The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S (part 6 of 7)

The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section S (part 6 of 7)

I shall not go about to extenuate the latitude of the curse upon the earth, or stint it only to the production of weeds.

Woodward.

She stints them in their meals.

Law.

2. To put an end to; to stop. [Obs.] Shak.

3. To assign a certain (i. e., limited) task to (a person), upon the performance of which one is excused from further labor for the day or for a certain time; to stent.

4. To serve successfully; to get with foal; -- said of mares.

The majority of maiden mares will become stinted while at work.

J. H. Walsh.

Stint, v. i. To stop; to cease. [Archaic]

They can not stint till no thing be left.

Chaucer.

And stint thou too, I pray thee.

Shak.

The damsel stinted in her song.

Sir W. Scott.

Stint, n. [Also written stent. See Stint, v. t.] 1. Limit; bound; restraint; extent.

God has wrote upon no created thing the utmost stint of his power.

South.

2. Quantity or task assigned; proportion allotted.

His old stint -- three thousand pounds a year.

Cowper.

Stint"ance (?), n. Restraint; stoppage. [Obs.]

Stint"ed*ness, n. The state of being stinted.

Stint"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stints.

Stint"less, a. Without stint or restraint.

The stintlesstears of old Heraclitus.

Marston.

Stipe (?), n. [L. stipes a stock, post, branch: cf. F. stipe.] (Bot.) (a) The stalk or petiole of a frond, as of a fern. (b) The stalk of a pistil. (c) The trunk of a tree. (d) The stem of a fungus or mushroom.

Sti"pel (?), n. [See Stipule.] (Bot.) The stipule of a leaflet. Gray.

Sti*pel"late (?), a. (Bot.) Having stipels.

Sti"pend (?), n. [L. stipendium; stips, gen. stipis, a gift, donation, given in small coin + pendere to weigh or pay out.] Settled pay or compensation for services, whether paid daily, monthly, or annually.

Sti"pend, v. t. To pay by settled wages. [R.]

Sti*pen`di*a"ri*an (?), a. Acting from mercenary considerations; stipendiary. A. Seward.

Sti*pen"di*a*ry (?), a. [L. stipendiarius: cf. F. stipendiaire.] Receiving wages, or salary; performing services for a stated price or compensation.

His great stipendiary prelates came with troops of evil-appointed horseman not half full.

Knolles.

Sti*pen"di*a*ry, n.; pl. Stipendiaries (&?;). One who receives a stipend.

If thou art become A tyrant's vile stipendiary.

Glover.

Sti*pen"di*ate (?), v. t. [L. stipendiatus, p. p. of stipendiari to receive pay.] To provide with a stipend, or salary; to support; to pay. Evelyn.

It is good to endow colleges, and to found chairs, and to stipendiate professors.

I. Taylor.

Sti"pend*less (st"pnd*ls), a. Having no stipend.

||Sti"pes (-pz), n.; pl. Stipites (#). [L., a stock.] (Zoöl.) (a) The ||second joint of a maxilla of an insect or a crustacean. (b) An ||eyestalk.

Stip"i*tate (?), a. [NL. stipitatus, from L. stipes, gen. stipitis, a stock. See Stipe.] (Bot.) Supported by a stipe; elevated on a stipe, as the fronds of most ferns, or the pod of certain cruciferous plants.

Stip"i*ti*form (?), a. [Stipes + -form.] (Bot.) Having the shape of a stalk; stalklike.

Stip"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stippled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stippling (?).] [D. stippelen to make points, to spot, dot, from stippel, dim. of stip a dot, spot.] 1. To engrave by means of dots, in distinction from engraving in lines.

The interlaying of small pieces can not altogether avoid a broken, stippled, spotty effect.

Milman.

2. To paint, as in water colors, by small, short touches which together produce an even or softly graded surface.

{ Stip"ple (?), Stip"pling (?), } n. (Engraving) A mode of execution which produces the effect by dots or small points instead of lines.

2. (Paint.) A mode of execution in which a flat or even tint is produced by many small touches.

Stip"tic (?), a. & n. (Med.) See Styptic.

||Stip"u*la (?), n.; pl. E. Stipulas (#), L. Stipulæ (#). [L., a stalk, ||stem.] 1. (Bot.) A stipule.

2. (Zoöl.) A newly sprouted feather.

{ Stip`u*la"ceous (?), Stip"u*lar (?), } a. [Cf. F. stipulacé, stipulaire. See Stipula.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to stipules; resembling stipules; furnished with stipules; growing on stipules, or close to them; occupying the position of stipules; as, stipular glands and stipular tendrils.

Stip"u*la*ry (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to stipules; stipular.

Stip"u*late (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules; as, a stipulate leaf.

Stip"u*late (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stipulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stipulating.] [L. stipulatus, p. p. of stipulari to stipulate, fr. OL. stipulus firm, fast; probably akin to L. stipes a post. Cf. Stiff.] To make an agreement or covenant with any person or company to do or forbear anything; to bargain; to contract; to settle terms; as, certain princes stipulated to assist each other in resisting the armies of France.

Stip`u*la"tion (?), n. [L. stipulatio: cf. F. stipulation.] 1. The act of stipulating; a contracting or bargaining; an agreement.

2. That which is stipulated, or agreed upon; that which is definitely arranged or contracted; an agreement; a covenant; a contract or bargain; also, any particular article, item, or condition, in a mutual agreement; as, the stipulations of the allied powers to furnish each his contingent of troops.

3. (Law) A material article of an agreement; an undertaking in the nature of bail taken in the admiralty courts; a bargain. Bouvier. Wharton.

Syn. -- Agreement; contract; engagement. See Covenant.

Stip`u*la"tion, n. [See Stipule.] (Bot.) The situation, arrangement, and structure of the stipules.

Stip"u*la`tor (?), n. [L.] One who stipulates, contracts, or covenants.

Stip"ule (?), n. [L. stipula a stalk, stem, straw: cf. F. stipule. Cf. Stubble.] (Bot.) An appendage at the base of petioles or leaves, usually somewhat resembling a small leaf in texture and appearance.

Stip"uled (?), a. (Bot.) Furnished with stipules, or leafy appendages.

Stir (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stirred (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stirring.] [OE. stiren, steren, sturen, AS. styrian; probably akin to D. storen to disturb, G. stören, OHG. stren to scatter, destroy. √166.] 1. To change the place of in any manner; to move.

My foot I had never yet in five days been able to stir.

Sir W. Temple.

2. To disturb the relative position of the particles of, as of a liquid, by passing something through it; to agitate; as, to stir a pudding with a spoon.

My mind is troubled, like a fountain stirred.

Shak.

3. To bring into debate; to agitate; to moot.

Stir not questions of jurisdiction.

Bacon.

4. To incite to action; to arouse; to instigate; to prompt; to excite. "To stir men to devotion." Chaucer.

An Ate, stirring him to blood and strife.

Shak.

And for her sake some mutiny will stir.

Dryden.

In all senses except the first, stir is often followed by up with an intensive effect; as, to stir up fire; to stir up sedition.

Syn. -- To move; incite; awaken; rouse; animate; stimulate; excite; provoke.

Stir, v. i. 1. To move; to change one's position.

I had not power to stir or strive, But felt that I was still alive.

Byron.

2. To be in motion; to be active or bustling; to exert or busy one's self.

All are not fit with them to stir and toil.

Byron.

The friends of the unfortunate exile, far from resenting his unjust suspicions, were stirring anxiously in his behalf.

Merivale.

3. To become the object of notice; to be on foot.

They fancy they have a right to talk freely upon everything that stirs or appears.

I. Watts.

4. To rise, or be up, in the morning. [Colloq.] Shak.

Stir, n. 1. The act or result of stirring; agitation; tumult; bustle; noise or various movements.

Why all these words, this clamor, and this stir?

Denham.

Consider, after so much stir about genus and species, how few words we have yet settled definitions of.

Locke.

2. Public disturbance or commotion; tumultuous disorder; seditious uproar.

Being advertised of some stirs raised by his unnatural sons in England.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Agitation of thoughts; conflicting passions.

Stir"a*bout` (?), n. A dish formed of oatmeal boiled in water to a certain consistency and frequently stirred, or of oatmeal and dripping mixed together and stirred about in a pan; a hasty pudding.

Stir"i*a`ted (?), a. [L. stiria an icicle.] Adorned with pendants like icicles.

Stir"i*ous (?), a. [L. stiria an icicle.] Resembling icicles. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Stirk (?), n. [AS. stric, from steór a steer. See Steer a young ox.] A young bullock or heifer. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Stir"less (?), a. Without stirring; very quiet; motionless. "Lying helpless and stirless." Hare.

Stirp (?), n. [L. stirps, stirpis.] Stock; race; family. [Obs.] Bacon.

Stir"pi*cul`ture (?), n. [L. stirps, stirpis, stem, stock, race + cultura culture.] The breeding of special stocks or races.

||Stirps (?), n.; pl. Stirpes (#). [L., stem, stock.] 1. (Law) Stock; ||race; family. Blackstone.

2. (Bot.) A race, or a fixed and permanent variety.

Stir"rage (?), n. The act of stirring; stir; commotion. [Obs.] T. Granger.

Stir"rer (?), n. One who, or that which, stirs something; also, one who moves about, especially after sleep; as, an early stirrer. Shak.

Stirrer up, an instigator or inciter. Atterbury.

Stir"ring (?), a. Putting in motion, or being in motion; active; active in business; habitually employed in some kind of business; accustomed to a busy life.

A more stirring and intellectual age than any which had gone before it.

Southey.

Syn. -- Animating; arousing; awakening; stimulating; quickening; exciting.

Stir"rup (?), n. [OE. stirop, AS. stigrp; stgan to mount, ascend + rp a rope; akin to G. stegreif a stirrup. √164. See Sty, v. i., and Rope.] 1. A kind of ring, or bent piece of metal, wood, leather, or the like, horizontal in one part for receiving the foot of a rider, and attached by a strap to the saddle, -- used to assist a person in mounting a horse, and to enable him to sit steadily in riding, as well as to relieve him by supporting a part of the weight of the body.

Our host upon his stirpoes stood anon.

Chaucer.

2. (Carp. & Mach.) Any piece resembling in shape the stirrup of a saddle, and used as a support, clamp, etc. See Bridle iron.

3. (Naut.) A rope secured to a yard, with a thimble in its lower end for supporting a footrope. Totten.

Stirrup bone (Anat.), the stapes. -- Stirrup cup, a parting cup taken after mounting. -- Stirrup iron, an iron stirrup. -- Stirrup leather, or Stirrup strap, the strap which attaches a stirrup to the saddle. See Stirrup, 1.

Stirt (?), obs. p. p. of Start, v. i. Started; leaped.

They privily be stirt into a well.

Chaucer.

Stir"te (?), obs. imp. of Start, v. i. & t. Chaucer.

Stitch (?), n. [OE. stiche, AS. stice a pricking, akin to stician to prick. See Stick, v. i.] 1. A single pass of a needle in sewing; the loop or turn of the thread thus made.

2. A single turn of the thread round a needle in knitting; a link, or loop, of yarn; as, to let down, or drop, a stitch; to take up a stitch.

3. [Cf. OE. sticche, stecche, stucche, a piece, AS. stycce. Cf. Stock.] A space of work taken up, or gone over, in a single pass of the needle; hence, by extension, any space passed over; distance.

You have gone a good stitch.

Bunyan.

In Syria the husbandmen go lightly over with their plow, and take no deep stitch in making their furrows.

Holland.

4. A local sharp pain; an acute pain, like the piercing of a needle; as, a stitch in the side.

He was taken with a cold and with stitches, which was, indeed, a pleurisy.

Bp. Burnet.

5. A contortion, or twist. [Obs.]

If you talk, Or pull your face into a stitch again, I shall be angry.

Marston.

6. Any least part of a fabric or dress; as, to wet every stitch of clothes. [Colloq.]

7. A furrow. Chapman.

Chain stitch, Lock stitch. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pearl, or Purl stitch. See 2nd Purl, 2.

Stitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stitching.] 1. To form stitches in; especially, to sew in such a manner as to show on the surface a continuous line of stitches; as, to stitch a shirt bosom.

2. To sew, or unite together by stitches; as, to stitch printed sheets in making a book or a pamphlet.

3. (Agric.) To form land into ridges.

To stitch up, to mend or unite with a needle and thread; as, to stitch up a rent; to stitch up an artery.

Stitch, v. i. To practice stitching, or needlework.

Stitch"el (?), n. A kind of hairy wool. [Prov.]

Stitch"er (?), n. One who stitches; a seamstress.

Stitch"er*y (?), n. Needlework; -- in contempt. Shak.

Stitch"ing, n. 1. The act of one who stitches.

2. Work done by sewing, esp. when a continuous line of stitches is shown on the surface; stitches, collectively.

Stitch"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) See Stichwort.

Stith (?), a. [AS. stð.] Strong; stiff; rigid. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Stith, n. [Icel. steði an anvil, akin to staðr place. See Stead.] An anvil; a stithy. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

He invented also pincers, hammers, iron crows, and the anvil, or stith.

Holland.

Stith"y (?), n. [See Stith, and cf. Stiddy.] 1. An anvil. Sir W. Scott.

2. A smith's shop; a smithy; a smithery; a forge. "As foul as Vulcan's stithy." Shak.

Stith"y, v. t. To forge on an anvil.

The forge that stithied Mars his helm.

Shak.

Stive (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stiving.] [Probably fr. F. estiver to compress, stow, L. stipare: cf. It. stivare, Sp. estivar. Cf. Stevedore, Stiff.] To stuff; to crowd; to fill full; hence, to make hot and close; to render stifling. Sandys.

His chamber was commonly stived with friends or suitors of one kind or other.

Sir H. Wotton.

Stive, v. i. To be stifled or suffocated.

Stive, n. The floating dust in flour mills caused by the operation or grinding. De Colange.

Sti"ver (?), n. [D. stuiver; akin to G. stüber, Dan. styver, Sw. styfver.] A Dutch coin, and money of account, of the value of two cents, or about one penny sterling; hence, figuratively, anything of little worth.

Stives (?), n. pl. [OE. See Stew.] Stews; a brothel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stoak (?), v. t. [Cf. G. stocken.] (Naut.) To stop; to choke.

Stoat (?), n. [OE. stot a stoat, horse, bullock; perhaps originally only of male animals, and akin to D. stooten to push, E. stutter; cf. Icel. st&?;tr a bull, Sw. stut a bullock. Cf. Stot.] (Zoöl.) The ermine in its summer pelage, when it is reddish brown, but with a black tip to the tail. The name is sometimes applied also to other brown weasels.

Sto"cah (?), n. [Ir. & Gael. stocach an idle fellow who lives on the industry of others, a lounger.] A menial attendant. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stoc*cade" (?), n. & v. See Stockade.

Stoc*ca"do (?), n. [F. estocade, fr. Sp. estocada, or It. stoccata, from Sp. estoque, or It. stocco, a rapier, fr. G. stock a stick. See Stock.] A stab; a thrust with a rapier. Shak.

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Sto*chas"tic (st*ks"tk), a. [Gr. stochastiko`s, from stocha`zesqai to aim, to guess, fr. sto`chos mark or aim.] 1. Conjectural; able to conjecture. [Obs.] Whitefoot.

Stock (stk), n. [AS. stocc a stock, trunk, stick; akin to D. stok, G. stock, OHG. stoc, Icel. stokkr, Sw. stock, Dan. stok, and AS. stycce a piece; cf. Skr. tuj to urge, thrust. Cf. Stokker, Stucco, and Tuck a rapier.] 1. The stem, or main body, of a tree or plant; the fixed, strong, firm part; the trunk.

Though the root thereof wax old in the earth, and the stock thereof die in the ground, yet through the scent of water it will bud, and bring forth boughs like a plant.

Job xiv. 8,9.

2. The stem or branch in which a graft is inserted.

The scion overruleth the stock quite.

Bacon.

3. A block of wood; something fixed and solid; a pillar; a firm support; a post.

All our fathers worshiped stocks and stones.

Milton.

Item, for a stock of brass for the holy water, seven shillings; which, by the canon, must be of marble or metal, and in no case of brick.

Fuller.

4. Hence, a person who is as dull and lifeless as a stock or post; one who has little sense.

Let's be no stoics, nor no stocks.

Shak.

5. The principal supporting part; the part in which others are inserted, or to which they are attached. Specifically: --

(a) The wood to which the barrel, lock, etc., of a musket or like firearm are secured; also, a long, rectangular piece of wood, which is an important part of several forms of gun carriage.

(b) The handle or contrivance by which bits are held in boring; a bitstock; a brace.

(c) (Joinery) The block of wood or metal frame which constitutes the body of a plane, and in which the plane iron is fitted; a plane stock.

(d) (Naut.) The wooden or iron crosspiece to which the shank of an anchor is attached. See Illust. of Anchor.

(e) The support of the block in which an anvil is fixed, or of the anvil itself.

(f) A handle or wrench forming a holder for the dies for cutting screws; a diestock.

(g) The part of a tally formerly struck in the exchequer, which was delivered to the person who had lent the king money on account, as the evidence of indebtedness. See Counterfoil. [Eng.]

6. The original progenitor; also, the race or line of a family; the progenitor of a family and his direct descendants; lineage; family.

And stand betwixt them made, when, severally, All told their stock.

Chapman.

Thy mother was no goddess, nor thy stock From Dardanus.

Denham.

7. Money or capital which an individual or a firm employs in business; fund; in the United States, the capital of a bank or other company, in the form of transferable shares, each of a certain amount; money funded in government securities, called also the public funds; in the plural, property consisting of shares in joint-stock companies, or in the obligations of a government for its funded debt; -- so in the United States, but in England the latter only are called stocks, and the former shares.

8. (Bookkeeping) Same as Stock account, below.

9. Supply provided; store; accumulation; especially, a merchant's or manufacturer's store of goods; as, to lay in a stock of provisions.

Add to that stock which justly we bestow.

Dryden.

10. (Agric.) Domestic animals or beasts collectively, used or raised on a farm; as, a stock of cattle or of sheep, etc.; -- called also live stock.

11. (Card Playing) That portion of a pack of cards not distributed to the players at the beginning of certain games, as gleek, etc., but which might be drawn from afterward as occasion required; a bank.

I must buy the stock; send me good cardings.

Beau. & Fl.

12. A thrust with a rapier; a stoccado. [Obs.]

13. [Cf. Stocking.] A covering for the leg, or leg and foot; as, upper stocks (breeches); nether stocks (stockings). [Obs.]

With a linen stock on one leg.

Shak.

14. A kind of stiff, wide band or cravat for the neck; as, a silk stock.

15. pl. A frame of timber, with holes in which the feet, or the feet and hands, of criminals were formerly confined by way of punishment.

He shall rest in my stocks.

Piers Plowman.

16. pl. (Shipbuilding) The frame or timbers on which a ship rests while building.

17. pl. Red and gray bricks, used for the exterior of walls and the front of buildings. [Eng.]

18. (Bot.) Any cruciferous plant of the genus Matthiola; as, common stock (Matthiola incana) (see Gilly-flower); ten-weeks stock (M. annua).

19. (Geol.) An irregular metalliferous mass filling a large cavity in a rock formation, as a stock of lead ore deposited in limestone.

20. A race or variety in a species.

21. (Biol.) In tectology, an aggregate or colony of persons (see Person), as trees, chains of salpæ, etc.

22. The beater of a fulling mill. Knight.

23. (Cookery) A liquid or jelly containing the juices and soluble parts of meat, and certain vegetables, etc., extracted by cooking; -- used in making soup, gravy, etc.

Bit stock. See Bitstock. -- Dead stock (Agric.), the implements of husbandry, and produce stored up for use; -- in distinction from live stock, or the domestic animals on the farm. See def. 10, above. -- Head stock. See Headstock. -- Paper stock, rags and other material of which paper is made. -- Stock account (Bookkeeping), an account on a merchant's ledger, one side of which shows the original capital, or stock, and the additions thereto by accumulation or contribution, the other side showing the amounts withdrawn. -- Stock car, a railway car for carrying cattle. -- Stock company (Com.), an incorporated company the capital of which is represented by marketable shares having a certain equal par value. -- Stock duck (Zoöl.), the mallard. -- Stock exchange. (a) The building or place where stocks are bought and sold; stock market; hence, transactions of all kinds in stocks. (b) An association or body of stockbrokers who meet and transact business by certain recognized forms, regulations, and usages. Wharton. Brande & C. -- Stock farmer, a farmer who makes it his business to rear live stock. -- Stock gillyflower (Bot.), the common stock. See Stock, n., 18. -- Stock gold, gold laid up so as to form a stock, or hoard. -- Stock in trade, the goods kept for sale by a shopkeeper; the fittings and appliances of a workman. Simmonds. -- Stock list, a list of stocks, or shares, dealt in, of transactions, and of prices. -- Stock lock, a lock inclosed in a wooden case and attached to the face of a door. -- Stock market. (a) A place where stocks are bought and sold; the stock exchange. (b) A market for live stock. -- Stock pigeon. (Zoöl.) Same as Stockdove. -- Stock purse. (a) A common purse, as distinguished from a private purse. (b) (Mil.) Moneys saved out of the expenses of a company or regiment, and applied to objects of common interest. [Eng.] -- Stock shave, a tool used by blockmakers. -- Stock station, a place or district for rearing stock. [Australia] W. Howitt. -- Stock tackle (Naut.), a tackle used when the anchor is hoisted and secured, to keep its stock clear of the ship's sides. Totten. -- Stock taking, an examination and inventory made of goods or stock in a shop or warehouse; -- usually made periodically. -- Tail stock. See Tailstock. -- To have something on the stock, to be at work at something. -- To take stock, to take account of stock; to make an inventory of stock or goods on hand. Dickens. -- To take stock in. (a) To subscribe for, or purchase, shares in a stock company. (b) To put faith in; to accept as trustworthy; as, to take stock in a person's fidelity. [Slang] -- To take stock of, to take account of the stock of; to take an inventory of; hence, to ascertain the facts in regard to (something). [Eng.]

At the outset of any inquiry it is proper to take stock of the results obtained by previous explorers of the same field.

Leslie Stephen.

Syn. -- Fund; capital; store; supply; accumulation; hoard; provision.

Stock (stk), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stocked (stkt); p. pr. & vb. n. Stocking.] 1. To lay up; to put aside for future use; to store, as merchandise, and the like.

2. To provide with material requisites; to store; to fill; to supply; as, to stock a warehouse, that is, to fill it with goods; to stock a farm, that is, to supply it with cattle and tools; to stock land, that is, to occupy it with a permanent growth, especially of grass.

3. To suffer to retain milk for twenty-four hours or more previous to sale, as cows.

4. To put in the stocks. [R.] Shak.

To stock an anchor (Naut.), to fit it with a stock, or to fasten the stock firmly in place. -- To stock cards (Card Playing), to arrange cards in a certain manner for cheating purposes. [Cant] -- To stock down (Agric.), to sow, as plowed land, with grass seed, in order that it may become swarded, and produce grass. -- To stock up, to extirpate; to dig up.

Stock, a. Used or employed for constant service or application, as if constituting a portion of a stock or supply; standard; permanent; standing; as, a stock actor; a stock play; a stock sermon. "A stock charge against Raleigh." C. Kingsley.

Stock company (Theater), a company of actors regularly employed at one theater, or permanently acting together in various plays under one management.

Stock*ade" (?), n. [F. estacade stockade, boom (confused in French with estocade; see 1st Stoccado); fr. It. steccata a palisade (influenced by OF. estach, estaque, a stake, post), or from Sp. estacada a palisade; both of German origin, and akin to E. stake, stick; cf. G. stecken stick, OHG. steccho. See Stake, n., Stick, n. & v. t., and cf. Estacade, Stacket.] 1. (Mil.) A line of stout posts or timbers set firmly in the earth in contact with each other (and usually with loopholes) to form a barrier, or defensive fortification. [Written also stoccade.]

2. An inclosure, or pen, made with posts and stakes.

Stock*ade", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stockaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stockading.] To surround, fortify, or protect with a stockade.

Stock"-blind` (?), a. Blind as a stock; wholly blind.

Stock"bro`ker (?), n. A broker who deals in stocks.

Stock"dove` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A common European wild pigeon (Columba ænas), so called because at one time believed to be the stock of the domestic pigeon, or, according to some, from its breeding in the stocks, or trunks, of trees.

The name is applied, also, to other related species, as the Indian stockdove (Palumbæna Eversmanni).

Stock"er (?), n. One who makes or fits stocks, as of guns or gun carriages, etc.

Stock"fish` (?), n. [Cf. D. stokvisch.] 1. Salted and dried fish, especially codfish, hake, ling, and torsk; also, codfish dried without being salted.

2. (Zoöl.) Young fresh cod.

Stock"hold`er (?), n. One who is a holder or proprietor of stock in the public funds, or in the funds of a bank or other stock company.

Stock`i*net" (?), n. An elastic textile fabric imitating knitting, of which stockings, under-garments, etc., are made.

Stock"ing (?), n. [From Stock, which was formerly used of a covering for the legs and feet, combining breeches, or upper stocks, and stockings, or nether stocks.] A close-fitting covering for the foot and leg, usually knit or woven.

Blue stocking. See Bluestocking. -- Stocking frame, a machine for knitting stockings or other hosiery goods.

Stock"ing, v. t. To dress in GBs. Dryden.

Stock"ing*er (?), n. A stocking weaver.

Stock"ish, a. Like a stock; stupid; blockish.

Since naught so stockish, hard, and full of rage, But music for the time doth change his nature.

Shak.

Stock"job`ber (?), n. [Stock + job.] One who speculates in stocks for gain; one whose occupation is to buy and sell stocks. In England a jobber acts as an intermediary between brokers.

Stock"job`bing (?), n. The act or art of dealing in stocks; the business of a stockjobber.

Stock"man (?), n.; pl. Stockmen (&?;). A herdsman; a ranchman; one owning, or having charge of, herds of live stock. [Australia & U.S.] W. Howitt.

Stock"-still` (?), a. [CF. G. stock- still.] Still as a stock, or fixed post; perfectly still.

His whole work stands stock-still.

Sterne.

Stock"work` (?), n. [G. stockwerk.] 1. (Mining) A system of working in ore, etc., when it lies not in strata or veins, but in solid masses, so as to be worked in chambers or stories.

2. (Geol.) A metalliferous deposit characterized by the impregnation of the mass of rock with many small veins or nests irregularly grouped. This kind of deposit is especially common with tin ore. Such deposits are worked in floors or stories.

Stock"y (?), a. [From Stock.] 1. Short and thick; thick rather than tall or corpulent. Addison.

Stocky, twisted, hunchback stems.

Mrs. H. H. Jackson.

2. Headstrong. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot.

Stodg"y (?), a. Wet. [Prov. Eng.] G. Eliot.

Stœch`i*ol"o*gy (?), n., Stœch`i*om"e*try (&?;), n., etc. See Stoichiology, Stoichiometry, etc.

Sto"ic (?), n. [L. stoicus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, adj., literally, of or pertaining to a colonnade, from &?; a roofed colonnade, a porch, especially, a porch in Athens where Zeno and his successors taught.] 1. A disciple of the philosopher Zeno; one of a Greek sect which held that men should be free from passion, unmoved by joy or grief, and should submit without complaint to unavoidable necessity, by which all things are governed.

2. Hence, a person not easily excited; an apathetic person; one who is apparently or professedly indifferent to pleasure or pain.

A Stoic of the woods, a man without a tear.

Campbell.

School of Stoics. See The Porch, under Porch.

{ Sto"ic (?), Sto"ic*al (?), } a. [L. stoicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. stoïque. See Stoic, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Stoics; resembling the Stoics or their doctrines.

2. Not affected by passion; manifesting indifference to pleasure or pain. -- Sto"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Sto"ic*al*ness, n.

Stoi`chi*o*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to stoichiology.

Stoi`chi*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a first element + -logy.] [Written also stœchiology.] 1. That part of the science of physiology which treats of the elements, or principles, composing animal tissues.

2. (Logic) The doctrine of the elementary requisites of mere thought. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. The statement or discussion of the first principles of any science or art.

{ Stoi`chi*o*met"ric (?), Stoi`chi*o*met"ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stoichiometry; employed in, or obtained by, stoichiometry.

Stoi`chi*om"e*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; a first principle, or element + -metry.] The art or process of calculating the atomic proportions, combining weights, and other numerical relations of chemical elements and their compounds.

Sto"i*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. stoïcisme.] 1. The opinions and maxims of the Stoics.

2. A real or pretended indifference to pleasure or pain; insensibility; impassiveness.

Sto*ic"i*ty (?), n. Stoicism. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stoke (?), v. t. [OE. stoken, fr. D. stoken, fr. stok a stick (cf. OF. estoquier to thrust, stab; of Teutonic origin, and akin to D. stok). See Stock.] 1. To stick; to thrust; to stab. [Obs.]

Nor short sword for to stoke, with point biting.

Chaucer.

2. To poke or stir up, as a fire; hence, to tend, as the fire of a furnace, boiler, etc.

Stoke, v. i. To poke or stir up a fire; hence, to tend the fires of furnaces, steamers, etc.

Stoke"hole` (?), n. The mouth to the grate of a furnace; also, the space in front of the furnace, where the stokers stand.

Stok"er (?), n. [D. See Stoke, v. t.] 1. One who is employed to tend a furnace and supply it with fuel, especially the furnace of a locomotive or of a marine steam boiler; also, a machine for feeding fuel to a fire.

2. A fire poker. [R.] C. Richardson (Dict.).

Sto"key (?), a. Close; sultry. [Prov. Eng.]

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||Sto"la (?), n.; pl. Stolæ (#). [L. See Stole a garment.] (Rom. ||Antiq.) A long garment, descending to the ankles, worn by Roman ||women.

The stola was not allowed to be worn by courtesans, or by women who had been divorced from their husbands.

Fairholt.

Stole (?), imp. of Steal.

Stole, n. [L. stolo, - onis.] (Bot.) A stolon.

Stole, n. [AS. stole, L. stola, Gr. &?; a stole, garment, equipment, fr. &?; to set, place, equip, send, akin to E. stall. See Stall.] 1. A long, loose garment reaching to the feet. Spenser.

But when mild morn, in saffron stole, First issues from her eastern goal.

T. Warton.

2. (Eccl.) A narrow band of silk or stuff, sometimes enriched with embroidery and jewels, worn on the left shoulder of deacons, and across both shoulders of bishops and priests, pendent on each side nearly to the ground. At Mass, it is worn crossed on the breast by priests. It is used in various sacred functions.

Groom of the stole, the first lord of the bedchamber in the royal household. [Eng.] Brande & C.

Stoled (?), a. Having or wearing a stole.

After them flew the prophets, brightly stoled In shining lawn.

G. Fletcher.

Stol"en (?), p. p. of Steal.

Stol"id (?), a. [L. stolidus.] Hopelessly insensible or stupid; not easily aroused or excited; dull; impassive; foolish.

Sto*lid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stoliditas.] The state or quality of being stolid; dullness of intellect; obtuseness; stupidity.

Indocile, intractable fools, whose stolidity can baffle all arguments, and be proof against demonstration itself.

Bentley.

Stol"id*ness (?), n. Same as Stolidity.

Sto"lon (?), n. [L. stolo, - onis: cf. F. stolon. Cf. Stole a stolon, 1st Stool.] 1. (Bot.) A trailing branch which is disposed to take root at the end or at the joints; a stole.

2. (Zoöl.) An extension of the integument of the body, or of the body wall, from which buds are developed, giving rise to new zooids, and thus forming a compound animal in which the zooids usually remain united by the stolons. Such stolons are often present in Anthozoa, Hydroidea, Bryozoa, and social ascidians. See Illust. under Scyphistoma.

Stol`o*nif"er*ous (?), a. [Stolon + -ferous: cf. F. stolonifère.] Producing stolons; putting forth suckers.

||Sto"ma (?), n.; pl. Stomata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a mouth.] 1. ||(Anat.) One of the minute apertures between the cells in many serous ||membranes.

2. (Bot.) (a) The minute breathing pores of leaves or other organs opening into the intercellular spaces, and usually bordered by two contractile cells. (b) The line of dehiscence of the sporangium of a fern. It is usually marked by two transversely elongated cells. See Illust. of Sporangium.

3. (Zoöl.) A stigma. See Stigma, n., 6 (a) & (b).

Stom"ach (?), n. [OE. stomak, F. estomac, L. stomachus, fr. Gr. sto`machos stomach, throat, gullet, fr. sto`ma a mouth, any outlet or entrance.] 1. (Anat.) An enlargement, or series of enlargements, in the anterior part of the alimentary canal, in which food is digested; any cavity in which digestion takes place in an animal; a digestive cavity. See Digestion, and Gastric juice, under Gastric.

2. The desire for food caused by hunger; appetite; as, a good stomach for roast beef. Shak.

3. Hence appetite in general; inclination; desire.

He which hath no stomach to this fight, Let him depart.

Shak.

4. Violence of temper; anger; sullenness; resentment; willful obstinacy; stubbornness. [Obs.]

Stern was his look, and full of stomach vain.

Spenser.

This sort of crying proceeding from pride, obstinacy, and stomach, the will, where the fault lies, must be bent.

Locke.

5. Pride; haughtiness; arrogance. [Obs.]

He was a man Of an unbounded stomach.

Shak.

Stomach pump (Med.), a small pump or syringe with a flexible tube, for drawing liquids from the stomach, or for injecting them into it. -- Stomach tube (Med.), a long flexible tube for introduction into the stomach. -- Stomach worm (Zoöl.), the common roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) found in the human intestine, and rarely in the stomach.

Stom"ach, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stomached (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stomaching.] [Cf. L. stomachari, v.t. & i., to be angry or vexed at a thing.] 1. To resent; to remember with anger; to dislike. Shak.

The lion began to show his teeth, and to stomach the affront.

L'Estrange.

The Parliament sit in that body . . . to be his counselors and dictators, though he stomach it.

Milton.

2. To bear without repugnance; to brook. [Colloq.]

Stom"ach, v. i. To be angry. [Obs.] Hooker.

Stom"ach*al (?), a. [Cf. F. stomacal.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; gastric.

2. Helping the stomach; stomachic; cordial.

Stom"ach*al, n. A stomachic. Dunglison.

Stom"ach*er (?), n. 1. One who stomachs.

2. (&?; or &?;) An ornamental covering for the breast, worn originally both by men and women. Those worn by women were often richly decorated.

A stately lady in a diamond stomacher.

Johnson.

Stom"ach*ful (?), a. Willfully obstinate; stubborn; perverse. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ly, adv. [Obs.] -- Stom"ach*ful*ness, n. [Obs.]

{ Sto*mach"ic (?), Sto*mach"ic*al (?), } a. [L. stomachicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. stomachique.] 1. Of or pertaining to the stomach; as, stomachic vessels.

2. Strengthening to the stomach; exciting the action of the stomach; stomachal; cordial.

Sto*mach"ic, n. (Med.) A medicine that strengthens the stomach and excites its action.

Stom"ach*ing (?), n. Resentment. [Obs.]

Stom"ach*less, a. 1. Being without a stomach.

2. Having no appetite. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Stom"ach*ous (?), a. [L. stomachosus angry, peexish. See Stomach.] Stout; sullen; obstinate. [Obs.]

With stern looks and stomachous disdain.

Spenser.

Stom"ach*y (?), a. Obstinate; sullen; haughty.

A little, bold, solemn, stomachy man, a great professor of piety.

R. L. Stevenson.

Sto"ma*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Stomapoda.

||Sto*map"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Stoma, and -poda.] (Zoöl.) An order ||of Crustacea including the squillas. The maxillipeds are leglike in ||form, and the large claws are comblike. They have a large and ||elongated abdomen, which contains a part of the stomach and heart; ||the abdominal appendages are large, and bear the gills. Called also ||Gastrula, Stomatopoda, and Squilloidea.

Sto"mate (?), n. (Bot.) A stoma.

Sto*mat"ic (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a stoma; of the nature of a stoma.

Sto*mat"ic, n. [Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth.] (Med.) A medicine for diseases of the mouth. Dunglison.

Stom`a*tif"er*ous (?), a. [Gr. sto`ma, -atos mouth + -ferous.] Having or producing stomata.

||Stom`a*ti"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. sto`ma, -atos, mouth + -itis.] ||(Med.) Inflammation of the mouth.

||Stom`a*to"da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth.] (Zoöl.) A ||division of Protozoa in which a mouthlike opening exists.

||Stom`a*to*dæ"um (?), n. (Anat.) Same as Stomodæum.

Stom"a*tode (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having a mouth; -- applied to certain Protozoa. -- n. One of the Stomatoda.

Stom`a*to*gas"tric (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + E. gastric.] Of or pertaining to the mouth and the stomach; as, the stomatogastric ganglion of certain Mollusca.

Stom`a*to*plas"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + -plastic.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to the operation of forming a mouth where the aperture has been contracted, or in any way deformed.

Stom"a*to*pod (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the Stomatopoda.

||Stom`a*top"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL. See Stoma, and -pod.] (Zoöl.) Same ||as Stomapoda.

Stom`a*top"o*dous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Stomatopoda.

Stom"a*to*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + -scope.] (Med.) An apparatus for examining the interior of the mouth.

Stom"a*tous (?), a. Having a stoma.

||Stom`o*dæ"um (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth + &?; to divide.] ||1. (Anat.) A part of the alimentary canal. See under Mesenteron.

2. (Zoöl.) The primitive mouth and esophagus of the embryo of annelids and arthropods.

Stomp (?), v. i. [See Stamp.] To stamp with the foot. [Colloq.] "In gallant procession, the priests mean to stomp." R. Browning.

Stond (?), n. [For stand.] 1. Stop; halt; hindrance. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. A stand; a post; a station. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stond, v. i. To stand. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stone (?), n. [OE. ston, stan, AS. stn; akin to OS. & OFries. stn, D. steen, G. stein, Icel. steinn, Sw. sten, Dan. steen, Goth. stains, Russ. stiena a wall, Gr. &?;, &?;, a pebble. &radic;167. Cf. Steen.] 1. Concreted earthy or mineral matter; also, any particular mass of such matter; as, a house built of stone; the boy threw a stone; pebbles are rounded stones. "Dumb as a stone." Chaucer.

They had brick for stone, and slime . . . for mortar.

Gen. xi. 3.

In popular language, very large masses of stone are called rocks; small masses are called stones; and the finer kinds, gravel, or sand, or grains of sand. Stone is much and widely used in the construction of buildings of all kinds, for walls, fences, piers, abutments, arches, monuments, sculpture, and the like.

2. A precious stone; a gem. "Many a rich stone." Chaucer. "Inestimable stones, unvalued jewels." Shak.

3. Something made of stone. Specifically: -

(a) The glass of a mirror; a mirror. [Obs.]

Lend me a looking-glass; If that her breath will mist or stain the stone, Why, then she lives.

Shak.

(b) A monument to the dead; a gravestone. Gray.

Should some relenting eye Glance on the where our cold relics lie.

Pope.

4. (Med.) A calculous concretion, especially one in the kidneys or bladder; the disease arising from a calculus.

5. One of the testes; a testicle. Shak.

6. (Bot.) The hard endocarp of drupes; as, the stone of a cherry or peach. See Illust. of Endocarp.

7. A weight which legally is fourteen pounds, but in practice varies with the article weighed. [Eng.]

The stone of butchers' meat or fish is reckoned at 8 lbs.; of cheese, 16 lbs.; of hemp, 32 lbs.; of glass, 5 lbs.

8. Fig.: Symbol of hardness and insensibility; torpidness; insensibility; as, a heart of stone.

I have not yet forgot myself to stone.

Pope.

9. (Print.) A stand or table with a smooth, flat top of stone, commonly marble, on which to arrange the pages of a book, newspaper, etc., before printing; -- called also imposing stone.

Stone is used adjectively or in composition with other words to denote made of stone, containing a stone or stones, employed on stone, or, more generally, of or pertaining to stone or stones; as, stone fruit, or stone-fruit; stone-hammer, or stone hammer; stone falcon, or stone-falcon. Compounded with some adjectives it denotes a degree of the quality expressed by the adjective equal to that possessed by a stone; as, stone-dead, stone-blind, stone-cold, stone-still, etc.

Atlantic stone, ivory. [Obs.] "Citron tables, or Atlantic stone." Milton. -- Bowing stone. Same as Cromlech. Encyc. Brit. -- Meteoric stones, stones which fall from the atmosphere, as after the explosion of a meteor. -- Philosopher's stone. See under Philosopher. -- Rocking stone. See Rocking-stone. -- Stone age, a supposed prehistoric age of the world when stone and bone were habitually used as the materials for weapons and tools; -- called also flint age. The bronze age succeeded to this. -- Stone bass (Zoöl.), any one of several species of marine food fishes of the genus Serranus and allied genera, as Serranus Couchii, and Polyprion cernium of Europe; -- called also sea perch. -- Stone biter (Zoöl.), the wolf fish. -- Stone boiling, a method of boiling water or milk by dropping hot stones into it, -- in use among savages. Tylor. -- Stone borer (Zoöl.), any animal that bores stones; especially, one of certain bivalve mollusks which burrow in limestone. See Lithodomus, and Saxicava. -- Stone bramble (Bot.), a European trailing species of bramble (Rubus saxatilis). -- Stone- break. [Cf. G. steinbrech.] (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Saxifraga; saxifrage. -- Stone bruise, a sore spot on the bottom of the foot, from a bruise by a stone. -- Stone canal. (Zoöl.) Same as Sand canal, under Sand. -- Stone cat (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small fresh-water North American catfishes of the genus Noturus. They have sharp pectoral spines with which they inflict painful wounds. -- Stone coal, hard coal; mineral coal; anthracite coal. -- Stone coral (Zoöl.), any hard calcareous coral. -- Stone crab. (Zoöl.) (a) A large crab (Menippe mercenaria) found on the southern coast of the United States and much used as food. (b) A European spider crab (Lithodes maia). Stone crawfish (Zoöl.), a European crawfish (Astacus torrentium), by many writers considered only a variety of the common species (A. fluviatilis). -- Stone curlew. (Zoöl.) (a) A large plover found in Europe (Edicnemus crepitans). It frequents stony places. Called also thick-kneed plover or bustard, and thick-knee. (b) The whimbrel. [Prov. Eng.] (c) The willet. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone crush. Same as Stone bruise, above. -- Stone eater. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone borer, above. -- Stone falcon (Zoöl.), the merlin. -- Stone fern (Bot.), a European fern (Asplenium Ceterach) which grows on rocks and walls. -- Stone fly (Zoöl.), any one of many species of pseudoneuropterous insects of the genus Perla and allied genera; a perlid. They are often used by anglers for bait. The larvæ are aquatic. -- Stone fruit (Bot.), any fruit with a stony endocarp; a drupe, as a peach, plum, or cherry. -- Stone grig (Zoöl.), the mud lamprey, or pride. -- Stone hammer, a hammer formed with a face at one end, and a thick, blunt edge, parallel with the handle, at the other, -- used for breaking stone. -- Stone hawk (Zoöl.), the merlin; -- so called from its habit of sitting on bare stones. -- Stone jar, a jar made of stoneware. -- Stone lily (Paleon.), a fossil crinoid. -- Stone lugger. (Zoöl.) See Stone roller, below. -- Stone marten (Zoöl.), a European marten (Mustela foina) allied to the pine marten, but having a white throat; -- called also beech marten. -- Stone mason, a mason who works or builds in stone. -- Stone-mortar (Mil.), a kind of large mortar formerly used in sieges for throwing a mass of small stones short distances. -- Stone oil, rock oil, petroleum. -- Stone parsley (Bot.), an umbelliferous plant (Seseli Labanotis). See under Parsley. -- Stone pine. (Bot.) A nut pine. See the Note under Pine, and Piñon. -- Stone pit, a quarry where stones are dug. -- Stone pitch, hard, inspissated pitch. -- Stone plover. (Zoöl.) (a) The European stone curlew. (b) Any one of several species of Asiatic plovers of the genus Esacus; as, the large stone plover (E. recurvirostris). (c) The gray or black- bellied plover. [Prov. Eng.] (d) The ringed plover. (e) The bar-tailed godwit. [Prov. Eng.] Also applied to other species of limicoline birds. -- Stone roller. (Zoöl.) (a) An American fresh-water fish (Catostomus nigricans) of the Sucker family. Its color is yellowish olive, often with dark blotches. Called also stone lugger, stone toter, hog sucker, hog mullet. (b) A common American cyprinoid fish (Campostoma anomalum); -- called also stone lugger. -- Stone's cast, or Stone's throw, the distance to which a stone may be thrown by the hand. -- Stone snipe (Zoöl.), the greater yellowlegs, or tattler. [Local, U.S.] -- Stone toter. (Zoöl.) (a) See Stone roller (a), above. (b) A cyprinoid fish (Exoglossum maxillingua) found in the rivers from Virginia to New York. It has a three-lobed lower lip; -- called also cutlips. -- To leave no stone unturned, to do everything that can be done; to use all practicable means to effect an object.

Stone (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoning.] [From Stone, n.: cf. AS. st&?;nan, Goth. stainjan.] 1. To pelt, beat, or kill with stones.

And they stoned Stephen, calling upon God, and saying, Lord Jesus, receive my spirit.

Acts vii. 59.

2. To make like stone; to harden.

O perjured woman! thou dost stone my heart.

Shak.

