Opening…

Preface

IN recent years the study of the human race has been prosecuted in many directions, and the range of the historic view has been much extended. Researches have been made in the departments of anthropology, ethnology, philology, archæology, and craniology, and thus a great body of materials, more or less valuable for historical purposes, has been collected. It is the special function of the historian to discriminate and estimate the value of such materials.

Fifteen years have elapsed since the issue of the first volume of the present work. Since then there has been much investigation into prehistoric subjects, many ancient structures within the limited area to which this work is specially devoted, having been carefully examined; while, by the publication of the series of Exchequer Rolls, Burgh Records, and other important documents, the materials relating to the twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, have been rendered more accessible. In preparing this volume for a new edition, I have found it necessary to recast and rewrite the whole. Two new sections have been added to the Introduction, while most of the others have been much enlarged. About one-fourth of the volume is new.

This is the first attempt to present a synthetic narrative of the condition, progress, and development of the civilisation of the people from the earliest traces of their occupation of the country down to the present day. The difficulties in the way of successfully accomplishing such a work are obvious, and I can scarcely hope that I have completely vanquished them; still, I trust that this effort will prove interesting and valuable. While the statements of ascertained facts may be implicitly relied upon, yet the more obscure prehistoric phenomena may be susceptible of different interpretations; in such cases, I have endeavoured to make the best use of such evidence as is available.

Amongst the works which have appeared on the early history of Scotland, Dr. Anderson’s two volumes of the Rhind Lectures, entitled, Scotland in Pagan Times, are especially valuable. Sir Arthur Mitchell also has made some very important suggestions. To Mr. Alexander Macbain, an eminent Celtic scholar, and author of a work on Celtic Mythology, I am indebted for information touching the religion of the Celts in early times.

Regarding the Normans, and the introduction of Norman feudalism into Scotland, after a full examination of the evidence, I have rejected many of the conclusions of preceding historians, especially on questions relating to the land and the people.

The social state of the nation in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries has been treated at length, and many interesting points explained; while the chapters on the disputed Succession, and the War of Independence, have been much enlarged. The tenth chapter contains an exhaustive view of the social state and characteristics of the nation in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, the materials for which have been mainly drawn from the National Records and other original sources. The chapters on Literature, Education, and Art, have been improved and rendered more complete.

J. M.

ABERDEEN, February, 1892.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

I. ――INTRODUCTION

SECTION I.

The Scope of the Work.

⭘ The Import and Interest of the Subject――Primary Causes of Civilisation――Influence of Climate, Soil, and Food on the development of Man――Origin of Myths

SECTION II.

Geographical and Physical Features of the Country.

⭘ Position of Scotland, the Islands, and the Coasts――General Aspect of the Country

⭘ Mountain Ranges: Watershed, Rivers, Valleys, and Plains――Characteristics of the Central Region――Lakes――Soil: Coal and Iron District

⭘ Flora and Fauna――Aspects of the Country when Man arrived

⭘ The Influence of Climate, Food, and Geographical Features on the Organisation of Society in Early Times――General Effect of the Features of External Nature on the Mind

SECTION III.

Historic Interpretation. Ethnological Problem.

⭘ Natural Order of Development――Thought preceded Language; relation of Thought and Language

⭘ Interpretation of the Phenomena and Relics of the Prehistoric Ages――Discrimination and Estimation of Historic Evidence――Human Intelligence in relation to Means

⭘ II. Supposed Cradle of the Human Race――The Question of the Original Home of the Aryans――The Early Races of Europe; Fossil Races――Result of recent Research touching the Aryans

⭘ Ethnology of Scotland――Aboriginal Race, a long-headed and short-limbed People inhabited the Island alone for a long period――Migration of the Celtic Race to Britain; they amalgamated with the Earlier Race――Later Migrations from Gaul――Irish Ethnology――Scandinavians――Constituent Elements of the Ethnology of Scotland

SECTION IV.

The Stone Age.

