forts, 88‒92; cairn, and urn interment, 92‒96; summary, 96‒104.

Prelacy, iii., 177.

Presbyterianism, ii., 166‒175, 193‒194; iii., 68‒72, 184‒185.

Press, censorship of, ii., 84, 277, 278.

Preston, battle of, iii., 227.

Primrose, Sir Archibald, iii., 120.

Pringle, Charles, iii., 236, 237.

Printing, introduction of, ii., 2, 25‒27, 299‒303; development of, iv., 389‒391.

Privy Council, ii., 223, 225, 229, 248, 273, 275, 279, 281, 283, 288, 403; iii., 18‒20, 24, 26, 28, 30, 47, 49, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57, 59, 62, 67, 123, 124, 128, 131, 133, 134, 136, 142, 146, 147, 148, 163, 171, 182, 192, 195.

Protestantism, history of in Scotland, ii., 149‒218.

Protests, iii., 59, 65, 67.

Protesters, iii., 109, 110, 111.

Provincial councils of the Roman Catholic clergy, i., 212, 213; ii., 41, 42, 76, 77, 78.

Psalms, ii., 114, 342, 422.

Psalmody, iv., 426‒427.

Psychical faculties, i., 34, 35.

Psychological phenomenon, ii., 439, 441.

Psychology, ii., 30; iii., 414‒417, 422‒430, 435, 436, 438‒444, 453‒460, 470; iv., 20, 27‒39, 61‒68, 77‒82, 88‒96, 108‒126.

Quakers, iii., 114, 115, 256‒259.

Quarries, iv., 406, 411, 412.

Queensberry, Duke of, iii., 164, 202, 205, 210.

Quoyness, i., 59.

Raban, Edward, iii., 363.

Raeburn, Sir Henry, iv., 436‒439.

Raid of Ruthven, ii., 179‒181.

Ramorgny, Sir John, i., 322.

Ramsay, John, i., 460; Allan, ii., 305; his writings, iv., 165, 166; Allan, painter, 429‒431.

Randolph, Thomas, i., 283, 284.

Ratisbon, ii., 351.

Reader, office of, ii., 108, 174.

Reeves, Dr., i., 127, 129, 181.

Reformation, rise of, ii., 16‒31; eras of, 32, 85, 86; history of, in Scotland, 38‒54, 58‒60, 67‒103, 104, 105, 149.

Reformed Church, organisation of, ii., 104‒115, 121, 122, 161‒175.

Regalities, i., 225, 226, 373, 374, 425, 426; iii., 225.

Regality burghs, i., 234, 237, 238.

Reid, Dr. Thomas, writings, iv., 161‒169; General, 427, 428.

Religion, prehistoric in Scotland, i., 58, 63, 99; primitive, ii., 426, 428.

Renwick, James, iii., 155, 171.

Representatives of Scotland in the United Parliament, iii., 214.

Rescissory Act, iii., 122.

Resolutioners, iii., 109, 111.

Reuchlin, ii., 17, 18.

Revenue, i., 220, 221, 391.

Revocation Act of Charles I., iii., 43‒45.

Ricco, ii., 131, 132, 133, 134.

Richard, I., i., 206.

Riderch, King, i., 125.

Ripon, iii., 80, 81.

Roads, i., 256, 413; iii., 225, 294‒296; iv., 352‒355.

Robert I., reign of, i., 283‒303.

Robert II., reign of, i., 313‒319.

Robert III., reign of, i., 319‒324.

Robert, Prior of Scone, i., 201.

Robertson, William, iv., 148‒150; Joseph, 162, 163; E. W., 163; George C., 139‒142; James S., 425; Andrew, 439.

Robin Hood, i., 451.

Rollo, a Norman hero, i., 190, 191.

Rollock, Robert, ii., 380, 381, 415, 416; Hercules, 402.

Roman Catholic Church, ii., 3‒14; Power of, 14‒20; state of the clergy, 20‒23, 40‒43, 51‒77, 78, 328, 329.

Roman invasion, i., 104‒112.

Romanised tribes, i., 112, 113.

Rome, i., 45, 122, 129, 140, 341, 354, 355; ii., 5, 20, 33, 58, 82, 103, 434, 435, 438.

Roslin, battle of, i., 275.

Ross, Earl of, i., 209, 211, 217, 264, 306, 312, 324, 325, 326, 340, 341, 348.

Ross, Lord, iii., 179.

Ross, Alexander, iv., 170, 171; William, 425.

Rothes, Earl of, ii., 130, 139, 150; iii., 56, 60, 61, 120, 129, 148, 156, 165.

Rothesay, Duke of, i., 320, 321, 322, 323.

Rowll, i., 463.