3. To free from stones; also, to remove the seeds of; as, to stone a field; to stone cherries; to stone raisins.

4. To wall or face with stones; to line or fortify with stones; as, to stone a well; to stone a cellar.

5. To rub, scour, or sharpen with a stone.

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Stone"bird` (?), n. The yellowlegs; -- called also stone snipe. See Tattler, 2. [Local, U.S.]

Stone"-blind` (?), a. As blind as a stone; completely blind.

Stone"bow` (?), n. A kind of crossbow formerly used for shooting stones. Shak.

Stone"brash` (?), n. A subsoil made up of small stones or finely-broken rock; brash.

Stone"brear`er (?), n. A machine for crushing or hammering stone. Knight.

Stone"buck` (?), n. (Zoöl.) See Steinbock.

Stone"chat` (?), n. [Stone + chat.] [So called from the similarity of its alarm note to the clicking together of two pebbles.] (Zoöl.) (a) A small, active, and very common European singing bird (Pratincola rubicola); -- called also chickstone, stonechacker, stonechatter, stoneclink, stonesmith. (b) The wheatear. (c) The blue titmouse.

The name is sometimes applied to various species of Saxicola, Pratincola, and allied genera; as, the pied stonechat of India (Saxicola picata).

Stone"-cold` (?), a. Cold as a stone.

Stone-cold without, within burnt with love's flame.

Fairfax.

Stone"cray` (?), n. [Stone + F. craie chalk, L. creta.] A distemper in hawks.

Stone"crop` (?), n. [AS. stncropp.] 1. A sort of tree. [Obs.] Mortimer.

2. (Bot.) Any low succulent plant of the genus Sedum, esp. Sedum acre, which is common on bare rocks in Europe, and is spreading in parts of America. See Orpine.

Virginian, or Ditch, stonecrop, an American plant (Penthorum sedoides).

Stone"cut`ter (?), n. One whose occupation is to cut stone; also, a machine for dressing stone.

Stone"cut`ting (?), n. Hewing or dressing stone.

Stone"-dead` (?), a. As dead as a stone.

Stone"-deaf` (?), a. As deaf as a stone; completely deaf.

Stone"gall` (?), n. [Cf. D. steengal, G. steingall. See Stannel.] (Zoöl.) See Stannel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"hatch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The ring plover, or dotterel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"-heart`ed (?), a. Hard- hearted; cruel; pitiless; unfeeling.

Stone"henge (?), n. An assemblage of upright stones with others placed horizontally on their tops, on Salisbury Plain, England, -- generally supposed to be the remains of an ancient Druidical temple.

Stone"-horse` (?), n. Stallion. [Obs.] Mortimer.

Ston"er (?), n. 1. One who stones; one who makes an assault with stones.

2. One who walls with stones.

Stone"root` (?), n. (Bot.) A North American plant (Collinsonia Canadensis) having a very hard root; horse balm. See Horse balm, under Horse.

Stone"run`ner (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The ring plover, or the ringed dotterel. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The dotterel. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"smic`kle (?), n. (Zoöl.) The stonechat; -- called also stonesmitch. [Prov. Eng.]

Stone"-still` (?), a. As still as a stone. Shak.

Stone"ware` (?), n. A species of coarse potter's ware, glazed and baked.

Stone"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Lithospermum, herbs having a fruit composed of four stony nutlets.

Stone"work` (?), n. Work or wall consisting of stone; mason's work of stone. Mortimer.

Stone"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Chara; -- so called because they are often incrusted with carbonate of lime. See Chara.

Ston"i*ly (?), adv. In a stony manner.

Ston"i*ness, n. The quality or state of being stony.

Ston"ish, a. Stony. [R.] "Possessed with stonish insensibility." Robynson (More's Utopia).

Stont (?), obs. 3d pers. sing. present of Stand.

Ston"y (?), a. [Compar. Stonier (?); superl. Stoniest.] [AS. stnig. See Stone.] 1. Of or pertaining to stone, consisting of, or abounding in, stone or stones; resembling stone; hard; as, a stony tower; a stony cave; stony ground; a stony crust.

2. Converting into stone; petrifying; petrific.

The stony dart of senseless cold.

Spenser.

3. Inflexible; cruel; unrelenting; pitiless; obdurate; perverse; cold; morally hard; appearing as if petrified; as, a stony heart; a stony gaze.

Stony coral. (Zoöl.) Same as Stone coral, under Stone.

Stood (?), imp. & p. p. of Stand.

Stook (?), n. [Scot. stook, stouk; cf. LG. stuke a heap, bundle, G. stauche a truss, bundle of flax.] (Agric.) A small collection of sheaves set up in the field; a shock; in England, twelve sheaves.

Stook, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stooked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stooking.] (Agric.) To set up, as sheaves of grain, in stooks.

Stool (?), n. [L. stolo. See Stolon.] (Hort.) A plant from which layers are propagated by bending its branches into the soil. P. Henderson.

Stool, v. i. (Agric.) To ramfy; to tiller, as grain; to shoot out suckers. R. D. Blackmore.

Stool (?), n. [AS. stl a seat; akin to OFries. & OS. stl, D. stoel, G. stuhl, OHG. stuol, Icel. stll, Sw. & Dan. stol, Goth. stls, Lith. stalas a table, Russ. stol'; from the root of E. stand. &radic;163. See Stand, and cf. Fauteuil.] 1. A single seat with three or four legs and without a back, made in various forms for various uses.

2. A seat used in evacuating the bowels; hence, an evacuation; a discharge from the bowels.

3. A stool pigeon, or decoy bird. [U. S.]

4. (Naut.) A small channel on the side of a vessel, for the dead-eyes of the backstays. Totten.

5. A bishop's seat or see; a bishop- stool. J. P. Peters.

6. A bench or form for resting the feet or the knees; a footstool; as, a kneeling stool.

7. Material, such as oyster shells, spread on the sea bottom for oyster spat to adhere to. [Local, U.S.]

Stool of a window, or Window stool (Arch.), the flat piece upon which the window shuts down, and which corresponds to the sill of a door; in the United States, the narrow shelf fitted on the inside against the actual sill upon which the sash descends. This is called a window seat when broad and low enough to be used as a seat. -- Stool of repentance, the cuttystool. [Scot.] -- Stool pigeon, a pigeon used as a decoy to draw others within a net; hence, a person used as a decoy for others.

Stool"ball` (?), n. A kind of game with balls, formerly common in England, esp. with young women.

Nausicaa With other virgins did at stoolball play.

Chapman.

Stoom (?), v. t. [D. stommen to adulterate, to drug (wine). &radic;163. Cf. Stum.] To stum. [R.]

Stoop (?), n. [D. stoep.] (Arch.) Originally, a covered porch with seats, at a house door; the Dutch stoep as introduced by the Dutch into New York. Afterward, an out-of-door flight of stairs of from seven to fourteen steps, with platform and parapets, leading to an entrance door some distance above the street; the French perron. Hence, any porch, platform, entrance stairway, or small veranda, at a house door. [U. S.]

Stoop, n. [OE. stope, Icel. staup; akin to AS. steáp, D. stoop, G. stauf, OHG. stouph.] A vessel of liquor; a flagon. [Written also stoup.]

Fetch me a stoop of liquor.

Shak.

Stoop, n. [Cf. Icel. staup a knobby lump.] A post fixed in the earth. [Prov. Eng.]

Stoop, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stooped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stooping.] [OE. stoupen; akin to AS. st&?;pian, OD. stuypen, Icel. stpa, Sw. stupa to fall, to tilt. Cf 5th Steep.] 1. To bend the upper part of the body downward and forward; to bend or lean forward; to incline forward in standing or walking; to assume habitually a bent position.

2. To yield; to submit; to bend, as by compulsion; to assume a position of humility or subjection.

Mighty in her ships stood Carthage long, . . . Yet stooped to Rome, less wealthy, but more strong.

Dryden.

These are arts, my prince, In which your Zama does not stoop to Rome.

Addison.

3. To descend from rank or dignity; to condescend. "She stoops to conquer." Goldsmith.

Where men of great wealth stoop to husbandry, it multiplieth riches exceedingly.

Bacon.

4. To come down as a hawk does on its prey; to pounce; to souse; to swoop.

The bird of Jove, stooped from his aëry tour, Two birds of gayest plume before him drove.

Milton.

5. To sink when on the wing; to alight.

And stoop with closing pinions from above.

Dryden.

Cowering low With blandishment, each bird stooped on his wing.

Milton.

Syn. -- To lean; yield; submit; condescend; descend; cower; shrink.

Stoop, v. t. 1. To bend forward and downward; to bow down; as, to stoop the body. "Have stooped my neck." Shak.

2. To cause to incline downward; to slant; as, to stoop a cask of liquor.

3. To cause to submit; to prostrate. [Obs.]

Many of those whose states so tempt thine ears Are stooped by death; and many left alive.

Chapman.

4. To degrade. [Obs.] Shak.

Stoop, n. 1. The act of stooping, or bending the body forward; inclination forward; also, an habitual bend of the back and shoulders.

2. Descent, as from dignity or superiority; condescension; an act or position of humiliation.

Can any loyal subject see With patience such a stoop from sovereignty?

Dryden.

3. The fall of a bird on its prey; a swoop. L'Estrange.

Stoop"er (?), n. One who stoops.

Stoop"ing, a. & n. from Stoop. -- Stoop"ing*ly, adv.

Stoor (?), v. i. [Cf. D. storen to disturb. Cf. Stir.] To rise in clouds, as dust. [Prov. Eng.]

{ Stoor (?), Stor (?) }, a. [AS. str; akin to LG. stur, Icel. strr.] Strong; powerful; hardy; bold; audacious. [Obs. or Scot.]

O stronge lady stoor, what doest thou?

Chaucer.

Stop (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stopped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stopping.] [OE. stoppen, AS. stoppian (in comp.); akin to LG. & D. stoppen, G. stopfen, Icel. stoppa, Sw. stoppa, Dan. stoppe; all probably fr. LL. stopare, stupare, fr. L. stuppa the coarse part of flax, tow, oakum. Cf. Estop, Stuff, Stupe a fomentation.] 1. To close, as an aperture, by filling or by obstructing; as, to stop the ears; hence, to stanch, as a wound. Shak.

2. To obstruct; to render impassable; as, to stop a way, road, or passage.

3. To arrest the progress of; to hinder; to impede; to shut in; as, to stop a traveler; to stop the course of a stream, or a flow of blood.

4. To hinder from acting or moving; to prevent the effect or efficiency of; to cause to cease; to repress; to restrain; to suppress; to interrupt; to suspend; as, to stop the execution of a decree, the progress of vice, the approaches of old age or infirmity.

Whose disposition all the world well knows Will not be rubbed nor stopped.

Shak.

5. (Mus.) To regulate the sounds of, as musical strings, by pressing them against the finger board with the finger, or by shortening in any way the vibrating part.

6. To point, as a composition; to punctuate. [R.]

If his sentences were properly stopped.

Landor.

7. (Naut.) To make fast; to stopper.

Syn. -- To obstruct; hinder; impede; repress; suppress; restrain; discontinue; delay; interrupt.

To stop off (Founding), to fill (a part of a mold) with sand, where a part of the cavity left by the pattern is not wanted for the casting. -- To stop the mouth. See under Mouth.

Stop (?), v. i. 1. To cease to go on; to halt, or stand still; to come to a stop.

He bites his lip, and starts; Stops on a sudden, looks upon the ground; Then lays his finger on his temple: strait Springs out into fast gait; then stops again.

Shak.

2. To cease from any motion, or course of action.

Stop, while ye may, suspend your mad career!

Cowper.

3. To spend a short time; to reside temporarily; to stay; to tarry; as, to stop with a friend. [Colloq.]

By stopping at home till the money was gone.

R. D. Blackmore.

To stop over, to stop at a station beyond the time of the departure of the train on which one came, with the purpose of continuing one's journey on a subsequent train; to break one's journey. [Railroad Cant, U.S.]

Stop, n. 1. The act of stopping, or the state of being stopped; hindrance of progress or of action; cessation; repression; interruption; check; obstruction.

It is doubtful . . . whether it contributed anything to the stop of the infection.

De Foe.

Occult qualities put a stop to the improvement of natural philosophy.

Sir I. Newton.

It is a great step toward the mastery of our desires to give this stop to them.

Locke.

2. That which stops, impedes, or obstructs; as obstacle; an impediment; an obstruction.

A fatal stop traversed their headlong course.

Daniel.

So melancholy a prospect should inspire us with zeal to oppose some stop to the rising torrent.

Rogers.

3. (Mach.) A device, or piece, as a pin, block, pawl, etc., for arresting or limiting motion, or for determining the position to which another part shall be brought.

4. (Mus.) (a) The closing of an aperture in the air passage, or pressure of the finger upon the string, of an instrument of music, so as to modify the tone; hence, any contrivance by which the sounds of a musical instrument are regulated.

The organ sound a time survives the stop.

Daniel.

(b) In the organ, one of the knobs or handles at each side of the organist, by which he can draw on or shut off any register or row of pipes; the register itself; as, the vox humana stop.

5. (Arch.) A member, plain or molded, formed of a separate piece and fixed to a jamb, against which a door or window shuts. This takes the place, or answers the purpose, of a rebate. Also, a pin or block to prevent a drawer from sliding too far.

6. A point or mark in writing or printing intended to distinguish the sentences, parts of a sentence, or clauses; a mark of punctuation. See Punctuation.

7. (Opt.) The diaphragm used in optical instruments to cut off the marginal portions of a beam of light passing through lenses.

8. (Zoöl.) The depression in the face of a dog between the skull and the nasal bones. It is conspicuous in the bulldog, pug, and some other breeds.

9. (Phonetics) Some part of the articulating organs, as the lips, or the tongue and palate, closed (a) so as to cut off the passage of breath or voice through the mouth and the nose (distinguished as a lip-stop, or a front-stop, etc., as in p, t, d, etc.), or (b) so as to obstruct, but not entirely cut off, the passage, as in l, n, etc.; also, any of the consonants so formed. H. Sweet.

Stop bead (Arch.), the molding screwed to the inner side of a window frame, on the face of the pulley stile, completing the groove in which the inner sash is to slide. -- Stop motion (Mach.), an automatic device for arresting the motion of a machine, as when a certain operation is completed, or when an imperfection occurs in its performance or product, or in the material which is supplied to it, etc. -- Stop plank, one of a set of planks employed to form a sort of dam in some hydraulic works. -- Stop valve, a valve that can be closed or opened at will, as by hand, for preventing or regulating flow, as of a liquid in a pipe; -- in distinction from a valve which is operated by the action of the fluid it restrains. -- Stop watch, a watch the hands of which can be stopped in order to tell exactly the time that has passed, as in timing a race. See Independent seconds watch, under Independent, a.

Syn. -- Cessation; check; obstruction; obstacle; hindrance; impediment; interruption.

Stop"cock` (?), n. 1. A bib, faucet, or short pipe, fitted with a turning stopper or plug for permitting or restraining the flow of a liquid or gas; a cock or valve for checking or regulating the flow of water, gas, etc., through or from a pipe, etc.

2. The turning plug, stopper, or spigot of a faucet. [R.]

Stope (?), n. [Cf. Step, n. & v. i.] (Mining) A horizontal working forming one of a series, the working faces of which present the appearance of a flight of steps.

Stope, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoping.] (Mining) (a) To excavate in the form of stopes. (b) To fill in with rubbish, as a space from which the ore has been worked out.

<! p. 1420 !>

{ Stope (?), Sto"pen (?) }, p. p. of Step. Stepped; gone; advanced. [Obs.]

A poor widow, somedeal stope in age.

Chaucer.

Stop"-gap` (?), n. That which closes or fills up an opening or gap; hence, a temporary expedient.

Moral prejudices are the stop-gaps of virtue.

Hare.

Stop"ing (?), n. (Mining) The act of excavating in the form of stopes.

Stop"less (?), a. Not to be stopped. Davenant.

Stop"-o`ver (?), a. Permitting one to stop over; as, a stop-over check or ticket. See To stop over, under Stop, v. i. [Railroad Cant, U.S.]

Stop"page (?), n. The act of stopping, or arresting progress, motion, or action; also, the state of being stopped; as, the stoppage of the circulation of the blood; the stoppage of commerce.

Stopped (?), a. (Phonetics) Made by complete closure of the mouth organs; shut; -- said of certain consonants (p, b, t, d, etc.). H. Sweet.

Stop"per (?), n. 1. One who stops, closes, shuts, or hinders; that which stops or obstructs; that which closes or fills a vent or hole in a vessel.

2. (Naut.) A short piece of rope having a knot at one or both ends, with a lanyard under the knot, -- used to secure something. Totten.

3. (Bot.) A name to several trees of the genus Eugenia, found in Florida and the West Indies; as, the red stopper. See Eugenia. C. S. Sargent.

Ring stopper (Naut.), a short rope or chain passing through the anchor ring, to secure the anchor to the cathead. -- Stopper bolt (Naut.), a large ringbolt in a ship's deck, to which the deck stoppers are hooked.

Stop"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppering.] To close or secure with a stopper.

Stop"ping (?), n. 1. Material for filling a cavity.

2. (Mining) A partition or door to direct or prevent a current of air.

3. (Far.) A pad or poultice of dung or other material applied to a horse's hoof to keep it moist. Youatt.

Stop"ping-out` (?), n. A method adopted in etching, to keep the acid from those parts which are already sufficiently corroded, by applying varnish or other covering matter with a brush, but allowing the acid to act on the other parts.

Stop"ple (?), n. [Cf. G. stöpfel, stöpsel. See Stop, n. & v. t.] That which stops or closes the mouth of a vessel; a stopper; as, a glass stopple; a cork stopple.

Stop"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoppled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoppling.] To close the mouth of anything with a stopple, or as with a stopple. Cowper.

Stop"ship` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A remora. It was fabled to stop ships by attaching itself to them. Sylvester.

Stor (?), a. See Stoor. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stor"age (?), n. 1. The act of depositing in a store or warehouse for safe keeping; also, the safe keeping of goods in a warehouse.

2. Space for the safe keeping of goods.

3. The price changed for keeping goods in a store.

Storage battery. (Physics) See the Note under Battery.

Sto"rax (?), n. [L. storax, styrax, Gr. &?;. Cf. Styrax.] Any one of a number of similar complex resins obtained from the bark of several trees and shrubs of the Styrax family. The most common of these is liquid storax, a brown or gray semifluid substance of an agreeable aromatic odor and balsamic taste, sometimes used in perfumery, and in medicine as an expectorant.

A yellow aromatic honeylike substance, resembling, and often confounded with, storax, is obtained from the American sweet gum tree (Liquidambar styraciflua), and is much used as a chewing gum, called sweet gum, and liquid storax. Cf. Liquidambar.

Store (?), n. [OE. stor, stoor, OF. estor, provisions, supplies, fr. estorer to store. See Store, v. t.] 1. That which is accumulated, or massed together; a source from which supplies may be drawn; hence, an abundance; a great quantity, or a great number.

The ships are fraught with store of victuals.

Bacon.

With store of ladies, whose bright eyes Rain influence, and give the prize.

Milton.

2. A place of deposit for goods, esp. for large quantities; a storehouse; a warehouse; a magazine.

3. Any place where goods are sold, whether by wholesale or retail; a shop. [U.S. & British Colonies]

4. pl. Articles, especially of food, accumulated for some specific object; supplies, as of provisions, arms, ammunition, and the like; as, the stores of an army, of a ship, of a family.

His swine, his horse, his stoor, and his poultry.

Chaucer.

In store, in a state of accumulation; in keeping; hence, in a state of readiness. "I have better news in store for thee." Shak. -- Store clothes, clothing purchased at a shop or store; -- in distinction from that which is home-made. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Store pay, payment for goods or work in articles from a shop or store, instead of money. [U.S.] -- To set store by, to value greatly; to have a high appreciation of. -- To tell no store of, to make no account of; to consider of no importance.

Syn. -- Fund; supply; abundance; plenty; accumulation; provision. -- Store, Shop. The English call the place where goods are sold (however large or splendid it may be) a shop, and confine the word store to its original meaning; viz., a warehouse, or place where goods are stored. In America the word store is applied to all places, except the smallest, where goods are sold. In some British colonies the word store is used as in the United States.

In his needy shop a tortoise hung, An alligator stuffed, and other skins Of ill-shaped fishes; and about his shelves A beggarly account of empty boxes.

Shak.

Sulphurous and nitrous foam, . . . Concocted and adjusted, they reduced To blackest grain, and into store conveyed.

Milton.

Store, a. Accumulated; hoarded. Bacon.

Store (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storing.] [OE. storen, OF. estorer to construct, restore, store, LL. staurare, for L. instaurare to renew, restore; in + staurare (in comp.) Cf. Instore, Instaurate, Restore, Story a floor.] 1. To collect as a reserved supply; to accumulate; to lay away.

Dora stored what little she could save.

Tennyson.

2. To furnish; to supply; to replenish; esp., to stock or furnish against a future time.

Her mind with thousand virtues stored.

Prior.

Wise Plato said the world with men was stored.

Denham.

Having stored a pond of four acres with carps, tench, and other fish.

Sir M. Hale.

3. To deposit in a store, warehouse, or other building, for preservation; to warehouse; as, to store goods.

Stored (?), a. Collected or accumulated as a reserve supply; as, stored electricity.

It is charged with stored virtue.

Bagehot.

Store"house` (?), n. 1. A building for keeping goods of any kind, especially provisions; a magazine; a repository; a warehouse.

Joseph opened all the storehouses, and sold unto Egyptians.

Gen. xli. 56.

The Scripture of God is a storehouse abounding with estimable treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

Hooker.

2. A mass or quality laid up. [Obs.] Spenser.

Store"keep`er (?), n. 1. A man in charge of stores or goods of any kind; as, a naval storekeeper.

2. One who keeps a "store;" a shopkeeper. See 1st Store, 3. [U. S.]

Stor"er (?), n. One who lays up or forms a store.

Store"room` (?), n. Room in a storehouse or repository; a room in which articles are stored.

Store"ship` (?), n. A vessel used to carry naval stores for a fleet, garrison, or the like.

Sto"rey (?), n. See Story.

||Stor"ge (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;, &?;, to love.] Parental ||affection; the instinctive affection which animals have for their ||young.

Sto"ri*al (?), a. Historical. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Sto"ried (?), a. [From Story.] 1. Told in a story.

2. Having a history; interesting from the stories which pertain to it; venerable from the associations of the past.

Some greedy minion, or imperious wife, The trophied arches, storied halls, invade.

Pope.

Can storied urn, or animated bust, Back to its mansion call the fleeting breath?

Gray.

3. Having (such or so many) stories; -- chiefly in composition; as, a two-storied house.

Sto"ri*er (?), n. A relater of stories; an historian. [Obs.] Bp. Peacock.

Sto"ri*fy (?), v. t. [Story + -fy.] To form or tell stories of; to narrate or describe in a story. [Obs.]

Stork (?), n. [AS. storc; akin to G. storch, OHG. storah, Icel. storkr, Dan. & Sw. stork, and perhaps to Gr. &?; a vulture.] (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of large wading birds of the family Ciconidæ, having long legs and a long, pointed bill. They are found both in the Old World and in America, and belong to Ciconia and several allied genera. The European white stork (Ciconia alba) is the best known. It commonly makes its nests on the top of a building, a chimney, a church spire, or a pillar. The black stork (C. nigra) is native of Asia, Africa, and Europe.

Black-necked stork, the East Indian jabiru. -- Hair-crested stork, the smaller adjutant of India (Leptoptilos Javanica). -- Giant stork, the adjutant. -- Marabou stork. See Marabou. -- Saddle-billed stork, the African jabiru. See Jabiru. -- Stork's bill (Bot.), any plant of the genus Pelargonium; -- so called in allusion to the beaklike prolongation of the axis of the receptacle of its flower. See Pelargonium.

Stork"-billed` (?), a. Having a bill like that of the stork.

Storm (?), n. [AS. storm; akin to D. storm, G. sturm, Icel. stormr; and perhaps to Gr. &?; assault, onset, Skr. s&?; to flow, to hasten, or perhaps to L. sternere to strew, prostrate (cf. Stratum). &radic;166.] 1. A violent disturbance of the atmosphere, attended by wind, rain, snow, hail, or thunder and lightning; hence, often, a heavy fall of rain, snow, or hail, whether accompanied with wind or not.

We hear this fearful tempest sing, Yet seek no shelter to avoid the storm.

Shak.

2. A violent agitation of human society; a civil, political, or domestic commotion; sedition, insurrection, or war; violent outbreak; clamor; tumult.

I will stir up in England some black storm.

Shak.

Her sister Began to scold and raise up such a storm.

Shak.

3. A heavy shower or fall, any adverse outburst of tumultuous force; violence.

A brave man struggling in the storms of fate.

Pope.

4. (Mil.) A violent assault on a fortified place; a furious attempt of troops to enter and take a fortified place by scaling the walls, forcing the gates, or the like.

Storm is often used in the formation of self- explained compounds; as, storm-presaging, stormproof, storm-tossed, and the like.

Magnetic storm. See under Magnetic. -- Storm-and-stress period [a translation of G. sturm und drang periode], a designation given to the literary agitation and revolutionary development in Germany under the lead of Goethe and Schiller in the latter part of the 18th century. -- Storm center (Meteorol.), the center of the area covered by a storm, especially by a storm of large extent. -- Storm door (Arch.), an extra outside door to prevent the entrance of wind, cold, rain, etc.; -- usually removed in summer. -- Storm path (Meteorol.), the course over which a storm, or storm center, travels. -- Storm petrel. (Zoöl.) See Stormy petrel, under Petrel. -- Storm sail (Naut.), any one of a number of strong, heavy sails that are bent and set in stormy weather. -- Storm scud. See the Note under Cloud.

Syn. -- Tempest; violence; agitation; calamity. -- Storm, Tempest. Storm is violent agitation, a commotion of the elements by wind, etc., but not necessarily implying the fall of anything from the clouds. Hence, to call a mere fall or rain without wind a storm is a departure from the true sense of the word. A tempest is a sudden and violent storm, such as those common on the coast of Italy, where the term originated, and is usually attended by a heavy rain, with lightning and thunder.

Storms beat, and rolls the main; O! beat those storms, and roll the seas, in vain.

Pope.

What at first was called a gust, the same Hath now a storm's, anon a tempest's name.

Donne.

Storm (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stormed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storming.] (Mil.) To assault; to attack, and attempt to take, by scaling walls, forcing gates, breaches, or the like; as, to storm a fortified town.

Storm, v. i. [Cf. AS. styrman.] 1. To raise a tempest. Spenser.

2. To blow with violence; also, to rain, hail, snow, or the like, usually in a violent manner, or with high wind; -- used impersonally; as, it storms.

3. To rage; to be in a violent passion; to fume.

The master storms, the lady scolds.

Swift.

Storm"-beat` (?), a. Beaten, injured, or impaired by storms. Spenser.

Storm"cock` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) The missel thrush. (b) The fieldfare. (c) The green woodpecker.

Storm"finch` (?), n. (Zoöl.) The storm petrel.

Storm"ful (?), a. Abounding with storms. "The stormful east." Carlyle. -- Storm"ful*ness, n.

Storm"glass` (?), n. A glass vessel, usually cylindrical, filled with a solution which is sensitive to atmospheric changes, indicating by a clouded appearance, rain, snow, etc., and by clearness, fair weather.

Storm"i*ly (?), adv. In a stormy manner.

Storm"i*ness, n. The state of being stormy; tempestuousness; biosteruousness; impetuousness.

Storm"ing, a. & n. from Storm, v.

Storming party (Mil.), a party assigned to the duty of making the first assault in storming a fortress.

Storm"less, a. Without storms. Tennyson.

Storm"wind` (?), n. A heavy wind; a wind that brings a storm; the blast of a storm. Longfellow.

Storm"y (?), a. [Compar. Stormier (?); superl. Stormiest.] 1. Characterized by, or proceeding from, a storm; subject to storms; agitated with furious winds; biosterous; tempestous; as, a stormy season; a stormy day or week. "Beyond the stormy Hebrides." Milton.

2. Proceeding from violent agitation or fury; as, a stormy sound; stormy shocks.

3. Violent; passionate; rough; as, stormy passions.

Stormy chiefs of a desert but extensive domain.

Sir W. Scott.

||Stor"thing (?), n. [Norw. storting; stor great + ting court, court of ||justice; cf. Dan. ting, thing.] The Parliament of Norway, chosen by ||indirect election once in three years, but holding annual sessions.

Stor"ven (?), obs. p. p. of Starve. Chaucer.

Sto"ry (?), n.; pl. Stories (#). [OF. estoré, estorée, built, erected, p. p. of estorer to build, restore, to store. See Store, v. t.] A set of rooms on the same floor or level; a floor, or the space between two floors. Also, a horizontal division of a building's exterior considered architecturally, which need not correspond exactly with the stories within. [Written also storey.]

A story comprehends the distance from one floor to another; as, a story of nine or ten feet elevation. The spaces between floors are numbered in order, from below upward; as, the lower, second, or third story; a house of one story, of two stories, of five stories.

Story post (Arch.), a vertical post used to support a floor or superincumbent wall.

Sto"ry, n. [OE. storie, OF. estoire, F. histoire, fr. L. historia. See History.] 1. A narration or recital of that which has occurred; a description of past events; a history; a statement; a record.

One malcontent who did indeed get a name in story.

Barrow.

Venice, with its unique city and its Impressive story.

Ed. Rev.

The four great monarchies make the subject of ancient story.

Sir W. Temple.

2. The relation of an incident or minor event; a short narrative; a tale; especially, a fictitious narrative less elaborate than a novel; a short romance. Addison.

3. A euphemism or child's word for "a lie;" a fib; as, to tell a story. [Colloq.]

Sto"ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Storied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Storying.] To tell in historical relation; to make the subject of a story; to narrate or describe in story.

How worthy he is I will leave to appear hereafter, rather than story him in his own hearing.

Shak.

It is storied of the brazen colossus in Rhodes, that it was seventy cubits high.

Bp. Wilkins.

Sto"ry*book` (?), n. A book containing stories, or short narratives, either true or false.

Sto"ry-tell`er (?), n. 1. One who tells stories; a narrator of anecdotes,incidents, or fictitious tales; as, an amusing story- teller.

2. An historian; -- in contempt. Swift.

3. A euphemism or child's word for "a liar."

Sto"ry-tell`ing, a. Being accustomed to tell stories. -- n. The act or practice of telling stories.

Sto"ry-writ`er (?), n. 1. One who writes short stories, as for magazines.

2. An historian; a chronicler. [Obs.] "Rathums, the story-writer." 1 Esdr. ii. 17.

Stot (stt), n. [AS. stotte a hack, jade, or worthless horse; cf. Sw. stut a bull, Dan. stud an ox. Cf. Stoat.] 1. A horse. [Obs.] Chaucer. Thorold Rogers.

2. A young bull or ox, especially one three years old. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

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Stote (stt), n. (Zoöl.) See Stoat.

Stound (stound), v. i. [Cf. Astound, Stun.] To be in pain or sorrow. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stound a. [See Stound, v. i.] Stunned. [Obs.]

Stound, n. 1. A sudden, severe pain or grief; peril; alarm. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Astonishment; amazement. [Obs.] Spenser. Gay.

Stound, n. [AS. stund; akin to D. stond, G. stunde, Icel. stund.] 1. Hour; time; season. [Obs.] Chaucer.

2. A brief space of time; a moment. [Obs.] Chaucer.

In a stound, suddenly. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stound, n. [Cf. Stand.] A vessel for holding small beer. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stoup (stp), n. [See Stoop a vessel.] 1. A flagon; a vessel or measure for liquids. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. (Eccl.) A basin at the entrance of Roman Catholic churches for containing the holy water with which those who enter, dipping their fingers in it, cross themselves; -- called also holy-water stoup.

Stour (?), n. [OF. estour, estor, tumult, combat, of Teutonic origin. See Storm.] A battle or tumult; encounter; combat; disturbance; passion. [Obs.] Fairfax. "That woeful stowre." Spenser.

She that helmed was in starke stours [fierce conflicts].

Chaucer.

Stour, a. [See Stoor, a.] Tall; strong; stern. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stout (?), a. [Compar. Stouter (?); superl. Stoutest.] [D. stout bold (or OF. estout bold, proud, of Teutonic origin); akin to AS. stolt, G. stolz, and perh. to E. stilt.] 1. Strong; lusty; vigorous; robust; sinewy; muscular; hence, firm; resolute; dauntless.

With hearts stern and stout.

Chaucer.

A stouter champion never handled sword.

Shak.

He lost the character of a bold, stout, magnanimous man.

Clarendon.

The lords all stand To clear their cause, most resolutely stout.

Daniel.

2. Proud; haughty; arrogant; hard. [Archaic]

Your words have been stout against me.

Mal. iii. 13.

Commonly . . . they that be rich are lofty and stout.

Latimer.

3. Firm; tough; materially strong; enduring; as, a stout vessel, stick, string, or cloth.

4. Large; bulky; corpulent.

Syn. -- Stout, Corpulent, Portly. Corpulent has reference simply to a superabundance or excess of flesh. Portly implies a kind of stoutness or corpulence which gives a dignified or imposing appearance. Stout, in our early writers (as in the English Bible), was used chiefly or wholly in the sense of strong or bold; as, a stout champion; a stout heart; a stout resistance, etc. At a later period it was used for thickset or bulky, and more recently, especially in England, the idea has been carried still further, so that Taylor says in his Synonyms: "The stout man has the proportions of an ox; he is corpulent, fat, and fleshy in relation to his size." In America, stout is still commonly used in the original sense of strong as, a stout boy; a stout pole.

Stout, n. A strong malt liquor; strong porter. Swift.

Stout"-heart"ed (?), a. Having a brave heart; courageous. -- Stout"-heart"ed*ness, n.

Stout"ish, a. Somewhat stout; somewhat corpulent.

Stout"ly, adv. In a stout manner; lustily; boldly; obstinately; as, he stoutly defended himself.

Stout"ness, n. The state or quality of being stout.

Syn. -- Strength; bulk; courage; force; valor; lustiness; brawniness; boldness; fortitude; stubbornness.

Stove (?), imp. of Stave.

Stove, n. [D. stoof a foot stove, originally, a heated room, a room for a bath; akin to G. stube room, OHG. stuba a heated room, AS. stofe, Icel. stofa a room, bathing room, Sw. stufva, stuga, a room, Dan. stue; of unknown origin. Cf. Estufa, Stew, Stufa.] 1. A house or room artificially warmed or heated; a forcing house, or hothouse; a drying room; -- formerly, designating an artificially warmed dwelling or room, a parlor, or a bathroom, but now restricted, in this sense, to heated houses or rooms used for horticultural purposes or in the processes of the arts.

When most of the waiters were commanded away to their supper, the parlor or stove being nearly emptied, in came a company of musketeers.

Earl of Strafford.

How tedious is it to them that live in stoves and caves half a year together, as in Iceland, Muscovy, or under the pole!

Burton.

2. An apparatus, consisting essentially of a receptacle for fuel, made of iron, brick, stone, or tiles, and variously constructed, in which fire is made or kept for warming a room or a house, or for culinary or other purposes.

Cooking stove, a stove with an oven, opening for pots, kettles, and the like, -- used for cooking. -- Dry stove. See under Dry. -- Foot stove. See under Foot. -- Franklin stove. See in the Vocabulary. -- Stove plant (Bot.), a plant which requires artificial heat to make it grow in cold or cold temperate climates. -- Stove plate, thin iron castings for the parts of stoves.

Stove, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stoved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stoving.] 1. To keep warm, in a house or room, by artificial heat; as, to stove orange trees. Bacon.

2. To heat or dry, as in a stove; as, to stove feathers.

Stove"house` (?), n. A hothouse.

Stove"pipe` (?), n. Pipe made of sheet iron in length and angular or curved pieces fitting together, -- used to connect a portable stove with a chimney flue.

Stovepipe hat, the common tall silk hat. [Slang, U.S.]

Sto"ver (?), n. [OE. estoveir, estovoir, necessity, provisions, properly an inf., "to be necessary." Cf. Estovers.] Fodder for cattle, especially straw or coarse hay.

Where live nibbling sheep, And flat meads thatched with stover them to keep.

Shak.

Thresh barley as yet but as need shall require, Fresh threshed for stover thy cattle desire.

Tusser.

Stow (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stowing.] [OE. stowen, fr. stowe a place, AS. stow; cf. Icel. eldsta fireplace, hearth, OFries. st, and E. stand. &radic;163.] 1. To place or arrange in a compact mass; to put in its proper place, or in a suitable place; to pack; as, to stowbags, bales, or casks in a ship's hold; to stow hay in a mow; to stow sheaves.

Some stow their oars, or stop the leaky sides.

Dryden.

2. To put away in some place; to hide; to lodge.

Foul thief! where hast thou stowed my daughter?

Shak.

3. To arrange anything compactly in; to fill, by packing closely; as, to stow a box, car, or the hold of a ship.

Stow"age (?), n. 1. The act or method of stowing; as, the stowage of provisions in a vessel.

2. Room in which things may be stowed. Cook.

In every vessel is stowage for immense treasures.

Addison.

3. The state of being stowed, or put away. "To have them in safe stowage." Shak.

4. Things stowed or packed. Beau. & Fl.

5. Money paid for stowing goods.

Stow"a*way` (?), n. One who conceals himself board of a vessel about to leave port, or on a railway train, in order to obtain a free passage.

Stow"board (?), n. A place into which rubbish is put. [Written also stowbord.]

Stowce (?), n. (Mining) (a) A windlass. (b) A wooden landmark, to indicate possession of mining land.

Stow"ing (?), n. (Mining) A method of working in which the waste is packed into the space formed by excavating the vein.

Stowre (?), a. See Stour, a. [Obs.]

Stowre, n. See Stour, n. [Obs.] Spenser.

Stra"bism (?), n. (Med.) Strabismus.

Stra`bis*mom"e*ter (?), n. [Strabismus + -meter.] (Med.) An instrument for measuring the amount of strabismus.

Stra*bis"mus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to squint, fr. &?; distorted, squinting.] (Med.) An affection of one or both eyes, in which the optic axes can not be directed to the same object, -- a defect due either to undue contraction or to undue relaxation of one or more of the muscles which move the eyeball; squinting; cross-eye.

Stra*bot"o*my (?), n. [Gr. &?; squinting + &?; to cut.] (Surg.) The operation for the removal of squinting by the division of such muscles as distort the eyeball.

Strad"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straddling (?).] [Freq. from the root of stride.] 1. To part the legs wide; to stand or to walk with the legs far apart.

2. To stand with the ends staggered; -- said of the spokes of a wagon wheel where they join the hub.

Strad"dle, v. t. To place one leg on one side and the other on the other side of; to stand or sit astride of; as, to straddle a fence or a horse.

Strad"dle, n. 1. The act of standing, sitting, or walking, with the feet far apart.

2. The position, or the distance between the feet, of one who straddles; as, a wide straddle.

3. A stock option giving the holder the double privilege of a "put" and a "call," i. e., securing to the buyer of the option the right either to demand of the seller at a certain price, within a certain time, certain securities, or to require him to take at the same price, and within the same time, the same securities. [Broker's Cant]

Strad"dling (?), a. Applied to spokes when they are arranged alternately in two circles in the hub. See Straddle, v. i., and Straddle, v. t., 3. Knight.

Strad`o*met"ric*al (?), a. [It. strada street or road + E. metrical.] Of, or relating to, the measuring of streets or roads. [R.]

Strag"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Straggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straggling (?).] [Freq. of OE. straken to roam, to stroke. See Stroke, v. t.] 1. To wander from the direct course or way; to rove; to stray; to wander from the line of march or desert the line of battle; as, when troops are on the march, the men should not straggle. Dryden.

2. To wander at large; to roam idly about; to ramble.

The wolf spied out a straggling kid.

L'Estrange.

3. To escape or stretch beyond proper limits, as the branches of a plant; to spread widely apart; to shoot too far or widely in growth.

Trim off the small, superfluous branches on each side of the hedge that straggle too far out.

Mortimer.

4. To be dispersed or separated; to occur at intervals. "Straggling pistol shots." Sir W. Scott.

They came between Scylla and Charybdis and the straggling rocks.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Strag"gle, n. The act of straggling. [R.] Carlyle.

Strag"gler (?), n. 1. One who straggles, or departs from the direct or proper course, or from the company to which he belongs; one who falls behind the rest; one who rambles without any settled direction.

2. A roving vagabond. Shak.

3. Something that shoots, or spreads out, beyond the rest, or too far; an exuberant growth.

Let thy hand supply the pruning knife, And crop luxuriant stragglers.

Dryden.

4. Something that stands alone or by itself.

Strag"gling (?), a. & n. from Straggle, v.

Strag"gling*ly, adv. In a straggling manner.

||Strag"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Stragula (#). [L., a spread or covering, ||from sternere to spread out.] (Zoöl.) The mantle, or pallium, of a ||bird.

Straight (?), a. A variant of Strait, a. [Obs. or R.]

Egypt is a long country, but it is straight, that is to say, narrow.

Sir J. Mandeville.

Straight, a. [Compar. Straighter (?); superl. Straightest.] [OE. strei&?;t, properly p. p. of strecchen to stretch, AS. streht, p. p. of streccan to stretch, to extend. See Stretch.] 1. Right, in a mathematical sense; passing from one point to another by the nearest course; direct; not deviating or crooked; as, a straight line or course; a straight piece of timber.

And the crooked shall be made straight.

Isa. xl. 4.

There are many several sorts of crooked lines, but there is only one which is straight.

Dryden.

2. (Bot.) Approximately straight; not much curved; as, straight ribs are such as pass from the base of a leaf to the apex, with a small curve.

3. (Card Playing) Composed of cards which constitute a regular sequence, as the ace, king, queen, jack, and ten-spot; as, a straight hand; a straight flush.

4. Conforming to justice and rectitude; not deviating from truth or fairness; upright; as, straight dealing.

5. Unmixed; undiluted; as, to take liquor straight. [Slang]

6. Making no exceptions or deviations in one's support of the organization and candidates of a political party; as, a straight Republican; a straight Democrat; also, containing the names of all the regularly nominated candidates of a party and no others; as, a straight ballot. [Political Cant, U.S.]

Straight arch (Arch.), a form of arch in which the intrados is straight, but with its joints drawn radially, as in a common arch. -- A straight face, one giving no evidence of merriment or other emotion. -- A straight line. "That which lies evenly between its extreme points." Euclid. "The shortest line between two points." Chauvenet. "A line which has the same direction through its whole length." Newcomb. -- Straight- way valve, a valve which, when opened widely, affords a straight passageway, as for water.

Straight (?), adv. In a straight manner; directly; rightly; forthwith; immediately; as, the arrow went straight to the mark. "Floating straight." Shak.

I know thy generous temper well; Fling but the appearance of dishonor on it, It straight takes fire, and mounts into a blaze.

Addison.

Everything was going on straight.

W. Black.

Straight, n. (Poker) A hand of five cards in consecutive order as to value; a sequence. When they are of one suit, it is calles straight flush.

Straight, v. t. To straighten. [R.] A Smith.

Straight"edge` (?), n. A board, or piece of wood or metal, having one edge perfectly straight, -- used to ascertain whether a line is straight or a surface even, and for drawing straight lines.

Straight"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straighted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straighting.] 1. To make straight; to reduce from a crooked to a straight form.

2. To make right or correct; to reduce to order; as, to straighten one's affairs; to straighten an account.

To straighten one's face, to cease laughing or smiling, etc., and compose one's features.

Straight"en, v. t. A variant of Straiten. [Obs. or R.]

Straight"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, straightens.

Straight"forth` (?), adv. Straightway. [Obs.]

Straight`for"ward (?), a. Proceeding in a straight course or manner; not deviating; honest; frank. -- adv. In a straightforward manner. -- Straight`for"ward*ly, adv. -- Straight`for"ward*ness, n.

Straight"horn` (?), n. (Paleon.) An orthoceras.

Straight"-joint` (?), a. (Arch.) Having straight joints. Specifically: (a) Applied to a floor the boards of which are so laid that the joints form a continued line transverse to the length of the boards themselves. Brandle & C. (b) In the United States, applied to planking or flooring put together without the tongue and groove, the pieces being laid edge to edge.

Straight"-lined` (?), a. Having straight lines.

Straight"ly, adv. In a right line; not crookedly.

Straight"ly, adv. A variant of Straitly. See 1st Straight.

Straight"ness, n. The quality, condition, or state, of being straight; as, the straightness of a path.

Straight"ness, n. A variant of Straitness.

Straight"-out` (?), a. Acting without concealment, obliquity, or compromise; hence, unqualified; thoroughgoing. [Colloq. U.S.]

Straight-out and generous indignation.

Mrs. Stowe.

Straight"-pight` (?), a. Straight in form or upright in position; erect. [Obs.] Shak.

Straight"-spo`ken (?), a. Speaking with directness; plain-spoken. [Colloq. U.S.] Lowell.

Straight"way` (?), adv. Immediately; without loss of time; without delay.

He took the damsel by the hand, and said unto her, Talitha cumi. . . . And straightway the damsel arose.

Mark v. 41,42.

Straight"ways` (?), adv. Straightway. [Obs.]

Straik (?), n. A strake.

Strain (?), n. [See Strene.] 1. Race; stock; generation; descent; family.

He is of a noble strain.