⭘ Natural Sequence of Development――Stone Weapons and Tools: Axes hammers, spear-heads, arrow-heads, knives, saws, scrapers――The Process of their Manufacture

⭘ Sepulchral Structures――Chambered Cairns, their External Characteristics, Retaining Walls and Horns; Internal Structure, Entrance Passages and Chambers; Human Remains, Bones of Animals and other Phenomena in the Floors of the Chambers ――The Long Cairns of England resemble those of Caithness: Similarity of their Contents――Sepulchral Structures of Orkney――Maeshowe――Other Groups of Chambered Cairns――Reference to Unwarranted Inferences――Condition of the Remains: An Attempt to Explain how the Interments were originally made

⭘ Dwellings of the Stone Age People――Did they construct the “Earth-houses?” examination of the point――Description of the “Earth-houses;” Resemblance between them and the Chambered Cairns; probably the “Earth-houses” were originated and constructed by the Men of the Stone Age――Primitive Boats

SECTION V.

The Bronze Age.

⭘ Introduction of the use of Bronze: transitional stage ――Hoards of Bronze Weapons and Tools: Bronze swords, daggers, spear-heads, shields, battle-axe, and war-trumpet――Bronze Tools and Implements: Axe-heads, chisels, anvils, needles, and sickles

⭘ Ornaments: Gold diadems, armlets, and rings; bronze rings, armlets, pins, and jet necklaces

⭘ Traces of the Sites and the Dwellings of the Prehistoric People――Causes and probable Origin of the Scotch Crannogs and Hill Forts――Description of the Crannogs; Articles and Tools associated with them――Three Classes of Hill Forts, their various characteristics, and purpose

⭘ Bronze Age Interments: Cairn burial; Urn interments; Cremation cemeteries――Stone Circles: Interments within stone circle areas――Result of recent Investigation

⭘ Probable length of the Prehistoric Period in Scotland――Social State of the Prehistoric Peoples, their Religion, Culture, and Civilisation

SECTION VI.

Roman Period.

⭘ Roman Invasion――Agricola’s Advance; the Native Tribes offered a vigorous resistance――Battle of Mons Grampius――Agricola recalled to Rome

⭘ The Roman Legions had an incessant conflict with the Independent Tribes――Roman Walls――Severus’ Campaign――Departure of the Romans

SECTION VII.

_Chief Tribes of the Country from the Fifth Century to the Foundation of the Monarchy._

⭘ New Historic Conditions: the Britons and the Kingdom of Strathclyde――The Picts, extent of their Territories――Settlement of the Angles in the south――Battle of Dunnichen――Migration of the Scots from Ireland to Argyle and the Isles――Aidan, King of the Scots――The Norsemen

⭘ Intermittent Warfare amongst the Chief Tribes; Causes which led to the Foundation of the Historic Monarchy――Kings of the Picts: Angus, Constantine, Kenneth M‘Alpin――founded the Historic Kingdom; its extent――M‘Alpin’s reign

SECTION VIII.

Introduction of Christianity.

⭘ Christianity an important factor in the Civilisation of Scotland――Missionary Efforts of St. Ninian; his Miracles and Churches――St. Kentigern’s; his difficulties with the King of Strathclyde; leaves Strathclyde, but afterwards returned――His Death, Tomb, and Relics――St. Cuthbert

⭘ St. Columba; his early life――His arrival in Iona, and his labour amongst the Picts; He founded many Monasteries――His encounters with the Magi and evil-spirits

⭘ The form of Christianity introduced――Columba’s Institution of Iona: the Buildings, and the Monastic Community and its Organisation, Divine Service, Priest’s Orders, Interment of the Dead, Sign of the Cross, Hospitality, Food; Regular Work of the Columban Community

⭘ Death and Character of Columba――Importance of the Institution of Iona――Attacked by the Norsemen; Dunkeld the chief Religious Centre――Influence of the early Saints on the subsequent religious feelings of the People

SECTION IX.

Gradual Extension of the Kingdom to the End of the Eleventh Century.

