The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S (part 7 of 7)

The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S (part 7 of 7)

Deut. iv. 47 (Rev. Ver.)

Full hot and fast the Saxon rides, with rein of travel slack, And, bending o'ev his saddle, leaves the sunrise at his back.

Whittier.

{ Sun"set" (?), Sun"set`ting, } n. 1. The descent of the sun below the horizon; also, the time when the sun sets; evening. Also used figuratively.

'T is the sunset of life gives me mystical lore.

Campbell.

2. Hence, the region where the sun sets; the west.

Sunset shell (Zoöl.), a West Indian marine bivalve (Tellina radiata) having a smooth shell marked with radiating bands of varied colors resembling those seen at sunset or before sunrise; -- called also rising sun.

Sun"shade` (?), n. Anything used as a protection from the sun's rays. Specifically: (a) A small parasol. (b) An awning.

Sun"shine` (?), n. 1. The light of the sun, or the place where it shines; the direct rays of the sun, the place where they fall, or the warmth and light which they give.

But all sunshine, as when his beams at noon Culminate from the equator.

Milton.

2. Anything which has a warming and cheering influence like that of the rays of the sun; warmth; illumination; brightness.

That man that sits within a monarch's heart, And ripens in the sunshine of his favor.

Shak.

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Sun"shine` (?), a. Sunshiny; bright. Shak. "Sunshine hours." Keble.

Sun"shin`y (?), a. 1. Bright with the rays of the sun; clear, warm, or pleasant; as, a sunshiny day.

2. Bright like the sun; resplendent.

Flashing beams of that sunshiny shield.

Spenser.

3. Beaming with good spirits; cheerful. "Her sunshiny face." Spenser.

Sun"squall` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any large jellyfish.

Sun" star` (?). (Zoöl.) See Sun star, under Sun.

Sun"sted (?), n. [Sun + stead a place.] Solstice. [Obs.] "The summer sunsted." Holland.

Sun"stone` (?), n. (Med.) Aventurine feldspar. See under Aventurine.

Sun"stroke` (?), n. (Med.) Any affection produced by the action of the sun on some part of the body; especially, a sudden prostration of the physical powers, with symptoms resembling those of apoplexy, occasioned by exposure to excessive heat, and often terminating fatally; coup de soleil.

Sun"-struck` (?), a. (Med.) Overcome by, or affected with, sunstroke; as, sun-struck soldiers.

Sun"up` (?), n. Sunrise. [Local, U.S.]

Such a horse as that might get over a good deal of ground atwixt sunup and sundown.

Cooper.

Sun"ward (?), adv. Toward the sun.

Sun"wise` (?), adv. In the direction of the sun's apparent motion, or from the east southward and westward, and so around the circle; also, in the same direction as the movement of the hands of a watch lying face upward.

Sup (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supping.] [OE. soupen to drink, AS. s&?;pan; akin to D. zuipen, G. saufen, OHG. s&?;fan, Icel. s&?;pa, Sw. supa, Dan. söbe. Cf. Sip, Sop, Soup, Supper.] To take into the mouth with the lips, as a liquid; to take or drink by a little at a time; to sip.

There I'll sup Balm and nectar in my cup.

Crashaw.

Sup, n. A small mouthful, as of liquor or broth; a little taken with the lips; a sip.

Tom Thumb had got a little sup.

Drayton.

Sup, v. i. [See Supper.] To eat the evening meal; to take supper.

I do entreat that we may sup together.

&?;

Sup, v. t. To treat with supper. [Obs.]

Sup them well and look unto them all.

Shak.

Su*pawn" (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] Boiled Indian meal; hasty pudding; mush. [Written also sepawn, sepon, and suppawn.] [Local, U.S.]

Supe (?), n. A super. [Theatrical Cant]

Su"per- (?). [L. super over, above; akin to Gr. &?;, L. sub under, and E. over. See Over, and cf. Hyper-, Sub-, Supra-, Sur-.] 1. A prefix signifying above, over, beyond, and hence often denoting in a superior position, in excess, over and above, in addition, exceedingly; as in superimpose, supersede, supernatural, superabundance.

2. (Chem.) A prefix formerly much used to denote that the ingredient to the name of which it was prefixed was present in a large, or unusually large, proportion as compared with the other ingredients; as in calcium superphosphate. It has been superseded by per-, bi- , di-, acid, etc. (as peroxide, bicarbonate, disulphide, and acid sulphate), which retain the old meanings of super-, but with sharper definition. Cf. Acid, a., Bi-, Di- , and Per-.

Su"per, n. A contraction of Supernumerary, in sense 2. [Theatrical Cant]

Su"per*a*ble (?), a. [L. superabilis, from superare to go over, to surmount, fr. super above, over.] Capable of being overcome or conquered; surmountable.

Antipathies are generally superable by a single effort.

Johnson.

-- Su"per*a*ble*ness, n. -- Su"per*a*bly, adv.

Su`per*a*bound" (?), v. i. [L. superabundare: cf. OF. superabonder. See Super-, and Abound.] To be very abundant or exuberant; to be more than sufficient; as, the country superabounds with corn.

Su`per*a*bun"dance (?), n. [L. superabundantia: cf. OF. superabondance.] The quality or state of being superabundant; a superabundant quantity; redundancy; excess.

Su`per*a*bun"dant (?), a. [L. superabundans, p. pr. of superabundare. See Superabound.] Abounding to excess; being more than is sufficient; redundant; as, superabundant zeal. -- Su`per*a*bun"dant*ly, adv.

Su`per*a*cid"u*la`ted (?), a. Acidulated to excess. [R.]

Su`per*add" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superadded; p. pr. & vb. n. Superadding.] [L. superaddere. See Super-, and Add.] To add over and above; to add to what has been added; to annex, as something extrinsic.

The strength of any living creature, in those external motion, is something distinct from, and superadded unto, its natural gravity.

Bp. Wilkins.

The peacock laid it extremely to heart that he had not the nightingale's voice superadded to the beauty of his plumes.

L'Estrange.

Su`per*ad*di"tion (?), n. The act of adding something in excess or something extraneous; also, something which is added in excess or extraneously.

This superaddition is nothing but fat.

Arbuthnot.

Su`per*ad*ven"ient (?), a. Coming upon; coming in addition to, or in assistance of, something. [R.]

He has done bravely by the superadvenient assistance of his God.

Dr. H. More.

Su`per*al`i*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of overfeeding, or making one take food in excess of the natural appetite for it.

Su"per*al`tar (?), n. (Arch.) A raised shelf or stand on the back of an altar, on which different objects can be placed; a predella or gradino.

Su`per*an*gel"ic (?), a. Superior to the angels in nature or rank. [R.] Milman.

Su`per*an"nu*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superannuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superannuating.] [Pref. super- + L. annus a year.] 1. To impair or disquality on account of age or infirmity. Sir T. Browne.

2. To give a pension to, on account of old age or other infirmity; to cause to retire from service on a pension.

Su`per*an"nu*ate (?), v. i. To last beyond the year; -- said of annual plants. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su`per*an`nu*a"tion (?), n. The state of being superannuated, or too old for office or business; the state of being disqualified by old age; decrepitude.

The world itself is in a state of superannuation.

Cowper.

Slyness blinking through the watery eye of superannuation.

Coleridge.

Su*perb" (?), a. [F. superbe, L. superbus, fr. super over. See Super-.] 1. Grand; magnificent; august; stately; as, a superb edifice; a superb colonnade.

2. Rich; elegant; as, superb furniture or decorations.

3. Showy; excellent; grand; as, a superb exhibition.

Superb paradise bird (Zoöl.), a bird of paradise (Paradisæa, or Lophorina, superba) having the scapulars erectile, and forming a large ornamental tuft on each shoulder, and a large gorget of brilliant feathers on the breast. The color is deep violet, or nearly black, with brilliant green reflections. The gorget is bright metallic green. -- Superb warber. (Zoöl.) See Blue wren, under Wren.

-- Su*perb"ly, adv. -- Su*perb"ness, n.

Su*per"bi*ate (?), v. t. [Cf. L. superbiare.] To make (a person) haughty. [Obs. & R.] Feltham.

Su`per*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A bicarbonate. [Obsoles.]

Su`per*car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Bicarbureted. [Written also supercarburetted.] [Obsoles.]

Su`per*car"go (?), n. [Super- + cargo: cf. Sp. sobrecargo. Cf. Surcharge.] An officer or person in a merchant ship, whose duty is to manage the sales, and superintend the commercial concerns, of the voyage.

Su`per*car"pal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or in the upper part of, the carpus.

Su`per*ce*les"tial (?), a. [Pref. super- + celestial: cf. L. supercaelestis.] 1. Situated above the firmament, or great vault of heaven. Waterland.

2. Higher than celestial; superangelic.

Su`per*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supercharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supercharging (?).] [Pref. super- + charge. Cf. Surcharge.] (Her.) To charge (a bearing) upon another bearing; as, to supercharge a rose upon a fess.

Su`per*charge" (?), n. (Her.) A bearing charged upon another bearing. [R.]

Su`per*chem"ic*al (?), a. Above or beyond chemistry; inexplicable by chemical laws. J. Le Conte.

Su*perch"er*y (?), n. [F. supercherie.] Deceit; fraud; imposition. [Obs. & R.]

Su`per*cil"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. supercilium an eyebrow. See Supercilious.] 1. Of or pertaining to the eyebrows; supraorbital.

2. (Zoöl.) Having a distinct streak of color above the eyes; as, the superciliary woodpecker.

Su`per*cil"i*ous (?), a. [L. superciliosus, fr. supercilium an eyebrow, pride; super over, + cilium an eyelid; probably akin to celare to conceal. Cf. Conceal.] Lofty with pride; haughty; dictatorial; overbearing; arrogant; as, a supercilious officer; asupercilious air; supercilious behavior. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ly, adv. -- Su`per*cil"i*ous*ness, n.

||Su`per*cil"i*um (?), n. [L.] (Zoöl.) The eyebrow, or the region of ||the eyebrows.

Su`per*co*lum`ni*a"tion (?), n. (Arch.) The putting of one order above another; also, an architectural work produced by this method; as, the putting of the Doric order in the ground story, Ionic above it, and Corinthian or Composite above this.

Su`per*con*cep"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Superfetation. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*con"se*quence (?), n. Remote consequence. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*cres"cence (?), n. [See Supercrescent.] That which grows upon another growing thing; a parasite. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*cres"cent (?), a. [L. supercrescens, p. pr. of supercrescere; super above + crescere to grow.] Growing on some other growing thing. [R.] Johnson.

Su`per*cre*ta"ceous (?), a. (Geol.) Same as Supracretaceous.

Su`per*cu"ri*ous (?), a. Excessively curious or inquisitive. Evelyn.

Su`per*dom"i*nant (?), n. (Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale; that next above the dominant; -- called also submediant.

{ Su`per*em"i*nence (?), Su`per*em"i*nen*cy (?), } n. [L. supereminentia.] The quality or state of being supereminent; distinguished eminence; as, the supereminence of Cicero as an orator, or Lord Chatham as a statesman. Ayliffe.

He was not forever beset with the consciousness of his own supereminence.

Prof. Wilson.

Su`per*em"i*nent (?), a. [L. supereminens, p. pr. of supereminere. See Super-, and Eminent.] Eminent in a superior degree; surpassing others in excellence; as, a supereminent divine; the supereminent glory of Christ. -- Su`per*em"i*nent*ly, adv.

Su`per*er"o*gant (?), a. [L. supererogans, p. pr. See Supererogate.] Supererogatory. [Obs.]

Su`per*er"o*gate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supererogated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supererogating.] [L. supererogatus, p. p. of supererogare to spend or pay out over and above; super over, above + erogare to expend or pay out money from the public treasury after asking the consent of the people. See Super-, and Erogate, Rogation.] To do more than duty requires; to perform works of supererogation; to atone (for a dificiency in another) by means of a surplus action or quality.

The fervency of one man in prayer can not supererogate for the coldness of another.

Milton.

Su`per*er`o*ga"tion (?), n. [L. supererogatio a payment in addition.] The act of supererogating; performance of more than duty or necessity requires.

Works of supererogation (R. C. Ch.), those good deeds believed to have been performed by saints, or capable of being performed by men, over and above what is required for their own salvation.

Su`per*e*rog"a*tive (?), a. Supererogatory.

Su`per*e*rog"a*to*ry (?), a. Performed to an extent not enjoined, or not required, by duty or necessity; as, supererogatory services. Howell.

Su`per*es*sen"tial (?), a. Essential above others, or above the constitution of a thing. J. Ellis.

Su`per*eth"ic*al (?), a. More than ethical; above ethics. Bolingbroke.

Su`per*ex*alt" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superexalted; p. pr. & vb. n. Superexalting.] To exalt to a superior degree; to exalt above others. Barrow.

Su`per*ex`al*ta"tion (?), n. Elevation above the common degree. Holyday.

Su`per*ex"cel*lence (?), n. Superior excellence; extraordinary excellence.

Su`per*ex"cel*lent (?), a. [Pref. super- + excellent: cf. L. superexcellens.] Excellent in an uncommon degree; very excellent. Drayton.

Su`per*ex`ci*na"tion (?), n. Excessive, or more than normal, excitation.

Su`per*ex*cres"cence (?), n. Something growing superfluously.

Su"per*fam`i*ly (?), n. (Zoöl.) A group intermediate between a family and a suborder.

Su`per*fec`un*da"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) Fertilization of two ova, at the same menstruation, by two different acts of coition.

Su`per*fe*cun"di*ty (?), n. Superabundant fecundity or multiplication of the species.

Su`per*fe"tate (?), v. i. [L. superfetare; super above, over + fetare to bring forth.] To conceive after a prior conception, but before the birth of the offspring.

The female . . . is said to superfetate.

Grew.

Su`per*fe*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. superfétation.] (Physiol.) The formation of a fetus at the result of an impregnation occurring after another impregnation but before the birth of the offspring produced by it. This is possible only when there is a double uterus, or where menstruation persists up to the time of the second impregnation.

In then became a superfetation upon, and not an ingredient in, the national character.

Coleridge.

Su`per*fete" (?), v. i. To superfetate. [Obs.]

Su`per*fete", v. t. To conceive (another fetus) after a former conception. [Obs.] Howell.

Su"per*fice (?), n. A superficies. [Obs.] Dryden.

Su`per*fi"cial (?), a. [L. superficialis: cf. F. superficiel. See Superficies.] 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; lying on the surface; shallow; not deep; as, a superficial color; a superficial covering; superficial measure or contents; superficial tillage.

2. Reaching or comprehending only what is obvious or apparent; not deep or profound; shallow; -- said especially in respect to study, learning, and the like; as, a superficial scholar; superficial knowledge.

This superficial tale Is but a preface of her worthy praise.

Shak.

He is a presumptuous and superficial writer.

Burke.

That superficial judgment, which happens to be right without deserving to be so.

J. H. Newman.

-- Su`per*fi"cial*ly, adv. -- Su`per*fi"cial*ness, n.

Su`per*fi"cial*ist, n. One who attends to anything superficially; a superficial or shallow person; a sciolist; a smatterer.

Su`per*fi`ci*al"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. superficialité.] The quality or state of being superficial; also, that which is superficial. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*fi"cial*ize (?), v. t. To attend to, or to treat, superficially, or in a shallow or slighting way. [R.]

It is a characteristic weakness of the day to superficialize evil.

E. P. Whipple.

Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry (?), n. (Rom. Law) One to whom a right of surface occupation is granted; one who pays quitrent for a house built upon another man's ground.

Su`per*fi"ci*a*ry, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the superficies, or surface; superficial.

2. (Rom. Law) Situated or built on another man's land, as a house.

Su`per*fi"cies (?), n. [L., fr. super above, over + facies make, figure, shape. See Surface.] 1. The surface; the exterior part, superficial area, or face of a thing.

2. (Civil Law) (a) Everything on the surface of a piece of ground, or of a building, so closely connected by art or nature as to constitute a part of it, as houses, or other superstructures, fences, trees, vines, etc. (b) A real right consisting of a grant by a landed proprietor of a piece of ground, bearing a strong resemblance to the long building leases granted by landholders in England, in consideration of a rent, and under reservation of the ownership of the soil. Bouvier. Wharton.

Su"per*fine (?), a. 1. Very fine, or most fine; being of surpassing fineness; of extra nice or fine quality; as, superfine cloth.

2. Excessively fine; too nice; over particular; as, superfine distinctions; superfine tastes.

Su"per*fine`ness, n. The state of being superfine.

Su`per*fin"i*cal (?), a. Extremely finical.

Su*per"flu*ence (?), n. [L. superfluens, p. pr. of superfluere to flow or run over. See Superfluous.] Superfluity. [Obs.] Hammond.

Su`per*flu"i*tant (?), a. [L. super above + fluitans, p. pr. of fluitare intensive fr. fluere to flow.] Floating above or on the surface. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. -- Su`per*flu"i*tance (#), n. [Obs.]

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Su`per*flu"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Superfluities (#). [L. superfluité, L. superfluitas. See Superfluous.] 1. A greater quantity than is wanted; superabundance; as, a superfluity of water; a superfluity of wealth.

A quiet mediocrity is still to be preferred before a troubled superfluity.

Suckling.

2. The state or quality of being superfluous; excess. "By a superfluity abominable." Chaucer.

3. Something beyond what is needed; something which serves for show or luxury.

Syn. -- Superabundance; excess; redundancy.

Su*per"flu*ous (?), a. [L. superfluus overflowing; super over, above + fluere to flow. See Super-, and Fluent.] More than is wanted or is sufficient; rendered unnecessary by superabundance; unnecessary; useless; excessive; as, a superfluous price. Shak.

An authority which makes all further argument or illustration superfluous.

E. Everett.

Superfluous interval (Mus.), an interval that exceeds a major or perfect interval by a semitone.

Syn. -- Unnecessary; useless; exuberant; excessive; redundant; needless.

-- Su*per"flu*ous*ly, adv. -- Su*per"flu*ous*ness, n.

Su"per*flux (?), n. Superabundance; superfluity; an overflowing. [R.] Shak.

Su`per*fœ*ta"tion (?), n. Superfetation.

Su`per*fo`li*a"tion (?), n. Excess of foliation. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*fron"tal (?), n. (Eccl.) A cloth which is placed over the top of an altar, and often hangs down a few inches over the frontal.

Su`per*fuse" (?), a. To pour (something) over or on something else. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Su`per*heat" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superheated; p. pr. & vb. n. Superheating.] 1. To heat too much, to overheat; as, to superheat an oven.

2. (Steam Engine) To heat, as steam, apart from contact with water, until it resembles a perfect gas.

Su"per*heat`, n. The increase of temperature communicated to steam by superheating it.

Su"per*heat`er (?), n. (Steam Engine) An apparatus for superheating steam.

Su"per*hive` (?), n. A removable upper part of a hive. The word is sometimes contracted to super.

Su`per*hu"man (?), a. Above or beyond what is human; sometimes, divine; as, superhuman strength; superhuman wisdom.

Su`per*im*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superimposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superimposing.] To lay or impose on something else; as, a stratum of earth superimposed on another stratum. -- Su`per*im`po*si"tion (#), n.

Su`per*im`preg*na"tion (?), n. The act of impregnating, or the state of being impregnated, in addition to a prior impregnation; superfetation.

{ Su`per*in*cum"bence (?), Su`per*in*cum"ben*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being superincumbent.

Su`per*in*cum"bent (?), a. [L. superincumbens, p. pr. of superincumbere. See Super- , and Incumbent.] Lying or resting on something else.

Su`per*in*duce" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superinduced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superinducing (?).] [Pref. super- + induce: cf. L. superinducere to draw over.] To bring in, or upon, as an addition to something.

Long custom of sinning superinduces upon the soul new and absurd desires.

South.

Su`per*in*duce"ment (?), n. Superinduction.

Su`per*in*duc"tion (?), n. The act of superinducing, or the state of being superinduced. South.

Su`per*in*fuse" (?), v. t. [Pref. super- + infuse: cf. L. superinfundere, superinfusum, to pour over.] To infuse over. [R.]

Su`per*in*jec"tion (?), n. An injection succeeding another.

Su`per*in*spect" (?), v. t. [Pref. super- + inspect: cf. L. superinspicere, superinspectum.] To over see; to superintend by inspection. [R.] Maydman.

Su`per*in`sti*tu"tion (?), n. One institution upon another, as when A is instituted and admitted to a benefice upon a title, and B instituted and admitted upon the presentation of another. Bailey.

Su`per*in`tel*lec"tu*al (?), a. Being above intellect.

Su`per*in*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superintended; p. pr. & vb. n. Superintending.] [L. superintendere. See Super-, and Intend.] To have or exercise the charge and oversight of; to oversee with the power of direction; to take care of with authority; to supervise; as, an officer superintends the building of a ship or the construction of a fort.

The king may appoint a council, who may superintend the works of this nature.

Bacon.

Syn. -- Superintend, Supervise. These words in general use are the synonymous. As sometimes used, supervise implies the more general, and superintend, the more particular and constant, inspection or direction. Among architects there is a disposition to use the word supervise in the sense of a general oversight of the main points of construction with reference to the design, etc., and to employ the word superintend to signify a constant, careful attention to all the details of construction. But this technical distinction is not firmly established.

Su`per*in*tend"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. superintendance.] The act of superintending; care and oversight for the purpose of direction; supervision. Barrow.

Syn. -- Inspection; oversight; care; direction; control; guidance.

Su`per*in*tend"en*cy (?), n.; pl. -cies (&?;). The act of superintending; superintendence. Boyle.

Su`per*in*tend"ent (?), a. [L. superintendens, p. pr. See Superintend.] Overseeing; superintending.

Su`per*in*tend"ent (?), n. [Cf. OF. superintendant, F. surintendant. Cf. Surintendant.] One who has the oversight and charge of some place, institution, or organization, affairs, etc., with the power of direction; as, the superintendent of an almshouse; the superintendent of public works.

Syn. -- Inspector; overseer; manager; director; curator; supervisor.

Su`per*in*tend"er (?), n. A superintendent. [R.]

Su`per*in*vest"i*ture (?), n. An outer vestment or garment. [R.] Bp. Horne.

Su*pe"ri*or (?), a. [L., compar. of superus being above, fr. super above, over: cf. F. supérieur. See Super-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. More elevated in place or position; higher; upper; as, the superior limb of the sun; the superior part of an image.

2. Higher in rank or office; more exalted in dignity; as, a superior officer; a superior degree of nobility.

3. Higher or greater in excellence; surpassing others in the greatness, or value of any quality; greater in quality or degree; as, a man of superior merit; or of superior bravery.

4. Beyond the power or influence of; too great or firm to be subdued or affected by; -- with to.

There is not in earth a spectacle more worthy than a great man superior to his sufferings.

Spectator.

5. More comprehensive; as a term in classification; as, a genus is superior to a species.

6. (Bot.) (a) Above the ovary; -- said of parts of the flower which, although normally below the ovary, adhere to it, and so appear to originate from its upper part; also of an ovary when the other floral organs are plainly below it in position, and free from it. (b) Belonging to the part of an axillary flower which is toward the main stem; posterior. (c) Pointing toward the apex of the fruit; ascending; -- said of the radicle.

Superior conjunction, Superior planets, etc. See Conjunction, Planet, etc. -- Superior figure, Superior letter (Print.), a figure or letter printed above the line, as a reference to a note or an index of a power, etc; as, in x2 + yn, 2 is a superior figure, n a superior letter. Cf. Inferior figure, under Inferior.

Su*pe"ri*or, n. 1. One who is above, or surpasses, another in rank, station, office, age, ability, or merit; one who surpasses in what is desirable; as, Addison has no superior as a writer of pure English.

2. (Eccl.) The head of a monastery, convent, abbey, or the like.

Su*pe"ri*or*ess, n. (Eccl.) A woman who acts as chief in a convent, abbey, or nunnery; a lady superior.

Su*pe`ri*or"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. supériorité, LL. superioritas.] The quality, state, or condition of being superior; as, superiority of rank; superiority in merit.

Syn. -- Preëminence; excellence; predominancy; prevalence; ascendency; odds; advantage.

Su*pe"ri*or*ly (?), adv. In a superior position or manner.

Su`per*ja"cent (?), a. [L. superjacens, p. pr. of superjacere; super above + jacere to lie.] Situated immediately above; as, superjacent rocks.

Su`per*la"tion (?), n. [L. superlatio. See Superlative.] Exaltation of anything beyond truth or propriety. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Su`per*la"tive (?), a. [L. superlativus, fr. superlatus excessive, used as p. p. of superiorferre, but from a different root: cf. F. superlatif. See Elate, Tolerate.] 1. Lifted up to the highest degree; most eminent; surpassing all other; supreme; as, superlative wisdom or prudence; a woman of superlative beauty; the superlative glory of the divine character.

2. (Gram.) Expressing the highest or lowest degree of the quality, manner, etc., denoted by an adjective or an adverb. The superlative degree is formed from the positive by the use of -est, most, or least; as, highest, most pleasant, least bright.

-- Su`per*la"tive*ly, adv. -- Su`per*la"tive*ness, n.

Su`per*la"tive, n. 1. That which is highest or most eminent; the utmost degree.

2. (Gram.) (a) The superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs; also, a form or word by which the superlative degree is expressed; as, strongest, wisest, most stormy, least windy, are all superlatives.

Absolute superlative, a superlative in an absolute rather than in a comparative or exclusive sense. See Elative.

Su`per*lu*cra"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + L. lucratio gain.] Excessive or extraordinary gain. [Obs.] Davenant.

{ Su`per*lu"nar (?), Su`per*lu"na*ry (?), } a. Being above the moon; not belonging to this world; -- opposed to sublunary.

The head that turns at superlunar things.

Pope.

Su`per*ma*te"ri*al (?), a. Being above, or superior to, matter.

||Su`per*max*il"la (?), n. [NL. See Super-, and Maxilla.] (Anat.) The ||supermaxilla.

Su`per*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Supermaxillary.

Su`per*me"di*al (?), a. Above the middle.

Su`per*mun"dane (?), a. Being above the world; -- opposed to inframundane. Cudworth.

Su`per*mun"di*al (?), a. Supermundane. [Obs.]

Su`per*nac"u*lar (?), a. Like supernaculum; first-rate; as, a supernacular wine. [R.] Thackeray.

Su`per*nac"u*lum (?), adv. & n. [NL., from L. super over + G. nagel, a nail, as of the finger, or a corruption of L. super and ungulam claw.] 1. A kind of mock Latin term intended to mean, upon the nail; -- used formerly by topers. Nares.

Drinking super nagulum [supernaculum], a device of drinking, new come out of France, which is, after a man hath turned up the bottom of the cup, to drop it on his nail and make a pearl with that is left; which if it slide, and he can not make it stand on by reason there is too much, he must drink again for his penance.

Nash.

2. Good liquor, of which not enough is left to wet one's nail. Grose.

Su*per"nal (?), a. [L. supernus, from super above: cf. F. supernel. See Super-.] 1. Being in a higher place or region; locally higher; as, the supernal orbs; supernal regions. "That supernal judge." Shak.

2. Relating or belonging to things above; celestial; heavenly; as, supernal grace.

Not by the sufferance of supernal power.

Milton.

Su`per*na"tant (?), a. [L. supernatanus, p. pr. of supernatare to swim above; super above + natare to swim.] Swimming above; floating on the surface; as, oil supernatant on water.

Su`per*na*ta"tion (?), n. The act of floating on the surface of a fluid. Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*nat"u*ral (?), a. [Pref. super- + natural: cf. OF. supernaturel, F. surnaturel.] Being beyond, or exceeding, the power or laws of nature; miraculous.

Syn. -- Preternatural. -- Supernatural, Preternatural. Preternatural signifies beside nature, and supernatural, above or beyond nature. What is very greatly aside from the ordinary course of things is preternatural; what is above or beyond the established laws of the universe is supernatural. The dark day which terrified all Europe nearly a century ago was preternatural; the resurrection of the dead is supernatural. "That form which the earth is under at present is preternatural, like a statue made and broken again." T. Burnet. "Cures wrought by medicines are natural operations; but the miraculous ones wrought by Christ and his apostles were supernatural." Boyle.

That is supernatural, whether it be, that is either not in the chain of natural cause and effect, or which acts on the chain of cause and effect in nature, from without the chain.

Bushnell.

We must not view creation as supernatural, but we do look upon it as miraculous.

McCosh.

The supernatural, whatever is above and beyond the scope, or the established course, of the laws of nature. "Nature and the supernatural." H. Bushnell.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ism (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being supernatural; supernaturalness.

2. (Theol.) The doctrine of a divine and supernatural agency in the production of the miracles and revelations recorded in the Bible, and in the grace which renews and sanctifies men, -- in opposition to the doctrine which denies the agency of any other than physical or natural causes in the case. [Written also supranaturalism.]

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ist, n. One who holds to the principles of supernaturalism.

Su`per*nat`u*ral*is"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to supernaturalism.

Su`per*nat`u*ral"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being supernatural.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ize (?), v. t. To treat or regard as supernatural.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ly, adv. In a supernatural manner.

Su`per*nat"u*ral*ness, n. The quality or state of being supernatural.

Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry (?), a. [L. supernumerarius: cf. OF. supernuméraire, F. surnuméraire. See Super-, and Numerary, Number.] 1. Exceeding the number stated or prescribed; as, a supernumerary officer in a regiment.

2. Exceeding a necessary, usual, or required number or quality; superfluous; as, supernumerary addresses; supernumerary expense. Addison.

Su`per*nu"mer*a*ry, n.; pl. Supernumeraries (&?;). 1. A person or thing beyond the number stated.

2. A person or thing beyond what is necessary or usual; especially, a person employed not for regular service, but only to fill the place of another in case of need; specifically, in theaters, a person who is not a regular actor, but is employed to appear in a stage spectacle.

Su`per*oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. Supraoccipital.

Su`per*or"der (?), n. (Zoöl.) A group intermediate in importance between an order and a subclass.

Su`per*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + ordination: cf. L. superordinatio.] The ordination of a person to fill a station already occupied; especially, the ordination by an ecclesiastical official, during his lifetime, of his successor. Fuller.

Su`per*ox"ide (?), n. (Chem.) See Peroxide. [Obs.]

Su`per*par*tic"u*lar (?), a. [L. superparticularis. See Super-, and Particular.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is a unit, as the ratio of 1 to 2, or of 3 to 4. [Obs.] Hutton.

Su`per*par"tient (?), a. [L. superpartiens; super over + partiens, p. pr. of partire to divide.] (Math.) Of or pertaining to a ratio when the excess of the greater term over the less is more than a unit, as that of 3 to 5, or 7 to 10. [Obs.] Hutton.

Su`per*phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) An acid phosphate.

Superphosphate of lime (Com. Chem.), a fertilizer obtained by trating bone dust, bone black, or phosphorite with sulphuric acid, whereby the insoluble neutral calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2, is changed to the primary or acid calcium phosphate Ca(H2PO4)2, which is soluble and therefore available for the soil.

Su`per*phys"ic*al (?), a. Above or beyond physics; not explainable by physical laws.

Something superphysical and superchemical.

J. Le Conte.

Su"per*plant` (?), n. A plant growing on another, as the mistletoe; an epiphyte. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su`per*please" (?), v. t. To please exceedingly. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Su"per*plus (?), n. [Pref. super- + L. plus more. See Surplus.] Surplus. [Obs.] Goldsmith.

Su"per*plus`age (?), n. Surplusage. [Obs.] "There yet remained a superplusage." Bp. Fell.

Su`per*pol"i*tic (?), a. More than politic; above or exceeding policy. Milton.

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Su`per*pon"der*ate (?), v. t. To wiegh over and above. [Obs.]

Su`per*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being superposed, as one figure upon another.

Su`per*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superposing.] [F. superposer. See Super- , and Pose.] 1. To lay upon, as one kind of rock on another.

2. (Geom.) To lay (a figure) upon another in such a manner that all the parts of the one coincide with the parts of the other; as, to superpose one plane figure on another.

Su`per*po*si"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. superposition. See Super-, and Position.] The act of superposing, or the state of being superposed; as, the superposition of rocks; the superposition of one plane figure on another, in geometry.

Su`per*praise" (?), v. t. To praise to excess.

To vow, and swear, and superpraise my parts.

Shak.

Su`per*pro*por"tion (?), n. Overplus or excess of proportion. Sir K. Digby.

Su`per*pur*ga"tion (?), n. Excessive purgation. Wiseman.

Su`per*re*flec"tion (?), n. The reflection of a reflected image or sound. [R.] Bacon.

Su`per*re"gal (?), a. More than regal; worthy of one greater than a king. Waterland.

Su`per*re*ward" (?), v. t. To reward to an excessive degree. Bacon.

Su`per*roy"al (?), a. Larger than royal; -- said of a particular size of printing and writing paper. See the Note under Paper, n.

Su`per*sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the sacrum.

Su`per*sa"li*en*cy (?), n. The act of leaping on anything. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Su`per*sa"li*ent (?), a. [Pref. super- + L. saliens p. pr. of salire to leap.] Leaping upon. [Obs.]

Su`per*salt" (?), n. (Chem.) An acid salt. See Acid salt (a), under Salt, n.

Su`per*sat"u*rate (?), v. t. To add to beyond saturation; as, to supersaturate a solution.

Su`per*sat`u*ra"tion (?), n. The operation of supersaturating, or the state of being supersaturated.

Su`per*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superscribing.] [L. superscribere, superscriptum; super over + scribere to write. See Super-, and Scribe.] To write or engrave (a name, address, inscription, or the like) on the top or surface; to write a name, address, or the like, on the outside or cover of (anything); as, to superscribe a letter.

Su"per*script (?), n. Superscription. [Obs.] "I will overglance the superscript." Shak.

Su`per*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. superscriptio. See Superscribe.] 1. The act of superscribing.

2. That which is written or engraved on the surface, outside, or above something else; specifically, an address on a letter, envelope, or the like. Holland.

The superscription of his accusation was written over, The King of the Jews.

Mark xv. 26.

3. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the Latin word recipe (Take) or the sign &?;.

Su`per*sec"u*lar (?), a. Being above the world, or secular things. Bp. Hall.

Su`per*sede" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Superseded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Superseding.] [L. supersedere, supersessum, to sit above, be superior to, forbear, omit; super above + sedere to sit: cf. F. superséder. See Sit, and cf. Surcease.] 1. To come, or be placed, in the room of; to replace.

2. To displace, or set aside, and put another in place of; as, to supersede an officer.

3. To make void, inefficacious, or useless, by superior power, or by coming in the place of; to set aside; to render unnecessary; to suspend; to stay.

Nothing is supposed that can supersede the known laws of natural motion.

Bentley.

4. (Old Law) To omit; to forbear.

||Su`per*se"de*as (?), n. [L., suspend, set aside, stay, 2d pers. sing. ||present subjunctive of supersedere. See Supersede.] (Law) A writ of ||command to suspend the powers of an officer in certain cases, or to ||stay proceedings under another writ. Blackstone.

Su*per*se"dure (?), n. The act of superseding, or setting aside; supersession; as, the supersedure of trial by jury. A. Hamilton.

Su`per*sem"i*nate (?), v. t. To sow, as seed, over something previously sown. [Obs.]

That can not be done with joy, when it shall be indifferent to any man to superseminate what he please.

Jer. Taylor.

Su`per*sem`i*na"tion (?), n. The sowing of seed over seed previously sown. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Su`per*sen"si*ble (?), a. [Pref. super- + sensible: cf. F. supersensible.] Beyond the reach of the senses; above the natural powers of perception.

Su`per*sen"si*tive (?), a. Excessively sensitive; morbidly sensitive. -- Su`per*sen"si*tive*ness, n.

Su`per*sen"su*al (?), a. Supersensible.

Su`per*sen"su*ous (?), a. 1. Supersensible.

2. Excessively sensuous.

Su`per*serv"ice*a*ble (?), a. Overofficious; doing more than is required or desired. "A superserviceable, finical rogue." Shak.

Su`per*ses"sion (?), n. [Cf. OF. supersession. See Supersede.] The act of superseding, or the state of being superseded; supersedure.

The general law of diminishing return from land would have undergone, to that extent, a temporary supersession.

J. S. Mill.

Su`per*so"lar (?), a. Above the sun. Emerson.

Su`per*sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Su`per*spi"nous (?), a. (Anat.) Supraspinuos.

Su`per*sti"tion (?), n. [F. superstition, L. superstitio, originally, a standing still over or by a thing; hence, amazement, wonder, dread, especially of the divine or supernatural, fr. superstare to stand over; super over + stare to stand. See Super-, and Stand.] 1. An excessive reverence for, or fear of, that which is unknown or mysterious.

2. An ignorant or irrational worship of the Supreme Deity; excessive exactness or rigor in religious opinions or practice; extreme and unnecessary scruples in the observance of religious rites not commanded, or of points of minor importance; also, a rite or practice proceeding from excess of sculptures in religion.

And the truth With superstitions and traditions taint.

Milton.

3. The worship of a false god or gods; false religion; religious veneration for objects.

[The accusers] had certain questions against him of their own superstition.

Acts xxv. 19.

4. Belief in the direct agency of superior powers in certain extraordinary or singular events, or in magic, omens, prognostics, or the like.

5. Excessive nicety; scrupulous exactness.

Syn. -- Fanaticism. -- Superstition, Fanaticism. Superstition springs from religious feeling misdirected or unenlightened. Fanaticism arises from this same feeling in a state of high-wrought and self-confident excitement. The former leads in some cases to excessive rigor in religious opinions or practice; in others, to unfounded belief in extraordinary events or in charms, omens, and prognostics, hence producing weak fears, or excessive scrupulosity as to outward observances. The latter gives rise to an utter disregard of reason under the false assumption of enjoying a guidance directly inspired. Fanaticism has a secondary sense as applied to politics, etc., which corresponds to the primary.