Shak.

With animals and plants a cross between different varieties, or between individuals of the same variety but of another strain, gives vigor and fertility to the offspring.

Darwin.

2. Hereditary character, quality, or disposition.

Intemperance and lust breed diseases, which, propogated, spoil the strain of nation.

Tillotson.

3. Rank; a sort. "The common strain." Dryden.

Strain, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straining.] [OF. estraindre, estreindre, F. étreindre, L. stringere to draw or bind tight; probably akin to Gr. &?; a halter, &?; that which is squeezwd out, a drop, or perhaps to E. strike. Cf. Strangle, Strike, Constrain, District, Strait, a. Stress, Strict, Stringent.] 1. To draw with force; to extend with great effort; to stretch; as, to strain a rope; to strain the shrouds of a ship; to strain the cords of a musical instrument. "To strain his fetters with a stricter care." Dryden.

2. (Mech.) To act upon, in any way, so as to cause change of form or volume, as forces on a beam to bend it.

3. To exert to the utmost; to ply vigorously.

He sweats, Strains his young nerves.

Shak.

They strain their warbling throats To welcome in the spring.

Dryden.

4. To stretch beyond its proper limit; to do violence to, in the matter of intent or meaning; as, to strain the law in order to convict an accused person.

There can be no other meaning in this expression, however some may pretend to strain it.

Swift.

5. To injure by drawing, stretching, or the exertion of force; as, the gale strained the timbers of the ship.

6. To injure in the muscles or joints by causing to make too strong an effort; to harm by overexertion; to sprain; as, to strain a horse by overloading; to strain the wrist; to strain a muscle.

Prudes decayed about may track, Strain their necks with looking back.

Swift.

7. To squeeze; to press closely.

Evander with a close embrace Strained his departing friend.

Dryden.

8. To make uneasy or unnatural; to produce with apparent effort; to force; to constrain.

He talks and plays with Fatima, but his mirth Is forced and strained.

Denham.

The quality of mercy is not strained.

Shak.

9. To urge with importunity; to press; as, to strain a petition or invitation.

Note, if your lady strain his entertainment.

Shak.

10. To press, or cause to pass, through a strainer, as through a screen, a cloth, or some porous substance; to purify, or separate from extraneous or solid matter, by filtration; to filter; as, to strain milk through cloth.

To strain a point, to make a special effort; especially, to do a degree of violence to some principle or to one's own feelings. -- To strain courtesy, to go beyond what courtesy requires; to insist somewhat too much upon the precedence of others; -- often used ironically. Shak.

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Strain (strn), v. i. 1. To make violent efforts. "Straining with too weak a wing." Pope.

To build his fortune I will strain a little.

Shak.

2. To percolate; to be filtered; as, water straining through a sandy soil.

Strain, n. 1. The act of straining, or the state of being strained. Specifically: --

(a) A violent effort; an excessive and hurtful exertion or tension, as of the muscles; as, he lifted the weight with a strain; the strain upon a ship's rigging in a gale; also, the hurt or injury resulting; a sprain.

Whether any poet of our country since Shakespeare has exerted a greater variety of powers with less strain and less ostentation.

Landor.

Credit is gained by custom, and seldom recovers a strain.

Sir W. Temple.

(b) (Mech. Physics) A change of form or dimensions of a solid or liquid mass, produced by a stress. Rankine.

2. (Mus.) A portion of music divided off by a double bar; a complete musical period or sentence; a movement, or any rounded subdivision of a movement.

Their heavenly harps a lower strain began.

Dryden.

3. Any sustained note or movement; a song; a distinct portion of an ode or other poem; also, the pervading note, or burden, of a song, poem, oration, book, etc.; theme; motive; manner; style; also, a course of action or conduct; as, he spoke in a noble strain; there was a strain of woe in his story; a strain of trickery appears in his career. "A strain of gallantry." Sir W. Scott.

Such take too high a strain at first.

Bacon.

The genius and strain of the book of Proverbs.

Tillotson.

It [Pilgrim's Progress] seems a novelty, and yet contains Nothing but sound and honest gospel strains.

Bunyan.

4. Turn; tendency; inborn disposition. Cf. 1st Strain.

Because heretics have a strain of madness, he applied her with some corporal chastisements.

Hayward.

Strain"a*ble (-*b'l), a. 1. Capable of being strained.

2. Violent in action. Holinshed.

Strain"a*bly, adv. Violently. Holinshed.

Strained (?), a. 1. Subjected to great or excessive tension; wrenched; weakened; as, strained relations between old friends.

2. Done or produced with straining or excessive effort; as, his wit was strained.

Strain"er (?), n. 1. One who strains.

2. That through which any liquid is passed for purification or to separate it from solid matter; anything, as a screen or a cloth, used to strain a liquid; a device of the character of a sieve or of a filter; specifically, an openwork or perforated screen, as for the end of the suction pipe of a pump, to prevent large solid bodies from entering with a liquid.

Strain"ing, a. & n. from Strain.

Straining piece (Arch.), a short piece of timber in a truss, used to maintain the ends of struts or rafters, and keep them from slipping. See Illust. of Queen- post.

Straint (strnt), n. [OF. estrainte, estreinte, F. étrainte. See 2nd Strain.] Overexertion; excessive tension; strain. [Obs.] Spenser.

Strait (?), a. A variant of Straight. [Obs.]

Strait (?), a. [Compar. Straiter (?); superl. Straitest.] [OE. straight, streyt, streit, OF. estreit, estroit, F. étroit, from L. strictus drawn together, close, tight, p. p. of stringere to draw tight. See 2nd Strait, and cf. Strict.] 1. Narrow; not broad.

Strait is the gate, and narrow is the way, which leadeth unto life, and few there be that find it.

Matt. vii. 14.

Too strait and low our cottage doors.

Emerson.

2. Tight; close; closely fitting. Shak.

3. Close; intimate; near; familiar. [Obs.] "A strait degree of favor." Sir P. Sidney.

4. Strict; scrupulous; rigorous.

Some certain edicts and some strait decrees.

Shak.

The straitest sect of our religion.

Acts xxvi. 5 (Rev. Ver.).

5. Difficult; distressful; straited.

To make your strait circumstances yet straiter.

Secker.

6. Parsimonious; niggargly; mean. [Obs.]

I beg cold comfort, and you are so strait, And so ingrateful, you deny me that.

Shak.

Strait (?), adv. Strictly; rigorously. [Obs.] Shak.

Strait, n.; pl. Straits (#). [OE. straight, streit, OF. estreit, estroit. See Strait, a.] 1. A narrow pass or passage.

He brought him through a darksome narrow strait To a broad gate all built of beaten gold.

Spenser.

Honor travels in a strait so narrow Where one but goes abreast.

Shak.

2. Specifically: (Geog.) A (comparatively) narrow passageway connecting two large bodies of water; -- often in the plural; as, the strait, or straits, of Gibraltar; the straits of Magellan; the strait, or straits, of Mackinaw.

We steered directly through a large outlet which they call a strait, though it be fifteen miles broad.

De Foe.

3. A neck of land; an isthmus. [R.]

A dark strait of barren land.

Tennyson.

4. Fig.: A condition of narrowness or restriction; doubt; distress; difficulty; poverty; perplexity; -- sometimes in the plural; as, reduced to great straits.

For I am in a strait betwixt two.

Phil. i. 23.

Let no man, who owns a Providence, grow desperate under any calamity or strait whatsoever.

South.

Ulysses made use of the pretense of natural infirmity to conceal the straits he was in at that time in his thoughts.

Broome.

Strait, v. t. To put to difficulties. [Obs.] Shak.

Strait"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Straitened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straitening.] 1. To make strait; to make narrow; hence, to contract; to confine.

Waters, when straitened, as at the falls of bridges, give a roaring noise.

Bacon.

In narrow circuit, straitened by a foe.

Milton.

2. To make tense, or tight; to tighten.

They straiten at each end the cord.

Pope.

3. To restrict; to distress or embarrass in respect of means or conditions of life; -- used chiefly in the past participle; -- as, a man straitened in his circumstances.

Strait"-hand`ed (?), a. Parsimonious; sparing; niggardly. [R.] -- Strait"- hand`ed*ness, n. [R.]

Strait"-jack`et (?), n. A dress of strong materials for restraining maniacs or those who are violently delirious. It has long sleeves, which are closed at the ends, confining the hands, and may be tied behind the back.

Strait"-laced` (?), a. 1. Bound with stays.

Let nature have scope to fashion the body as she thinks best; we have few well-shaped that are strait- laced.

Locke.

2. Restricted; stiff; constrained. [R.] Fuller.

3. Rigid in opinion; strict in manners or morals.

Strait"ly, adv. 1. In a strait manner; narrowly; strictly; rigorously. Mark i. 43.

2. Closely; intimately. [Obs.]

Strait"ness, n. The quality or condition of being strait; especially, a pinched condition or situation caused by poverty; as, the straitnessof their circumstances.

Strait"-waist`coat (?), n. Same as Strait-jacket.

Strake (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Spenser.

Strake, n. [See Streak.] 1. A streak. [Obs.] Spenser."White strake." Gen. xxx. 37.

2. An iron band by which the fellies of a wheel are secured to each other, being not continuous, as the tire is, but made up of separate pieces.

3. (Shipbuilding) One breadth of planks or plates forming a continuous range on the bottom or sides of a vessel, reaching from the stem to the stern; a streak.

The planks or plates next the keel are called the garboard strakes; the next, or the heavy strakes at the bilge, are the bilge strakes; the next, from the water line to the lower port sill, the wales; and the upper parts of the sides, the sheer strakes.

4. (Mining) A trough for washing broken ore, gravel, or sand; a launder.

Strale (?), n. Pupil of the eye. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram (?), v. t. [Cf. LG. strammen to strain, straiten, stretch, D. stram strained, tight, G. stramm.] To spring or recoil with violence. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram, v. t. To dash down; to beat. [Prov. Eng.]

Stram"ash (?), v. t. [Cf. Stramazoun.] To strike, beat, or bang; to break; to destroy. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.]

Stram"ash, n. A turmoil; a broil; a fray; a fight. [Scot. & Prov. Eng.] Barham.

Stram"a*zoun (?), n. [F. estramaçon, It. stramazzone.] A direct descending blow with the edge of a sword. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Stra*min"e*ous (?), a. [L. stramineus, fr. stramen straw, fr. sternere, stratum, to spread out, to strew.] 1. Strawy; consisting of straw. Robinson.

2. Chaffy; like straw; straw-colored. Burton.

Stra*mo"ni*um (?), n. [NL.; Cf. F. stramoine.] (Bot.) A poisonous plant (Datura Stramonium); stinkweed. See Datura, and Jamestown weed.

Stram"o*ny (?), n. (Bot.) Stramonium.

Strand (?), n. [Probably fr. D. streen a skein; akin to G. strähne a skein, lock of hair, strand of a rope.] One of the twists, or strings, as of fibers, wires, etc., of which a rope is composed.

Strand, v. t. To break a strand of (a rope).

Strand, n. [AS. strand; akin to D., G., Sw., & Dan. strand, Icel. strönd.] The shore, especially the beach of a sea, ocean, or large lake; rarely, the margin of a navigable river. Chaucer.

Strand birds. (Zoöl.) See Shore birds, under Shore. -- Strand plover (Zoöl.), a black-bellied plover. See Illust. of Plover. -- Strand wolf (Zoöl.), the brown hyena.

Strand, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stranded; p. pr. & vb. n. Stranding.] To drive on a strand; hence, to run aground; as, to strand a ship.

Strand (?), v. i. To drift, or be driven, on shore to run aground; as, the ship stranded at high water.

Strang (?), a. [See Strong.] Strong. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Halliwell.

Strange (?), a. [Compar. Stranger (?); superl. Strangest (?).] [OE. estrange, F. étrange, fr. L. extraneus that is without, external, foreign, fr. extra on the outside. See Extra, and cf. Estrange, Extraneous.] 1. Belonging to another country; foreign. "To seek strange strands." Chaucer.

One of the strange queen's lords.

Shak.

I do not contemn the knowledge of strange and divers tongues.

Ascham.

2. Of or pertaining to others; not one's own; not pertaining to one's self; not domestic.

So she, impatient her own faults to see, Turns from herself, and in strange things delights.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Not before known, heard, or seen; new.

Here is the hand and seal of the duke; you know the character, I doubt not; and the signet is not strange to you.

Shak.

4. Not according to the common way; novel; odd; unusual; irregular; extraordinary; unnatural; queer. "He is sick of a strange fever." Shak.

Sated at length, erelong I might perceive Strange alteration in me.

Milton.

5. Reserved; distant in deportment. Shak.

She may be strange and shy at first, but will soon learn to love thee.

Hawthorne.

6. Backward; slow. [Obs.]

Who, loving the effect, would not be strange In favoring the cause.

Beau. & Fl.

7. Not familiar; unaccustomed; inexperienced.

In thy fortunes am unlearned and strange.

Shak.

Strange is often used as an exclamation.

Strange! what extremes should thus preserve the snow High on the Alps, or in deep caves below.

Waller.

Strange sail (Naut.), an unknown vessel. -- Strange woman (Script.), a harlot. Prov. v. 3. -- To make it strange. (a) To assume ignorance, suspicion, or alarm, concerning it. Shak. (b) To make it a matter of difficulty. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- To make strange, To make one's self strange. (a) To profess ignorance or astonishment. (b) To assume the character of a stranger. Gen. xlii. 7.

Syn. -- Foreign; new; outlandish; wonderful; astonishing; marvelous; unusual; odd; uncommon; irregular; queer; eccentric.

Strange, adv. Strangely. [Obs.]

Most strange, but yet most truly, will I speak.

Shak.

Strange, v. t. To alienate; to estrange. [Obs.]

Strange, v. i. 1. To be estranged or alienated. [Obs.]

2. To wonder; to be astonished. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Strange"ly, adv. 1. As something foreign, or not one's own; in a manner adapted to something foreign and strange. [Obs.] Shak.

2. In the manner of one who does not know another; distantly; reservedly; coldly.

You all look strangely on me.

Shak.

I do in justice charge thee . . . That thou commend it strangely to some place Where chance may nurse or end it.

Shak.

3. In a strange manner; in a manner or degree to excite surprise or wonder; wonderfully.

How strangely active are the arts of peace!

Dryden.

It would strangely delight you to see with what spirit he converses.

Law.

Strange"ness, n. The state or quality of being strange (in any sense of the adjective).

Stran"ger (?), n. [OF. estrangier, F. étranger. See Strange.] 1. One who is strange, foreign, or unknown. Specifically: --

(a) One who comes from a foreign land; a foreigner.

I am a most poor woman and a stranger, Born out of your dominions.

Shak.

(b) One whose home is at a distance from the place where he is, but in the same country.

(c) One who is unknown or unacquainted; as, the gentleman is a stranger to me; hence, one not admitted to communication, fellowship, or acquaintance.

Melons on beds of ice are taught to bear, And strangers to the sun yet ripen here.

Granville.

My child is yet a stranger in the world.

Shak.

I was no stranger to the original.

Dryden.

2. One not belonging to the family or household; a guest; a visitor.

To honor and receive Our heavenly stranger.

Milton.

3. (Law) One not privy or party an act, contract, or title; a mere intruder or intermeddler; one who interferes without right; as, actual possession of land gives a good title against a stranger having no title; as to strangers, a mortgage is considered merely as a pledge; a mere stranger to the levy.

Stran"ger, v. t. To estrange; to alienate. [Obs.] Shak.

Stran"gle (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strangled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strangling (?).] [OF. estrangler, F. étrangler, L. strangulare, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; a halter; and perhaps akin to E. string, n. Cf. Strain, String.] 1. To compress the windpipe of (a person or animal) until death results from stoppage of respiration; to choke to death by compressing the throat, as with the hand or a rope.

Our Saxon ancestors compelled the adulteress to strangle herself.

Ayliffe.

2. To stifle, choke, or suffocate in any manner.

Shall I not then be stifled in the vault, . . . And there die strangled ere my Romeo comes?

Shak.

3. To hinder from appearance; to stifle; to suppress. "Strangle such thoughts." Shak.

Stran"gle, v. i. To be strangled, or suffocated.

Stran"gle*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being strangled. [R.] Chesterfield.

Stran"gler (?), n. One who, or that which, strangles. "The very strangler of their amity." Shak.

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Stran"gles (?), n. A disease in horses and swine, in which the upper part of the throat, or groups of lymphatic glands elsewhere, swells.

Stran"gu*late (?), a. (Bot.) Strangulated.

Stran"gu*la`ted (?), a. 1. (Med.) Having the circulation stopped by compression; attended with arrest or obstruction of circulation, caused by constriction or compression; as, a strangulated hernia.

2. (Bot.) Contracted at irregular intervals, if tied with a ligature; constricted.

Strangulated hernia. (Med.) See under Hernia.

Stran"gu*la`tion (?), n. [L. strangulatio: cf. F. strangulation. See Strangle.] 1. The act of strangling, or the state of being strangled.

2. (Med.) Inordinate compression or constriction of a tube or part, as of the throat; especially, such as causes a suspension of breathing, of the passage of contents, or of the circulation, as in cases of hernia.

Stran*gu"ri*ous (?), a. [L. stranguriosus.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to strangury. Cheyne.

Stran"gu*ry (?), n. [L. stranguria, Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a drop + &?; to make water, &?; urine: cf. F. strangurie. See Strangle, and Urine.] 1. (Med.) A painful discharge of urine, drop by drop, produced by spasmodic muscular contraction.

2. (Bot.) A swelling or other disease in a plant, occasioned by a ligature fastened tightly about it.

Stra"ny (?), n. (Zoöl.) The guillemot. [Prov. Eng.]

Strap (?), n. [OE. strope, AS. stropp, L. stroppus, struppus, perhaps fr. Gr. &?; a band or cord, fr. &?; to twist, to turn (cf. Strophe). Cf. Strop a strap, a piece of rope.] 1. A long, narrow, pliable strip of leather, cloth, or the like; specifically, a strip of thick leather used in flogging.

A lively cobbler that . . . had scarce passed a day without giving her [his wife] the discipline of the strap.

Addison.

2. Something made of such a strip, or of a part of one, or a combination of two or more for a particular use; as, a boot strap, shawl strap, stirrup strap.

3. A piece of leather, or strip of wood covered with a suitable material, for sharpening a razor; a strop.

4. A narrow strip of anything, as of iron or brass. Specifically: --

(a) (Carp. & Mach.) A band, plate, or loop of metal for clasping and holding timbers or parts of a machine.

(b) (Naut.) A piece of rope or metal passing around a block and used for fastening it to anything.

5. (Bot.) (a) The flat part of the corolla in ligulate florets, as those of the white circle in the daisy. (b) The leaf, exclusive of its sheath, in some grasses.

6. A shoulder strap. See under Shoulder.

Strap bolt, a bolt of which one end is a flat bar of considerable length. -- Strap head (Mach.), a journal box, or pair of brasses, secured to the end of a connecting rod by a strap. See Illust. of Gib and key, under Gib. -- Strap hinge, a hinge with long flaps by which it is fastened, as to a door or wall. -- Strap rail (Railroads), a flat rail formerly used.

Strap, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strapped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strapping.] 1. To beat or chastise with a strap.

2. To fasten or bind with a strap. Cowper.

3. To sharpen by rubbing on a strap, or strop; as, to strap a razor.

Strap*pa"do (?), n.; pl. Strappadoes (#). [It. strappata a pull, the strappado, from strappare to pull, from Prov. G. strapfen: cf. G. straff tense, stretched.] A military punishment formerly practiced, which consisted in drawing an offender to the top of a beam and letting him fall to the length of the rope, by which means a limb was often dislocated. Shak.

Strap*pa"do, v. t. To punish or torture by the strappado. Milton.

Strap"per (?), n. 1. One who uses strap.

2. A person or thing of uncommon size. [Colloq.]

Strap"ping (?), a. Tall; strong; lusty; large; as, a strapping fellow. [Colloq.]

There are five and thirty strapping officers gone.

Farquhar.

Strap"ple (?), v. t. To hold or bind with, or as with, a strap; to entangle. [Obs.] Chapman.

Strap"-shaped` (?), a. Shaped like a strap; ligulate; as, a strap-shaped corolla.

Strap"work` (?), n. (Arch.) A kind of ornament consisting of a narrow fillet or band folded, crossed, and interlaced.

Strass (?), n. [So called from its inventor, a German jeweler: cf. F. stras.] (Chem.) A brilliant glass, used in the manufacture of artificial paste gems, which consists essentially of a complex borosilicate of lead and potassium. Cf. Glass.

Stra"ta (?), n., pl. of Stratum.

Strat"a*gem (?), n. [F. stratagème (cf. Sp. estratagema, It. stratagemma), L. strategema, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to be leader of an army, fr. &?; a general; &?; an army (probably as being spread out; cf. Stratum) + &?; to lead. See Agent.] An artifice or trick in war for deceiving the enemy; hence, in general, artifice; deceptive device; secret plot; evil machination.

Fit for treasons, stratagems, and spoils.

Shak.

Those oft are stratagems which error seem, Nor is it Homer nods, but we that dream.

Pope.

Strat`a*gem"ic*al (?), a. Containing stratagem; as, a stratagemical epistle. [R.] Swift.

Strat`a*rith"me*try (?), n. [Gr. &?; army + &?; number + -metry.] (Mil.) The art of drawing up an army, or any given number of men, in any geometrical figure, or of estimating or expressing the number of men in such a figure.

{ Strat`e*get"ic (?), Strat`e*get"ic*al (?), } a. Strategic.

Strat`e*get"ics (?), n. Strategy.

{ Stra*te"gic (?), Stra*te"gic*al, } a. [Gr. &?; of or for a general: cf. F. stratégique.] Of or pertaining to strategy; effected by artifice. -- Stra*te"gic*al*ly, adv.

Strategic line (Mil.), a line joining strategic points. -- Strategic point (Mil.), any point or region in the theater or warlike operations which affords to its possessor an advantage over his opponent, as a mountain pass, a junction of rivers or roads, a fortress, etc.

Stra*te"gics (?), n. Strategy.

Strat"e*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. stratégiste.] One skilled in strategy, or the science of directing great military movements.

||Stra*te"gus (?), n.; pl. Strategi (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See ||Stratagem.] (Gr. Antiq.) The leader or commander of an army; a ||general.

Strat"e*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. stratégie. See Stratagem.] 1. The science of military command, or the science of projecting campaigns and directing great military movements; generalship.

2. The use of stratagem or artifice.

Strath (?), n. [Gael. srath.] A valley of considerable size, through which a river runs; a valley bottom; -- often used in composition with the name of the river; as, Strath Spey, Strathdon, Strathmore. [Scot.]

The long green strath of Napa valley.

R. L. Stevenson.

Strath"spey` (?), n. [So called from the district of Strath Spey in Scotland.] A lively Scottish dance, resembling the reel, but slower; also, the tune.

Stra*tic"u*late (?), a. [Dim. Fr. stratum.] (Min.) Characterized by the presence of thin parallel strata, or layers, as in an agate.

Strat`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stratification.] 1. The act or process of laying in strata, or the state of being laid in the form of strata, or layers.

2. (Physiol.) The deposition of material in successive layers in the growth of a cell wall, thus giving rise to a stratified appearance.

Strat"i*fied (?), a. Having its substance arranged in strata, or layers; as, stratified rock.

Strat"i*form (?), a. Having the form of strata.

Strat"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stratified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stratifying (?).] [Stratum + -fy: cf. F. stratifier.] To form or deposit in strata, or layers, as substances in the earth; to arrange in strata.

{ Strat`i*graph"ic (?), Strat`i*graph"ic*al (?), } a. (Geol.) Pertaining to, or depended upon, the order or arrangement of strata; as, stratigraphical evidence. -- Strat`i*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

{ Strat`i*graph"ic, -ic*al }, a. (Mil.) See Stratographic.

Stra*tig"ra*phy (?), n. [Stratum + -graphy.] That branch of geology which treats of the arrangement and succession of strata.

Stra*toc"ra*cy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -cracy, as in democracy: cf. F. stratocratie.] A military government; government by military chiefs and an army.

{ Strat`o*graph"ic (?), Strat`o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to stratography.

Stra*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; an army + -graphy.] A description of an army, or of what belongs to an army.

Stra*ton"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; an army.] Of or pertaining to an army. [R.]

Stra*tot"ic (?), a. Warlike; military. [R.]

Stra"tum (?), n.; pl. E. Stratums (#), L. Strata (#). The latter is more common. [L., from sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to Gr. &?; to spread, strew. See Strew, and cf. Consternation, Estrade, Prostrate, Stratus, Street.] 1. (Geol.) A bed of earth or rock of one kind, formed by natural causes, and consisting usually of a series of layers, which form a rock as it lies between beds of other kinds. Also used figuratively.

2. A bed or layer artificially made; a course.

Stra"tus (?), n. [L. stratus a spreading out, scattering, from sternere, stratum, to spread.] (Meteor.) A form of clouds in which they are arranged in a horizontal band or layer. See Cloud.

Straught (?), obs. imp. & p. p. of Stretch.

Straught, v. t. To stretch; to make straight. [Written also straucht.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Straw (?), v. t. To spread or scatter. See Strew, and Strow. Chaucer.

Straw, n. [OE. straw, stre, stree, AS. streáw, from the root of E. strew; akin to OFries. str, D. stroo, G. stroh, OHG. str, Icel. str, Dan. straa, Sw. strå. &radic;166. See Strew.] 1. A stalk or stem of certain species of grain, pulse, etc., especially of wheat, rye, oats, barley, more rarely of buckwheat, beans, and pease.

2. The gathered and thrashed stalks of certain species of grain, etc.; as, a bundle, or a load, of rye straw.

3. Anything proverbially worthless; the least possible thing; a mere trifle.

I set not a straw by thy dreamings.

Chaucer.

Straw is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, straw-built, straw-crowned, straw-roofed, straw-stuffed, and the like.

Man of straw, an effigy formed by stuffing the garments of a man with straw; hence, a fictitious person; an irresponsible person; a puppet. -- Straw bail, worthless bail, as being given by irresponsible persons. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw bid, a worthless bid; a bid for a contract which the bidder is unable or unwilling to fulfill. [Colloq. U.S.] -- Straw cat (Zoöl.), the pampas cat. -- Straw color, the color of dry straw, being a delicate yellow. -- Straw drain, a drain filled with straw. -- Straw plait, or Straw plat, a strip formed by plaiting straws, used for making hats, bonnets, etc. -- To be in the straw, to be brought to bed, as a pregnant woman. [Slang]

Straw"ber*ry (?), n. [AS. streáwberige; streáw straw + berie berry; perhaps from the resemblance of the runners of the plant to straws.] (Bot.) A fragrant edible berry, of a delicious taste and commonly of a red color, the fruit of a plant of the genus Fragaria, of which there are many varieties. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. The common American strawberry is Fragaria virginiana; the European, F. vesca. There are also other less common species.

Strawberry bass. (Zoöl.) See Calico bass, under Calico. -- Strawberry blite. (Bot.) See under Blite. -- Strawberry borer (Zoöl.), any one of several species of insects whose larvæ burrow in the crown or roots of the strawberry vine. Especially: (a) The root borer (Anarsia lineatella), a very small dark gray moth whose larvæ burrow both in the larger roots and crown, often doing great damage. (b) The crown borer (Tyloderma fragariæ), a small brown weevil whose larva burrows in the crown and kills the plant. -- Strawberry bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Euonymus Americanus), a kind of spindle tree having crimson pods and the seeds covered with a scarlet aril. -- Strawberry crab (Zoöl.), a small European spider crab (Eurynome aspera); -- so called because the back is covered with pink tubercles. -- Strawberry fish (Zoöl.), the amadavat. -- Strawberry geranium (Bot.), a kind of saxifrage (Saxifraga sarmentosa) having reniform leaves, and producing long runners like those of the strawberry. -- Strawberry leaf. (a) The leaf of the strawberry. (b) The symbol of the rank or estate of a duke, because the ducal coronet is twined with strawberry leaves. "The strawberry leaves on her chariot panels are engraved on her ladyship's heart." Thackeray. -- Strawberry-leaf roller (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moths whose larvæ roll up, and feed upon, the leaves of the strawberry vine; especially, Phoxopteris fragariæ, and Eccopsis permundana. -- Strawberry moth (Zoöl.), any one of several species of moth whose larvæ feed on the strawberry vines; as: (a) The smeared dagger (Apatela oblinita), whose large hairy larva is velvety black with two rows of bright yellow spots on each side. (b) A geometrid (Angerona crocataria) which is yellow with dusky spots on the wings. Called also currant moth. -- Strawberry pear (Bot.), the red ovoid fruit of a West Indian plant of the genus Cereus (C. triangularia). It has a sweetish flavor, and is slightly acid, pleasant, and cooling. Also, the plant bearing the fruit. -- Strawberry sawfly (Zoöl.), a small black sawfly (Emphytus maculatus) whose larva eats the leaves of the strawberry vine. -- Strawberry tomato. (Bot.) See Alkekengi. -- Strawberry tree. (Bot.) See Arbutus. -- Strawberry vine (Bot.), the plant which yields the strawberry. -- Strawberry worm (Zoöl.), the larva of any moth which feeds on the strawberry vine.

Straw"board` (?), n. Pasteboard made of pulp of straw.

Straw"-col`ored (?), a. Being of a straw color. See Straw color, under Straw, n.

Straw"-cut`ter (?), n. An instrument to cut straw for fodder.

Strawed (?), imp. & p. p. of Straw. [Obs.]

Straw"worm` (?), n. A caddice worm.

Straw"y (?), a. Of or pertaining to straw; made of, or resembling, straw. Shak.

Stray (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Straying.] [OF. estraier, estraer, to stray, or as adj., stray, fr. (assumed) L. stratarius roving the streets, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved road. See Street, and Stray, a.] 1. To wander, as from a direct course; to deviate, or go out of the way.

Thames among the wanton valleys strays.

Denham.

2. To wander from company, or from the proper limits; to rove at large; to roam; to go astray.

Now, until the break of day, Through this house each fairy stray.

Shak.

A sheep doth very often stray.

Shak.

3. Figuratively, to wander from the path of duty or rectitude; to err.

We have erred and strayed from thy ways.

&?;&?;&?; of Com. Prayer.

While meaner things, whom instinct leads, Are rarely known to stray.

Cowper.

Syn. -- To deviate; err; swerve; rove; roam; wander.

Stray, v. t. To cause to stray. [Obs.] Shak.

Stray, a. [Cf. OF. estraié, p. p. of estraier. See Stray, v. i., and cf. Astray, Estray.] Having gone astray; strayed; wandering; as, a strayhorse or sheep.

Stray line (Naut.), that portion of the log line which is veered from the reel to allow the chip to get clear of the stern eddies before the glass is turned. -- Stray mark (Naut.), the mark indicating the end of the stray line.

Stray, n. 1. Any domestic animal that has an inclosure, or its proper place and company, and wanders at large, or is lost; an estray. Used also figuratively.

Seeing him wander about, I took him up for a stray.

Dryden.

2. The act of wandering or going astray. [R.] Shak.

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Stray"er (?), n. One who strays; a wanderer.

Stre (?), n. Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streak (?), v. t. [Cf. Stretch, Streek.] To stretch; to extend; hence, to lay out, as a dead body. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Streak, n. [OE. streke; akin to D. streek a line, stroke, G. strich, AS. strica, Sw. strek, Dan. streg, Goth. stricks, and E. strike, stroke. See Strike, Stroke, n., and cf. Strake.] 1. A line or long mark of a different color from the ground; a stripe; a vein.

What mean those colored streaks in heaven?

Milton.

2. (Shipbuilding) A strake.

3. (Min.) The fine powder or mark yielded by a mineral when scratched or rubbed against a harder surface, the color of which is sometimes a distinguishing character.

4. The rung or round of a ladder. [Obs.]

Streak, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Streaked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Streaking.] 1. To form streaks or stripes in or on; to stripe; to variegate with lines of a different color, or of different colors.

A mule . . . streaked and dappled with white and black.

Sandys.

Now streaked and glowing with the morning red.

Prior.

2. With it as an object: To run swiftly. [Colloq.]

Streaked (?), a. 1. Marked or variegated with stripes.

2. Uncomfortable; out of sorts. [Local, U.S.]

Streak"y (?), a. Same as Streaked, 1. "The streaky west." Cowper.

Stream (strm), n. [AS. streám; akin to OFries. strm, OS. strm, D. stroom, G. strom, OHG. stroum, strm, Dan. & Sw. ström, Icel. straumr, Ir. sroth, Lith. srove, Russ. struia, Gr. "ry`sis a flowing, "rei^n to flow, Skr. sru. &radic;174. Cf. Catarrh, Diarrhea, Rheum, Rhythm.] 1. A current of water or other fluid; a liquid flowing continuously in a line or course, either on the earth, as a river, brook, etc., or from a vessel, reservoir, or fountain; specifically, any course of running water; as, many streams are blended in the Mississippi; gas and steam came from the earth in streams; a stream of molten lead from a furnace; a stream of lava from a volcano.

2. A beam or ray of light. "Sun streams." Chaucer.

3. Anything issuing or moving with continued succession of parts; as, a stream of words; a stream of sand. "The stream of beneficence." Atterbury. "The stream of emigration." Macaulay.

4. A continued current or course; as, a stream of weather. "The very stream of his life." Shak.

5. Current; drift; tendency; series of tending or moving causes; as, the stream of opinions or manners.

Gulf stream. See under Gulf. -- Stream anchor, Stream cable. (Naut.) See under Anchor, and Cable. -- Stream ice, blocks of ice floating in a mass together in some definite direction. -- Stream tin, particles or masses of tin ore found in alluvial ground; -- so called because a stream of water is the principal agent used in separating the ore from the sand and gravel. -- Stream works (Cornish Mining), a place where an alluvial deposit of tin ore is worked. Ure. -- To float with the stream, figuratively, to drift with the current of opinion, custom, etc., so as not to oppose or check it.

Syn. -- Current; flow; rush; tide; course. -- Stream, Current. These words are often properly interchangeable; but stream is the broader word, denoting a prevailing onward course. The stream of the Mississippi rolls steadily on to the Gulf of Mexico, but there are reflex currents in it which run for a while in a contrary direction.

Stream, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Streamed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Streaming.] 1. To issue or flow in a stream; to flow freely or in a current, as a fluid or whatever is likened to fluids; as, tears streamed from her eyes.

Beneath those banks where rivers stream.

Milton.

2. To pour out, or emit, a stream or streams.

A thousand suns will stream on thee.

Tennyson.

3. To issue in a stream of light; to radiate.

4. To extend; to stretch out with a wavy motion; to float in the wind; as, a flag streams in the wind.

Stream, v. t. To send forth in a current or stream; to cause to flow; to pour; as, his eyes streamed tears.

It may so please that she at length will stream Some dew of grace into my withered heart.

Spenser.

2. To mark with colors or embroidery in long tracts.

The herald's mantle is streamed with gold.

Bacon.

3. To unfurl. Shak.

To stream the buoy. (Naut.) See under Buoy.

Stream"er (?), n. 1. An ensign, flag, or pennant, which floats in the wind; specifically, a long, narrow, ribbonlike flag.

Brave Rupert from afar appears, Whose waving streamers the glad general knows.

Dryden.

3. A stream or column of light shooting upward from the horizon, constituting one of the forms of the aurora borealis. Macaulay.

While overhead the North's dumb streamers shoot.

Lowell.

3. (Mining) A searcher for stream tin.

Stream"ful (?), a. Abounding in streams, or in water. "The streamful tide." Drayton.

Stream"i*ness (?), n. The state of being streamy; a trailing. R. A. Proctor.

Stream"ing, a. Sending forth streams.

Stream"ing, n. 1. The act or operation of that which streams; the act of that which sends forth, or which runs in, streams.

2. (Mining) The reduction of stream tin; also, the search for stream tin.

Stream"less, a. Destitute of streams, or of a stream, as a region of country, or a dry channel.

Stream"let (?), n. A small stream; a rivulet; a rill.

Stream"y (?), a. 1. Abounding with streams, or with running water; streamful.

Arcadia However streamy now, adust and dry, Denied the goddess water.

Prior.

2. Resembling a stream; issuing in a stream.

His nodding helm emits a streamy ray.

Pope.

Stree (?), n. Straw. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streek (?), v. t. To stretch; also, to lay out, as a dead body. See Streak. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Streel (?), v. i. [Cf. Stroll.] To trail along; to saunter or be drawn along, carelessly, swaying in a kind of zigzag motion. [Colloq.] Thackeray.

Streen (?), n. See Strene. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Street (strt), n. [OE. strete, AS. strt, fr. L. strata (sc. via) a paved way, properly fem. p. p. of sternere, stratum, to spread; akin to E. strew. See Strew, and cf. Stratum, Stray, v. & a.] Originally, a paved way or road; a public highway; now commonly, a thoroughfare in a city or village, bordered by dwellings or business houses.

He removed [the body of] Amasa from the street unto the field.

Coverdale.

At home or through the high street passing.

Milton.

In an extended sense, street designates besides the roadway, the walks, houses, shops, etc., which border the thoroughfare.

His deserted mansion in Duke Street.

Macaulay.

The street (Broker's Cant), that thoroughfare of a city where the leading bankers and brokers do business; also, figuratively, those who do business there; as, the street would not take the bonds. -- Street Arab, Street broker, etc. See under Arab, Broker, etc. -- Street door, a door which opens upon a street, or is nearest the street.

Syn. -- See Way.

Street"walk`er (?), n. A common prostitute who walks the streets to find customers.

Street"ward` (?), n. An officer, or ward, having the care of the streets. [Obs.] Cowell.

Street"ward (?), a. Facing toward the street.

Their little streetward sitting room.

Tennyson.

Streight (?), a., n., & adv. See 2nd Strait. [Obs.]

Streight"en (?), v. t. See Straiten. [Obs.]

Strein (?), v. t. To strain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Streit (?), a. [See Stretch.] Drawn. [Obs.]

Pyrrhus with his streite sword.

Chaucer.

Streit, a. Close; narrow; strict. [Obs.] See Strait.

Streite, adv. Narrowly; strictly; straitly. [Obs.]

Strel"itz (?), n. sing. & pl. [Russ. strieliéts' a shooter, archer.] A soldier of the ancient Muscovite guard or Russian standing army; also, the guard itself.

||Stre*litz"i*a (?), n. [NL., named after Charlotte, Princess of ||Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and queen of George III of Great Britain.] ||(Bot.) A genus of plants related to the banana, found at the Cape of ||Good Hope. They have rigid glaucous distichous leaves, and peculiar ||richly colored flowers.

Strene (?), n. [OE. stren, streen, streon, AS. gestriénan, gestr&?;nan, gestreónan, to beget, to obtain, gestreón gain, wealth; akin to OHG. striunan to gain. Cf. Strian race, family.] Race; offspring; stock; breed; strain. [Obs.] Chaucer.

{ Stren"ger (?), Stren"gest (?) }, the original compar. & superl. of Strong. [Obs.]

Two of us shall strenger be than one.

Chaucer.

Strength (?), n. [OE. strengthe, AS. strengðu, fr. strang strong. See Strong.] 1. The quality or state of being strong; ability to do or to bear; capacity for exertion or endurance, whether physical, intellectual, or moral; force; vigor; power; as, strength of body or of the arm; strength of mind, of memory, or of judgment.

All his [Samson's] strength in his hairs were.

Chaucer.

Thou must outlive Thy youth, thy strength, thy beauty.

Milton.

2. Power to resist force; solidity or toughness; the quality of bodies by which they endure the application of force without breaking or yielding; -- in this sense opposed to frangibility; as, the strength of a bone, of a beam, of a wall, a rope, and the like. "The brittle strength of bones." Milton.

3. Power of resisting attacks; impregnability. "Our castle's strength will laugh a siege to scorn." Shak.

4. That quality which tends to secure results; effective power in an institution or enactment; security; validity; legal or moral force; logical conclusiveness; as, the strength of social or legal obligations; the strength of law; the strength of public opinion; strength of evidence; strength of argument.

5. One who, or that which, is regarded as embodying or affording force, strength, or firmness; that on which confidence or reliance is based; support; security.

God is our refuge and strength.

Ps. xlvi. 1.

What they boded would be a mischief to us, you are providing shall be one of our principal strengths.

Sprat.

Certainly there is not a greater strength against temptation.

Jer. Taylor.

6. Force as measured; amount, numbers, or power of any body, as of an army, a navy, and the like; as, what is the strength of the enemy by land, or by sea?

7. Vigor or style; force of expression; nervous diction; -- said of literary work.

And praise the easy vigor of a life Where Denham's strength and Waller's sweetness join.

Pope.

8. Intensity; -- said of light or color.

Bright Phœbus in his strength.

Shak.

9. Intensity or degree of the distinguishing and essential element; spirit; virtue; excellence; -- said of liquors, solutions, etc.; as, the strength of wine or of acids.

10. A strong place; a stronghold. [Obs.] Shak.

On, or Upon, the strength of, in reliance upon. "The allies, after a successful summer, are too apt, upon the strength of it, to neglect their preparations for the ensuing campaign." Addison.

Syn. -- Force; robustness; toughness; hardness; stoutness; brawniness; lustiness; firmness; puissance; support; spirit; validity; authority. See Force.

Strength, v. t. To strengthen. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Strength"en (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strengthened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strengthening.] 1. To make strong or stronger; to add strength to; as, to strengthen a limb, a bridge, an army; to strengthen an obligation; to strengthen authority.

Let noble Warwick, Cobham, and the rest, . . . With powerful policy strengthen themselves.

Shak.

2. To animate; to encourage; to fix in resolution.

Charge Joshua, and encourage him, and strengthen him.

Deut. iii. 28.

Syn. -- To invigorate; confirm; establish; fortify; animate; encourage.

Strength"en (?), v. i. To grow strong or stronger.

The young disease, that must subdue at length, Grows with his growth, and strengthens with his strength.

Pope.

Strength"en*er (?), n. One who, or that which, gives or adds strength. Sir W. Temple.

Strength"en*ing, a. That strengthens; giving or increasing strength. -- Strength"en*ing*ly, adv.

Strengthening plaster (Med.), a plaster containing iron, and supposed to have tonic effects.

Strength"ful (?), a. Abounding in strength; full of strength; strong. -- Strength"ful*ness, n.

Florence my friend, in court my faction Not meanly strengthful.

Marston.

Strength"ing, n. A stronghold. [Obs.]

Strength"less, a. Destitute of strength. Boyle.

Strength"ner (?), n. See Strengthener.

Strength"y (?), a. Having strength; strong. [Obs.]

Stre*nu"i*ty (?), n. [L. strenuatis.] Strenuousness; activity. [Obs.] Chapman.

Stren"u*ous (?), a. [L. strenuus; cf. Gr. &?; strong, hard, rough, harsh.] Eagerly pressing or urgent; zealous; ardent; earnest; bold; valiant; intrepid; as, a strenuous advocate for national rights; a strenuous reformer; a strenuous defender of his country.

And spirit-stirring wine, that strenuous makes.

Chapman.

Strenuous, continuous labor is pain.

I. Taylor.

-- Stren"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Stren"u*ous*ness, n.

Strep"ent (?), a. [L. strepens, p. pr. of strepere to make a noise.] Noisy; loud. [R.] Shenstone.

Strep"er*ous (?), a. [LL. streperus, fr. L. strepere. See Strepent, and cf. Obstreperous.] Loud; boisterous. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

||Strep`i*to"res (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. strepitus clamor.] (Zoöl.) A ||division of birds, including the clamatorial and picarian birds, ||which do not have well developed singing organs.

{ Strep*sip"ter (?), Strep*sip"ter*an (?) }, n. (Zoöl.) One of the Strepsiptera.

||Strep*sip"te*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a turning (fr. &?; to ||twist) + &?; a wing.] (Zoöl.) A group of small insects having the ||anterior wings rudimentary, and in the form of short and slender ||twisted appendages, while the posterior ones are large and ||membranous. They are parasitic in the larval state on bees, wasps, ||and the like; -- called also Rhipiptera. See Illust. under Rhipipter.

Strep*sip"ter*ous (?), a. [See Strepsiptera.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Strepsiptera.

||Strep`so*rhi"na (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a turning + &?;, &?;, ||the nose.] (Zoöl.) Same as Lemuroidea.

Strep"so*rhine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having twisted nostrils; -- said of the lemurs. -- n. (Zoöl.) One of the Strepsorhina; a lemur. See Illust. under Monkey.

||Strep`to*bac*te"ri*a (?), n. pl.; sing. Streptobracterium (&?;). ||[NL., fr. Gr. &?; pliant, bent + E. & NL. bacteria.] (Biol.) A so- ||called variety of bacterium, consisting in reality of several ||bacteria linked together in the form of a chain.

||Strep`to*coc"cus (?), n.; pl. Streptococci (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ||pliant, curved + &?; a grain, seed.] (Biol.) A long or short chain of ||micrococci, more or less curved.

||Strep`to*neu"ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; curved + &?; a sinew.] ||(Zoöl.) An extensive division of gastropod Mollusca in which the loop ||or visceral nerves is twisted, and the sexes separate. It is nearly ||to equivalent to Prosobranchiata.

||Strep"to*thrix (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; pliant, bent + &?; a hair.] ||(Biol.) A genus of bacilli occurring of the form of long, smooth and ||apparently branched threads, either straight or twisted.