⭘ External and Internal Conflicts――Long Struggle against the Norsemen――Reign of Constantine II., a Meeting on the Mote Hill of Scone――Attempts to extend the Kingdom south-westward, and northward――Malcolm I., Indulf annexed Edinburgh――A Contest for the Throne――Reign of Kenneth II.――Constantine III. and Macduff――Reign of Malcolm II.; Battle of Carham, and annexation of Lothian; Death of Malcolm

⭘ King Duncan engaged in a struggle with the Chiefs of the North; Duncan slain; Reign of Macbeth――King Duncan’s sons; Siward’s Expedition against Macbeth unsuccessful――Macbeth slain

⭘ Reign of Malcolm III. (Canmore); extent of his Kingdom――His marriage with a Saxon Princess; her influence――Malcolm invaded Northumberland――Meeting of William the Conqueror and Malcolm III.――Death of the Conqueror――Malcolm again invaded Northumberland; his death――A Contest for the Crown between Donald Bane and Malcolm’s sons――Edgar placed on the Throne

SECTION X.

_State of Society from the Seventh Century to the End of the Eleventh._

⭘ Early Forms of Tribal Organisation; Relation of the Tribal Community to the Land; Causes of Social Changes; Origin of Private Property in Land――Divisible Rights in Land; Tribal Organisation in the Eleventh Century

⭘ Agriculture, Food, and Dwellings of the People――Trade, Markets

⭘ Crime and Punishment――Social Morality――Customs associated with Marriage――Attempts to place the Institution of Marriage on a proper footing――State of Religion

SECTION XI.

Early Architecture. Sculptured Stones.

⭘ Local Area and Number of the Brochs――The form and characteristics of the Brochs――Origin of the Brochs ――Indications of the Civilisation of the People who erected and occupied the Brochs

⭘ Early Stone Churches――Round Towers of Brechin and Abernethy

⭘ Sculptured Stones: the Earliest Class; other Classes having a Cross on them; the Earliest Class having only the peculiar Symbols――probably of Pre-Christian origin――The Representations on the Stones treated Historically

⭘ Characteristics of the Art of these Monuments――Associated with the Art of the Illuminated Manuscripts; Elaborate Decoration ――Ethnic Relations of these Monuments

⭘ Inscribed Monuments: Ogham, Gaelic, debased Roman, and Runic

SECTION XII.

_Characteristics of Early Celtic Art. Fragments of Early Literature._

⭘ Celtic Art as developed on Metal Work――Mirrors, Rings, Brooches, Chains; Crosier of St. Fillan

⭘ Cummene’s Life of St. Columba――Adamnan, Abbot of Iona: his Life of St. Columba; its characteristics――Other fragments of Latin Writings――Earliest Specimen of Gaelic Writing

⭘ The Ferleiginn: the Monasteries as Schools――Legends, Stories, and Rhymes common among the People――Conclusion of the Introduction

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter II

_Critical Estimate of the Result of Norman Feudalism on the Civilisation of Scotland._

⭘ Statement of the Historical Question――Commencement of the Plundering Expeditions of the Normans; infested France and threatened Paris; Normandy ceded to Rollo, who became the first Duke――The succeeding Dukes; Rising of the Peasantry――Robert the Magnificent; Birth of William the Conqueror――Robert the Magnificent attempted to invade England

⭘ William the Conqueror ascended the ducal throne; his struggle with the Nobles: He ordered the mutilation of thirty-two of the Citizens of Alençon――Character of the Feudal Government of Normandy――William prepared for the Invasion of England; he defeated Harold, and proceeded to subdue the English People――His Death and Character

⭘ Uncivilised and Savage Characteristics of the Normans; Norman Feudalism almost destitute of the essential elements of Civilisation

⭘ Effects of the Norman Conquest upon the English People; it created new Historic Conditions――Result of the Introduction of Norman Feudalism into Scotland

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter III

Narrative. Introduction of Feudalism.

⭘ Reign of Alexander I., and Earl David――Election and Consecration of Bishops of St. Andrews

⭘ Accession of David I.――Commencement of the Introduction of Feudalism――David misapprehended its Nature and Tendency; Rising against the King; the Province of Moray forfeited to the Crown――Invasion of England; Battle of the Standard

⭘ Death of Prince Henry; his children; Death of David I.――Reign of Malcolm IV.; Local Risings――Accession of William the Lion――Invasion of England; Capture of the King of Scots; Surrender of the Independence of the Kingdom to Henry II., but restored by Richard I.