Su`per*sti"tion*ist, n. One addicted to superstition. [Obs.] "Blind superstitionists." Dr. H. More.

Su`per*sti"tious (?), a. [F. superstitieux, L. superstitiosus.] 1. Of or pertaining to superstition; proceeding from, or manifesting, superstition; as, superstitious rites; superstitious observances.

2. Evincing superstition; overscrupulous and rigid in religious observances; addicted to superstition; full of idle fancies and scruples in regard to religion.

Ye men of Athens, I perceive that in all things ye are too superstitious.

Acts xvii. 22.

3. Overexact; scrupulous beyond need.

Superstitious use (Law), the use of a gift or bequest, as of land, etc., for the maintenance of the rites of a religion not tolerated by the law. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

-- Su`per*sti"tious*ly, adv. -- Su`per*sti"tious*ness, n.

Su`per*strain" (?), v. t. To overstrain. Bacon.

Su`per*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Superstrata (&?;). [NL.: cf. L. supersternere, superstratum, to spread upon. See Super-, and Stratum.] A stratum, or layer, above another.

Su`per*struct" (?), v. t. [L. superstructus, p. p. of superstruere to build upon; super over + struere to build. See Super-, and Structure.] To build over or upon another structure; to erect upon a foundation.

This is the only proper basis on which to superstruct first innocency and then virtue.

Dr. H. More.

Su`per*struc"tion (?), n. 1. The act of superstructing, or building upon.

2. That which is superstructed, or built upon some foundation; an edifice; a superstructure.

My own profession hath taught me not to erect new superstructions upon an old ruin.

Denham.

Su`per*struct"ive (?), a. Built or erected on something else. Hammond.

Su`per*struct"or (?), n. One who builds a superstructure. [R.] R. North.

Su`per*struc"ture (?), n. [Cf. F. superstructure.] 1. Any material structure or edifice built on something else; that which is raised on a foundation or basis; esp. (Arch.), all that part of a building above the basement. Also used figuratively.

You have added to your natural endowments the superstructure of study.

Dryden.

2. (Railway Engin.) The sleepers, and fastenings, in distinction from the roadbed.

Su`per*sub*stan"tial (?), a. [Pref. super- + substantial: cf. F. supersubstantiel.] More than substantial; spiritual. "The heavenly supersubstantial bread." Jer. Taylor.

Su`per*sub"tle (?), a. Too subtle. Shak.

Su`per*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) An acid sulphate. [Obs.]

Su`per*sul"phu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Supersulphurized. [Obs.] [Written also - sulphuretted.]

Su`per*sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To impregnate or combine with an excess of sulphur.

Su`per*tem"po*ral (?), n. That which is more than temporal; that which is eternal. [R.]

Su`per*ter*ra"ne*an (?), a. Being above ground. "Superterranean quarries." Mrs. Trollope.

Su`per*ter*rene" (?), a. [Pref. super- + terrene: cf. L. superterrenus.] Being above ground, or above the earth. [R.]

Su`per*ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Being above the earth, or above what belongs to the earth. Buckminster.

Su`per*ton"ic (?), n. (Mus.) The note next above the keynote; the second of the scale. Busby.

Su`per*trag"ic*al (?), a. Tragical to excess.

Su`per*tu`ber*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. super- + tuber.] (Bot.) The production of young tubers, as potatoes, from the old while still growing.

Su`per*va*ca"ne*ous (?), a. [L. supervacaneus, supervacuus; super over + vacuus empty.] Serving no purpose; superfluous; needless. [Obs.] Howell.

Su`per*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Supervened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervening.] [L. supervenire, superventum, to come over, to come upon; super over + venire to come. See Super-, and Come, and cf. Overcome.] To come as something additional or extraneous; to occur with reference or relation to something else; to happen upon or after something else; to be added; to take place; to happen.

Such a mutual gravitation can never supervene to matter unless impressed by divine power.

Bentley.

A tyrany immediately supervened.

Burke.

Su`per*ven"ient (?), a. [L. superveniens, p. pr.] Coming as something additional or extraneous; coming afterwards.

That branch of belief was in him supervenient to Christian practice.

Hammond.

Divorces can be granted, a mensa et toro, only for supervenient causes.

Z. Swift.

Su`per*ven"tion (?), n. [L. superventio.] The act of supervening. Bp. Hall.

Su`per*vis"al (?), n. Supervision. Walpole.

Su`per*vise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supervised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supervising.] [Pref. super- + L. visere to look at attentively, to view, surely, intens. from videre, visum, to see. Cf. Survise, and Survey.] 1. To oversee for direction; to superintend; to inspect with authority; as, to supervise the construction of a steam engine, or the printing of a book.

2. To look over so as to read; to peruse. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- See Superintend.

Su`per*vise", n. Supervision; inspection. [Obs.]

Su`per*vi"sion (?), n. The act of overseeing; inspection; superintendence; oversight.

Su`per*vi"sive (?), a. Supervisory. [R.]

Su`per*vis"or (?), n. 1. One who supervises; an overseer; an inspector; a superintendent; as, a supervisor of schools.

2. A spectator; a looker-on. [Obs.] Shak.

Su`per*vi"so*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to supervision; as, supervisory powers.

Su`per*vive" (?), v. t. [L. supervivere. See Survive.] To survive; to outlive. [Obs.]

Su`per*vo*lute" (?), a. [L. supervolutus, p. p. of supervolvere to roll over; super over + volvere to roll.] (Bot.) Having a plainted and convolute arrangement in the bud, as in the morning- glory.

Su`pi*na"tion (?), n. [L. supinare, supinatum, to bend or lay backward, fr. supinus supine: cf. F. supination. See Supine.] (Physiol.) (a) The act of turning the hand palm upward; also, position of the hand with the palm upward. (b) The act or state of lying with the face upward. Opposed to pronation.

Su`pi*na"tor (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) A muscle which produces the motion of supination.

Su*pine" (?), a. [L. supinus, akin to sub under, super above. Cf. Sub-, Super-.] 1. Lying on the back, or with the face upward; -- opposed to prone.

2. Leaning backward, or inclining with exposure to the sun; sloping; inclined.

If the vine On rising ground be placed, or hills supine.

Dryden.

3. Negligent; heedless; indolent; listless.

He became pusillanimous and supine, and openly exposed to any temptation.

Woodward.

Syn. -- Negligent; heedless; indolent; thoughtless; inattentive; listless; careless; drowsy.

-- Su*pine"ly, adv. -- Su*pine"ness, n.

Su"pine (?), n. [L. supinum (sc. verbum), from supinus bent or thrown backward, perhaps so called because, although furnished with substantive case endings, it rests or falls back, as it were, on the verb: cf. F. supin.] (Lat. Gram.) A verbal noun; or (according to C.F.Becker), a case of the infinitive mood ending in -um and -u, that in -um being sometimes called the former supine, and that in -u the latter supine.

Su*pin"i*ty (?), n. [L. supinitas.] Supineness. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sup"page (?), n. [From Sup.] What may be supped; pottage. [Obs.] Hooker.

Sup`pal*pa"tion (?), n. [L. suppalpari to caress a little; sub under, a little + palpare to caress.] The act of enticing by soft words; enticement. [Obs.]

Sup*par`a*si*ta"tion (?), n. [See Supparasite.] The act of flattering to gain favor; servile approbation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sup*par"a*site (?), v. t. [L. supparasitari; sub under, a little + parasitus a parasite.] To flatter; to cajole; to act the parasite. [Obs.] Dr. R. Clerke.

Sup*pawn" (?), n. See Supawn.

Sup`pe*da"ne*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. pes, pedis, a foot: cf. L. suppedaneum a footstool.] Being under the feet. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sup*ped"i*tate (?), v. t. [L. suppeditatus, p. p. of suppeditare to supply.] To supply; to furnish. [Obs.] Hammond.

Sup*ped`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. suppeditatio.] Supply; aid afforded. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sup"per (?), n. [OE. soper, super, OF. super, soper, F. souper; originally an infinitive, to sup, take a meal. See Soup, and cf. Sup to take supper.] A meal taken at the close of the day; the evening meal.

Supper is much used in an obvious sense, either adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, supper time or supper-time, supper bell, supper hour, etc.

Sup"per, v. i. To take supper; to sup. [R.]

Sup"per, v. t. To supply with supper. [R.] "Kester was suppering the horses." Mrs. Gaskell.

Sup"per*less, a. Having no supper; deprived of supper; as, to go supperless to bed. Beau. & Fl.

Sup"ping (?), n. 1. The act of one who sups; the act of taking supper.

2. That which is supped; broth. [Obs.] Holland.

Sup*place" (?), v. t. To replace. [R.] J. Bascom.

Sup*plant" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplanted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplanting.] [F. supplanter, L. supplantare to trip up one's heels, to throw down; sub under + planta the sole of the foot, also, a sucker, slip, sprout. Cf. Plant, n.] 1. To trip up. [Obs.] "Supplanted, down he fell." Milton.

2. To remove or displace by stratagem; to displace and take the place of; to supersede; as, a rival supplants another in the favor of a mistress or a prince.

Suspecting that the courtier had supplanted the friend.

Bp. Fell.

3. To overthrow, undermine, or force away, in order to get a substitute in place of.

You never will supplant the received ideas of God.

Landor.

Syn. -- To remove; displace; overpower; undermine; overthrow; supersede.

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Sup`plan*ta"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. supplantation, L. supplantatio hypocritical deceit.] The act of supplanting or displacing.

Habitual supplantation of immediate selfishness.

Cloeridge.

Sup*plan"ter (?), n. One who supplants.

Sup"ple (?), a. [OE. souple, F. souple, from L. supplex suppliant, perhaps originally, being the knees. Cf. Supplicate.] 1. Pliant; flexible; easily bent; as, supple joints; supple fingers.

2. Yielding compliant; not obstinate; submissive to guidance; as, a supple horse.

If punishment . . . makes not the will supple, it hardens the offender.

Locke.

3. Bending to the humor of others; flattering; fawning; obsequious. Addison.

Syn. -- Pliant; flexible; yielding; compliant; bending; flattering; fawning; soft.

Sup"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppling (?).] 1. To make soft and pliant; to render flexible; as, to supple leather.

The flesh therewith she suppled and did steep.

Spenser.

2. To make compliant, submissive, or obedient.

A mother persisting till she had bent her daughter's mind and suppled her will.

Locke.

They should supple our stiff willfulness.

Barrow.

Sup"ple, v. i. To become soft and pliant.

The stones . . . Suppled into softness as they fell.

Dryden.

Sup"ple-chapped` (?), a. Having a limber tongue. [R.] "A supple-chapped flatterer." Marston.

Sup"ple-jack` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) A climbing shrub (Berchemia volubilus) of the Southern United States, having a tough and pliable stem. (b) A somewhat similar tropical American plant (Paullinia Curassavica); also, a walking stick made from its stem.

He was in form and spirit like a supple-jack, . . . yielding, but tough; though he bent, he never broke.

W. Irving.

This name is given to various plants of similar habit in different British colonies.

Sup"ple*ly, adv. In a supple manner; softly; pliantly; mildly. Cotgrave.

Sup"ple*ment (?), n. [F. supplément, L. supplementum, fr. supplere to fill up. See Supply, v. t.] 1. That which supplies a deficiency, or meets a want; a store; a supply. [Obs.] Chapman.

2. That which fills up, completes, or makes an addition to, something already organized, arranged, or set apart; specifically, a part added to, or issued as a continuation of, a book or paper, to make good its deficiencies or correct its errors.

3. (Trig.) The number of degrees which, if added to a specified arc, make it 180°; the quantity by which an arc or an angle falls short of 180 degrees, or an arc falls short of a semicircle.

Syn. -- Appendix. -- Appendix, Supplement. An appendix is that which is appended to something, but is not essential to its completeness; a supplement is that which supplements, or serves to complete or make perfect, that to which it is added.

Sup"ple*ment (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplemented; p. pr. & vb. n. Supplementing.] To fill up or supply by addition; to add something to.

Causes of one kind must be supplemented by bringing to bear upon them a causation of another kind.

I. Taylor.

{ Sup`ple*men"tal (?), Sup`ple*men"ta*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. supplémentaire.] Added to supply what is wanted; additional; being, or serving as, a supplement; as, a supplemental law; a supplementary sheet or volume.

Supplemental air (Physiol.), the air which in addition to the residual air remains in the lungs after ordinary expiration, but which, unlike the residual air, can be expelled; reserve air. -- Supplemental bill (Equity), a bill filed in aid of an original bill to supply some deffect in the latter, or to set forth new facts which can not be done by amendment. Burrill. Daniel. -- Supplementary chords (Math.), in an ellipse or hyperbola, any two chords drawn through the extremities of a diameter, and intersecting on the curve.

Sup`ple*men*ta"tion (?), n. The act of supplementing. C. Kingsley.

Sup"ple*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being supple; flexibility; pliableness; pliancy.

{ Sup"ple*tive (?), Sup"ple*to*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. supplétif, LL. suppletivus, from L. supplere, suppletum, to fill up. See Supply.] Supplying deficiencies; supplementary; as, a suppletory oath.

Sup"ple*to*ry, n.; pl. Suppletories (&?;). That which is to supply what is wanted.

Invent suppletories to excuse an evil man.

Jer. Taylor.

Sup*pli"al (?), n. The act of supplying; a supply. "The supplial of a preposition." Fitzed. Hall.

Sup*pli"ance (?), n. [From Supply.] That which supplies a want; assistance; a gratification; satisfaction. [R.]

The perfume and suppliance of a minute.

Shak.

Sup*pli"ance (?), n. [See Suppliant.] Supplication; entreaty.

When Greece her knee in suppliance bent.

Halleck.

Sup"pli*ant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of supplier to entreat, L. supplicare. See Supplicate, and cf. Supplicant.] 1. Asking earnestly and submissively; entreating; beseeching; supplicating.

The rich grow suppliant, and the poor grow proud.

Dryden.

2. Manifesting entreaty; expressive of supplication.

To bow and sue for grace With suppliant knee.

Milton.

Syn. -- Entreating; beseeching; suing; begging; supplicating; imploring.

-- Sup"pli*ant*ly, adv. -- Sup"pli*ant*ness, n.

Sup"pli*ant, n. One who supplicates; a humble petitioner; one who entreats submissively.

Hear thy suppliant's prayer.

Dryden.

Sup"pli*can*cy (?), n. Supplication. [R.]

Sup"pli*cant (?), a. [L. supplicans, p. pr. See Supplicate, and cf. Suppliant.] Entreating; asking submissively. Shak. -- Sup"pli*cant*ly, adv.

Sup"pli*cant, n. One who supplicates; a suppliant.

The wise supplicant . . . left the event to God.

Rogers.

||Sup"pli*cat (?), n. [L., he supplicates.] (Eng. Universities) A ||petition; esp., a written one, with a certificate that the conditions ||have been complied with.

Sup"pli*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplicating.] [L. supplicatus, p. p. of supplicare to supplicate; of uncertain origin, cf. supplex, supplicis, humbly begging or entreating; perhaps fr. sub under + a word akin to placare to reconcile, appease (cf. Placable), or fr. sub under + plicare to fold, whence the idea of bending the knees (cf. Ply, v. t.). Cf. Supple.] 1. To entreat for; to seek by earnest prayer; to ask for earnestly and humbly; as, to supplicate blessings on Christian efforts to spread the gospel.

2. To address in prayer; to entreat as a supplicant; as, to supplicate the Deity.

Syn. -- To beseech; entreat; beg; petition; implore; importune; solicit; crave. See Beseech.

Sup"pli*cate, v. i. To make petition with earnestness and submission; to implore.

A man can not brook to supplicate or beg.

Bacon.

Sup"pli*ca`ting*ly, adv. In a supplicating manner.

Sup`pli*ca"tion (?), n. [F. supplication, L. supplicatio.] 1. The act of supplicating; humble and earnest prayer, as in worship.

2. A humble petition; an earnest request; an entreaty.

3. (Rom. Antiq.) A religious solemnity observed in consequence of some military success, and also, in times of distress and danger, to avert the anger of the gods.

Syn. -- Entreaty; petition; solicitation; craving.

Sup"pli*ca`tor (?), n. [L.] One who supplicates; a supplicant.

Sup"pli*ca*to*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. supplicatoire.] Containing supplication; humble; earnest.

Sup*pli"er (?), n. One who supplies.

Sup*ply" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supplied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supplying (?).] [For older supploy, F. suppléer, OF. also supployer, (assumed) LL. suppletare, from L. supplere, suppletum; sub under + plere to fill, akin to plenus full. See Plenty.] 1. To fill up, or keep full; to furnish with what is wanted; to afford, or furnish with, a sufficiency; as, rivers are supplied by smaller streams; an aqueduct supplies an artificial lake; -- often followed by with before the thing furnished; as, to supply a furnace with fuel; to supply soldiers with ammunition.

2. To serve instead of; to take the place of.

Burning ships the banished sun supply.

Waller.

The sun was set, and Vesper, to supply His absent beams, had lighted up the sky.

Dryden.

3. To fill temporarily; to serve as substitute for another in, as a vacant place or office; to occupy; to have possession of; as, to supply a pulpit.

4. To give; to bring or furnish; to provide; as, to supply money for the war. Prior.

Syn. -- To furnish; provide; administer; minister; contribute; yield; accommodate.

Sup*ply", n.; pl. Supplies (&?;). 1. The act of supplying; supplial. A. Tucker.

2. That which supplies a want; sufficiency of things for use or want. Specifically: --

(a) Auxiliary troops or reënforcements. "My promised supply of horsemen." Shak.

(b) The food, and the like, which meets the daily necessities of an army or other large body of men; store; -- used chiefly in the plural; as, the army was discontented for lack of supplies.

(c) An amount of money provided, as by Parliament or Congress, to meet the annual national expenditures; generally in the plural; as, to vote supplies.

(d) A person who fills a place for a time; one who supplies the place of another; a substitute; esp., a clergyman who supplies a vacant pulpit.

Stated supply (Eccl.), a clergyman employed to supply a pulpit for a definite time, but not settled as a pastor. [U.S.] -- Supply and demand. (Polit. Econ.) "Demand means the quantity of a given article which would be taken at a given price. Supply means the quantity of that article which could be had at that price." F. A. Walker.

Sup*ply", a. Serving to contain, deliver, or regulate a supply of anything; as, a supply tank or valve.

Supply system (Zoöl.), the system of tubes and canals in sponges by means of which food and water are absorbed. See Illust. of Spongiæ.

Sup*ply"ant (?), a. Supplying or aiding; auxiliary; suppletory. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup*ply"ment (?), n. A supplying or furnishing; supply. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup*port" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supported; p. pr. & vb. n. Supporting.] [F. supporter, L. supportare to carry on, to convey, in LL., to support, sustain; sub under + portare to carry. See Port demeanor.] 1. To bear by being under; to keep from falling; to uphold; to sustain, in a literal or physical sense; to prop up; to bear the weight of; as, a pillar supports a structure; an abutment supports an arch; the trunk of a tree supports the branches.

2. To endure without being overcome, exhausted, or changed in character; to sustain; as, to support pain, distress, or misfortunes.

This fierce demeanor and his insolence The patience of a god could not support.

Dryden.

3. To keep from failing or sinking; to solace under affictive circumstances; to assist; to encourage; to defend; as, to support the courage or spirits.

4. To assume and carry successfully, as the part of an actor; to represent or act; to sustain; as, to support the character of King Lear.

5. To furnish with the means of sustenance or livelihood; to maintain; to provide for; as, to support a family; to support the ministers of the gospel.

6. To carry on; to enable to continue; to maintain; as, to support a war or a contest; to support an argument or a debate.

7. To verify; to make good; to substantiate; to establish; to sustain; as, the testimony is not sufficient to support the charges; the evidence will not support the statements or allegations.

To urge such arguments, as though they were sufficient to support and demonstrate a whole scheme of moral philosophy.

J. Edwards.

8. To vindicate; to maintain; to defend successfully; as, to be able to support one's own cause.

9. To uphold by aid or countenance; to aid; to help; to back up; as, to support a friend or a party; to support the present administration.

Wherefore, bold pleasant, Darest thou support a published traitor?

Shak.

10. A attend as an honorary assistant; as, a chairman supported by a vice chairman; O'Connell left the prison, supported by his two sons.

Support arms (Mil.), a command in the manual of arms in responce to which the piece is held vertically at the shoulder, with the hammer resting on the left forearm, which is passed horizontally across the body in front; also, the position assumed in response to this command.

Syn. -- To maintain; endure; verify; substantiate; countenance; patronize; help; back; second; succor; relieve; uphold; encourage; favor; nurture; nourish; cherish; shield; defend; protect; stay; assist; forward.

Sup*port" (?), n. [F.] 1. The act, state, or operation of supporting, upholding, or sustaining.

2. That which upholds, sustains, or keeps from falling, as a prop, a pillar, or a foundation of any kind.

3. That which maintains or preserves from being overcome, falling, yielding, sinking, giving way, or the like; subsistence; maintenance; assistance; reënforcement; as, he gave his family a good support, the support of national credit; the assaulting column had the support of a battery.

Points of support (Arch.), the horizontal area of the solids of a building, walls, piers, and the like, as compared with the open or vacant spaces. -- Right of support (Law), an easement or servitude by which the owner of a house has a right to rest his timber on the walls of his neighbor's house. Kent.

Syn. -- Stay; prop; maintenance; subsistence; assistance; favor; countenance; encouragement; patronage; aid; help; succor; nutriment; sustenance; food.

Sup*port"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. supportable.] Capable of being supported, maintained, or endured; endurable. -- Sup*port"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*port"a*bly, adv.

Sup*port"ance (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Shak.

Sup`por*ta"tion (?), n. Maintenance; support. [Obs.] Chaucer. Bacon.

Sup*port"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, supports; as, oxygen is a supporter of life.

The sockets and supporters of flowers are figured.

Bacon.

The saints have a . . . supporter in all their miseries.

South.

2. Especially, an adherent; one who sustains, advocates, and defends; as, the supporter of a party, faction, or candidate.

3. (Shipbuilding) A knee placed under the cathead.

4. (Her.) A figure, sometimes of a man, but commonly of some animal, placed on either side of an escutcheon, and exterior to it. Usually, both supporters of an escutcheon are similar figures.

5. (Med.) A broad band or truss for supporting the abdomen or some other part or organ.

Sup*port"ful (?), a. Abounding with support. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sup*port"less, a. Having no support. Milton.

Sup*port"ment (?), n. Support. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sup*port"ress (?), n. A female supporter. [R.]

You are my gracious patroness and supportress.

Massinger.

Sup*pos"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being supposed, or imagined to exist; as, that is not a supposable case. -- Sup*pos"a*ble*ness, n. -- Sup*pos"a*bly, adv.

Sup*pos"al (?), n. The act of supposing; also, that which is supposed; supposition; opinion. Shak.

Interest, with a Jew, never proceeds but upon supposal, at least, of a firm and sufficient bottom.

South.

Sup*pose" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Supposed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Supposing.] [F. supposer; pref. sub- under + poser to place; -- corresponding in meaning to L. supponere, suppositum, to put under, to substitute, falsify, counterfeit. See Pose.] 1. To represent to one's self, or state to another, not as true or real, but as if so, and with a view to some consequence or application which the reality would involve or admit of; to imagine or admit to exist, for the sake of argument or illustration; to assume to be true; as, let us suppose the earth to be the center of the system, what would be the result?

Suppose they take offence without a cause.

Shak.

When we have as great assurance that a thing is, as we could possibly, supposing it were, we ought not to make any doubt of its existence.

Tillotson.

2. To imagine; to believe; to receive as true.

How easy is a bush supposed a bear!

Shak.

Let not my lord suppose that they have slain all the young men, the king's sons; for Amnon only is dead.

2 Sam. xiii. 32.

3. To require to exist or to be true; to imply by the laws of thought or of nature; as, purpose supposes foresight.

One falsehood always supposes another, and renders all you can say suspected.

Female Quixote.

4. To put by fraud in the place of another. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To imagine; believe; conclude; judge; consider; view; regard; conjecture; assume.

<! p. 1450 !>

Sup*pose" (?), v. i. To make supposition; to think; to be of opinion. Acts ii. 15.

Sup*pose", n. Supposition. [Obs.] Shak. "A base suppose that he is honest." Dryden.

Sup*pose"er (?), n. One who supposes.

Sup`po*si"tion (?), n. [F. supposition, L. suppositio a placing under, a substitution, fr. supponere, suppositium, to put under, to substitute. The word has the meaning corresponding to suppose. See Sub-, and Position.] 1. The act of supposing, laying down, imagining, or considering as true or existing, what is known not to be true, or what is not proved.

2. That which is supposed; hypothesis; conjecture; surmise; opinion or belief without sufficient evidence.

This is only an infallibility upon supposition that if a thing be true, it is imposible to be false.

Tillotson.

He means are in supposition.

Shak.

Sup`po*si"tion*al (?), a. Resting on supposition; hypothetical; conjectural; supposed. South.

Sup*pos`i*ti"tious (?), a. [L. suppositicus. See Supposition.] 1. Fraudulently substituted for something else; not being what is purports to be; not genuine; spurious; counterfeit; as, a supposititious child; a supposititious writing. Bacon.

2. Suppositional; hypothetical. [R.] Woodward.

-- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ly, adv. -- Sup*pos`i*ti"tious*ness, n.

Sup*pos"i*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. suppositif.] Including or implying supposition, or hypothesis; supposed. -- Sup*pos"i*tive*ly, adv. Hammond.

Sup*pos"i*tive, n. A word denoting or implying supposition, as the words if, granting, provided, etc. Harris.

Sup*pos"i*tor (?), n. (Med.) An apparatus for the introduction of suppositories into the rectum.

Sup*pos"i*to*ry (?), n.; pl. Suppositories (#). [LL. suppositorium, fr. L. suppositorius that is placed underneath: cf. F. suppositoire. See Supposition.] (Med.) A pill or bolus for introduction into the rectum; esp., a cylinder or cone of medicated cacao butter.

Sup*po"sure (?), n. Supposition; hypothesis; conjecture. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Sup*press" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suppressed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppressing.] [L. suppressus, p. p. of supprimere to suppress; sub under + premere, pressum, to press. See Sub-, and Press.] 1. To overpower and crush; to subdue; to put down; to quell.

Every rebellion, when it is suppressed, doth make the subject weaker, and the prince stronger.

Sir J. Davies.

2. To keep in; to restrain from utterance or vent; as, to suppress the voice; to suppress a smile. Sir W. Scott.

3. To retain without disclosure; to conceal; not to reveal; to prevent publication of; as, to suppress evidence; to suppress a pamphlet; to suppress the truth.

She suppresses the name, and this keeps him in a pleasing suspense.

Broome.

4. To stop; to restrain; to arrest the discharges of; as, to suppress a diarrhea, or a hemorrhage.

Syn. -- To repress; restrain; put down; overthrow; overpower; overwhelm; conceal; stifle; stop; smother.

Sup*press"i*ble (?), a. That may be suppressed.

Sup*pres"sion (?), n. [L. suppressio: cf. F. suppression.] 1. The act of suppressing, or the state of being suppressed; repression; as, the suppression of a riot, insurrection, or tumult; the suppression of truth, of reports, of evidence, and the like.

2. (Med.) Complete stoppage of a natural secretion or excretion; as, suppression of urine; -- used in contradiction to retention, which signifies that the secretion or excretion is retained without expulsion. Quain.

3. (Gram.) Omission; as, the suppression of a word.

Syn. -- Overthrow; destruction; concealment; repression; detention; retention; obstruction.

Sup*press"ive (?), a. Tending to suppress; subduing; concealing.

Sup*press"or (?), n. [L., hider.] One who suppresses.

Sup*prise" (?), v. t. To surprise. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sup"pu*rant (?), n. (Med.) A suppurative.

Sup"pu*rate (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Suppurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suppurating.] [L. suppuratus, p. p. of suppurare to suppurate, cause to suppurate; sub under + pus, puris, matter. See Pus.] To generate pus; as, a boil or abscess suppurates.

Sup"pu*rate, v. t. To cause to generate pus; as, to suppurate a sore. Arbuthnot.

Sup`pu*ra"tion (?), n. [L. suppuratio: cf. F. suppuration.] 1. The act or process of suppurating.

2. The matter produced by suppuration; pus.

Sup"pu*ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. suppuratif.] Tending to suppurate; promoting suppuration.

Suppurative fever (Med.), pyæmia.

Sup"pu*ra*tive, n. (Med.) A suppurative medicine.

Sup"pu*tate (?), v. t. [L. supputatus, p. p. of supputare. See Suppute.] To suppute. [Obs.]

Sup`pu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. supputatio: cf. F. supputation.] Reckoning; account. [Obs.]

Sup*pute" (?), v. t. [F. supputer, or L. supputare; sub under + putare to reckon.] To reckon; to compute; to suppose; to impute. [Obs.] Drayton.

Su"pra (?), adv. [L.; akin to super. See Super-.] Over; above; before; also, beyond; besides; -- much used as a prefix.

Su`pra-a*cro"mi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the acromial process of the scapula.

Su`pra-an"gu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) See Surangular.

Su`pra-au*ric"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the ear coverts, or auriculars; -- said of certain feathers of birds. -- n. A supra-auricular feather.

Su"pra-ax"il*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Growing above the axil; inserted above the axil, as a peduncle. See Suprafoliaceous.

Su`pra*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the branchiæ; -- applied especially to the upper division of the gill cavity of bivalve mollusks.

{ Su`pra*cho"roid (?), Su`pra*cho*roid"al (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above the choroid; - - applied to the layer of the choroid coat of the eyeball next to the sclerotic.

Su`pra*cil"i*a*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Superciliary.

Su`pra*clav"i*cle (?), n. (Anat.) A bone which usually connects the clavicle with the post-temporal in the pectorial arch of fishes.

Su`pra*cla*vic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the clavicle. (b) Of or pertaining to the supraclavicle.

{ Su`pra*con"dy*lar (?), Su`pra*con"dy*loid (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above a condyle or condyles.

Su`pra*cos"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the outside of, the ribs.

Su`pra*cra"ni*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or in the roof of, the cranium.

Su`pra*cre*ta"ceous (?), a. (Geol.) Lying above the chalk; Supercretaceous.

Su`pra*de*com"pound (?), a. (Bot.) More than decompound; divided many times.

{ Su`pra-e*soph"a*gal (?), Su`pra-e`so*phag"e*al (?), } a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the esophagus; as, the supra- esophageal ganglion of Crustacea. [Written also supra- œsophagal, and supra-œsophageal.]

Su`pra-eth"moid (?), a. (Anat.) Above, or on the dorsal side of, the ethmoid bone or cartilage.

Su`pra*fo`li*a"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Inserted into the stem above the leaf, petiole, or axil, as a peduncle or flower.

Su`pra*glot"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx above the true vocal cords.

Su`pra*he*pat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or on the dorsal side of, the liver; -- applied to the branches of the hepatic veins.

Su`pra*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Hyomental.

Su`pra-il"i*um (?), n. (Anat.) The cartilaginous cap at the sacral end of the ilium of some animals.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. [Supra- + lapse: cf. F. supralapsaire.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of that class of Calvinists who believed that God's decree of election determined that man should fall, in order that the opportunity might be furnished of securing the redemption of a part of the race, the decree of salvation being conceived of as formed before or beyond, and not after or following, the lapse, or fall. Cf. Infralapsarian.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an, a. Of or pertaining to the Supralapsarians, or their doctrine.

Su`pra*lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. The doctrine, belief, or principles of the Supralapsarians.

Su`pra*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Supralapsarian.

Su`pra*lap"sa*ry, n. A Supralapsarian.

Su`pra*lo"ral (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the lores; as, the supraloral feathers of a bird. -- n. A supraloral feather.

{ Su`pra*lu"nar (?), Su`pra*lu"na*ry (?), } a. Beyond the moon; hence, very lofty.

Su`pra*max"il*la (?), n.; pl. Supramaxillæ (&?;). (Anat.) The upper jaw or maxilla.

Su`pra*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated over the lower jaw; as, the supramaxillary nerve. (b) Of or pertaining to the upper jaw.

Su`pra*mun"dane (?), a. Being or situated above the world or above our system; celestial.

Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ism (?), n. The state of being supernatural; belief in supernatural agency or revelation; supernaturalism.

Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist, n. A supernaturalist.

{ Su`pra*nat"u*ral*ist (?), Su`pra*nat`u*ral*is"tic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to supernaturalism; supernaturalistic.

Su`pra*oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over, or in the upper part of, the occiput; of or pertaining to the supraoccipital bone. -- n. The supraoccipital bone.

Supraoccipital bone (Anat.), a bone on the dorsal side of the great foramen of the skull, usually forming a part of the occipital in the adult, but distinct in the young.

Su`pra*oc"u*lar (?), a. (Zoöl.) Above the eyes; -- said of certain scales of fishes and reptiles.

Su`pra-œ*soph"a*gal (?), a. (Anat.) See Supra-esophagal.

{ Su`pra*or"bit*al (?), Su`pra*or"bit*ar (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above the orbit of the eye.

Supraorbital point (Anat.), the middle point of the supraorbital line, which is a line drawn across the narrowest part of the forehead, separating the face from the cranium; the ophryon.

Su*prap"e*dal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated above the foot of a mollusk; as, the suprapedal gland.

Su`pra*pro"test (?), n. (Mercantile Law) An acceptance of a bill by a third person after protest for nonacceptance by the drawee. Burrill.

{ Su`pra*pu"bi*an (?), Su`pra*pu"bic (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the pubic bone.

Su`pra*re"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the kidneys. -- n. A suprarenal capsule.

Suprarenal capsules (Anat.), two small bodies of unknown function in front of, or near, the kidneys in most vertebrates. Also called renal capsules, and suprarenal bodies.

{ Su`pra*scalp"u*lar (?), Su`pra*scalp"u*la*ry (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above, or on the anterior side of, the scapula.

Su`pra*sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the sphenoidal bone; as, the suprasphenoidal appendage, or pituitary body.

Su`pra*spi"nal, a. (Anat.) (a) Situated above the vertebral column. (b) Situated above a spine or spines; supraspinate; supraspinous.

{ Su`pra*spi"nate (?), Su`pra*spi"nous (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated above a spine or spines; especially, situated above, or on the dorsal side of, the neural spines of the vertebral column, or above, or in front of, the spine of the scapula.

Su`pra*sta*pe"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, that part of the columella of the ear which projects above the connection with the stapes, as in many animals. -- n. The suprastapedial part of the columella.

Su`pra*ster"nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above, or anterior to, the sternum.

Su`pra*tem"po*ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above the temporal bone or temporal fossa. -- n. A supratemporal bone.

Su`pra*troch"le*ar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated over or above a trochlea or trochlear surface; -- applied esp. to one of the subdivisions of the trigeminal nerve.

Su`pra*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated above or outside a sheath or vaginal membrane.

Su`pra*vi"sion (?), n. Supervision. [Obs.]

Su`pra*vis"or (?), n. A supervisor. [Obs.]

Su`pra*vul"gar (?), a. Being above the vulgar or common people. [R.] Collier.

Su*prem"a*cy (?), n. [Cf. F. suprématie. See Supreme.] The state of being supreme, or in the highest station of power; highest or supreme authority or power; as, the supremacy of a king or a parliament.

The usurped power of the pope being destroyed, the crown was restored to its supremacy over spiritual men and causes.

Blackstone.

Oath supremacy, an oath which acknowledges the supremacy of the sovereign in spiritual affairs, and renounced or abjures the supremacy of the pope in ecclesiastical or temporal affairs. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Su*preme" (?), a. [L. supremus, superlative of superus that is above, upper, fr. super above: cf. F. suprême. See Super-, and cf. Sum.] 1. Highest in authority; holding the highest place in authority, government, or power.

He that is the supreme King of kings.

Shak.

2. Highest; greatest; most excellent or most extreme; utmost; greatist possible (sometimes in a bad sense); as, supreme love; supreme glory; supreme magnanimity; supreme folly.

Each would be supreme within its own sphere, and those spheres could not but clash.

De Quincey.

3. (Bot.) Situated at the highest part or point.

The Supreme, the Almighty; God.

Su*preme"ly, adv. In a supreme manner.

Su*prem"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. LL. supremitas.] Supremacy. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sur-. [F. sur over, above, contr. fr. L. super, supra. See Super-.] A prefix signifying over, above, beyond, upon.

||Su"ra (?), n. [Ar., a step, a degree.] One of the sections or ||chapters of the Koran, which are one hundred and fourteen in number.

Su`ra*dan"ni (?), n. A valuable kind of wood obtained on the shores of the Demerara River in South America, much used for timbers, rails, naves and fellies of wheels, and the like.

Sur`ad*di"tion (?), n. [F.] Something added or appended, as to a name. [Obs.] Shak.

Su"rah (?), n. A soft twilled silk fabric much used for women's dresses; -- called also surah silk.

Su"ral (?), a. [L. sura the calf of the leg: cf. F. sural.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the calf of the leg; as, the sural arteries.

Sur"ance (?), n. Assurance. [Obs.] Shak.

Sur*an"gu*lar (?), a. [Pref. sur- + angular.] (Anat.) Above the angular bone; supra- angular; -- applied to a bone of the lower jaw in many reptiles and birds. -- n. The surangular bone.

Sur"base` (?), n. [Pref. sur- + base.] 1. (Arch.) A cornice, or series of moldings, on the top of the base of a pedestal, podium, etc. See Illust. of Column.