Stress (?), n. [Abbrev. fr. distress; or cf. OF. estrecier to press, pinch, (assumed) LL. strictiare, fr. L. strictus. See Distress.] 1. Distress. [Obs.]

Sad hersal of his heavy stress.

Spenser.

2. Pressure, strain; -- used chiefly of immaterial things; except in mechanics; hence, urgency; importance; weight; significance.

The faculties of the mind are improved by exercise, yet they must not be put to a stress beyond their strength.

Locke.

A body may as well lay too little as too much stress upon a dream.

L'Estrange.

3. (Mech. & Physics) The force, or combination of forces, which produces a strain; force exerted in any direction or manner between contiguous bodies, or parts of bodies, and taking specific names according to its direction, or mode of action, as thrust or pressure, pull or tension, shear or tangential stress. Rankine.

Stress is the mutual action between portions of matter.

Clerk Maxwell.

4. (Pron.) Force of utterance expended upon words or syllables. Stress is in English the chief element in accent and is one of the most important in emphasis. See Guide to pronunciation, §§ 31-35.

5. (Scots Law) Distress; the act of distraining; also, the thing distrained.

Stress of voice, unusual exertion of the voice. -- Stress of weather, constraint imposed by continued bad weather; as, to be driven back to port by stress of weather. -- To lay stress upon, to attach great importance to; to emphasize. "Consider how great a stress is laid upon this duty." Atterbury. -- To put stress upon, or To put to a stress, to strain.

<! p. 1425 !>

Stress (?), v. t. 1. To press; to urge; to distress; to put to difficulties. [R.] Spenser.

2. To subject to stress, pressure, or strain.

Stress"ful (?), a. Having much stress. Rush.

Stretch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stretched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stretching.] [OE. strecchen, AS. streccan; akin to D. strekken, G. strecken, OHG. strecchen, Sw. sträcka, Dan. strække; cf. AS. stræck, strec, strong, violent, G. strack straight; of uncertain origin, perhaps akin to E. strong. Cf. Straight.] 1. To reach out; to extend; to put forth.

And stretch forth his neck long and small.

Chaucer.

I in conquest stretched mine arm.

Shak.

2. To draw out to the full length; to cause to extend in a straight line; as, to stretch a cord or rope.

3. To cause to extend in breadth; to spread; to expand; as, to stretch cloth; to stretch the wings.

4. To make tense; to tighten; to distend forcibly.

The ox hath therefore stretched his yoke in vain.

Shak.

5. To draw or pull out to greater length; to strain; as, to stretch a tendon or muscle.

Awake, my soul, stretch every nerve.

Doddridge.

6. To exaggerate; to extend too far; as, to stretch the truth; to stretch one's credit.

They take up, one day, the most violent and stretched prerogative.

Burke.

Stretch, v. i. 1. To be extended; to be drawn out in length or in breadth, or both; to spread; to reach; as, the iron road stretches across the continent; the lake stretches over fifty square miles.

As far as stretcheth any ground.

Gower.

2. To extend or spread one's self, or one's limbs; as, the lazy man yawns and stretches.

3. To be extended, or to bear extension, without breaking, as elastic or ductile substances.

The inner membrane . . . because it would stretch and yield, remained umbroken.

Boyle.

4. To strain the truth; to exaggerate; as, a man apt to stretch in his report of facts. [Obs. or Colloq.]

5. (Naut.) To sail by the wind under press of canvas; as, the ship stretched to the eastward. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

Stretch out, an order to rowers to extend themselves forward in dipping the oar.

Stretch, n. 1. Act of stretching, or state of being stretched; reach; effort; struggle; strain; as, a stretch of the limbs; a stretch of the imagination.

By stretch of arms the distant shore to gain.

Dryden.

Those put a lawful authority upon the stretch, to the abuse of yower, under the color of prerogative.

L'Estrange.

2. A continuous line or surface; a continuous space of time; as, grassy stretches of land.

A great stretch of cultivated country.

W. Black.

But all of them left me a week at a stretch.

E. Eggleston.

3. The extent to which anything may be stretched.

Quotations, in their utmost stretch, can signify no more than that Luther lay under severe agonies of mind.

Atterbury.

This is the utmost stretch that nature can.

Granville.

4. (Naut.) The reach or extent of a vessel's progress on one tack; a tack or board.

5. Course; direction; as, the stretch of seams of coal.

To be on the stretch, to be obliged to use one's utmost powers. -- Home stretch. See under Home, a.

Stretch"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stretches.

2. (Masonry) A brick or stone laid with its longer dimension in the line of direction of the wall. Gwilt.

3. (Arch.) A piece of timber used in building.

4. (Naut.) (a) A narrow crosspiece of the bottom of a boat against which a rower braces his feet. (b) A crosspiece placed between the sides of a boat to keep them apart when hoisted up and griped. Dana.

5. A litter, or frame, for carrying disabled, wounded, or dead persons.

6. An overstretching of the truth; a lie. [Slang]

7. One of the rods in an umbrella, attached at one end to one of the ribs, and at the other to the tube sliding upon the handle.

8. An instrument for stretching boots or gloves.

9. The frame upon which canvas is stretched for a painting.

Stretch"ing (?), a. & n. from Stretch, v.

Stretching course (Masonry), a course or series of stretchers. See Stretcher, 2. Britton.

||Stret"to (?), n. [It., close or contacted, pressed.] (Mus.) (a) The ||crowding of answer upon subject near the end of a fugue. (b) In an ||opera or oratorio, a coda, or winding up, in an accelerated time. ||[Written also stretta.]

Strew (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strewed (?); p. p. strewn (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strewing.] [OE. strewen, strawen, AS. strewian, streówian; akin to Ofries. strewa, OS. strewian, D. strooijen, G. streuen, OHG. strewen, Icel. str, Sw. strö, Dan. ströe, Goth. straujan, L. sternere, stratum, Gr. &?;, &?;, Skr. st&?;. &radic;166. Cf. Stratum, Straw, Street.] 1. To scatter; to spread by scattering; to cast or to throw loosely apart; -- used of solids, separated or separable into parts or particles; as, to strew seed in beds; to strew sand on or over a floor; to strew flowers over a grave.

And strewed his mangled limbs about the field.

Dryden.

On a principal table a desk was open and many papers [were] strewn about.

Beaconsfield.

2. To cover more or less thickly by scattering something over or upon; to cover, or lie upon, by having been scattered; as, they strewed the ground with leaves; leaves strewed the ground.

The snow which does the top of Pindus strew.

Spenser.

Is thine alone the seed that strews the plain?

Pope.

3. To spread abroad; to disseminate.

She may strew dangerous conjectures.

Shak.

Strew"ing (?), n. 1. The act of scattering or spreading.

2. Anything that is, or may be, strewed; -- used chiefly in the plural. Shak.

Strew"ment (?), n. Anything scattered, as flowers for decoration. [Obs.] Shak.

Strewn (?), p. p. of Strew.

Stri"a (?), n.; pl. Striæ (#). [L., a furrow, channel, hollow.] 1. A minute groove, or channel; a threadlike line, as of color; a narrow structural band or line; a striation; as, the striæ, or groovings, produced on a rock by a glacier passing over it; the striæ on the surface of a shell; a stria of nervous matter in the brain.

2. (Arch.) A fillet between the flutes of columns, pilasters, or the like. Oxf. Gloss.

Stri"ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Striating.] [See Striate, a.] To mark with striaæ. "Striated longitudinally." Owen.

{ Stri"ate (?), Stri"a*ted (?), } a. [L. striatus, p. p. of striare to furnish with channels, from stria a channel.] Marked with striaæ, or fine grooves, or lines of color; showing narrow structural bands or lines; as, a striated crystal; striated muscular fiber.

Stri*a"tion (?), n. 1. The quality or condition of being striated.

2. A stria; as, the striations on a shell.

||Stri*a"tum (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) The corpus striatum.

Stri"a*ture (?), n. [L. striatura.] A stria.

Strich (?), n. [Cf. L. strix, strigs, a streech owl.] (Zoöl.) An owl. [Obs.] Spenser.

Strick, n. A bunch of hackled flax prepared for drawing into slivers. Knight.

Strick"en (?), p. p. & a. from Strike. 1. Struck; smitten; wounded; as, the stricken deer. [See Strike, n.]

2. Worn out; far gone; advanced. See Strike, v. t., 21.

Abraham was old and well stricken in age.

Gen. xxiv. 1.

3. Whole; entire; -- said of the hour as marked by the striking of a clock. [Scot.]

He persevered for a stricken hour in such a torrent of unnecessary tattle.

Sir W. Scott.

Speeches are spoken by the stricken hour, day after day, week, perhaps, after week.

Bayne.

Stric"kle (?), n. [See Strike.] 1. An instrument to strike grain to a level with the measure; a strike.

2. An instrument for whetting scythes; a rifle.

3. (Founding) An instrument used for smoothing the surface of a core.

4. (Carp. & Mason.) A templet; a pattern.

5. An instrument used in dressing flax. [Prov. Eng.]

Stric"kler (?), n. See Strickle.

Strick"less, n. See Strickle. [Prov. Eng.]

Strict (?), a. [Compar. Stricter (?); superl. Strictest.] [L. strictus, p. p. of stringere to draw or bind tight, to strain. See Strain, and cf. Strait, a.] 1. Strained; drawn close; tight; as, a strict embrace; a strict ligature. Dryden.

2. Tense; not relaxed; as, a strict fiber.

3. Exact; accurate; precise; rigorously nice; as, to keep strict watch; to pay strict attention. Shak.

It shall be still in strictest measure.

Milton.

4. Governed or governing by exact rules; observing exact rules; severe; rigorous; as, very strict in observing the Sabbath. "Through the strict senteries." Milton.

5. Rigidly; interpreted; exactly limited; confined; restricted; as, to understand words in a strict sense.

6. (Bot.) Upright, or straight and narrow; -- said of the shape of the plants or their flower clusters.

Syn. -- Exact; accurate; nice; close; rigorous; severe. -- Strict, Severe. Strict, applied to a person, denotes that he conforms in his motives and acts to a principle or code by which he is bound; severe is strict with an implication often, but not always, of harshness. Strict is opposed to lax; severe is opposed to gentle.

And rules as strict his labored work confine, As if the Stagirite o'erlooked each line.

Pope.

Soon moved with touch of blame, thus Eve: - "What words have passed thy lips, Adam severe!"

Milton.

The Strict Observance, or Friars of the Strict Observance. (R. C. Ch.) See Observance.

Stric"tion (?), n. [L. strictio. See Stringent.] The act of constricting, or the state of being constricted.

Line of striction (Geom.), the line on a skew surface that cuts each generator in that point of it that is nearest to the succeeding generator.

Strict"ly, adv. In a strict manner; closely; precisely.

Strict"ness, n. Quality or state of being strict.

Stric"ture (?), n. [L. strictura a contraction, from stringere, strictum, to draw tight: cf. F. stricture. See Strict.] 1. Strictness. [Obs.]

A man of stricture and firm abstinence.

Shak.

2. A stroke; a glance; a touch. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

3. A touch of adverse criticism; censure.

[I have] given myself the liberty of these strictures by way of reflection on all and every passage.

Hammond.

4. (Med.) A localized morbid contraction of any passage of the body. Cf. Organic stricture, and Spasmodic stricture, under Organic, and Spasmodic. Arbuthnot.

Stric"tured (?), a. (Med.) Affected with a stricture; as, a strictured duct.

Strid (?), n. [See Stride.] A narrow passage between precipitous rocks or banks, which looks as if it might be crossed at a stride. [Prov. Eng.] Howitt.

This striding place is called the Strid.

Wordsworth.

Stride (?), v. t. [imp. Strode (?) (Obs. Strid (&?;)); p. p. Stridden (?) (Obs. Strid); p. pr. & vb. n. Striding.] [AS. strdan to stride, to strive; akin to LG. striden, OFries. strda to strive, D. strijden to strive, to contend, G. streiten, OHG. strtan; of uncertain origin. Cf. Straddle.] 1. To walk with long steps, especially in a measured or pompous manner.

Mars in the middle of the shining shield Is graved, and strides along the liquid field.

Dryden.

2. To stand with the legs wide apart; to straddle.

Stride, v. t. 1. To pass over at a step; to step over. "A debtor that not dares to stride a limit." Shak.

2. To straddle; to bestride.

I mean to stride your steed.

Shak.

Stride, n. The act of stridding; a long step; the space measured by a long step; as, a masculine stride. Pope.

God never meant that man should scale the heavens By strides of human wisdom.

Cowper.

Stri"dent (?), a. [L. stridens, -entis, p. pr. of stridere to make a grating or creaking noise.] Characterized by harshness; grating; shrill. "A strident voice." Thackeray.

||Stri"dor (?), n. [L., from stridere to make any harsh, grating, or ||creaking sound.] A harsh, shrill, or creaking noise. Dryden.

Strid"u*late (?), v. t. [See Stridulous.] To make a shrill, creaking noise; specifically (Zoöl.), to make a shrill or musical sound, such as is made by the males of many insects.

Strid`u*la"tion (?), n. The act of stridulating. Specifically: (Zoöl.) (a) The act of making shrill sounds or musical notes by rubbing together certain hard parts, as is done by the males of many insects, especially by Orthoptera, such as crickets, grasshoppers, and locusts. (b) The noise itself.

The crickets stridulate by rubbing together the strong nervures of the fore wings. Many grasshoppers stridulate by rubbing the hind legs across strong nervures on the fore wings. The green grasshoppers and katydids stridulate by means of special organs at the base of the fore wings.

Strid"u*la`tor (?), n. [NL.] That which stridulates. Darwin.

Strid"u*la*to*ry (?), a. Stridulous; able to stridulate; used in stridulating; adapted for stridulation. Darwin.

Strid"u*lous (?), a. [L. stridulus. See Strident.] Making a shrill, creaking sound. Sir T. Browne.

The Sarmatian boor driving his stridulous cart.

Longfellow.

Stridulous laryngitis (Med.), a form of croup, or laryngitis, in children, associated with dyspnœa, occurring usually at night, and marked by crowing or stridulous breathing.

Strife (?), n. [OF. estrif. See Strive.] 1. The act of striving; earnest endeavor. [Archaic] Shak.

2. Exertion or contention for superiority; contest of emulation, either by intellectual or physical efforts.

Doting about questions and strifes of words.

1 Tim. vi. 4.

Thus gods contended -- noble strife - Who most should ease the wants of life.

Congreve.

3. Altercation; violent contention; fight; battle.

Twenty of them fought in this black strife.

Shak.

These vows, thus granted, raised a strife above Betwixt the god of war and queen of love.

Dryden.

4. That which is contended against; occasion of contest. [Obs.] "Lamenting her unlucky strife." Spenser.

Syn. -- Contest; struggle; quarrel. See Contention.

Strife"ful (?), a. Contentious; discordant.

The ape was strifeful and ambitious.

Spenser.

Stri"gate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Having transverse bands of color.

||Stri"ges (?), n. pl. [L., pl. of strix a streech owl; cf. Gr. &?; a ||screaming night bird.] (Zoöl.) The tribe of birds which comprises the ||owls.

Strig"il (?), n. [L. strigilis, from stringere to graze, scrape.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) An instrument of metal, ivory, etc., used for scraping the skin at the bath.

Strig"il*lose` (?), a. [Dim. fr. strigose.] (Bot.) Set with stiff, slender bristles.

Stri"gine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to owls; owl-like.

Strig"ment (?), n. [L. strigmentum.] Scraping; that which is scraped off. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Stri*gose" (?), a. [Cf. F. strigueux. See Strigil.] (Bot.) Set with stiff, straight bristles; hispid; as, a strigose leaf.

Stri"gous (?), a. (Bot.) Strigose. [R.]

<! p. 1426 !>

Strike (?), v. t. [imp. Struck (?); p. p. Struck, Stricken (&?;) (Stroock (&?;), Strucken (&?;), Obs.); p. pr. & vb. n. Striking. Struck is more commonly used in the p. p. than stricken.] [OE. striken to strike, proceed, flow, AS. strcan to go, proceed, akin to D. strijken to rub, stroke, strike, to move, go, G. streichen, OHG. strhhan, L. stringere to touch lightly, to graze, to strip off (but perhaps not to L. stringere in sense to draw tight), striga a row, a furrow. Cf. Streak, Stroke.] 1. To touch or hit with some force, either with the hand or with an instrument; to smite; to give a blow to, either with the hand or with any instrument or missile.

He at Philippi kept His sword e'en like a dancer; while I struck The lean and wrinkled Cassius.

Shak.

2. To come in collision with; to strike against; as, a bullet struck him; the wave struck the boat amidships; the ship struck a reef.

3. To give, as a blow; to impel, as with a blow; to give a force to; to dash; to cast.

They shall take of the blood, and strike it on the two sideposts.

Ex. xii. 7.

Who would be free, themselves must strike the blow.

Byron.

4. To stamp or impress with a stroke; to coin; as, to strike coin from metal: to strike dollars at the mint.

5. To thrust in; to cause to enter or penetrate; to set in the earth; as, a tree strikes its roots deep.

6. To punish; to afflict; to smite.

To punish the just is not good, nor strike princes for equity.

Prov. xvii. 26.

7. To cause to sound by one or more beats; to indicate or notify by audible strokes; as, the clock strikes twelve; the drums strike up a march.

8. To lower; to let or take down; to remove; as, to strike sail; to strike a flag or an ensign, as in token of surrender; to strike a yard or a topmast in a gale; to strike a tent; to strike the centering of an arch.

9. To make a sudden impression upon, as by a blow; to affect sensibly with some strong emotion; as, to strike the mind, with surprise; to strike one with wonder, alarm, dread, or horror.

Nice works of art strike and surprise us most on the first view.

Atterbury.

They please as beauties, here as wonders strike.

Pope.

10. To affect in some particular manner by a sudden impression or impulse; as, the plan proposed strikes me favorably; to strike one dead or blind.

How often has stricken you dumb with his irony!

Landor.

11. To cause or produce by a stroke, or suddenly, as by a stroke; as, to strike a light.

Waving wide her myrtle wand, She strikes a universal peace through sea and land.

Milton.

12. To cause to ignite; as, to strike a match.

13. To make and ratify; as, to strike a bargain.

Probably borrowed from the L. fœdus ferrire, to strike a compact, so called because an animal was struck and killed as a sacrifice on such occasions.

14. To take forcibly or fraudulently; as, to strike money. [Old Slang]

15. To level, as a measure of grain, salt, or the like, by scraping off with a straight instrument what is above the level of the top.

16. (Masonry) To cut off, as a mortar joint, even with the face of the wall, or inward at a slight angle.

17. To hit upon, or light upon, suddenly; as, my eye struck a strange word; they soon struck the trail.

18. To borrow money of; to make a demand upon; as, he struck a friend for five dollars. [Slang]

19. To lade into a cooler, as a liquor. B. Edwards.

20. To stroke or pass lightly; to wave.

Behold, I thought, He will . . . strike his hand over the place, and recover the leper.

2 Kings v. 11.

21. To advance; to cause to go forward; -- used only in past participle. "Well struck in years." Shak.

To strike an attitude, To strike a balance. See under Attitude, and Balance. -- To strike a jury (Law), to constitute a special jury ordered by a court, by each party striking out a certain number of names from a prepared list of jurors, so as to reduce it to the number of persons required by law. Burrill. -- To strike a lead. (a) (Mining) To find a vein of ore. (b) Fig.: To find a way to fortune. [Colloq.] -- To strike a ledger, or an account, to balance it. -- To strike hands with. (a) To shake hands with. Halliwell. (b) To make a compact or agreement with; to agree with. -- To strike off. (a) To erase from an account; to deduct; as, to strike off the interest of a debt. (b) (Print.) To impress; to print; as, to strike off a thousand copies of a book. (c) To separate by a blow or any sudden action; as, to strike off what is superfluous or corrupt. -- To strike oil, to find petroleum when boring for it; figuratively, to make a lucky hit financially. [Slang, U.S.] -- To strike one luck, to shake hands with one and wish good luck. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl. -- To strike out. (a) To produce by collision; to force out, as, to strike out sparks with steel. (b) To blot out; to efface; to erase. "To methodize is as necessary as to strike out." Pope. (c) To form by a quick effort; to devise; to invent; to contrive, as, to strike out a new plan of finance. (d) (Baseball) To cause a player to strike out; -- said of the pitcher. See To strike out, under Strike, v. i. -- To strike sail. See under Sail. -- To strike up. (a) To cause to sound; to begin to beat. "Strike up the drums." Shak. (b) To begin to sing or play; as, to strike up a tune. (c) To raise (as sheet metal), in making diahes, pans, etc., by blows or pressure in a die. -- To strike work, to quit work; to go on a strike.

Strike (?), v. i. To move; to advance; to proceed; to take a course; as, to strike into the fields.

A mouse . . . struck forth sternly [bodily].

Piers Plowman.

2. To deliver a quick blow or thrust; to give blows.

And fiercely took his trenchant blade in hand, With which he stroke so furious and so fell.

Spenser.

Strike now, or else the iron cools.

Shak.

3. To hit; to collide; to dush; to clash; as, a hammer strikes against the bell of a clock.

4. To sound by percussion, with blows, or as with blows; to be struck; as, the clock strikes.

A deep sound strikes like a rising knell.

Byron.

5. To make an attack; to aim a blow.

A puny subject strikes At thy great glory.

Shak.

Struck for throne, and striking found his doom.

Tennyson.

6. To touch; to act by appulse.

Hinder light but from striking on it [porphyry], and its colors vanish.

Locke.

7. To run upon a rock or bank; to be stranded; as, the ship struck in the night.

8. To pass with a quick or strong effect; to dart; to penetrate.

Till a dart strike through his liver.

Prov. vii. 23.

Now and then a glittering beam of wit or passion strikes through the obscurity of the poem.

Dryden.

9. To break forth; to commence suddenly; -- with into; as, to strike into reputation; to strike into a run.

10. To lower a flag, or colors, in token of respect, or to signify a surrender of a ship to an enemy.

That the English ships of war should not strike in the Danish seas.

Bp. Burnet.

11. To quit work in order to compel an increase, or prevent a reduction, of wages.

12. To become attached to something; -- said of the spat of oysters.

13. To steal money. [Old Slang, Eng.] Nares.

To strike at, to aim a blow at. -- To strike for, to start suddenly on a course for. -- To strike home, to give a blow which reaches its object, to strike with effect. -- To strike in. (a) To enter suddenly. (b) To disappear from the surface, with internal effects, as an eruptive disease. (c) To come in suddenly; to interpose; to interrupt. "I proposed the embassy of Constantinople for Mr. Henshaw, but my Lord Winchelsea struck in." Evelyn. (d) To join in after another has begun,as in singing. -- To strike in with, to conform to; to suit itself to; to side with, to join with at once. "To assert this is to strike in with the known enemies of God's grace." South. -- To strike out. (a) To start; to wander; to make a sudden excursion; as, to strike out into an irregular course of life. (b) To strike with full force. (c) (Baseball) To be put out for not hitting the ball during one's turn at the bat. -- To strike up, to commence to play as a musician; to begin to sound, as an instrument. "Whilst any trump did sound, or drum struck up." Shak.

Strike (?), n. 1. The act of striking.

2. An instrument with a straight edge for leveling a measure of grain, salt, and the like, scraping off what is above the level of the top; a strickle.

3. A bushel; four pecks. [Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

4. An old measure of four bushels. [Prov. Eng.]

5. Fullness of measure; hence, excellence of quality.

Three hogsheads of ale of the first strike.

Sir W. Scott.

6. An iron pale or standard in a gate or fence. [Obs.]

7. The act of quitting work; specifically, such an act by a body of workmen, done as a means of enforcing compliance with demands made on their employer.

Strikes are the insurrections of labor.

F. A. Walker.

8. (Iron Working) A puddler's stirrer.

9. (Geol.) The horizontal direction of the outcropping edges of tilted rocks; or, the direction of a horizontal line supposed to be drawn on the surface of a tilted stratum. It is at right angles to the dip.

10. The extortion of money, or the attempt to extort money, by threat of injury; blackmailing.

Strike block (Carp.), a plane shorter than a jointer, used for fitting a short joint. Moxon. -- Strike of flax, a handful that may be hackled at once. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Strike of sugar. (Sugar Making) (a) The act of emptying the teache, or last boiler, in which the cane juice is exposed to heat, into the coolers. (b) The quantity of the sirup thus emptied at once.

Strik"er (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, strikes; specifically, a blacksmith's helper who wields the sledge.

2. A harpoon; also, a harpooner.

Wherever we come to an anchor, we always send out our strikers, and put out hooks and lines overboard, to try fish.

Dampier.

3. A wencher; a lewd man. [Obs.] Massinger.

4. A workman who is on a strike.

5. A blackmailer in politics; also, one whose political influence can be bought. [Political Cant]

Strik"ing, a. & n. from Strike, v.

Striking distance, the distance through which an object can be reached by striking; the distance at which a force is effective when directed to a particular object. -- Striking plate. (a) The plate against which the latch of a door lock strikes as the door is closed. (b) A part of the centering of an arch, which is driven back to loosen the centering in striking it.

Strik"ing, a. Affecting with strong emotions; surprising; forcible; impressive; very noticeable; as, a striking representation or image; a striking resemblance. "A striking fact." De Quincey. -- Strik"ing*ly, adv. -- Strik"ing*ness, n.

Strik"le (?), n. See Strickle.

String (strng), n. [OE. string, streng, AS. streng; akin to D. streng, G. strang, Icel. strengr, Sw. sträng, Dan. stræng; probably from the adj., E. strong (see Strong); or perhaps originally meaning, twisted, and akin to E. strangle.] 1. A small cord, a line, a twine, or a slender strip of leather, or other substance, used for binding together, fastening, or tying things; a cord, larger than a thread and smaller than a rope; as, a shoe string; a bonnet string; a silken string. Shak.

Round Ormond's knee thou tiest the mystic string.

Prior.

2. A thread or cord on which a number of objects or parts are strung or arranged in close and orderly succession; hence, a line or series of things arranged on a thread, or as if so arranged; a succession; a concatenation; a chain; as, a string of shells or beads; a string of dried apples; a string of houses; a string of arguments. "A string of islands." Gibbon.

3. A strip, as of leather, by which the covers of a book are held together. Milton.

4. The cord of a musical instrument, as of a piano, harp, or violin; specifically (pl.), the stringed instruments of an orchestra, in distinction from the wind instruments; as, the strings took up the theme. "An instrument of ten strings." Ps. xxx. iii. 2.

Me softer airs befit, and softer strings Of lute, or viol still.

Milton.

5. The line or cord of a bow. Ps. xi. 2.

He twangs the grieving string.

Pope.

6. A fiber, as of a plant; a little, fibrous root.

Duckweed putteth forth a little string into the water, from the bottom.

Bacon.

7. A nerve or tendon of an animal body.

The string of his tongue was loosed.

Mark vii. 35.

8. (Shipbuilding) An inside range of ceiling planks, corresponding to the sheer strake on the outside and bolted to it.

9. (Bot.) The tough fibrous substance that unites the valves of the pericap of leguminous plants, and which is readily pulled off; as, the strings of beans.

10. (Mining) A small, filamentous ramification of a metallic vein. Ure.

11. (Arch.) Same as Stringcourse.

12. (Billiards) The points made in a game.

String band (Mus.), a band of musicians using only, or chiefly, stringed instruments. -- String beans. (a) A dish prepared from the unripe pods of several kinds of beans; -- so called because the strings are stripped off. (b) Any kind of beans in which the pods are used for cooking before the seeds are ripe; usually, the low bush bean. -- To have two strings to one's bow, to have a means or expedient in reserve in case the one employed fails.

String (strng), v. t. [imp. Strung (strng); p. p. Strung (R. Stringed (strngd)); p. pr. & vb. n. Stringing.] 1. To furnish with strings; as, to string a violin.

Has not wise nature strung the legs and feet With firmest nerves, designed to walk the street?

Gay.

2. To put in tune the strings of, as a stringed instrument, in order to play upon it.

For here the Muse so oft her harp has strung, That not a mountain rears its head unsung.

Addison.

3. To put on a string; to file; as, to string beads.

4. To make tense; to strengthen.

Toil strung the nerves, and purified the blood.

Dryden.

5. To deprive of strings; to strip the strings from; as, to string beans. See String, n., 9.

String"board` (-brd`), n. Same as Stringpiece.

String"course` (-krs`), n. (Arch.) A horizontal band in a building, forming a part of the design, whether molded, projecting, or carved, or in any way distinguished from the rest of the work.

Stringed (strngd), a. 1. Having strings; as, a stringed instrument. Ps. cl. 4.

2. Produced by strings. "Answering the stringed noise." Milton.

Strin"gen*cy (strn"jen*s), n. The quality or state of being stringent.

||Strin"gen*do (?), a. [It.] (Mus.) Urging or hastening the time, as to ||a climax.

Strin"gent (strn"jent), a. [L. stringens, -entis, p. pr. of stringere to draw or bind tight. See Strain.] Binding strongly; making strict requirements; restrictive; rigid; severe; as, stringent rules.

They must be subject to a sharper penal code, and to a more stringent code of procedure.

Macaulay.

-- Strin"gent*ly, adv. -- Strin"gent*ness, n.

String"er (strng"r), n. 1. One who strings; one who makes or provides strings, especially for bows.

Be content to put your trust in honest stringers.

Ascham.

2. A libertine; a wencher. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

3. (Railroad) A longitudinal sleeper.

4. (Shipbuilding) A streak of planking carried round the inside of a vessel on the under side of the beams.

5. (Carp.) A long horizontal timber to connect uprights in a frame, or to support a floor or the like.

String"halt` (?), n. (Far.) An habitual sudden twitching of the hinder leg of a horse, or an involuntary or convulsive contraction of the muscles that raise the hock. [Written also springhalt.]

String"i*ness (?), n. Quality of being stringy.

String"less, a. Having no strings.

His tongue is now a stringless instrument.

Shak.

String"piece` (?), n. (Arch.) (a) A long piece of timber, forming a margin or edge of any piece of construction; esp.: (b) One of the longitudinal pieces, supporting the treads and rises of a flight or run of stairs.

String"y (?), a. 1. Consisting of strings, or small threads; fibrous; filamentous; as, a stringy root.

2. Capable of being drawn into a string, as a glutinous substance; ropy; viscid; gluely.

Stringy bark (Bot.), a name given in Australia to several trees of the genus Eucalyptus (as E. amygdalina, obliqua, capitellata, macrorhyncha, piperita, pilularis, &and; tetradonta), which have a fibrous bark used by the aborigines for making cordage and cloth.

Strip (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stripped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stripping.] [OE. stripen, strepen, AS. str&?;pan in bestr&?;pan to plunder; akin to D. stroopen, MHG. stroufen, G. streifen.] 1. To deprive; to bereave; to make destitute; to plunder; especially, to deprive of a covering; to skin; to peel; as, to strip a man of his possession, his rights, his privileges, his reputation; to strip one of his clothes; to strip a beast of his skin; to strip a tree of its bark.

And strippen her out of her rude array.

Chaucer.

They stripped Joseph out of his coat.

Gen. xxxvii. 23.

Opinions which . . . no clergyman could have avowed without imminent risk of being stripped of his gown.

Macaulay.

2. To divest of clothing; to uncover.

Before the folk herself strippeth she.

Chaucer.

Strip your sword stark naked.

Shak.

3. (Naut.) To dismantle; as, to strip a ship of rigging, spars, etc.

4. (Agric.) To pare off the surface of, as land, in strips.

5. To deprive of all milk; to milk dry; to draw the last milk from; hence, to milk with a peculiar movement of the hand on the teats at the last of a milking; as, to strip a cow.

6. To pass; to get clear of; to outstrip. [Obs.]

When first they stripped the Malean promontory.

Chapman.

Before he reached it he was out of breath, And then the other stripped him.

Beau. & Fl.

7. To pull or tear off, as a covering; to remove; to wrest away; as, to strip the skin from a beast; to strip the bark from a tree; to strip the clothes from a man's back; to strip away all disguisses.

To strip bad habits from a corrupted heart, is stripping off the skin.

Gilpin.

8. (Mach.) (a) To tear off (the thread) from a bolt or nut; as, the thread is stripped. (b) To tear off the thread from (a bolt or nut); as, the bolt is stripped.

9. To remove the metal coating from (a plated article), as by acids or electrolytic action.

10. (Carding) To remove fiber, flock, or lint from; -- said of the teeth of a card when it becomes partly clogged.

11. To pick the cured leaves from the stalks of (tobacco) and tie them into "hands"; to remove the midrib from (tobacco leaves).

<! p. 1427 !>

Strip (?), v. i. 1. To take off, or become divested of, clothes or covering; to undress.

2. (Mach.) To fail in the thread; to lose the thread, as a bolt, screw, or nut. See Strip, v. t., 8.

Strip, n. 1. A narrow piece, or one comparatively long; as, a strip of cloth; a strip of land.

2. (Mining) A trough for washing ore.

3. (Gunnery) The issuing of a projectile from a rifled gun without acquiring the spiral motion. Farrow.

Stripe (?), n. [OD. strijpe a stripe, streak; akin to LG. stripe, D. streep, Dan. stribe, G. strief, striefen, MHG. striefen to glide, march.] 1. A line, or long, narrow division of anything of a different color or structure from the ground; hence, any linear variation of color or structure; as, a stripe, or streak, of red on a green ground; a raised stripe.

2. (Weaving) A pattern produced by arranging the warp threads in sets of alternating colors, or in sets presenting some other contrast of appearance.

3. A strip, or long, narrow piece attached to something of a different color; as, a red or blue stripe sewed upon a garment.

4. A stroke or blow made with a whip, rod, scourge, or the like, such as usually leaves a mark.

Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed.

Deut. xxv. 3.

5. A long, narrow discoloration of the skin made by the blow of a lash, rod, or the like.

Cruelty marked him with inglorious stripes.

Thomson.

6. Color indicating a party or faction; hence, distinguishing characteristic; sign; likeness; sort; as, persons of the same political stripe. [Colloq. U.S.]

7. pl. (Mil.) The chevron on the coat of a noncommissioned officer.

Stars and Stripes. See under Star, n.

Stripe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Striped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Striping.] 1. To make stripes upon; to form with lines of different colors or textures; to variegate with stripes.

2. To strike; to lash. [R.]

Striped (?), a. Having stripes of different colors; streaked.

Striped bass. (Zoöl.) See under Bass. -- Striped maple (Bot.), a slender American tree (Acer Pennsylvanicum) with finely striped bark. Called also striped dogwood, and moosewood. -- Striped mullet. (Zoöl.) See under Mullet, 2. -- Striped snake (Zoöl.), the garter snake. -- Striped squirrel (Zoöl.), the chipmunk.

Strip"-leaf` (?), n. Tobacco which has been stripped of its stalks before packing.

Strip"ling (?), n. [Dim. of strip; as if a small strip from the main stock or steam.] A youth in the state of adolescence, or just passing from boyhood to manhood; a lad.

Inquire thou whose son the stripling is.

1 Sam. xvii. 56.

Strip"per (?), n. One who, or that which, strips; specifically, a machine for stripping cards.

Strip"pet (?), n. [Dim. of strip.] A small stream. [Obs.] "A little brook or strippet." Holinshed.

Strip"ping (?), n. 1. The act of one who strips.

The mutual bows and courtesies . . . are remants of the original prostrations and strippings of the captive.

H. Spencer.

Never were cows that required such stripping.

Mrs. Gaskell.

2. pl. The last milk drawn from a cow at a milking.

||Stri*so"res (?), n. pl. [NL.; cf. L. stridere to creak, whiz, buzz.] ||(Zoöl.) A division of passerine birds including the humming birds, ||swifts, and goatsuckers. It is now generally considered an artificial ||group.

Strive (?), v. i. [imp. Strove (?); p. p. Striven (?) (Rarely, Strove); p. pr. & vb. n. Striving.] [OF. estriver; of Teutonic origin, and akin to G. streben, D. streven, Dan. stræbe, Sw. sträfva. Cf. Strife.] 1. To make efforts; to use exertions; to endeavor with earnestness; to labor hard.

Was for this his ambition strove To equal Cæsar first, and after, Jove?

Cowley.

2. To struggle in opposition; to be in contention or dispute; to contend; to contest; -- followed by against or with before the person or thing opposed; as, strive against temptation; strive for the truth. Chaucer.

My Spirit shall not always strive with man.

Gen. vi. 3.

Why dost thou strive against him?

Job xxxiii. 13.

Now private pity strove with public hate, Reason with rage, and eloquence with fate.

Denham.

3. To vie; to compete; to be a rival. Chaucer.

[Not] that sweet grove Of Daphne, by Orontes and the inspired Castalian spring, might with this paradise Of Eden strive.

Milton.

Syn. -- To contend; vie; struggle; endeavor; aim.

Strive, n. 1. An effort; a striving. [R.] Chapman.

2. Strife; contention. [Obs.] Wyclif (luke xxi. 9).

Strived (?), obs. p. p. of Strive. Striven.

Yea, so have I strived to preach the gospel.

Rom. xv. 20.

Striv"en (?), p. p. of Strive.

Striv"er (?), n. One who strives.

Striv"ing (?), a. & n. from Strive. -- Striv"ing*ly, adv.

Strix (?), n. [L. strix, strigis.] (Arch.) One of the flutings of a column.

Stroam (?), v. i. [Prov. E. strome to walk with long strides.] 1. To wander about idly and vacantly. [Obs.]

2. To take long strides in walking. [Prov. Eng.]

||Stro*bi"la (?), n.; pl. Strobilæ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; anything ||twisted, a pine cone.] (Zoöl.) (a) A form of the larva of certain ||Discophora in a state of development succeeding the scyphistoma. The ||body of the strobila becomes elongated, and subdivides transversely ||into a series of lobate segments which eventually become ephyræ, or ||young medusæ. (b) A mature tapeworm.

Strob`i*la"ceous (?), a. [See Strobila.] (Bot.) (a) Of or pertaining to a strobile or cone. (b) Producing strobiles.

Strob`i*la"tion (?), n. (Zoöl.) The act or phenomenon of spontaneously dividing transversely, as do certain species of annelids and helminths; transverse fission. See Illust. under Syllidian.

Strob"ile (?), n. [L. strobilus a pine cone, Gr. &?;: cf. F. strobole.] [Written also strobil.] 1. (Bot.) A scaly multiple fruit resulting from the ripening of an ament in certain plants, as the hop or pine; a cone. See Cone, n., 3.

2. (Biol.) An individual asexually producing sexual individuals differing from itself also in other respects, as the tapeworm, -- one of the forms that occur in metagenesis.

3. (Zoöl.) Same as Strobila.

Stro*bil"i*form (?), a. Shaped like a strobile.

Strob"i*line (?), a. Of or pertaining to a strobile; strobilaceous; strobiliform; as, strobiline fruits.

Strob"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a whirling + -scope.] 1. An instrument for studying or observing the successive phases of a periodic or varying motion by means of light which is periodically interrupted.

2. An optical toy similar to the phenakistoscope. See Phenakistoscope.

Stroc"kle (?), n. (Glass Manuf.) A shovel with a turned-up edge, for frit, sand, etc. [Written also strocal, strocle, strokal.]

Strode (?), n. See Strude. [Obs.]

Strode, imp. of Stride.

Stroke (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Struck.

Stroke, n. [OE. strok, strook, strak, fr. striken. See Strike, v. t.] 1. The act of striking; a blow; a hit; a knock; esp., a violent or hostile attack made with the arm or hand, or with an instrument or weapon.

His hand fetcheth a stroke with the ax to cut down the tree.

Deut. xix. 5.

A fool's lips enter into contention and his mouth calleth for strokes.

Prov. xviii. 6.

He entered and won the whole kingdom of Naples without striking a stroke.

Bacon.

2. The result of effect of a striking; injury or affliction; soreness.

In the day that Lord bindeth up the breach of his people, and healeth the stroke of their wound.

Isa. xxx. 26.

3. The striking of the clock to tell the hour.

Well, but what's o'clock? - Upon the stroke of ten. -- Well, let is strike.

Shak.

4. A gentle, caressing touch or movement upon something; a stroking. Dryden.

5. A mark or dash in writing or printing; a line; the touch of a pen or pencil; as, an up stroke; a firm stroke.

O, lasting as those colors may they shine, Free as thy stroke, yet faultless as thy line.

Pope.

6. Hence, by extension, an addition or amandment to a written composition; a touch; as, to give some finishing strokes to an essay. Addison.

7. A sudden attack of disease; especially, a fatal attack; a severe disaster; any affliction or calamity, especially a sudden one; as, a stroke of apoplexy; the stroke of death.

At this one stroke the man looked dead in law.

Harte.

8. A throb or beat, as of the heart. Tennyson.

9. One of a series of beats or movements against a resisting medium, by means of which movement through or upon it is accomplished; as, the stroke of a bird's wing in flying, or an oar in rowing, of a skater, swimmer, etc.; also: (Rowing) (a) The rate of succession of stroke; as, a quick stroke. (b) The oar nearest the stern of a boat, by which the other oars are guided; - - called also stroke oar. (c) The rower who pulls the stroke oar; the strokesman.

10. A powerful or sudden effort by which something is done, produced, or accomplished; also, something done or accomplished by such an effort; as, a stroke of genius; a stroke of business; a master stroke of policy.

11. (Mach.) The movement, in either direction, of the piston plunger, piston rod, crosshead, etc., as of a steam engine or a pump, in which these parts have a reciprocating motion; as, the forward stroke of a piston; also, the entire distance passed through, as by a piston, in such a movement; as, the piston is at half stroke.

The respective strokes are distinguished as up and down strokes, outward and inward strokes, forward and back strokes, the forward stroke in stationary steam engines being toward the crosshead, but in locomotives toward the front of the vehicle.

12. Power; influence. [Obs.] "Where money beareth [hath] all the stroke." Robynson (More's Utopia).

He has a great stroke with the reader.

Dryden.

13. Appetite. [Obs.] Swift.

To keep stroke, to make strokes in unison.

The oars where silver, Which to the tune of flutes kept stroke.

Shak.

Stroke (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strokeed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strokeing.] [OE. stroken, straken, AS. strcian, fr. strcan to go over, pass. See Strike, v. t., and cf. Straggle.] 1. To strike. [Obs.]

Ye mote with the plat sword again Stroken him in the wound, and it will close.

Chaucer.

2. To rib gently in one direction; especially, to pass the hand gently over by way of expressing kindness or tenderness; to caress; to soothe.

He dried the falling drops, and, yet more kind, He stroked her cheeks.

Dryden.

3. To make smooth by rubbing. Longfellow.

4. (Masonry) To give a finely fluted surface to.

5. To row the stroke oar of; as, to stroke a boat.

Strok"er (?), n. One who strokes; also, one who pretends to cure by stroking.

Cures worked by Greatrix the stroker.

Bp. Warburton.

Strokes"man (?), n.; pl. Strokesman (&?;). (Rowing) The man who rows the aftermost oar, and whose stroke is to be followed by the rest. Totten.

Strok"ing (?), n. 1. The act of rubbing gently with the hand, or of smoothing; a stroke.

I doubt not with one gentle stroking to wipe away ten thousand tears.

Milton.

2. (Needlework) The act of laying small gathers in cloth in regular order.

3. pl. See Stripping, 2. Smollett.

Stroll (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Strolled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strolling.] [Cf. Dan. stryge to stroll, Sw. stryka to stroke, to ramble, dial. Sw. strykel one who strolls about, Icel. strj&?;ka to stroke, D. struikelen to stumble, G. straucheln. Cf. Struggle.] To wander on foot; to ramble idly or leisurely; to rove.

These mothers stroll to beg sustenance for their helpless infants.

Swift.

Syn. -- To rove; roam; range; stray.

Stroll, n. A wandering on foot; an idle and leisurely walk; a ramble.

Stroll"er (?), n. One who strolls; a vagrant.

||Stro"ma (?), n.; pl. Stromata (#). [L., a bed covering, Gr. &?; a ||couch or bed.] 1. (Anat.) (a) The connective tissue or supporting ||framework of an organ; as, the stroma of the kidney. (b) The spongy, ||colorless framework of a red blood corpuscle or other cell.

2. (Bot.) A layer or mass of cellular tissue, especially that part of the thallus of certain fungi which incloses the perithecia.

Stro*mat"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; coverlet of a bed, pl. &?; patchwork (for such a coverlet), also applied to several miscellaneous writings, fr. &?; anything spread out for resting upon, a bed, fr. &?; to spread out.] Miscellaneous; composed of different kinds.

Stro`ma*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a bed + -logy.] (Geol.) The history of the formation of stratified rocks.

Stromb (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any marine univalve mollusk of the genus Strombus and allied genera. See Conch, and Strombus.

Strom"bite (?), n. (Paleon.) A fossil shell of the genus Strombus.

Strom"boid (?), a. [Strombus + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Of, pertaining to, or like, Strombus.

Strom*bu"li*form (?), a. [NL. strombulus, dim. of strombus + -form. See Strombus.] 1. (Geol.) Formed or shaped like a top.

2. (Bot.) Coiled into the shape of a screw or a helix.

||Strom"bus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of marine ||gastropods in which the shell has the outer lip dilated into a broad ||wing. It includes many large and handsome species commonly called ||conch shells, or conchs. See Conch.

Stro"mey`er*ite (?), n. [So named from the German chemist Friedrich Stromeyer.] (Min.) A steel-gray mineral of metallic luster. It is a sulphide of silver and copper.