⭘ Risings in Galloway and the North; Disaffection of the People ――Progress of Feudalism

⭘ Reign of Alexander II.; Rising in the North――Alexander and King John――Argyle subjected to the Crown; Diocese of Lismore erected――Local Risings――Policy of the King; his death――Councils of the Scottish Church

⭘ Coronation of Alexander III.; Policy of the Nobles during his Minority――Interference of Henry III.

⭘ Alexander III. resolved to subject the Western Isles――Haco’s great Expedition; its failure and cession of the Isles to Scotland――Death of Alexander’s children――Meeting of the Estates; Death of the King

⭘ Guardians appointed; Robert Bruce aspired to the Throne ――Marriage Project of Edward I.――Treaty of Brigham――Death of the Maid of Norway

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter IV

_Social Condition of the Nation in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries._

⭘ Feudal Organisation: the King, Revenue, Crown Officials; King’s Council; Legal Functionaries

⭘ Early Specimens of Charters; Charters made a requisite condition of holding Land, and a test of Freedom and Civil Rights; Thus many of the People were deprived of their Rights――Powers and Privileges granted by the Kings to the Norman Nobles――Connection of the Church with Feudalism and the Land――Hereditary tendency of Feudalism

⭘ Law――Crime――Forms of Trial and Punishment――Compurgators ――Ordeals――Wager of Battle, Hot Iron, and Water――Origin of Jury Trial――Indications of Improvement――Sanctuaries

⭘ Early Towns: Royal Burghs; their Relations to the Crown ――Trading Communities to the north of the Grampians――Court of the Burghs――Laws of the Burghs――Government and Organisation of the Burghal Communities; Guild Brethren――Markets――Burghs of Regality and Barony――Church Burghs

⭘ Coinage; Weights and Measures; Commerce of the Kingdom; Commercial Treaty with Flanders――Home Manufactures; Hand Craftsmen――Seals of the Kings, Nobles, and Bishops

⭘ Reorganisation of the Church――Dioceses and Parishes; Monastic Ideal; Celibacy――Schools

⭘ Literature of the Period: Chronicles; Records

⭘ Architecture: Castles; Churches

⭘ Husbandry; Herds of Cattle; Dairy Produce; Grain Crops; Mills, Brewhouses――Crown Lands――Church Lands――Condition of the Occupiers and the Toilers of the Land――Bondmen and Serfs――Conclusion

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter V

Disputed Succession. War of Independence.

⭘ Edward I. resolved to decide the fate of Scotland; the Nobles and Clergy admitted his claim of feudal superiority, and the Claimants of the Crown acknowledge him as their Lord Superior; they granted Edward seisin of the Kingdom; he took possession of the Castles, and began the swearing-in process

⭘ Claims of the Competitors for the Crown; Edward’s proceedings; the issue lay between Bruce and Baliol; they argued their Claims at great length, but the Lord Superior gave judgment in favour of Baliol

⭘ Baliol crowned at Scone; his position in Scotland――The Lord Superior insulted and humiliated the vassal King――A Parliament at Scone; perilous state of Scotland――Treaty between France and Scotland――Position of the Scotch Nobles

⭘ Commencement of the War of Independence――Edward I. massacred the Citizens of Berwick――Baliol renounced his allegiance――The Scots defeated――Edward’s march through Scotland――Baliol deposed――Edward’s Measures for the Government of Scotland

⭘ The Scotch Nobles and the People――Wallace appeared as the National Leader, attacked parties of the Invaders; Organised an Army and captured Castles――Battle of Stirling Bridge

⭘ Wallace’s efforts to promote Industry; appointed Guardian of the Kingdom; the Difficulties he had to contend with――Edward I. again invaded Scotland――Wallace’s Tactics――Battle of Falkirk ――Wallace resigned the Guardianship

⭘ New Guardians elected――Wallace proceeded to France――Edward continued his efforts to subdue the Scots――A Papal Bull against his Claims on Scotland――A Truce

⭘ France and the Pope deserted the Cause of Scotland――Battle of Roslin――Another great Invasion――Edward’s March through the Kingdom; his Negotiations with Comyn and the Nobles; their submission――Wallace must surrender unconditionally to Edward

⭘ Siege and Surrender of Stirling Castle――Edward’s efforts to capture Wallace; Menteith seized Wallace――Execution of Wallace――Influence of Wallace’s career on the Scots――Edward’s new form of Government for Scotland

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter VI

War of Independence. Robert Bruce.