Roxburgh, i., 231, 232, 245; Castle of, 248, 264, 290, 305, 364, 383.

Roxburgh, Earl of, iii., 49, 57.

Royal Burghs, i., 233‒237, 382‒387, 397‒408.

Runic Inscriptions, i., 59, 175.

Russell, Dr. William, iv., 152.

Rutherford, Samuel, iii., 359‒362.

Rutherglen, i., 386, 409; iii., 152.

Ruthven, Lord, ii., 132, 133, 134, 135, 145, 158; Master of, 219.

Ruthwell, i., 175.

Sadler, Sir Ralph, ii., 57, 65.

St. Adamnan, his life of St. Columba, i., 126, 181‒183.

St. Andrews, i., 137, 148, 200, 201, 238, 239, 277, 322, 332, 367, 387, 408, 413; ii., 49, 66, 69, 70, 91, 96, 120, 136, 153, 199; iii., 38, 151; Castle of, i., 322; ii., 49, 70, 71, 72, 73‒75; Cathedral of, i., 249; Bishop of, 137, 200, 209, 217, 255, 271, 281, 283, 285, 304, 340, 345, 353, 355, 360; ii., 36, 58, 71, 77, 78, 90, 138, 154, 159, 182, 271, 380; iii., 19, 63, 119, 124, 129, 131, 135, 147, 151; University of, i., 466; ii., 405‒408, 410‒413; iii., 390, 392, 393; iv., 136, 178, 219, 220, 224.

St. Bartholomew, massacre of, ii., 160, 161.

St. Bridget, i., 131.

St. Columba, i., 126‒131, 132‒135, 136.

St. Cuthbert, i., 125, 126.

St. Duthac, i., 436, 438.

St. Fergus, i., 439.

St. Fillan, relics of, i., 180, 439.

St. Finnian, i., 127.

St. Giles, i., 430, 431; ii., 239.

St. Kentigern, i., 124, 125.

St. Maclou, i., 431.

St. Monance, i., 430.

St. Nicholas, i., 431; ii., 239, 240.

St. Ninian, i., 122, 123; shrine of, 48.

St. Regulus, i., 148.

St. Serf, monastery of, i., 455.

St. Servanus, i., 407.

Sandlands, John, i., 358.

Salt, export of, ii., 288, 289.

Sang Schools, early, i., 245, 468; ii., 421, 422.

Sanquhar, Declaration proclaimed at, iii., 155.

Sauchie Burn, battle of, i., 352.

Saxons, i., 47, 112, 115, 116, 119, 141, 189.

Scandinavia, i., 161, 190.

Scandinavians, i., 47, 118.

Schools, i., 245, 465, 466; ii., 398‒405; iii., 375‒388; iv., 224‒327.

Schrander, Dr., i., 41.

Science, progress of, ii., 384‒391; iii., 371‒374; iv., 255‒323.

Scolocs, i., 184.

Scone, i., 119, 121, 137, 141, 204, 209, 213, 217, 221, 241, 260, 262, 264, 283, 305, 313‒315, 319, 327, 353; iii., 110, 223; Monastery of, i., 201, 227, 239, 250; ii., 94.

Scots, i., 112, 116, 118, 120, 127.

Scott of Tuschielaw, ii., 224; John, 303, 372; Walter, iii., 27; Sir Walter, iv., 187‒189, 202‒204; William B., 453.

Scrymgeour, Alexander, i., 366; Sir James, iii., 19.

Sculptured stones, i., 165‒174.

Seaforth, Earl of, iii., 92, 110, 222.

Selby, Sir William, iii., 21.

Security of the Kingdom, Act for, iii., 205, 206.

Segrave, Sir John, i., 275.

Selkirk, i., 356; ii., 189; iii., 378; iv., 371; forest of, i., 223, 274, 287, 343.

Semple, Robert, ii., 374.

Serfs, i., 250, 380‒382.

Seton, Sir Christopher, i., 283, 385, 453.

Seton, Lord, ii., 138.

Seton of Pitmedden, iii., 211.

Severus, his campaign, i., 110, 111.

Sharp, James, Archbishop of St. Andrews, iii., 118, 119, 120, 124, 129, 135, 137, 143, 147, 148, 151, 152.

Shawfield, iii., 218.

Sherifmuir, battle of, iii., 223.

Sheriffs, Sheriffdoms, i., 223, 261, 423‒426; ii., 223.

Shetland Isles, i., 22, 47, 174, 185, 215, 217, 346; ii., 60; iv., 372.

Shipbuilding, i., 133, 240, 333, 363; iv., 357‒363.

Shipping, i., 239, 240, 241, 391‒393; ii., 286‒289; iii., 300‒303; iv., 356‒357.

Sibbald, Sir Robert, iii., 370.