Strond (?), n. Strand; beach. [Obs.] Shak.

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Strong (?), a. [Compar. Stronger (?); superl. Strongest (?).] [AS. strang, strong; akin to D. & G. streng strict, rigorous, OHG. strengi strong, brave, harsh, Icel. strangr strong, severe, Dan. streng, Sw. sträng strict, severe. Cf. Strength, Stretch, String.] 1. Having active physical power, or great physical power to act; having a power of exerting great bodily force; vigorous.

That our oxen may be strong to labor.

Ps. cxliv. 14.

Orses the strong to greater strength must yield.

Dryden.

2. Having passive physical power; having ability to bear or endure; firm; hale; sound; robust; as, a strong constitution; strong health.

3. Solid; tough; not easily broken or injured; able to withstand violence; able to sustain attacks; not easily subdued or taken; as, a strong beam; a strong rock; a strong fortress or town.

4. Having great military or naval force; powerful; as, a strong army or fleet; a nation strong at sea.

5. Having great wealth, means, or resources; as, a strong house, or company of merchants.

6. Reaching a certain degree or limit in respect to strength or numbers; as, an army ten thousand strong.

7. Moving with rapidity or force; violent; forcible; impetuous; as, a strong current of water or wind; the wind was strong from the northeast; a strong tide.

8. Adapted to make a deep or effectual impression on the mind or imagination; striking or superior of the kind; powerful; forcible; cogent; as, a strong argument; strong reasons; strong evidence; a strong example; strong language.

9. Ardent; eager; zealous; earnestly engaged; as, a strong partisan; a strong Whig or Tory.

Her mother, ever strong against that match.

Shak.

10. Having virtues of great efficacy; or, having a particular quality in a great degree; as, a strong powder or tincture; a strong decoction; strong tea or coffee.

11. Full of spirit; containing a large proportion of alcohol; intoxicating; as, strong liquors.

12. Affecting any sense powerfully; as, strong light, colors, etc.; a strong flavor of onions; a strong scent.

13. Solid; nourishing; as, strong meat. Heb. v. 12.

14. Well established; firm; not easily overthrown or altered; as, a strong custom; a strong belief.

15. Violent; vehement; earnest; ardent.

He had offered up prayers and supplications with strong crying and tears.

Heb. v. 7.

16. Having great force, vigor, power, or the like, as the mind, intellect, or any faculty; as, a man of a strong mind, memory, judgment, or imagination.

I was stronger in prophecy than in criticism.

Dryden.

17. Vigorous; effective; forcible; powerful.

Like her sweet voice is thy harmonious song, As high, as sweet, as easy, and as strong.

E. Smith.

18. (Stock Exchange) Tending to higher prices; rising; as, a strong market.

19. (Gram.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a verb which forms its preterit (imperfect) by a variation in the root vowel, and the past participle (usually) by the addition of -en (with or without a change of the root vowel); as in the verbs strive, strove, striven; break, broke, broken; drink, drank, drunk. Opposed to weak, or regular. See Weak. (b) Applied to forms in Anglo-Saxon, etc., which retain the old declensional endings. In the Teutonic languages the vowel stems have held the original endings most firmly, and are called strong; the stems in -n are called weak other constant stems conform, or are irregular. F. A. March.

Strong conjugation (Gram.), the conjugation of a strong verb; -- called also old, or irregular, conjugation, and distinguished from the weak, or regular, conjugation.

Strong is often used in the formation of self- explaining compounds; as, strong-backed, strong-based, strong-bodied, strong-colored, strong-fisted, strong-handed, strong-ribbed, strong-smelling, strong-voiced, etc.

Syn. -- Vigorous; powerful; stout; solid; firm; hardy; muscular; forcible; cogent; valid. See Robust.

Strong"hand` (?), n. Violence; force; power.

It was their meaning to take what they needed by stronghand.

Sir W. Raleigh.

Strong"hold` (?), n. A fastness; a fort or fortress; fortfield place; a place of security.

Strong"ish, a. Somewhat strong.

Strong"ly, adv. In a strong manner; so as to be strong in action or in resistance; with strength; with great force; forcibly; powerfully; firmly; vehemently; as, a town strongly fortified; he objected strongly.

Strong"-mind`ed (?), a. Having a vigorous mind; esp., having or affecting masculine qualities of mind; -- said of women. -- Strong"-mind`ed*ness, n.

Strong"-wa`ter (?), n. 1. An acid. [Obs.]

2. Distilled or ardent spirits; intoxicating liquor.

Stron"gy*lid (?), a. & n. (Zoöl.) Strongyloid.

Stron"gy*loid (?), a. [NL. Strongylus the genus (from Gr. &?; round) + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like, or pertaining to, Strongylus, a genus of parasitic nematode worms of which many species infest domestic animals. Some of the species, especially those living in the kidneys, lungs, and bronchial tubes, are often very injurious. - - n. A strongyloid worm.

Stron"ti*a (?), n. [NL. strontia, fr. Strontian, in Argyleshire, Scotland, where strontianite was first found.] (Chem.) An earth of a white color resembling lime in appearance, and baryta in many of its properties. It is an oxide of the metal strontium.

Stron"ti*an (?), n. (Min.) Strontia.

Stron"ti*an*ite (?), n. (Min.) Strontium carbonate, a mineral of a white, greenish, or yellowish color, usually occurring in fibrous massive forms, but sometimes in prismatic crystals.

Stron"tic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to strontium; containing, or designating the compounds of, strontium.

Stron*tit"ic (?), a. Strontic.

Stron"ti*um (?), n. [NL. See Strontia.] (Chem.) A metallic element of the calcium group, always naturally occurring combined, as in the minerals strontianite, celestite, etc. It is isolated as a yellowish metal, somewhat malleable but harder than calcium. It is chiefly employed (as in the nitrate) to color pyrotechnic flames red. Symbol Sr. Atomic weight 87.3.

Strook (?), obs. imp. of Strike. Dryden.

Strook, n. A stroke. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stroot (?), v. t. [Cf. Strut, v. i.] To swell out; to strut. [Obs.] Chapman.

Strop (?), n. [See Strap.] A strap; specifically, same as Strap, 3.

Strop, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stropped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stropping.] To draw over, or rub upon, a strop with a view to sharpen; as, to strop a razor.

Strop, n. [Cf. F. estrope, étrope, fr. L. struppus. See Strop a strap.] (Naut.) A piece of rope spliced into a circular wreath, and put round a block for hanging it.

||Stro*phan"thus (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a turning + &?; a flower.] ||(Bot.) A genus of tropical apocynaceous shrubs having singularly ||twisted flowers. One species (Strophanthus hispidus) is used ||medicinally as a cardiac sedative and stimulant.

Stro"phe (?), n.; pl. Strophes (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to twist, to turn; perh. akin to E. strap.] In Greek choruses and dances, the movement of the chorus while turning from the right to the left of the orchestra; hence, the strain, or part of the choral ode, sung during this movement. Also sometimes used of a stanza of modern verse. See the Note under Antistrophe.

Stroph"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, containing, or consisting of, strophes.

{ Stro"phi*o*late (?), Stro"phi*o*la`ted (?), } a. (Bot.) Furnished with a strophiole, or caruncle, or that which resembles it. Gray.

Stro"phi*ole (?), n. [L. strophiolum a little chaplet, dim. of strophium a band, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a twisted band: cf. F. strophiole.] (Bot.) A crestlike excrescence about the hilum of certain seeds; a caruncle.

||Stroph"u*lus (?), n. [NL.] (Med.) See Red-gum, 1.

Stroud (?), n. A kind of coarse blanket or garment used by the North American Indians.

Stroud"ing, n. Material for strouds; a kind of coarse cloth used in trade with the North American Indians.

Strout (?), v. i. [See Strut.] To swell; to puff out; to project. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Strout, v. t. To cause to project or swell out; to enlarge affectedly; to strut. [Obs.] Bacon.

Strove (?), imp. of Strive.

Strow (?), v. t. [imp. Strowed (?); p. p. Strown (?) or Strowed.] Same as Strew.

Thick as autumnal leaves that strow the brooks In Vallombrosa.

Milton.

A manner turbid . . . and strown with blemished.

M. Arnold.

Strowl (?), v. i. To stroll. [Obs.]

Strown (?), p. p. of Strow.

Stroy (?), v. i. To destroy. [Obs.] Tusser.

Struck (?), imp. & p. p. of Strike.

Struck jury (Law), a special jury, composed of persons having special knowledge or qualifications, selected by striking from the panel of jurors a certain number for each party, leaving the number required by law to try the cause.

Struck"en (?), obs. p. p. of Strike. Shak.

Struc"tur*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to structure; affecting structure; as, a structural error.

2. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to organit structure; as, a structural element or cell; the structural peculiarities of an animal or a plant.

Structural formula. (Chem.) See Rational formula, under Formula.

Struc"ture (?), n. [L. structura, from struere, structum, to arrange, build, construct; perhaps akin to E. strew: cf. F. structure. Cf. Construe, Destroy, Instrument, Obstruct.] 1. The act of building; the practice of erecting buildings; construction. [R.]

His son builds on, and never is content Till the last farthing is in structure spent.

J. Dryden, Jr.

2. Manner of building; form; make; construction.

Want of insight into the structure and constitution of the terraqueous globe.

Woodward.

3. Arrangement of parts, of organs, or of constituent particles, in a substance or body; as, the structure of a rock or a mineral; the structure of a sentence.

It [basalt] has often a prismatic structure.

Dana.

4. (Biol.) Manner of organization; the arrangement of the different tissues or parts of animal and vegetable organisms; as, organic structure, or the structure of animals and plants; cellular structure.

5. That which is built; a building; esp., a building of some size or magnificence; an edifice.

There stands a structure of majestic frame.

Pope.

Columnar structure. See under Columnar.

Struc"tured (?), a. (Biol.) Having a definite organic structure; showing differentiation of parts.

The passage from a structureless state to a structured state is itself a vital process.

H. Spencer.

Struc"ture*less (?), a. Without a definite structure, or arrangement of parts; without organization; devoid of cells; homogeneous; as, a structureless membrane.

Struc"tur*ist (?), n. One who forms structures; a builder; a constructor. [R.]

Strude (?), n. A stock of breeding mares. [Written also strode.] [Obs.] Bailey.

Strug"gle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Struggled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Struggling (?).] [OE. strogelen; cf. Icel. strj&?;ka to stroke, to beat, to flog, Sw. stryka to stroke, to strike, Dan. stryge, G. straucheln to stumble. Cf. Stroll.] 1. To strive, or to make efforts, with a twisting, or with contortions of the body.

2. To use great efforts; to labor hard; to strive; to contend forcibly; as, to struggle to save one's life; to struggle with the waves; to struggle with adversity.

The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it [Gettysburg] far above our power to add or detract.

Lincoln.

3. To labor in pain or anguish; to be in agony; to labor in any kind of difficulty or distress.

'T is wisdom to beware, And better shun the bait than struggle in the snare.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To strive; contend; labor; endeavor.

Strug"gle (?), n. 1. A violent effort or efforts with contortions of the body; agony; distress.

2. Great labor; forcible effort to obtain an object, or to avert an evil. Macaulay.

3. Contest; contention; strife.

An honest might look upon the struggle with indifference.

Addison.

Syn. -- Endeavor; effort; contest; labor; difficulty.

Strug"gler (?), n. One who struggles.

Strull (?), n. A bar so placed as to resist weight.

Strum (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Strummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strumming.] [Probably of imitative origin. Cf. Thrum.] To play on an instrument of music, or as on an instrument, in an unskillful or noisy way; to thrum; as, to strum a piano.

||Stru"ma (?), n. [L., a scrofulous tumor.] 1. (Med.) Scrofula.

2. (Bot.) A cushionlike swelling on any organ; especially, that at the base of the capsule in many mosses.

Stru*mat"ic (?), a. Scrofulous; strumous.

Stru*mose" (?), a. [L. strumosus: cf. F. strumeux.] 1. (Med.) Strumous.

2. (Bot.) Having a struma.

Stru"mous (?), a. (Med.) Scrofulous; having struma.

Stru"mous*ness, n. The state of being strumous.

Strum"pet (?), n. [OE. strumpet, strompet; cf. OF. stupe debauchery, F. stupe, L. stuprare, stupratum, to debauch, stuprum debauchery, Gael. & Ir. striopach a prostitute.] A prostitute; a harlot. Shak.

Strum"pet, a. Of or pertaining to a strumpet; characteristic of a strumpet.

Out on thy more than strumpet impudence.

B. Jonson.

Strum"pet, v. t. 1. To debauch. [Obs.] Shak.

2. To dishonor with the reputation of being a strumpet; hence, to belie; to slander.

With his untrue reports, strumpet your fame.

Massinger.

Strum"strum (?), n. A rude musical instrument somewhat like a cittern. [R.] Dampier.

Strung (?), imp. & p. p. of String.

Strunt (?), n. Spirituous liquor. [Scot.] Burns.

Strun"tian (?), n. A kind of worsted braid, about an inch broad. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Struse (?), n. [Russ. strug'.] (Naut.) A Russian river craft used for transporting freight.

Strut (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Strutted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Strutting.] [OE. struten, strouten, to swell; akin to G. strozen to be swelled, to be puffed up, to strut, Dan. strutte.] 1. To swell; to bulge out. [R.]

The bellying canvas strutted with the gale.

Dryden.

2. To walk with a lofty, proud gait, and erect head; to walk with affected dignity.

Does he not hold up his head, . . . and strut in his gait?

Shak.

Strut, n. [For senses 2 & 3 cf. LG. strutt rigid.] 1. The act of strutting; a pompous step or walk.

2. (Arch.) In general, any piece of a frame which resists thrust or pressure in the direction of its own length. See Brace, and Illust. of Frame, and Roof.

3. (Engin.) Any part of a machine or structure, of which the principal function is to hold things apart; a brace subjected to compressive stress; -- the opposite of stay, and tie.

Strut, v. t. To hold apart. Cf. Strut, n., 3.

Strut, a. Protuberant. [Obs.] Holland.

Stru"thi*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Struthious.

||Stru"thi*o (?), n.; pl. Struthiones (#). [L., an ostrich, fr. Gr. ||&?;.] (Zoöl.) A genus of birds including the African ostriches.

||Stru`thi*oi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Struthio, and -oid.] (Zoöl.) ||Same as Struthiones.

||Stru`thi*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Struthio.] (Zoöl.) (a) A ||division, or order, of birds, including only the African ostriches. ||(b) In a wider sense, an extensive group of birds including the ||ostriches, cassowaries, emus, moas, and allied birds incapable of ||flight. In this sense it is equivalent to Ratitæ, or Dromæognathæ.

Stru`thi*o"nine (?), a. (Zoöl.) Struthious.

Stru"thi*ous (?), a. [L. struthius, strutheus.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to the Struthiones, or Ostrich tribe.

Strut"ter (?), n. One who struts.

Strut"ting, a. & n. from Strut, v. -- Strut"ting*ly, adv.

Struv"ite (?), n. [After the Russian minister Von Struve.] (Min.) A crystalline mineral found in guano. It is a hydrous phosphate of magnesia and ammonia.

Strych"ni*a (?), n. [NL. See Strychnine.] (Chem.) Strychnine.

Strych"nic (?), a. Of or pertaining to strychnine; produced by strychnine; as, strychnic compounds; strychnic poisoning; specifically (Chem.), used to designate an acid, called also igasuric acid.

Strych"nine (?), n. [L. strychnos a kind of nightshade, Gr. &?;: cf. F. strychnine.] (Chem.) A very poisonous alkaloid resembling brucine, obtained from various species of plants, especially from species of Loganiaceæ, as from the seeds of the St. Ignatius bean (Strychnos Ignatia) and from nux vomica. It is obtained as a white crystalline substance, having a very bitter acrid taste, and is employed in medicine (chiefly in the form of the sulphate) as a powerful neurotic stimulant. Called also strychnia, and formerly strychnina.

||Strych"nos (?), n. [L., a kind of nightshade, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A ||genus of tropical trees and shrubs of the order Loganiaceæ. See Nux ||vomica.

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Stryph"nic (?), a. [Gr. &?; astringent.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a complex nitrogenous acid, obtained by the action of acetic acid and potassium nitrite on uric acid, as a yellow crystalline substance, with a bitter, astringent taste.

Stub (?), n. [OE. stubbe, AS. stub, styb; akin to D. stobbe, LG. stubbe, Dan. stub, Sw. stubbe, Icel. stubbr, stubbi; cf. Gr. &?;.] 1. The stump of a tree; that part of a tree or plant which remains fixed in the earth when the stem is cut down; -- applied especially to the stump of a small tree, or shrub.

Stubs sharp and hideous to behold.

Chaucer.

And prickly stubs instead of trees are found.

Dryden.

2. A log; a block; a blockhead. [Obs.] Milton.

3. The short blunt part of anything after larger part has been broken off or used up; hence, anything short and thick; as, the stub of a pencil, candle, or cigar.

4. A part of a leaf in a check book, after a check is torn out, on which the number, amount, and destination of the check are usually recorded.

5. A pen with a short, blunt nib.

6. A stub nail; an old horseshoe nail; also, stub iron.

Stub end (Mach.), the enlarged end of a connecting rod, to which the strap is fastened. -- Stub iron, iron made from stub nails, or old horseshoe nails, -- used in making gun barrels. -- Stub mortise (Carp.), a mortise passing only partly through the timber in which it is formed. -- Stub nail, an old horseshoe nail; a nail broken off; also, a short, thick nail. -- Stub short, or Stub shot (Lumber Manuf.), the part of the end of a sawn log or plank which is beyond the place where the saw kerf ends, and which retains the plank in connection with the log, until it is split off. -- Stub twist, material for a gun barrel, made of a spirally welded ribbon of steel and stub iron combined.

Stub, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stubbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stubbing.] 1. To grub up by the roots; to extirpate; as, to stub up edible roots.

What stubbing, plowing, digging, and harrowing is to a piece of land.

Berkley.

2. To remove stubs from; as, to stub land.

3. To strike as the toes, against a stub, stone, or other fixed object. [U. S.]

Stub"bed (?), a. 1. Reduced to a stub; short and thick, like something truncated; blunt; obtuse.

2. Abounding in stubs; stubby.

A bit of stubbed ground, once a wood.

R. Browning.

3. Not nice or delicate; hardy; rugged. "Stubbed, vulgar constitutions." Berkley.

Stub"bed*ness, n. The quality or state of being stubbed.

Stub"bi*ness (?), n. The state of being stubby.

Stub"ble (?), n. [OE. stobil, stoble, OF. estouble, estuble, F. étuele, LL. stupla, stupula, L. stipula stubble, stalk; cf. D. & G. stopped, OHG. stupfila. Cf. Stipule.] The stumps of wheat, rye, barley, oats, or buckwheat, left in the ground; the part of the stalk left by the scythe or sickle. "After the first crop is off, they plow in the wheast stubble." Mortimer.

Stubble goose (Zoöl.), the graylag goose. [Prov. Eng.] Chaucer. -- Stubble rake, a rake with long teeth for gleaning in stubble.

Stub"bled (?), a. 1. Covered with stubble.

A crow was strutting o'er the stubbled plain.

Gay.

2. Stubbed; as, stubbled legs. [Obs.] Skelton.

Stub"bly, a. Covered with stubble; stubbled.

Stub"born (?), a. [OE. stoburn, stiborn; probably fr. AS. styb a stub. See Stub.] Firm as a stub or stump; stiff; unbending; unyielding; persistent; hence, unreasonably obstinate in will or opinion; not yielding to reason or persuasion; refractory; harsh; -- said of persons and things; as, stubborn wills; stubborn ore; a stubborn oak; as stubborn as a mule. "Bow, stubborn knees." Shak. "Stubborn attention and more than common application." Locke. "Stubborn Stoics." Swift.

And I was young and full of ragerie [wantonness] Stubborn and strong, and jolly as a pie.

Chaucer.

These heretics be so stiff and stubborn.

Sir T. More.

Your stubborn usage of the pope.

Shak.

Syn. -- Obstinate; inflexible; obdurate; headstrong; stiff; hardy; firm; refractory; intractable; rugged; contumacious; heady. -- Stubborn, Obstinate. Obstinate is used of either active or passive persistence in one's views or conduct, in spite of the wishes of others. Stubborn describes an extreme degree of passive obstinacy. -- Stub"born*ly, adv. -- Stub"born*ness, n.

Stub"by (?), a. 1. Abounding with stubs.

2. Short and thick; short and strong, as bristles.

Stuc"co (?), n.; pl. Stuccoes (#), Stuccos. [It., fr. OHG. stucchi a crust, piece, G. stück piece; akin to AS. stycce. See Stock.] 1. Plaster of any kind used as a coating for walls, especially, a fine plaster, composed of lime or gypsum with sand and pounded marble, used for internal decorations and fine work.

2. Work made of stucco; stuccowork.

Stuc"co, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuccoed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuccoing (?).] To overlay or decorate with stucco, or fine plaster.

Stuc"co*er (?), n. One who stuccoes.

Stuc"co*work` (?), n. Work done in stucco.

Stuck (?), imp. & p. p. of Stick.

Stuck, n. [Cf. 1st Stoccado.] A thrust. [Obs.] Shak.

Stuc"kle (?), n. [From Stook.] A number of sheaves set together in the field; a stook.

Stuck"-up` (?), a. Self-important and supercilious, &?;onceited; vain; arrogant. [Colloq.]

The airs of small, stuck-up, men.

A. K. H. Boyd.

Stud (?), n. [OE. stod, stood, AS. std; akin to OHG. stuota, G. stute a mare, Icel. st&?; stud, Lith. stodas a herd, Russ. stado, and to E. stand. The sense is properly, a stand, an establishment. &radic;163. See Stand, and cf. Steed.] A collection of breeding horses and mares, or the place where they are kept; also, a number of horses kept for a racing, riding, etc.

In the studs of Ireland, where care is taken, we see horses bred of excellent shape, vigor, and size.

Sir W. Temple.

He had the finest stud in England, and his delight was to win plates from Tories.

Macaulay.

Stud (?), n. [AS. studu a post; akin to Sw. stöd a prop, Icel. sto&?; a post, sty&?;ja to prop, and probably ultimately to E. stand; cf. D. stut a prop, G. stütze. See Stand.] 1. A stem; a trunk. [Obs.]

Seest not this same hawthorn stud?

Spenser.

2. (Arch.) An upright scanting, esp. one of the small uprights in the framing for lath and plaster partitions, and furring, and upon which the laths are nailed.

3. A kind of nail with a large head, used chiefly for ornament; an ornamental knob; a boss.

A belt of straw and ivy buds, With coral clasps and amber studs.

Marlowe.

Crystal and myrrhine cups, embossed with gems And studs of pearl.

Milton.

4. An ornamental button of various forms, worn in a shirt front, collar, wristband, or the like, not sewed in place, but inserted through a buttonhole or eyelet, and transferable.

5. (Mach.) (a) A short rod or pin, fixed in and projecting from something, and sometimes forming a journal. (b) A stud bolt.

6. An iron brace across the shorter diameter of the link of a chain cable.

Stud bolt, a bolt with threads on both ends, to be screwed permanently into a fixed part at one end and receive a nut upon the other; -- called also standing bolt.

Stud, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Studded (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Studding.] 1. To adorn with shining studs, or knobs.

Thy horses shall be trapped, Their harness studded all with gold and pearl.

Shak.

2. To set with detached ornaments or prominent objects; to set thickly, as with studs.

The sloping sides and summits of our hills, and the extensive plains that stretch before our view, are studded with substantial, neat, and commodious dwellings of freemen.

Bp. Hobart.

Stud"book` (?), n. A genealogical register of a particular breed or stud of horses, esp. thoroughbreds.

Stud"der*y (?), n. A stud, or collection of breeding horses and mares; also, a place for keeping a stud. [Obs.]

King Henry the Eighth erected a noble studdery.

Holinshed.

Stud"ding (?), n. Material for studs, or joists; studs, or joists, collectively; studs.

Stud"ding sail` (?). (Naut.) A light sail set at the side of a principal or square sail of a vessel in free winds, to increase her speed. Its head is bent to a small spar which is called the studding-sail boom. See Illust. of Sail. Toten.

Stu"dent (?), n. [L. studens, -entis, p. pr. of studere to study. See Study, n.] 1. A person engaged in study; one who is devoted to learning; a learner; a pupil; a scholar; especially, one who attends a school, or who seeks knowledge from professional teachers or from books; as, the students of an academy, a college, or a university; a medical student; a hard student.

Keep a gamester from the dice, and a good student from his book.

Shak.

2. One who studies or examines in any manner; an attentive and systematic observer; as, a student of human nature, or of physical nature.

Stu"dent*ry (?), n. A body of students. [R.]

Stu"dent*ship, n. The state of being a student.

Stud"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) Any one of several species of small American minnows of the genus Fundulus, as F. catenatus.

Stud"-horse` (?), n. [AS. std- hors.] A stallion, esp. one kept for breeding.

Stud"ied, a. 1. Closely examined; read with diligence and attention; made the subject of study; well considered; as, a studied lesson.

2. Well versed in any branch of learning; qualified by study; learned; as, a man well studied in geometry.

I shrewdly suspect that he is little studied of a theory of moral proportions.

Burke.

3. Premeditated; planned; designed; as, a studied insult. "Studied magnificence." Hawthorne.

4. Intent; inclined. [Obs.] Shak.

Stud"ied*ly (?), adv. In a studied manner.

Stud"i*er (?), n. A student. [R.] W. Irving.

Lipsius was a great studier of the stoical philosophy.

Tillotson.

Stu"di*o (?), n.; pl. Studios (#). [It. studio, properly, study. See Study.] The working room of an artist.

Stu"di*ous (?), a. [L. studious: cf. F. studieux. See Study.] 1. Given to study; devoted to the acquisition of knowledge from books; as, a studious scholar.

2. Given to thought, or to the examination of subjects by contemplation; contemplative. Locke.

3. Earnest in endeavors; aiming sedulously; attentive; observant; diligent; -- usually followed by an infinitive or by of; as, be studious to please; studious to find new friends and allies.

You that are so studious Of my affairs, wholly neglect your own.

Massinger.

4. Planned with study; deliberate; studied.

For the frigid villainy of studious lewdness, . . . with apology can be invented?

Rambler.

5. Favorable to study; suitable for thought and contemplation; as, the studious shade. [Poetic]

But let my due feet never fail To walk the studious cloister's pale.

Milton.

-- Stu"di*ous*ly, adv. -- Stu"di*ous*ness, n.

Stud"y (?), n.; pl. Studies (#). [OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. &?; haste, zeal, &?; to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. étude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.] 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge.

Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study.

Bp. Fell.

Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace.

Sir W. Temple.

2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation.

Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works.

Milton.

3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study.

Law.

The proper study of mankind is man.

Pope.

4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. "His cheery little study." Hawthorne.

5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture.

6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude.

Stud"y (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Studied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Studying (?).] [OE. studien, OF. estudier, F. étudier. See Study, n.] 1. To fix the mind closely upon a subject; to dwell upon anything in thought; to muse; to ponder. Chaucer.

I found a moral first, and then studied for a fable.

Swift.

2. To apply the mind to books or learning. Shak.

3. To endeavor diligently; to be zealous. 1 Thes. iv. 11.

Stud"y, v. t. 1. To apply the mind to; to read and examine for the purpose of learning and understanding; as, to study law or theology; to study languages.

2. To consider attentively; to examine closely; as, to study the work of nature.

Study thyself; what rank or what degree The wise Creator has ordained for thee.

Dryden.

3. To form or arrange by previous thought; to con over, as in committing to memory; as, to study a speech.

4. To make an object of study; to aim at sedulously; to devote one's thoughts to; as, to study the welfare of others; to study variety in composition.

For their heart studieth destruction.

Prov. xxiv. 2.

||Stu"fa (?), n. [It. stufa a stove. See Stove.] A jet of steam issuing ||from a fissure in the earth.

Stuff (?), n. [OF. estoffe, F. étoffe; of uncertain origin, perhaps of Teutonic origin and akin to E. stop, v.t. Cf. Stuff, v. t.] 1. Material which is to be worked up in any process of manufacture.

For the stuff they had was sufficient for all the work to make it, and too much.

Ex. xxxvi. 7.

Ambitions should be made of sterner stuff.

Shak.

The workman on his stuff his skill doth show, And yet the stuff gives not the man his skill.

Sir J. Davies.

2. The fundamental material of which anything is made up; elemental part; essence.

Yet do I hold it very stuff o' the conscience To do no contrived murder.

Shak.

3. Woven material not made into garments; fabric of any kind; specifically, any one of various fabrics of wool or worsted; sometimes, worsted fiber.

What stuff wilt have a kirtle of?

Shak.

It [the arras] was of stuff and silk mixed, though, superior kinds were of silk exclusively.

F. G. Lee.

4. Furniture; goods; domestic vessels or utensils.

He took away locks, and gave away the king's stuff.

Hayward.

5. A medicine or mixture; a potion. Shak.

6. Refuse or worthless matter; hence, also, foolish or irrational language; nonsense; trash.

Anger would indite Such woeful stuff as I or Shadwell write.

Dryden.

7. (Naut.) A melted mass of turpentine, tallow, etc., with which the masts, sides, and bottom of a ship are smeared for lubrication. Ham. Nav. Encyc.

8. Paper stock ground ready for use.

When partly ground, called half stuff. Knight.

Clear stuff. See under Clear. -- Small stuff (Naut.), all kinds of small cordage. Ham. Nav. Encyc. -- Stuff gown, the distinctive garb of a junior barrister; hence, a junior barrister himself. See Silk gown, under Silk.

Stuff, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuffed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuffing.] [OE. stoffen; cf. OF. estoffer, F. étoffer, to put stuff in, to stuff, to line, also, OF. estouffer to stifle, F. étouffer; both perhaps of Teutonic origin, and akin to E. stop. Cf. Stop, v. t., Stuff, n.] 1. To fill by crowding something into; to cram with something; to load to excess; as, to stuff a bedtick.

Sometimes this crook drew hazel bought adown, And stuffed her apron wide with nuts so brown.

Gay.

Lest the gods, for sin, Should with a swelling dropsy stuff thy skin.

Dryden.

2. To thrust or crowd; to press; to pack.

Put roses into a glass with a narrow mouth, stuffing them close together . . . and they retain smell and color.

Bacon.

3. To fill by being pressed or packed into.

With inward arms the dire machine they load, And iron bowels stuff the dark abode.

Dryden.

4. (Cookery) To fill with a seasoning composition of bread, meat, condiments, etc.; as, to stuff a turkey.

5. To obstruct, as any of the organs; to affect with some obstruction in the organs of sense or respiration.

I'm stuffed, cousin; I can not smell.

Shak.

6. To fill the skin of, for the purpose of preserving as a specimen; -- said of birds or other animals.

7. To form or fashion by packing with the necessary material.

An Eastern king put a judge to death for an iniquitous sentence, and ordered his hide to be stuffed into a cushion, and placed upon the tribunal.

Swift.

8. To crowd with facts; to cram the mind of; sometimes, to crowd or fill with false or idle tales or fancies.

9. To put fraudulent votes into (a ballot box). [U. S.]

<! p. 1430 !>

Stuff (?), v. i. To feed gluttonously; to cram.

Taught harmless man to cram and stuff.

Swift.

Stuff"er (?), n. One who, or that which, stuffs.

Stuff"i*ness (?), n. The quality of being stuffy.

Stuff"ing, n. 1. That which is used for filling anything; as, the stuffing of a saddle or cushion.

2. (Cookery) Any seasoning preparation used to stuff meat; especially, a composition of bread, condiments, spices, etc.; forcemeat; dressing.

3. A mixture of oil and tallow used in softening and dressing leather.

Stuffing box, a device for rendering a joint impervious where there is a hole through which a movable cylindrical body, as the paston rod of a steam engine, or the plunger of a pump, slides back and forth, or in which a shaft turns. It usually consists of a box or chamber, made by an enlargement of part of the hole, forming a space around the rod or shaft for containing packing which is compressed and made to fill the space closely by means of a sleeve, called the gland, which fits loosely around the rod, and is pressed upon the packing by bolts or other means.

Stuff"y (?), a. 1. Stout; mettlesome; resolute. [Scot.] Jamieson.

2. Angry and obstinate; sulky. [U. S.]

3. Ill-ventilated; close.

Stuke (?), n. Stucco. [Obs.]

Stull (?), n. [CF. Stum.] A framework of timber covered with boards to support rubbish; also, a framework of boards to protect miners from falling stones. [Prov. Eng.]

Stulm (?), n. [Cf. G. stollen a post, a stulm, E. stall, stand.] A shaft or gallery to drain a mine. [Local, Eng.] Bailey.

Stulp (?), n. [Cf. Icel. stlpi, Dan., Sw., & OD. stolpe.] A short, stout post used for any purpose, a to mark a boundary. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stul`ti*fi*ca"tion (?), n. The act of stultifying, or the state of being stultified.

Stul"ti*fi`er (?), n. One who stultifies.

Stul"ti*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stultified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stultifying (?).] [L. stultus foolish + -fy.] 1. To make foolish; to make a fool of; as, to stultify one by imposition; to stultify one's self by silly reasoning or conduct. Burke.

2. To regard as a fool, or as foolish. [R.]

The modern sciolist stultifies all understanding but his own, and that which he conceives like his own.

Hazlitt.

3. (Law) To allege or prove to be of unsound mind, so that the performance of some act may be avoided.

Stul*til"o*quence (?), n. [L. stultiloquentia; stultus foolish + loquentia a talking, fr. loquens, p. pr. of loqui to talk.] Silly talk; babbling.

Stul*til"o*quent (?), a. [Cf. L. stultiloquus. See Stultiloquence.] Given to, or characterized by, silly talk; babbling. -- Stul*til"o*quent*ly, adv.

Stul*til"o*quy (?), n. [L. stultiloquium.] Foolish talk; silly discource; babbling. Jer. Taylor.

Stul"ty (?), a. [L. stultus foolish.] Foolish; silly. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Stum (?), n. [D. stom must, new wort, properly, dumb; cf. F. vin muet stum. Cf. Stammer, Stoom.] 1. Unfermented grape juice or wine, often used to raise fermentation in dead or vapid wines; must.

Let our wines, without mixture of stum, be all fine.

B. Jonson.

And with thy stum ferment their fainting cause.

Dryden.

2. Wine revived by new fermentation, reulting from the admixture of must. Hudibras.

Stum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stummed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumming.] To renew, as wine, by mixing must with it and raising a new fermentation.

We stum our wines to renew their spirits.

Floyer.

Stum"ble (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Stumbled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumbling (?).] [OE. stumblen, stomblen; freq. of a word akin to E. stammer. See Stammer.] 1. To trip in walking or in moving in any way with the legs; to strike the foot so as to fall, or to endanger a fall; to stagger because of a false step.

There stumble steeds strong and down go all.

Chaucer.

The way of the wicked is as darkness: they know at what they stumble.

Prov. iv. 19.

2. To walk in an unsteady or clumsy manner.

He stumbled up the dark avenue.

Sir W. Scott.

3. To fall into a crime or an error; to err.

He that loveth his brother abideth in the light, and there is none occasion og stumbling in him.

1 John ii. 10.

4. To strike or happen (upon a person or thing) without design; to fall or light by chance; -- with on, upon, or against.

Ovid stumbled, by some inadvertency, upon Livia in a bath.

Dryden.

Forth as she waddled in the brake, A gray goose stumbled on a snake.

C. Smart.

Stum"ble, v. t. 1. To cause to stumble or trip.

2. Fig.: To mislead; to confound; to perplex; to cause to err or to fall.

False and dazzling fires to stumble men.

Milton.

One thing more stumbles me in the very foundation of this hypothesis.

Locke.

Stum"ble, n. 1. A trip in walking or running.

2. A blunder; a failure; a fall from rectitude.

One stumble is enough to deface the character of an honorable life.

L'Estrange.

Stum"bler (?), n. One who stumbles.

Stum"bling-block` (?), n. Any cause of stumbling, perplexity, or error.

We preach Christ crucified, unto the Jews a stumbling-block, and unto the Greeks foolishness.

1 Cor. i. 23.

Stum"bling*ly (?), adv. In a stumbling manner.

Stum"bling-stone` (?), n. A stumbling-block.

This stumbling-stone we hope to take away.

T. Burnet.

Stump (?), n. [OE. stumpe, stompe; akin to D. stomp, G. stumpf, Icel. stumpr, Dan. & Sw. stump, and perhaps also to E. stamp.] 1. The part of a tree or plant remaining in the earth after the stem or trunk is cut off; the stub.

2. The part of a limb or other body remaining after a part is amputated or destroyed; a fixed or rooted remnant; a stub; as, the stump of a leg, a finger, a tooth, or a broom.

3. pl. The legs; as, to stir one's stumps. [Slang]

4. (Cricket) One of the three pointed rods stuck in the ground to form a wicket and support the bails.

5. A short, thick roll of leather or paper, cut to a point, or any similar implement, used to rub down the lines of a crayon or pencil drawing, in shading it, or for shading drawings by producing tints and gradations from crayon, etc., in powder.

6. A pin in a tumbler lock which forms an obstruction to throwing the bolt, except when the gates of the tumblers are properly arranged, as by the key; a fence; also, a pin or projection in a lock to form a guide for a movable piece.

Leg stump (Cricket), the stump nearest to the batsman. -- Off stump (Cricket), the stump farthest from the batsman. -- Stump tracery (Arch.), a term used to describe late German Gothic tracery, in which the molded bar seems to pass through itself in its convolutions, and is then cut off short, so that a section of the molding is seen at the end of each similar stump. -- To go on the stump, or To take the stump, to engage in making public addresses for electioneering purposes; -- a phrase derived from the practice of using a stump for a speaker's platform in newly-settled districts. Hence also the phrases stump orator, stump speaker, stump speech, stump oratory, etc. [Colloq. U.S.]

Stump, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stumped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stumping.] 1. To cut off a part of; to reduce to a stump; to lop.

Around the stumped top soft moss did grow.

Dr. H. More.

2. To strike, as the toes, against a stone or something fixed; to stub. [Colloq.]

3. To challenge; also, to nonplus. [Colloq.]

4. To travel over, delivering speeches for electioneering purposes; as, to stump a State, or a district. See To go on the stump, under Stump, n. [Colloq. U.S.]

5. (Cricket) (a) To put (a batsman) out of play by knocking off the bail, or knocking down the stumps of the wicket he is defending while he is off his allotted ground; -- sometimes with out. T. Hughes. (b) To bowl down the stumps of, as, of a wicket.

A herd of boys with clamor bowled, And stumped the wicket.

Tennyson.

To stump it. (a) To go afoot; hence, to run away; to escape. [Slang] Ld. Lytton. (b) To make electioneering speeches. [Colloq. U.S.]

Stump, v. i. To walk clumsily, as if on stumps.

To stump up, to pay cash. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Stump"age (?), n. 1. Timber in standing trees, -- often sold without the land at a fixed price per tree or per stump, the stumps being counted when the land is cleared. [Local, U.S.]

Only trees above a certain size are allowed to be cut by loggers buying stumpage from the owners of land.

C. S. Sargent.

2. A tax on the amount of timber cut, regulated by the price of lumber. [Local, U.S.] The Nation.

Stump"er (?), n. 1. One who stumps.

2. A boastful person. [Slang]

3. A puzzling or incredible story. [Slang, U.S.]

Stump"i*ness (?), n. The state of being stumpy.

Stump"-tailed` (?), a. Having a short, thick tail.

Stump-tailed lizard (Zoöl.), a singular Australian scincoid lizard (Trachydosaurus rugosus) having a short, thick tail resembling its head in form; -- called also sleeping lizard.

Stump"y (?), a. 1. Full of stumps; hard; strong.

2. Short and thick; stubby. [Colloq.] "A stumpy little man." J. C. Harris.

Stun (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stunning.] [OE. stonien, stownien; either fr. AS. stunian to resound (cf. D. stenen to groan, G. stöhnen, Icel. stynja, Gr. &?;, Skr. stan to thunder, and E. thunder), or from the same source as E. astonish. &radic;168.] 1. To make senseless or dizzy by violence; to render senseless by a blow, as on the head.

One hung a poleax at his saddlebow, And one a heavy mace to stun the foe.

Dryden.

2. To dull or deaden the sensibility of; to overcome; especially, to overpower one's sense of hearing.

And stunned him with the music of the spheres.

Pope.

3. To astonish; to overpower; to bewilder.

William was quite stunned at my discourse.

De Foe.

Stun, n. The condition of being stunned.

Stung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sting.

Stunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Stink.

Stun"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, stuns.

2. Something striking or amazing in quality; something of extraordinary excellence. [Slang] Thackeray.

Stun"ning (?), a. 1. Overpowering consciousness; overpowering the senses; especially, overpowering the sense of hearing; confounding with noise.

2. Striking or overpowering with astonishment, especially on account of excellence; as, stunning poetry. [Slang] C. Kingsley. -- Stun"ning*ly, adv. [Slang]

Stun"sail (?), n. (Naut.) A contraction of Studding sail.

With every rag set, stunsails, sky scrapers and all.

Lowell.

Stunt (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stunted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stunting.] [See Stint.] To hinder from growing to the natural size; to prevent the growth of; to stint, to dwarf; as, to stunt a child; to stunt a plant.

When, by a cold penury, I blast the abilities of a nation, and stunt the growth of its active energies, the ill or may do is beyond all calculation.

Burke.

Stunt (?), n. 1. A check in growth; also, that which has been checked in growth; a stunted animal or thing.

2. Specifically: A whale two years old, which, having been weaned, is lean, and yields but little blubber.

Stunt"ed, a. Dwarfed. -- Stunt"ed*ness, n.

Stunt"ness, n. Stuntedness; brevity. [R.] Earle.

||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [Skr. stpa.] A mound or monument commemorative of ||Buddha.

||Stu"pa (st"p), n. [L.] (Med.) See 1st Stupe.

Stupe (?), n. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stop, v. t.] (Med.) Cloth or flax dipped in warm water or medicaments and applied to a hurt or sore.

Stupe, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stuped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuping.] To foment with a stupe. Wiseman.

Stupe, n. [See Stupid.] A stupid person. [Obs.]

Stu`pe*fa"cient (?), a. [L. stupefaciens, p. pr. of stupefacere to stupefy; stupere to be stupefied + facere to make. Cf. Stupefy.] [Written also stupifacient.] Producing stupefaction; stupefactive. -- n. (Med.) Anything promoting stupefaction; a narcotic.

Stu`pe*fac"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. stupéfaction. See Stupefacient.] The act of stupefying, or the state of being stupefied. [Written also stupifaction.]

Resistance of the dictates of conscience brings a hardness and stupefaction upon it.

South.

Stu`pe*fac"tive (?), a. & n. [Cf. F. stupéfactif, LL. stupefactivus.] Same as Stupefacient. [Written also stupifactive.]

Stu"pe*fied (?), a. Having been made stupid.

Stu"pe*fied`ness, n. Quality of being stupid.

Stu"pe*fi`er (?), n. One who, or that which, stupefies; a stupefying agent.

Stu"pe*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stupefied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stupefying (?).] [F. stupéfier, fr. L. stupere to be stupefied + ficare (in comp.) to make, akin to facere. See Stupid, Fact, and cf. Stupefacient.] [Written also stupify, especially in England.] 1. To make stupid; to make dull; to blunt the faculty of perception or understanding in; to deprive of sensibility; to make torpid.

The fumes of drink discompose and stupefy the brain.

South.

2. To deprive of material mobility. [Obs.]

It is not malleable; but yet is not fluent, but stupefied.

Bacon.

Stu*pen"dous (?), a. [L. stupendus astonishing, p. future pass. of stupere to be astonished at. Cf. Stupid.] Astonishing; wonderful; amazing; especially, astonishing in magnitude or elevation; as, a stupendous pile. "A stupendous sum." Macaulay.

All are but parts of one stupendous whole.

Pope.

-- Stu*pen"dous*ly, adv. -- Stu*pen"dous*ness, n.

Stu"pe*ous (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow; cf. L. stuppeus made of tow. Cf. Stupose.] Resembling tow; having long, loose scales, or matted filaments, like tow; stupose.

Stu"pid (?), a. [L. stupidus, fr. stupere to be stupefied: cf. F. stupide.] 1. Very dull; insensible; senseless; wanting in understanding; heavy; sluggish; in a state of stupor; -- said of persons.

O that men . . . should be so stupid grown . . . As to forsake the living God!

Milton.

With wild surprise, A moment stupid, motionless he stood.

Thomson.

2. Resulting from, or evincing, stupidity; formed without skill or genius; dull; heavy; -- said of things.

Observe what loads of stupid rhymes Oppress us in corrupted times.

Swift.

Syn. -- Simple; insensible; sluggish; senseless; doltish; sottish; dull; heavy; clodpated. -- Stu"pid*ly (#), adv. -- Stu"pid*ness, n.

Stu*pid"i*ty (?), n. [L. stupiditas: cf. F. stupidité.] 1. The quality or state of being stupid; extreme dullness of perception or understanding; insensibility; sluggishness.

2. Stupor; astonishment; stupefaction. [R.]

A stupidity Past admiration strikes me, joined with fear.

Chapman.

Stu"pi*fy (?), v. t. See Stupefy.