⭘ Position of Bruce; a Bond between him and Bishop Lamberton ――Bruce’s tragic meeting with Comyn――Bruce mounted the Throne of Scotland; his adherents few in number――Edward I. proclaimed severe measures against him; Bruce’s small army defeated, and his followers captured and executed

⭘ Bruce reduced to great extremities; forced to wander in the woods and mountains; he retired to the Island of Rathlin; but the tide turned, and in May 1307, he defeated a body of English Cavalry――Death of Edward I.

⭘ Bruce defeated the Comyns and broke their power――The Scottish Clergy recognised Bruce as their King――Step by step the Castles and the Country were recovered from the Invaders

⭘ Battle of Bannockburn

⭘ Bruce’s Policy after the Battle; Attempts to make Peace; intervention of the Pope; Bruce and his Adherents Excommunicated――An Address to the Pope

⭘ Attempts to make Peace; invidious Policy of the English Government――A great Invasion of Scotland resolved on; Bruce’s tactics led to the failure and defeat of the English Army――Renewal of the Alliance with France

⭘ The English Government sued for Peace――Independence of Scotland acknowledged; Stipulations of the Treaty

⭘ Closing years of Bruce’s Reign――Marriage of his Son――His Residence and Life at Cardross――Letter to his Son――His Death

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter VII

Narrative to the Return of James I.

⭘ Succession of David II.; Regency of Randolph; his Death ――Edward Baliol claimed the Crown, and invaded the Kingdom; his supporters; Efforts of Andrew Moray and the National Party――Invasions of Edward III.

⭘ Baliol and his English supporters driven out of the Kingdom ――Return of David II.――Invasion of England; Battle of Durham, defeat of the Scots, and Capture of the King――The English seized the Southern Counties

⭘ The Steward elected Regent――The King’s Ransom; great difficulty of paying it――Parliamentary Proceedings; Measures adopted ――Position, Action, and Character of David II.――Arrangements about the payment of the balance of the Ransom

⭘ Death of David II.――Accession of Robert II.――Settlement of the Succession to the Throne――Renewal of the Alliance with France

⭘ Border Warfare――Arrival of French Troops; a Raid into England; Departure of the French――Battle of Otterburn

⭘ A Regent appointed――Death of Robert II.――Accession of Robert III. The Wolf of Badenoch; Turbulence of the Nobles; Weakness of the Crown――Duke of Rothesay appointed Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom――Recommencement of War on the Borders; English Invasions; Henry IV.

⭘ A Plot against the Duke of Rothesay, seized and imprisoned; his Death――Prince James captured by the English――Battle of Harlaw――Death of the Regent; his son succeeded him――Return of James I.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter VIII

Reign of James I.

⭘ James I. crowned at Scone; his first Parliament; Inquiry concerning Crown Lands; He resolved to reduce the power of the Nobles; Arrest of Sir Walter Stewart, Thomas Boyd, the Earl of Lennox, and Sir Robert Graham――Proceedings of Parliament――The Duke of Albany and Thirty Nobles and Knights seized and imprisoned; Trial and Execution of Albany, his Sons, and the Earl of Lennox

⭘ A Parliament at Inverness――Seizure and Imprisonment of the Lord of the Isles, and a large number of Highland Chiefs; Risings in the Highlands――Marriage of the King’s Daughter with the Dauphin of France――The King’s Ransom never paid

⭘ Policy and Legislation of James I.――Administration of Justice ――His relations with the Church; a Heretic Executed――James encouraged Industry

⭘ James’ Encroachments upon the Nobles; Forfeiture of the Earl of March, the Earldom of Mar annexed to the Crown――A Plot formed against the King: Sir Robert Graham and the Earl of Athole; the Plot matured; Murder of James I.――Capture and Execution of his Murderers

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter IX

Narrative to the Battle of Flodden.