2. A board or group of moldings running round a room on a level with the tops of the chair backs. Knight.

Sur"based` (?), a. (Arch.) (a) Having a surbase, or molding above the base. (b) [F. surbaissé.] Having the vertical height from springing line to crown less than the half span; -- said of an arch; as, a segmental arch is surbased.

Sur*bate" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbated; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbating.] [F. solbatu, p. p., bruised (said of a horse's foot); sole a sole (of a horse's foot) + battu, p. p. of battre to beat.] 1. To make sore or bruise, as the feet by travel. [Obs.]

Lest they their fins should bruise, and surbate sore Their tender feet upon the stony ground.

Spenser.

Chalky land surbates and spoils oxen's feet.

Mortimer.

2. To harass; to fatigue. [Obs.] Clarendon.

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Sur*beat" (?), v. t. Same as Surbate. [Obs.]

Sur*bed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surbedded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surbedding.] [Pref. sur- + bed.] To set edgewise, as a stone; that is, to set it in a position different from that which it had in the quarry.

It . . . has something of a grain parallel with the horizon, and therefore should not be surbedded.

Gilbert White.

Sur*bet" (?), v. t. Same as Surbate. [Obs.]

Sur*bet", a. Surbated; bruised. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sur*cease" (?), n. [F. sursis, from sursis, p. p. of surseoir to suspend, postpone, defer, in OF., to delay, refrain from, forbear, L. supersedere. Surcease is not connected with E. cease. See Supersede.] Cessation; stop; end. "Not desire, but its surcease." Longfellow.

It is time that there were an end and surcease made of this immodest and deformed manner of writing.

Bacon.

Sur*cease", v. t. To cause to cease; to end. [Obs.] "The waves . . . their range surceast." Spenser.

The nations, overawed, surceased the fight.

Dryden.

Sur*cease", v. i. To cease. [Obs.]

Sur*cease"ance (?), n. Cessation. [Obs.]

Sur*charge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcharged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surcharging (?).] [F. surcharger. See Sur-, and Charge, and cf. Overcharge, Supercharge, Supercargo.] 1. To overload; to overburden; to overmatch; to overcharge; as, to surcharge a beast or a ship; to surcharge a cannon.

Four charged two, and two surcharged one.

Spenser.

Your head reclined, as hiding grief from view, Droops like a rose surcharged with morning dew.

Dryden.

2. (Law) (a) To overstock; especially, to put more cattle into, as a common, than the person has a right to do, or more than the herbage will sustain. Blackstone. (b) (Equity) To show an omission in (an account) for which credit ought to have been given. Story. Daniel.

Sur*charge", n. [F.] 1. An overcharge; an excessive load or burden; a load greater than can well be borne.

A numerous nobility causeth poverty and inconvenience in a state, for it is surcharge of expense.

Bacon.

2. (Law) (a) The putting, by a commoner, of more beasts on the common than he has a right to. (b) (Equity) The showing an omission, as in an account, for which credit ought to have been given. Burrill.

Sur*charge"ment (?), n. The act of surcharging; also, surcharge, surplus. [Obs.] Daniel.

Sur*char"ger (?), n. One who surcharges.

Sur"cin`gle (?), n. [OE. sursengle, OF. sursangle. See Sur-, and Cingle, Shingles.] 1. A belt, band, or girth which passes over a saddle, or over anything laid on a horse's back, to bind it fast.

2. (Eccl.) The girdle of a cassock, by which it is fastened round the waist.

Sur"cin`gled (?), a. Bound with the surcingle.

Sur"cle (?), n. [L. surculus.] A little shoot; a twig; a sucker. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sur"cloy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surcloyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surcloying.] To surfeit. [Obs.]

Sur"coat` (?), n. [OE. surcote, OF. surcote. See Sur-, and Coat, and cf. Overcoat.] 1. A coat worn over the other garments; especially, the long and flowing garment of knights, worn over the armor, and frequently emblazoned with the arms of the wearer.

A long surcoat of pers upon he had..

Chaucer.

At night, or in the rain, He dons a surcoat which he doffs at morn.

Emerson.

2. A name given to the outer garment of either sex at different epochs of the Middle Ages.

Sur"crew` (?), n. [From F. surcroît increase, or surcrû, p. p. of surcroître to overgrow.] Increase; addition; surplus. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sur"cu*late (?), v. t. [L. surculatus, p. p. of surculare to purne, from surculus a shoot, sprout. See Surcle.] To purne; to trim. [Obs.] Cockeram.

Sur`cu*la"tion (?), n. Act of purning. [Obs.]

Sur"cu*lose` (?), a. [CF. L. sucrulosus woody. See Surcle.] (Bot.) Producing suckers, or shoots resembling suckers.

Surd (?), a. [L. surdus deaf (whence the meaning, deaf to reason, irrational), perhaps akin to E. swart. Cf. Sordine.] 1. Net having the sense of hearing; deaf. [Obs.] "A surd . . . generation." Sir T. Browne.

2. Unheard. [Obs.] Kenrick.

3. (Math.) Involving surds; not capable of being expressed in rational numbers; radical; irrational; as, a surd expression or quantity; a surd number.

4. (Phonetics) Uttered, as an element of speech, without tone, or proper vocal sound; voiceless; unintonated; nonvocal; atonic; whispered; aspirated; sharp; hard, as f, p, s, etc.; -- opposed to sonant. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§169, 179, 180.

Surd, n. (Math.) 1. A quantity which can not be expressed by rational numbers; thus, &radic;2 is a surd.

2. (Phon.) A surd element of speech. See Surd, a., 4.

Surd"al (?), a. (Math.) Same as Surd, a., 3.

Surd"i*ny (?), n. A sardine. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Surd"i*ty (?), n. [L. surditas.] Deafness. [Obs.]

Sure (?), a. [Compar. Surer (?); superl. Surest.] [OE. sur, OF. seür, F. sûr, L. securus; se aside, without + cura care. See Secure, and cf. Assure, Insure, Sicker sure.] 1. Certainly knowing and believing; confident beyond doubt; implicity trusting; unquestioning; positive.

We are sure that the judgment of God is according to truth against them which commit such things.

Rom. ii. 2.

I'm sure care 's an enemy of life.

Shak.

2. Certain to find or retain; as, to be sure of game; to be sure of success; to be sure of life or health.

3. Fit or worthy to be depended on; certain not to fail or disappoint expectation; unfailing; strong; permanent; enduring. "His sure word." Keble.

The Lord will certainly make my lord a sure house; because my lord fighteth the battles of the Lord.

1 Sam. xxv. 28.

The testimony of the Lord is sure.

Ps. xix. 7.

Which put in good sure leather sacks.

Chapman.

4. Betrothed; engaged to marry. [Obs.]

The king was sure to Dame Elizabeth Lucy, and her husband before God.

Sir T. More.

I presume . . . that you had been sure as fast as faith could bind you, man and wife.

Brome.

5. Free from danger; safe; secure.

Fear not; the forest is not three leagues off; If we recover that we are sure enough.

Shak.

-- To be sure, or Be sure, certainly; without doubt; as, Shall you do? To be sure I shall. -- To make sure. (a) To make certain; to secure so that there can be no failure of the purpose or object. "Make Cato sure." Addison. "A peace can not fail, provided we make sure of Spain." Sir W. Temple. (b) To betroth. [Obs.]

She that's made sure to him she loves not well.

Cotgrave.

Syn. -- Certain; unfailing; infallible; safe; firm; permanent; steady; stable; strong; secure; indisputable; confident; positive.

Sure (?), adv. In a sure manner; safely; certainly. "Great, sure, shall be thy meed." Spenser.

'T is pleasant, sure, to see one's name in print.

Byron.

Sure"-foot`ed (?), a. Not liable to stumble or fall; as, a sure-footed horse.

Sure"ly (?), adv. 1. In a sure or certain manner; certainly; infallibly; undoubtedly; assuredly.

In the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.

Gen. ii. 17.

He that created something out of nothing, surely can raise great things out of small.

South.

2. Without danger; firmly; steadly; securely.

He that walketh uprightly walketh surely.

Prov. x. 9.

Sure"ment (?), n. A making sure; surety. [Obs.]

Every surement and every bond.

Chaucer.

Sure"ness, n. The state of being sure; certainty.

For more sureness he repeats it.

Woodward.

The law holds with equal sureness for all right action.

Emerson.

Sures"by (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain. See Rudesby.] One to be sure of, or to be relied on. [Obs.]

There is one which is suresby, as they say, to serve, if anything will serve.

Bradford.

Sure"ti*ship (?), n. Suretyship. Prov. xi. 15.

Sure"ty (?), n.; pl. Sureties (#). [OE. seurte, OF. seürté, F. sûreté. See Sure, Security.] 1. The state of being sure; certainty; security.

Know of a surety, that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs.

Gen. xv. 13.

For the more surety they looked round about.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. That which makes sure; that which confirms; ground of confidence or security.

[We] our happy state Hold, as you yours, while our obedience holds; On other surety none.

Milton.

3. Security against loss or damage; security for payment, or for the performance of some act.

There remains unpaid A hundred thousand more; in surety of the which One part of Aquitaine is bound to us.

Shak.

4. (Law) One who is bound with and for another who is primarily liable, and who is called the principal; one who engages to answer for another's appearance in court, or for his payment of a debt, or for performance of some act; a bondsman; a bail.

He that is surety for a stranger shall smart for it.

Prov. xi. 15.

5. Hence, a substitute; a hostage. Cowper.

6. Evidence; confirmation; warrant. [Obs.]

She called the saints to surety, That she would never put it from her finger, Unless she gave it to yourself.

Shak.

Sure"ty, v. t. To act as surety for. [Obs.] Shak.

Sure"ty*ship, n. The state of being surety; the obligation of a person to answer for the debt, default, or miscarriage of another. Bouvier.

Surf (?), n. [Formerly spelled suffe, and probably the same word as E. sough.] The swell of the sea which breaks upon the shore, esp. upon a sloping beach.

Surf bird (Zoöl.), a ploverlike bird of the genus Aphriza, allied to the turnstone. -- Surf clam (Zoöl.), a large clam living on the open coast, especially Mactra, or Spisula, solidissima. See Mactra. -- Surf duck (Zoöl.), any one of several species of sea ducks of the genus Oidemia, especially O. percpicillata; -- called also surf scoter. See the Note under Scoter. -- Surf fish (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of California embiotocoid fishes. See Embiotocoid. -- Surf smelt. (Zoöl.) See Smelt. -- Surf whiting. (Zoöl.) See under Whiting.

Surf, n. The bottom of a drain. [Prov. Eng.]

Sur"face` (?), n. [F. See Sur-, and Face, and cf. Superficial.] 1. The exterior part of anything that has length and breadth; one of the limits that bound a solid, esp. the upper face; superficies; the outside; as, the surface of the earth; the surface of a diamond; the surface of the body.

The bright surface of this ethereous mold.

Milton.

2. Hence, outward or external appearance.

Vain and weak understandings, which penetrate no deeper than the surface.

V. Knox.

3. (Geom.) A magnitude that has length and breadth without thickness; superficies; as, a plane surface; a spherical surface.

4. (Fort.) That part of the side which is terminated by the flank prolonged, and the angle of the nearest bastion. Stocqueler.

Caustic surface, Heating surface, etc. See under Caustic, Heating, etc. -- Surface condensation, Surface condenser. See under Condensation, and Condenser. -- Surface gauge (Mach.), an instrument consisting of a standard having a flat base and carrying an adjustable pointer, for gauging the evenness of a surface or its height, or for marking a line parallel with a surface. -- Surface grub (Zoöl.), the larva of the great yellow underwing moth (Triphœna pronuba). It is often destructive to the roots of grasses and other plants. -- Surface plate (Mach.), a plate having an accurately dressed flat surface, used as a standard of flatness by which to test other surfaces. -- Surface printing, printing from a surface in relief, as from type, in distinction from plate printing, in which the ink is contained in engraved lines.

Sur"face (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfaced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surfacing (?).] 1. To give a surface to; especially, to cause to have a smooth or plain surface; to make smooth or plain.

2. To work over the surface or soil of, as ground, in hunting for gold.

Sur"fa*cer (?), n. A form of machine for dressing the surface of wood, metal, stone, etc.

Surf"boat` (?), n. (Naut.) A boat intended for use in heavy surf. It is built with a pronounced sheer, and with a view to resist the shock of waves and of contact with the beach.

Sur"feit (?), n. [OE. surfet, OF. surfait, sorfait, excess, arrogance, crime, fr. surfaire, sorfaire, to augment, exaggerate, F. surfaire to overcharge; sur over + faire to make, do, L. facere. See Sur-, and Fact.] 1. Excess in eating and drinking.

Let not Sir Surfeit sit at thy board.

Piers Plowman.

Now comes the sick hour that his surfeit made.

Shak.

2. Fullness and oppression of the system, occasioned often by excessive eating and drinking.

To prevent surfeit and other diseases that are incident to those that heat their blood by travels.

Bunyan.

3. Disgust caused by excess; satiety. Sir P. Sidney.

Matter and argument have been supplied abundantly, and even to surfeit.

Burke.

Sur"feit, v. i. 1. To load the stomach with food, so that sickness or uneasiness ensues; to eat to excess.

They are as sick that surfeit with too much as they that starve with nothing.

Shak.

2. To indulge to satiety in any gratification.

Sur"feit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surfeited; p. pr. & vb. n. Surfeiting.] 1. To feed so as to oppress the stomach and derange the function of the system; to overfeed, and produce satiety, sickness, or uneasiness; -- often reflexive; as, to surfeit one's self with sweets.

2. To fill to satiety and disgust; to cloy; as, he surfeits us with compliments. V. Knox.

Sur"feit*er (?), n. One who surfeits. Shak.

Sur"feit-wa`ter (?), n. Water for the cure of surfeits. [Obs.] Locke.

{ Sur"fel, Sur"fle } (?), v. t. [Cf. Sulphur.] To wash, as the face, with a cosmetic water, said by some to be prepared from the sulphur. [Obs.]

She shall no oftener powder her hair, [or] surfel her cheeks, . . . but she shall as often gaze on my picture.

Ford.

Surf"er (?), n. (Zoöl.) The surf duck. [U. S.]

Surf"man (?), n.; pl. Surmen (&?;). One who serves in a surfboat in the life-saving service.

Sur"foot` (?), a. Tired or sore of foot from travel; lamed. [Obs.] Nares.

Surf"y (?), a. Consisting of, abounding in, or resembling, surf; as, a surfy shore.

Scarce had they cleared the surfy waves That foam around those frightful caves.

Moore.

Surge (?), n. [L. surgere, surrectum, to raise, to rise; sub under + regere to direct: cf. OF. surgeon, sourgeon, fountain. See Regent, and cf. Insurrection, Sortie, Source.] 1. A spring; a fountain. [Obs.] "Divers surges and springs of water." Ld. Berners.

2. A large wave or billow; a great, rolling swell of water, produced generally by a high wind.

He that doubteth is like the surge of the sea driven by the wind and tossed.

James i. 6 (Rev. Ver.)

He flies aloft, and, with impetuous roar, Pursues the foaming surges to the shore.

Dryden.

3. The motion of, or produced by, a great wave.

4. The tapered part of a windlass barrel or a capstan, upon which the cable surges, or slips.

Surge, v. i. 1. To swell; to rise hifg and roll.

The surging waters like a mountain rise.

Spenser.

2. (Naut.) To slip along a windlass.

Surge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surging (?).] [Cf. F. surgir to cast anchor, to land. Cf. Surge, n.] (Naut.) To let go or slacken suddenly, as a rope; as, to surge a hawser or messenger; also, to slacken the rope about (a capstan).

Surge"ful (?), a. Abounding in surges; surgy. "Tossing the surgeful tides." Drayton.

Surge"less, a. Free from surges; smooth; calm.

Sur"gent (?), a. [L. surgens, p. pr.] Rising; swelling, as a flood. [R.] Robert Greene.

Sur"geon (?), n. [OE. surgien, OF. surgien, contr. fr. chirurgien. See Chirurgeon.] 1. One whose profession or occupation is to cure diseases or injuries of the body by manual operation; one whose occupation is to cure local injuries or disorders (such as wounds, dislocations, tumors, etc.), whether by manual operation, or by medication and constitutional treatment.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of chætodont fishes of the family Teuthidæ, or Acanthuridæ, which have one or two sharp lancelike spines on each side of the base of the tail. Called also surgeon fish, doctor fish, lancet fish, and sea surgeon.

Surgeon apothecary, one who unites the practice of surgery with that of the apothecary. Dunglison. -- Surgeon dentist, a dental surgeon; a dentist. -- Surgeon fish. See def. 2, above. -- Surgeon general. (a) In the United States army, the chief of the medical department. (b) In the British army, a surgeon ranking next below the chief of the medical department.

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Sur"geon*cy (?), n. The office or employment of a surgeon, as in the naval or military service.

Sur"geon*ry (?), n. Surgery. [Obs.]

Sur"ge*ry (?), n. [OE. surgenrie, surgerie; cf. OF. cirurgie, F. chirurgie, L. chirurgia, Gr. &?;. See Surgeon.] 1. The art of healing by manual operation; that branch of medical science which treats of manual operations for the healing of diseases or injuries of the body; that branch of medical science which has for its object the cure of local injuries or diseases, as wounds or fractures, tumors, etc., whether by manual operation or by medicines and constitutional treatment.

2. A surgeon's operating room or laboratory.

Sur"gi*cal (?), a. Of or pertaining to surgeons or surgery; done by means of surgery; used in surgery; as, a surgical operation; surgical instruments.

Surgical fever. (Med.) (a) Pyæmia. (b) Traumatic fever, or the fever accompanying inflammation.

Sur"gi*cal*ly, adv. By means of surgery.

Sur"gy (?), a. Rising in surges or billows; full of surges; resembling surges in motion or appearance; swelling. "Over the surgy main." Pope.

Su"ri*cat (?), n. [F. surikate, from the native name in South Africa.] (Zoöl.) Same as Zenick. [Written also suricate, surikate.]

Su`ri*nam" toad" (?). (Zoöl.) A species of toad native of Surinam. See Pipa.

Sur`in*tend"ant (?), n. [F. See Superintendent.] Superintendent. [R.]

Sur"li*ly (?), adv. In a surly manner.

Sur"li*ness, n. The quality or state of being surly.

Sur"ling (?), n. [See Surly.] A sour, morose fellow. [Obs.] Camden.

Sur"loin` (?), n. [F. surlonge; sur upon + longe loin. See Sur-, and Loin.] A loin of beef, or the upper part of the loin. See Sirloin, the more usual, but not etymologically preferable, orthography.

Sur"ly (?), a. [Compar. Surlier (?); superl. Surliest.] [Probably from sir, and originally meaning, sirlike, i.e., proud. See Sir, and Like, a.] 1. Arrogant; haughty. [Obs.] Cotgrave.

2. Gloomily morose; ill-natured, abrupt, and rude; severe; sour; crabbed; rough; sullen; gloomy; as, a surly groom; a surly dog; surly language; a surly look. "That surly spirit, melancholy." Shak.

3. Rough; dark; tempestuous.

Now softened into joy the surly storm.

Thomson.

Sur"mark` (?), n. (Shipbuilding) A mark made on the molds of a ship, when building, to show where the angles of the timbers are to be placed. [Written also sirmark.]

Sur*mis"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being surmised; as, a surmisable result.

Sur*mis"al (?), n. Surmise. [R.] Milton.

Sur*mise" (?), n. [OF. surmise accusation, fr. surmettre, p. p. surmis, to impose, accuse; sur (see Sur-) + mettre to put, set, L. mittere to send. See Mission.] 1. A thought, imagination, or conjecture, which is based upon feeble or scanty evidence; suspicion; guess; as, the surmisses of jealousy or of envy.

[We] double honor gain From his surmise proved false.

Milton.

No man ought to be charged with principles he actually disowns, unless his practicies contradict his profession; not upon small surmises.

Swift.

2. Reflection; thought. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Conjecture; supposition; suspicion; doubt.

Sur*mise", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surmising.] To imagine without certain knowledge; to infer on slight grounds; to suppose, conjecture, or suspect; to guess.

It wafted nearer yet, and then she knew That what before she but surmised, was true.

Dryden.

This change was not wrought by altering the form or position of the earth, as was surmised by a very learned man, but by dissolving it.

Woodward.

Sur*mis"er (?), n. One who surmises.

Sur*mis"ing, a. & n. from Surmise, v.

Sur*mount" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surmounted; p. pr. & vb. n. Surmounting.] [OE. sourmounten, OF. surmonter, sormonter, F. surmonter; sur over + monter to mount. See Sur-, and Mount, v. i.] 1. To rise above; to be higher than; to overtop.

The mountains of Olympus, Athos, and Atlas, overreach and surmount all winds and clouds.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. To conquer; to overcome; as, to surmount difficulties or obstacles. Macaulay.

3. To surpass; to exceed. Spenser.

What surmounts the reach Of human sense I shall delineate.

Milton.

Syn. -- To conquer; overcome; vanquish; subdue; surpass; exceed.

Sur*mount"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. surmontable.] Capable of being surmounted or overcome; superable. -- Sur*mount"a*ble*ness, n.

Sur*mount"ed, a. 1. (Arch.) Having its vertical height greater than the half span; -- said of an arch.

2. (Her.) Partly covered by another charge; -- said of an ordinary or other bearing.

Sur*mount"er (?), n. One who, or that which, surmounts.

Sur*mul"let (?), n. [F. surmulet; saur, saure, brownish yellow, red + mulet a mullet. See Sorrel, a., and Mullet.] (Zoöl.) Any one of various species of mullets of the family Millidæ, esp. the European species (Millus surmulletus), which is highly prized as a food fish. See Mullet.

Sur"mu*lot (?), n. [F.] (Zoöl.) The brown, or Norway, rat.

Sur"name` (?), n. [Pref. sur + name; really a substitution for OE. sournoun, from F. surnom. See Sur-, and Noun, Name.] 1. A name or appellation which is added to, or over and above, the baptismal or Christian name, and becomes a family name.

Surnames originally designated occupation, estate, place of residence, or some particular thing or event that related to the person; thus, Edmund Ironsides; Robert Smith, or the smith; William Turner. Surnames are often also patronymics; as, John Johnson.

2. An appellation added to the original name; an agnomen. "My surname, Coriolanus." Shak.

This word has been sometimes written sirname, as if it signified sire-name, or the name derived from one's father.

Sur*name" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surnamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surnaming.] [Cf. F. surnommer.] To name or call by an appellation added to the original name; to give a surname to.

Another shall subscribe with his hand unto the Lord, and surname himself by the name of Israel.

Isa. xliv. 5.

And Simon he surnamed Peter.

Mark iii. 16.

Sur*nom"i*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a surname or surnames.

Sur*ox"i*date (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine with oxygen so as to form a suroxide or peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*ox"ide (?), n. [Cf. F. suroxyde. See Sur-, and Oxide.] (Chem.) A peroxide. [Obs.]

Sur*pass" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surpassed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surpassing.] [F. surpasser; sur over + passer to pass. See Sur-, and Pass.] To go beyond in anything good or bad; to exceed; to excel.

This would surpass Common revenge and interrupt his joy.

Milton.

Syn. -- To exceed; excel; outdo; outstrip.

Sur*pass"a*ble (?), a. That may be surpassed.

Sur*pass"ing, a. Eminently excellent; exceeding others. "With surpassing glory crowned." Milton. -- Sur*pass"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pass"ing*ness, n.

Sur"phul (?), v. t. To surfel. [Obs.] Marston.

Sur"plice (?), n. [F. surplis, OF. surpeiz, LL. superpellicium; super over + pellicium, pelliceum, a robe of fur, L. pellicius made of skins. See Pelisse.] (Eccl.) A white garment worn over another dress by the clergy of the Roman Catholic, Episcopal, and certain other churches, in some of their ministrations.

Surplice fees (Eccl.), fees paid to the English clergy for occasional duties.

Sur"pliced (?), a. Wearing a surplice.

Sur"plus (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + plus more. See Sur-, and Plus, and cf. Superplus.] 1. That which remains when use or need is satisfied, or when a limit is reached; excess; overplus.

2. Specifically, an amount in the public treasury at any time greater than is required for the ordinary purposes of the government.

Sur"plus, a. Being or constituting a surplus; more than sufficient; as, surplus revenues; surplus population; surplus words.

When the price of corn falleth, men give over surplus tillage, and break no more ground.

Carew.

Sur"plus*age (?), n. [See Surplus, and cf. Superplusage.] 1. Surplus; excess; overplus; as, surplusage of grain or goods beyond what is wanted.

Take what thou please of all this surplusage.

Spenser.

A surplusage given to one part is paid out of a reduction from another part of the same creature.

Emerson.

2. (Law) Matter in pleading which is not necessary or relevant to the case, and which may be rejected.

3. (Accounts) A greater disbursement than the charge of the accountant amounts to. [Obs.] Rees.

Sur*pris"al (?), n. [See Surprise, n.] The act of surprising, or state of being surprised; surprise.

How to secure the lady from surprisal.

Milton.

Because death is uncertain, let us prevent its surprisal.

Barrow.

Sur*prise" (?), n. [F. surprise, fr. surprendre, surpris; sur over + prendre to take, L. prehendere. See Sur-, and Prehensile.] 1. The act of coming upon, or taking, unawares; the act of seizing unexpectedly; surprisal; as, the fort was taken by surprise.

2. The state of being surprised, or taken unawares, by some act or event which could not reasonably be foreseen; emotion excited by what is sudden and strange; a suddenly excited feeling of wonder or astonishment.

Pure surprise and fear Made me to quit the house.

Shak.

3. Anything that causes such a state or emotion.

4. A dish covered with a crust of raised paste, but with no other contents. [Obs.] King.

Surprise party, a party of persons who assemble by mutual agreement, and without invitation, at the house of a common friend. [U.S.] Bartlett.

Syn. -- Wonder; astonishment; amazement.

Sur*prise" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surprised (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surprising.] [From Surprise, n.: cf. F. surprendre, p. p. surpris.] 1. To come or fall suddenly and unexpectedly; to take unawares; to seize or capture by unexpected attack.

Fearfulness hath surprised the hypocrites.

Isa. xxxiii. 14.

The castle of Macduff I will surprise.

Shak.

Who can speak The mingled passions that surprised his heart?

Thomson.

2. To strike with wonder, astonishment, or confusion, by something sudden, unexpected, or remarkable; to confound; as, his conduct surprised me.

I am surprised with an uncouth fear.

Shak.

Up he starts, Discovered and surprised.

Milton.

3. To lead (one) to do suddenly and without forethought; to bring (one) into some unexpected state; -- with into; as, to be surprised into an indiscretion; to be surprised into generosity.

4. To hold possession of; to hold. [Obs.]

Not with me, That in my hands surprise the sovereignity.

J. Webster.

Syn. -- See Astonish.

Sur*prise"ment (?), n. Surprisal. [Obs.] Daniel.

Sur*pris"er (?), n. One who surprises.

Sur*pris"ing, a. Exciting surprise; extraordinary; of a nature to excite wonder and astonishment; as, surprising bravery; a surprising escape from danger. -- Sur*pris"ing*ly, adv. -- Sur*pris"ing*ness, n.

Syn. -- Wonderful; extraordinary; unexpected; astonishing; striking.

{ Sur"que*dous (?), Sur"que*drous (?), } a. Having or exhibiting surquedry; arrogant; insolent. [Obs.] Gower. James II. of Scot.

{ Sur"que*dry (?), Sur"qui*dry }, n. [OF. surcuidier to presume; sur over + cuidier to think, L. cogitare. See Sur-, and Cogitate.] Overweening pride; arrogance; presumption; insolence. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Then pay you the price of your surquedry.

Spenser.

Sur`re*bound" (?), v. i. To give back echoes; to reëcho. [Obs.] Chapman.

Sur`re*but" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rebut.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur`re*but"er (?), n. (Law) The reply of a plaintiff to a defendant's rebutter.

Sur"rein` (?), v. t. [Pref. sur + rein.] To override; to exhaust by riding. [Obs.] Shak.

Sur`re*join" (?), v. i. [Pref. sur + rejoin.] (Law) To reply, as a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur`re*join"der (?), n. (Law) The answer of a plaintiff to a defendant's rejoinder.

Sur*ren"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrendered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surrendering.] [OF. surrendre to deliver; sur over + rendre to render. See Sur-, and Render.] 1. To yield to the power of another; to give or deliver up possession of (anything) upon compulsion or demand; as, to surrender one's person to an enemy or to an officer; to surrender a fort or a ship.

2. To give up possession of; to yield; to resign; as, to surrender a right, privilege, or advantage.

To surrender up that right which otherwise their founders might have in them.

Hooker.

3. To yield to any influence, emotion, passion, or power; -- used reflexively; as, to surrender one's self to grief, to despair, to indolence, or to sleep.

4. (Law) To yield; to render or deliver up; to give up; as, a principal surrendered by his bail, a fugitive from justice by a foreign state, or a particular estate by the tenant thereof to him in remainder or reversion.

Sur*ren"der, v. i. To give up one's self into the power of another; to yield; as, the enemy, seeing no way of escape, surrendered at the first summons.

Sur*ren"der, n. 1. The act of surrendering; the act of yielding, or resigning one's person, or the possession of something, into the power of another; as, the surrender of a castle to an enemy; the surrender of a right.

That he may secure some liberty he makes a surrender in trust of the whole of it.

Burke.

2. (Law) (a) The yielding of a particular estate to him who has an immediate estate in remainder or reversion. (b) The giving up of a principal into lawful custody by his bail. (c) The delivery up of fugitives from justice by one government to another, as by a foreign state. See Extradition. Wharton.

Sur*ren`der*ee" (?), n. (Law) The person to whom a surrender is made. Mozley & W.

Sur*ren"der*er (?), n. One who surrenders.

Sur*ren`der*or" (?), n. (Law) One who makes a surrender, as of an estate. Bouvier.

Sur*ren"dry (?), n. Surrender. [Obs.]

Sur*rep"tion (?), n. [L. surreptio, or subreptio. Cf. Subreption.] 1. The act or process of getting in a surreptitious manner, or by craft or stealth.

Fame by surreption got May stead us for the time, but lasteth not.

B. Jonson.

2. A coming unperceived or suddenly.

Sur`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. surreptitius, or subreptitius, fr. surripere, subripere, to snatch away, to withdraw privily; sub- under + rapere to snatch. See Sub-, and Ravish.] Done or made by stealth, or without proper authority; made or introduced fraudulently; clandestine; stealthy; as, a surreptitious passage in an old manuscript; a surreptitious removal of goods. -- Sur`rep*ti"tious*ly, adv.

Sur"rey (?), n. A four-wheeled pleasure carriage, (commonly two-seated) somewhat like a phaeton, but having a straight bottom.

Sur"ro*gate (?), n. [L. surrogatus, p. p. of surrogare, subrogare, to put in another's place, to substitute; sub under + rogare to ask, ask for a vote, propose a law. See Rogation, and cf. Subrogate.] 1. A deputy; a delegate; a substitute.

2. The deputy of an ecclesiastical judge, most commonly of a bishop or his chancellor, especially a deputy who grants marriage licenses. [Eng.]

3. In some States of the United States, an officer who presides over the probate of wills and testaments and yield the settlement of estates.

<! p. 1453 !>

Sur"ro*gate (?), v. t. To put in the place of another; to substitute. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sur"ro*gate*ship, n. The office of a surrogate.

Sur`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [See Surrogate, n., and cf. Subrogation.] The act of substituting one person in the place of another. [R.] Killingbeck.

Sur*round" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surrounded; p. pr. & vb. n. Surrounding.] [OF. suronder to overflow, LL. superundare; fr. L. super over + undare to rise in waves, overflow, fr. unda wave. The English sense is due to the influence of E. round. See Super-, and Undulate, and cf. Abound.] 1. To inclose on all sides; to encompass; to environ.

2. To lie or be on all sides of; to encircle; as, a wall surrounds the city.

But could instead, and ever-during dark Surrounds me.

Milton.

3. To pass around; to travel about; to circumnavigate; as, to surround the world. [Obs.] Fuller.

4. (Mil.) To inclose, as a body of troops, between hostile forces, so as to cut off means of communication or retreat; to invest, as a city.

Syn. -- To encompass; encircle; environ; invest; hem in; fence about.

Sur*round", n. A method of hunting some animals, as the buffalo, by surrounding a herd, and driving them over a precipice, into a ravine, etc. [U.S.] Baird.

Sur*round"ing, a. Inclosing; encircling.

Sur*round"ing, n. 1. An encompassing.

2. pl. The things which surround or environ; external or attending circumstances or conditions.

Sur*roy"al (?), n. [Pref. sur- + royal.] (Zoöl.) One of the terminal branches or divisions of the beam of the antler of the stag or other large deer.

Sur"sa*nure (?), n. [(Assumed) OF. sursaneüre. See Sur-, and Sane.] A wound healed or healing outwardly only. [Obs.]

Of a sursanure In surgery is perilous the cure.

Chaucer.

Sur"se*ance (?), n. [OF., fr. OF. & F. surseoir. See Surcease.] Peace; quiet. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sur*sol"id (?), n. [F. sursolide. See Sur-, and Solid.] (Math.) The fifth power of a number; as, a&?; is the sursolid of a, or 32 that of 2. [R.] Hutton.

Sur*style" (?), v. t. To surname. [R.]

Sur"tax (?), n. An additional or extra tax.

Sur*tax" (?), v. t. To impose an additional tax on.

Sur*tout" (?), n. [F., fr. sur over + tout all.] A man's coat to be worn over his other garments; an overcoat, especially when long, and fitting closely like a body coat. Gay.

Sur"tur*brand (?), n. [Icel. surtarbrandr; svartr black + brandr a firebrand.] A fibrous brown coal or bituminous wood.

Su`ru*cu"cu (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Bush master, under Bush.

Sur*veil"lance (?), n. [F., fr. surveiller to watch over; sur over + veiller to watch, L. vigilare. See Sur-, and Vigil.] Oversight; watch; inspection; supervision.

That sort of surveillance of which . . . the young have accused the old.

Sir W. Scott.

Sur*veil"lant (?), n.; pl. Surveillants (#). [F., fr. surveiller to watch over. See Surveillance.] One who watches over another; an overseer; a spy; a supervisor.

Sur*veil"lant, a. Overseeing; watchful.

Sur*vene" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Survening.] [F. survenir. See Supervene.] To supervene upon; to come as an addition to. [Obs.]

A suppuration that survenes lethargies.

Harvey.

Sur"ve*nue (?), n. [OF. See Survene.] A sudden or unexpected coming or stepping on. [Obs.]

Sur*vey" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Surveyed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surveying.] [OF. surveoir, surveer; sur, sor, over, E. sur + veoir, veeir, to see, F. voir, L. videre. See Sur-, and Vision, and cf. Supervise.] 1. To inspect, or take a view of; to view with attention, as from a high place; to overlook; as, to stand on a hill, and survey the surrounding country.

Round he surveys and well might, where he stood, So high above.

Milton.

2. To view with a scrutinizing eye; to examine.

With such altered looks, . . . All pale and speechless, he surveyed me round.

Dryden.

3. To examine with reference to condition, situation, value, etc.; to examine and ascertain the state of; as, to survey a building in order to determine its value and exposure to loss by fire.

4. To determine the form, extent, position, etc., of, as a tract of land, a coast, harbor, or the like, by means of linear and angular measurments, and the application of the principles of geometry and trigonometry; as, to survey land or a coast.

5. To examine and ascertain, as the boundaries and royalties of a manor, the tenure of the tenants, and the rent and value of the same. [Eng.] Jacob (Law Dict.).

Sur"vey (?), n. [Formerly accentuated universally on the last syllable, and still so accented by many speakers.] 1. The act of surveying; a general view, as from above.

Under his proud survey the city lies.

Sir J. Denham.

2. A particular view; an examination, especially an official examination, of all the parts or particulars of a thing, with a design to ascertain the condition, quantity, or quality; as, a survey of the stores of a ship; a survey of roads and bridges; a survey of buildings.

3. The operation of finding the contour, dimensions, position, or other particulars of, as any part of the earth's surface, whether land or water; also, a measured plan and description of any portion of country, or of a road or line through it.

Survey of dogs. See Court of regard, under Regard. -- Trigonometrical survey, a survey of a portion of country by measuring a single base, and connecting it with various points in the tract surveyed by a series of triangles, the angles of which are carefully measured, the relative positions and distances of all parts being computed from these data.

Syn. -- Review; retrospect; examination; prospect.

Sur*vey"al (?), n. Survey. [R.] Barrow.

Sur*vey"ance (?), n. Survey; inspection. [R.]

Sur*vey"ing, n. That branch of applied mathematics which teaches the art of determining the area of any portion of the earth's surface, the length and directions of the bounding lines, the contour of the surface, etc., with an accurate delineation of the whole on paper; the act or occupation of making surveys.

Geodetic surveying, geodesy. -- Maritime, or Nautical, surveying, that branch of surveying which determines the forms of coasts and harbors, the entrances of rivers, with the position of islands, rocks, and shoals, the depth of water, etc. -- Plane surveying. See under Plane, a. -- Topographical surveying, that branch of surveying which involves the process of ascertaining and representing upon a plane surface the contour, physical features, etc., of any portion of the surface of the earth.

Sur*vey"or (?), n. 1. One placed to superintend others; an overseer; an inspector.

Were 't not madness then, To make the fox surveyor of the fold?

Shak.

2. One who views and examines for the purpose of ascertaining the condition, quantity, or quality of anything; as, a surveyor of highways, ordnance, etc.