Stu"por (?), n. [L., from stupere to be struck senseless.] 1. Great diminution or suspension of sensibility; suppression of sense or feeling; lethargy.

2. Intellectual insensibility; moral stupidity; heedlessness or inattention to one's interests.

Stu*pose (?), a. [L. stupa, or better stuppa, tow. Cf. Stupeous.] (Bot.) Composed of, or having, tufted or matted filaments like tow; stupeous.

Stu"prate (?), v. t. [L. stupratus, p. p. of stuprare to ravish, fr. stuprum defilement.] To ravish; to debauch. [R.] Heywood.

Stu*pra"tion (?), n. Violation of chastity by force; rape. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

||Stu"prum (?), n. [L.] Stupration.

Sturb (?), v. t. To disturb. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Stur"di*ly (?), adv. In a sturdy manner.

Stur"di*ness, n. Quality of being sturdy.

Stur"dy (?), a. [Compar. Sturdier (?); superl. Sturdiest.] [OE. sturdi inconsiderable, OF. estourdi stunned, giddy, thoughtless, rash, F. étourdi, p. p. of OF. estourdir to stun, to render giddy, to amaze, F. étourdir; of uncertain origin. The sense has probably been influenced by E. stout.] 1. Foolishly obstinate or resolute; stubborn; unrelenting; unfeeling; stern.

This sturdy marquis gan his hearte dress To rue upon her wifely steadfastness.

Chaucer.

This must be done, and I would fain see Mortal so sturdy as to gainsay.

Hudibras.

A sturdy, hardened sinner shall advance to the utmost pitch of impiety with less reluctance than he took the first steps.

Atterbury.

2. Resolute, in a good sense; or firm, unyielding quality; as, a man of sturdy piety or patriotism.

3. Characterized by physical strength or force; strong; lusty; violent; as, a sturdy lout.

How bowed the woods beneath their sturdy stroke!

Gray.

4. Stiff; stout; strong; as, a sturdy oak. Milton.

He was not of any delicate contexture; his limbs rather sturdy than dainty.

Sir H. Wotton.

Syn. -- Hardy; stout; strong; firm; robust; stiff.

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Stur"dy (?), n. [OF. estourdi giddiness, stupefaction.] (Vet.) A disease in sheep and cattle, marked by great nervousness, or by dullness and stupor.

Stur"geon (?), n. [F. esturgeon, LL. sturio, sturgio, OHG. sturjo, G. stör; akin to AS. styria, styriga.] (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of large cartilaginous ganoid fishes belonging to Acipenser and allied genera of the family Acipenseridæ. They run up rivers to spawn, and are common on the coasts and in the large rivers and lakes of North America, Europe, and Asia. Caviare is prepared from the roe, and isinglass from the air bladder.

The common North American species are Acipenser sturio of the Atlantic coast region, A. transmontanus of the Pacific coast, and A. rubicundus of the Mississippi River and its tributaries. In Europe, the common species is Acipenser sturio, and other well-known species are the sterlet and the huso. The sturgeons are included in the order Chondrostei. Their body is partially covered by five rows of large, carinated, bony plates, of which one row runs along the back. The tail is heterocercal. The toothless and protrusile mouth is beneath the head, and has four barbels in front.

Shovel-nosed sturgeon. (Zoöl.) See Shovelnose (d).

||Stu`ri*o"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from LL. sturio. See Sturgeon.] ||(Zoöl.) An order of fishes including the sturgeons.

Stu`ri*o"ni*an (?), n. (Zoöl.) One of the family of fishes of which the sturgeon is the type.

Sturk (?), n. See Stirk. [Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Stur"noid (?), a. [L. sturnus a starling + -oid.] (Zoöl.) Like or pertaining to the starlings.

Sturt (?), v. t. [Cf. Start, v. i.] To vex; to annoy; to startle. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.]

Sturt, n. 1. Disturbance; annoyance; care. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] "Sturt and care." J. Rolland.

2. (Mining) A bargain in tribute mining by which the tributor profits. Raymond.

Stur"tion (?), n. A corruption of Nasturtion.

Stut (?), v. i. To stutter. [Obs.] Skelton.

Stut"ter (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Stuttered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stuttering.] [Freq. of stut, OE. stoten; probably of Dutch or Low German origin; cf. D. & LG. stotteren, G. stottern, D. stooten to push, to strike; akin to G. stossen, Icel. stauta, Sw. stöta, Dan. stöde, Goth. stautan, L. tundere, Skr. tud to thrust. Cf. Contuse, Obtuse.] To hesitate or stumble in uttering words; to speak with spasmodic repetition or pauses; to stammer.

Trembling, stuttering, calling for his confessor.

Macaulay.

Stut"ter, n. 1. The act of stuttering; a stammer. See Stammer, and Stuttering.

2. One who stutters; a stammerer. [Obs.] Bacon.

Stut"ter*er (?), n. One who stutters; a stammerer.

Stut"ter*ing, n. The act of one who stutters; -- restricted by some physiologists to defective speech due to inability to form the proper sounds, the breathing being normal, as distinguished from stammering.

Stut"ter*ing, a. Apt to stutter; hesitating; stammering. -- Stut"ter*ing*ly, adv.

Sty (?), n.; pl. Sties (&?;). [Written also stigh.] [AS. stigu, fr. stgan to rise; originally, probably, a place into which animals climbed or went up. &radic;164. See Sty, v. i., and cf. Steward.] 1. A pen or inclosure for swine.

2. A place of bestial debauchery.

To roll with pleasure in a sensual sty.

Milton.

Sty, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Stied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Stying (?).] To shut up in, or as in, a sty. Shak.

Sty, v. i. [OE. stien, sti&?;en, AS. stgan to rise; akin to D. stijgen, OS. & OHG. stgan, G. steigen, Icel. stga, Sw. stiga, Dan. stige, Goth. steigan, L. vestigium footstep, Gr. &?; to walk, to go, Skr. stigh to mount. Cf. Distich, Stair steps, Stirrup, Sty a boil, a pen for swine, Vestige.] To soar; to ascend; to mount. See Stirrup. [Obs.]

With bolder wing shall dare aloft to sty, To the last praises of this Faery Queene.

Spenser.

Sty, n. [For older styan, styanye, understood as sty on eye, AS. stgend (sc. eáge eye), properly, rising, or swelling (eye), p. p. of stgan to rise. See Sty, v. i.] (Med.) An inflamed swelling or boil on the edge of the eyelid. [Written also stye.]

Sty"an (?), n. See Sty, a boil. [R.] De quincey.

Sty"ca (?), n. [LL., fr. AS. stic, styc, stycge.] An anglo-Saxon copper coin of the lowest value, being worth half a farthing. S. M. Leake.

Sty"cer*in (?), n. [Styryl + glycerin.] (Chem.) A triacid alcohol, related to glycerin, and obtained from certain styryl derivatives as a yellow, gummy, amorphous substance; -- called also phenyl glycerin.

Stye, n. See Sty, a boil.

Styg"i*al (?), a. Stygian. [R.] Skelton.

Styg"i*an (?), a. [L. Stygius, fr. Styx, Stygis, Gr. &?;, &?;, the Styx.] Of or pertaining to the river Styx; hence, hellish; infernal. See Styx.

At that so sudden blaze, the Stygian throng Bent their aspect.

Milton.

Sty`la*gal*ma"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a column + &?; an image.] (Arch.) Performing the office of columns; as, Atlantes and Caryatides are stylagalmaic figures or images. [Written also stylogalmaic.]

Sty"lar (?), a. See Stilar.

||Sty*las"ter (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; pillar + &?; star.] (Zoöl.) ||Any one of numerous species of delicate, usually pink, calcareous ||hydroid corals of the genus Stylaster.

Style (?), n. [OE. stile, F. style, Of. also stile, L. stilus a style or writing instrument, manner or writing, mode of expression; probably for stiglus, meaning, a pricking instrument, and akin to E. stick. See Stick, v. t., and cf. Stiletto. The spelling with y is due to a supposed connection with Gr. &?; a pillar.] 1. An instrument used by the ancients in writing on tablets covered with wax, having one of its ends sharp, and the other blunt, and somewhat expanded, for the purpose of making erasures by smoothing the wax.

2. Hence, anything resembling the ancient style in shape or use. Specifically: --

(a) A pen; an author's pen. Dryden.

(b) A sharp-pointed tool used in engraving; a graver.

(c) A kind of blunt-pointed surgical instrument.

(d) (Zoöl.) A long, slender, bristlelike process, as the anal styles of insects.

(e) [Perhaps fr. Gr. &?; a pillar.] The pin, or gnomon, of a dial, the shadow of which indicates the hour. See Gnomon.

(f) [Probably fr. Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Bot.) The elongated part of a pistil between the ovary and the stigma. See Illust. of Stamen, and of Pistil.

3. Mode of expressing thought in language, whether oral or written; especially, such use of language in the expression of thought as exhibits the spirit and faculty of an artist; choice or arrangement of words in discourse; rhetorical expression.

High style, as when that men to kinges write.

Chaucer.

Style is the dress of thoughts.

Chesterfield.

Proper words in proper places make the true definition of style.

Swift.

It is style alone by which posterity will judge of a great work.

I. Disraeli.

4. Mode of presentation, especially in music or any of the fine arts; a characteristic of peculiar mode of developing in idea or accomplishing a result.

The ornamental style also possesses its own peculiar merit.

Sir J. Reynolds.

5. Conformity to a recognized standard; manner which is deemed elegant and appropriate, especially in social demeanor; fashion.

According to the usual style of dedications.

C. Middleton.

6. Mode or phrase by which anything is formally designated; the title; the official designation of any important body; mode of address; as, the style of Majesty.

One style to a gracious benefactor, another to a proud, insulting foe.

Burke.

7. (Chron.) A mode of reckoning time, with regard to the Julian and Gregorian calendars.

Style is Old or New. The Old Style follows the Julian manner of computing the months and days, or the calendar as established by Julius Cæsar, in which every fourth year consists of 366 days, and the other years of 365 days. This is about 11 minutes in a year too much. Pope Georgy XIII. reformed the calendar by retrenching 10 days in October, 1582, in order to bring back the vernal equinox to the same day as at the time of the Council of Nice, a. d. 325. This reformation was adopted by act of the British Parliament in 1751, by which act 11 days in September, 1752, were retrenched, and the third day was reckoned the fourteenth. This mode of reckoning is called New Style, according to which every year divisible by 4, unless it is divisible by 100 without being divisible by 400, has 366 days, and any other year 365 days.

Style of court, the practice or manner observed by a court in its proceedings. Ayliffe.

Syn. -- Diction; phraseology; manner; course; title. See Diction.

Style, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Styled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Styling.] To entitle; to term, name, or call; to denominate. "Styled great conquerors." Milton.

How well his worth and brave adventures styled.

Dryden.

Syn. -- To call; name; denominate; designate; term; characterize.

Sty"let (?), n. [F., dim. of style; cf. It. stiletto. See Stiletto.] A small poniard; a stiletto.

2. (Surg.) (a) An instrument for examining wounds and fistulas, and for passing setons, and the like; a probe, -- called also specillum. (b) A stiff wire, inserted in catheters or other tubular instruments to maintain their shape and prevent clogging.

3. (Zoöl.) Any small, more or less rigid, bristlelike organ; as, the caudal stylets of certain insects; the ventral stylets of certain Infusoria.

Sty*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Style + -ferous.] (Bot.) Bearing one or more styles.

Sty"li*form (?), a. [Style + - form: cf. F. styliforme.] Having the form of, or resembling, a style, pin, or pen; styloid.

Styl"ish (?), a. Having style or artistic quality; given to, or fond of, the display of style; highly fashionable; modish; as, a stylish dress, house, manner. -- Styl"ish*ly, adv. -- Styl"ish*ness, n.

Styl"ist, n. One who is a master or a model of style, especially in writing or speaking; a critic of style.

Distinguished as a stylist, for ease.

Fitzed. Hall.

Sty*lis"tic (?), a. Of or pertaining to style in language. [R.] "Stylistic trifles." J. A. Symonds.

The great stylistic differences in the works ascribed to him [Wyclif].

G. P. Marsh.

Sty"lite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a pillar.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of anchorites in the early church, who lived on the tops of pillars for the exercise of their patience; -- called also pillarist and pillar saint.

Sty"lo- (?). A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the styloid process of the temporal bone; as, stylohyal, stylomastoid, stylomaxillary.

Sty"lo*bate (?), n. [L. stylobates, stylobata, Gr. &?;; &?; a pillar + &?; one that treads, fr. &?; to go.] (Arch.) The uninterrupted and continuous flat band, coping, or pavement upon which the bases of a row of columns are supported. See Sub-base.

Sty`lo*glos"sal (?), a. [Stylo- + glossal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to styloid process and the tongue.

Sty"lo*graph (?), n. A stylographic pen.

Sty`lo*graph"ic (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to stylography; used in stylography; as, stylographic tablets.

2. Pertaining to, or used in, stylographic pen; as, stylographic ink.

Stylographic pen, a pen with a conical point like that of a style, combined with a reservoir for supplying it with ink. -- Stylographic pencil, a pencil used in stylography.

Sty`lo*graph"ic*al (?), a. Same as Stylographic, 1. -- Sty`lo*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Sty*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Style + -graphy.] A mode of writing or tracing lines by means of a style on cards or tablets.

Sty`lo*hy"al (?), n. [Stylo- + the Gr. letter &?;.] (Anat.) A segment in the hyoidean arch between the epihyal and tympanohyal.

Sty`lo*hy"oid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the hyoid bone.

Sty"loid (?), a. [Style + - oid: cf. F. styloïde, Gr. &?;.] 1. Styliform; as, the styloid process.

2. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process.

Styloid process (Anat.), a long and slender process from the lower side of the temporal bone of man, corresponding to the tympanohyal and stylohyal of other animals.

Sty`lo*mas"toid (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid and mastoid processes of the temporal bone.

Sty`lo*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the styloid process and the maxilla.

Sty*lom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; column + -meter.] An instrument for measuring columns.

||Sty*lom"ma*ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pillar + &?;, &?;, the ||eye.] Same as Stylommatophora.

||Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*ra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; column + &?; eye + ||&?; to bear.] (Zoöl.) A division of Pulmonata in which the eyes are ||situated at the tips of the tentacles. It includes the common land ||snails and slugs. See Illust. under Snail.

Sty*lom`ma*toph"o*rous (?), a. (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to Stylommatophora.

||Sty`lo*po"di*um (?), n.; pl. Stylopodia (#). [NL. See Style, and ||Podium.] (Bot.) An expansion at the base of the style, as in ||umbelliferous plants.

||Sty"lops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pillar + &?;, &?;, the eye.] ||(Zoöl.) A genus of minute insects parasitic, in their larval state, ||on bees and wasps. It is the typical genus of the group Strepsiptera, ||formerly considered a distinct order, but now generally referred to ||the Coleoptera. See Strepsiptera.

||Sty"lus (?), n. [L. stylus, or better stilus.] An instrument for ||writing. See Style, n., 1.

Styph"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of styphnic acid.

Styph"nic (?), a. [Gr. (spurious) sty`fein to contract.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline astringent acid, (NO2)3.C6H.(OH)2, obtained by the action of nitric acid on resorcin. Styphnic acid resembles picric acid, but is not bitter. It acts like a strong dibasic acid, having a series of well defined salts.

Styp"tic (?), a. [L. stypticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to contract.] Producing contraction; stopping bleeding; having the quality of restraining hemorrhage when applied to the bleeding part; astringent. [Written also stiptic.]

Styptic weed (Bot.), an American leguminous herb (Cassia occidentalis) closely related to the wild senna.

Styp"tic, n. (Med.) A styptic medicine.

Styp"tic*al (?), a. Styptic; astringent.

Styp*tic"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. stypticité.] The quality or state of being styptic; astringency.

Styr"a*cin (?), n. [See Styrax.] (Chem.) A white crystalline tasteless substance extracted from gum storax, and consisting of a salt of cinnamic acid with cinnamic alcohol.

Sty"rax (?), n. [L. styrax, storax, Gr. &?;. See Storax.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of shrubs and trees, mostly American or Asiatic, abounding in resinous and aromatic substances. Styrax officinalis yields storax, and S. Benzoin yields benzoin.

2. Same as Storax.

Sty"rol (?), n. [Styrax + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) See Styrolene.

Sty"ro*lene (?), n. (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C8H8, obtained by the distillation of storax, by the decomposition of cinnamic acid, and by the condensation of acetylene, as a fragrant, aromatic, mobile liquid; -- called also phenyl ethylene, vinyl benzene, styrol, styrene, and cinnamene.

Sty"rone (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance having a sweet taste and a hyacinthlike odor, obtained by the decomposition of styracin; -- properly called cinnamic, or styryl, alcohol.

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Sty"ryl (?), n. [Styrax + - yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical found in certain derivatives of styrolene and cinnamic acid; -- called also cinnyl, or cinnamyl.

Stythe (?), n. (Mining) Choke damp.

Styth"y (?), n. & v. See Stithy.

||Styx (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] (Class. Myth.) The principal river of ||the lower world, which had to be crossed in passing to the regions of ||the dead.

Su`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. (Law) Liability to be sued; the state of being subjected by law to civil process.

Su"a*ble (?), a. (Law) Capable of being sued; subject by law to be called to answer in court. Story.

Suade (?), v. t. [L. suadere.] To persuade. [Obs.]

Suad"i*ble (?), a. [L. suadibilis.] Suasible. [Obs.] Wyclif (James iii. 17).

Suage (?), v. t. To assuage. [Obs.] Dryden.

Su"ant (?), a. [Cf. Sue to pursue.] Spread equally over the surface; uniform; even. [Written also suent.] [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.] -- Su"ant*ly, adv. [Local, U.S. & Prov. Eng.]

Sua"si*ble (?), a. [L. suadere, suasum, to persuade.] Capable of being persuaded; easily persuaded.

Sua"sion (?), n. [L. suasio, fr. suadere, suasum, to advise, persuade, fr. suadus persuading, persuasive; akin to suavis sweet: cf. OF. suasion. See Suave, and cf. Dissuade, Persuade.] The act of persuading; persuasion; as, moral suasion.

Sua"sive (?), a. Having power to persuade; persuasive; suasory. South. "Genial and suasive satire." Earle. -- Sua"sive*ly, adv.

Sua"so*ry (?), a. [L. suasorius: cf. F. suasoire.] Tending to persuade; suasive.

Suave (?), a. [L. suavis sweet, pleasant: cf. F. suave. See Sweet, and cf. Suasion.] Sweet; pleasant; delightful; gracious or agreeable in manner; bland. -- Suave"ly, adv.

Suav"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suavified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suavifying (?).] [Suave + -fy.] To make affable or suave.

Sua*vil"o*quent (?), a. [L. suaviloquens; suavis sweet + loquens, p. pr. of loqui to speak.] Sweetly speaking; using agreeable speech. [R.]

Sua*vil"o*quy (?), n. [L. suaviloquium.] Sweetness of speech. [R.]

Suav"i*ty (?), n. [L. suavitas: cf. F. suavité.] 1. Sweetness to the taste. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. The quality of being sweet or pleasing to the mind; agreeableness; softness; pleasantness; gentleness; urbanity; as, suavity of manners; suavity of language, conversation, or address. Glanvill.

Sub- (?). [L. sub under, below; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. upa to, on, under, over. Cf. Hypo-, Super- .] 1. A prefix signifying under, below, beneath, and hence often, in an inferior position or degree, in an imperfect or partial state, as in subscribe, substruct, subserve, subject, subordinate, subacid, subastringent, subgranular, suborn. Sub- in Latin compounds often becomes sum- before m, sur before r, and regularly becomes suc-, suf- , sug-, and sup- before c, f, g, and p respectively. Before c, p, and t it sometimes takes form sus- (by the dropping of b from a collateral form, subs-).

2. (Chem.) A prefix denoting that the ingredient (of a compound) signified by the term to which it is prefixed,is present in only a small proportion, or less than the normal amount; as, subsulphide, suboxide, etc. Prefixed to the name of a salt it is equivalent to basic; as, subacetate or basic acetate. [Obsoles.]

Sub, n. A subordinate; a subaltern. [Colloq.]

Sub*ac"id (?), a. [L. subacidus. See Sub-, Acid.] Moderately acid or sour; as, some plants have subacid juices. -- n. A substance moderately acid.

Sub*ac"rid (?), a. Moderalely acrid or harsh.

Sub`a*cro"mi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the acromial process of the scapula.

Sub*act" (?), v. t. [L. subactus, p. p. of subigere to subdue; sub under + agere to lead, bring.] To reduce; to subdue. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub*ac"tion (?), n. [Cf. L. subactio a working up, discipline.] The act of reducing to any state, as of mixing two bodies combletely. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub`a*cute" (?), a. Moderalely acute.

Sub`a*dun"cate (?), a. (Zoöl.) Somewhat hooked or curved.

Sub*ad"vo*cate (?), n. An under or subordinate advocate.

Sub`a*ë"ri*al (?), a. Beneath the sky; in the open air; specifically (Geol.), taking place on the earth's surface, as opposed to subaqueous.

Sub*a"gen*cy (?), n. A subordinate agency.

Sub*a"gent (?), n. (Law) A person employed by an agent to transact the whole, or a part, of the business intrusted to the latter. Bouvier. Chitty.

Sub*ag`i*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subagitatio, fr. subagitare to lie with illicity.] Unlawful sexual intercourse. [Obs.]

||Su"bah (s"b), n. [Per. & Hind. sbah.] A province; a government, as of ||a viceroy; also, a subahdar. [India]

Su"bah*dar (?), n. [Per. & Hind. sbah-dr, Per. sbah a province + dr holding, keeping.] A viceroy; a governor of a subah; also, a native captain in the British native army. [India]

{ Su"bah*dar`y (?), Su"bah*ship (?), } n. The office or jurisdiction of a subahdar.

Sub*aid" (?), v. t. To aid secretly; to assist in a private manner, or indirectly. [R.] Daniel.

Sub*al"mon*er (?), n. An under almoner.

Sub*al"pine (?), a. [L. subalpinus.] (Bot. & Zoöl.) Inhabiting the somewhat high slopes and summits of mountains, but considerably below the snow line.

Sub*al"tern (?), a. [F. subalterne, LL. subalternus, fr. L. sub under + alter the one, the other of two. See Alter.] 1. Ranked or ranged below; subordinate; inferior; specifically (Mil.), ranking as a junior officer; being below the rank of captain; as, a subaltern officer.

2. (Logic) Asserting only a part of what is asserted in a related proposition.

Subaltern genus. (Logic) See under Genus.

Sub*al"tern (?), n. 1. A person holding a subordinate position; specifically, a commissioned military officer below the rank of captain.

2. (Logic) A subaltern proposition. Whately.

Sub`al*ter"nant (?), n. (Logic) A universal proposition. See Subaltern, 2. Whately.

Sub`al*ter"nate (?), a. 1. Succeeding by turns; successive.

2. Subordinate; subaltern; inferior.

All their subalternate and several kinds.

Evelyn.

Sub`al*ter"nate, n. (Logic) A particular proposition, as opposed to a universal one. See Subaltern, 2.

Sub*al"ter*na`ting (?), a. Subalternate; successive.

Sub*al"ter*na`tion (?), n. The state of being subalternate; succession of turns; subordination.

Sub*an"gu*lar (?), a. Slightly angular.

Sub*ap"en*nine (?), a. Under, or at the foot of, the Apennine mountains; -- applied, in geology, to a series of Tertiary strata of the older Pliocene period.

Sub*ap"ic*al (?), a. Being under the apex; of or pertaining to the part just below the apex.

Sub`a*qua"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subaquaneus; sub + aqua water.] Subaqueous. [Obs.]

{ Sub`a*quat"ic (?), Sub*a"que*ous (?), } a. 1. Being under water, or beneath the surface of water; adapted for use under water; submarine; as, a subaqueous helmet.

2. (Geol.) Formed in or under water; as, subaqueous deposits.

{ Sub`a*rach"noid (?), Sub*ar`ach*noid"al (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated under the arachnoid membrane.

Sub*arc"tic (?), a. Approximately arctic; belonging to a region just without the arctic circle.

{ Sub*ar"cu*ate (?), Sub*ar"cu*a`ted (?), } a. Having a figure resembling that of a bow; somewhat curved or arched.

Sub`ar*ra"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. arra, arrha, earnest money. See Earnest a pledge.] The ancient custom of betrothing by the bestowal, on the part of the man, of marriage gifts or tokens, as money, rings, or other presents, upon the woman.

Sub`a*ryt"e*noid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the arytenoid cartilage of the larynx.

Sub*as"tral (?), a. Beneath the stars or heavens; terrestrial. Bp. Warburton.

Sub`as*trin"gent (?), a. Somewhat astringent.

Sub*at"om (?), n. (Chem.) A hypothetical component of a chemical atom, on the theory that the elements themselves are complex substances; -- called also atomicule.

Sub*aud" (?), v. t. [L. subaudire, subauditum; sub under + audire to hear.] To understand or supply in an ellipsis. [R.]

Sub`au*di"tion (?), n. [L. subauditio.] The act of understanding, or supplying, something not expressed; also, that which is so understood or supplied. Trench.

Sub*ax"il*la*ry (?), a. 1. (Anat.) Situated under the axilla, or armpit.

2. (Bot.) Placed under the axil, or angle formed by the branch of a plant with the stem, or a leaf with the branch.

Sub*ba"sal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Near the base.

Sub"-base` (?), n. (Arch.) The lowest member of a base when divided horizontally, or of a baseboard, pedestal, or the like.

Sub"-bass`, n. (Mus.) The deepest pedal stop, or the lowest tones of an organ; the fundamental or ground bass. [Written also sub-base.] Ayliffe.

Sub*bea"dle (?), n. An under beadle.

Sub*brach"i*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to the subbrachians.

||Sub*brach`i*a"les (?), n. pl. [NL. See Sub-, and Brachial.] (Zoöl.) A ||division of soft-finned fishes in which the ventral fins are situated ||beneath the pectorial fins, or nearly so.

Sub*brach"i*an (?), n. [Pref. sub- + brachium.] (Zoöl.) One of the Subbrachiales.

Sub"breed` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A race or strain differing in certain characters from the parent breed; an incipient breed.

Sub*bron"chi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the bronchi; as, the subbronchial air sacs of birds.

Sub*cal"i*ber (?), a. Smaller than the caliber of a firearm. [Written also subcalibre.]

Subcaliber projectile, a projectile having a smaller diameter than the caliber of the arm from which it is fired, and to which it is fitted by means of a sabot. Knight.

Sub*car`bon*if"er*ous (?), a. (Geol.) Of or pertaining to the lowest division of the Carboniferous formations underlying the proper coal measures. It was a marine formation characterized in general by beds of limestone. -- n. The Subcarboniferous period or formation.

Sub*car"bu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) United with, or containing, carbon in less than the normal proportion. [Written also subcarburetted.] [Obsoles.]

Sub*car`ti*lag"i*nous (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under or beneath a cartilage or cartilages. (b) Partially cartilaginous.

Sub*cau"dal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the tail; as, the subcaudal, or chevron, bones.

Sub`ce*les"tial (?), a. Being beneath the heavens; as, subcelestial glories. Barrow.

Sub*cen"tral (?), a. 1. Under the center.

2. Nearly central; not quite central.

Sub*chant"er (?), n. (Eccl.) An underchanter; a precentor's deputy in a cathedral; a succentor.

Sub*cir"cu*lar (?), a. Nearly circular.

Sub"class` (?), n. One of the natural groups, more important than an order, into which some classes are divided; as, the angiospermous subclass of exogens.

Sub*cla"vi*an (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. clavis a key. See Clavicle.] (Anat.) Situated under the clavicle, or collar bone; as, the subclavian arteries.

Sub`co*lum"nar (?), a. (Geol.) Having an imperfect or interrupted columnar structure.

Sub`com*mit"tee (?), n. An under committee; a part or division of a committee.

Yet by their sequestrators and subcommittees abroad . . . those orders were commonly disobeyed.

Milton.

Sub`com*pressed" (?), a. Not fully compressed; partially or somewhat compressed.

Sub*con"cave (?), a. Slightly concave. Owen.

Sub`con*form"a*ble (?), a. Partially conformable.

Sub*con"ic*al (?), a. Slightly conical.

Sub*con`junc*ti"val (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the conjunctiva.

Sub*con"scious (?), a. 1. Occurring without the possibility or the fact of an attendant consciousness; -- said of states of the soul.

2. Partially conscious; feebly conscious.

Sub*con`stel*la"tion (?), n. (Astron.) A subordinate constellation. Sir T. Browne.

Sub*con"tract (?), n. A contract under, or subordinate to, a previous contract.

Sub`con*tract"ed (?), a. 1. Contracted after a former contract.

2. Betrothed for the second time. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub`con*tract"or (?), n. One who takes a portion of a contract, as for work, from the principal contractor.

Sub*con"tra*ry (?), a. 1. Contrary in an inferior degree.

2. (Geom.) Having, or being in, a contrary order; -- said of a section of an oblique cone having a circular base made by a plane not parallel to the base, but so inclined to the axis that the section is a circle; applied also to two similar triangles when so placed as to have a common angle at the vertex, the opposite sides not being parallel. Brande & C.

3. (Logic) Denoting the relation of opposition between the particular affirmative and particular negative. Of these both may be true and only one can be false.

Sub*con"tra*ry, n.; pl. Subcontraries (&?;). (Logic) A subcontrary proposition; a proposition inferior or contrary in a lower degree.

Sub*cor"a*coid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the coracoid process of the scapula; as, the subcoracoid dislocation of the humerus.

Sub*cor"date (?), a. Somewhat cordate; somewhat like a heart in shape.

Sub*cor"ne*ous (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under a horny part or layer. (b) Partially horny.

Sub*cos"tal (?), a. (Anat. & Zoöl.) Situated below the costas, or ribs; as, the subcostal muscles.

The subcostal muscles are distinct from, and within, the intercostal.

Sub*cos"tal, n. 1. (Anat.) A subcostal muscle.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the principal nervures of the wings of an insect. It is situated next beneath or behind the costal. See Nervure.

Sub*cra"ni*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the cranium; facial.

Sub`crus*ta"ceous (?), a. Occurring beneath a crust or scab; as, a subcrustaceous cicatrization.

Sub*crys"tal*line (?), a. Imperfectly crystallized.

{ Sub*cul"trate (?), Sub*cul"tra*ted (?), } a. (Zoöl.) Having a form resembling that of a colter, or straight on one side and curved on the other.

Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous (?), a. Situated under the skin; hypodermic. -- Sub`cu*ta"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Subcutaneous operation (Surg.), an operation performed without opening that part of the skin opposite to, or over, the internal section.

Sub`cu*tic"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the cuticle, or scarfskin.

{ Sub`cy*lin"dric*al (?), Sub`cy*lin"dric (?) }, a. Imperfectly cylindrical; approximately cylindrical.

Sub*dea"con (?), n. [Pref. sub- + deacon: cf. L. subdiaconus.] (Eccl.) One belonging to an order in the Roman Catholic Church, next interior to the order of deacons; also, a member of a minor order in the Greek Church.

{ Sub*dea"con*ry (?), Sub*dea"con*ship, } n. (Eccl.) The order or office of subdeacon.

Sub"dean` (?), n. [Pref. sub- + dean: cf. F. sousdoyen.] An under dean; the deputy or substitute of a dean. Ayliffe.

Sub*dean"er*y (?), n. Office or rank of subdean.

Sub*dec"a*nal (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subdean or subdeanery.

Sub*dec"u*ple (?), a. Containing one part of ten.

Sub*del"e*gate (?), n. A subordinate delegate, or one with inferior powers.

Sub*del"e*gate (?), v. t. To appoint to act as subdelegate, or as a subordinate; to depete.

Sub*dent"ed (?), a. Indented beneath.

Sub`de*part"ment (?), n. A subordinate department; a bureau. See the Note under Bureau.

<! p. 1433 !>

Sub`de*pos"it (?), n. That which is deposited beneath something else.

Sub`der*i*so"ri*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. derisorius. See Derisory.] Ridiculing with moderation. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sub`de*riv"a*tive (?), n. A word derived from a derivative, and not directly from the root; as, "friendliness" is a subderivative, being derived from "friendly", which is in turn a derivative from "friend."

Sub`di*ac"o*nate (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subdeacon, or to the office or rank of a subdeacon.

Sub`di*ac"o*nate, n. The office or rank of a subdeacon.

Sub*di"al (?), a. [L. subdialis in the open air.] Of or pertaining to the open air; being under the open sky. [R.] N. Bacon.

Sub*di"a*lect (?), n. A subordinate dialect.

Sub`di*chot"o*my (?), n. A subordinate, or inferior, division into parts; a subdivision. [R.]

Many subdichatomies of petty schisms.

Milton.

Sub`di*lat"ed (?), a. Partially dilated.

Sub`di*ti"tious (?), a. [L. subdititius, subditicius, fr. subdere to substitute.] Put secretly in the place of something else; foisted in. [R.]

Sub`di*ver"si*fy (?), v. t. To diversify aggain what is already diversified. [R.] Sir M. Hale.

Sub`di*vide" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdivided (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subdividing.] [L. subdividere, sub under + dividere to divide. See Divide.] To divide the parts of (anything) into more parts; to part into smaller divisions; to divide again, as what has already been divided.

The progenies of Cham and Japhet swarmed into colonies, and those colonies were subdivided into many others.

Dryden.

Sub`di*vide", v. i. To be, or to become, subdivided.

Sub`di*vine" (?), a. Partaking of divinity; divine in a partial or lower degree. Bp. Hall.

Sub`di*vis"i*ble (?), a. Susceptible of subdivision.

Sub`di*vi"sion (?), n. [L. subdivisio: cf. F. subdivision.] 1. The act of subdividing, or separating a part into smaller parts.

2. A part of a thing made by subdividing.

In the decimal table, the subdivision of the cubit, as span, palm, and digit, are deduced from the shorter cubit.

Arbuthnot.

Sub"do*lous (?), a. [L. subdolus, sub + dolus deceit.] Sly; crafty; cunning; artful. [R.]

Sub*dom"i*nant (?), n. (Mus.) The fourth tone above, or fifth below, the tonic; -- so called as being under the dominant.

Sub*du"a*ble (?), a. Able to be subdued.

Sub*du"al (?), n. Act of subduing. Bp. Warburton.

{ Sub*duce" (?), Sub*duct" (?), } v. t. [L. subducere, subductum; sub under + ducere to lead, to draw. See Duke, and cf. Subdue.] 1. To withdraw; to take away. Milton.

2. To subtract by arithmetical operation; to deduct.

If, out of that infinite multitude of antecedent generations, we should subduce ten.

Sir M. Hale.

Sub*duc"tion (?), n. [L. subductio.] 1. The act of subducting or taking away. Bp. Hall.

2. Arithmetical subtraction. Sir M. Hale.

Sub*due" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subdued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subduing.] [OE. soduen, OF. sosduire to seduce, L. subtus below (fr. sub under) + ducere to lead. See Duke, and cf. Subduct.] 1. To bring under; to conquer by force or the exertion of superior power, and bring into permanent subjection; to reduce under dominion; to vanquish.

I will subdue all thine enemies.

1 Chron. xvii. 10.

2. To overpower so as to disable from further resistance; to crush.

Nothing could have subdued nature To such a lowness, but his unkind daughters.

Shak.

If aught . . . were worthy to subdue The soul of man.

Milton.

3. To destroy the force of; to overcome; as, medicines subdue a fever.

4. To render submissive; to bring under command; to reduce to mildness or obedience; to tame; as, to subdue a stubborn child; to subdue the temper or passions.

5. To overcome, as by persuasion or other mild means; as, to subdue opposition by argument or entreaties.

6. To reduce to tenderness; to melt; to soften; as, to subdue ferocity by tears.

7. To make mellow; to break, as land; also, to destroy, as weeds.

8. To reduce the intensity or degree of; to tone down; to soften; as, to subdue the brilliancy of colors.

Syn. -- To conquer; overpower; overcome; surmount; vanquish. See Conquer.

Sub*dued" (?), a. 1. Conquered; overpowered; crushed; submissive; mild.

2. Not glaring in color; soft in tone.

Sub*due"ment (?), n. Subdual. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub*du"er (?), n. One who, or that which, subdues; a conqueror. Spenser.

Sub*dul"cid (?), a. [Pref. sub + L. dulcis sweet.] Somewhat sweet; sweetish. [R.]

Sub"du*ple (?), a. (Math.) Indicating one part of two; in the ratio of one to two.

Subduple ratio, the ratio of 1 to 2: thus, 3:6 is a subduple ratio, as 6:3 is a duple ratio.

Sub*du"pli*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the square root; -- said of ratios.

Subduplicate ratio, the ratio of the square roots, or the square root of a ratio; thus, the subduplicate ratio of a to b is &radic;a to &radic;b, or &radic;a/b.

Sub*du"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the dura mater, or between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane.

Sub*ed"i*tor (?), n. An assistant editor, as of a periodical or journal.

Sub`e*lon"gate (?), a. Not fully elongated; somewhat elongated.

Sub*en`do*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the endocardium.

Sub*en"dy*mal (?), a. [Pref. sub + endyma.] Situated under the endyma.

Sub*ep`i*der"mal (?), a. Situated immediately below the epidermis.

Sub*ep`i*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epiglottis.

Sub*ep`i*the"li*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the epithelium.

Sub*e"qual (?), a. Nearly equal.

Su"ber*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. subérate.] (Chem.) A salt of suberic acid.

Su*be"re*ous (?), a. [L. subereus of the cork tree.] Of or pertaining to cork; of the nature of cork; suberose.

Su*ber"ic (?), a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreque.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to cork; specifically, designating an acid, C6H12.(CO2H)2, homologous with oxalic acid, and obtained from cork and certain fatty oils, as a white crystalline substance.

Su"ber*in (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subérine.] (Bot.) A material found in the cell walls of cork. It is a modification of lignin.

Su"ber*ite (?), n. [L. suber the cork tree.] (Zoöl.) Any sponge of the genus Suberites and allied genera. These sponges have a fine and compact texture, and contain minute siliceous spicules.

Su"ber*one (?), n. (Chem.) (a) The hypothetical ketone of suberic acid. (b) A colorless liquid, analogous suberone proper, having a pleasant peppermint odor. It is obtained by the distillation of calcium suberate.

{ Su"ber*ose` (?), Su"ber*ous (?), } a. [L. suber the cork tree: cf. F. subéreux.] (Bot.) Having a corky texture.

Sub*e`so*phag"e*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Situated beneath the esophagus. [Written also subœsophageal.]

Subesophageal ganglion (Zoöl.), a large special ganglion situated beneath the esophagus of arthropods, annelids, and some other invertebrates.

Sub*fam"i*ly (?), n. (Biol.) One of the subdivisions, of more importance than genus, into which certain families are divided.

Sub*fi"brous (?), a. Somewhat fibrous.

Sub*fus"cous (?), a. [L. subfuscus, suffuscus. See Sub-, and Fuscous.] Duskish; moderately dark; brownish; tawny.

Sub*fusk" (?), a. Subfuscous. [Obs.] Tatler.

Sub`ge*lat"i*nous (?), a. Imperfectly or partially gelatinous.

Sub`ge*ner"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subgenus.

Sub*ge"nus (?), n.; pl. Subgenera (&?;). (Biol.) A subdivision of a genus, comprising one or more species which differ from other species of the genus in some important character or characters; as, the azaleas now constitute a subgenus of Rhododendron.

Sub*gla"cial (?), a. Pertaining or belonging to the under side of a glacier; being beneath a glacier; as, subglacial streams.

Sub`glo*bose" (?), a. Not quite globose.

Sub*glob"u*lar (?), a. Nearly globular.

Sub*glos"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the tongue; sublingual.

Sub*glot"tic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated below the glottis; -- applied to that part of the cavity of the larynx below the true vocal cords.

Sub`glu*ma"ceous (?), a. Somewhat glumaceous.

Sub*gov"ern*or (?), n. A subordinate or assistant governor.

Sub*gran"u*lar (?), a. Somewhat granular.

Sub"group` (?), n. (Biol.) A subdivision of a group, as of animals. Darwin.

Sub`has*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subhastatio.] A public sale or auction. [R.] Bp. Burnet.

Sub`he*pat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the liver; -- applied to the interlobular branches of the portal vein.

Sub`horn*blend"ic (?), a. (Min.) Containing hornblende in a scattered state; of or relating to rocks containing disseminated hornblende.

Sub*hu"mer*ate (?), v. t. [See Sub- , Humerus.] To place the shoulders under; to bear. [Obs.]

Nothing surer ties a friend than freely to subhumerate the burden which was his.

Feltham.

Sub*hy"a*loid (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the hyaliod membrane.

Sub`hy*oid"e*an (?), a. (Anat. & Med.) Situated or performed beneath the hyoid bone; as, subhyoidean laryngotomy.

||Sub`i*ma"go (?), n. [NL. See Sub- , and Imago.] (Zoöl.) A stage in ||the development of certain insects, such as the May flies, ||intermediate between the pupa and imago. In this stage, the insect is ||able to fly, but subsequently sheds a skin before becoming mature. ||Called also pseudimago.

Sub*in`cu*sa"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub + L. incusatio accusation, fr. incusare to accuse.] A slight charge or accusation. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in"dex (?), n.; pl. Subindices (&?;). (Math.) A number or mark placed opposite the lower part of a letter or symbol to distinguish the symbol; thus, a0, b1, c2, xn, have 0, 1, 2, and n as subindices.

Sub*in"di*cate (?), v. t. [Pref. sub + indicate: cf. L. subindicare.] To indicate by signs or hints; to indicate imperfectly. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Sub*in`di*ca"tion (?), n. The act of indicating by signs; a slight indication. [R.] "The subindication and shadowing of heavenly things." Barrow.

Sub*in`di*vid"u*al (?), n. A division of that which is individual.

An individual can not branch itself into subindividuals.

Milton.

Sub`in*duce" (?), v. t. To insinuate; to offer indirectly. [Obs.] Sir E. Dering.

Sub`in*fer" (?), v. t. & i. To infer from an inference already made. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Sub*in`feu*da"tion (?), n. (Law) (a) The granting of lands by inferior lords to their dependents, to be held by themselves by feudal tenure. Craig. (b) Subordinate tenancy; undertenancy.

The widow is immediate tenant to the heir, by a kind of subinfeudation, or undertenancy.

Blackstone.

Sub`in*gres"sion (?), n. Secret entrance. [R.] Boyle.

Sub`in*tes"ti*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the intestine.

Sub*in`vo*lu"tion (?), n. Partial or incomplete involution; as, subinvolution of the uterus.

Sub`i*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subitaneus. See Sudden.] Sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Bullokar. -- Sub`i*ta"ne*ous*ness, n. [Obs.]

Sub"i*ta*ny (?), a. Subitaneous; sudden; hasty. [Obs.] Hales.

||Su"bi*to (?), adv. [It. & L.] (Mus.) In haste; quickly; rapidly.

Sub*ja"cent (?), a. [L. subjacens, p. pr. of subjacere to lie under; sub under + jacere to lie.] 1. Lying under or below.

2. Being in a lower situation, though not directly beneath; as, hills and subjacent valleys.

Sub*ject" (?), a. [OE. suget, OF. souzget, sougit (in which the first part is L. subtus below, fr. sub under), subgiet, subject, F. sujet, from L. subjectus lying under, subjected, p. p. of subjicere, subicere, to throw, lay, place, or bring under; sub under + jacere to throw. See Jet a shooting forth.] 1. Placed or situated under; lying below, or in a lower situation. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. Placed under the power of another; specifically (International Law), owing allegiance to a particular sovereign or state; as, Jamaica is subject to Great Britain.

Esau was never subject to Jacob.

Locke.

3. Exposed; liable; prone; disposed; as, a country subject to extreme heat; men subject to temptation.

All human things are subject to decay.

Dryden.

4. Obedient; submissive.

Put them in mind to be subject to principalities.

Titus iii. 1.

Syn. -- Liable; subordinate; inferior; obnoxious; exposed. See Liable.

Sub*ject", n. [From L. subjectus, through an old form of F. sujet. See Subject, a.] 1. That which is placed under the authority, dominion, control, or influence of something else.

2. Specifically: One who is under the authority of a ruler and is governed by his laws; one who owes allegiance to a sovereign or a sovereign state; as, a subject of Queen Victoria; a British subject; a subject of the United States.

Was never subject longed to be a king, As I do long and wish to be a subject.

Shak.

The subject must obey his prince, because God commands it, human laws require it.

Swift.

In international law, the term subject is convertible with citizen.

3. That which is subjected, or submitted to, any physical operation or process; specifically (Anat.), a dead body used for the purpose of dissection.

4. That which is brought under thought or examination; that which is taken up for discussion, or concerning which anything is said or done. "This subject for heroic song." Milton.

Make choice of a subject, beautiful and noble, which . . . shall afford an ample field of matter wherein to expatiate.

Dryden.

The unhappy subject of these quarrels.

Shak.

5. The person who is treated of; the hero of a piece; the chief character.

Writers of particular lives . . . are apt to be prejudiced in favor of their subject.

C. Middleton.

6. (Logic & Gram.) That of which anything is affirmed or predicated; the theme of a proposition or discourse; that which is spoken of; as, the nominative case is the subject of the verb.

The subject of a proposition is that concerning which anything is affirmed or denied.