Sigurd, i., 138.

Silver, ancient ornaments of, i., 177‒178.

Siward, Earl of Northumberland, i., 140.

Simpson, Sir James Y., iv., 313‒314.

Simson, Andrew, ii., 400, 403; Robert, iv., 260; William, 446.

Sinclair, Oliver, ii., 62; Sir John, iv., 346.

Skene, Dr. Gilbert, ii., 392, 393; Sir John, 383, 384; iii., 18; Dr. William F., iv., 161.

Smith, Adam, iv., 25, 43, 44‒59; Alexander, 195, 196; William R., 226, 227; Robert A., 426.

Smollett, Dr., iv., 150, 172, 173, 199.

Social state of the People, i., 70, 71, 98‒103, 145‒157, 220‒254, 366‒440; ii., 222‒298; iii., 232‒335.

Solemn League and Covenant, iii., 85, 86.

Solway Firth, 21, 26, 70, 105.

Solway Moss disaster, ii., 62.

Somerled, i., 205.

Somerset, Earl of, i., 326; Duke of, ii., 76.

Soulis, John, i., 271, 274, 277; Nicholas, 256.

Southesk, Earl of, iii., 222.

Spain, i., 357, 360, 363; ii., 18, 19, 20, 131, 191, 192.

Spear-heads, flint, i., 50; bronze, 76, 77.

Spense, John, ii., 138.

Spey, i., 150; iv., 354.

Spinoza, his method and ethics, iii., 418‒432.

Spottiswood, John, ii., 104, 108, 349, 350; John, Archbishop, iii., 19, 26, 39, 63; his writings, 357.

Stair, Lord, iii., 223, 232, 235, 367, 368.

Standard, battle of, i., 203, 204.

Stephen, King, i., 202, 203.

Stevenson, Professor, iv., 18, 75.

Stevenson, Robert L., iv., 211, 212.

Steward of Scotland, i., 214, 217, 218, 267, 274, 277, 292, 306, 307, 308, 309, 312, 313.

Stewart, Lord of Brechin, i., 321.

Stewart, Sir Walter, of Jedworth, i., 321, 384; Sir Alexander, 328; Sir James, 338; Duncan, 319, 320; Sir Walter, 327; James, 360; Captain James, iii., 235; William, 236.

Stewart, Dugald, iv., 74‒84; Matthew, 260.

Stirling, i., 83, 116, 140, 151, 209, 233, 234, 238, 264, 276, 386, 387, 391; ii., 58, 93, 97, 99, 120, 124, 129, 140, 147, 152, 155, 179, 181, 187; iii., 59, 62, 123, 228; iv., 369; castle of, i., 206, 248, 277, 278, 291, 294, 307, 338, 341, 352, 430; ii., 140, 152, 181; iii., 64, 228.

Stirlingshire, i., 29, 119, 121, 265; ii., 364; iv., 341, 342, 343, 373, 378.

Stirling, James, iv., 259, 260.

Stirling, Earl of, iii., 366.

Stone circles, i., 94‒96.

Stone weapons and tools, i., 48‒53.

Stone of Destiny, i., 119, 137, 264, 265.

Stonehaven, i., 28, 106.

Stormont, Earl of, iii., 222.

Strachan, Colonel, iii., 106.

Strafford, iii., 80.

Strathbogie, i., 140, 284; castle of, ii., 123, 124, 202.

Strathclyde, i., 84, 85, 114, 139.

Strathern, i., 136, 138.

Strathern, Earl of, 203, 209, 213, 214, 217, 308, 317, 333.

Strathmore, i., 28.

Strathmore, Earl of, iii., 205.

Strathspey, i., 27, 207, 267.

Strathurd, lordship of, i., 378.

Succession Acts, i., 296, 313‒315; iii., 155.

Stuart, Lord of Aubigny, i., 362.

Stuart, John, i., 68, 69; Dr. Gilbert, iv., 151; Dr. John, 162.

Sugar works, iii., 330; refining of, iv., 394, 395.

Sunday, i., 158, 439; observance of, enforced, ii., 247, 248, 251‒254; iii., 269‒272.

Superintendents, ii., 108.

Surrey, Earl of, i., 264, 267, 268, 270, 364.

Sutherland, Earl of, i., 306, 308, 318; ii., 139; iii., 53, 61.

Sutherland, James, iii., 369.

Tables, institution of, iii., 56, 57.

Tacitus, i., 106‒108.

Tactics of the Scots, i., 412.

Taverns, i., 415.

Taxes in early times, i., 149, 150, 220, 221, 251, 386‒391.

Tay, i., 27, 105, 106, 109, 110, 119, 264, 267, 287; iv., 354.