3. One who surveys or measures land; one who practices the art of surveying.

4. (Customs) (a) An officer who ascertains the contents of casks, and the quantity of liquors subject to duty; a gauger. (b) In the United States, an officer whose duties include the various measures to be taken for ascertaining the quantity, condition, and value of merchandise brought into a port. Abbot.

Surveyor general. (a) A principal surveyor; as, the surveyor general of the king's manors, or of woods and parks. [Eng.] (b) An officer having charge of the survey of the public lands of a land district. [U.S.] Davies & Peck (Math. Dict.). -- Surveyor's compass. See Circumferentor. -- Surveyor's level. See under Level.

Sur*vey"or*ship, n. The office of a surveyor.

Sur*view" (?), v. t. [Pref. sur- + view. Cf. Survey.] To survey; to make a survey of. [Obs.] "To surview his ground." Spenser.

Sur*view", n. A survey. [Obs.] Bp. Sanderson.

Sur*vise" (?), v. t. [See Supervise, and Survey.] To look over; to supervise. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sur*viv"al (?), n. [From Survive.] 1. A living or continuing longer than, or beyond the existence of, another person, thing, or event; an outliving.

2. (Arhæol. & Ethnol.) Any habit, usage, or belief, remaining from ancient times, the origin of which is often unknown, or imperfectly known.

The close bearing of the doctrine of survival on the study of manners and customs.

Tylor.

Survival of the fittest. (Biol.) See Natural selection, under Natural.

{ Sur*viv"ance (?), Sur*viv"an*cy (?), } n. [F. survivance.] Survivorship. [R.]

His son had the survivance of the stadtholdership.

Bp. Burnet.

Sur*vive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Survived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Surviving.] [F. survivre, L. supervivere; super over + vivere to live. See Super-, and Victuals.] To live beyond the life or existence of; to live longer than; to outlive; to outlast; as, to survive a person or an event. Cowper.

I'll assure her of Her widowhood, be it that she survive me, In all my lands and leases whatsoever.

Shak.

Sur*vive", v. i. To remain alive; to continue to live.

Thy pleasure, Which, when no other enemy survives, Still conquers all the conquerors.

Sir J. Denham.

Alike are life and death, When life in death survives.

Longfellow.

Sur*viv"en*cy (?), n. Survivorship. [R.]

Sur*viv"er (?), n. One who survives; a survivor.

Sur*viv"ing, a. Remaining alive; yet living or existing; as, surviving friends; surviving customs.

Sur*viv"or (?), n. 1. One who survives or outlives another person, or any time, event, or thing.

The survivor bound In filial obligation for some term To do obsequious sorrow.

Shak.

2. (Law) The longer liver of two joint tenants, or two persons having a joint interest in anything. Blackstone.

Sur*viv"or*ship, n. 1. The state of being a survivor.

1. (Law) The right of a joint tenant, or other person who has a joint interest in an estate, to take the whole estate upon the death of other. Blackstone.

Chance of survivorship, the chance that a person of a given age has of surviving another of a giving age; thus, by the Carlisle tables of mortality the chances of survivorship for two persons, aged 25 and 65, are 89 and 11 respectively, or about 8 to 1 that the elder die first.

Sus*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Susceptibilities (#). [Cf. F. susceptibilité.] 1. The state or quality of being susceptible; the capability of receiving impressions, or of being affected.

2. Specifically, capacity for deep feeling or emotional excitement; sensibility, in its broadest acceptation; impressibility; sensitiveness.

Magnetic susceptibility (Physics), the intensity of magnetization of a body placed in a uniform megnetic field of unit strength. Sir W. Thomson.

Syn. -- Capability; sensibility; feeling; emotion.

Sus*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [F., from L. suscipere, susceptum, to take up, to support, undertake, recognize, admit; pref. sus (see Sub-) + capere to take. See Capable.] 1. Capable of admitting anything additional, or any change, affection, or influence; readily acted upon; as, a body susceptible of color or of alteration.

It sheds on souls susceptible of light, The glorious dawn of our eternal day.

Young.

2. Capable of impression; having nice sensibility; impressible; tender; sensitive; as, children are more susceptible than adults; a man of a susceptible heart.

Candidates are . . . not very susceptible of affronts.

Cowper.

I am constitutionally susceptible of noises.

Lamb.

-- Sus*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Sus*cep"ti*bly, adv.

Sus*cep"tion (?), n. [L. susceptio: cf. F. susception. See Susceptible.] The act of taking; reception.

Sus*cep"tive (?), a. Susceptible. I. Watts. -- Sus*cep"tive*ness, n.

Sus`cep*tiv"i*ty (?), n. Capacity for receiving; susceptibility. [R.] Wollaston.

Sus*cep"tor (?), n. [L. See Susceptible.] One who undertakes anything; specifically, a godfather; a sponsor; a guardian. Puller. Shipley.

Sus*cip"i*en*cy (?), n. Admission. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. suscipiens, p. pr. of suscipere. See Susceptible.] Receiving; admitting. [R.]

Sus*cip"i*ent, n. One who takes or admits; one who receives. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Sus`ci*ta*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being suscitated; excitability. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sus"ci*tate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suscitated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suscitating.] [L. suscitatus, p. p. of suscitare to lift up, to rouse; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + citare to rouse, excite. Cf. Excite, Incite.] To rouse; to excite; to call into life and action. [Obs.]

Sus`ci*ta"tion (?), n. [L. suscitatio: cf. F. suscitation.] The act of raising or exciting. [R.]

A mere suscitation or production of a thing.

South.

Sus"lik (?), n. [Russ. súslik'.] (Zoöl.) A ground squirrel (Spermophilus citillus) of Europe and Asia. It has large cheek pouches. [Written also souslik.]

Sus*pect" (?), a. [L. suspectus, p. p. of suspicere to look up, admire, esteem, to look at secretly or askance, to mistrust; sub under + specere to look: cf. F. suspect suspected, suspicious. See Spy, and cf. Suspicion.] 1. Suspicious; inspiring distrust. [Obs.]

Suspect [was] his face, suspect his word also.

Chaucer.

2. Suspected; distrusted. [Obs.]

What I can do or offer is suspect.

Milton.

Sus*pect", n. [LL. suspectus. See Suspect, a.] 1. Suspicion. [Obs.] Chaucer.

So with suspect, with fear and grief, dismayed.

Fairfax.

2. One who, or that which, is suspected; an object of suspicion; -- formerly applied to persons and things; now, only to persons suspected of crime. Bacon.

Sus*pect", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspected; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspecting.] 1. To imagine to exist; to have a slight or vague opinion of the existence of, without proof, and often upon weak evidence or no evidence; to mistrust; to surmise; -- commonly used regarding something unfavorable, hurtful, or wrong; as, to suspect the presence of disease.

Nothing makes a man suspect much, more than to know little; and therefore men should remedy suspicion by procuring to know more.

Bacon.

From her hand I could suspect no ill.

Milton.

2. To imagine to be guilty, upon slight evidence, or without proof; as, to suspect one of equivocation.

3. To hold to be uncertain; to doubt; to mistrust; to distruct; as, to suspect the truth of a story. Addison.

4. To look up to; to respect. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To mistrust; distrust; surmise; doubt.

Sus*pect", v. i. To imagine guilt; to have a suspicion or suspicions; to be suspicious.

If I suspect without cause, why then make sport at me.

Shak.

Sus*pect"a*ble (?), a. That may be suspected.

Sus*pect"ed, a. Distrusted; doubted. -- Sus*pect"ed*ly, adv. -- Sus*pect"ed*ness, n.

Sus*pect"er (?), n. One who suspects.

Sus*pect"ful (?), a. Apt to suspect or mistrust; full of suspicion; suspicious; as, to be suspectful of the motives of others. Milton. -- Sus*pect"ful*ness, n.

Sus*pec"tion (?), n. Suspicion. [Obs.]

Sus*pec"tious*ness (?), n. Suspiciousness; cause for suspicion. [Obs. & R.] Ld. Berners.

Sus*pect"less (?), a. 1. Not suspecting; having no suspicion. [R.] Sir T. Herbert.

2. Not suspected; not mistrusted. [R.] Beau. & Fl.

Sus*pend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suspended; p. pr. & vb. n. Suspending.] [F. suspendre, or OF. souspendre (where the prefix is L. subtus below, from sub under), L. suspendere, suspensum; pref. sus- (see Sub- ) + pendere to hang. See Pedant, and cf. Suspense, n.] 1. To attach to something above; to hang; as, to suspend a ball by a thread; to suspend a needle by a loadstone.

2. To make to depend; as, God hath suspended the promise of eternal life on the condition of obedience and holiness of life. [Archaic] Tillotson.

3. To cause to cease for a time; to hinder from proceeding; to interrupt; to delay; to stay.

Suspend your indignation against my brother.

Shak.

The guard nor fights nor fies; their fate so near At once suspends their courage and their fear.

Denham.

4. To hold in an undetermined or undecided state; as, to suspend one's judgment or opinion. Locke.

5. To debar, or cause to withdraw temporarily, from any privilege, from the execution of an office, from the enjoyment of income, etc.; as, to suspend a student from college; to suspend a member of a club.

Good men should not be suspended from the exercise of their ministry and deprived of their livelihood for ceremonies which are on all hands acknowledged indifferent.

Bp. Sanderson.

6. To cause to cease for a time from operation or effect; as, to suspend the habeas corpus act; to suspend the rules of a legislative body.

7. (Chem.) To support in a liquid, as an insoluble powder, by stirring, to facilitate chemical action.

To suspend payment (Com.), to cease paying debts or obligations; to fail; -- said of a merchant, a bank, etc.

Syn. -- To hang; interrupt; delay; intermit; stay; hinder; debar.

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Sus*pend" (?), v. i. To cease from operation or activity; esp., to stop payment, or be unable to meet obligations or engagements (said of a commercial firm or a bank).

Sus*pend"er (?), n. One who, or that which, suspends; esp., one of a pair of straps or braces worn over the shoulders, for holding up the trousers.

Sus`pen*sa"tion (?), n. [Cf. LL. suspensatio suspension from a charge or benefice.] The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended, especially for a short time; temporary suspension.

Sus*pense" (?), a. [F. suspens, L. suspensus, p. p. of suspendere. See Suspend.] 1. Held or lifted up; held or prevented from proceeding. [Obs.]

[The great light of day] suspense in heaven.

Milton.

2. Expressing, or proceeding from, suspense or doubt. [Obs.] "Expectation held his look suspense." Milton.

Sus*pense", n. [From F. suspens, a. See Suspense, a.] 1. The state of being suspended; specifically, a state of uncertainty and expectation, with anxiety or apprehension; indetermination; indecision; as, the suspense of a person waiting for the verdict of a jury.

Ten days the prophet in suspense remained.

Denham.

Upon the ticklish balance of suspense.

Cowper.

2. Cessation for a time; stop; pause.

A cool suspense from pleasure and from pain.

Pope.

3. [Cf. F. suspense.] (Law) A temporary cessation of one's right; suspension, as when the rent or other profits of land cease by unity of possession of land and rent.

Suspense account (Bookkeeping), an account in which receipts or disbursements are temporarily entered until their proper position in the books is determined.

Sus*pense"ly, adv. In suspense. [Obs.] Hales.

Sus*pen`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suspensible.

Sus*pen"si*ble (?), a. Capable of being suspended; capable of being held from sinking.

Sus*pen"sion (?), n. [Cf. F. suspension, L. suspensio arched work, imperfect pronunciation. See Suspend.] 1. The act of suspending, or the state of being suspended; pendency; as, suspension from a hook.

2. Especially, temporary delay, interruption, or cessation; as: (a) Of labor, study, pain, etc. (b) Of decision, determination, judgment, etc.; as, to ask a suspension of judgment or opinion in view of evidence to be produced. (c) Of the payment of what is due; as, the suspension of a mercantile firm or of a bank. (d) Of punishment, or sentence of punishment. (e) Of a person in respect of the exercise of his office, powers, prerogative, etc.; as, the suspension of a student or of a clergyman. (f) Of the action or execution of law, etc.; as, the suspension of the habeas corpus act.

3. A conditional withholding, interruption, or delay; as, the suspension of a payment on the performance of a condition.

4. The state of a solid when its particles are mixed with, but undissolved in, a fluid, and are capable of separation by straining; also, any substance in this state.

5. (Rhet.) A keeping of the hearer in doubt and in attentive expectation of what is to follow, or of what is to be the inference or conclusion from the arguments or observations employed.

6. (Scots Law) A stay or postponement of execution of a sentence condemnatory by means of letters of suspension granted on application to the lord ordinary.

7. (Mus.) The prolongation of one or more tones of a chord into the chord which follows, thus producing a momentary discord, suspending the concord which the ear expects. Cf. Retardation.

Pleas in suspension (Law), pleas which temporarily abate or suspend a suit. -- Points of suspension (Mech.), the points, as in the axis or beam of a balance, at which the weights act, or from which they are suspended. -- Suspension bridge, a bridge supported by chains, ropes, or wires, which usually pass over high piers or columns at each end, and are secured in the ground beyond. -- Suspension of arms (Mil.), a short truce or cessation of operations agreed on by the commanders of contending armies, as for burying the dead, making proposal for surrender or for peace, etc. -- Suspension scale, a scale in which the platform hangs suspended from the weighing apparatus instead of resting upon it.

Syn. -- Delay; interruption; intermission; stop.

Sus*pen"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. suspensif. See Suspend.] Tending to suspend, or to keep in suspense; causing interruption or delay; uncertain; doubtful. "In suspensive thoughts." Beaumont. "A suspensive veto." Macaulay.

The provisional and suspensive attitude.

J. Morley.

Suspensive condition (Scots Law), a condition precedent, or a condition without the performance of which the contract can not be completed.

Sus*pen"sor (?), n. [NL.] 1. A suspensory.

2. (Bot.) The cord which suspends the embryo; and which is attached to the radicle in the young state; the proembryo.

||Sus`pen*so"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Suspensoria (#). [NL.] (Anat.) Anything ||which suspends or holds up a part: especially, the mandibular ||suspensorium (a series of bones, or of cartilages representing them) ||which connects the base of the lower jaw with the skull in most ||vertebrates below mammals.

Sus*pen"so*ry (?), a. 1. Suspended; hanging; depending.

2. Fitted or serving to suspend; suspending; as, a suspensory muscle. Ray.

3. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to a suspensorium.

Sus*pen"so*ry, n. [Cf. F. suspensoir, suspensoire.] That which suspends, or holds up, as a truss; specifically (Med.), a bandage or bag for supporting the scrotum.

Sus"pi*ca*ble (?), a. [L. suspacabilis, fr. suspicari to suspect, akin to suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Liable to suspicion; suspicious. [Obs.]

It is a very suspicable business.

Dr. H. more.

Sus*pi"cien*cy (?), n. [From L. suspiciens, p. pr. of suspicere. See Suspect, v. t.] Suspiciousness; suspicion. [Obs.] Hopkins.

Sus*pi"cion (?), n. [OE. suspecioun, OF. souspeçon, F. soupçon, L. suspectio a looking up to, an esteeming highly, suspicion, fr. suspicere to look up, to esteem, to mistrust. The modern form suspicion in English and French is in imitation of L. suspicio mistrust, suspicion. See Suspect, and cf. Suspicious.] 1. The act of suspecting; the imagination or apprehension of the existence of something (esp. something wrong or hurtful) without proof, or upon very slight evidence, or upon no evidence.

Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds, they ever fly by twilight.

Bacon.

2. Slight degree; suggestion; hint. [Colloq.]

The features are mild but expressive, with just a suspicion . . . of saturnine or sarcastic humor.

A. W. Ward.

Syn. -- Jealousy; distrust; mistrust; diffidence; doubt.

Sus*pi"cion, v. t. To view with suspicion; to suspect; to doubt. [Obs. or Low] South.

Sus*pi"cious (?), a. [OE. suspecious; cf. L. suspiciosus. See Suspicion.] 1. Inclined to suspect; given or prone to suspicion; apt to imagine without proof.

Nature itself, after it has done an injury, will ever be suspicious; and no man can love the person he suspects.

South.

Many mischievous insects are daily at work to make men of merit suspicious of each other.

Pope.

2. Indicating suspicion, mistrust, or fear.

We have a suspicious, fearful, constrained countenance.

Swift.

3. Liable to suspicion; adapted to raise suspicion; giving reason to imagine ill; questionable; as, an author of suspicious innovations; suspicious circumstances.

I spy a black, suspicious, threatening could.

Shak.

Syn. -- Jealous; distrustful; mistrustful; doubtful; questionable. See Jealous.

-- Sus*pi"cious*ly, adv. -- Sus*pi"cious*ness, n.

Sus*pir"al (?), n. [From Suspire.] 1. A breathing hole; a vent or ventiduct.

2. A spring of water passing under ground toward a cistern or conduit.

Sus`pi*ra"tion (?), n. [L. suspiratio. See Suspire.] The act of sighing, or fetching a long and deep breath; a deep respiration; a sigh.

Windy suspiration of forced breath.

Shak.

Sus*pire" (?), v. i. [L. suspirare to breathe out, to sigh; sub under + spirare to breathe: cf. F. souspirer, OF. souspirer.] To fetch a long, deep breath; to sigh; to breathe. Shak.

Fireflies that suspire In short, soft lapses of transported flame.

Mrs. Browning.

Sus*pire", n. [Cf. L. suspirium.] A long, deep breath; a sigh. [Obs.]

Sus*pired" (?), a. Ardently desired or longed for; earnestly coveted. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sus*tain" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sustained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sustaining.] [OE. sustenen, susteinen, OF. sustenir, sostenir, F. soutenir (the French prefix is properly fr. L. subtus below, fr. sub under), L. sustinere; pref. sus- (see Sub-) + tenere to hold. See Tenable, and cf. Sustenance.] 1. To keep from falling; to bear; to uphold; to support; as, a foundation sustains the superstructure; a beast sustains a load; a rope sustains a weight.

Every pillar the temple to sustain.

Chaucer.

2. Hence, to keep from sinking, as in despondence, or the like; to support.

No comfortable expectations of another life to sustain him under the evils in this world.

Tillotson.

3. To maintain; to keep alive; to support; to subsist; to nourish; as, provisions to sustain an army.

4. To aid, comfort, or relieve; to vindicate. Shak.

His sons, who seek the tyrant to sustain.

Dryden.

5. To endure without failing or yielding; to bear up under; as, to sustain defeat and disappointment.

6. To suffer; to bear; to undergo.

Shall Turnus, then, such endless toil sustain?

Dryden.

You shall sustain more new disgraces.

Shak.

7. To allow the prosecution of; to admit as valid; to sanction; to continue; not to dismiss or abate; as, the court sustained the action or suit.

8. To prove; to establish by evidence; to corroborate or confirm; to be conclusive of; as, to sustain a charge, an accusation, or a proposition.

Syn. -- To support; uphold; subsist; assist; relieve; suffer; undergo.

Sus*tain" (?), n. One who, or that which, upholds or sustains; a sustainer. [Obs.]

I waked again, for my sustain was the Lord.

Milton.

Sus*tain"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. soutenable, OF. soustenable.] Capable of being sustained or maintained; as, the action is not sustainable.

Sus*tained" (?), a. Held up to a certain pitch, degree, or level; uniform; as, sustained pasion; a sustained style of writing; a sustained note in music.

Sus*tain"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sustains. Waterland.

Sus*tain"ment (?), n. The act of sustaining; maintenance; support. Milton. Lowell.

Sus*tal"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; contractile, fr. &?; to draw together, to moderate; &?; together + &?; to place.] Mournful; -- said of a species of music among the ancient Greeks. Busby.

Sus"te*nance (?), n. [OF. sustenance, sostenance, soustenance: cf. L. sustenentia endurance. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining; support; maintenance; subsistence; as, the sustenance of the body; the sustenance of life.

2. That which supports life; food; victuals; provisions; means of living; as, the city has ample sustenance. "A man of little sustenance." Chaucer.

For lying is thy sustenance, thy food.

Milton.

Sus*ten"ta*cle (?), n. [L. sustentaculum. See Sustentation.] Sustenance. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sus`ten*tac"u*lar (?), a. [See Sustenance.] (Anat.) Supporting; sustaining; as, a sustentacular tissue.

Sus"ten*tate (?), v. t. To sustain. [R.] C. Reade.

Sus`ten*ta"tion (?), n. [L. sustentatio sustenance, maintenance, fr. sustentare to support, maintain, v. intens. fr. sustinere to sustain: cf. F. sustentation. See Sustain.] 1. The act of sustaining, or the state of being sustained; preservation from falling; support; sustenance; maintenance.

2. (Physiol.) The aggregate of the functions by which a living organism is maintained in a normal condition of weight and growth.

Sustentation fund (Eccl.), a fund of a religious body for support of its ministers, chapels, etc.; as, the sustentation fund of the Free Church of Scotland.

Sus"ten*ta*tive (?), a. Adapted to sustain, strengthen, or corroborate; as, sustentative citations or quotations.

Sustentative functions (Physiol.), those functions of the body which affect its material composition and thus determine its mass.

Sus*ten"tion (?), n. Sustentation. [R. or Colloq.]

In fine images, in sustention, in irony, they surpass anything that Burke ever wrote.

J. Morley.

{ Sus"ter, Sus"tre (?) }, n.; pl. Susters (&?;), Sustres, or Sustren (&?;). Sister. [Obs.] Chaucer.

There are seven sustren, that serve truth ever.

Piers Plowman.

Su"su (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Soosoo.

Su*sur"rant (?), a. [L. susurrans, p. pr. from susurrare to whisper.] Whispering. [R.] "The soft susurrant sigh." Poetry of Anti-Jacobin.

Su`sur*ra"tion (?), n. [L. susurratio, fr. susurrare to whisper: cf. F. susurration.] A whispering; a soft murmur. "Soft susurrations of the trees." Howell.

Su*sur"ring*ly (?), adv. In the manner of a whisper. [Obs.]

Su*sur"rous (?), a. [L. susurrus.] Whispering; rustling; full of whispering sounds. [R.]

||Su*sur"rus (?), n. [L.] The act of whispering; a whisper; a murmur. ||De Quincey.

The soft susurrus and sighs of the branches.

Longfellow.

Su"tile (?), a. [L. sutilis, fr. suere to sew: cf. F. sutile.] Done by stitching. [R.] Boswell.

Sut"ler (?), n. [D. zoetelaar, OD. soetelaar, a small trader, especially in camps, fr. soetelen to undertake low offices; cf. G. sudeln to do dirty work, to sully, soil, E. suds.] A person who follows an army, and sells to the troops provisions, liquors, and the like.

Sut"ler*ship, n. The condition or occupation of a sutler.

Sut"ling (?), a. Belonging to sutlers; engaged in the occupation of a sutler. Addison.

Su"tor (?), n. A kind of sirup made by the Indians of Arizona from the fruit of some cactaceous plant (probably the Cereus giganteus).

||Su"tra (?), n.; pl. Sutras (#). [Skr. s&?;tra a thread, a string of ||rules; an aphorism; fr. siv to sew.] 1. (a) A precept; an aphorism; a ||brief rule. (b) A collection of such aphorisms.

2. pl. A body of Hindoo literature containing aphorisms on grammar, meter, law, and philosophy, and forming a connecting link between the Vedic and later Sanscrit literature. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Sut*tee" (?), n. [Skr. sat a faithful wife, fem. of sant existing, real, true, good, p. pr. of as to be. Cf. Sooth.] 1. A Hindoo widow who immolates herself, or is immolated, on the funeral pile of her husband; -- so called because this act of self-immolation is regarded as envincing excellence of wifely character. [India]

2. The act of burning a widow on the funeral pile of her husband. [India]

The practice, though abolished in British India law in 1829, is not wholly prevented.

Sut*tee"ism (?), n. The practice of self-immolation of widows in Hindostan.

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Sut"tle (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Com.) The weight when the tare has been deducted, and tret is yet to be allowed. M&?;Culloch.

Sut"tle, v. i. [See Sutler.] To act as sutler; to supply provisions and other articles to troops.

Su"tur*al (?), a. [Cf. F. sutural, NL. suturals.] 1. Of or pertaining to a suture, or seam.

2. (Bot.) Taking place at a suture; as, a sutural de&?;iscence.

Su"tur*al*ly, adv. In a sutural manner.

Su"tur*a`ted (?), a. Sewed or knit together; united by a suture; stitched.

Su"ture (?), n. [L. sutura, fr. suere, sutum, to sew or stitch: cf. F. suture. See Sew to unite with thread.] 1. The act of sewing; also, the line along which two things or parts are sewed together, or are united so as to form a seam, or that which resembles a seam.

2. (Surg.) (a) The uniting of the parts of a wound by stitching. (b) The stitch by which the parts are united.

3. (Anat.) The line of union, or seam, in an immovable articulation, like those between the bones of the skull; also, such an articulation itself; synarthrosis. See Harmonic suture, under Harmonic.

4. (Bot.) (a) The line, or seam, formed by the union of two margins in any part of a plant; as, the ventral suture of a legume. (b) A line resembling a seam; as, the dorsal suture of a legume, which really corresponds to a midrib.

5. (Zoöl.) (a) The line at which the elytra of a beetle meet and are sometimes confluent. (b) A seam, or impressed line, as between the segments of a crustacean, or between the whorls of a univalve shell.

Glover's suture, Harmonic suture, etc. See under Glover, Harmonic, etc.

Su"tured (?), a. Having a suture or sutures; knit or united together. Pennant.

Su*war"row (?), n. (Bot.) The giant cactus (Cereus giganteus); -- so named by the Indians of Arizona. Called also saguaro.

Su"ze*rain (?), n. [F., formed fr. sus above, L. susum, sursum (fr. sub under + versum, p. p. of vertere to turn), after the analogy of souverain, E. sovereign. See Sub-, and Verse.] A superior lord, to whom fealty is due; a feudal lord; a lord paramount.

Su"ze*rain*ty (?), n. [F. suzeraineté.] The dominion or authority of a suzerain; paramount authority.

Swa (swä), adv. [See So.] So. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swab (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swabbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swabbing.] [See Swabber, n.] To clean with a mop or swab; to wipe when very wet, as after washing; as, to swab the desk of a ship. [Spelt also swob.]

Swab, n. [Written also swob.] 1. A kind of mop for cleaning floors, the desks of vessels, etc., esp. one made of rope-yarns or threads.

2. A bit of sponge, cloth, or the like, fastened to a handle, for cleansing the mouth of a sick person, applying medicaments to deep-seated parts, etc.

3. (Naut.) An epaulet. [Sailor's Slang] Marryat.

4. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Obs.] Bailey.

5. A sponge, or other suitable substance, attached to a long rod or handle, for cleaning the bore of a firearm.

Swab"ber (?), v. t. To swab. [R.]

Swab"ber, n. [D. zwabber; cf.D. zwabberen to swab, G. schwabbern, Dan. svabre, Sw. svab a swab, svabla to swab.] 1. One who swabs a floor or desk. Shak.

2. (Naut.) Formerly, an interior officer on board of British ships of war, whose business it was to see that the ship was kept clean.

3. Same as Swobber, 2.

Swad (?), n. [Probably fr. AS. swe&?;ian to bind.] [Written also swod.] 1. A cod, or pod, as of beans or pease. [Prov. Eng.]

Swad, in the north, is a peascod shell -- thence used for an empty, shallow-headed fellow.

Blount.

2. A clown; a country bumpkin. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Country swains, and silly swads." Greene.

There was one busy fellow was their leader, A blunt, squat swad, but lower than yourself.

B. Jonson.

3. A lump of mass; also, a crowd. [Low, U.S.]

4. (Coal Mining) A thin layer of refuse at the bottom of a seam. Raymond.

Swad"dle (?), n. [AS. swe&?;il, swe&?;el, fr. swe&?;ain to bind. See Swathe.] Anything used to swaddle with, as a cloth or band; a swaddling band.

They put me in bed in all my swaddles.

Addison.

Swad"dle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swaddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaddling (?).] 1. To bind as with a bandage; to bind or warp tightly with clothes; to swathe; -- used esp. of infants; as, to swaddle a baby.

They swaddled me up in my nightgown with long pieces of linen.

Addison.

2. To beat; to cudgel. [Obs.] Hudibras.

Swad"dle*bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The shoveler. [Local, U.S.]

Swad"dler (?), n. A term of contempt for an Irish Methodist. Shipley.

Swad"dling (?), a. & n. from Swaddle, v.

Swaddling band, Swaddling cloth, or Swaddling clout, a band or cloth wrapped round an infant, especially round a newborn infant.

Ye shall find the babe wrapped in swaddling clothes, lying in a manger.

Luke ii. 12.

Swag (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swagged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swagging (?).] [Cf. Icel. sveggja, sveigja to bend, to sway, Norw. svaga to sway. See Sway.] 1. To hang or move, as something loose and heavy; to sway; to swing. [Prov. Eng.]

2. To sink down by its weight; to sag. Sir H. Wotton.

I swag as a fat person's belly swaggeth as he goeth.

Palsgrave.

Swag, n. 1. A swaying, irregular motion.

2. A burglar's or thief's booty; boodle. [Cant or Slang] Charles Reade.

Swag"-bel`lied (?), a. Having a prominent, overhanging belly. Shak.

Swag"bel`ly (?), n. 1. A prominent, overhanging belly. Smollett.

2. (Med.) Any large tumor developed in the abdomen, and neither fluctuating nor sonorous. Dunglison.

Swage (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaging (?).] [Equiv. to suage, abbrev. fr. assuage.] See Assuage. [Obs.]

Swage, n. A tool, variously shaped or grooved on the end or face, used by blacksmiths and other workers in metals, for shaping their work, whether sheet metal or forging, by holding the swage upon the work, or the work upon the swage, and striking with a sledge.

Swage block, a perforated block of iron, having grooved sides and adapted for use in heading bolts and swaging objects of large size.

Swage, v. t. To shape by means of a swage; to fashion, as a piece of iron, by forcing it into a groove or mold having the required shape.

Swag"ger (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swaggered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaggering.] [Freq. of swag.] 1. To walk with a swaying motion; hence, to walk and act in a pompous, consequential manner.

A man who swaggers about London clubs.

Beaconsfield.

2. To boast or brag noisily; to be ostentatiously proud or vainglorious; to bluster; to bully.

What a pleasant it is . . . to swagger at the bar!

Arbuthnot.

To be great is not . . . to swagger at our footmen.

Colier.

Swag"ger, v. t. To bully. [R.] Swift.

Swag"ger, n. The act or manner of a swaggerer.

He gave a half swagger, half leer, as he stepped forth to receive us.

W. Irving.

Swag"ger*er (?), n. One who swaggers; a blusterer; a bully; a boastful, noisy fellow. Shak.

Swag"gy (?), a. Inclined to swag; sinking, hanging, or leaning by its weight. Sir T. Browne.

Swain (?), n. [OE. swain, swein, Icel. sveinn a boy, servant; akin to Sw. sven, Dan. svend, AS. swn, OHG. swein.] 1. A servant. [Obs.]

Him behoves serve himself that has no swain.

Chaucer.

2. A young man dwelling in the country; a rustic; esp., a cuntry gallant or lover; -- chiefly in poetry.

It were a happy life To be no better than a homely swain.

Shak.

Blest swains! whose nymphs in every grace excel.

Pope.

Swain"ish, a. Pertaining to, or resembling, a swain; rustic; ignorant. "An ungentle and swainish beast." Milton. -- Swain"ish*ness, n. Emerson.

Swain"ling (?), n. A little swain. [R.]

Swain"mote` (?), n. [Swain + mote meeting: cf. LL. swanimotum.] (Eng. Forest Law) A court held before the verders of the forest as judges, by the steward of the court, thrice every year, the swains, or freeholders, within the forest composing the jury. [Written also swanimote, and sweinmote.] Blackstone.

Swain"ship, n. The condition of a swain.

Swaip (?), v. i. [Cf. Sweep.] To walk proudly; to sweep along. [Prov. Eng.] Todd.

Swal (?), obs. imp. of Swell. Swelled. Chaucer.

Swale (?), n. [Cf. Icel. svalr cool, svala to cool.] A valley or low place; a tract of low, and usually wet, land; a moor; a fen. [Prov. Eng. & Local, U.S.]

Swale, v. i. & t. To melt and waste away; to singe. See Sweal, v.

Swale, n. A gutter in a candle. [Prov. Eng.]

Swal"let (?), n. [Cf. G. schwall a sea swell, from schwellen to swell, E. swell.] Water breaking in upon the miners at their work; -- so called among tin miners. [Prov. Eng.]

Swal"low (?), n. [OE. swalowe, AS. swalewe, swealwe; akin to D. zwaluw, OHG. swalawa, G. schwalbe, Icel. & Sw. svala, Dan. svale.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of passerine birds of the family Hirundinidæ, especially one of those species in which the tail is deeply forked. They have long, pointed wings, and are noted for the swiftness and gracefulness of their flight.

The most common North American species are the barn swallow (see under Barn), the cliff, or eaves, swallow (see under Cliff), the white-bellied, or tree, swallow (Tachycineta bicolor), and the bank swallow (see under Bank). The common European swallow (Chelidon rustica), and the window swallow, or martin (Chelidon urbica), are familiar species.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of swifts which resemble the true swallows in form and habits, as the common American chimney swallow, or swift.

3. (Naut.) The aperture in a block through which the rope reeves. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Swallow plover (Zoöl.), any one of several species of fork-tailed ploverlike birds of the genus Glareola, as G. orientalis of India; a pratincole. -- Swallow shrike (Zoöl.), any one of several species of East Indian and Asiatic birds of the family Artamiidæ, allied to the shrikes but similar to swallows in appearance and habits. The ashy swallow shrike (Artamus fuscus) is common in India. -- Swallow warbler (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of East Indian and Australian singing birds of the genus Dicæum. They are allied to the honeysuckers.

Swal"low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swallowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swallowing.] [OE. swolewen, swolwen, swolhen, AS. swelgan; akin to D. zwelgen, OHG. swelahan, swelgan, G. schwelgen to feast, to revel, Icel. svelgia to swallow, SW. svälja, Dan. svælge. Cf. Groundsel a plant.] 1. To take into the stomach; to receive through the gullet, or esophagus, into the stomach; as, to swallow food or drink.

As if I had swallowed snowballs for pills.

Shak.

2. To draw into an abyss or gulf; to ingulf; to absorb -- usually followed by up. Milton.

The earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses.

Num. xvi. 32.

3. To receive or embrace, as opinions or belief, without examination or scruple; to receive implicitly.

Though that story . . . be not so readily swallowed.

Sir T. Browne.

4. To engross; to appropriate; -- usually with up.

Homer excels . . . in this, that he swallowed up the honor of those who succeeded him.

Pope.

5. To occupy; to take up; to employ.

The necessary provision of the life swallows the greatest part of their time.

Locke.

6. To seize and waste; to exhaust; to consume.

Corruption swallowed what the liberal hand Of bounty scattered.

Thomson.

7. To retract; to recant; as, to swallow one's opinions. "Swallowed his vows whole." Shak.

8. To put up with; to bear patiently or without retaliation; as, to swallow an affront or insult.

Syn. -- To absorb; imbibe; ingulf; engross; consume. See Absorb.

Swal"low, v. i. To perform the act of swallowing; as, his cold is so severe he is unable to swallow.

Swal"low, n. 1. The act of swallowing.

2. The gullet, or esophagus; the throat.

3. Taste; relish; inclination; liking. [Colloq.]

I have no swallow for it.

Massinger.

4. Capacity for swallowing; voracity.

There being nothing too gross for the swallow of political rancor.

Prof. Wilson.

5. As much as is, or can be, swallowed at once; as, a swallow of water.

6. That which ingulfs; a whirlpool. [Obs.] Fabyan.

Swal"low*er (?), n. One who swallows; also, a glutton. Tatler.

Swal"low*fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European sapphirine gurnard (Trigla hirundo). It has large pectoral fins.

Swal"low*tail` (?), n. 1. (Carp.) A kind of tenon or tongue used in making joints. See Dovetail.

2. (Bot.) A species of willow.

3. (Fort.) An outwork with converging sides, its head or front forming a reëntrant angle; -- so called from its form. Called also priestcap.

4. A swallow-tailed coat.

This Stultz coat, a blue swallowtail, with yellow buttons.

Thackeray.

5. An arrow. Sir W. Scott.

6. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large and handsome butterflies, belonging to Papilio and allied genera, in which the posterior border of each hind wing is prolongated in the form of a long lobe.

The black swallowtail, or asterias (see Papilio), the blue swallowtail, or philenor, the tiger swallowtail, or turnus (see Turnus), and the zebra swallowtail, or ajax (see under Zebra) are common American species. See also Troilus.

Swal"low-tailed` (?), a. 1. Having a tail like that of a swallow; hence, like a swallow's tail in form; having narrow and tapering or pointed skirts; as, a swallow-tailed coat.

2. (Carp.) United by dovetailing; dovetailed.

Swallow-tailed duck (Zoöl.), the old squaw. -- Swallow-tailed gull (Zoöl.), an Arctic gull (Xema furcata), which has a deeply forked tail. -- Swallow-tailed hawk or kite (Zoöl.), the fork- tailed kite. -- Swallow-tailed moth (Zoöl.), a European moth (Urapteryx sambucaria) having tail-like lobes on the hind wings.

Swal"low*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Celandine. (b) A poisonous plant (Vincetoxicum officinale) of the Milkweed family, at one time used in medicine; -- also called white swallowwort.

African swallowwort, a plant of the genus Stapelia.

Swam (?), imp. of Swim.

Swamp (?), n. [Cf. AS. swam a fungus, OD. swam a sponge, D. zwam a fungus, G. schwamm a sponge, Icel. svöppr, Dan. & Sw. swamp, Goth. swamms, Gr. somfo`s porous, spongy.] Wet, spongy land; soft, low ground saturated with water, but not usually covered with it; marshy ground away from the seashore.