I. Watts.

7. That in which any quality, attribute, or relation, whether spiritual or material, inheres, or to which any of these appertain; substance; substratum.

That which manifests its qualities -- in other words, that in which the appearing causes inhere, that to which they belong - - is called their subject or substance, or substratum.

Sir W. Hamilton.

8. Hence, that substance or being which is conscious of its own operations; the mind; the thinking agent or principal; the ego. Cf. Object, n., 2.

The philosophers of mind have, in a manner, usurped and appropriated this expression to themselves. Accordingly, in their hands, the phrases conscious or thinking subject, and subject, mean precisely the same thing.

Sir W. Hamilton.

9. (Mus.) The principal theme, or leading thought or phrase, on which a composition or a movement is based.

The earliest known form of subject is the ecclesiastical cantus firmus, or plain song.

Rockstro.

10. (Fine Arts) The incident, scene, figure, group, etc., which it is the aim of the artist to represent.

Sub*ject" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjected (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjecting.] 1. To bring under control, power, or dominion; to make subject; to subordinate; to subdue.

Firmness of mind that subjects every gratification of sense to the rule of right reason.

C. Middleton.

In one short view subjected to our eye, Gods, emperors, heroes, sages, beauties, lie.

Pope.

He is the most subjected, the most &?;nslaved, who is so in his understanding.

Locke.

2. To expose; to make obnoxious or liable; as, credulity subjects a person to impositions.

3. To submit; to make accountable.

God is not bound to subject his ways of operation to the scrutiny of our thoughts.

Locke.

4. To make subservient.

Subjected to his service angel wings.

Milton.

5. To cause to undergo; as, to subject a substance to a white heat; to subject a person to a rigid test.

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Sub*ject"ed (?), a. 1. Subjacent. "Led them direct . . . to the subjected plain." [Obs.] Milton.

2. Reduced to subjection; brought under the dominion of another.

3. Exposed; liable; subject; obnoxious.

Sub*jec"tion (?), n. [L. subjectio: cf. OF. subjection, F. subjétion. See Subject, a.] 1. The act of subjecting, or of bringing under the dominion of another; the act of subduing.

The conquest of the kingdom, and subjection of the rebels.

Sir M. Hale.

2. The state of being subject, or under the power, control, and government of another; a state of obedience or submissiveness; as, the safety of life, liberty, and property depends on our subjection to the laws. "To be bound under subjection." Chaucer.

Likewise, ye wives, be in subjection to your own husbands.

1 Peter iii. 1.

Because the subjection of the body to the will is by natural necessity, the subjection of the will unto God voluntary, we stand in need of direction after what sort our wills and desires may be rightly conformed to His.

Hooker.

Sub"ject*ist (?), n. (Metaph.) One skilled in subjective philosophy; a subjectivist.

Sub*jec"tive (?), a. [L. subjectivus: cf. F. subjectif.] 1. Of or pertaining to a subject.

2. Especially, pertaining to, or derived from, one's own consciousness, in distinction from external observation; ralating to the mind, or intellectual world, in distinction from the outward or material excessively occupied with, or brooding over, one's own internal states.

In the philosophy of the mind, subjective denotes what is to be referred to the thinking subject, the ego; objective, what belongs to the object of thought, the non- ego. See Objective, a., 2. Sir W. Hamilton.

3. (Lit. & Art) Modified by, or making prominent, the individuality of a writer or an artist; as, a subjective drama or painting; a subjective writer.

Syn. -- See Objective.

Subjective sensation (Physiol.), one of the sensations occurring when stimuli due to internal causes excite the nervous apparatus of the sense organs, as when a person imagines he sees figures which have no objective reality.

-- Sub*jec"tive*ly, adv. -- Sub*jec"tive*ness, n.

Sub*jec"tiv*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) Any philosophical doctrine which refers all knowledge to, and founds it upon, any subjective states; egoism.

Sub*jec"tiv*ist, n. (Metaph.) One who holds to subjectivism; an egoist.

Sub`jec*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being subjective; character of the subject.

Sub"ject*less (?), a. Having no subject.

Sub"ject-mat`ter (?), n. The matter or thought presented for consideration in some statement or discussion; that which is made the object of thought or study.

As to the subject-matter, words are always to be understood as having a regard thereto.

Blackstone.

As science makes progress in any subject-matter, poetry recedes from it.

J. H. Newman.

Sub"ject*ness, n. Quality of being subject. [R.]

Sub*jic"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being subjected. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Sub*join" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjoined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjoining.] [Cf. OF. subjoindre, L. subjungere. See Sub-, and Join, and cf. Subjective.] To add after something else has been said or written; to ANNEX; as, to subjoin an argument or reason.

Syn. -- To add; annex; join; unite.

Sub*join"der (?), n. An additional remark. [R.]

||Sub ju"di*ce (?). [L.] Before the judge, or court; not yet decided; ||under judicial consideration.

Sub"ju*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subjugated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subjugating.] [L. subjugatus, p. p. of subjugare to subjugate; sub under + jugum a yoke. See Yoke.] To subdue, and bring under the yoke of power or dominion; to conquer by force, and compel to submit to the government or absolute control of another; to vanquish.

He subjugated a king, and called him his "vassal."

Baker.

Syn. -- To conquer; subdue; overcome. See Conquer.

Sub`ju*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subjugation, LL. subjugatio.] The act of subjugating, or the state of being subjugated.

Sub"ju*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who subjugates; a conqueror.

Sub*junc"tion (?), n. [See Subjunctive.] 1. Act of subjoining, or state of being subjoined.

2. Something subjoined; as, a subjunction to a sentence.

Sub*junc"tive (?), a. [L. subjunctivus, fr. subjungere, subjunctum, to subjoin: cf. F. subjonctif. See Subjoin.] Subjoined or added to something before said or written.

Subjunctive mood (Gram.), that form of a verb which express the action or state not as a fact, but only as a conception of the mind still contingent and dependent. It is commonly subjoined, or added as subordinate, to some other verb, and in English is often connected with it by if, that, though, lest, unless, except, until, etc., as in the following sentence: "If there were no honey, they [bees] would have no object in visiting the flower." Lubbock. In some languages, as in Latin and Greek, the subjunctive is often independent of any other verb, being used in wishes, commands, exhortations, etc.

Sub*junc"tive, n. (Gram.) The subjunctive mood; also, a verb in the subjunctive mood.

Sub*king"dom (?), n. One of the several primary divisions of either the animal, or vegetable kingdom, as, in zoölogy, the Vertebrata, Tunicata, Mollusca, Articulata, Molluscoidea, Echinodermata, Cœlentera, and the Protozoa; in botany, the Phanerogamia, and the Cryptogamia.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an (?), n. & a. [Pref. sub + lapse: cf. F. sublapsarien, sublapsarie.] (Eccl. Hist.) Same as Infralapsarian.

Sub`lap*sa"ri*an*ism (?), n. Infralapsarianism.

Sub*lap"sa*ry (?), a. Sublapsarian. Johnson.

Sub"late (?), v. t. [From sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away. See Tolerate.] To take or carry away; to remove. [R.] E. Hall.

Sub*la"tion (?), n. [L. sublatio, fr. sublatus, used as p. p. of tollere to take away.] The act of taking or carrying away; removal. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Sub"la*tive (?), a. Having power, or tending, to take away. [R.] Harris.

Sub"lease` (?), n. (Law) A lease by a tenant or lessee to another person; an underlease. Bouvier.

Sub`les*see" (?), n. A holder of a sublease.

Sub*let" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublet; p. pr. & vb. n. Subletting.] To underlet; to lease, as when a lessee leases to another person.

Sub`le*va"tion (?), n. [L. sublevare to lift up; sub under + levare to lift, raise: cf. L. sublevatio an allevation.] 1. The act of raising on high; elevation. Sir T. More.

2. An uprising; an insurrection. [R.] Sir W. Temple.

Sub`li*bra"ri*an (?), n. An under or assistant librarian.

Sub`lieu*ten"ant (?), n. [Pref. sub + lieutenant: cf. F. sous-lieutenant.] An inferior or second lieutenant; in the British service, a commissioned officer of the lowest rank.

Sub`li*ga"tion (?), n. [L. subligatio, from subligare to bind below; sub under + ligare to bind.] The act of binding underneath. [R.]

Sub*lim"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. sublimable. See Sublime., v. t.] Capable of being sublimed or sublimated. -- Sub*lim"a*ble*ness, n. Boyle.

Sub"li*mate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sublimating.] [L. sublimatus, p. p. of sublimare to raise, elevate, fr. sublimis high: cf. F. sublimer. See Sublime, a., and cf. Surlime, v. t.] 1. To bring by heat into the state of vapor, which, on cooling, returns again to the solid state; as, to sublimate sulphur or camphor.

2. To refine and exalt; to heighten; to elevate.

The precepts of Christianity are . . . so apt to cleanse and sublimate the more gross and corrupt.

Dr. H. More.

Sub"li*mate (?), n. [LL. sublimatum.] (Chem.) A product obtained by sublimation; hence, also, a purified product so obtained.

Corrosive sublimate. (Chem.) See under Corrosive.

Sub"li*mate, a. [LL. sublimatus.] Brought into a state of vapor by heat, and again condensed as a solid.

Sub"li*ma`ted (?), a. Refined by, or as by, sublimation; exalted; purified.

[Words] whose weight best suits a sublimated strain.

Dryden.

Sub"li*ma`tion (?), n. [LL. sublimatio: cf. F. sublimation.] 1. (Chem.) The act or process of subliming, or the state or result of being sublimed.

2. The act of heightening or improving; exaltation; elevation; purification.

3. That which is sublimed; the product of a purifying process.

Religion is the perfection, refinement, and sublimation of morality.

South.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry (?), a. Used for sublimation; as, sublimatory vessels. Boyle.

Sub"li*ma*to*ry, n. A vessel used for sublimation.

Vials, crosslets, and sublimatories.

Chaucer.

Sub*lime" (?), a. [Compar. Sublimer (?); superl. Sublimest.] [L. sublimis; sub under + (perhaps) a word akin to limen lintel, sill, thus meaning, up to the lintel: cf. F. sublime. Cf. Eliminate.] 1. Lifted up; high in place; exalted aloft; uplifted; lofty.

Sublime on these a tower of steel is reared.

Dryden.

2. Distinguished by lofty or noble traits; eminent; -- said of persons. "The sublime Julian leader." De Quincey.

3. Awakening or expressing the emotion of awe, adoration, veneration, heroic resolve, etc.; dignified; grand; solemn; stately; -- said of an impressive object in nature, of an action, of a discourse, of a work of art, of a spectacle, etc.; as, sublime scenery; a sublime deed.

Easy in words thy style, in sense sublime.

Prior.

Know how sublime a thing it is To suffer and be strong.

Longfellow.

4. Elevated by joy; elate. [Poetic]

Their hearts were jocund and sublime, Drunk with idolatry, drunk with wine.

Milton.

5. Lofty of mien; haughty; proud. [Poetic] "Countenance sublime and insolent." Spenser.

His fair, large front and eye sublime declared Absolute rule.

Milton.

Syn. -- Exalted; lofty; noble; majestic. See Grand.

Sub*lime", n. That which is sublime; -- with the definite article; as: (a) A grand or lofty style in speaking or writing; a style that expresses lofty conceptions.

The sublime rises from the nobleness of thoughts, the magnificence of words, or the harmonious and lively turn of the phrase.

Addison.

(b) That which is grand in nature or art, as distinguished from the merely beautiful.

Sub*lime", v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sublimed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subliming.] [Cf. L. sublimare, F. sublimer to subject to sublimation. See Sublime, a., and cf. Sublimate, v. t.] 1. To raise on high. [Archaic]

A soul sublimed by an idea above the region of vanity and conceit.

E. P. Whipple.

2. (Chem.) To subject to the process of sublimation; to heat, volatilize, and condense in crystals or powder; to distill off, and condense in solid form; hence, also, to purify.

3. To exalt; to heighten; to improve; to purify.

The sun . . . Which not alone the southern wit sublimes, But ripens spirits in cold, northern climes.

Pope.

4. To dignify; to ennoble.

An ordinary gift can not sublime a person to a supernatural employment.

Jer. Taylor.

Sub*lime" (?), v. i. (Chem.) To pass off in vapor, with immediate condensation; specifically, to evaporate or volatilize from the solid state without apparent melting; -- said of those substances, like arsenic, benzoic acid, etc., which do not exhibit a liquid form on heating, except under increased pressure.

Sub*limed" (?), a. (Chem.) Having been subjected to the process of sublimation; hence, also, purified. "Sublimed mercurie." Chaucer.

Sub*lime"ly (?), adv. In a sublime manner.

Sub*lime"ness, n. The quality or state of being sublime; sublimity.

Sub*lim`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [L. sublimis sublime + -ficare to make. See -ry.] The act of making sublime, or state of being made sublime.

Sub*lim"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Sublimities (#). [L. sublimitas: cf. F. sublimité.] 1. The quality or state of being sublime (in any sense of the adjective).

2. That which is sublime; as, the sublimities of nature.

Syn. -- Grandeur; magnificence. -- Sublimity, Grandeur. The mental state indicated by these two words is the same, namely, a mingled emotion of astonishment and awe. In speaking of the quality which produces this emotion, we call it grandeur when it springs from what is vast in space, power, etc.; we call it sublimity when it springs from what is elevated far above the ordinary incidents of humanity. An immense plain is grand. The heavens are not only grand, but sublime (as the predominating emotion), from their immense height. Exalted intellect, and especially exalted virtue under severe trials, give us the sense of moral sublimity, as in the case of our Savior in his prayer for his murderers. We do not speak of Satan, when standing by the fiery gulf, with his "unconquerable will and study of revenge," as a sublime object; but there is a melancholy grandeur thrown around him, as of an "archangel ruined."

Sub*lin`e*a"tion (?), n. A mark of a line or lines under a word in a sentence, or under another line; underlining.

||Sub*lin"gua (?), n.; pl. Sublinguæ (#). [NL.] (Anat.) A process or ||fold below the tongue in some animals.

Sub*lin"gual (?), a. [Pref. sub + lingual: cf. F. sublingual.] (Anat.) (a) Situated under the tongue; as, the sublingual gland. (b) Of or pertaining to the sublingual gland; as, sublingual salvia.

Sub*li"tion (?), n. [L. sublinere, sublitum, to smear, to lay on as a ground color.] (Paint.) The act or process of laying the ground in a painting. [R.]

Sub*lit"to*ral (?), a. Under the shore. Smart.

Sub*lob"u*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or at the bases of, the lobules of the liver.

Sub*lum"bar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lumbar region of the vertebral column.

{ Sub*lu"nar (?), Sub"lu*na*ry (?), } a. [Pref. sub + lunar, or lunary: cf. F. sublunaire.] Situated beneath the moon; hence, of or pertaining to this world; terrestrial; earthly.

All things sublunary are subject to change.

Dryden.

All sublunary comforts imitate the changeableness, as well as feel the influence, of the planet they are under.

South.

Sub"lu*na*ry, n. Any worldly thing. [Obs.]

Sub`lux*a"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub + luxation: cf. F. subluxation.] (Surg.) An incomplete or partial dislocation.

Sub*mam"ma*ry (?), a. Situated under the mammæ; as, submammary inflammation.

Sub`ma*rine" (?), a. Being, acting, or growing, under water in the sea; as, submarine navigators; submarine plants.

Submarine armor, a waterproof dress of strong material, having a helmet into which air for breathing is pumped through a tube leading from above the surface to enable a diver to remain under water. -- Submarine cable. See Telegraph cable, under Telegraph. -- Submarine mine. See Torpedo, 2 (a).

Sub*ma*rine", n. A submarine plant or animal.

Sub*mar"shal (?), n. An under or deputy marshal.

Sub*max"il*la*ry (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Situated under the maxilla, or lower jaw; inframaxillary; as, the submaxillary gland. (b) Of or pertaining to submaxillary gland; as, submaxillary salvia.

Sub*me"di*al (?), a. Lying under the middle.

Sub*me"di*an (?), a. (Zoöl.) Next to the median (on either side); as, the submedian teeth of mollusks.

Sub*me"di*ant (?), n. (Mus.) The sixth tone of the scale; the under mediant, or third below the keynote; the superdominant.

Sub*men"tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the chin; as, the submental artery.

Sub*men"tum (?), n.; pl. Submenta (#). [NL. See Sub-, and Mentum.] (Zoöl.) The basal part of the labium of insects. It bears the mentum.

Sub*merge" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submerged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Submerging (?).] [L. submergere, submersum; sub under + mergere to plunge: cf. F. submerger. See Merge.] 1. To put under water; to plunge.

2. To cover or overflow with water; to inundate; to flood; to drown.

I would thou didst, So half my Egypt were submerged.

Shak.

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Sub*merge" (?), v. i. To plunge into water or other fluid; to be buried or covered, as by a fluid; to be merged; hence, to be completely included.

Some say swallows submerge in ponds.

Gent. Mag.

Sub*mer"gence (?), n. [From L. submergens, p. pr.] The act of submerging, or the state of being submerged; submersion.

Sub*merse" (?), a. (Bot.) Submersed.

Sub*mersed" (?), a. [L. submersus, p. p. of submergere. See Submerge.] Being or growing under water, as the leaves of aquatic plants.

Sub*mer"sion (?), n. [L. submersio: cf. F. submersion.] 1. The act of submerging, or putting under water or other fluid, or of causing to be overflowed; the act of plunging under water, or of drowning.

2. The state of being put under water or other fluid, or of being overflowed or drowned.

Sub`me*tal"lic (?), a. Imperfectly metallic; as, a submetallic luster.

Sub*min"is*ter (?), v. t. [L. subministrare, subministratum. See Sub-, and Ministre, v. t.] To supply; to afford. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

Sub*min"is*ter, v. i. To be subservient; to be useful. [Obs.] "Our passions . . . subminister to the best and worst purposes." L'EStrange.

Sub*min"is*trant (?), a. [L. subministrans, p. pr.] Subordinate; subservient. [Obs.] Bacon.

Sub*min"is*trate (?), v. t. [See Subminister.] To supply; to afford; to subminister. [Obs.] Harvey.

Sub*min`is*tra"tion (?), n. [L. subministratio.] The act of subministering. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Sub*miss" (?), a. [L. submissus, p. p. of submittere to let down, to lower. See Submit.] 1. Submissive; humble; obsequious. [Archaic] "Soft Silence and submiss Obedience." Spenser. "Stooping and submiss." R. L. Stevenson.

2. Gentle; soft; calm; as, submiss voices. [R.]

Sub*mis"sion (?), n. [L. submissio a letting down, lowering: cf. F. soumission.] 1. The act of submitting; the act of yielding to power or authority; surrender of the person and power to the control or government of another; obedience; compliance.

Submission, dauphin! 't is a mere French word; We English warrious wot not what it means.

Shak.

2. The state of being submissive; acknowledgement of inferiority or dependence; humble or suppliant behavior; meekness; resignation.

In all submission and humility York doth present himself unto your highness.

Shak.

No duty in religion is more justly required by God . . . than a perfect submission to his will in all things.

Sir W. Temple.

3. Acknowledgement of a fault; confession of error.

Be not as extreme in submission As in offense.

Shak.

4. (Law) An agreement by which parties engage to submit any matter of controversy between them to the decision of arbitrators. Wharton (Law Dict.). Bouvier.

Sub*mis"sive (?), a. 1. Inclined or ready to submit; acknowledging one's inferiority; yielding; obedient; humble.

Not at his feet submissive in distress, Creature so fair his reconcilement seeking.

Milton.

2. Showing a readiness to submit; expressing submission; as, a submissive demeanor.

With a submissive step I hasted down.

Prior.

Syn. -- Obedient; compliant; yielding; obsequious; subservient; humble; modest; passive.

-- Sub*mis"sive*ly, adv. -- Sub*mis"sive*ness, n.

Sub*miss"ly (?), adv. In a submissive manner; with a submission. [Archaic] Jer. Taylor.

Sub*miss"ness, n. Submissiveness. [Obs.]

Sub*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Submitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Submitting.] [L. submittere; sub under + mittere to send: cf. F. soumettre. See Missile.] 1. To let down; to lower. [Obs.]

Sometimes the hill submits itself a while.

Dryden.

2. To put or place under.

The bristled throat Of the submitted sacrifice with ruthless steel he cut.

Chapman.

3. To yield, resign, or surrender to power, will, or authority; -- often with the reflexive pronoun.

Ye ben submitted through your free assent.

Chaucer.

The angel of the Lord said unto her, Return to thy mistress, and submit thyself under her hands.

Gen. xvi. 9.

Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands.

Eph. v. 22.

4. To leave or commit to the discretion or judgment of another or others; to refer; as, to submit a controversy to arbitrators; to submit a question to the court; -- often followed by a dependent proposition as the object.

Whether the condition of the clergy be able to bear a heavy burden, is submitted to the house.

Swift.

We submit that a wooden spoon of our day would not be justified in calling Galileo and Napier blockheads because they never heard of the differential calculus.

Macaulay.

Sub*mit", v. i. 1. To yield one's person to the power of another; to give up resistance; to surrender.

The revolted provinces presently submitted.

C. Middleton.

2. To yield one's opinion to the opinion of authority of another; to be subject; to acquiesce.

To thy husband's will Thine shall submit.

Milton.

3. To be submissive or resigned; to yield without murmuring.

Our religion requires from us . . . to submit to pain, disgrace, and even death.

Rogers.

Sub*mit"ter (?), n. One who submits. Whitlock.

Sub*mon"ish (?), v. t. [L. submonere. See Summon, and -ish.] To suggest; to prompt. [R.] "The submonishing inclinations of my senses." T. Granger.

Sub`mo*ni"tion (?), n. [LL. submonitio.] Suggestion; prompting. [R.] T. Granger.

Sub*mu"cous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a mucous membrane.

Sub*mul"ti*ple (?), n. (Math.) A number or quality which is contained in another an exact number of times, or is an aliquot part of it; thus, 7 is the submultiple of 56, being contained in it eight times.

Sub*mul"ti*ple, a. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a submultiple; being a submultiple; as, a submultiple number; submultiple ratio.

Sub*mus"cu*lar (?), a. Situated underneath a muscle or muscles.

Sub`nar*cot"ic (?), a. (Med.) Moderately narcotic.

Sub*na"sal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the nose; as, the subnasal point, or the middle point of the inferior border of the anterior nasal aperture.

Sub*nas"cent (?), a. [L. subnascens, p. pr. of subnasci to grow under; sub under + nasci to be born.] Growing underneath. [R.] Evelyn.

Sub*nect" (?), v. t. [L. subnectere, subnextum; sub under + nectere to tie.] To tie or fasten beneath; to join beneath. [R.] Pope.

Sub*nex" (?), v. t. [See Subnect.] To subjoin; to subnect. [Obs.] Holland.

Sub*nor"mal (?), n. (Geom.) That part of the axis of a curved line which is intercepted between the ordinate and the normal.

Sub`no*ta"tion (?), n. [L. subnotatio a signing underneath, fr. subnotare to subscribe; sub under + notare to note or mark.] A rescript. Bouvier.

Sub*no`to*chor"dal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated on the ventral side of the notochord; as, the subnotochordal rod.

Sub*nu"vo*lar (?), a. [Pref. sub + It. nuvola cloud: cf. L. subnubilus somewhat cloudy.] Under the clouds; attended or partly covered or obscured by clouds; somewhat cloudy. [R. & Poetic]

Subnuvolar lights of evening sharply slant.

Milnes.

Sub`ob*scure"ly (?), adv. Somewhat obscurely or darkly. [R.] Donne.

Sub`ob*tuse" (?), a. Partially obtuse.

Sub`oc*cip"i*tal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or posterior to, the occiput; as, the suboccipital, or first cervical, nerve.

{ Sub*oc"tave (?), Sub*oc"tu*ple (?), } a. Containing one part of eight; having the ratio of one to eight. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*oc"u*lar (?), a. [Pref. sub + ocular: cf. L. subocularis.] (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the eye.

Sub*of"fi*cer (?), n. [Pref. sub + officer: cf. F. sous-officer.] An under or subordinate officer.

Sub`o*per"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated below the operculum; pertaining to the suboperculum. -- n. The suboperculum.

Sub`o*per"cu*lum (?), n. [NL. See Sub-, Operculum.] (Anat.) The lower opercular bone in fishes.

{ Sub`or*bic"u*lar (?), Sub`or*bic"u*late (?), } a. Almost orbiculate or orbicular.

{ Sub*or"bit*al (?), Sub*or"bit*ar (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated under or below the orbit.

Sub*or"der (?), n. (Nat. Hist.) A division of an order; a group of genera of a little lower rank than an order and of greater importance than a tribe or family; as, cichoraceous plants form a suborder of Compositæ.

Sub*or"di*na*cy (?), n. [See Subordinate.] The quality or state of being subordinate, or subject to control; subordination, as, to bring the imagination to act in subordinacy to reason. Spectator.

{ Sub*or"di*nance (?), Sub*or"di*nan*cy (?) }, n. [Pref. sub + L. ordinans, p. pr. of ordinare. See Subordinate, a.] Subordinacy; subordination. [Obs.] Dr. H. More. Sir W. Temple.

Sub*or"di*na*ry (?), n. (Her.) One of several heraldic bearings somewhat less common than an ordinary. See Ordinary.

Different writers name different bearings as subordinaries, but the bar, bend, sinister, pile, inescutcheon bordure, gyron, and quarter, are always considered subordinaries by those who do not class them as ordinaries.

Sub*or"di*nate (?), a. [Pref. sub + L. ordinatus, p. p. of ordinare to set in order, to arrange. See Ordain.] 1. Placed in a lower order, class, or rank; holding a lower or inferior position.

The several kinds and subordinate species of each are easily distinguished.

Woodward.

2. Inferior in order, nature, dignity, power, importance, or the like.

It was subordinate, not enslaved, to the understanding.

South.

Sub*or"di*nate, n. One who stands in order or rank below another; -- distinguished from a principal. Milton.

Sub*or"di*nate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subordinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subordinating.] 1. To place in a lower order or class; to make or consider as of less value or importance; as, to subordinate one creature to another.

2. To make subject; to subject or subdue; as, to subordinate the passions to reason.

-- Sub*or"di*nate*ly, adv. -- Sub*or"di*nate*ness, n.

Sub*or`di*na"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subordination.] 1. The act of subordinating, placing in a lower order, or subjecting.

2. The quality or state of being subordinate or inferior to an other; inferiority of rank or dignity; subjection.

Natural creature having a local subordination.

Holyday.

3. Place of inferior rank.

Persons who in their several subordinations would be obliged to follow the example of their superiors.

Swift.

Sub*or"di*na*tive (?), a. Tending to subordinate; expressing subordination; used to introduce a subordinate sentence; as, a subordinative conjunction.

Sub*orn" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suborned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suborning.] [F. suborner, L. subornare; sub under, secretly + ornare to furnish, provide, equip, adorn. See Ornament.] 1. (Law) To procure or cause to take a false oath amounting to perjury, such oath being actually taken. Sir W. O. Russell.

2. To procure privately, or by collusion; to procure by indirect means; to incite secretly; to instigate.

Thou art suborned against his honor.

Shak.

Those who by despair suborn their death.

Dryden.

Sub`or*na"tion (?), n. [F. subornation.] 1. (Law) The act of suborning; the crime of procuring a person to take such a false oath as constitutes perjury. Blackstone.

2. The sin or offense of procuring one to do a criminal or bad action, as by bribes or persuasion.

Foul subornation is predominant.

Shak.

The sort of chicanery attending the subornation of managers in the Leibnitz controversy.

De Quinsey.

Sub*orn"er (?), n. One who suborns or procures another to take, a false oath; one who procures another to do a bad action.

Sub*o"val (?), a. Somewhat oval; nearly oval.

Sub*o"vate (?), a. Nearly in the form of an egg, or of the section of an egg, but having the inferior extremity broadest; nearly ovate.

Sub*o"va*ted (?), a. Subovate. [R.]

Sub*ox"ide (?), n. (Chem.) An oxide containing a relatively small amount of oxygen, and less than the normal proportion; as, potassium suboxide, K4O.

Sub`pe*dun"cu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the peduncle; as, the subpeduncular lobe of the cerebellum.

Sub`pe*dun"cu*late (?), a. (Bot. & Zoöl.) Supported on, or growing from, a very short stem; having a short peduncle.

Sub`pel*lu"cid (?), a. Somewhat pellucid; nearly pellucid.

Sub*pe"na (?), n. & v. t. See Subpœna.

Sub`pen*tan"gu*lar (?), a. Nearly or approximately pentangular; almost pentangular.

Sub*per`i*car"di*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the cardiac pericardium.

Sub*per`i*os"te*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the periosteum.

Subperiosteal operation (Surg.), a removal of bone effected without taking away the periosteum.

Sub*per`i*to"ne*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the peritoneal membrane.

Sub*pet"i*o*lar (?), a. (Bot.) Concealed within the base of the petiole, as the leaf buds of the plane tree.

Sub*pleu"ral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the pleural membrane.

Sub*pod`o*phyl"lous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the podophyllous tissue of the horse's foot.

Sub*pœ"na (?), n. [NL., fr. L. sub under + poena punishment. See Pain.] (Law) A writ commanding the attendance in court, as a witness, of the person on whom it is served, under a penalty; the process by which a defendant in equity is commanded to appear and answer the plaintiff's bill. [Written also subpena.]

||Subpœna ad testificandum (&?;). [NL.] A writ used to procure the ||attendance of a witness for the purpose of testifying. -- ||Subpœna ||duces tecum (&?;). [NL.] A writ which requires a witness to attend ||and bring certain documents.

Sub*pœ"na, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subpœnaed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subpœnaing.] (Law) To serve with a writ of subpœna; to command attendance in court by a legal writ, under a penalty in case of disobedience.

Sub*pœ"nal (?), a. Required or done under penalty. Gauden.

Sub*po"lar (?), a. Situated below the poles.

Sub`po*lyg"o*nal (?), a. Approximately polygonal; somewhat or almost polygonal.

Sub`pre*hen"sile (?), a. Somewhat prehensile; prehensile in an inferior degree.

Sub*pri"or (?), n. [Pref. sub + prior: cf. F. sous-prieur.] (Eccl.) The vicegerent of a prior; a claustral officer who assists the prior.

Sub*pu"bic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or posterior to, the pubic bones.

Sub*pul"mo*na*ry (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the lungs.

Sub*pur"chas*er (?), n. A purchaser who buys from a purchaser; one who buys at second hand.

Sub*pyr"i*form (?), a. Somewhat pyriform.

Sub*quad"rate (?), a. Nearly or approximately square; almost square.

Sub*quad"ru*ple (?), a. Containing one part of four; in the ratio of one to four; as, subquadruple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*quin"que*fid (?), a. Almost quinquefid; nearly quinquefid.

Sub*quin"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to five; as, subquintuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*read"er (?), n. (Law) An under reader in the inns of court, who reads the texts of law the reader is to discourse upon. [Eng.] Crabb.

Sub*rec"tor (?), n. An assistant restor. [Eng.]

Sub`re*li"gion (?), n. A secondary religion; a belief or principle held in a quasi religious veneration.

Loyalty is in the English a subreligion.

Emerson.

Sub*rep"tion (?), n. [L. subreptio, fr. subripere, subreptum, to snatch or take away secretly: cf. F. subreption. See Surreptitious.] The act of obtaining a favor by surprise, or by unfair representation through suppression or fraudulent concealment of facts. Bp. Hall.

Sub`rep*ti"tious (?), a. [L. subreptitius. See Surreptitious.] Surreptitious. [Obs.] -- Sub`rep*ti"tious*ly (#), adv. [Obs.]

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Sub*rep"tive (?), a. [L. subreptivus.] Surreptitious. [Obs.]

Sub*rig"id (?), a. Somewhat rigid or stiff.

Sub*rig"u*ous (?), a. [L. subriguus; sub under + riguus watered, akin to rigare to water.] Watered or wet beneath; well- watered. [Obs.] Blount.

Sub"ro*gate (?), v. t. [L. subrogatus, p. p. of subrogare. See Surrogate.] To put in the place of another; to substitute. Barrow.

Sub`ro*ga"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subrogation, LL. subrogatio.] The act of subrogating. Specifically: (Law) The substitution of one person in the place of another as a creditor, the new creditor succeeding to the rights of the former; the mode by which a third person who pays a creditor succeeds to his rights against the debtor. Bouvier. Burrill. Abbott.

Sub`ro*tund" (?), a. Somewhat rotund.

Sub*sa"cral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the sacrum.

Sub`sa*line" (?), a. Moderately saline or salt.

Sub"salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A basic salt. See the Note under Salt.

Sub`san*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsannatio, fr. subsannare to deride by mimicking gestures.] Derision; mockery. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

{ Sub*scap"u*lar (?), Sub*scap"u*la*ry (?), } a. (Anat.) Situated beneath the scapula; infrascapular; as, the subscapular muscle.

Sub*scrib"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subscribed. [R.]

Sub*scribe" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subscribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subscribing.] [L. subscribere, subscriptum; sub under + scribere to write: cf. F. souscrire. See Scribe.] 1. To write underneath, as one's name; to sign (one's name) to a document.

[They] subscribed their names under them.

Sir T. More.

2. To sign with one's own hand; to give consent to, as something written, or to bind one's self to the terms of, by writing one's name beneath; as, parties subscribe a covenant or contract; a man subscribes a bond.

All the bishops subscribed the sentence.

Milman.

3. To attest by writing one's name beneath; as, officers subscribe their official acts, and secretaries and clerks subscribe copies or records.

4. To promise to give, by writing one's name with the amount; as, each man subscribed ten dollars.

5. To sign away; to yield; to surrender. [Obs.] Shak.

6. To declare over one's signature; to publish. [Obs.]

Either or must shortly hear from him, or I will subscribe him a coward.

Shak.

Sub*scribe", v. i. 1. To sign one's name to a letter or other document. Shak.

2. To give consent to something written, by signing one's name; hence, to assent; to agree.

So spake, so wished, much humbled Eve; but Fate Subscribed not.

Milton.

3. To become surely; -- with for. [R.] Shak.

4. To yield; to admit one's self to be inferior or in the wrong. [Obs.]

I will subscribe, and say I wronged the duke.

Shak.

5. To set one's name to a paper in token of promise to give a certain sum.

6. To enter one's name for a newspaper, a book, etc.

Sub*scrib"er (?), n. 1. One who subscribes; one who contributes to an undertaking by subscribing.

2. One who enters his name for a paper, book, map, or the like. Dryden.

Sub"script (?), a. [L. subscriptus, p. p. See Subscribe.] Written below or underneath; as, iota subscript. (See under Iota.) Specifically (Math.), said of marks, figures, or letters (suffixes), written below and usually to the right of other letters to distinguish them; as, a, n, 2, in the symbols Xa, An, Y2. See Suffix, n., 2, and Subindex.

Sub"script, n. Anything written below. Bentley.

Sub*scrip"tion (?), n. [L. subscriptio: cf. F. souscription.] 1. The act of subscribing.

2. That which is subscribed. Specifically: (a) A paper to which a signature is attached. (b) The signature attached to a paper. (c) Consent or attestation by underwriting the name. (d) Sum subscribed; amount of sums subscribed; as, an individual subscription to a fund.

3. (Eccl.) The acceptance of articles, or other tests tending to promote uniformity; esp. (Ch. of Eng.), formal assent to the Thirty-nine Articles and the Book of Common Prayer, required before ordination.

4. Submission; obedience. [Obs.]

You owe me no subscription.

Shak.

5. (Pharm.) That part of a prescription which contains the direction to the apothecary.

Sub*scrip"tive (?), a. Of or pertaining to a subscription, or signature. "The subscriptive part." Richardson. -- Sub*scrip"tive*ly, adv.

Sub"se*cute (?), v. t. [L. subsecutus, p. p. of subsequi. See Subsequent.] To follow closely, or so as to overtake; to pursue. [Obs.]

To follow and detain him, if by any possibility he could be subsecuted and overtaken.

E. Hall.

Sub*sec"u*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. subsécutif.] Following in a train or succession. [R.]

||Sub*sel"li*um (?), n.; pl. Subsellia (#). [L.] (Eccl. Arch.) One of ||the stalls of the lower range where there are two ranges. See Illust. ||of Stall.

Sub*sem"i*tone (?), n. (Mus.) The sensible or leading note, or sharp seventh, of any key; subtonic.

Sub*sen"si*ble (?), a. Deeper than the reach of the senses. "That subsensible world." Tyndall.

Sub*sep"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to seven. Bp. Wilkins.

{ Sub"se*quence (?), Sub"se*quen*cy (?), } n. The act or state of following; -- opposed to precedence.

Sub"se*quent (?), a. [L. subsequens, -entis, p. pr. of subsequi to follow, succeed: cf. F. subséquent. See Sue to follow.] 1. Following in time; coming or being after something else at any time, indefinitely; as, subsequent events; subsequent ages or years; a period long subsequent to the foundation of Rome.

2. Following in order of place; succeeding; as, a subsequent clause in a treaty. "The subsequent words come on before the precedent vanish." Bacon.

Sub"se*quent*ly, adv. At a later time; afterwards.

Sub*se"rous (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a serous membrane.

Sub*serve" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subserved (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subserving.] [L. subservire; sub under + servire to serve. See Serve.] To serve in subordination or instrumentally; to be subservient to; to help forward; to promote.

It is a great credit to know the ways of captivating Nature, and making her subserve our purposes, than to have learned all the intrigues of policy.

Glanvill.

Sub*serve", v. i. To be subservient or subordinate; to serve in an inferior capacity.

Not made to rule, But to subserve where wisdom bears command.

Milton.

{ Sub*serv"i*ence (?), Sub*serv"i*en*cy (?) }, n. The quality or state of being subservient; instrumental fitness or use; hence, willingness to serve another's purposes; in a derogatory sense, servility.

The body wherein appears much fitness, use, and subserviency to infinite functions.

Bentley.

There is a regular subordination and subserviency among all the parts to beneficial ends.

Cheyne.

Sub*serv"i*ent (?), a. [L. subserviens, -entis, p. pr. See Subserve.] Fitted or disposed to subserve; useful in an inferior capacity; serving to promote some end; subordinate; hence, servile, truckling.

Scarce ever reading anything which he did not make subservient in one kind or other.

Bp. Fell.

These ranks of creatures are subservient one to another.

Ray.

Their temporal ambition was wholly subservient to their proselytizing spirit.

Burke.

Sub*serv"i*ent*ly, adv. In a subservient manner.

Sub*ses"qui- (?). [Pref. sub- + sesqui-.] (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) denoting the combination of constituents (especially electro-negative and electro- positive bodies) in the proportion of two to three; as, a subsesqui acetate, i. e., a salt having two equivalents of acetic acid to three of the base.

Sub*sex"tu*ple (?), a. Having the ratio of one to six; as, a subsextuple proportion. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*side" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsided; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsiding.] [L. subsidere; sub under, below + sidere to sit down, to settle; akin to sedere to sit, E. sit. See Sit.] 1. To sink or fall to the bottom; to settle, as lees.

2. To tend downward; to become lower; to descend; to sink. "Heaven's subsiding hill." Dryden.

3. To fall into a state of quiet; to cease to rage; to be calmed; to settle down; to become tranquil; to abate; as, the sea subsides; the tumults of war will subside; the fever has subsided. "In cases of danger, pride and envy naturally subside." C. Middleton.

Syn. -- See Abate.

{ Sub*sid"ence (?), Sub*sid"en*cy (?), } n. [L. subsidens, -entis, p. pr. of subsidere. See Subside.] The act or process of subsiding.

The subdual or subsidence of the more violent passions.

Bp. Warburton.

Sub*sid"i*a*ri*ly (?), adv. In a subsidiary manner; so as to assist.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry (?), a. [L. subsidiarius: cf. F. subsidiaire. See Subsidy.] 1. Furnishing aid; assisting; auxiliary; helping; tributary; especially, aiding in an inferior position or capacity; as, a subsidiary stream.

Chief ruler and principal head everywhere, not suffragant and subsidiary.

Florio.

They constituted a useful subsidiary testimony of another state of existence.

Coleridge.

2. Of or pertaining to a subsidy; constituting a subsidy; being a part of, or of the nature of, a subsidy; as, subsidiary payments to an ally.

George the Second relied on his subsidiary treaties.

Ld. Mahon.

Sub*sid"i*a*ry, n.; pl. Subsidiaries (&?;). One who, or that which, contributes aid or additional supplies; an assistant; an auxiliary. Hammond.

Sub"si*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsidizing (?).] [From Subsidy.] To furnish with a subsidy; to purchase the assistance of by the payment of a subsidy; to aid or promote, as a private enterprise, with public money; as, to subsidize a steamship line.

He employed the remittances from Spain to subsidize a large body of German mercenaries.

Prescott.

Sub"si*dy (?), n.; pl. Subsidies (#). [L. subsidium the troops stationed in reserve in the third line of battlem reserve, support, help, fr. subsidere to sit down, lie in wait: cf. F. subside. See Subside.] 1. Support; aid; coöperation; esp., extraordinary aid in money rendered to the sovereign or to a friendly power.

They advised the king to send speedy aids, and with much alacrity granted a great rate of subsidy.

Bacon.

Subsidies were taxes, not immediately on on property, but on persons in respect of their reputed estates, after the nominal rate of 4s. the pound for lands, and 2s. 8d. for goods. Blackstone.

2. Specifically: A sum of money paid by one sovereign or nation to another to purchase the coöperation or the neutrality of such sovereign or nation in war.

3. A grant from the government, from a municipal corporation, or the like, to a private person or company to assist the establishment or support of an enterprise deemed advantageous to the public; a subvention; as, a subsidy to the owners of a line of ocean steamships.

Syn. -- Tribute; grant. -- Subsidy, Tribute. A subsidy is voluntary; a tribute is exacted.

Sub*sign" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subsigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subsigning.] [L. subsignare; sub under + signare to mark: cf. F. soussigner. See Sign.] To sign beneath; to subscribe. [R.] Camden.

Sub`sig*na"tion (?), n. [L. subsignatio.] The act of writing the name under something, as for attestation. [R.] Shelton.

Sub*sil"i*cate (?), n. A basic silicate.

Sub*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subsisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subsisting.] [L. subsistere to stand still, stay, remain alive; sub under + sistere to stand, to cause to stand, from stare to stand: cf. F. subsister. See Stand.] 1. To be; to have existence; to inhere.

And makes what happiness we justly call, Subsist not in the good of one, but all.

Pope.

2. To continue; to retain a certain state.

Firm we subsist, yet possible to swerve.

Milton.

3. To be maintained with food and clothing; to be supported; to live. Milton.

To subsist on other men's charity.

Atterbury.

Sub*sist", v. t. To support with provisions; to feed; to maintain; as, to subsist one's family.

He laid waste the adjacent country in order to render it more difficult for the enemy to subsist their army.

Robertson.

Sub*sist"ence (?), n. [Cf. F. subsistance, L. subsistentia.] 1. Real being; existence.

Not only the things had subsistence, but the very images were of some creatures existing.

Stillingfleet.

2. Inherency; as, the subsistence of qualities in bodies.

3. That which furnishes support to animal life; means of support; provisions, or that which produces provisions; livelihood; as, a meager subsistence.

His viceroy could only propose to himself a comfortable subsistence out of the plunder of his province.

Addison.

4. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2. Hooker.

Sub*sist"en*cy (?), n. Subsistence. [R.]

Sub*sist"ent (?), a. [L. subsistens, p. pr. See Subsist.] 1. Having real being; as, a subsistent spirit.

2. Inherent; as, qualities subsistent in matter.

Sub*si"zar (?), n. An under sizar; a student of lower rank than a sizar. [Cambridge Univ. Eng.]

Bid my subsizar carry my hackney to the buttery and give him his bever.

J. Fletcher.

Sub"soil` (?), n. The bed, or stratum, of earth which lies immediately beneath the surface soil.

Subsoil plow, a plow having a share and standard but no moldboard. It follows in the furrow made by an ordinary plow, and loosens the soil to an additional depth without bringing it to the surface. Knight.

Sub"soil`, v. t. To turn up the subsoil of.

Sub*so"la*ry (?), a. Being under the sun; hence, terrestrial; earthly; mundane. [R.]

Sub*spe"cies (?), n. A group somewhat lessdistinct than speciesusually are, but based on characters more important than those which characterize ordinary varieties; often, a geographical variety or race.

Sub`sphe*noid"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under, or on the ventral side of, the body of the sphenoid bone.

Sub*spher"ic*al (?), a. Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a sphere.

Sub*spi"nous (?), a. (a) (Anat.) Subvertebral. (b) (Med.) Situated beneath a spinous process, as that of the scapula; as, subspinous dislocation of the humerus.

Sub"stance (?), n. [F., fr. L. substantia, fr. substare to be under or present, to stand firm; sub under + stare to stand. See Stand.] 1. That which underlies all outward manifestations; substratum; the permanent subject or cause of phenomena, whether material or spiritual; that in which properties inhere; that which is real, in distinction from that which is apparent; the abiding part of any existence, in distinction from any accident; that which constitutes anything what it is; real or existing essence.

These cooks, how they stamp, and strain, and grind, And turn substance into accident!

Chaucer.

Heroic virtue did his actions guide, And he the substance, not the appearance, chose.

Dryden.

2. The most important element in any existence; the characteristic and essential components of anything; the main part; essential import; purport.

This edition is the same in substance with the Latin.