⭘ Succession of James II.――Struggles among the Nobles during the King’s Minority; Execution of the young Earl of Douglas and his Brother――William, Earl of Douglas, assumed the title of Lieutenant-General of the Kingdom, and summoned a Parliament: A Struggle with the Crown became inevitable

⭘ Marriage of the King――The Livingston Faction crushed, and their Lands forfeited――Proceedings of Parliament――The Earl of Douglas and his Allies; Murder of the Earl of Douglas; Civil War; the new Earl of Douglas defied the King; Battle of Brechin; at last the King defeated the Douglas Tribe, and forfeited their Lands

⭘ Siege and Capture of Roxburgh Castle; Death of the King; James III., a boy, Crowned; the Government conducted by Bishop Kennedy and the Earl of Angus; Death of Kennedy; then the Nobles recommence their plotting; the Faction of the Boyds assumed the supreme power――Relations of Denmark and Scotland; Marriage of the King――Fall and Forfeiture of the Boyds――Parliamentary Proceedings

⭘ Character of James III.――Treaty between the Lord of the Isles and the King of England; Proceedings against the Lord of the Isles; Earldom of Ross annexed to the Crown; the Lord of the Isles created a Peer――The King incurred the enmity of the Nobles; his brothers――Death of the Earl of Mar, and Flight of the Duke of Albany; he plotted against the Crown of Scotland ――Menacing attitude of England: the Scottish Parliament and Edward IV.

⭘ Muster of the Scotch Army――The Nobles seized the King’s Favourites and hanged them, and imprisoned the King; the Duke of Albany assumed the Government, but soon fled――A Party of the Nobles continued to Plot against the King; induced his Son to join them and rose in Rebellion――Battle of Sauchie Burn, Death of James III.

⭘ Proceedings of the Dominant Faction――James IV.――Church Affairs

⭘ Forfeiture of the Lord of the Isles――Policy of the Government towards the Celtic People

⭘ Foreign Relations of Scotland――Characteristics of James IV.; his welcome to Perkin Warbeck; recognising him as Prince Richard――James mustered an Army and crossed the Tweed in support of Perkin’s claim to the Throne of England, but the Expedition failed, and Perkin was sent away

⭘ A Truce with England was concluded after Perkin’s Departure ――James IV. was popular; and he had several Natural Children ――Marriage Treaty between James and the Princess Margaret of England; celebration of the Marriage

⭘ Foreign Relations: Death of Henry VII.; Henry VIII.――Sea Fight between the English and Scottish Captains――War between England and France――James IV. resolved to support his old Ally, mustered his Army, and invaded England; Battle of Flodden

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter X

_Social Condition of the Nation in the Fourteenth and ♦Fifteenth Centuries._

♦ “Fifthteenth” replaced with “Fifteenth”

⭘ Origin of the Scotch Parliament; admission of the Representatives of the Burghs; import of certain Phrases; Functions assumed by Parliament; the Judicial Committee of Parliament; the Lords of the Articles――Attempts to establish a Court of Supreme Jurisdiction; Proceedings of the Judicial Committee and of the Lords of Council――Church Courts

⭘ Power of the Nobles; rise of new Families during the War of Independence, but Robert I. increased the feudal power and privileges of the Nobles; Subsequently they entered into bonds with each other and marriage alliances, which often led to lawless proceedings and anarchy; All the efforts of James I. and the succeeding Kings failed to restrain their oppressive lawlessness

⭘ Deplorable State of the Nation――The small-landed Proprietors and Tenants greatly oppressed

⭘ State of Agriculture――The Crown Lands; the Tenants and Occupiers of these Lands――Church Lands

⭘ Condition of the Tillers of the Soil――Causes which led to the emancipation of the Bondmen and Serfs

⭘ Burghal Communities; the Border Burghs; Characteristics of the People of the Borders