Gray swamps and pools, waste places of the hern.

Tennyson.

A swamp differs from a bog and a marsh in producing trees and shrubs, while the latter produce only herbage, plants, and mosses.

Farming Encyc. (E. Edwards, Words).

Swamp blackbird. (Zoöl.) See Redwing (b). -- Swamp cabbage (Bot.), skunk cabbage. -- Swamp deer (Zoöl.), an Asiatic deer (Rucervus Duvaucelli) of India. -- Swamp hen. (Zoöl.) (a) An Australian azure-breasted bird (Porphyrio bellus); -- called also goollema. (b) An Australian water crake, or rail (Porzana Tabuensis); -- called also little swamp hen. (c) The European purple gallinule. -- Swamp honeysuckle (Bot.), an American shrub (Azalea, or Rhododendron, viscosa) growing in swampy places, with fragrant flowers of a white color, or white tinged with rose; -- called also swamp pink. -- Swamp hook, a hook and chain used by lumbermen in handling logs. Cf. Cant hook. -- Swamp itch. (Med.) See Prairie itch, under Prairie. -- Swamp laurel (Bot.), a shrub (Kalmia glauca) having small leaves with the lower surface glaucous. -- Swamp maple (Bot.), red maple. See Maple. -- Swamp oak (Bot.), a name given to several kinds of oak which grow in swampy places, as swamp Spanish oak (Quercus palustris), swamp white oak (Q. bicolor), swamp post oak (Q. lyrata). -- Swamp ore (Min.), bog ore; limonite. -- Swamp partridge (Zoöl.), any one of several Australian game birds of the genera Synoicus and Excalfatoria, allied to the European partridges. -- Swamp robin (Zoöl.), the chewink. -- Swamp sassafras (Bot.), a small North American tree of the genus Magnolia (M. glauca) with aromatic leaves and fragrant creamy-white blossoms; -- called also sweet bay. -- Swamp sparrow (Zoöl.), a common North American sparrow (Melospiza Georgiana, or M. palustris), closely resembling the song sparrow. It lives in low, swampy places. -- Swamp willow. (Bot.) See Pussy willow, under Pussy.

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Swamp (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swamped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swamping.] 1. To plunge or sink into a swamp.

2. (Naut.) To cause (a boat) to become filled with water; to capsize or sink by whelming with water.

3. Fig.: To plunge into difficulties and perils; to overwhelm; to ruin; to wreck.

The Whig majority of the house of Lords was swamped by the creation of twelve Tory peers.

J. R. Green.

Having swamped himself in following the ignis fatuus of a theory.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Swamp, v. i. 1. To sink or stick in a swamp; figuratively, to become involved in insuperable difficulties.

2. To become filled with water, as a boat; to founder; to capsize or sink; figuratively, to be ruined; to be wrecked.

Swamp"y (?), a. Consisting of swamp; like a swamp; low, wet, and spongy; as, swampy land.

Swan (?), n. [AS. swan; akin to D. zwaan, OHG. swan, G. schwan, Icel. svanr, Sw. svan, Dan. svane; and perhaps to E. sound something audible.] 1. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large aquatic birds belonging to Cygnus, Olor, and allied genera of the subfamily Cygninæ. They have a large and strong beak and a long neck, and are noted for their graceful movements when swimming. Most of the northern species are white. In literature the swan was fabled to sing a melodious song, especially at the time of its death.

The European white, or mute, swan (Cygnus gibbus), which is most commonly domesticated, bends its neck in an S-shaped curve. The whistling, or trumpeting, swans of the genus Olor do not bend the neck in an S-shaped curve, and are noted for their loud and sonorous cry, due to complex convolutions of the windpipe. To this genus belong the European whooper, or whistling swan (Olor cygnus), the American whistling swan (O. Columbianus), and the trumpeter swan (O. buccinator). The Australian black swan (Chenopis atrata) is dull black with white on the wings, and has the bill carmine, crossed with a white band. It is a very graceful species and is often domesticated. The South American black-necked swan (Sthenelides melancorypha) is a very beautiful and graceful species, entirely white, except the head and neck, which are dark velvety seal-brown. Its bill has a double bright rose-colored knob.

2. Fig.: An appellation for a sweet singer, or a poet noted for grace and melody; as Shakespeare is called the swan of Avon.

3. (Astron.) The constellation Cygnus.

Swan goose (Zoöl.), a bird of India (Cygnopsis cygnoides) resembling both the swan and the goose. -- Swan shot, a large size of shot used in fowling.

Swang (?), obs. imp. of Swing.

Swang, n. [Cf. Swamp.] A swamp. [Prov. Eng.]

Swan"herd` (?), n. One who tends or marks swans; as, the royal swanherd of England.

Swan"-hop`ping (?), n. A corruption of Swan-upping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swan"i*mote (?), n. (Eng. Forest Law) See Swainmote.

{ Swank"ie, Swank"y } (?), n. [Cf. G. schwank flexible, pliant.] An active and clever young fellow. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Swan"like` (?), a. Resembling a swan.

Swan"mark` (?), n. A mark of ownership cut on the bill or swan. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swan"ner*y (?), n. A place where swans are bred. "The largest swannery in England." Encyc. Brit.

Swan"ny (?), a. Swanlike; as, a swanny glossiness of the neck. Richardson.

Swan"pan (?), n. [Cf. Schwanpan.] The Chinese abacus; a schwanpan. S. W. Williams.

{ Swan's"-down` (?), or Swans"-down` }, n. 1. The down, or fine, soft feathers, of the swan, used on various articles of dress.

2. A fine, soft, thick cloth of wool mixed with silk or cotton; a sort of twilled fustian, like moleskin.

Swan's-down cotton. See Cotton flannel, under Cotton.

Swan"skin` (?), n. 1. The act of a swan with the down or the feathers on.

2. A species of soft flannel, thick and warm.

Swan"-up`ping (?), n. A yearly expedition on the Thames to take up young swans and mark them, as by Companies of Dyers and Vintners; -- called also swan- hopping. [Eng.] Encyc. Brit.

Swap (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swapping.] [OE. swappen to strike; cf. E. to strike a bargain; perh. akin to E. sweep. Cf. Swap a blow, Swap, v. i.] [Written also swop.] 1. To strike; -- with off. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] "Swap off his head!" Chaucer.

2. To exchange (usually two things of the same kind); to swop. [Colloq.] Miss Edgeworth.

Swap, v. i. [Cf. Swap, v. t.] 1. To fall or descend; to rush hastily or violently. C. Richardson (Dict.).

All suddenly she swapt adown to ground.

Chaucer.

2. To beat the air, or ply the wings, with a sweeping motion or noise; to flap.

Swap, n. [Cf. G. schwapp, n., a slap, swap, schwapp, schwapps, interj., slap! smack! and E. swap, v.t.] 1. A blow; a stroke. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

2. An exchange; a barter. [Colloq.] Sir W. Scott.

Swap, adv. [See Swap, n.] Hastily. [Prov. Eng.]

Swape (?), n. See Sweep, n., 12.

Sward (?), n. [AS. sweard skin, covering; akin to OFries. swarge, D. zwoord, G. schwarte, Icel. svör&?;r skin, sward of the earth.] 1. Skin; covering. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

2. The grassy surface of land; that part of the soil which is filled with the roots of grass; turf.

The sward was trim as any garden lawn.

Tennyson.

Sward pork, bacon in large fitches. [Prov. Eng.]

Sward, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swarded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swarding.] To produce sward upon; to cover, or be covered, with sward. Mortimer.

Sward"-cut`ter (?), n. (a) A plow for turning up grass land. (b) A lawn mower.

Sward"ed, a. Covered with sward. Mrs. Browning.

Sward"y (?), a. Covered with sward or grass.

Sware (?), imp. of Swear. [Obs. or Poetic]

Cophetua sware a royal oath.

Tennyson.

Swarf (?), v. i. [Cf. Swerve.] To grow languid; to faint. [Scot.] "To swarf for very hunger." Sir W. Scott.

Swarf, n. [Cf. Swerve.] The grit worn away from grindstones in grinding cutlery wet. [Prov. Eng.]

Swarm (?), v. i. [Cf. Swerve.] To climb a tree, pole, or the like, by embracing it with the arms and legs alternately. See Shin. [Colloq.]

At the top was placed a piece of money, as a prize for those who could swarm up and seize it.

W. Coxe.

Swarm, n. [OE. swarm, AS. swearm; akin to D. zwerm, G. schwarm, OHG. swaram, Icel. svarmr a tumult, Sw. svärm a swarm, Dan. sværm, and G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz, Skr. svar to sound, and perhaps to E. swear. &radic;177. Cf. Swerve, Swirl.] 1. A large number or mass of small animals or insects, especially when in motion. "A deadly swarm of hornets." Milton.

2. Especially, a great number of honeybees which emigrate from a hive at once, and seek new lodgings under the direction of a queen; a like body of bees settled permanently in a hive. "A swarm of bees." Chaucer.

3. Hence, any great number or multitude, as of people in motion, or sometimes of inanimate objects; as, a swarm of meteorites.

Those prodigious swarms that had settled themselves in every part of it [Italy].

Addison.

Syn. -- Multitude; crowd; throng.

Swarm, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swarmed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swarming.] 1. To collect, and depart from a hive by flight in a body; -- said of bees; as, bees swarm in warm, clear days in summer.

2. To appear or collect in a crowd; to throng together; to congregate in a multitude. Chaucer.

3. To be crowded; to be thronged with a multitude of beings in motion.

Every place swarms with soldiers.

Spenser.

4. To abound; to be filled (with). Atterbury.

5. To breed multitudes.

Not so thick swarmed once the soil Bedropped with blood of Gorgon.

Milton.

Swarm, v. t. To crowd or throng. Fanshawe.

Swarm"spore` (?), n. 1. (Bot.) One of innumerable minute, motile, reproductive bodies, produced asexually by certain algæ and fungi; a zoöspore.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the minute flagellate germs produced by the sporulation of a protozoan; -- called also zoöspore.

Swart (?), n. Sward. [Obs.] Holinshed.

Swart (?), a. [OE. swart, AS. sweart black; akin to OFries, OS. & LG. swart, D. zwart, G. schwartz, OHG. swarz, Icel. svarir, Sw. svart, Dan. sort, Goth. swarts; cf. L. sordes dirt, sordere to be dirty. Cf. Sordid, Surd.] 1. Of a dark hue; moderately black; swarthy; tawny. "Swart attendants." Trench. "Swart savage maids." Hawthorne.

A nation strange, with visage swart.

Spenser.

2. Gloomy; malignant. [Obs.] Milton.

Swart star, the Dog Star; -- so called from its appearing during the hot weather of summer, which makes swart the countenance. [R.] Milton.

Swart, v. t. To make swart or tawny; as, to swart a living part. Sir T. Browne.

Swart"back` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The black-backed gull (Larus marinus); -- called also swarbie. [Prov. Eng.]

Swarth (?), a. Swart; swarthy. "A swarth complexion." Chapman.

Swarth (?), n. An apparition of a person about to die; a wraith. [Prov. Eng.] Grose.

Swarth, n. [See Sward.] Sward; short grass.

Grassy swarth, close cropped by nibbling sheep.

Cowper.

Swarth, n. See Swath.

Swarth"i*ly (?), adv. In a swarthy manner; with a tawny hue; duskily.

Swarth"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being swarthy; a dusky or dark complexion; tawniness.

Swarth"ness, n. Swarthiness. [R.] Dr. R. Clerke.

Swarth"y (?), a. [Compar. Swarthier (?); superl. Swarthiest.] [See Swart, a.] Being of a dark hue or dusky complexion; tawny; swart; as, swarthy faces. "A swarthy Ethiope." Shak.

Their swarthy hosts would darken all our plains.

Addison.

Swarth"y, v. t. To make swarthy. [Obs.] Cowley.

Swart"i*ness (?), n. Swarthiness. [Obs.]

Swart"ish, a. Somewhat swart, dark, or tawny.

Swart"ness, n. The quality or state of being swart.

Swart"y (?), a. Swarthy; tawny. [Obs.] Burton.

Swarve (?), v. i. [See Swerve.] 1. To swerve. [Obs. or Scot.] Spenser. Jamieson.

2. To climb. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Swash (?), n. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] (Arch.) An oval figure, whose moldings are oblique to the axis of the work. Moxon.

Swash plate (Mach.), a revolving circular plate, set obliquely on its shaft, and acting as a cam to give a reciprocating motion to a rod in a direction parallel to the shaft.

Swash, a. [Cf. Swash, v. i., Squash, v. t.] Soft, like fruit too ripe; swashy. [Prov. Eng.] Pegge.

Swash, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swashed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swashing.] [Probably of imitative origin; cf. Sw. svasska to splash, and, for sense 3, Sw. svassa to bully, to rodomontade.] 1. To dash or flow noisily, as water; to splash; as, water swashing on a shallow place.

2. To fall violently or noisily. [Obs.] Holinshed.

3. To bluster; to make a great noise; to vapor or brag.

Swash, n. 1. Impulse of water flowing with violence; a dashing or splashing of water.

2. A narrow sound or channel of water lying within a sand bank, or between a sand bank and the shore, or a bar over which the sea washes.

3. Liquid filth; wash; hog mash. [Obs.]

4. A blustering noise; a swaggering behavior. [Obs.]

5. A swaggering fellow; a swasher.

Swash"buc`kler (?), n. A bully or braggadocio; a swaggering, boastful fellow; a swaggerer. Milton.

Swash"er (?), n. One who makes a blustering show of valor or force of arms. Shak.

Swash"ing, a. 1. Swaggering; hectoring. "A swashing and martial outside." Shak.

2. Resounding; crushing. "Swashing blow." Shak.

Swash"way` (?), n. Same as 4th Swash, 2.

Swash"y (?), a. Soft, like fruit that is too ripe; quashy; swash. [Prov. Eng.]

Swat (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.

Swatch (?), n. 1. A swath. [Obs.] Tusser.

2. A piece, pattern, or sample, generally of cloth. Halliwell. Jamieson.

Swate (swt), obs. imp. of Sweat. Thomson.

Swath (swth; 277), n. [AS. swaðu a track, trace; akin to D. zwaad, zwad, zwade, a swath of grass, G. schwad, schwaden; perhaps, originally, a shred. Cf. Swathe, v. t.] 1. A line of grass or grain cut and thrown together by the scythe in mowing or cradling.

2. The whole sweep of a scythe, or the whole breadth from which grass or grain is cut by a scythe or a machine, in mowing or cradling; as, to cut a wide swath.

3. A band or fillet; a swathe. Shak.

Swath bank, a row of new-mown grass. [Prov. Eng.]

Swathe (sw), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swathed (swd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swathing.] [OE. swathen, AS. sweðain. See Swath, n., and cf. Swaddle.] To bind with a swathe, band, bandage, or rollers.

Their children are never swathed or bound about with any thing when they are first born.

Abp. Abbot.

Swathe, n. A bandage; a band; a swath.

Wrapped me in above an hundred yards of swathe.

Addison.

Milk and a swathe, at first, his whole demand.

Young.

The solemn glory of the afternoon, with its long swathes of light between the far off rows of limes.

G. Eliot.

Swath"er (?), n. [See Swath, n.] (Agric.) A device attached to a mowing machine for raising the uncut fallen grain and marking the limit of the swath.

Swat"te (?), obs. imp. of Sweat. Chaucer.

Sway (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swaying.] [OE. sweyen, Icel. sveigja, akin to E. swing; cf. D. zwaaijen to wield, swing. See Swing, and cf. Swag, v. i.] 1. To move or wield with the hand; to swing; to wield; as, to sway the scepter.

As sparkles from the anvil rise, When heavy hammers on the wedge are swayed.

Spenser.

2. To influence or direct by power and authority; by persuasion, or by moral force; to rule; to govern; to guide.

The will of man is by his reason swayed.

Shak.

She could not sway her house.

Shak.

This was the race To sway the world, and land and sea subdue.

Dryden.

3. To cause to incline or swing to one side, or backward and forward; to bias; to turn; to bend; warp; as, reeds swayed by wind; judgment swayed by passion.

As bowls run true by being made On purpose false, and to be swayed.

Hudibras.

Let not temporal and little advantages sway you against a more durable interest.

Tillotson.

4. (Naut.) To hoist; as, to sway up the yards.

Syn. -- To bias; rule; govern; direct; influence; swing; move; wave; wield.

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Sway (?), v. i. 1. To be drawn to one side by weight or influence; to lean; to incline.

The balance sways on our part.

Bacon.

2. To move or swing from side to side; or backward and forward.

3. To have weight or influence.

The example of sundry churches . . . doth sway much.

Hooker.

4. To bear sway; to rule; to govern.

Hadst thou swayed as kings should do.

Shak.

Sway, n. 1. The act of swaying; a swaying motion; the swing or sweep of a weapon.

With huge two-handed sway brandished aloft.

Milton.

2. Influence, weight, or authority that inclines to one side; as, the sway of desires. A. Tucker.

3. Preponderance; turn or cast of balance.

Expert When to advance, or stand, or turn the sway Of battle.

Milton.

4. Rule; dominion; control. Cowper.

When vice prevails, and impious men bear sway, The post of honor is a private station.

Addison.

5. A switch or rod used by thatchers to bind their work. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Syn. -- Rule; dominion; power; empire; control; influence; direction; preponderance; ascendency.

Sway"-backed` (?), a. Having the back hollow or sagged, whether naturally or as the result of injury or weakness; -- said of horses and other animals.

Sway"-bra`cing (?), n. (Engin.) The horizontal bracing of a bridge, which prevents its swaying.

Swayed (?), a. Bent down, and hollow in the back; sway-backed; -- said of a horse. Shak.

Sway"ful (?), a. Able to sway. [R.] Rush.

Sway"ing, n. An injury caused by violent strains or by overloading; -- said of the backs of horses. Crabb.

Sweal (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swealed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swealing.] [OE. swelen to burn, AS. swelan; akin to G. schwelen to burn slowly, schwül sultry, Icel. svæla a thick smoke.] To melt and run down, as the tallow of a candle; to waste away without feeding the flame. [Written also swale.] Sir W. Scott.

Sweal, v. t. To singe; to scorch; to swale; as, to sweal a pig by singeing off the hair.

Swear (?), v. i. [imp. Swore (?), formerly Sware (&?;); p. p. Sworn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swearing.] [OE. swerien, AS. swerian; akin to D. zweren, OS. swerian, OHG. swerien, G. schwören, Icel. sverja, Sw. svärja, Dan. sværge, Icel. & Sw. svara to answer, Dan. svare, Dan. & Sw. svar an answer, Goth. swaran to swear, and perhaps to E. swarm. &radic;177. Cf. Answer.] 1. To affirm or utter a solemn declaration, with an appeal to God for the truth of what is affirmed; to make a promise, threat, or resolve on oath; also, to affirm solemnly by some sacred object, or one regarded as sacred, as the Bible, the Koran, etc.

Ye shall swear by my name falsely.

Lev. xix. 12.

I swear by all the Roman gods.

Shak.

2. (Law) To give evidence on oath; as, to swear to the truth of a statement; he swore against the prisoner.

3. To make an appeal to God in an irreverant manner; to use the name of God or sacred things profanely; to call upon God in imprecation; to curse.

[I] swore little; diced not above seven times a week.

Shak.

To swear by, to place great confidence in a person or thing; to trust implicitly as an authority. "I simply meant to ask if you are one of those who swear by Lord Verulam." Miss Edgeworth. -- To swear off, to make a solemn vow, or a serious resolution, to abstain from something; as, to swear off smoking. [Slang]

Swear, v. t. 1. To utter or affirm with a solemn appeal to God for the truth of the declaration; to make (a promise, threat, or resolve) under oath.

Swear unto me here by God, that thou wilt not deal falsely with me.

Gen. xxi. 23.

He swore consent to your succession.

Shak.

2. (Law) To put to an oath; to cause to take an oath; to administer an oath to; -- ofetn followed by in or into; as, to swear witnesses; to swear a jury; to swear in an officer; he was sworn into office.

3. To declare or charge upon oath; as, he swore treason against his friend. Johnson.

4. To appeal to by an oath.

Now, by Apollo, king, Thou swear'st thy gods in vain.

Shak.

To swear the peace against one, to make oath that one is under the actual fear of death or bodily harm from the person, in which case the person must find sureties that he will keep the peace.

Swear"er (?), n. 1. One who swears; one who calls God to witness for the truth of his declaration.

2. A profane person; one who uses profane language.

Then the liars and swearers are fools.

Shak.

Swear"ing, a. & n. from Swear, v.

Idle swearing is a cursedness.

Chaucer.

Sweat (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweat or Sweated (Obs. Swat (&?;)); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweating.] [OE. sweten, AS. swætan, fr. swt, n., sweat; akin to OFries. & OS. swt, D. zweet, OHG. sweiz, G. schweiss, Icel. sviti, sveiti, Sw. svett, Dan. sved, L. sudor sweat, sudare to sweat, Gr. &?;, &?;, sweat, &?; to sweat, Skr. svda sweat, svid to sweat. &radic;178. Cf. Exude, Sudary, Sudorific.] 1. To excrete sensible moisture from the pores of the skin; to perspire. Shak.

2. Fig.: To perspire in toil; to work hard; to drudge.

He 'd have the poets sweat.

Waller.

3. To emit moisture, as green plants in a heap.

Sweat, v. t. 1. To cause to excrete moisture from the skin; to cause to perspire; as, his physicians attempted to sweat him by most powerful sudorifics.

2. To emit or suffer to flow from the pores; to exude.

It made her not a drop for sweat.

Chaucer.

With exercise she sweat ill humors out.

Dryden.

3. To unite by heating, after the application of soldier.

4. To get something advantageous, as money, property, or labor from (any one), by exaction or oppression; as, to sweat a spendthrift; to sweat laborers. [Colloq.]

To sweat coin, to remove a portion of a piece of coin, as by shaking it with others in a bag, so that the friction wears off a small quantity of the metal.

The only use of it [money] which is interdicted is to put it in circulation again after having diminished its weight by "sweating", or otherwise, because the quantity of metal contains is no longer consistent with its impression.

R. Cobden.

Sweat (?), n. [Cf. OE. swot, AS. swt. See Sweat, v. i.] 1. (Physiol.) The fluid which is excreted from the skin of an animal; the fluid secreted by the sudoriferous glands; a transparent, colorless, acid liquid with a peculiar odor, containing some fatty acids and mineral matter; perspiration. See Perspiration.

In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat bread.

Gen. iii. 19.

2. The act of sweating; or the state of one who sweats; hence, labor; toil; drudgery. Shak.

3. Moisture issuing from any substance; as, the sweat of hay or grain in a mow or stack. Mortimer.

4. The sweating sickness. [Obs.] Holinshed.

5. (Man.) A short run by a race horse in exercise.

Sweat box (Naut.), a small closet in which refractory men are confined. -- Sweat glands (Anat.), sudoriferous glands. See under Sudoriferous.

Sweat"er (?), n. 1. One who sweats.

2. One who, or that which, causes to sweat; as: (a) A sudorific. (b) A woolen jacket or jersey worn by athletes. (c) An employer who oppresses his workmen by paying low wages. [Slang]

Sweat"i*ly (?), adv. In a sweaty manner.

Sweat"i*ness, n. Quality or state of being sweaty.

Sweat"ing, a. & n. from Sweat, v.

Sweating bath, a bath producing sensible sweat; a stove or sudatory. -- Sweating house, a house for sweating persons in sickness. -- Sweating iron, a kind of knife, or a piece of iron, used to scrape off sweat, especially from horses; a horse scraper. -- Sweating room. (a) A room for sweating persons. (b) (Dairying) A room for sweating cheese and carrying off the superfluous juices. -- Sweating sickness (Med.), a febrile epidemic disease which prevailed in some countries of Europe, but particularly in England, in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, characterized by profuse sweating. Death often occured in a few hours.

Sweat"y (?), a. [Compar. Sweatier (?); superl. Sweatiest.] 1. Moist with sweat; as, a sweaty skin; a sweaty garment.

2. Consisting of sweat; of the nature of sweat.

No noisome whiffs or sweaty streams.

Swift.

3. Causing sweat; hence, laborious; toilsome; difficult. "The sweaty forge." Prior.

Swede (?), n. [Cf. G. Schwede.] 1. A native or inhabitant of Sweden.

2. (Bot.) A Swedish turnip. See under Turnip.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an (?), n. One who holds the doctrines of the New Jerusalem church, as taught by Emanuel Swedenborg, a Swedish philosopher and religious writer, who was born a. d. 1688 and died 1772. Swedenborg claimed to have intercourse with the spiritual world, through the opening of his spiritual senses in 1745. He taught that the Lord Jesus Christ, as comprehending in himself all the fullness of the Godhead, is the one only God, and that there is a spiritual sense to the Scriptures, which he (Swedenborg) was able to reveal, because he saw the correspondence between natural and spiritual things.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an, a. Of or pertaining to Swedenborg or his views.

Swe`den*bor"gi*an*ism (?), n. The doctrines of the Swedenborgians.

Swed"ish (?), a. [Cf. G. schwedisch, Sw. svensk.] Of or pertaining to Sweden or its inhabitants.

Swedish turnip. (Bot.) See under Turnip.

Swed"ish, n. The language of Swedes.

Swee"ny (?), n. (Far.) An atrophy of the muscles of the shoulder in horses; also, atrophy of any muscle in horses. [Written also swinney.]

Sweep (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swept (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweeping.] [OE. swepen; akin to AS. swpan. See Swoop, v. i.] 1. To pass a broom across (a surface) so as to remove loose dirt, dust, etc.; to brush, or rub over, with a broom for the purpose of cleaning; as, to sweep a floor, the street, or a chimney. Used also figuratively.

I will sweep it with the besom of destruction.

Isa. xiv. 23.

2. To drive or carry along or off with a broom or a brush, or as if with a broom; to remove by, or as if by, brushing; as, to sweep dirt from a floor; the wind sweeps the snow from the hills; a freshet sweeps away a dam, timber, or rubbish; a pestilence sweeps off multitudes.

The hail shall sweep away the refuge of lies.

Isa. xxviii. 17.

I have already swept the stakes.

Dryden.

3. To brush against or over; to rub lightly along.

Their long descending train, With rubies edged and sapphires, swept the plain.

Dryden.

4. To carry with a long, swinging, or dragging motion; hence, to carry in a stately or proud fashion.

And like a peacock sweep along his tail.

Shak.

5. To strike with a long stroke.

Wake into voice each silent string, And sweep the sounding lyre.

Pope.

6. (Naut.) To draw or drag something over; as, to sweep the bottom of a river with a net.

7. To pass over, or traverse, with the eye or with an instrument of observation; as, to sweep the heavens with a telescope.

To sweep, or sweep up, a mold (Founding), to form the sand into a mold by a templet, instead of compressing it around the pattern.

Sweep (?), v. i. 1. To clean rooms, yards, etc., or to clear away dust, dirt, litter, etc., with a broom, brush, or the like.

2. To brush swiftly over the surface of anything; to pass with switness and force, as if brushing the surface of anything; to move in a stately manner; as, the wind sweeps across the plain; a woman sweeps through a drawing- room.

3. To pass over anything comprehensively; to range through with rapidity; as, his eye sweeps through space.

Sweep, n. 1. The act of sweeping.

2. The compass or range of a stroke; as, a long sweep.

3. The compass of any turning body or of any motion; as, the sweep of a door; the sweep of the eye.

4. The compass of anything flowing or brushing; as, the flood carried away everything within its sweep.

5. Violent and general destruction; as, the sweep of an epidemic disease.

6. Direction and extent of any motion not rectlinear; as, the sweep of a compass.

7. Direction or departure of a curve, a road, an arch, or the like, away from a rectlinear line.

The road which makes a small sweep.

Sir W. Scott.

8. One who sweeps; a sweeper; specifically, a chimney sweeper.

9. (Founding) A movable templet for making molds, in loam molding.

10. (Naut.) (a) The mold of a ship when she begins to curve in at the rungheads; any part of a ship shaped in a segment of a circle. (b) A large oar used in small vessels, partly to propel them and partly to steer them.

11. (Refining) The almond furnace. [Obs.]

12. A long pole, or piece of timber, moved on a horizontal fulcrum fixed to a tall post and used to raise and lower a bucket in a well for drawing water. [Variously written swape, sweep, swepe, and swipe.]

13. (Card Playing) In the game of casino, a pairing or combining of all the cards on the board, and so removing them all; in whist, the winning of all the tricks (thirteen) in a hand; a slam.

14. pl. The sweeping of workshops where precious metals are worked, containing filings, etc.

Sweep net, a net for drawing over a large compass. -- Sweep of the tiller (Naut.), a circular frame on which the tiller traverses.

Sweep"age (?), n. The crop of hay got in a meadow. [Prov. Eng.]

Sweep"er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweeps, or cleans by sweeping; a sweep; as, a carpet sweeper.

It is oxygen which is the great sweeper of the economy.

Huxley.

Sweep"ing, a. Cleaning off surfaces, or cleaning away dust, dirt, or litter, as a broom does; moving with swiftness and force; carrying everything before it; including in its scope many persons or things; as, a sweeping flood; a sweeping majority; a sweeping accusation. -- Sweep"ing*ly, adv. - Sweep"ing*ness, n.

Sweep"ings (?), n. pl. Things collected by sweeping; rubbish; as, the sweepings of a street.

Sweep"-saw` (?), n. A bow- saw.

Sweep"stake` (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes. Heylin.

2. A complete removal or carrying away; a clean sweep. [Obs.] Bp. Hacket.

Sweep"stakes` (?), n. 1. A winning of all the stakes or prizes; a sweepstake.

2. sing. or pl. The whole money or other things staked at a horse race, a given sum being put up for each horse, all of which goes to the winner, or is divided among several, as may be previously agreed.

3. A race for all the sums staked or prizes offered.

Sweep"wash`er (?), n. One who extracts the residuum of precious metals from the sweepings, potsherds, etc., of refineries of gold and silver, or places where these metals are used.

Sweep"y (?), a. Moving with a sweeping motion.

The branches bend before their sweepy away.

Dryden.

<! p. 1458 !>

Sweet (?), a. [Compar. Sweeter (?); superl. Sweetest.] [OE. swete, swote, sote, AS. swte; akin to OFries. swte, OS. swti, D. zoet, G. süss, OHG. suozi, Icel. sætr, sœtr, Sw. söt, Dan. söd, Goth. suts, L. suavis, for suadvis, Gr. &?;, Skr. svdu sweet, svad, svd, to sweeten. &radic;175. Cf. Assuage, Suave, Suasion.] 1. Having an agreeable taste or flavor such as that of sugar; saccharine; -- opposed to sour and bitter; as, a sweet beverage; sweet fruits; sweet oranges.

2. Pleasing to the smell; fragrant; redolent; balmy; as, a sweet rose; sweet odor; sweet incense.

The breath of these flowers is sweet to me.

Longfellow.

3. Pleasing to the ear; soft; melodious; harmonious; as, the sweet notes of a flute or an organ; sweet music; a sweet voice; a sweet singer.

To make his English sweet upon his tongue.

Chaucer.

A voice sweet, tremulous, but powerful.

Hawthorne.

4. Pleasing to the eye; beautiful; mild and attractive; fair; as, a sweet face; a sweet color or complexion.

Sweet interchange Of hill and valley, rivers, woods, and plains.

Milton.

5. Fresh; not salt or brackish; as, sweet water. Bacon.

6. Not changed from a sound or wholesome state. Specifically: (a) Not sour; as, sweet milk or bread. (b) Not state; not putrescent or putrid; not rancid; as, sweet butter; sweet meat or fish.

7. Plaesing to the mind; mild; gentle; calm; amiable; winning; presuasive; as, sweet manners.

Canst thou bind the sweet influence of Pleiades?

Job xxxviii. 31.

Mildness and sweet reasonableness is the one established rule of Christian working.

M. Arnold.

Sweet is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, sweet-blossomed, sweet- featured, sweet-smelling, sweet-tempered, sweet- toned, etc.

Sweet alyssum. (Bot.) See Alyssum. -- Sweet apple. (Bot.) (a) Any apple of sweet flavor. (b) See Sweet-top. -- Sweet bay. (Bot.) (a) The laurel (laurus nobilis). (b) Swamp sassafras. -- Sweet calabash (Bot.), a plant of the genus Passiflora (P. maliformis) growing in the West Indies, and producing a roundish, edible fruit, the size of an apple. -- Sweet cicely. (Bot.) (a) Either of the North American plants of the umbelliferous genus Osmorrhiza having aromatic roots and seeds, and white flowers. Gray. (b) A plant of the genus Myrrhis (M. odorata) growing in England. -- Sweet calamus, or Sweet cane. (Bot.) Same as Sweet flag, below. -- Sweet Cistus (Bot.), an evergreen shrub (Cistus Ladanum) from which the gum ladanum is obtained. -- Sweet clover. (Bot.) See Melilot. -- Sweet coltsfoot (Bot.), a kind of butterbur (Petasites sagittata) found in Western North America. -- Sweet corn (Bot.), a variety of the maize of a sweet taste. See the Note under Corn. -- Sweet fern (Bot.), a small North American shrub (Comptonia, or Myrica, asplenifolia) having sweet-scented or aromatic leaves resembling fern leaves. -- Sweet flag (Bot.), an endogenous plant (Acorus Calamus) having long flaglike leaves and a rootstock of a pungent aromatic taste. It is found in wet places in Europe and America. See Calamus, 2. -- Sweet gale (Bot.), a shrub (Myrica Gale) having bitter fragrant leaves; -- also called sweet willow, and Dutch myrtle. See 5th Gale. -- Sweet grass (Bot.), holy, or Seneca, grass. -- Sweet gum (Bot.), an American tree (Liquidambar styraciflua). See Liquidambar. -- Sweet herbs, fragrant herbs cultivated for culinary purposes. -- Sweet John (Bot.), a variety of the sweet William. -- Sweet leaf (Bot.), horse sugar. See under Horse. -- Sweet marjoram. (Bot.) See Marjoram. -- Sweet marten (Zoöl.), the pine marten. -- Sweet maudlin (Bot.), a composite plant (Achillea Ageratum) allied to milfoil. -- Sweet oil, olive oil. -- Sweet pea. (Bot.) See under Pea. -- Sweet potato. (Bot.) See under Potato. -- Sweet rush (Bot.), sweet flag. -- Sweet spirits of niter (Med. Chem.) See Spirit of nitrous ether, under Spirit. -- Sweet sultan (Bot.), an annual composite plant (Centaurea moschata), also, the yellow-flowered (C. odorata); -- called also sultan flower. -- Sweet tooth, an especial fondness for sweet things or for sweetmeats. [Colloq.] -- Sweet William. (a) (Bot.) A species of pink (Dianthus barbatus) of many varieties. (b) (Zoöl.) The willow warbler. (c) (Zoöl.) The European goldfinch; -- called also sweet Billy. [Prov. Eng.] -- Sweet willow (Bot.), sweet gale. -- Sweet wine. See Dry wine, under Dry. -- To be sweet on, to have a particular fondness for, or special interest in, as a young man for a young woman. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Syn. -- Sugary; saccharine; dulcet; luscious.

Sweet (?), n. 1. That which is sweet to the taste; -- used chiefly in the plural. Specifically: (a) Confectionery, sweetmeats, preserves, etc. (b) Home-made wines, cordials, metheglin, etc.

2. That which is sweet or pleasant in odor; a perfume. "A wilderness of sweets." Milton.

3. That which is pleasing or grateful to the mind; as, the sweets of domestic life.

A little bitter mingled in our cup leaves no relish of the sweet.

Locke.

4. One who is dear to another; a darling; -- a term of endearment. "Wherefore frowns my sweet?" B. Jonson.

Sweet, adv. Sweetly. Shak.

Sweet, v. t. To sweeten. [Obs.] Udall.

Sweet"bread` (?), n. 1. Either the thymus gland or the pancreas, the former being called neck, or throat, sweetbread, the latter belly sweetbread. The sweetbreads of ruminants, esp. of the calf, are highly esteemed as food. See Pancreas, and Thymus.

2. (Anat.) The pancreas.

Sweet"-breast`ed (?), a. Having a sweet, musical voice, as the nightingale. Cf. Breast, n., 6. [Obs.]

Sweet"bri`er (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of rose (Rosa rubiginosa) with minutely glandular and fragrant foliage. The small-flowered sweetbrier is Rosa micrantha.

Sweet"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sweetened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweetening.] [See Sweet, a.] 1. To make sweet to the taste; as, to sweeten tea.

2. To make pleasing or grateful to the mind or feelings; as, to sweeten life; to sweeten friendship.

3. To make mild or kind; to soften; as, to sweeten the temper.

4. To make less painful or laborious; to relieve; as, to sweeten the cares of life. Dryden.

And sweeten every secret tear.

Keble.

5. To soften to the eye; to make delicate.

Correggio has made his memory immortal by the strength he has given to his figures, and by sweetening his lights and shadows, and melting them into each other.

Dryden.

6. To make pure and salubrious by destroying noxious matter; as, to sweeten rooms or apartments that have been infected; to sweeten the air.

7. To make warm and fertile; -- opposed to sour; as, to dry and sweeten soils.

8. To restore to purity; to free from taint; as, to sweeten water, butter, or meat.

Sweet"en, v. i. To become sweet. Bacon.

Sweet"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, sweetens; one who palliates; that which moderates acrimony.

Sweet"en*ing, n. 1. The act of making sweet.

2. That which sweetens.

Sweet"heart` (?), n. A lover of mistress.