Test Act, iii., 158, 159.

Teviotdale, i., 26.

Thane, thanage, i., 152, 251, 252.

Thrift, early laws touching, i., 128‒131.

Thomas the Rhymer, i., 446‒448.

Thomson, James, iv., 167, 168; Dr. Andrew, 219; Dr. John, 309‒311; Sir William, Lord Colvin, 266, 284; George, 434.

Thor, ii., 436.

Thorburn, Robert, iv., 452.

Thorfinn, i., 138, 139.

Tithes, i., 243, 244; ii., 40; iii., 43, 44.

Todd, Dr., i., 117.

Torture, i., 276, 427; ii., 195, 196; iii., 134, 147, 148, 158, 177.

Torwood, i., 291; iii., 156.

Traquair, Earl of, iii., 58, 59, 62, 77.

Trent, Council of, ii., 79‒85, 161.

Tucker, iii., 300, 301.

Tullibardine, Marquis of, iii., 222.

Tulloch, Dr. John, iv., 224, 225.

Turgot, Bishop, i., 156, 200.

Turnberry Castle, i., 286.

Turner, Sir James, iii., 134; William, iv., 306.

Tweed, i., 21, 138, 203, 363; iii., 79, 86.

Tweeddale, i., 26.

Tweeddale, Marquis of, iii., 206, 210.

Tyrie, James, ii., 353, 354.

Tytler, William, iv., 151; Patrick F., 155.

Ulbster, i., 55.

Umfraville, Sir Ingram, i., 274.

Union of England and Scotland, proceedings connected with, iii., 206‒215; advantages of, 216, 217, 231.

Universities, institution of, i., 466‒468; changes in, ii., 405‒419; iii., 388‒393; iv., 327‒330.

Urns, i., 92, 93‒96.

Vane, Sir Henry, iii., 84, 85.

Veitch, John, iv., 246, 247.

Vesy, John, i., 258.

Vienne, John de, i., 316, 317.

♦Vipont, i., 294.

♦ Printed out of alphabetic order.

Vikings, i., 118.

Vitrified forts, i., 90‒92.

Wade, General, iii., 224‒225.

Wager of battle, i., 228‒229.

Wake, Lord, i., 301, 315.

Wales, i., 125, 174.

Walker, William, iv., 197, 198; James, 425.

Walls, Roman, i., 109, 110.

Wallace, Sir William, i., 265‒272, 277, 278‒280.

Wallace, Adam, ii., 78; William, iv., 253.

Wanlock, lead mine, ii., 284.

Wardlaw, Dr. Ralph, iv., 221.

Warwick, iv., 342.

Watson, Dr. Robert, iv., 152.

Watt, James, iv., 272, 274‒281.

Weapons, prehistoric, i., 49, 50, 75‒78.

Webster, Dr. Alexander, iv., 214.

Wedderburn, Robert, ii., 319, 341; James, 341, 343; John, 343.

Weights and measures, i., 239, 332, 401, 402.

Wells, venerated, i., 128, 135, 260, 261.

Welsh, John, iii., 29; Dr., iv., 483.

Welwood, William, ii., 384, 385.

Wemyss, glass work at, iii., 315.

Westminster Assembly of Divines, iii., 85, 87‒89.

Whig, early use of the word, iii., 155, 342, 350, 351.

Whisky, ii., 192, 193; iv., 396, 397.

White Caterthun, i., 89, 90.

William the Conqueror, i., 142, 143, 192, 193‒195, 196, 198.

William the Lion, reign of, i., 205‒209, 222, 227, 230.

William Rufus, i., 143, 196.

William of Orange, iii., 171, 173, 174‒176, 178‒180, 183‒185, 186‒190, 192, 201‒204.

Willock, John, ii., 87, 97, 98, 101, 104, 108.

Wilson, John, iv., 105, 205, 206; Alexander, 182.

Wine, i., 393, 394, 415, 416, 432; ii., 292.

Winram, John, ii., 52, 104, 108, 158.

Winzet, Ninian, ii., 349‒352.

Wishart, Bishop of Glasgow, i., 266, 273, 283, 285; George, ii., 69; seized and martyred, 69, 70.

Witchcraft, ii., 9, 268‒277; iii., 259‒264.

Witherspoon, Dr. John, iv., 214, 215.

Wool, i., 240, 333, 387, 388; ii., 290; iii., 306, 307, 308.

Worcester, battle of, iii., 110.

Wyntoun, Andrew, i., 455, 456.

York, Duke of, iii., 156, 157, 163.

York, Archbishop of, i., 200, 201.

Young, Peter, ii., 403; Dr. Thomas, iv., 267.

Yule, i., 416, 417.

Zealand, i., 392.

END OF VOLUME I.

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