⭘ The Northern Burghal Communities

⭘ Burghs of the Central Region of the Kingdom; Burgh Rents ――Custom of the Burghs――Number of Sheep in the Country――The Earl of Douglas and others evaded the payment of Custom, and often seized the Money in the hands of the Collectors――Revenue of the Crown

⭘ Commerce of the Kingdom――Seasons of Dearth――Description of Imports

⭘ The Coinage; depreciation of the Currency; value of Scots Money at the end of the Fourteenth Century, and at the end of the Fifteenth

⭘ Characteristics of the Daily Life, and the Laws of the Burghal Communities――The Chamberlain’s Court: Inquisitoral System of Inspection; Ale Tasters, and Official Fixers of the Price of Food and Goods; Forestallers and Regraters――The Burgesses of Guild

⭘ Position of the Craftsmen; Acts of Parliament touching them; mode of incorporating the Craftsmen, illustrated from the Records of Edinburgh――State of Mechanical Skill

⭘ Cities and Burghs of the Church

⭘ Defence of the Country; Military Habits of the People; Armour and Weapons; the Organisation of the Army――Tactics of the Scots――Introduction of Artillery

⭘ Probable Population of the Nation――Roads and Inns――Defective Sanitary Conditions; Pestilence――Lack of Medical Science

⭘ Drinking Habits; Chief Festivals――Rural Sports and Games

⭘ Sumptuary Enactments: Dress of the different Ranks of Society; Household Goods; Ornaments and Plate

⭘ Price of the staple Necessaries of Life――Condition of the Vassals, Tenants, and Labourers on the Crown Lands――Wages of Workmen

⭘ The State of Crime――Beggars, Sorners, Oppressors, and Vagabonds were numerous; Modes of Punishing them; Defects in the Administration of Justice――Functions of the Sheriff: Murder, Robbery, Rape, and Theft; Custom of saving Criminals from Punishment; Various forms of Punishment; Penance――Crime in the Burghs――Social Vice

⭘ Architecture――Castles, Churches

⭘ Wealth of the Church; Monasteries; Nunneries; Friars; Hospitals

⭘ Religious Feeling of the People: Avowed Motives for assigning Money and Property to the Church――Pilgrimages; Processions; Relics; Sunday――Conclusion of the Chapter

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter XI

_Literature of the Nation in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth ♦Centuries._

♦ “Centurees” replaced with “Centuries”

⭘ The Lowland Scotch Language, influence of the Celtic genius on it――Early Celtic Ballads and Tales; Celtic Heroes――Specimen of Gaelic Poetry――Origin of Rhyme

⭘ Lowland Scotch Ballad Literature――Thomas the Rhymer――Early Specimens of the Language――Ballad on the Battle of Otterburn, Battle of Harlaw; Sir Patrick Spens――Romantic Rhymes; Fairies and Elves――Holland’s Howlat; Cockelbie’s Sow

⭘ Barbour: his Life; his Metrical Story of Robert Bruce ――Literary Merits of his Work; its Historical Value――The Achievements of Bruce celebrated by other Poets

⭘ Andrew Winton’s Chronicle; its Characteristics

⭘ James I.; his Attainments and Energy; his Writings; _The King’s Quair_

⭘ Blind Henry, the Minstrel; his mode of Life; his Rhymed Book on Sir William Wallace; the Materials from which it was composed; its great popularity

⭘ Robert Henryson; his Life; Characteristics of his Writings

⭘ Sir John Rowll’s Poem――Fordun’s Chronicle――Increasing Importance of the National Literature

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us

Chapter XII

Education, Music, and Art of the Period.

⭘ Schools: the First Educational Act――Origin and Institution of the University of St. Andrews――The Institution of the University of Glasgow――Establishment of the University of Aberdeen――Constitution of the Scottish Universities――Early Scottish Teachers of Philosophy

⭘ Scottish Music: Singers, Harpers, Fiddlers, and Pipers――Musical Instruments――Dramatic Plays

⭘ Painting――Seal Engraving――Seals of the Period――Conclusion

♦INDEX

⭘ Listing

♦ added to Contents listing

THE HISTORY OF CIVILISATION IN SCOTLAND.

Spotted a typo or a problem in this chapter? Tell us