Sweet"heart`ing, n. Making love. "To play at sweethearting." W. Black.

Sweet"ing, n. 1. A sweet apple. Ascham.

2. A darling; -- a word of endearment. Shak.

Sweet"ish (?), a. Somewhat sweet. -- Sweet"ish*ness, n.

Sweet"ly, adv. [AS. swtlice.] In a sweet manner.

Sweet"meat` (?), n. 1. Fruit preserved with sugar, as peaches, pears, melons, nuts, orange peel, etc.; -- usually in the plural; a confect; a confection.

2. The paint used in making patent leather.

3. (Zoöl.) A boat shell (Crepidula fornicata) of the American coast. [Local, U.S.]

Sweet"ness, n. [AS. swtness.] The quality or state of being sweet (in any sense of the adjective); gratefulness to the taste or to the smell; agreeableness.

Sweet"root` (?), n. (Bot.) Licorice.

Sweet"-scent`ed (?), a. Having a sweet scent or smell; fragrant.

Sweet-scented shrub (Bot.), a shrub of the genus Calycanthus, the flowers of which, when crushed, have a fragrance resembling that of strawberries.

Sweet"-sop` (?), n. (Bot.) A kind of custard apple (Anona squamosa). See under Custard.

Sweet"wa`ter (?), n. (Bot.) A variety of white grape, having a sweet watery juice; -- also called white sweetwater, and white muscadine.

Sweet"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A name for two tropical American weeds (Capraria biflora, and Scoparia dulcis) of the Figwort family.

Sweet"wood` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) The true laurel (Laurus nobilis.) (b) The timber of the tree Oreodaphne Leucoxylon, growing in Jamaica. The name is also applied to the timber of several other related trees.

Sweet"wort` (?), n. Any plant of a sweet taste.

Sweigh (?), n. Sway; movement. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swein"mote` (?), n. See Swainmote. [Obs.]

Swell (?), v. i. [imp. Swelled (?); p. p. Swelled or Swollen (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Swelling.] [AS. swellan; akin to D. zwellen, OS. & OHG. swellan, G. schwellen, Icel. svella, Sw. svälla.] 1. To grow larger; to dilate or extend the exterior surface or dimensions, by matter added within, or by expansion of the inclosed substance; as, the legs swell in dropsy; a bruised part swells; a bladder swells by inflation.

2. To increase in size or extent by any addition; to increase in volume or force; as, a river swells, and overflows its banks; sounds swell or diminish.

3. To rise or be driven into waves or billows; to heave; as, in tempest, the ocean swells into waves.

4. To be puffed up or bloated; as, to swell with pride.

You swell at the tartan, as the bull is said to do at scarlet.

Sir W. Scott.

5. To be inflated; to belly; as, the sails swell.

6. To be turgid, bombastic, or extravagant; as, swelling words; a swelling style.

7. To protuberate; to bulge out; as, a cask swells in the middle.

8. To be elated; to rise arrogantly.

Your equal mind yet swells not into state.

Dryden.

9. To grow upon the view; to become larger; to expand. "Monarchs to behold the swelling scene!" Shak.

10. To become larger in amount; as, many little debts added, swell to a great amount.

11. To act in a pompous, ostentatious, or arrogant manner; to strut; to look big.

Here he comes, swelling like a turkey cock.

Shak.

Swell, v. t. 1. To increase the size, bulk, or dimensions of; to cause to rise, dilate, or increase; as, rains and dissolving snow swell the rivers in spring; immigration swells the population.

[The Church] swells her high, heart-cheering tone.

Keble.

2. To aggravate; to heighten.

It is low ebb with his accuser when such peccadilloes are put to swell the charge.

Atterbury.

3. To raise to arrogance; to puff up; to inflate; as, to be swelled with pride or haughtiness.

4. (Mus.) To augment gradually in force or loudness, as the sound of a note.

Swell, n. 1. The act of swelling.

2. Gradual increase. Specifically: (a) Increase or augmentation in bulk; protuberance. (b) Increase in height; elevation; rise.

Little River affords navigation during a swell to within three miles of the Miami.

Jefferson.

(c) Increase of force, intensity, or volume of sound.

Music arose with its voluptuous swell.

Byron.

(d) Increase of power in style, or of rhetorical force.

The swell and subsidence of his periods.

Landor.

3. A gradual ascent, or rounded elevation, of land; as, an extensive plain abounding with little swells.

4. A wave, or billow; especially, a succession of large waves; the roll of the sea after a storm; as, a heavy swell sets into the harbor.

The swell Of the long waves that roll in yonder bay.

Tennyson.

The gigantic swells and billows of the snow.

Hawthorne.

5. (Mus.) A gradual increase and decrease of the volume of sound; the crescendo and diminuendo combined; -- generally indicated by the sign.

6. A showy, dashing person; a dandy. [Slang]

Ground swell. See under Ground. - - Organ swell (Mus.), a certain number of pipes inclosed in a box, the uncovering of which by means of a pedal produces increased sound. -- Swell shark (Zoöl.), a small shark (Scyllium ventricosum) of the west coast of North America, which takes in air when caught, and swells up like a swellfish.

Swell, a. Having the characteristics of a person of rank and importance; showy; dandified; distinguished; as, a swell person; a swell neighborhood. [Slang]

Swell mob. See under Mob. [Slang]

Swell"dom (?), n. People of rank and fashion; the class of swells, collectively. [Jocose]

Swell"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any plectognath fish that dilates itself, as the bur fish, puffer, or diodon.

Swell"ing, n. 1. The act of that which swells; as, the swelling of rivers in spring; the swelling of the breast with pride.

Rise to the swelling of the voiceless sea.

Coleridge.

2. A protuberance; a prominence; especially (Med.), an unnatural prominence or protuberance; as, a scrofulous swelling.

The superficies of such plates are not even, but have many cavities and swellings.

Sir I. Newton.

Swell"ish, a. Dandified; stylish. [Slang]

Swell"toad` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A swellfish.

Swelt (?), obs. imp. of Swell.

Swelt, v. i. [OE. swelten to die, to swoon or faint, AS. sweltan to die; akin to OD. swelten to hunger, to fail, OS. sweltan to die, Icel. svelta to die, to hunger, Sw. svälta to hunger, Dan. sulte, Goth. sviltan to die. Cf. Swelter, Sweltry.] 1. To die; to perish. [Obs.]

2. To faint; to swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Night she swelt for passing joy.

Spenser.

Swelt, v. t. To overpower, as with heat; to cause to faint; to swelter. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Bp. Hall.

Swel"ter (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sweltered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sweltering.] [From Swelt, v. i.] 1. To be overcome and faint with heat; to be ready to perish with heat. "Sweltered cattle." Coleridge.

2. To welter; to soak. [Obs.] Drayton.

Swel"ter, v. t. 1. To oppress with heat. Bentley.

2. To exude, like sweat. [R.] Shak.

Swel"try (?), a. [See Swelter, Swelt, v. i., and cf. Sultry.] Suffocating with heat; oppressively hot; sultry. [R.] Evelyn.

Swel"ve (?), v. t. To swallow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swept (?), imp. & p. p. of Sweep.

Swerd (?), n. & v. See Sward, n. & v. [Obs.]

Swerd, n. Sword. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swerve (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swerved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swerving.] [OE. swerven, AS. sweorfan to wipe off, to file, to polish; akin to OFries. swerva to creep, D. zwerven to swerve, to rope, OS. swerban to wipe off, MHG. swerben to be whirled, OHG. swerban to wipe off, Icel. sverfa to file, Goth. swaírban (in comp.) to wipe, and perhaps to E. swarm. Cf. Swarm.] 1. To stray; to wander; to rope. [Obs.]

A maid thitherward did run, To catch her sparrow which from her did swerve.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. To go out of a straight line; to deflect. "The point [of the sword] swerved." Sir P. Sidney.

3. To wander from any line prescribed, or from a rule or duty; to depart from what is established by law, duty, custom, or the like; to deviate.

I swerve not from thy commandments.

Bk. of Com. Prayer.

They swerve from the strict letter of the law.

Clarendon.

Many who, through the contagion of evil example, swerve exceedingly from the rules of their holy religion.

Atterbury.

4. To bend; to incline. "The battle swerved." Milton.

5. To climb or move upward by winding or turning.

The tree was high; Yet nimbly up from bough to bough I swerved.

Dryden.

Swerve, v. t. To turn aside. Gauden.

Swe"ven (?), n. [AS. swefen sleep, dream; akin to swebban, swefian, to put to sleep, to kill. &radic;176. See Somnolent.] A vision seen in sleep; a dream. [Obs.] Wycliff (Acts ii. 17).

I defy both sweven and dream.

Chaucer.

Swich (?), a. [See Such.] Such. [Obs.]

Swich things as that I know I will declare.

Chaucer.

||Swie*te"ni*a (?), n. [NL. Named after Gerard Van Sweiten, physician ||to Maria Theresa of Austria.] (Bot.) A genus of meliaceous trees ||consisting of one species (Sweitenia Mahogoni), the mahogany tree.

Swift (?), a. [Compar. Swifter (?); superl. Swiftest.] [AS. swift; akin to swpan to sweep, swipu a whip; cf. swfan to move quickly, to revolve. See Swoop, v. i., and cf. Swivel, Squib.] 1. Moving a great distance in a short time; moving with celerity or velocity; fleet; rapid; quick; speedy; prompt.

My beloved brethren, let every man be swift to hear, slow to speak, slow to wrath.

James i. 19.

Swift of dispatch and easy of access.

Dryden.

And bring upon themselves swift destruction.

2 Pet. ii. 1.

2. Of short continuance; passing away quickly. Shak.

Swift is often used in the formation of compounds which are generally self-explaining; as, swift-darting, swift-footed, swift-winged, etc.

Syn. -- Quick; fleet; speedy; rapid; expeditious.

Swift, adv. Swiftly. [Obs. or Poetic] Shak.

Ply swift and strong the oar.

Southey.

Swift, n. 1. The current of a stream. [R.] Walton.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small, long-winged, insectivorous birds of the family Micropodidæ. In form and habits the swifts resemble swallows, but they are destitute of complex vocal muscles and are not singing birds, but belong to a widely different group allied to the humming birds.

The common European swift (Cypselus, or Micropus, apus) nests in church steeples and under the tiles of roofs, and is noted for its rapid flight and shrill screams. It is called also black martin, black swift, hawk swallow, devil bird, swingdevil, screech martin, and shreik owl. The common American, or chimney, swift (Chætura pelagica) has sharp rigid tips to the tail feathers. It attaches its nest to the inner walls of chimneys, and is called also chimney swallow. The Australian swift (Chætura caudacuta) also has sharp naked tips to the tail quills. The European Alpine swift (Cypselus melba) is whitish beneath, with a white band across the breast. The common Indian swift is Cypselus affinis. See also Palm swift, under Palm, and Tree swift, under Tree.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of lizards, as the pine lizard.

4. (Zoöl.) The ghost moth. See under Ghost.

5. [Cf. Swivel.] A reel, or turning instrument, for winding yarn, thread, etc.; -- used chiefly in the plural.

6. The main card cylinder of a flax-carding machine.

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Swift"er (?), n. [Cf. Swivel.] (Naut.) (a) A rope used to retain the bars of the capstan in their sockets while men are turning it. (b) A rope used to encircle a boat longitudinally, to strengthen and defend her sides. (c) The forward shroud of a lower mast.

Swift"er, v. t. (Naut.) To tighten, as slack standing rigging, by bringing the opposite shrouds nearer.

Swift"foot` (?), a. Nimble; fleet. Mir. for Mag.

Swift"foot`, n. (Zoöl.) The courser.

Swift"let (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of small East Indian and Asiatic swifts of the genus Collocalia. Some of the species are noted for furnishing the edible bird's nest. See Illust. under Edible.

Swift"ly, adv. In a swift manner; with quick motion or velocity; fleetly. Wyclif.

Swift"ness, n. The quality or state of being swift; speed; quickness; celerity; velocity; rapidity; as, the swiftness of a bird; the swiftness of a stream; swiftness of descent in a falling body; swiftness of thought, etc.

Swig (?), v. t. [Cf. D. zwelgen to swallow, E. swallow, v.t.] 1. To drink in long draughts; to gulp; as, to swig cider. [Colloq.]

2. To suck. [Obs. or Archaic]

The lambkins swig the teat.

Creech.

Swig, n. 1. A long draught. [Colloq.] Marryat.

2. (Naut.) A tackle with ropes which are not parallel.

3. A beverage consisting of warm beer flavored with spices, lemon, etc. [Prov. Eng.]

Swig, v. t. [Cf. Prov. E. swig to leak out, AS. swjian to be silent, swcan to evade, escape.] 1. To castrate, as a ram, by binding the testicles tightly with a string, so that they mortify and slough off. [Prov. Eng.]

2. (Naut.) To pull upon (a tackle) by throwing the weight of the body upon the fall between the block and a cleat.

Swill (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swilling.] [OE. swilen to wash, AS. swilian.] 1. To wash; to drench. [Obs.]

As fearfully as doth a galled rock O'erhang and jutty his confounded base, Swilled with the wild and wasteful ocean.

Shak.

2. [Properly, to drink like a pig. See Swill, n.] To drink in great draughts; to swallow greedily.

Well-dressed people, of both sexes, . . . devouring sliced beef, and swilling pork, and punch, and cider.

Smollett.

3. To inebriate; to fill with drink.

I should be loth To meet the rudeness and swilled insolence Of such late wassailers.

Milton.

Swill, v. i. To drink greedily or swinishly; to drink to excess. South.

Swill, n. 1. The wash, or mixture of liquid substances, given to swine; hogwash; -- called also swillings.

2. Large draughts of liquor; drink taken in excessive quantities.

Swill"er (?), n. One who swills.

Swill"ings (?), n. pl. See Swill, n., 1.

Swim (?), v. i. [imp. Swam (?) or Swum (&?;); p. p. Swum; p. pr. & vb. n. Swimming.] [AS. swimman; akin to D. zwemmen, OHG. swimman, G. schwimmen, Icel. svimma, Dan. swömme, Sw. simma. Cf. Sound an air bladder, a strait.] 1. To be supported by water or other fluid; not to sink; to float; as, any substance will swim, whose specific gravity is less than that of the fluid in which it is immersed.

2. To move progressively in water by means of strokes with the hands and feet, or the fins or the tail.

Leap in with me into this angry flood, And swim to yonder point.

Shak.

3. To be overflowed or drenched. Ps. vi. 6.

Sudden the ditches swell, the meadows swim.

Thomson.

4. Fig.: To be as if borne or floating in a fluid.

[They] now swim in joy.

Milton.

5. To be filled with swimming animals. [Obs.]

[Streams] that swim full of small fishes.

Chaucer.

Swim, v. t. 1. To pass or move over or on by swimming; as, to swim a stream.

Sometimes he thought to swim the stormy main.

Dryden.

2. To cause or compel to swim; to make to float; as, to swim a horse across a river.

3. To immerse in water that the lighter parts may float; as, to swim wheat in order to select seed.

Swim, n. 1. The act of swimming; a gliding motion, like that of one swimming. B. Jonson.

2. The sound, or air bladder, of a fish.

3. A part of a stream much frequented by fish. [Eng.]

Swim bladder, an air bladder of a fish. -- To be in the swim, to be in a favored position; to be associated with others in active affairs. [Colloq.]

Swim, v. i. [OE. swime dizziness, vertigo, AS. swma; akin to D. zwijm, Icel. svimi dizziness, svina to subside, sva to abate, G. schwindel dizziness, schwinden to disappear, to dwindle, OHG. swnan to dwindle. Cf. Squemish, Swindler.] To be dizzy; to have an unsteady or reeling sensation; as, the head swims.

Swim"bel (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A moaning or sighing sound or noise; a sough. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swim"mer (?), n. 1. One who swims.

2. (Far.) A protuberance on the leg of a horse.

3. (Zoöl.) A swimming bird; one of the natatores.

Little swimmer (Zoöl.), a phalarope.

Swim"mer*et (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of a series of flat, fringed, and usually bilobed, appendages, of which several pairs occur on the abdominal somites of many crustaceans. They are used as fins in swimming.

Swim"ming (?), a. 1. That swims; capable of swimming; adapted to, or used in, swimming; as, a swimming bird; a swimming motion.

2. Suffused with moisture; as, swimming eyes.

Swimming bell (Zoöl.), a nectocalyx. See Illust. under Siphonophora. -- Swimming crab (Zoöl.), any one of numerous species of marine crabs, as those of the family Protunidæ, which have some of the joints of one or more pairs of legs flattened so as to serve as fins.

Swim"ming, n. The act of one who swims.

Swim"ming, a. [From Swim to be dizzy.] Being in a state of vertigo or dizziness; as, a swimming brain.

Swim"ming, n. Vertigo; dizziness; as, a swimming in the head. Dryden.

Swim"ming*ly, adv. In an easy, gliding manner, as if swimming; smoothly; successfully; prosperously.

Swim"ming*ness, n. Act or state of swimming; suffusion. "A swimmingness in the eye." Congreve.

Swinck (?), v. & n. See Swink. [Obs.]

Swin"dle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swindled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swindling (?).] [See Swindler.] To cheat defraud grossly, or with deliberate artifice; as, to swindle a man out of his property.

Lammote . . . has swindled one of them out of three hundred livres.

Carlyle.

Swin"dle, n. The act or process of swindling; a cheat.

Swin"dler (?), n. [G. schwindler, fr. schwindlen to be dizzy, to act thoughtlessly, to cheat, fr. schwindel dizziness, fr. schwinden to vanish, to disappear, to dwindle. See Swim to be dizzy.] One who swindles, or defrauds grossly; one who makes a practice of defrauding others by imposition or deliberate artifice; a cheat.

Syn. -- Sharper; rogue. -- Swindler, Sharper. These words agree in describing persons who take unfair advantages. A swindler is one who obtains money or goods under false pretenses. A sharper is one who cheats by sharp practice, as in playing at cards or staking what he can not pay.

Fraud and injustice soon follow, and the dignity of the British merchant is sunk in the scandalous appellation of a swindler.

V. Knox.

Perhaps you 'll think I act the same As a sly sharper plays his game.

Cotton.

Swin"dler*y (?), n. Swindling; rougery. [R.] "Swindlery and blackguardism." Carlyle.

Swine (?), n.sing. & pl. [OE. swin, AS. swn; akin to OFries. & OS. swin, D. zwijn, G. schwein, OHG. swn, Icel. svn, Sw. svin, Dan. sviin, Goth. swein; originally a diminutive corresponding to E. sow. See Sow, n.] (Zoöl.) Any animal of the hog kind, especially one of the domestical species. Swine secrete a large amount of subcutaneous fat, which, when extracted, is known as lard. The male is specifically called boar, the female, sow, and the young, pig. See Hog. "A great herd of swine." Mark v. 11.

Swine grass (Bot.), knotgrass (Polygonum aviculare); -- so called because eaten by swine. -- Swine oat (Bot.), a kind of oat sometimes grown for swine. -- Swine's cress (Bot.), a species of cress of the genus Senebiera (S. Coronopus). -- Swine's head, a dolt; a blockhead. [Obs.] Chaucer. - - Swine thistle (Bot.), the sow thistle.

Swine"bread` (?), n. (Bot.) The truffle.

Swine"case` (?), n. A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"cote` (?), n. A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"crue` (?), n. [Swine + Prov. E. crue a coop.] A hogsty. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The wolf fish.

Swine"herd` (?), n. A keeper of swine.

Swine"pipe` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The European redwing. [Prov. Eng.]

Swine"-pox` (?), n. (Med.) A variety of the chicken pox, with acuminated vesicles containing a watery fluid; the water pox. Pepys.

Swin"er*y (swn"r*), n. Same as Piggery. [R.]

Swine"stone` (?), n. (Min.) See Stinkstone.

Swine"sty` (?), n. A sty, or pen, for swine.

Swing (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swung (?); Archaic imp. Swang (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swinging.] [OE. swingen, AS. swingan to scourge, to fly, to flutter; akin to G. schwingen to winnow, to swingle, oscillate, sich schwingen to leap, to soar, OHG. swingan to throw, to scourge, to soar, Sw. svinga to swing, to whirl, Dan. svinge. Cf. Swagger, Sway, Swinge, Swink.] 1. To move to and fro, as a body suspended in the air; to wave; to vibrate; to oscillate.

I tried if a pendulum would swing faster, or continue swinging longer, in case of exsuction of the air.

Boyle.

2. To sway or move from one side or direction to another; as, the door swung open.

3. To use a swing; as, a boy swings for exercise or pleasure. See Swing, n., 3.

4. (Naut.) To turn round by action of wind or tide when at anchor; as, a ship swings with the tide.

5. To be hanged. [Colloq.] D. Webster.

To swing round the circle, to make a complete circuit. [Colloq.]

He had swung round the circle of theories and systems in which his age abounded, without finding relief.

A. V. G. Allen.

Swing, v. t. 1. To cause to swing or vibrate; to cause to move backward and forward, or from one side to the other.

He swings his tail, and swiftly turns his round.

Dryden.

They get on ropes, as you must have seen the children, and are swung by their men visitants.

Spectator.

2. To give a circular movement to; to whirl; to brandish; as, to swing a sword; to swing a club; hence, colloquially, to manage; as, to swing a business.

3. (Mach.) To admit or turn (anything) for the purpose of shaping it; -- said of a lathe; as, the lathe can swing a pulley of 12 inches diameter.

To swing a door, gate, etc. (Carp.), to put it on hinges so that it can swing or turn.

Swing (?), n. 1. The act of swinging; a waving, oscillating, or vibratory motion of a hanging or pivoted object; oscillation; as, the swing of a pendulum.

2. Swaying motion from one side or direction to the other; as, some men walk with a swing.

3. A line, cord, or other thing suspended and hanging loose, upon which anything may swing; especially, an apparatus for recreation by swinging, commonly consisting of a rope, the two ends of which are attached overhead, as to the bough of a tree, a seat being placed in the loop at the bottom; also, any contrivance by which a similar motion is produced for amusement or exercise.

4. Influence of power of a body put in swaying motion.

The ram that batters down the wall, For the great swing and rudeness of his poise, They place before his hand that made the engine.

Shak.

5. Capacity of a turning lathe, as determined by the diameter of the largest object that can be turned in it.

6. Free course; unrestrained liberty or license; tendency. "Take thy swing." Dryden.

To prevent anything which may prove an obstacle to the full swing of his genius.

Burke.

Full swing. See under Full. -- Swing beam (Railway Mach.), a crosspiece sustaining the car body, and so suspended from the framing of a truck that it may have an independent lateral motion. -- Swing bridge, a form of drawbridge which swings horizontally, as on a vertical pivot. -- Swing plow, or Swing plough. (a) A plow without a fore wheel under the beam. (b) A reversible or sidehill plow. -- Swing wheel. (a) The scape-wheel in a clock, which drives the pendulum. (b) The balance of a watch.

Swing"dev`il (?), n. (Zoöl.) [So named from its swift flight and dark color, which give it an uncanny appearance.] The European swift. [Prov. Eng.]

Swinge (swnj), v. & n. See Singe. [Obs.] Spenser.

Swinge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swinged (swnjd); p. pr. & vb. n. Swingeing (swnj"ng).] [OE. swengen, AS. swengan to shake, causative of swingan. See Swing.] 1. To beat soundly; to whip; to chastise; to punish.

I had swinged him soundly.

Shak.

And swinges his own vices in his son.

C. Dryden.

2. To move as a lash; to lash. [Obs.]

Swinges the scaly horror of his folded tail.

Milton.

Swinge, n. 1. The sweep of anything in motion; a swinging blow; a swing. [Obs.] Waller.

2. Power; sway; influence. [Obs.]

Swinge"buc`kler (?), n. A swashbuckler; a bully; a roisterer. [Obs.] Shak.

Swinge"ing, a. Huge; very large. [Colloq.] Arbuthnot. Byron. -- Swinge"ing*ly, adv. Dryden.

Swin"gel (?), n. [AS. swingele whip, scourge. See Swing.] The swinging part of a flail which falls on the grain in thrashing; the swiple.

Swing"er (?), n. One who swings or whirls.

Swin"ger (?), n. 1. One who swinges.

2. Anything very large, forcible, or astonishing. [Obs. or Colloq.] Herrick.

Swin"gle (?), v. i. [Freq. of swing.] 1. To dangle; to wave hanging. [Obs.] Johnson.

2. To swing for pleasure. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Swin"gle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swingled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swingling (?).] [See Swingel.] 1. To clean, as flax, by beating it with a swingle, so as to separate the coarse parts and the woody substance from it; to scutch.

2. To beat off the tops of without pulling up the roots; -- said of weeds. [Prov. Eng.] Forby.

Swin"gle, n. A wooden instrument like a large knife, about two feet long, with one thin edge, used for beating and cleaning flax; a scutcher; -- called also swingling knife, swingling staff, and swingling wand.

Swin"gle*bar` (?), n. A swingletree. De Quincey.

Swin"gle*tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The thrasher, or fox shark. See Thrasher.

Swin"gle*tree` (?), n. [So named in allusion to its swinging. See Swingle, v. i., and cf. Swingtree.] A whiffletree, or whippletree. See Singletree.

Swin"gling (?), a. & n. from Swingle, v. t.

Swingling tow, the coarse part of flax, separated from the finer by swingling and hatcheling.

Swing"tree` (?), n. The bar of a carriage to which the traces are fastened; the whiffletree.

Swin"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to swine; befitting swine; like swine; hoggish; gross; beasty; as, a swinish drunkard or sot. "Swinish gluttony." Milton. -- Swin"ish*ly, adv. -- Swin"ish*ness, n.

Swink (?), v. i. [imp. Swank (?), Swonk (&?;); p. p. Swonken (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swinking.] [AS. swincan, akin to swingan. See Swing.] To labor; to toil; to salve. [Obs. or Archaic]

Or swink with his hands and labor.

Chaucer.

For which men swink and sweat incessantly.

Spenser.

The swinking crowd at every stroke pant "Ho."

Sir Samuel Freguson.

Swink, v. t. 1. To cause to toil or drudge; to tire or exhaust with labor. [Obs.]

And the swinked hedger at his supper sat.

Milton.

2. To acquire by labor. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

To devour all that others swink.

Chaucer.

Swink, n. [As. swinc, geswinc.] Labor; toil; drudgery. [Obs.] Chaucer. Spenser.

Swink"er (?), n. A laborer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swin"ney (?), n. (Far.) See Sweeny.

Swipe (?), n. [Cf. Sweep, Swiple.] 1. A swape or sweep. See Sweep.

2. A strong blow given with a sweeping motion, as with a bat or club.

Swipes [in cricket] over the blower's head, and over either of the long fields.

R. A. Proctor.

3. pl. Poor, weak beer; small beer. [Slang, Eng.] [Written also swypes.] Craig.

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Swipe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swiped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swiping.] 1. To give a swipe to; to strike forcibly with a sweeping motion, as a ball.

Loose balls may be swiped almost ad libitum.

R. A. Proctor.

2. To pluck; to snatch; to steal. [Slang, U.S.]

Swi"ple (?), n. [See Swipe.] That part of a flail which strikes the grain in thrashing; a swingel. [Written also swipel, and swipple.]

Swip"per (?), a. [From AS. swipian to whip, shake, whirl; akin to swpan to sweep. See Swoop.] Nimble; quick. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Slang]

Swirl (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Swirled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swirling.] [Akin to Norw. svirla to whirl, freq. of sverra to whirl, Dan. svirre, G. schwirren to whiz, to buzz. &radic;177. See Swarm, n.] To whirl, or cause to whirl, as in an eddy. "The river swirled along." C. Kingsley.

Swirl, n. A whirling motion; an eddy, as of water; a whirl. "The silent swirl of bats." Mrs. Browning.

Swish (?), v. t. [From the sound. Cf. Swash.] 1. To flourish, so as to make the sound swish. Coleridge.

2. To flog; to lash. [Slang] Thackeray.

Swish, v. i. To dash; to swash.

Swish, n. 1. A sound of quick movement, as of something whirled through the air. [Colloq.]

2. (Naut.) Light driven spray. [Eng.]

Swiss (?), n.sing. & pl. [F. Suisse, of German origin. Cf. Switzer.] A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Switzer; the people of Switzerland.

Swiss, a. Of or pertaining to Switzerland, or the people of Switzerland.

Switch (?), n. [Cf. OD. swick a scourage, a whip. Cf. Swink, Swing.] 1. A small, flexible twig or rod.

Mauritania, on the fifth medal, leads a horse with something like a thread; in her other hand she holds a switch.

Addison.

2. (Railways) A movable part of a rail; or of opposite rails, for transferring cars from one track to another.

3. A separate mass or trees of hair, or of some substance (at jute) made to resemble hair, worn on the head by women.

4. (Elec.) A mechanical device for shifting an electric current to another circuit.

Safety switch (Railways), a form of switch contrived to prevent or lessen the danger of derailment of trains. -- Switch back (Railways), an arrangement of tracks whereby elevations otherwise insurmountable are passed. The track ascends by a series of zigzags, the engine running alternately forward and back, until the summit is reached. -- Switch board (Elec.), a collection of switches in one piece of apparatus, so arranged that a number of circuits may be connected or combined in any desired manner. -- Switch grass. (Bot.) See under Grass.

Switch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Switched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Switching.] 1. To strike with a switch or small flexible rod; to whip. Chapman.

2. To swing or whisk; as, to switch a cane.

3. To trim, as, a hedge. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

4. To turn from one railway track to another; to transfer by a switch; -- generally with off, from, etc.; as, to switch off a train; to switch a car from one track to another.

5. (Eccl.) To shift to another circuit.

Switch, v. i. To walk with a jerk. [Prov. Eng.]

Switch"el (?), n. [See Sweet.] A beverage of molasses and water, seasoned with vinegar and ginger. [U. S.]

Switch"ing, a. & n. from Switch, v.

Switching engine, a locomotive for switching cars from one track to another, and making up trains; -- called also switch engine. [U.S.]

Switch"man (?), n.; pl. Switchmen (&?;). One who tends a switch on a railway.

Switch"y (?), a. Whisking. [Colloq.] Coombe.

Swithe (?), adv. [AS. sw&?;e strongly, violently.] Instantly; quickly; speedily; rapidly. [Obs.]

That thou doest, do thou swithe.

Wyclif (John xiii. 27).

Switz"er (?), n. [Cf. G. schweizer. Cf. Swiss.] A native or inhabitant of Switzerland; a Swiss.

Swive (?), v. t. [OE. swiven, fr. AS. swfan. See Swivel.] To copulate with (a woman). [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swiv"el (?), n. [AS. swfan to move quickly, to remove; akin to Icel. sveifla to whirl, shake, svfa to ramble, to turn. See Swoop, and cf. Swift a reel, Swift, a.] 1. (Mech.) A piece, as a ring or hook, attached to another piece by a pin, in such a manner as to permit rotation about the pin as an axis.

2. (Mil.) A small piece of ordnance, turning on a point or swivel; -- called also swivel gun. Wilhelm.

Swivel bridge, a kind of drawbridge that turns round on a vertical axis; a swing bridge. -- Swivel hook, a hook connected with the iron strap of a pulley block by a swivel joint, for readily taking the turns out of a tackle. -- Swivel joint, a joint, the two pieces composing which turn round, with respect to each other, on a longitudinal pin or axis, as in a chain, to prevent twisting.

Swiv"el, v. i. To swing or turn, as on a pin or pivot.

Swiv"el-eyed` (?), a. Squint- eyed. [Prov. Eng.]

Swiz"zle (?), v. t. To drink; to swill. Halliwell.

Swiz"zle, n. Ale and beer mixed; also, drink generally. [Prov. Eng.]

Swob (?), n. & v. See Swab.

Swob"ber (?), n. 1. See Swabber.

2. pl. Four privileged cards, formerly used in betting at the game of whist. [Written also swabber.] Swift.

Swoll"en (?), p. p. of Swell.

Swoll"en, a. Enlarged by swelling; immoderately increased; as, swollen eyes; swollen streams.

Swoln (?). Contraction of Swollen, p. p. Milton.

Swom (?), obs. imp. of Swim. Shak.

Swoon (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Swooned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swooning.] [OE. swounen, swoghenen, for swo&?;nien, fr. swo&?;en to sigh deeply, to droop, AS. swgan to sough, sigh; cf. geswgen senseless, swooned, geswwung a swooning. Cf. Sough.] To sink into a fainting fit, in which there is an apparent suspension of the vital functions and mental powers; to faint; -- often with away.

The sucklings swoon in the streets of the city.

Lam. ii. 11.

The most in years . . . swooned first away for pain.

Dryden.

He seemed ready to swoon away in the surprise of joy.

Tatler.

Swoon, n. A fainting fit; syncope.

Swoon"ing, a. & n. from Swoon, v. -- Swoon"ing*ly, adv.

Swoop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Swooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Swooping.] [OE. swopen, usually, to sweep, As. swpan to sweep, to rush; akin to G. schweifen to rove, to ramble, to curve, OHG. sweifan to whirl, Icel. sveipa to sweep; also to AS. swfan to move quickly. Cf. Sweep, Swift, a. & n., Swipe, Swivel.] 1. To fall on at once and seize; to catch while on the wing; as, a hawk swoops a chicken.

2. To seize; to catch up; to take with a sweep.

And now at last you came to swoop it all.

Dryden.

The grazing ox which swoops it [the medicinal herb] in with the common grass.

Glanvill.

Swoop, v. i. 1. To descend with closed wings from a height upon prey, as a hawk; to stoop.

2. To pass with pomp; to sweep. [Obs.] Drayton.

Swoop, n. A falling on and seizing, as the prey of a rapacious bird; the act of swooping.

The eagle fell, . . . and carried away a whole litter of cubs at a swoop.

L'Estrange.

Swoop"stake` (?), n. See Sweepstake. [Obs.]

Swoop"stake`, adv. Altogether; indiscriminately. [R.] Shak.

Swop (?), v. & n. Same as Swap. Dryden.

Sword (srd), n. [OE. swerd, AS. sweord; akin to OFries. swerd, swird, D. zwaard, OS. swerd, OHG. swert, G. schwert, Icel. sverð, Sw. svärd, Dan. sværd; of uncertain origin.] 1. An offensive weapon, having a long and usually sharp-pointed blade with a cutting edge or edges. It is the general term, including the small sword, rapier, saber, scimiter, and many other varieties.

2. Hence, the emblem of judicial vengeance or punishment, or of authority and power.

He [the ruler] beareth not the sword in vain.

Rom. xiii. 4.

She quits the balance, and resigns the sword.

Dryden.

3. Destruction by the sword, or in battle; war; dissension.

I came not to send peace, but a sword.

Matt. x. 34.

4. The military power of a country.

He hath no more authority over the sword than over the law.

Milton.

5. (Weaving) One of the end bars by which the lay of a hand loom is suspended.

Sword arm, the right arm. -- Sword bayonet, a bayonet shaped somewhat like a sword, and which can be used as a sword. -- Sword bearer, one who carries his master's sword; an officer in London who carries a sword before the lord mayor when he goes abroad. -- Sword belt, a belt by which a sword is suspended, and borne at the side. -- Sword blade, the blade, or cutting part, of a sword. -- Sword cane, a cane which conceals the blade of a sword or dagger, as in a sheath. -- Sword dance. (a) A dance in which swords are brandished and clashed together by the male dancers. Sir W. Scott. (b) A dance performed over swords laid on the ground, but without touching them. -- Sword fight, fencing; a combat or trial of skill with swords; swordplay. -- Sword grass. (Bot.) See Gladen. -- Sword knot, a ribbon tied to the hilt of a sword. -- Sword law, government by the sword, or by force; violence. Milton. -- Sword lily. (Bot.) See Gladiolus. -- Sword mat (Naut.), a mat closely woven of yarns; -- so called from a wooden implement used in its manufacture. -- Sword shrimp (Zoöl.), a European shrimp (Pasiphæa sivado) having a very thin, compressed body. -- Sword stick, a sword cane. -- To measure swords with one. See under Measure, v. t. -- To put to the sword. See under Put.

Sword"bill` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A humming bird (Docimastes ensiferus) having a very long, slender bill, exceeding the length of the body of the bird.

Sword"ed, a. [Cf. AS. geswurdod.] Girded with a sword. Milton.

Sword"er (?), n. One who uses, or fights with, a sword; a swordsman; a soldier; a cutthroat. [Obs.] Shak.

Sword"fish` (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic fish (Xiphias gladius), the only representative of the family Xiphiidæ. It is highly valued as a food fish. The bones of the upper jaw are consolidated, and form a long, rigid, swordlike beak; the dorsal fin is high and without distinct spines; the ventral fins are absent. The adult is destitute of teeth. It becomes sixteen feet or more long. (b) The gar pike. (c) The cutlass fish.

2. (Astron.) A southern constellation. See Dorado, 1.

Swordfish sucker (Zoöl.), a remora (Remora brachyptera) which attaches itself to the swordfish.

Sword"ick (?), n. (Zoöl.) The spotted gunnel (Murænoides gunnellus). [Prov. Eng.]

Sword"ing (?), n. Slashing with a sword. Tennyson.

Sword"less (?), a. Destitute of a sword.

Sword"man (?), n.; pl. Swordmen (&?;). A swordsman. "Sinewy swordmen." Shak.

Sword"play` (?), n. Fencing; a sword fight.

Sword"play`er (?), n. A fencer; a gladiator; one who exhibits his skill in the use of the sword.

Sword"-shaped` (?), a. (Bot.) Shaped like a sword; ensiform, as the long, flat leaves of the Iris, cattail, and the like.

Swords"man (?), n.; pl. Swordsmen (&?;). 1. A soldier; a fighting man.

2. One skilled of a use of the sword; a professor of the science of fencing; a fencer.

Swords"man*ship, n. The state of being a swordsman; skill in the use of the sword. Cowper.

Sword"tail` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The limulus. (b) Any hemipterous insect of the genus Uroxiphus, found upon forest trees.

Swore (?), imp. of Swear.

Sworn (?), p. p. of Swear.

Sworn brothers, originally, companions in arms who took an oath to share together good and bad fortune; hence, faithful friends. -- Sworn enemies, determined or irreconcilable enemies. -- Sworn friends, close friends.

Swough (?), n. [See Swoon.] 1. A sound; a groan; a moan; a sough. [Obs.]

He sigheth with full many a sorry swough.

Chaucer.

2. A swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swound (?), v. & n. See Swoon, v. & n. [Prov. Eng. or Archaic] Shak. Dryden.

The landlord stirred As one awaking from a swound.

Longfellow.

'Swounds (?), interj. [Cf. Zounds.] An exclamation contracted from God's wounds; -- used as an oath. [Obs. or Archaic] Shak.

Swown (?), v. & n. Swoon. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Swum (?), imp. & p. p. of Swim.

Swung (?), imp. & p. p. of Swing.

Swythe (?), adv. Quickly. See Swithe. [Obs.]

Sy (?), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Syb (?), a. See Sib. [Obs. or Scot.]

Syb"a*rite (?), n. [L. Sybarita, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, a city in Italy, noted for the effeminacy and voluptuousness of its inhabitants; cf. F. Sybarite.] A person devoted to luxury and pleasure; a voluptuary.

{ Syb`a*rit"ic (?), Syb`a*rit"ic*al (?), } a. [L. Sybariticus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the Sybarites; resembling the Sybarites; luxurious; wanton; effeminate. "Sybaritic dinners." Bp. Warburton. "Sybaritical cloistres." Bp. Hall.

Syb"a*rit*ism (?), n. Luxuriousness; effeminacy; wantonness; voluptuousness.

Syc"a*mine (?), n. [L. sycaminus, Gr. &?;; perhaps of Semitic origin.] See Sycamore.

Syc"a*more (?), n. [L. sycomorus, Gr. &?; the fig mulberry; &?; a fig + &?; the black mulberry; or perhaps of Semitic origin: cf. F. sycomore. Cf. Mulberry.] (Bot.) (a) A large tree (Ficus Sycomorus) allied to the common fig. It is found in Egypt and Syria, and is the sycamore, or sycamine, of Scripture. (b) The American plane tree, or buttonwood. (c) A large European species of maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus). [Written sometimes sycomore.]

Syce (?), n. [Ar. sïs.] A groom. [India]

Sy*cee" (?), n. [Said to be from a Chinese word, se-tze or se-sze, meaning, fine silk, and to be so called because if pure it may be drawn out into fine threads.] Silver, pounded into ingots of the shape of a shoe, and used as currency. The most common weight is about one pound troy. [China] McElrath.

Sych`no*car"pous (?), a. [Gr. &?; much or frequent + &?; fruit.] (Bot.) Having the capacity of bearing several successive crops of fruit without perishing; as, sychnocarpous plants.

Sy"cite (?), n. [Gr. &?; figlike, fr. &?; a fig.] (Min.) A nodule of flint, or a pebble, which resembles a fig. [Obs.]

Syc`o*cer"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid obtained by the oxidation of sycoceryl alcohol.

Syc`o*ce"ryl (?), n. [Gr. &?; a fig + &?; wax + -yl.] (Chem.) A radical, of the aromatic series, regarded as an essential ingredient of certain compounds found in the waxy resin of an Australian species of fig.

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Sy"cock (?), n. (Zoöl.) The missel thrush. [Prov. Eng.]

||Sy*co"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a fig.] (Zoöl.) A division of ||calcareous sponges.

They usually resemble a fig, being vase-shaped with a fringed opening at the summit. The feeding cells are in ampullæ connected with radial tubes in the thickened walls of the body.

{ ||Sy*co"ni*um (?), ||Sy*co"nus (?), } n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the fig.] (Bot.) A collective fleshy fruit, in which the ovaries are hidden within a hollow receptacle, as in the fig.

Syc"o*phan*cy (?), n. [Cf. L. sycophantia deceit, Gr. &?; false accusation.] The character or characteristic of a sycophant. Hence: -

(a) False accusation; calumniation; talebearing. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

(b) Obsequious flattery; servility.

The sycophancy of A.Philips had prejudiced Mr. Addison against Pope.

Bp. Warburton.

Syc"o*phant (?), n. [L. sycophanta a slanderer, deceiver, parasite, Gr. &?; a false accuser, false adviser, literally, a fig shower; &?; a fig + &?; to show: cf. F. sycophante. The reason for the name is not certainly known. See Phenomenon.] 1. An informer; a talebearer. [Obs.] "Accusing sycophants, of all men, did best sort to his nature." Sir P. Sidney.

2. A base parasite; a mean or servile flatterer; especially, a flatterer of princes and great men.

A sycophant will everything admire: Each verse, each sentence, sets his soul on fire.

Dryden.

Syc"o*phant (?), v. t. [CF. L. sycophantari to deceive, to trick, Gr. &?;.] 1. To inform against; hence, to calumniate. [Obs.]

Sycophanting and misnaming the work of his adversary.

Milton.

2. To play the sycophant toward; to flatter obsequiously.

Syc"o*phant, v. i. To play the sycophant.

Syc"o*phant*cy (?), n. Sycophancy. [Obs.]

{ Syc`o*phan"tic (?), Syc`o*phan"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. Gr. &?; slanderous.] Of or pertaining to a sycophant; characteristic of a sycophant; meanly or obsequiously flattering; courting favor by mean adulation; parasitic.

To be cheated and ruined by a sycophantical parasite.

South.

Sycophantic servants to the King of Spain.

De Quincey.

Syc"o*phant`ish (?), a. Like a sycophant; obsequiously flattering. -- Syc"o*phant`ish*ly, adv.

Sycophantish satirists that forever humor the prevailing folly.

De Quincey.

Syc"o*phant*ism (?), n. Sycophancy.

Syc"o*phant*ize (?), v. i. To play the sycophant.

Syc"o*phant*ry (?), n. Sycophancy. [Obs.]

||Sy*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a fig.] (Med.) A ||pustular eruption upon the scalp, or the beared part of the face, ||whether due to ringworm, acne, or impetigo.

Syd"er*o*lite (?), n. A kind of Bohemian earthenware resembling the Wedgwood ware.

Sye (?), obs. imp. of See. Saw. Chaucer.

Sy"e*nite (?), n. [L. Syenites (sc. lapis), from Syene, Gr. &?;.] (Min.) (a) Orig., a rock composed of quartz, hornblende, and feldspar, anciently quarried at Syene, in Upper Egypt, and now called granite. (b) A granular, crystalline, ingeous rock composed of orthoclase and hornblende, the latter often replaced or accompanied by pyroxene or mica. Syenite sometimes contains nephelite (elæolite) or leucite, and is then called nephelite (elæolite) syenite or leucite syenite.

Sy`e*nit"ic (?), a. [Written also sienitic.] 1. Relating to Syene; as, Syenitic inscriptions.

2. Relating to, or like, syenite; as, syenitic granite.

Syke (?), n. & v. See Sike. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Syk"er (?), a. & adv. See Sicker. [Obs.]

Syle (?), n. [See Sile a young herring.] (Zoöl.) A young herring (Clupea harengus). [Also written sile.]

But our folk call them syle, and nought but syle, And when they're grown, why then we call them herring.

J. Ingelow.

||Syl`la*ba"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Syllabaria (#). [NL.] A syllabary.

Syl"la*ba*ry (?), n. A table of syllables; more especially, a table of the indivisible syllabic symbols used in certain languages, as the Japanese and Cherokee, instead of letters. S. W. Williams.

Syl"labe (?), n. [F.] Syllable. [R.] B. Jonson.

{ Syl*lab"ic (?), Syl*lab"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllabique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a syllable or syllables; as, syllabic accent.

2. Consisting of a syllable or syllables; as, a syllabic augment. "The syllabic stage of writing." Earle.

Syl*lab"ic*al*ly, adv. In a syllabic manner.

Syl*lab"i*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabicated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabicating.] To form or divide into syllables; to syllabify.

Syl*lab`i*ca"tion (?), n. The act of forming syllables; the act or method of dividing words into syllables. See Guide to Pron., §275.

Syl*lab`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [See Syllabify.] Same as Syllabication. Rush.

Syllabification depends not on mere force, but on discontinuity of force.

H. Sweet.

Syl*lab"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syllabified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllabifying (?).] [L. syllaba syllable + -fy.] To form or divide into syllables.

Syl"la*bism (?), n. The expressing of the sounds of a language by syllables, rather than by an alphabet or by signs for words. I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

Syl"la*bist (?), n. One who forms or divides words into syllables, or is skilled in doing this.

Syl"la*bize (?), v. t. To syllabify. Howell.

Syl"la*ble (?), n. [OE. sillable, OF. sillabe, F. syllabe, L. syllaba, Gr. &?; that which is held together, several letters taken together so as to form one sound, a syllable, fr. &?; to take together; &?; with + &?; to take; cf. Skr. labh, rabh. Cf. Lemma, Dilemma.] 1. An elementary sound, or a combination of elementary sounds, uttered together, or with a single effort or impulse of the voice, and constituting a word or a part of a word. In other terms, it is a vowel or a diphtong, either by itself or flanked by one or more consonants, the whole produced by a single impulse or utterance. One of the liquids, l, m, n, may fill the place of a vowel in a syllable. Adjoining syllables in a word or phrase need not to be marked off by a pause, but only by such an abatement and renewal, or reënforcement, of the stress as to give the feeling of separate impulses. See Guide to Pronunciation, §275.

2. In writing and printing, a part of a word, separated from the rest, and capable of being pronounced by a single impulse of the voice. It may or may not correspond to a syllable in the spoken language.

Withouten vice [i. e. mistake] of syllable or letter.

Chaucer.

3. A small part of a sentence or discourse; anything concise or short; a particle.

Before any syllable of the law of God was written.

Hooker.

Who dare speak One syllable against him?

Shak.

Syl"la*ble, v. t. To pronounce the syllables of; to utter; to articulate. Milton.

Syl"la*bub (?), n. Same as Syllabub.

Syl"la*bus (?), n.; pl. E. Syllabuses (#), L. Syllabi (#). [L., fr. the same source as E. syllable.] A compendium containing the heads of a discourse, and the like; an abstract.

||Syl*lep"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. sy`llhpsis a taking together, from ||&?;. See syllable, n.] 1. (Rhet.) A figure of speech by which a word ||is used in a literal and metaphorical sense at the same time.

2. (Gram.) The agreement of a verb or adjective with one, rather than another, of two nouns, with either of which it might agree in gender, number, etc.; as, rex et regina beati.

{ Syl*lep"tic (?), Syl*lep"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; collective.] Of or pertaining to a syllepsis; containing syllepsis. -- Syl*lep"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syl*lid"i*an (?), n. [From NL. Syllis, the typical genus.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of marine annelids of the family Syllidæ.

Many of the species are phosphorescent; others are remarkable for undergoing strobilation or fission and for their polymorphism. The egg, in such species, develops into an asexual individual. When mature, a number of its posterior segments gradually develop into one or more sexual individuals which finally break away and swim free in the sea. The males, females, and neuters usually differ greatly in form and structure.

Syl"lo*gism (?), n. [OE. silogisme, OF. silogime, sillogisme, F. syllogisme, L. syllogismus, Gr. syllogismo`s a reckoning all together, a reasoning, syllogism, fr. syllogi`zesqai to reckon all together, to bring at once before the mind, to infer, conclude; sy`n with, together + logi`zesqai to reckon, to conclude by reasoning. See Syn-, and Logistic, Logic.] (Logic) The regular logical form of every argument, consisting of three propositions, of which the first two are called the premises, and the last, the conclusion. The conclusion necessarily follows from the premises; so that, if these are true, the conclusion must be true, and the argument amounts to demonstration; as in the following example:

Every virtue is laudable; Kindness is a virtue; Therefore kindness is laudable.

These propositions are denominated respectively the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion.

If the premises are not true and the syllogism is regular, the reasoning is valid, and the conclusion, whether true or false, is correctly derived.

{ Syl`lo*gis"tic (?), Syl`lo*gis"tic*al (?), } a. [L. syllogisticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllogistique.] Of or pertaining to a syllogism; consisting of a syllogism, or of the form of reasoning by syllogisms; as, syllogistic arguments or reasoning.

Syl`lo*gis"tic*al*ly, adv. In a syllogistic manner.

Syl`lo*gi*za"tion (?), n. A reasoning by syllogisms. [Obs. or R.] Harris.

Syl"lo*gize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Syllogized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syllogizing (?).] [Gr. &?;: cf. F. syllogiser.] To reason by means of syllogisms.

Men have endeavored . . . to teach boys to syllogize, or frame arguments and refute them, without any real inward knowledge of the question.

I. Watts.

Syl"lo*gi`zer (?), n. One who syllogizes.

Sylph (?), n. [F. sylphe, m., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of grub, beetle, or moth; -- so called by Paracelsus.] 1. An imaginary being inhabiting the air; a fairy.

2. Fig.: A slender, graceful woman.

3. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of very brilliant South American humming birds, having a very long and deeply-forked tail; as, the blue-tailed sylph (Cynanthus cyanurus).

Sylph"id (?), n. [F. sylphide, fem. See Sylph.] A little sylph; a young or diminutive sylph. "The place of the sylphid queen." J. R. Drake.

Ye sylphs and sylphids, to your chief give ear, Fays, fairies, genii, elves, and demons, hear.

Pope.

Sylph"ine (?), a. Like a sylph.

Sylph"ish (?), a. Sylphlike. Carlyle.

Sylph"like` (?), a. Like a sylph; airy; graceful.

Sometimes a dance . . . Displayed some sylphlike figures in its maze.

Byron.

||Syl"va (?), n.; pl. Sylvæ (#). [L. sylva, better silva, a wood. See ||Silva.] (Bot.) Same as Silva.

Syl"van (?), a. [See Silvan, a.] 1. Of or pertaining to a sylva; forestlike; hence, rural; rustic.

The traditional memory of a rural and a sylvan region . . . is usually exact as well as tenacious.

De Quincey.

2. Abounding in forests or in trees; woody.

Syl"van, n. [L. Sylvanus, better Silvanus. See Silvan, a.] A fabled deity of the wood; a satyr; a faun; sometimes, a rustic.

Her private orchards, walled on every side, To lawless sylvans all access denied.

Pope.

Syl"van, n. [Sylva + furfuran.] (Chem.) A liquid hydrocarbon obtained together with furfuran (tetrol) by the distillation of pine wood; -- called also methyl tetrol, or methyl furfuran.

Syl"van*ite (?), n. [So called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Min.) A mineral, a telluride of gold and silver, of a steel-gray, silver- white, or brass-yellow color. It often occurs in implanted crystals resembling written characters, and hence is called graphic tellurium. [Written also silvanite.]

Syl*va"ni*um (?), n. [NL., so called from Transylvania, where it was first found.] (Chem.) An old name for tellurium. [Written also silvanium.]

Syl"vate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sylvic acid.

Syl*vat"ic (?), a. [L. sylvaticus, better silvaticus. See Silvan, a.] Sylvan. [R.]

Syl*ves"tri*an (?), a. [L. sylvestris, better silvestris.] Sylvan. [R.]

Syl"vic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, pine or its products; specifically, designating an acid called also abeitic acid, which is the chief ingredient of common resin (obtained from Pinus sylvestris, and other species).

Syl*vic"o*line (?), a. [L. sylva, silva, forest + colere to inhabit.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the family of warblers (Sylvicolidæ). See Warbler.

Syl"vi*cul`ture (?), n. [L. sylva, silva, forest + E. culture.] The cultivation of forest trees for timber or other purposes; forestry; arboriculture.

Syl`vi*cul"tur*ist (?), n. One who cultivates forest trees, especially as a business.

{ Syl"vine (?), Syl"vite (?), } n. [So called from NL. sal digestivus sylvii potassium chloride.] (Min.) Native potassium chloride.

Sym- (?). See Syn-.

{ Sy*mar" (?), Sy"marr }, n. See Simar.

Sym"bal (?), n. See Cimbal. [Obs.]

Sym"bol (?), n. [L. symbolus, symbolum, Gr. sy`mbolon a sign by which one knows or infers a thing, from &?; to throw or put together, to compare; sy`n with + &?; to throw: cf. F. symbole. Cf. Emblem, Parable.] 1. A visible sign or representation of an idea; anything which suggests an idea or quality, or another thing, as by resemblance or by convention; an emblem; a representation; a type; a figure; as, the lion is the symbol of courage; the lamb is the symbol of meekness or patience.

A symbol is a sign included in the idea which it represents, e. g., an actual part chosen to represent the whole, or a lower form or species used as the representative of a higher in the same kind.

Coleridge.

2. (Math.) Any character used to represent a quantity, an operation, a relation, or an abbreviation.

In crystallography, the symbol of a plane is the numerical expression which defines its position relatively to the assumed axes.

3. (Theol.) An abstract or compendium of faith or doctrine; a creed, or a summary of the articles of religion.

4. [Gr. &?; contributions.] That which is thrown into a common fund; hence, an appointed or accustomed duty. [Obs.]

They do their work in the days of peace . . . and come to pay their symbol in a war or in a plague.

Jer. Taylor.

5. Share; allotment. [Obs.]

The persons who are to be judged . . . shall all appear to receive their symbol.

Jer. Taylor.

6. (Chem.) An abbreviation standing for the name of an element and consisting of the initial letter of the Latin or New Latin name, or sometimes of the initial letter with a following one; as, C for carbon, Na for sodium (Natrium), Fe for iron (Ferrum), Sn for tin (Stannum), Sb for antimony (Stibium), etc. See the list of names and symbols under Element.

In pure and organic chemistry there are symbols not only for the elements, but also for their grouping in formulas, radicals, or residues, as evidenced by their composition, reactions, synthesis, etc. See the diagram of Benzene nucleus, under Benzene.

Syn. -- Emblem; figure; type. See Emblem.

Sym"bol, v. t. To symbolize. [R.] Tennyson.

Sym*bol"ic (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolique. See Symbolic, a.] (Theol.) See Symbolics.

{ Sym*bol"ic (?), Sym*bol"ic*al (?), } a. [L. symbolicus, Gr. symboliko`s: cf. F. symbolique.] Of or pertaining to a symbol or symbols; of the nature of a symbol; exhibiting or expressing by resemblance or signs; representative; as, the figure of an eye is symbolic of sight and knowledge. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ness, n.

The sacrament is a representation of Christ's death by such symbolical actions as he himself appointed.

Jer. Taylor.

Symbolical delivery (Law), the delivery of property sold by delivering something else as a symbol, token, or representative of it. Bouvier. Chitty. -- Symbolical philosophy, the philosophy expressed by hieroglyphics.

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Sym*bol"ics (?), n. The study of ancient symbols; esp. (Theol.), that branch of historic theology which treats of creeds and confessions of faith; symbolism; -- called also symbolic.

Sym"bol*ism (?), n. 1. The act of symbolizing, or the state of being symbolized; as, symbolism in Christian art is the representation of truth, virtues, vices, etc., by emblematic colors, signs, and forms.

2. A system of symbols or representations.

3. (Chem.) (a) The practice of using symbols, or the system of notation developed thereby. (b) A combining together of parts or ingredients. [Obs.]

4. (Theol.) The science of creeds; symbolics.

Sym"bol*ist, n. One who employs symbols.

{ Sym`bol*is"tic (?), Sym`bol*is"tic*al (?), } a. Characterized by the use of symbols; as, symbolistic poetry.

Sym`bol*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. symbolisation.] The act of symbolizing; symbolical representation. Sir T. Browne.

Sym"bol*ize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symbolized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symbolizing (?).] [Cf. F. symboliser.] 1. To have a resemblance of qualities or properties; to correspond; to harmonize.

The pleasing of color symbolizeth with the pleasing of any single tone to the ear; but the pleasing of order doth symbolize with harmony.

Bacon.

They both symbolize in this, that they love to look upon themselves through multiplying glasses.

Howell.

2. To hold the same faith; to agree. [R.]

The believers in pretended miracles have always previously symbolized with the performers of them.

G. S. Faber.

3. To use symbols; to represent ideas symbolically.

Sym"bol*ize, v. t. 1. To make to agree in properties or qualities.

2. To make representative of something; to regard or treat as symbolic. "Some symbolize the same from the mystery of its colors." Sir T. Browne.

3. To represent by a symbol or symbols.

Sym"bol*i`zer (?), n. One who symbolizes.

Sym`bo*log"i*cal (?), a. Pertaining to a symbology; versed in, or characterized by, symbology.

Sym*bol"o*gist (?), n. One who practices, or who is versed in, symbology.

Sym*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Symbol + -logy.] The art of expressing by symbols.

||Sym*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; a gill.] ||(Zoöl.) An order of slender eel-like fishes having the gill openings ||confluent beneath the neck. The pectoral arch is generally attached ||to the skull, and the entire margin of the upper jaw is formed by the ||premaxillary. Called also Symbranchia.

Sym"me*tral (?), a. Commensurable; symmetrical. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Sym*me"tri*an (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. [R.] Sir P. Sidney.

Sym*met"ric (?), a. Symmetrical.

Sym*met"ric*al (?), a. [Cf. F. symétrique. See Symmetry.] 1. Involving or exhibiting symmetry; proportional in parts; having its parts in due proportion as to dimensions; as, a symmetrical body or building.

2. (Biol.) Having the organs or parts of one side corresponding with those of the other; having the parts in two or more series of organs the same in number; exhibiting a symmetry. See Symmetry, 2.

3. (Bot.) (a) Having an equal number of parts in the successive circles of floral organs; -- said of flowers. (b) Having a likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regular.

4. (Math.) Having a common measure; commensurable. (b) Having corresponding parts or relations.

A curve or a plane figure is symmetrical with respect to a given line, and a line, surface, or solid with respect to a plane, when for each point on one side of the line or plane there is a corresponding point on the other side, so situated that the line joining the two corresponding points is perpendicular to the line or plane and is bisected by it. Two solids are symmetrical when they are so situated with respect to an intervening plane that the several points of their surfaces thus correspond to each other in position and distance. In analysis, an expression is symmetrical with respect to several letters when any two of them may change places without affecting the expression; as, the expression a2b + ab2 + a2c + ac2 + b2c + bc2, is symmetrical with respect to the letters a, b, c.

-- Sym*met"ric*al*ly, adv. -- Sym*met"ric*al*ness, n.

Sym`me*tri"cian (?), n. Same as Symmetrian. [R.] Holinshed.

Sym"me*trist (?), n. One eminently studious of symmetry of parts. Sir H. Wotton.

Sym"me*trize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Symmetrized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symmetrizing (?).] [Cf. F. symétriser.] To make proportional in its parts; to reduce to symmetry. Burke.

Sym"me*try (?), n. [L. symmetria, Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?; a measure: cf. F. symétrie. See Syn-, and Meter rhythm.] 1. A due proportion of the several parts of a body to each other; adaptation of the form or dimensions of the several parts of a thing to each other; the union and conformity of the members of a work to the whole.

2. (Biol.) The law of likeness; similarity of structure; regularity in form and arrangement; orderly and similar distribution of parts, such that an animal may be divided into parts which are structurally symmetrical.

Bilateral symmetry, or two-sidedness, in vertebrates, etc., is that in which the body can be divided into symmetrical halves by a vertical plane passing through the middle; radial symmetry, as in echinoderms, is that in which the individual parts are arranged symmetrically around a central axis; serial symmetry, or zonal symmetry, as in earthworms, is that in which the segments or metameres of the body are disposed in a zonal manner one after the other in a longitudinal axis. This last is sometimes called metamerism.

3. (Bot.) (a) Equality in the number of parts of the successive circles in a flower. (b) Likeness in the form and size of floral organs of the same kind; regularity.

Axis of symmetry. (Geom.) See under Axis. -- Respective symmetry, that disposition of parts in which only the opposite sides are equal to each other.

Sym`pa*thet"ic (?), a. [See Sympathy, and cf. Pathetic.] 1. Inclined to sympathy; sympathizing.

Far wiser he, whose sympathetic mind Exults in all the good of all mankind.

Goldsmith.

2. Produced by, or expressive of, sympathy.

Ope the sacred source of sympathetic tears.

Gray.

3. (Physiol.) (a) Produced by sympathy; -- applied particularly to symptoms or affections. See Sympathy. (b) Of or relating to the sympathetic nervous system or some of its branches; produced by stimulation on the sympathetic nervious system or some part of it; as, the sympathetic saliva, a modified form of saliva, produced from some of the salivary glands by stimulation of a sympathetic nerve fiber.

Sympathetic ink. (Chem.) See under Ink. -- Sympathetic nerve (Anat.), any nerve of the sympathetic system; especially, the axial chain of ganglions and nerves belonging to the sympathetic system. -- Sympathetic powder (Alchemy), a kind of powder long supposed to be able to cure a wound if applied to the weapon that inflicted it, or even to a portion of the bloody clothes. Dunglison. -- Sympathetic sounds (Physics), sounds produced from solid bodies by means of vibrations which have been communicated to them from some other sounding body, by means of the air or an intervening solid. -- Sympathetic system (Anat.), a system of nerves and nerve ganglions connected with the alimentary canal, the vascular system, and the glandular organs of most vertebrates, and controlling more or less their actions. The axial part of the system and its principal ganglions and nerves are situated in the body cavity and form a chain of ganglions on each side of the vertebral column connected with numerous other ganglions and nerve plexuses.

Sym`pa*thet"ic*al (?), a. Sympathetic.

Sym`pa*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a sympathetic manner.

Sym"pa*thist (?), n. One who sympathizes; a sympathizer. [R.] Coleridge.

Sym"pa*thize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sympathized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sympathizing (?).] [F. sympathiser. See Sympathy.] 1. To have a common feeling, as of bodily pleasure or pain.

The mind will sympathize so much with the anguish and debility of the body, that it will be too distracted to fix itself in meditation.

Buckminster.

2. To feel in consequence of what another feels; to be affected by feelings similar to those of another, in consequence of knowing the person to be thus affected.

Their countrymen . . . sympathized with their heroes in all their adventures.

Addison.

3. To agree; to be in accord; to harmonize. Dryden.

Sym"pa*thize, v. t. 1. To experience together. [Obs.] "This sympathized . . . error." Shak.

2. To ansew to; to correspond to. [Obs.] Shak.

Sym"pa*thi`zer (?), n. One who sympathizes.

Sym"pa*thy (?), n.; pl. Sympathies (#). [F. sympathie, L. sympathia, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; suffering, passion, fr. &?;, &?;, to suffer. See Syn-, and Pathos.] 1. Feeling corresponding to that which another feels; the quality of being affected by the affection of another, with feelings correspondent in kind, if not in degree; fellow- feeling.

They saw, but other sight instead -- a crowd Of ugly serpents! Horror on them fell, And horrid sympathy.

Milton.

2. An agreement of affections or inclinations, or a conformity of natural temperament, which causes persons to be pleased, or in accord, with one another; as, there is perfect sympathy between them.

3. Kindness of feeling toward one who suffers; pity; commiseration; compassion.

I value myself upon sympathy, I hate and despise myself for envy.

Kames.

4. (Physiol.) (a) The reciprocal influence exercised by the various organs or parts of the body on one another, as manifested in the transmission of a disease by unknown means from one organ to another quite remote, or in the influence exerted by a diseased condition of one part on another part or organ, as in the vomiting produced by a tumor of the brain. (b) That relation which exists between different persons by which one of them produces in the others a state or condition like that of himself. This is shown in the tendency to yawn which a person often feels on seeing another yawn, or the strong inclination to become hysteric experienced by many women on seeing another person suffering with hysteria.

5. A tendency of inanimate things to unite, or to act on each other; as, the sympathy between the loadstone and iron. [R.]

6. Similarity of function, use office, or the like.

The adverb has most sympathy with the verb.

Earle.

Syn. -- Pity; fellow-feeling; compassion; commiseration; tenderness; condolence; agreement. -- Sympathy, Commiseration. Sympathy is literally a fellow-feeling with others in their varied conditions of joy or of grief. This term, however, is now more commonly applied to a fellow-feeling with others under affliction, and then coincides very nearly with commiseration. In this case it is commonly followed by for; as, to feel sympathy for a friend when we see him distressed. The verb sympathize is followed by with; as, to sympathize with a friend in his distresses or enjoyments. "Every man would be a distinct species to himself, were there no sympathy among individuals." South. See Pity.

Fault, Acknowledged and deplored, in Adam wrought Commiseration.

Milton.

Sym*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. sym- + petal.] (Bot.) Having the petals united; gamopetalous.

Sym*phon"ic (?), a. 1. Symphonious.

2. (Mus.) Relating to, or in the manner of, symphony; as, the symphonic form or style of composition.

Sym*pho"ni*ous (?), a. [From Symphony.] 1. Agreeing in sound; accordant; harmonious.

Followed with acclamation and the sound Symphonious of ten thousand harps.

Milton.

2. (Mus.) Symphonic.

Sym"pho*nist (?), n. [Cf. F. symphoniste.] A composer of symphonies.

Sym"pho*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Symphonized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Symphonizing (?).] To agree; to be in harmony. [R.] Boyle.

Sym"pho*ny (?), n.; pl. Symphonies (#). [F. symphonie (cf. It. sinfonia), L. symphonia, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a sound, the voice. See Phonetic.] 1. A consonance or harmony of sounds, agreeable to the ear, whether the sounds are vocal or instrumental, or both.

The trumpets sound, And warlike symphony in heard around.

Dryden.

2. A stringed instrument formerly in use, somewhat resembling the virginal.

With harp and pipe and symphony.

Chaucer.

3. (Mus.) (a) An elaborate instrumental composition for a full orchestra, consisting usually, like the sonata, of three or four contrasted yet inwardly related movements, as the allegro, the adagio, the minuet and trio, or scherzo, and the finale in quick time. The term has recently been applied to large orchestral works in freer form, with arguments or programmes to explain their meaning, such as the "symphonic poems" of Liszt. The term was formerly applied to any composition for an orchestra, as overtures, etc., and still earlier, to certain compositions partly vocal, partly instrumental. (b) An instrumental passage at the beginning or end, or in the course of, a vocal composition; a prelude, interlude, or postude; a ritornello.

||Sym*phy"la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; a clan.] (Zoöl.) ||An order of small apterous insects having an elongated body, with ||three pairs of thoracic and about nine pairs of abdominal legs. They ||are, in many respects, intermediate between myriapods and true ||insects.

Sym*phys"e*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to to symphysis.

Sym`phy*se*ot"o*my (?), n. [NL. symphysis pubis + Gr. &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation of dividing the symphysis pubis for the purpose of facilitating labor; -- formerly called the Sigualtian section. [Written also symphysotomy.] Dunglison.

||Sym"phy*sis (?), n.; pl. Symphyses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to ||make to grow together; sy`n with + &?; to cause to grow; to grow.] ||(Anat.) (a) An articulation formed by intervening cartilage; as, the ||pubic symphysis. (b) The union or coalescence of bones; also, the ||place of union or coalescence; as, the symphysis of the lower jaw. ||Cf. Articulation.

Sym`phy*sot"o*my (?), n. Symphyseotomy.

Sym"phy*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?; grown together.] Coalescence; a growing into one with another word. [R.]

Some of the phrasal adverbs have assumed the form of single words, by that symphytism which naturally attaches these light elements to each other.

Earle.

Sym`pi*e*som"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; compression (fr. &?; to press together; sy`n with + &?; to press, squeeze) + -meter.] A sensitive kind of barometer, in which the pressure of the atmosphere, acting upon a liquid, as oil, in the lower portion of the instrument, compresses an elastic gas in the upper part.

The column of oil of a lower part BC of a glass tube compresses hydrogen gas in the upper part AB, and is thus measured on the scale pq by the position of a surface of the oil in the tube. The scale pq is adjustable, and its index must be set to the division on the scale rs corresponding to the temperature indicated by the termometer t, in order to correct for the effects of temperature on the gas. It is sensitive, and convenient for use at sea, but inferior in accuracy to the mercurial barometer.

Sym*plec"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; plaiting together, fr. &?; to plait together.] (Anat.) Plaiting or joining together; -- said of a bone next above the quadrate in the mandibular suspensorium of many fishes, which unites together the other bones of the suspensorium. -- n. The symplectic bone.

||Sym"plo*ce (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; an interweaving, fr. &?; to twine ||together; &?; + &?; to twine.] (Rhet.) The repetition of a word or ||phrase at the beginning and another at the end of successive clauses; ||as, Justice came down from heaven to view the earth; Justice returned ||to heaven, and left the earth.

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Sym"pode (?), n. (Bot.) A sympodium.

Sym*po"di*al (?), a. (Bot.) Composed of superposed branches in such a way as to imitate a simple axis; as, a sympodial stem.

||Sym*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Sympodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + ||&?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot.] (Bot.) An axis or stem produced by ||dichotomous branching in which one of the branches is regularly ||developed at the expense of the other, as in the grapevine.

Sym*po"si*ac (?), a. [L. symposiacus, Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to compotations and merrymaking; happening where company is drinking together; as, symposiac meetings.

Symposiac disputations amongst my acquaintance.

Arbuthnot.

Sym*po"si*ac, n. A conference or conversation of philosophers at a banquet; hence, any similar gathering.

Sym*po"si*arch (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; a symposium + &?; to be first, to rule.] (Gr. Antiq.) The master of a feast.

Sym*po"si*ast (?), n. One engaged with others at a banquet or merrymaking. Sydney Smith.

||Sym*po"si*on (?), n. [NL.] A drinking together; a symposium. "Our ||symposion last night." Sir W. Scott.

Sym*po"si*um (?), n.; pl. Symposia (#). [L., fr. Gr. sympo`sion a drinking party, feast; sy`n with + po`sis a drinking. See Syn-, and cf. Potable.] 1. A drinking together; a merry feast. T. Warton.

2. A collection of short essays by different authors on a common topic; -- so called from the appellation given to the philosophical dialogue by the Greeks.

Symp"tom (?), n. [F. symptôme, Gr. &?; anything that has befallen one, a chance, causality, symptom, fr. &?; to fall together; sy`n with + &?; to fall; akin to Skr. pat to fly, to fall. See Syn-, and cf. Asymptote, Feather.] 1. (Med.) Any affection which accompanies disease; a perceptible change in the body or its functions, which indicates disease, or the kind or phases of disease; as, the causes of disease often lie beyond our sight, but we learn their nature by the symptoms exhibited.

Like the sick man, we are expiring with all sorts of good symptoms.

Swift.

2. A sign or token; that which indicates the existence of something else; as, corruption in elections is a symptom of the decay of public virtue.

Syn. -- Mark; note; sign; token; indication.

{ Symp`tom*at"ic (?), Symp`tom*at"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. symptomatique, Gr. &?; causal.] 1. Of or pertaining to symptoms; happening in concurrence with something; being a symptom; indicating the existence of something else.

Symptomatic of a shallow understanding and an unamiable temper.

Macaulay.

2. According to symptoms; as, a symptomatical classification of diseases.

-- Symp`tom*at"ic*al*ly, adv.

Symp`tom*a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, symptom + -logy: cf. F. symptomatologie.] (Med.) The doctrine of symptoms; that part of the science of medicine which treats of the symptoms of diseases; semeiology.

It includes diagnosis, or the determination of the disease from its symptoms; and prognosis, or the determination of its probable course and event.

Syn- (?). [Gr. sy`n with.] A prefix meaning with, along with, together, at the same time. Syn- becomes sym- before p, b, and m, and syl- before l.

{ Syn*ac"me (?), Syn*ac"my (?), } n. [NL. synacme. See Syn-, and Acme.] (Bot.) Same as Synanthesis.

{ Syn*ær"e*sis, Syn*er"e*sis } (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a taking or drawing together, fr. &?; to take together; sy`n with + &?; to take, to grasp. See Syn-, and Heresy.] (Gram.) The union, or drawing together into one syllable, of two vowels that are ordinarily separated in syllabification; synecphonesis; -- the opposite of diæresis.

Syn`a*gog"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a synagogue.

Syn"a*gogue (?), n. [F., from L. synagoga, Gr. &?; a bringing together, an assembly, a synagogue, fr. &?; to bring together; sy`n with + &?; to lead. See Syn-, and Agent.] 1. A congregation or assembly of Jews met for the purpose of worship, or the performance of religious rites.

2. The building or place appropriated to the religious worship of the Jews.

3. The council of, probably, 120 members among the Jews, first appointed after the return from the Babylonish captivity; -- called also the Great Synagogue, and sometimes, though erroneously, the Sanhedrin.

4. A congregation in the early Christian church.

My brethren, . . . if there come into your synagogue a man with a gold ring.

James ii. 1,2 (Rev. Ver.).

5. Any assembly of men. [Obs. or R.] Milton.

Syn`a*le"pha (?), n. [NL., fr. L. synaloepha, Gr. &?;, from &?; to melt together; sy`n with + &?; to besmear.] (Gram.) A contraction of syllables by suppressing some vowel or diphthong at the end of a word, before another vowel or diphthong; as, th' army, for the army. [Written also synalœpha.]

Syn`al*lag*mat"ic, a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; a mutual agreement, contract, fr. &?; to exchange, negotiate with; sy`n with + &?; to change.] (Law) Imposing reciprocal obligations upon the parties; as, a synallagmatic contract. Bouvier.

Syn`al*lax"ine (?), a. [From Gr. &?; to associate with.] (Zoöl.) Having the outer and middle toes partially united; -- said of certain birds related to the creepers.

||Syn`a*lœ"pha (?), n. [L.] Same as Synalepha.

||Syn*an"gi*um (?), n.; pl. Synangia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; a ||hollow vessel.] (Anat.) The divided part beyond the pylangium in the ||aortic trunk of the amphibian heart. -- Syn*an"gi*al (#), a.

Syn*an"ther*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + anther.] (Bot.) Having the stamens united by their anthers; as, synantherous flowers.

||Syn`an*the"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + Gr. &?; bloom.] ||(Bot.) The simultaneous maturity of the anthers and stigmas of a ||blossom. Gray.

Syn*an"thous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; flower.] (Bot.) Having flowers and leaves which appear at the same time; -- said of certain plants.

Syn*an"throse" (?), n. [From NL. Synantheræ the Compositæ; Gr. sy`n with + &?; blooming.] (Chem.) A variety of sugar, isomeric with sucrose, found in the tubers of the Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), in the dahlia, and other Compositæ.

||Syn*ap"ta (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; fastened together; sy`n with + ||&?; to fasten.] (Zoöl.) A genus of slender, transparent holothurians ||which have delicate calcareous anchors attached to the dermal plates. ||See Illustration in Appendix.

Syn*ap"tase (?), n. [Gr. &?; fastened together + diastase.] (Chem.) A ferment resembling diastase, found in bitter almonds. Cf. Amygdalin, and Emulsin.

||Syn`ap*tic"u*la (?), n.; pl. Synapticulæ (#). [NL., dim. from Gr. &?; ||fastened together.] (Zoöl.) One of numerous calcareous processes ||which extend between, and unite, the adjacent septa of certain ||corals, especially of the fungian corals.

Syn"ar*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to rule jointly with; sy`n with + &?; to rule.] Joint rule or sovereignity. [R.] Stackhouse.

Syn`ar*te"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a fastening together, fr. &?; to fasten together.] A fastening or knitting together; the state of being closely jointed; close union. [R.] Coleridge.

||Syn`ar*thro"di*a (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) Synarthrosis. -- ||Syn`ar*thro"di*al (#), a. Dunglison.

||Syn`ar*thro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synarthroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a ||being jointed together, fr. &?; to link or joint together; sy`n with ||+ &?; a joint.] (Anat.) Immovable articulation by close union, as in ||sutures. It sometimes includes symphysial articulations also. See the ||Note under Articulation, n., 1.

Syn"as*try (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; a star.] Concurrence of starry position or influence; hence, similarity of condition, fortune, etc., as prefigured by astrological calculation. [R.] Motley.

Syn*ax"is (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to bring together. See Synagogue.] A congregation; also, formerly, the Lord's Supper. Jer. Taylor.

Syn"carp (?), n. [NL. syncarpium. See Syncarpous.] (Bot.) A kind of aggregate fruit in which the ovaries cohere in a solid mass, with a slender receptacle, as in the magnolia; also, a similar multiple fruit, as a mulberry.

||Syn*car"pi*um (?), n.; pl. Syncarpia (#). [NL.] (Bot.) Same as ||Syncarp.

Syn*car"pous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; a fruit.] (Bot.) Composed of several carpels consolidated into one ovary.

Syn*cat`e*gor`e*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a predicate. See Syn-, and Categorematic.] (Logic) Not capable of being used as a term by itself; -- said of words, as an adverb or preposition.

||Syn`chon*dro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synchondroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; ||sy`n with + &?; cartilage.] (Anat.) An immovable articulation in ||which the union is formed by cartilage. -- Syn`chon*dro"si*al, a.

Syn`chon*drot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; union by cartilage + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) Symphyseotomy.

Syn`cho*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a going.] (Rhet.) A concession made for the purpose of retorting with greater force.

Syn"chro*nal (?), a. [See Synchronous.] Happening at, or belonging to, the same time; synchronous; simultaneous. Dr. H. More.

Syn"chro*nal, n. A synchronal thing or event.

Syn*chron"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synchronique.] Happening at the same time; synchronous. Boyle. -- Syn*chron"ic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"chro*nism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be contemporary with, from &?; synchronous. See Synchronous.] 1. The concurrence of events in time; simultaneousness.

2. The tabular arrangement of historical events and personages, according to their dates.

3. (Paint.) A representation, in the same picture, of two or events which occured at different times.

Syn`chro*nis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to synchronism; arranged according to correspondence in time; as, synchronistic tables.

Syn`chro*ni*za"tion (?), n. The act of synchronizing; concurrence of events in respect to time.

Syn"chro*nize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Synchronized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Synchronizing (?).] [Gr. &?;.] To agree in time; to be simultaneous.

The path of this great empire, through its arch of progress, synchronized with that of Christianity.

De Quincey.

Syn"chro*nize, v. t. 1. To assign to the same date or period of time; as, to synchronize two events of Greek and Roman history. "Josephus synchronizes Nisan with the Egyptian Pharmus." W. L. Bevan.

2. To cause to agree in time; as, to synchronize the movements of different machines; to synchronize clocks.

Syn`chro*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; time + -logy.] Contemporaneous chronology.

Syn"chro*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; time. Cf. Chronicle.] Happening at the same time; simultaneous. -- Syn"chro*nous*ly, adv.

Syn"chro*ny (?), n. The concurrence of events in time; synchronism. [R.]

Geological contemporaneity is the same as chronological synchrony.

Huxley.

||Syn"chy*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to confound; sy`n with ||+ &?; to pour.] A derangement or confusion of any kind, as of words ||in a sentence, or of humors in the eye.

Sparkling synchysis (Med.), a condition in which the vitreous humor is softened and contains sparkling scales of cholesterin.

Syn*clas"tic (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. kla^n to break.] (Math. Physics) Curved toward the same side in all directions; -- said of surfaces which in all directions around any point bend away from a tangent plane toward the same side, as the surface of a sphere; -- opposed to anticlastic. Sir W. Thomson.

Syn*cli"nal (?), a. [Gr. &?; to incline together; sy`n with + &?; to incline.] 1. Inclined downward from opposite directions, so as to meet in a common point or line.

2. (Geol.) Formed by strata dipping toward a common line or plane; as, a synclinal trough or valley; a synclinal fold; -- opposed to anticlinal.

A downward flexure in the case of folded rocks makes a synclinal axis, and the alternating upward flexure an anticlinal axis.

Syn*cli"nal, n. (Geol.) A synclinal fold.

Syn*cline" (?), n. (Geol.) A synclinal fold.

Syn*clin"ic*al (?), a. Synclinal. [R.]

||Syn`cli*no"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Synclinoria (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to ||lay together + &?; mountain.] (Geol.) A mountain range owing its ||origin to the progress of a geosynclinal, and ending in a catastrophe ||of displacement and upturning. Dana.

Syn"co*pal (?), a. Of or pertaining to syncope; resembling syncope.

Syn"co*pate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syncopated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syncopating.] [LL. syncopatus, p. p. of syncopare to syncopate, to swoon. See Syncope.] 1. (Gram.) To contract, as a word, by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; as, "Gloster" is a syncopated form of "Gloucester."

2. (Mus.) To commence, as a tone, on an unaccented part of a measure, and continue it into the following accented part, so that the accent is driven back upon the weak part and the rhythm drags.

Syn`co*pa"tion (?), n. 1. (Gram.) The act of syncopating; the contraction of a word by taking one or more letters or syllables from the middle; syncope.

2. (Mus.) The act of syncopating; a peculiar figure of rhythm, or rhythmical alteration, which consists in welding into one tone the second half of one beat with the first half of the beat which follows.

Syn"co*pe (?), n. [L. syncope, syncopa, Gr. &?; a cutting up, a syncope; akin to &?; to beat together, to cut up, cut short, weavy; sy`n with + &?; to strike, cut.] 1. (Gram.) An elision or retrenchment of one or more letters or syllables from the middle of a word; as, ne'er for never, ev'ry for every.

2. (Mus.) Same as Syncopation.

3. (Med.) A fainting, or swooning. See Fainting.

4. A pause or cessation; suspension. [R.]

Revely, and dance, and show, Suffer a syncope and solemn pause.

Cowper.

Syn"co*pist (?), n. One who syncopates. Addison.

Syn"co*pize (?), v. t. To syncopate.

Syn*cot`y*led"on*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + cotyledonous.] (Bot.) Having united cotyledonous.

Syn*cret"ic (?), a. Uniting and blending together different systems, as of philosophy, morals, or religion. Smart.

Syn"cre*tism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make two parties join against a third: cf. F. syncrétisme.] Attempted union of principles or parties irreconcilably at variance with each other.

He is plotting a carnal syncretism, and attempting the reconcilement of Christ and Belial.

Baxter.

Syncretism is opposed to eclecticism in philosophy.

Krauth-Fleming.

Syn"cre*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. syncrétiste.] One who attempts to unite principles or parties which are irreconcilably at variance; specifically (Eccl. Hist.), an adherent of George Calixtus and other Germans of the seventeenth century, who sought to unite or reconcile the Protestant sects with each other and with the Roman Catholics, and thus occasioned a long and violent controversy in the Lutheran church.

Syn`cre*tis"tic (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or characterized by, syncretism; as, a syncretistic mixture of the service of Jehovah and the worship of idols.

2. Of or pertaining to Syncretists.

||Syn"cri*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a comparison; &?; together + ||&?; to judge.] (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which opposite things or ||persons are compared. Crabb.

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||Syn*cy"ti*um (?), n.; pl. Syncitia (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; together + ||&?; a hollow vessel.] 1. (Biol.) Tissue in which the cell or ||partition walls are wholly wanting and the cell bodies fused ||together, so that the tissue consists of a continuous mass of ||protoplasm in which nuclei are imbedded, as in ordinary striped ||muscle.

2. (Zoöl.) The ectoderm of a sponge.

Syn*dac"tyle (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; finger, toe: cf. F. syndactyle.] (Zoöl.) Any bird having syndactilous feet.

Syn*dac*tyl"ic (?), a. (Zoöl.) Syndactilous.

Syn*dac"tyl*ous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having the toes firmly united together for some distance, and without an intermediate web, as the kingfishers; gressorial.

Syn`des*mog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -graphy.] A description of the ligaments; syndesmology.

Syn`des*mol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; band, bond + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of ligaments.

||Syn`des*mo"sis (?), n.; pl. Syndesmoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a ||bond; &?; together + &?; a bond, fr. &?; to bind.] (Anat.) An ||articulation formed by means of ligaments.

{ Syn*det"ic (?), Syn*det"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to bind together; sy`n with + &?; to bind; cf. Asyndetic.] Connecting; conjunctive; as, syndetic words or connectives; syndetic references in a dictionary. -- Syn*det"ic*al*ly, adv.

With the syndetic juxtaposition of distinct members, the article is not often repeated.

C. J. Grece (Trans. Maetzner's Gram.).

Syn"dic (?), n. [L. syndictus, Gr. &?; helping in a court of justice, advocate; sy`n with + &?; justice, akin to &?; to show: cf. F. syndic. See Teach.] 1. An officer of government, invested with different powers in different countries; a magistrate.

2. (Law) An agent of a corporation, or of any body of men engaged in a business enterprise; an advocate or patron; an assignee.

In France, syndics are appointed by the creditors of a bankrupt to manage the property. Almost all the companies in Paris, the university, and the like, have their syndics. The university of Cambridge, Eng., has its syndics, who are chosen from the senate to transact special business, such as the regulation of fees, the framing of laws, etc.

Syn"di*cate (?), n. [Cf. F. syndicat, LL. syndicatus.] 1. The office or jurisdiction of a syndic; a council, or body of syndics. Bp. Burnet.

2. An association of persons officially authorized to undertake some duty or to negotiate some business; also, an association of persons who combine to carry out, on their own account, a financial or industrial project; as, a syndicate of bankers formed to take up and dispose of an entire issue of government bonds.

Syn"di*cate (?), v. t. [LL. syndicatus, p. p. of syndicare to censure.] To judge; to censure. [Obs.]

||Syn"dro*me (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a course, a ||running.] Concurrence. [R.] Glanvill.

Syn`dy*as"mi*an (?), a. [Gr. syndyasmo`s a pairing, fr. syndya`zein to pair.] Pertaining to the state of pairing together sexually; -- said of animals during periods of procreation and while rearing their offspring. Morgan.

Syne (?), adv. [See Since.] 1. Afterwards; since; ago. [Obs. or Scot.] R. of Brunne.

2. Late, -- as opposed to soon.

[Each rogue] shall be discovered either soon or syne.

W. Hamilton (Life of Wallace).

Syne, conj. Since; seeing. [Scot.]

Syn*ec"do*che (sn*k"d*k), n. [L. synecdoche, Gr. synekdochh`, fr. to receive jointly; sy`n with + &?; to receive; &?; out + &?; to receive.] (Rhet.) A figure or trope by which a part of a thing is put for the whole (as, fifty sail for fifty ships), or the whole for a part (as, the smiling year for spring), the species for the genus (as, cutthroat for assassin), the genus for the species (as, a creature for a man), the name of the material for the thing made, etc. Bain.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al (?), a. Expressed by synecdoche; implying a synecdoche.

Isis is used for Themesis by a synecdochical kind of speech, or by a poetical liberty, in using one for another.

Drayton.

Syn`ec*doch"ic*al*ly, adv. By synecdoche.

||Syn*e"chi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to hold together; sy`n ||with + &?; to hold.] (Med.) A disease of the eye, in which the iris ||adheres to the cornea or to the capsule of the crystalline lens.

||Syn*ec`pho*ne"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to utter ||together.] (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; ||synizesis.

Syn*e"dral (?), a. [Gr. &?; sitting with; sy`n with + "e`dra seat.] (Bot.) Growing on the angles of a stem, as the leaves in some species of Selaginella.

||Syn`en*tog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + 'ento`s ||within + gna`qos jaw.] (Zoöl.) An order of fishes, resembling the ||Physoclisti, without spines in the dorsal, anal, and ventral fins. It ||includes the true flying fishes.

Syn"e*py (?), n. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; a word.] (Rhet.) The interjunction, or joining, of words in uttering the clauses of sentences.

Syn*er"e*sis (?), n. Same as Synæresis.

Syn`er*get"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to work together; sy`n with + 'e`rgon work.] Working together; coöperating; as, synergetic muscles.

Syn"er*gism (?), n. [See Synergetic.] (Theol.) The doctrine or theory, attributed to Melanchthon, that in the regeneration of a human soul there is a coöperation, or joint agency, on the part both of God and of man.

Syn"er*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. synergiste.] 1. One who holds the doctrine of synergism.

2. (Med.) A remedy which has an action similar to that of another remedy, and hence increases the efficiency of that remedy when combined with it.

Syn`er*gis"tic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to synergism. "A synergistic view of regeneration." Shedd.

2. Coöperating; synergetic.

Syn"er*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;. See Synergetic.] Combined action; especially (Med.), the combined healthy action of every organ of a particular system; as, the digestive synergy.

||Syn`ge*ne"si*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with, together + &?; ||generation, birth.] (Bot.) A Linnæan class of plants in which the ||stamens are united by the anthers.

{ Syn`ge*ne"sian (?), Syn`ge*ne"sious (?), } a. (Bot.) Having the stamens united by the anthers; of or pertaining to the Syngenesia.

Syn*gen"e*sis (?), n. [Pref. syn- + genesis.] (Biol.) A theory of generation in which each germ is supposed to contain the germs of all subsequent generations; -- the opposite of epigenesis.

||Syng"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with + &?; jaw.] (Zoöl.) A ||suborder of lophobranch fishes which have an elongated snout and lack ||the ventral and first dorsal fins. The pipefishes and sea horses are ||examples. -- Syng"na*thous (#), a.

Syn"graph (?), n. [L. syngrapha, Gr. &?;; sy`n with + &?; to write.] (Law) A writing signed by both or all the parties to a contract or bond.

||Syn`i*ze"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to sit together; sy`n ||with + &?; to sit.] 1. (Med.) An obliteration of the pupil of the ||eye.

2. (Gram.) A contraction of two syllables into one; synecphonesis.

||Syn`neo*ro"sis (?), n.; pl. Synneuroses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; sy`n ||with + &?; a sinew, ligament.] (Anat.) Syndesmosis.

||Syn"o*cha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a holding together. See ||Synechia.] (Med.) See Synochus. [Obs.]

Syn"o*chal (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to synocha; like synocha. [Obs.]

||Syn"o*chus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; joined together.] (Med.) A ||continuous fever. [Obs.]

Synocha and synochus were used as epithets of two distinct types of fever, but in different senses at different periods. The same disease is placed under synocha by one author, under synochus by another. Quain.

Syn"o*cil (?), n. [Pref. syn- + cilium.] (Zoöl.) A sense organ found in certain sponges. It consists of several filaments, each of which arises from a single cell.

Syn"od (sn"d), n. [L. synodus, Gr. sy`nodos a meeting; sy`n with + "odo`s a way; cf. AS. sinoð, senoð, F. synode, both from the Latin.] 1. (Eccl. Hist.) An ecclesiastic council or meeting to consult on church matters.

Synods are of four kinds: 1. General, or ecumenical, which are composed of bishops from different nations; -- commonly called general council. 2. National, composed of bishops of one nation only. 3. Provincial, in which the bishops of only one province meet; -- called also convocations. 4. Diocesan, a synod in which the bishop of the diocese or his representative presides. Among Presbyterians, a synod is composed of several adjoining presbyteries. The members are the ministers and a ruling elder from each parish.

2. An assembly or council having civil authority; a legislative body.

It hath in solemn synods been decreed, Both by the Syracusians and ourselves, To admit no traffic to our adverse towns.

Shak.

Parent of gods and men, propitious Jove! And you, bright synod of the powers above.

Dryden.

3. (Astron.) A conjunction of two or more of the heavenly bodies. [R.] Milton.

Syn"od*al (?), a. [L. synodalis: cf. F. synodal.] Synodical. Milton.

Syn"od*al, n. 1. (Ch. of Eng.) A tribute in money formerly paid to the bishop or archdeacon, at the time of his Easter visitation, by every parish priest, now made to the ecclesiastical commissioners; a procuration.

Synodals are due, of common right, to the bishop only.

Gibson.

2. A constitution made in a provincial or diocesan synod.

{ Syn*od"ic (?), Syn*od"ic*al (?), } a. [L. synodicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. synodique.] 1. (Eccl.) Of or pertaining to a synod; transacted in, or authorized by, a synod; as, synodical proceedings or forms. "A synodical epistle." Bp. Stillingfleet.

2. (Astron.) Pertaining to conjunction, especially to the period between two successive conjunctions; extending from one conjunction, as of the moon or a planet with the sun, to the next; as, a synodical month (see Lunar month, under Month); the synodical revolution of the moon or a planet.

Syn*od"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synodical manner; in a synod; by the authority of a synod. "Synodically agreed upon." R. Nelson.

Syn"od*ist (?), n. An adherent to a synod.

These synodists thought fit in Latin as yet to veil their decrees from vulgar eyes.

Fuller.

Syn*œ"cious (?), a. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; house.] (Bot.) Having stamens and pistil in the same head, or, in mosses, having antheridia and archegonia on the same receptacle.

Syn*om"o*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to swear with or together; sy`n with + &?; to swear.] Sworn brotherhood; a society in ancient Greece nearly resembling a modern political club.

Syn"o*nym (sn"*nm), n.; pl. Synonyms (- nmz). [F. synonyme, L. synonyma, pl. of synonymum, Gr. synw`nymon. See Synonymous.] One of two or more words (commonly words of the same language) which are equivalents of each other; one of two or more words which have very nearly the same signification, and therefore may often be used interchangeably. See under Synonymous. [Written also synonyme.]

All languages tend to clear themselves of synonyms as intellectual culture advances, the superfluous words being taken up and appropriated by new shades and combinations of thought evolved in the progress of society.

De Quincey.

His name has thus become, throughout all civilized countries, a synonym for probity and philanthropy.

Macaulay.

In popular literary acceptation, and as employed in special dictionaries of such words, synonyms are words sufficiently alike in general signification to be liable to be confounded, but yet so different in special definition as to require to be distinguished.

G. P. Marsh.

||Syn*on"y*ma (sn*n"*m), n. pl. [L.] Synonyms. [Obs.] Fuller.

Syn*on"y*mal (?), a. Synonymous. [Obs.]

Syn*on"y*mal*ly, adv. Synonymously. [Obs.]

Syn"o*nyme (?), n. Same as Synonym.

Syn`o*nym"ic (?), n. [Cf. G. synonymik. See Synonymous.] (Gram.) The science, or the scientific treatment, of synonymous words.

{ Syn`o*nym"ic (?), Syn`o*nym"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to synonyms, or synonymic; synonymous.

||Syn`o*nym"i*con (?), n. [NL.] A dictionary of synonyms. C. J. Smith.

Syn*on"y*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. synonymiste.] One who collects or explains synonyms.

Syn*on"y*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Synonymized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Synonymizing (?).] To express by a synonym or synonyms; to give the synonym or synonyms corresponding to.

This word "fortis" we may synonymize after all these fashions: stout, hardy, valiant, doughty, courageous, adventurous, brave, bold, daring, intrepid.

Camden.

Syn*on"y*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?;, &?;, name. See Syn-, and Name.] Having the character of a synonym; expressing the same thing; conveying the same, or approximately the same, idea. -- Syn*on"y*mous*ly, adv.

These words consist of two propositions, which are not distinct in sense, but one and the same thing variously expressed; for wisdom and understanding are synonymous words here.

Tillotson.

Syn. -- Identical; interchangeable. -- Synonymous, Identical. If no words are synonymous except those which are identical in use and meaning, so that the one can in all cases be substituted for the other, we have scarcely ten such words in our language. But the term more properly denotes that the words in question approach so near to each other, that, in many or most cases, they can be used interchangeably. 1. Words may thus coincide in certain connections, and so be interchanged, when they can not be interchanged in other connections; thus we may speak either strength of mind or of force of mind, but we say the force (not strength) of gravitation. 2. Two words may differ slightly, but this difference may be unimportant to the speaker's object, so that he may freely interchange them; thus it makes but little difference, in most cases, whether we speak of a man's having secured his object or having attained his object. For these and other causes we have numerous words which may, in many cases or connections, be used interchangeably, and these are properly called synonyms. Synonymous words "are words which, with great and essential resemblances of meaning, have, at the same time, small, subordinate, and partial differences, -- these differences being such as either originally and on the ground of their etymology inhered in them; or differences which they have by usage acquired in the eyes of all; or such as, though nearly latent now, they are capable of receiving at the hands of wise and discreet masters of the tongue. Synonyms are words of like significance in the main, but with a certain unlikeness as well." Trench.

Syn*on"y*my (?), n. [L. synonymia, Gr. &?; a synonym: cf. F. synonymie.] 1. The quality of being synonymous; sameness of meaning.

2. A system of synonyms.

3. (Rhet.) A figure by which synonymous words are used to amplify a discourse.

Syn*op"sis (?), n.; pl. Synopses (#). [L., from Gr. &?;; sy`n with, together + &?; a sight, view, from the root seen in E. optic.] A general view, or a collection of heads or parts so arranged as to exhibit a general view of the whole; an abstract or summary of a discourse; a syllabus; a conspectus.

That the reader may see in one view the exactness of the method, as well as force of the argument, I shall here draw up a short synopsis of this epistle.

Bp. Warburton.

Syn. -- Abridgment; compendium; epitome; abstract; summary; syllabus; conspectus. See Abridgment.

{ Syn*op"tic (?), Syn*op"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synoptique. See Synopsis.] Affording a general view of the whole, or of the principal parts of a thing; as, a synoptic table; a synoptical statement of an argument. "The synoptic Gospels." Alford. -- Syn*op"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn*op"tic, n. One of the first three Gospels of the New Testament. See Synoptist.

Syn*op"tist (?), n. Any one of the authors of the three synoptic Gospels, which give a history of our Lord's life and ministry, in distinction from the writer of John's Gospel, which gives a fuller record of his teachings.

Syn*os`te*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Pref. syn- + Gr. &?; bone + -logy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints; arthrology.

||Syn*os`te*o"sis (?), n.; pl. Synosteoses (#). [NL., fr. Gr. sy`n with ||+ &?; bone.] (Anat.) Union by means of bone; the complete closing up ||and obliteration of sutures.

||Syn`os*to"sis (?), n. [NL.] Same as Synosteosis.

||Syn*o"vi*a (?), n. [NL., perhaps fr. Gr. sy`n with + L. ovum egg: cf. ||F. synovie.] (Anat.) A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which ||contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.

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Syn*o"vi*al (?), a. [Cf. F. synovial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to synovia; secreting synovia.

Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints. -- Synovial fluid, synovia. -- Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities.

||Syn`o*vi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Synovia, -itis.] (Med.) Inflammation of ||the synovial membrane.

Syn*pel"mous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + &?; the sole of the foot.] (Zoöl.) Having the two main flexor tendons of the toes blended together.

Syn*sep"al*ous (?), a. [Pref. syn- + sepal.] (Bot.) Having united sepals; gamosepalous.

{ Syn*tac"tic (?), Syn*tac"tic*al (?), } a. [Cf. G. &?; putting together. See Syntax.] Of or pertaining to syntax; according to the rules of syntax, or construction. -- Syn*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.

Syn"tax (?), n. [L. syntaxis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to put together in order; sy`n with + &?; to put in order; cf. F. syntaxe. See Syn-, and Tactics.] 1. Connected system or order; union of things; a number of things jointed together; organism. [Obs.]

They owe no other dependence to the first than what is common to the whole syntax of beings.

Glanvill.

2. That part of grammar which treats of the construction of sentences; the due arrangement of words in sentences in their necessary relations, according to established usage in any language.

||Syn*tax"is (?), n. Syntax. [R.] B. Jonson.

Syn`te*re"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; preservation, fr. &?; to preserve; sy`n with + &?; to guard.] 1. (Med.) Prophylaxis. [Obs.]

2. (Metaph.) Conscience viewed as the internal repository of the laws of duty. Whewell.

Syn`te*ret"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] (Med.) Preserving health; prophylactic. [Obs.]

Syn`te*ret"ics (?), n. (Med.) That department of medicine which relates to the preservation of health; prophylaxis. [Obs.]

Syn*ther"mal (?), a. [Pref. syn- + thermal.] Having the same degree of heat.

Syn"the*sis (?), n.; pl. Syntheses (#). [L., a mixture, properly, a putting together, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place or put together; sy`n with + &?; to place. See Thesis.] 1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things together, as in compounding medicines.

2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis; thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen; hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in every respect with the natural articles when such occur; thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin, etc., are made by synthesis.

3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions, species into genera, individual propositions into systems; -- the opposite of analysis.

Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as two different methods, are, if properly understood, only the two necessary parts of the same method. Each is the relative and correlative of the other.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Syn"the*sist (?), n. One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.

Syn"the*size (?), v. t. 1. To combine by synthesis; to unite.

2. To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin.

{ Syn*thet"ic (?), Syn*thet"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. synthétique.] 1. Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.

Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments.

Bolingbroke.

2. (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.

3. (Zoöl.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.

Synthetic, or Synthetical language, an inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. R. Morris.

Syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv. In a synthetic manner.

Syn"the*tize (?), v. t. [Cf. Gr. &?;.] To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]

Syn"to*my (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to cut short; sy`n with + &?; to cut.] Brevity; conciseness. [R.]

Syn"to*nin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?; stretched tight, intense.] (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin. See Acid albumin, under Albumin.

Sy"pher*ing (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.

Syph"i*lide (?), n. [F.] (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.

Syph"i*lis (?), n. [NL., fr. Syphilus, the name of a shepherd in the Latin poem of Fracastoro, "Syphilus, sive Morbus Gallicus," which was published in 1530; Gr. &?; hog, swine + &?; dear, loving. The term was introduced into nosology by Sauvages.] (Med.) The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.

Syph`i*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. syphilitique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. A syphilitic patient.

Syph`i*lit"ic*al*ly (?), adv. (Med.) In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease.

Syph`i*li*za"tion (?), n. (Med.) Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination.

Syph"i*lize (?), v. t. (Med.) To inoculate with syphilis.

Syph"i*lo*derm (?), n. [See Syphilis, and Derm.] (Med.) A cutaneous affection due to syphilis.

Syph`i*lo*der"ma*tous (?), a. (Med.) Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis.

Syph"i*loid (?), a. [Syphilis + -oid.] (Med.) Resembling syphilis.

Syph`i*lol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in syphilology.

Syph`i*lol"o*gy (?), n. [Syphilis + -logy.] That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis.

Sy"phon (?), n. See Syphon.

Syr"a*cuse (?), n. A red wine of Italy.

Sy"ren (?), n. See Siren. [R.]

Syr"i*ac (?), a. [L. Syriacus, from Syria: cf. F. syriaque.] Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch. -- n. The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country.

Syr"i*a*cism (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism.

Syr"i*an (?), a. [L. Syrius: cf. F. Syrien.] Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac. -- n. A native of Syria.

Syr"i*an*ism (?), n. A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. Paley.

Syr"i*asm (?), n. A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. M. Stuart.

The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms.

Bp. Warburton.

Sy*rin"ga (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a shepherd's pipe, tube. Cf. Syringe.] (Bot.) (a) A genus of plants; the lilac. (b) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.

Syr"inge (?), n. [F. seringue (cf. Pr. siringua, Sp. jeringa, It. sciringa, scilinga), fg. Gr. &?;, &?;, a pipe or tube; cf. Skr. svar to sound, and E. swarum. Cf. Syringa.] A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc.

Garden syringe. See Garden.

Syr"inge, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Syringed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Syringing (?).] 1. To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein.

2. To wash and clean by injection from a syringe.

Sy*rin"ge*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle.

Sy*rin"gin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin.

||Sy*rin"go*cœle (?), n. [Syrinx + Gr. &?; hollow.] (Anat.) The central ||canal of the spinal cord. B. G. Wilder.

Sy*rin"go*tome (?), n. [Cf. F. syringotome. See Syringotomy.] (Surg. & Anat.) A small blunt-pointed bistoury, -- used in syringotomy.

Syr`in*got"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; a tube, a hollow sore + &?; to cut: cf. F. syringotomie.] (Surg.) The operation of cutting for anal fistula.

Syr"inx (?), n.; pl. Syringes (#). [NL., from Gr. &?; a pipe.] 1. (Mus.) A wind instrument made of reeds tied together; -- called also pandean pipes.

2. (Anat.) The lower larynx in birds.

In birds there are two laringes, an upper or true, but voiceless, larynx in the usual position behind the tongue, and a lower one, at or near the junction of the trachea and bronchi, which is the true organ of the voice.

||Syr"ma (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to drag.] (Class. Antiq.) A ||long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and ||Roman theaters.

Syr"phi*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the syrphus flies. -- n. (Zoöl.) A syrphus fly.

Syr"phus fly` (?). [NL. Syrphus, the generic name, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind of winged insect.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Syrphus and allied genera. They are usually bright-colored, with yellow bands, and hover around plants. The larvæ feed upon plant lice, and are, therefore, very beneficial to agriculture.

Syrt (?), n. [L. syrtis a sand bank in the sea, Gr. &?;: cf. F. syrte.] A quicksand; a bog. [R.] Young.

Syr"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a syrt; resembling syrt, or quicksand. [R.] Ed. Rev.

||Syr"tis (?), n.; pl. Syrtes (#). [See Syrt.] A quicksand.

Quenched in a boggy syrtis, neither sea Nor good dry land.

Milton.

{ Syr"up (?), n., Syr"up*y (?) }, a. [See Sirup.] Same as Sirup, Sirupy.

||Sys`sar*co"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to unite by flesh, ||to cover over with flesh; sy`n with + &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Anat.) The ||junction of bones by intervening muscles.

Sys*tal"tic (?), a. [L. systalticus drawing together, Gr. &?;, from &?; to draw together. Cf. Sustaltic, Systole.] (Physiol.) Capable of, or taking place by, alternate contraction and dilatation; as, the systaltic action of the heart.

||Sys"ta*sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to stand together. See ||under System.] A political union, confederation, or league. [R.] ||Burke.

Sys"tem (?), n. [L. systema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to place together; sy`n with + &?; to place: cf. F. système. See Stand.] 1. An assemblage of objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; a complete whole of objects related by some common law, principle, or end; a complete exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a rational dependence or connection; a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing; as, a system of philosophy; a system of government; a system of divinity; a system of botany or chemistry; a military system; the solar system.

The best way to learn any science, is to begin with a regular system, or a short and plain scheme of that science well drawn up into a narrow compass.

I. Watts.

2. Hence, the whole scheme of created things regarded as forming one complete plan of whole; the universe. "The great system of the world." Boyle.

3. Regular method or order; formal arrangement; plan; as, to have a system in one's business.

4. (Mus.) The collection of staves which form a full score. See Score, n.

5. (Biol.) An assemblage of parts or organs, either in animal or plant, essential to the performance of some particular function or functions which as a rule are of greater complexity than those manifested by a single organ; as, the capillary system, the muscular system, the digestive system, etc.; hence, the whole body as a functional unity.

6. (Zoöl.) One of the stellate or irregular clusters of intimately united zooids which are imbedded in, or scattered over, the surface of the common tissue of many compound ascidians.

Block system, Conservative system, etc. See under Block, Conservative, etc.

{ Sys`tem*at"ic (?), Sys`tem*at"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. systématique.] 1. Of or pertaining to system; consisting in system; methodical; formed with regular connection and adaptation or subordination of parts to each other, and to the design of the whole; as, a systematic arrangement of plants or animals; a systematic course of study.

Now we deal much in essays, and unreasonably despise systematical learning; whereas our fathers had a just value for regularity and systems.

I. Watts.

A representation of phenomena, in order to answer the purposes of science, must be systematic.

Whewell.

2. Proceeding according to system, or regular method; as, a systematic writer; systematic benevolence.

3. Pertaining to the system of the world; cosmical.

These ends may be called cosmical, or systematical.

Boyle.

4. (Med.) Affecting successively the different parts of the system or set of nervous fibres; as, systematic degeneration.

Systematic theology. See under Theology.

Sys`tem*at"ic*al*ly, adv. In a systematic manner; methodically.

Sys"tem*a*tism (?), n. The reduction of facts or principles to a system. Dunglison.

Sys"tem*a*tist (?), n. [Cf. F. systématiste.] 1. One who forms a system, or reduces to system.

2. One who adheres to a system.

Sys`tem*a*ti*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. systématization.] The act or operation of systematizing.

Sys"tem*a*tize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systematized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Systematizing (?).] [Cf. F. systématiser. Cf. Systemize.] To reduce to system or regular method; to arrange methodically; to methodize; as, to systematize a collection of plants or minerals; to systematize one's work; to systematize one's ideas.

Diseases were healed, and buildings erected, before medicine and architecture were systematized into arts.

Harris.

Sys"tem*a*ti`zer (?), n. One who systematizes.

Aristotle may be called the systematizer of his master's doctrines.

Harris.

Sys`tem*a*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, system + -logy.] The doctrine of, or a treatise upon, systems. Dunglison.

Sys*tem"ic (?), a. 1. Of or relating to a system; common to a system; as, the systemic circulation of the blood.

2. (Anat. & Physiol.) Of or pertaining to the general system, or the body as a whole; as, systemic death, in distinction from local death; systemic circulation, in distinction from pulmonic circulation; systemic diseases.

Systemic death. See the Note under Death, n., 1.

Sys`tem*i*za"tion (?), n. The act or process of systematizing; systematization.

Sys"tem*ize (ss"tm*z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Systemized (- zd); p. pr. & vb. n. Systemizing (- `zng).] [Cf. Systematize.] To reduce to system; to systematize.

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Sys"tem*i`zer (ss"tm*`zr), n. One who systemizes, or reduces to system; a systematizer.

Sys"tem*less, a. 1. Being without system.

2. (Nat. Hist.) Not agreeing with some artificial system of classification.

3. (Biol.) Not having any of the distinct systems or types of structure, as the radiate, articulate, etc., characteristic of organic nature; as, all unicellular organisms are systemless.

Sys"to*le (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contract; sy`n with + &?; to set, place.] 1. (Gram.) The shortening of the long syllable.

2. (Physiol.) The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; -- correlative to diastole.

Sys*tol"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to systole, or contraction; contracting; esp., relating to the systole of the heart; as, systolic murmur. Dunglison.

Sys"tyle (?), a. [L. systylos, Gr. sy`n with columns standing close; sy`n with + &?; a column: cf. F. systyle.] (Arch.) Having a space equal to two diameters or four modules between two columns; -- said of a portico or building. See Intercolumniation. -- n. A systyle temple or other edifice.

{ Syth (?), Sythe (?) }, prep., adv., conj. & n. See Sith, Sithe. [Obs.] Chaucer. Piers Plowman.

Sythe (?), n. Scythe. [Obs. or R.]

Sy*zyg"i*al (?), a. Pertaining to a syzygy.

Syz"y*gy (sz"*j), n.; pl. Syzygies (- jz). [L. syzygia a joining together, conjunction, Gr. syzygi`a; sy`n with + zeygny`nai to join, zygo`n yoke: cf. F. syzygie. See Yoke, n.] 1. (Astron.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; -- commonly used in the plural.

2. (Gr. & L. Pros.) The coupling together of different feet; as, in Greek verse, an iambic syzygy.

3. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of the segments of an arm of a crinoid composed of two joints so closely united that the line of union is obliterated on the outer, though visible on the inner, side. (b) The immovable union of two joints of a crinoidal arm.

Line of syzygies (Astron.), the straight line connecting the earth, the sun, and the moon or a planet, when the latter is in conjunction or opposition; -- used chiefly of the moon.

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