Bp. Burnet.

It is insolent in words, in manner; but in substance it is not only insulting, but alarming.

Burke.

3. Body; matter; material of which a thing is made; hence, substantiality; solidity; firmness; as, the substance of which a garment is made; some textile fabrics have little substance.

4. Material possessions; estate; property; resources.

And there wasted his substance with riotous living.

Luke xv. 13.

Thy substance, valued at the highest rate, Can not amount unto a hundred marks.

Shak.

We are destroying many thousand lives, and exhausting our substance, but not for our own interest.

Swift.

5. (Theol.) Same as Hypostasis, 2.

Sub"stance, v. t. To furnish or endow with substance; to supply property to; to make rich. [Obs.]

Sub"stance*less, a. Having no substance; unsubstantial. [R.] Coleridge.

Sub"stant (?), a. [L. substans, -antis, p. pr. of substare to be firm.] Substantial; firm. [R.] "[The glacier's] substant ice." The Century.

Sub*stan"tial (?), a. [F. substantiel, L. substantialis.] 1. Belonging to substance; actually existing; real; as, substantial life. Milton.

If this atheist would have his chance to be real and substantial agent, he is more stupid than the vulgar.

Bentley.

2. Not seeming or imaginary; not illusive; real; solid; true; veritable.

If happinessbe a substantial good.

Denham.

The substantial ornaments of virtue.

L'Estrange.

3. Corporeal; material; firm. "Most ponderous and substantial things." Shak.

The rainbow [appears to be] a large substantial arch.

I. Watts.

4. Having good substance; strong; stout; solid; firm; as, substantial cloth; a substantial fence or wall.

5. Possessed of goods or an estate; moderately wealthy; responsible; as, a substantial freeholder. "Substantial yeomen and burghers." Sir W. Scott.

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Sub*stan`ti*al"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being substantial; corporiety; materiality.

The soul is a stranger to such gross substantiality.

Glanvill.

Sub*stan"tial*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantialized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantializing (?).] To make substantial.

Sub*stan"tial*ly, adv. In a substantial manner; in substance; essentially.

In him all his Father shone, Substantially expressed.

Milton.

The laws of this religion would make men, if they would truly observe them, substantially religious toward God, chastle, and temperate.

Tillotson.

Sub*stan"tial*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantial; as, the substantialness of a wall or column.

Sub*stan"tials (?), n. pl. Essential parts. Ayliffe.

Sub*stan"ti*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substantiated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substantiating.] 1. To make to exist; to make real. Ayliffe.

2. To establish the existence or truth of by proof or competent evidence; to verify; as, to substantiate a charge or allegation; to substantiate a declaration.

Observation is, in turn, wanted to direct and substantiate the course of experiment.

Coleridge.

Sub*stan`ti*a"tion (?), n. The act of substantiating or proving; evidence; proof.

Sub`stan*ti"val (?), a. Of or pertaining to a substantive; of the nature of substantive. -- Sub`stan*ti"val*ly, adv.

Sub"stan*tive (?), a. [L. substantivus: cf. F. substantif.] 1. Betokening or expressing existence; as, the substantive verb, that is, the verb to be.

2. Depending on itself; independent.

He considered how sufficient and substantive this land was to maintain itself without any aid of the foreigner.

Bacon.

3. Enduring; solid; firm; substantial.

Strength and magnitude are qualities which impress the imagination in a powerful and substantive manner.

Hazlitt.

4. Pertaining to, or constituting, the essential part or principles; as, the law substantive.

Noun substantive (Gram.), a noun which designates an object, material or immaterial; a substantive. -- Substantive color, one which communicates its color without the aid of a mordant or base; -- opposed to adjective color.

Sub"stan*tive, n. [Cf. F. substantif.] (Gram.) A noun or name; the part of speech which designates something that exists, or some object of thought, either material or immaterial; as, the words man, horse, city, goodness, excellence, are substantives.

Sub"stan*tive, v. t. To substantivize. [R.] Cudworth.

Sub"stan*tive*ly, adv. 1. In a substantive manner; in substance; essentially.

2. (Gram.) As a substantive, name, or noun; as, an adjective may be used substantively.

Sub"stan*tive*ness, n. The quality or state of being substantive.

Sub"stan*tiv*ize (?), v. t. To convert into a substantive; as, to substantivize an adjective. Fitzed. Hall.

Sub"stile` (?), n. (Dialing) See Substyle.

Sub*stit"u*ent (?), n. [L. substituens, p. pr. See Substitute.] (Chem.) Any atom, group, or radical substituted for another, or entering a molecule in place of some other part which is removed.

Sub"stit"ute (?), n. [L. substitutus, p. p. of substituere to put under, put in the place of; sub under + statuere to put, place: cf. F. substitut. See Statute.] One who, or that which, is substituted or put in the place of another; one who acts for another; that which stands in lieu of something else; specifically (Mil.), a person who enlists for military service in the place of a conscript or drafted man.

Hast thou not made me here thy substitute?

Milton.

Ladies [in Shakespeare's age] . . . wore masks as the sole substitute known to our ancestors for the modern parasol.

De Quincey.

Sub"stit"ute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Substituted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Substituting (?).] [See Substitute, n.] To put in the place of another person or thing; to exchange.

Some few verses are inserted or substituted in the room of others.

Congreve.

Sub"stit"uted (?), a. 1. Exchanged; put in the place of another.

2. (Chem.) Containing substitutions or replacements; having been subjected to the process of substitution, or having some of its parts replaced; as, alcohol is a substituted water; methyl amine is a substituted ammonia.

Substituted executor (Law), an executor appointed to act in place of one removed or resigned.

Sub`sti*tu"tion (?), n. [L. substitutio: cf. F. substitution.] 1. The act of substituting or putting one person or thing in the place of another; as, the substitution of an agent, attorney, or representative to act for one in his absense; the substitution of bank notes for gold and silver as a circulating medium.

2. The state of being substituted for another.

3. The office or authority of one acting for another; delegated authority. [R.] Shak.

4. (Civil Law) The designation of a person in a will to take a devise or legacy, either on failure of a former devisee or legatee by incapacity or unwillingness to accept, or after him. Burrill.

5. (Theol.) The doctrine that Christ suffered vicariously, being substituted for the sinner, and that his sufferings were expiatory.

6. (Chem.) The act or process of substituting an atom or radical for another atom or radical; metathesis; also, the state of being so substituted. See Metathesis.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; standing in the place of another; substituted. -- Sub`sti*tu"tion*al*ly, adv.

Sub`sti*tu"tion*a*ry (?), a. Of or pertaining to substitution; substitutional.

Sub"sti*tu`tive (?), a. [Cf. F. substitutif, L. substitutivus conditional.] Tending to afford or furnish a substitute; making substitution; capable of being substituted. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*stract" (?), v. t. [F. suostraire; L. subtus below (from sub under) + trahere to draw. See Substract.] To subtract; to withdraw. [Obs.] Barrow.

Sub*strac"tion (?), n. [OF. substraction, F. soustraction. See Subtract.] 1. Subtraction; deduction. [Obs.]

2. (Law) See Subtraction, 3.

Sub*stract"or (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. A detractor; a slanderer. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub"strate (?), n. A substratum. [R.]

Sub"strate, a. Having very slight furrows. [R.]

Sub*strate" (?), v. t. [L. substratus, p. p. of substrahere. See Substratum.] To strew or lay under anything. [Obs.]

The melted glass being supported by the substrated sand.

Boyle.

Sub*stra"tum (?), n.; pl. Substrata (#). [L. substratus, p. p. of substernere to strew under; sub under + sternere to strew. See Stratum.] 1. That which is laid or spread under; that which underlies something, as a layer of earth lying under another; specifically (Agric.), the subsoil.

2. (Metaph.) The permanent subject of qualities or cause of phenomena; substance.

Sub*struct" (?), v. t. [See Substruction.] To build beneath something; to lay as the foundation. [R.]

He substructs the religion of Asia as the base.

Emerson.

Sub*struc"tion (?), n. [L. substructio, fr. substruere, substructum, to build beneath; sub under + struere to build.] (Arch.) Underbuilding; the foundation, or any preliminary structure intended to raise the lower floor or basement of a building above the natural level of the ground.

It is a magnificent strong building, with a substruction very remarkable.

Evelyn.

Sub*struc"ture (?), n. [Pref. sub- + structure.] 1. (Arch.) Same as Substruction.

2. An under structure; a foundation; groundwork.

Sub*sty"lar (?), a. Pertaining to the substyle.

Sub"style` (?), n. (Dialing) A right line on which the style, or gnomon, of a dial is erected; being the common section of the face of the dial and a plane perpendicular to it passing through the style. [Written also substile.] Hutton.

Sub*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate with an excess of the base.

Sub*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A nonacid compound consisting of one equivalent of sulphur and more than one equivalent of some other body, as a metal.

Sub*sul"tive (?), a. Subsultory. [R.] Berkley.

Sub*sul"to*ry (?), a. [L. subsilire, subsultum, to spring up; sub under + salire to leap.] Bounding; leaping; moving by sudden leaps or starts. [R.] -- Sub*sul"to*ri*ly, adv. [R.]

Flippancy opposed to solemnity, the subsultory to the continuous, -- these are the two frequent extremities to which the French manner betrays men.

De Quincey.

||Sub*sul"tus (?), n. [NL. See Subsultory.] (Med.) A starting, ||twitching, or convulsive motion.

Sub*sum"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being subsumed. J. B. Stallo.

Sub*sume" (?), v. t. [Pref. sub- + L. sumere to take.] To take up into or under, as individual under species, species under genus, or particular under universal; to place (any one cognition) under another as belonging to it; to include under something else.

To subsume one proposition under another.

De Quincey.

A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness.

W. Pater.

Sub*sump"tion (?), n. 1. The act of subsuming, or of including under another.

The first act of consciousness was a subsumption of that of which we were conscious under this notion.

Sir W. Hamilton.

2. That which is subsumed, as the minor clause or premise of a syllogism.

But whether you see cause to go against the rule, or the subsumption under the rule.

De Quincey.

Sub*sump"tive (?), a. Relating to, or containing, a subsumption. Coleridge.

Sub*tan"gent (?), n. (Geom.) The part of the axis contained between the ordinate and tangent drawn to the same point in a curve.

Sub`tar*ta"re*an (?), a. Being or living under Tartarus; infernal. "Subtartarean powers." Pope.

Sub*tec"ta*cle (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. tectum a roof.] A space under a roof; a tabernacle; a dwelling. [Obs.] Davies (Holy Roode).

Sub*teg`u*la"ne*ous (?), a. [L. subtegulaneus; sub under + tegulare tiles for a roof.] Under the roof or eaves; within doors. [R.]

Sub*ten"ant (?), n. (Law) One who rents a tenement, or land, etc., of one who is also a tenant; an undertenant.

Sub*tend" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtended; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtending.] [L. subtendere; sub under + tendere to stretch, extend. See Tend.] To extend under, or be opposed to; as, the line of a triangle which subtends the right angle; the chord subtends an arc.

Sub*tense" (?), n. [L. subtendere, subtentum. See Subtend, Tense, a.] (Geom.) A line subtending, or stretching across; a chord; as, the subtense of an arc.

Sub*tep"id (?), a. Slightly tepid.

Sub`te*rete" (?), a. Somewhat terete.

{ Sub*ter"flu*ent (?), Sub*ter"flu*ous (?), } a. [L. subterfluens, p. pr. of subterfluere to flow beneath; subter under + fluere to flow.] Running under or beneath. [R.]

Sub"ter*fuge (?), n. [F., from LL. subterfugium, fr. L. subterfugere to flee secretly, to escape; subter under + fugere to flee. See Fugitive.] That to which one resorts for escape or concealment; an artifice employed to escape censure or the force of an argument, or to justify opinions or conduct; a shift; an evasion.

Affect not little shifts and subterfuges, to avoid the force of an argument.

I. Watts.

By a miserable subterfuge, they hope to render this position safe by rendering it nugatory.

Burke.

Sub"ter*rane (?), n. [Cf. L. subterraneum, F. souterrain. See Subterranean.] A cave or room under ground. [R.] J. Bryant.

Sub`ter*ra"ne*al (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.]

{ Sub`ter*ra"ne*an (?), Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous (?), } a. [L. subterraneus; sub under + terra earth. See Terrace.] Being or lying under the surface of the earth; situated within the earth, or under ground; as, subterranean springs; a subterraneous passage. -- Sub`ter*ra"ne*ous*ly, adv.

Sub`ter*ran"i*ty (?), n. A place under ground; a subterrany. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Sub"ter*ra*ny (?), a. Subterranean. [Obs.] Bacon. -- n. A subterranean place. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*rene" (?), a. [L. subterrenus, equiv. to subterraneus.] Subterraneous. [Obs.]

Sub`ter*res"tri*al (?), a. Subterranean.

Sub`tha*lam"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the optic thalamus.

Sub"tile (?), a. [L. subtilis. See Subtile.] 1. Thin; not dense or gross; rare; as, subtile air; subtile vapor; a subtile medium.

2. Delicately constituted or constructed; nice; fine; delicate; tenuous; finely woven. "A sotil [subtile] twine's thread." Chaucer.

More subtile web Arachne can not spin.

Spenser.

I do distinguish plain Each subtile line of her immortal face.

Sir J. Davies.

3. Acute; piercing; searching.

The slow disease and subtile pain.

Prior.

5. Characterized by nicety of discrimination; discerning; delicate; refined; subtle. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.]

The genius of the Spanish people is exquisitely subtile, without being at all acute; hence there is so much humor and so little wit in their literature. The genius of the Italians, on the contrary, is acute, profound, and sensual, but not subtile; hence what they think to be humorous, is merely witty.

Coleridge.

The subtile influence of an intellect like Emerson's.

Hawthorne.

5. Sly; artful; cunning; crafty; subtle; as, a subtile person; a subtile adversary; a subtile scheme. [In this sense now commonly written subtle.]

Syn. -- Subtile, Acute. In acute the image is that of a needle's point; in subtile that of a thread spun out to fineness. The acute intellect pierces to its aim; the subtile (or subtle) intellect winds its way through obstacles.

-- Sub"tile*ly, adv. -- Sub"tile*ness, n.

Sub*til"i*ate (?), v. t. [LL. subtiliare.] To make thin or rare. [Obs.] Harvey. -- Sub`til*i*a"tion (#), n. [Obs.] Boyle.

Sub"til*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being subtile; subtility; subtlety.

The high orthodox subtilism of Duns Scotus.

Milman.

Sub*til"i*ty (?), n. [L. subtilitas: cf. F. subtilité. See Subtle.] Subtilty. [R.]

Sub`til*i*za"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. subtilization.] 1. The act of making subtile.

2. (Old Chem.) The operation of making so volatile as to rise in steam or vapor.

3. Refinement; subtlety; extreme attenuation.

Sub"til*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtilized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subtilizing (?).] [L. subtiliser.] 1. To make thin or fine; to make less gross or coarse.

2. To refine; to spin into niceties; as, to subtilize arguments.

Nor as yet have we subtilized ourselves into savages.

Burke.

Sub"til*ize, v. i. To refine in argument; to make very nice distinctions. Milner.

Sub"til*i`zer (?), n. One who subtilizes.

Sub"til*ty (?), n. [Contr. fr. subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtile; thinness; fineness; as, the subtility of air or light.

2. Refinement; extreme acuteness; subtlety.

Intelligible discourses are spoiled by too much subtility in nice divisions.

Locke.

3. Cunning; skill; craft. [Obs.]

To learn a lewd man this subtility.

Chaucer.

4. Slyness in design; artifice; guile; a cunning design or artifice; a trick; subtlety.

O full of all subtility and all mischief.

Acts xiii. 10.

In senses 2, 3, and 4 the word is more commonly written subtlety.

Sub"tle (?), a. [Compar. Subtler (?); superl. Subtlest (?).] [OE. sotil, subtil, OF. soutil, later subtil, F. subtil, L. subtilis; probably, originally, woven fine, and fr. sub under + tela a web, fr. texere to weave. See Text, and cf. Subtile.] 1. Sly in design; artful; cunning; insinuating; subtile; -- applied to persons; as, a subtle foe. "A subtle traitor." Shak.

2. Cunningly devised; crafty; treacherous; as, a subtle stratagem.

3. Characterized by refinement and niceness in drawing distinctions; nicely discriminating; -- said of persons; as, a subtle logician; refined; tenuous; sinuous; insinuating; hence, penetrative or pervasive; -- said of the mind; its faculties, or its operations; as, a subtle intellect; a subtle imagination; a subtle process of thought; also, difficult of apprehension; elusive.

Things remote from use, obscure and subtle.

Milton.

4. Smooth and deceptive. [Obs.]

Like to a bowl upon a subtle ground [bowling ground].

Shak.

Syn. -- Artful; crafty; cunning; shrewd; sly; wily. Subtle is the most comprehensive of these epithets and implies the finest intellectual quality. See Shrewd, and Cunning.

<! p. 1438 !>

Sub"tle*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being subtle; subtlety.

Sub"tle*ty (?), n.; pl. Subtleties (#). [OE. sotelte, sutilte, OF. sotillete, L. subtilitas. See Subtle, and cf. Subtility.] 1. The quality or state of being subtle, or sly; cunning; craftiness; artfulness.

The fox which lives by subtlety.

Shak.

2. Nice discernment with delicacy of mental action; nicety of discrimination.

3. Something that is sly, crafty, or delusive.

Unlearned in the world's false subtleties.

Shak.

Sub"tly (?), adv. In a subtle manner; slyly; artfully; cunningly.

Thou seest how subtly to detain thee I devise.

Milton.

2. Nicely; delicately.

In the nice bee what sense so subtly true.

Pope.

Subtly communicating itself to my sensibilities, but evading the analysis of my mind.

Hawthorne.

3. Deceitfully; delusively. [Obs.] Shak.

Sub*ton"ic (?), a. (Phonetics) Applied to, or distinguishing, a speech element consisting of tone, or proper vocal sound, not pure as in the vowels, but dimmed and otherwise modified by some kind of obstruction in the oral or the nasal passage, and in some cases with a mixture of breath sound; -- a term introduced by Dr. James Rush in 1833. See Guide to Pronunciation, §§155, 199-202.

Sub*ton"ic, n. 1. (Phonetics) A subtonic sound or element; a vocal consonant, as b, d, g, n, etc.; a subvocal.

2. (Mus.) The seventh tone of the scale, or that immediately below the tonic; -- called also subsemitone.

Sub*tor"rid (?), a. Nearly torrid.

Sub*tract" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtracting.] [L. subtractus, p. p. of subtrahere to draw from beneath, withdraw, remove; sub under + trahere to draw. See Trace, v. t., and cf. Substract.] To withdraw, or take away, as a part from the whole; to deduct; as, subtract 5 from 9, and the remainder is 4.

Sub*tract"er (?), n. 1. One who subtracts.

2. The subtrahend. [Obs.]

Sub*trac"tion (?), n. [L. subtractio a drawing back. See Subtract, and cf. Substraction.] 1. The act or operation of subtracting or taking away a part.

2. (Math.) The taking of a lesser number or quantity from a greater of the same kind or denomination; an operation for finding the difference between two numbers or quantities.

3. (Law) The withdrawing or withholding from a person of some right to which he is entitled by law.

Thus the subtraction of conjugal rights is when either the husband or wife withdraws from the other and lives separate without sufficient reason. The subtraction of a legacy is the withholding or detailing of it from the legatee by the executor. In like manner, the withholding of any service, rent, duty, or custom, is a subtraction, for which the law gives a remedy. Blackstone.

Sub*trac"tive (?), a. 1. Tending, or having power, to subtract.

2. (Math.) Having the negative sign, or sign minus.

Sub"tra*hend` (?), n. [L. subtrahendus that is to be subtracted, p.fut.pess. of subtrahere. See Subtract.] (Math.) The sum or number to be subtracted, or taken from another.

Sub`trans*lu"cent (?), a. Not perfectly translucent.

Sub`trans*pa"rent (?), a. Not perfectly transparent.

Sub*treas"ur*er (?), n. The public officer who has charge of a subtreasury. [U. S.]

Sub*treas"ur*y (?), n.; pl. Subtreasuries (&?;). A subordinate treasury, or place of deposit; as, the United States subtreasury at New York. [U. S.]

Sub`tri*an"gu*lar (?), a. Nearly, but not perfectly, triangular. Darwin.

Sub"tribe` (?), n. (Bot. & Zoöl.) A division of a tribe; a group of genera of a little lower rank than a tribe.

Sub`tri*he"dral (?), a. Approaching the form of a three-sided pyramid; as, the subtrihedral crown of a tooth. Owen.

Sub*tri"ple (?), a. (Math.) Containing a third, or one part to three. Bp. Wilkins.

Sub*trip"li*cate (?), a. (Math.) Expressed by the cube root; -- said especially of ratios.

Subtriplicate ratio, the ratio of the cube root; thus, the subtriplicate ratio of a to b is a to b, or a/b.

Sub*trop"ic*al (?), a. Nearly tropical.

Sub*trude" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subtruded; p. pr. & vb. n. Subtruding.] [Pref. sub- + L. trudere to thrust.] To place under; to insert. [R.]

Sub`tur*ric"u*late (?), a. (Zoöl.) Somewhat turriculate.

Sub*tu"tor (?), n. An under tutor.

Sub*typ"ic*al (?), a. (Zoöl.) Deviating somewhat from the type of a species, genus, or other group; slightly aberrant.

{ Su"bu*late (?), Su"bu*la`ted (?), } a. [NL. subulatus, fr. L. subula an awl.] Very narrow, and tapering gradually to a fine point from a broadish base; awl-shaped; linear.

||Su`bu*li*cor"nes (?), n. pl. [NL., from L. subula an awl + cornu ||horn.] (Zoöl.) A division of insects having slender or subulate ||antennæ. The dragon flies and May flies are examples.

Su"bu*li*form (?), a. Subulate.

Su"bu*li*palp` (?), n. [L. subula an awl + E. palp.] (Zoöl.) One of a group of carabid beetles having slender palpi.

Sub`um*bo"nal (?), a. (Zoöl.) Beneath or forward of the umbos of a bivalve shell.

Sub`um*brel"la (?), n. (Zoöl.) The integument of the under surface of the bell, or disk-shaped body, of a jellyfish.

Sub`un*da"tion (?), n. [Pref. sub- + L. unda a wave.] A flood; a deluge. [Obs.] Huloet.

Sub*un"gual (?), a. Under the nail or hoof.

Sub"urb (?), n. [L. suburbium; sub under, below, near + urbs a city. See Urban.] 1. An outlying part of a city or town; a smaller place immediately adjacent to a city; in the plural, the region which is on the confines of any city or large town; as, a house stands in the suburbs; a garden situated in the suburbs of Paris. "In the suburbs of a town." Chaucer.

[London] could hardly have contained less than thirty or forty thousand souls within its walls; and the suburbs were very populous.

Hallam.

2. Hence, the confines; the outer part; the environment. "The suburbs . . . of sorrow." Jer. Taylor.

The suburb of their straw-built citadel.

Milton.

Suburb roister, a rowdy; a loafer. [Obs.] Milton.

Sub*ur"ban (?), a. [L. suburbanus.] Of or pertaining to suburbs; inhabiting, or being in, the suburbs of a city. "Suburban taverns." Longfellow.

Suburban villas, highway-side retreats, . . . Delight the citizen.

Cowper.

Sub*ur"ban, n. One who dwells in the suburbs.

Sub"urbed (?), a. Having a suburb or suburbs on its outer part.

{ Sub*ur"bi*al (?), Sub*ur"bi*an (?), } a. Suburban. [Obs.] "Suburbial fields." Warton. "Suburbian muse." Dryden.

{ Sub*ur`bi*ca"ri*an (?), Sub*ur"bi*ca*ry (?) }, a. [LL. suburbicarius, equiv. to L. suburbanus: cf. F. suburbicaire. See Suburban.] Being in the suburbs; -- applied to the six dioceses in the suburbs of Rome subject to the pope as bishop of Rome.

The pope having stretched his authority beyond the bounds of his suburbicarian precincts.

Barrow.

Sub`u*re"thral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the urethra, or under its orifice.

Sub*vag"i*nal (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under or inside a sheath or vaginal membrane; as, the subvaginal, or subdural, spaces about the optic nerve.

Sub`va*ri"e*ty (?), n.; pl. -ties (&?;). A subordinate variety, or a division of a variety.

Sub*vene" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Subvened (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Subvening.] [Pref. sub- + L. venire to come. See Subvention.] To come under, as a support or stay; to happen.

A future state must needs subvene to prevent the whole edifice from falling into ruin.

Bp. Warburton.

Sub`ven*ta"ne*ous (?), a. [Pref. sub- + L. ventus wind.] Produced by the wind. [Obs.]

Sub*ven"tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. subventio, fr. L. subvenire to come up to one's assistance, to assist. See Souvenir, and cf. Subvene.] 1. The act of coming under. "The subvention of a cloud." Stackhouse.

2. The act of relieving, as of a burden; support; aid; assistance; help.

3. A government aid or bounty.

Sub*ven"tion, v. t. To subventionize.

Sub*ven"tion*ize (?), v. t. To come to the aid of; to subsidize; to support.

Sub`ven*ti"tious (?), a. Helping; aiding; supporting. Urquhart.

Sub*verse" (?), v. t. [L. subversus, p. p. of subvertere. See Subvert.] To subvert. [Obs.] Spenser.

Sub*ver"sion (?), n. [L. subversio: cf. F. subversion. See Subvert.] The act of overturning, or the state of being overturned; entire overthrow; an overthrow from the foundation; utter ruin; destruction; as, the subversion of a government; the subversion of despotic power; the subversion of the constitution.

The subversion [by a storm] of woods and timber . . . through my whole estate.

Evelyn.

Laws have been often abused to the oppression and subversion of that order they were intended to preserve.

Rogers.

Sub*ver"sion*a*ry (?), a. Promoting destruction.

Sub*ver"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. subversif.] Tending to subvert; having a tendency to overthrow and ruin.

Lying is a vice subversive of the very ends and design of conversation.

Rogers.

Sub*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Subverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Subverting.] [L. subvertere, subversum; sub under + vertere to turn: cf. F. subvertir. See Verse.] 1. To overturn from the foundation; to overthrow; to ruin utterly.

These are his substance, sinews, arms, and strength, With which he yoketh your rebellious necks, Razeth your cities, and subverts your towns.

Shak.

This would subvert the principles of all knowledge.

Locke.

2. To pervert, as the mind, and turn it from the truth; to corrupt; to confound. 2 Tim. iii. 14.

Syn. -- To overturn; overthrow; destroy; invert; reverse; extinguish.

Sub*vert" (?), v. i. To overthrow anything from the foundation; to be subversive.

They have a power given to them like that of the evil principle, to subvert and destroy.

Sub*vert"ant (?), a. (Her.) Reversed. [R.]

Sub*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Situated beneath, or on the ventral side of, the vertebral column; situated beneath, or inside of, the endoskeleton; hypaxial; hyposkeletal.

Sub*vert"er (?), n. One who, or that which, subverts; an overthrower. Sir T. More.

Sub*vert"i*ble (?), a. That may be subverted.

Sub*vi"tal*ized (?), a. Imperfectly vitalized; having naturally but little vital power or energy.

Sub*vo"cal (?), a. & n. Same as Subtonic.

Sub"way` (?), n. An underground way or gallery; especially, a passage under a street, in which water mains, gas mains, telegraph wires, etc., are conducted.

Sub*work"er (?), n. A subordinate worker or helper. South.

Sub*zon"al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under a zone, or zona; -- applied to a membrane between the zona radiata and the umbilical vesicle in the mammal embryo.

Sub*zyg`o*mat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Situated under the zygoma or zygomatic process.

Suc"cade (?), n. [L. succus, sucus, juice: cf. F. succade a sugarbox. Cf. Sucket.] 1. A sweetmeat. [Obs.] Holland.

2. pl. (Com.) Sweetmeats, or preserves in sugar, whether fruit, vegetables, or confections. Blakely.

Succade gourd. (Bot.) Same as Vegetable marrow, under Vegetable.

Suc"ce*dane (?), n. A succedaneum. [Obs.]

Suc`ce*da"ne*ous (?), a. [L. succedaneus. See Succeed.] Pertaining to, or acting as, a succedaneum; supplying the place of something else; being, or employed as, a substitute for another. Sir T. Browne.

Suc`ce*da"ne*um (?), n.; pl. Succedanea (#). [NL. See Succedaneous.] One who, or that which, succeeds to the place of another; that which is used for something else; a substitute; specifically (Med.), a remedy used as a substitute for another.

In lieu of me, you will have a very charming succedaneum, Lady Harriet Stanhope.

Walpole.

Suc*ceed" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succeeded; p. pr. & vb. n. Succeeding.] [L. succedere, successum; sub under + cedere to go, to go along, approach, follow, succeed: cf. F. succéder. See Cede, and cf. Success.] 1. To follow in order; to come next after; hence, to take the place of; as, the king's eldest son succeeds his father on the throne; autumn succeeds summer.

As he saw him nigh succeed.

Spenser.

2. To fall heir to; to inherit. [Obs. & R.] Shak.

3. To come after; to be subsequent or consequent to; to follow; to pursue.

Destructive effects . . . succeeded the curse.

Sir T. Browne.

4. To support; to prosper; to promote. [R.]

Succeed my wish and second my design.

Dryden.

Suc*ceed", v. i. 1. To come in the place of another person, thing, or event; to come next in the usual, natural, or prescribed course of things; to follow; hence, to come next in the possession of anything; -- often with to.

If the father left only daughters, they equally succeeded to him in copartnership.

Sir M. Hale.

Enjoy till I return Short pleasures; for long woes are to succeed!

Milton.

2. Specifically: To ascend the throne after the removal the death of the occupant.

No woman shall succeed in Salique land.

Shak.

3. To descend, as an estate or an heirloom, in the same family; to devolve. Shak.

4. To obtain the object desired; to accomplish what is attempted or intended; to have a prosperous issue or termination; to be successful; as, he succeeded in his plans; his plans succeeded.

It is almost impossible for poets to succeed without ambition.

Dryden.

Spenser endeavored it in Shepherd's Kalendar; but neither will it succeed in English.

Dryden.

5. To go under cover. [A latinism. Obs.]

Will you to the cooler cave succeed!

Dryden.

Syn. -- To follow; pursue. See Follow.

Suc*ceed"ant (?), a. (Her.) Succeeding one another; following.

Suc*ceed"er (?), n. A successor. Shak. Tennyson.

Suc*ceed"ing, n. The act of one who, or that which, succeeds; also, that which succeeds, or follows after; consequence. Shak.

Suc"cen*tor (?), n. [LL., an accompanier in singing, fr. succinere to sing, to accompany; sub under, after + canere to sing.] (Eccl.) A subchanter.

Suc*cess" (?), n. [L. successus: cf. F. succès. See Succeed.] 1. Act of succeeding; succession. [Obs.]

Then all the sons of these five brethren reigned By due success.

Spenser.

2. That which comes after; hence, consequence, issue, or result, of an endeavor or undertaking, whether good or bad; the outcome of effort.

Men . . . that are like to do that, that is committed to them, and to report back again faithfully the success.

Bacon.

Perplexed and troubled at his bad success The tempter stood.

Milton.

3. The favorable or prosperous termination of anything attempted; the attainment of a proposed object; prosperous issue.

Dream of success and happy victory!

Shak.

Or teach with more success her son The vices of the time to shun.

Waller.

Military successes, above all others, elevate the minds of a people.

Atterbury.

4. That which meets with, or one who accomplishes, favorable results, as a play or a player. [Colloq.]

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Suc"ces*sa*ry (?), n. Succession. [Obs.]

My peculiar honors, not derived From successary, but purchased with my blood.

Beau. & Fl.

Suc*cess"ful (?), a. Resulting in success; assuring, or promotive of, success; accomplishing what was proposed; having the desired effect; hence, prosperous; fortunate; happy; as, a successful use of medicine; a successful experiment; a successful enterprise.

Welcome, nephews, from successful wars.

Shak.

Syn. -- Happy; prosperous; fortunate; auspicious; lucky. See Fortunate.

-- Suc*cess"ful*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"ful*ness, n.

Suc*ces"sion (?), n. [L. successio: cf. F. succession. See Succeed.] 1. The act of succeeding, or following after; a following of things in order of time or place, or a series of things so following; sequence; as, a succession of good crops; a succession of disasters.

2. A series of persons or things according to some established rule of precedence; as, a succession of kings, or of bishops; a succession of events in chronology.

He was in the succession to an earldom.

Macaulay.

3. An order or series of descendants; lineage; race; descent. "A long succession must ensue." Milton.

4. The power or right of succeeding to the station or title of a father or other predecessor; the right to enter upon the office, rank, position, etc., held ny another; also, the entrance into the office, station, or rank of a predecessor; specifically, the succeeding, or right of succeeding, to a throne.

You have the voice of the king himself for your succession in Denmark.

Shak.

The animosity of these factions did not really arise from the dispute about the succession.

Macaulay.

5. The right to enter upon the possession of the property of an ancestor, or one near of kin, or one preceding in an established order.

6. The person succeeding to rank or office; a successor or heir. [R.] Milton.

Apostolical succession. (Theol.) See under Apostolical. -- Succession duty, a tax imposed on every succession to property, according to its value and the relation of the person who succeeds to the previous owner. [Eng.] -- Succession of crops. (Agric.) See Rotation of crops, under Rotation.

Suc*ces"sion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to a succession; existing in a regular order; consecutive. "Successional teeth." Flower. -- Suc*ces"sion*al*ly, adv.

Suc*ces"sion*ist, n. A person who insists on the importance of a regular succession of events, offices, etc.; especially (Eccl.), one who insists that apostolic succession alone is valid.

Suc*ces"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. successif. See Succeed.] 1. Following in order or in uninterrupted course; coming after without interruption or interval; following one after another in a line or series; consecutive; as, the successive revolution of years; the successive kings of Egypt; successive strokes of a hammer.

Send the successive ills through ages down.

Prior.

2. Having or giving the right of succeeding to an inheritance; inherited by succession; hereditary; as, a successive title; a successive empire. [Obs.] Shak.

Successive induction. (Math.) See Induction, 5.

Suc*ces"sive*ly, adv. In a successive manner.

The whiteness, at length, changed successively into blue, indigo, and violet.

Sir I. Newton.

Suc*ces"sive*ness, n. The quality or state of being successive.

Suc*cess"less (?), a. Having no success.

Successless all her soft caresses prove.

Pope.

-- Suc*cess"less*ly, adv. -- Suc*cess"less*ness, n.

Suc*ces"sor (?), n. [OE. successour, OF. successur, successor, F. successeur, L. successor. See Succeed.] One who succeeds or follows; one who takes the place which another has left, and sustains the like part or character; -- correlative to predecessor; as, the successor of a deceased king. Chaucer.

A gift to a corporation, either of lands or of chattels, without naming their successors, vests an absolute property in them so lond as the corporation subsists.

Blackstone.

Suc*cid"u*ous (?), a. [L. succiduus, fr. succidere to fall under.] Ready to fall; falling. [R.]

Suc*cif"er*ous (?), a. [L. succus, sucus, juice, sap + -ferous.] Producing or conveying sap.

Suc`cin*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of succinamic acid.

Suc`cin*am"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide derivative of succinic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, and forming a series of salts.

Suc"ci*nate (?), n. [L. succinum, sucinum, amber, from succus, sucus, juice, sap: cf. F. succinate.] (Chem.) A salt of succinic acid.

Suc*cinct" (?), a. [L. succinctus, p. p. of succingere to gird below or from below, to tuck up; sub + cingere to gird. Cf. Cincture.] 1. Girded or tucked up; bound; drawn tightly together.

His habit fit for speed succinct.

Milton.

2. Compressed into a narrow compass; brief; concise.

Let all your precepts be succinct and clear.

Roscommon.

The shortest and most succinct model that ever grasped all the needs and necessities of mankind.

South.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; summary; compendious; laconic; terse.

-- Suc*cinct"ly, adv. -- Suc*cinct"ness, n.

Suc*cin"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. succinique. See Succinate.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, amber; specif., designating a dibasic acid, C&?;H&?;.(CO&?;H)&?;, first obtained by the dry distillation of amber. It is found in a number of plants, as in lettuce and wormwood, and is also produced artificially as a white crystalline substance having a slightly acid taste.

Suc`cin*im"ide (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline nitrogenous substance, C2H4.(CO)2.NH, obtained by treating succinic anhydride with ammonia gas. It is a typical imido acid, and forms a series of salts. See Imido acid, under Imido.

Suc"ci*nite (?), n. [Cf. F. succinite.] (Min.) (a) Amber. (b) A garnet of an amber color.

Suc"ci*nous (?), a. [From L. succinum amber.] Succinic. [R.]

Suc`cin*u"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of succinuric acid.

Suc`cin*u"ric (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid amide, analogous to succinamic acid, which is obtained as a white crystalline substance by heating urea with succinic anhydride. It is known also in its salts.

Suc"cin*yl (?), n. [Succinic + -yl.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical characteristic of succinic acid and certain of its derivatives.

Suc*cise" (?), a. [See Succision.] (Bot.) Appearing as if a part were cut off at the extremity.

Suc*ci"sion (?), n. [L. succisio, fr. succidere, succisum, to cut away below, sub under + caedere to cut.] The act of cutting down, as of trees; the act of cutting off. [R.]

Suc"cor (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succored (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Succoring.] [OE. socouren, OF. sucurre, soucourre, secorre, F. secourir, L. succurrere, succursum, to run under, run to the aid of, help, succor; sub under + currere to run. See Current.] To run to, or run to support; hence, to help or relieve when in difficulty, want, or distress; to assist and deliver from suffering; to relieve; as, to succor a besieged city. [Written also succour.]

He is able to succor them that are tempted.

Heb. ii. 18.

Syn. -- To aid; assist; relieve; deliver; help; comfort.

Suc"cor, n. [OE. socours, sucurs, OF. sucurs, socors, secors, F. secours, L. succursus, fr. L. succurrere. See Succor, v. t.] 1. Aid; help; assistance; esp., assistance that relieves and delivers from difficulty, want, or distress. "We beseech mercy and succor." Chaucer.

My noble father . . . Flying for succor to his servant Bannister.

Shak.

2. The person or thing that brings relief.

This mighty succor, which made glad the foe.

Dryden.

Suc"cor*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being succored or assisted; admitting of relief.

Suc"cor*er (?), n. One who affords succor; a helper.

Suc"cor*less, a. Destitute of succor. Thomson.

Suc"co*ry (?), n. [Corrupted from chicory.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Cichorium. See Chicory.

Suc"co*tash (?), n. [Narragansett Indian m'sickquatash corn boiled whole.] Green maize and beans boiled together. The dish is borrowed from the native Indians. [Written also suckatash.]

Suc`co*teague" (?), n. (Zoöl.) The squeteague.

||Suc"cu*ba (?), n.; pl. Succubæ (#). [NL., fr. L. succubare to lie ||under; sub under + cubare to lie down; cf. L. succuba, succubo, one ||who lies under another.] A female demon or fiend. See Succubus.

Though seeming in shape a woman natural Was a fiend of the kind that succubæ some call.

Mir. for Mag.

Suc"cu*bine (?), a. Of or pertaining to succuba.

Suc"cu*bous (?), a. [See Succuba.] (Bot.) Having the leaves so placed that the upper part of each one is covered by the base of the next higher leaf, as in hepatic mosses of the genus Plagiochila.

||Suc"cu*bus (?), n.; pl. Succubi (#). [See Succuba.] 1. A demon or ||fiend; especially, a lascivious spirit supposed to have sexual ||intercourse with the men by night; a succuba. Cf. Incubus.

2. (Med.) The nightmare. See Nightmare, 2.

Suc"cu*la (?), n. [L. sucula a winch, windlass, capstan.] (Mach.) A bare axis or cylinder with staves or levers in it to turn it round, but without any drum.

{ Suc"cu*lence (?), Suc"cu*len*cy (?), } n. [See Succulent.] The quality or condition of being succulent; juiciness; as, the succulence of a peach.

Suc"cu*lent (?), a. [L. succulentus, suculentus, fr. succus, sucus, juice; perhaps akin to E. suck: cf. F. succulent.] Full of juice; juicy.

Succulent plants (Bot.), plants which have soft and juicy leaves or stems, as the houseleek, the live forever, and the species of Mesembryanthemum.

Suc"cu*lent*ly, adv. In a succulent manner.

Suc"cu*lous (?), a. Succulent; juicy. [R.]

Suc*cumb" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Succumbed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Succumbing.] [L. succumbere; sub under + cumbere (in comp.), akin to cubare to lie down. See Incumbent, Cubit.] To yield; to submit; to give up unresistingly; as, to succumb under calamities; to succumb to disease.

Suc*cum"bent (?), a. [L. succumbens, p. pr.] Submissive; yielding. [R.] Howell.

Suc*cur"sal (?), a. [Cf. F. succursale. See Succor, n. & v. t.] Serving to aid or help; serving as a chapel of ease; tributary. [R.]

Not a city was without its cathedral, surrounded by its succursal churches, its monasteries, and convents.

Milman.

||Suc"cus (?), n.; pl. Succi (&?;). (Med.) The expressed juice of a ||plant, for medicinal use.

||Succus entericus (&?;). [NL., literally, juice of the intestines.] ||(Physiol.) A fluid secreted in small by certain glands (probably the ||glands of Lieberkühn) of the small intestines. Its exact action is ||somewhat doubtful.

Suc`cus*sa"tion (?), n. [L. succussare to jolt, v. intens. fr. succutere, succussum, to fling up from below, to toss up; sub under + quatere to shake.] 1. A trot or trotting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. A shaking; succussion.

Suc*cus"sion (?), n. [L. succussio, from succutere: cf. F. succussion. See Succussation.] The act of shaking; a shake; esp. (Med.), a shaking of the body to ascertain if there be a liquid in the thorax.

Suc*cus"sive (?), a. Characterized by a shaking motion, especially an up and down movement, and not merely tremulous oscillation; as, the succussive motion in earthquakes.

Such (?), a. [OE. such, sich, sech, sik, swich, swilch, swulch, swilc, swulc, AS. swelc, swilc, swylc; akin to OFries. selik, D. zulk, OS. sulic, OHG. sulih, solih, G. solch, Icel. slkr, OSw. salik, Sw. slik, Dan. slig, Goth. swaleiks; originally meaning, so shaped. &radic;192. See So, Like, a., and cf. Which.] 1. Of that kind; of the like kind; like; resembling; similar; as, we never saw such a day; -- followed by that or as introducing the word or proposition which defines the similarity, or the standard of comparison; as, the books are not such that I can recommend them, or, not such as I can recommend; these apples are not such as those we saw yesterday; give your children such precepts as tend to make them better.

And in his time such a conqueror That greater was there none under the sun.

Chaucer.

His misery was such that none of the bystanders could refrain from weeping.

Macaulay.

The indefinite article a or an never precedes such, but is placed between it and the noun to which it refers; as, such a man; such an honor. The indefinite adjective some, several, one, few, many, all, etc., precede such; as, one such book is enough; all such people ought to be avoided; few such ideas were then held.

2. Having the particular quality or character specified.

That thou art happy, owe to God; That thou continuest such, owe to thyself.

Milton.

3. The same that; -- with as; as, this was the state of the kingdom at such time as the enemy landed. "[It] hath such senses as we have." Shak.

4. Certain; -- representing the object as already particularized in terms which are not mentioned.

In rushed one and tells him such a knight Is new arrived.

Daniel.

To-day or to-morrow we will go into such a city, and continue there a year.

James iv. 13.

Such is used pronominally. "He was the father of such as dwell in tents." Gen. iv. 20. "Such as I are free in spirit when our limbs are chained." Sir W. Scott. Such is also used before adjectives joined to substantives; as, the fleet encountered such a terrible storm that it put back. "Everything was managed with so much care, and such excellent order was observed." De Foe.

Temple sprung from a family which . . . long after his death produced so many eminent men, and formed such distinguished alliances, that, etc.

Macaulay.

Such is used emphatically, without the correlative.

Now will he be mocking: I shall have such a life.

Shak.

Such was formerly used with numerals in the sense of times as much or as many; as, such ten, or ten times as many.

Such and such, or Such or such, certain; some; -- used to represent the object indefinitely, as already particularized in one way or another, or as being of one kind or another. "In such and such a place shall be my camp." 2 Kings vi. 8. "Sovereign authority may enact a law commanding such and such an action." South. -- Such like or character, of the like kind.

And many other such like things ye do.

Mark vii. 8.

Su`cho*spon"dy*lous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a crocodile + &?; a vertebra.] (Zoöl.) Having dorsal vertebræ with long and divided transverse processes; -- applied to certain reptiles.

Such"wise` (?), adv. In a such a manner; so.

Suck (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sucked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sucking.] [OE. suken, souken, AS. s&?;can, s&?;gan; akin to D. zuigen, G. saugen, OHG. s&?;gan, Icel. s&?;ga, sj&?;ga, Sw. suga, Dan. suge, L. sugere. Cf. Honeysuckle, Soak, Succulent, Suction.] 1. To draw, as a liquid, by the action of the mouth and tongue, which tends to produce a vacuum, and causes the liquid to rush in by atmospheric pressure; to draw, or apply force to, by exhausting the air.

2. To draw liquid from by the action of the mouth; as, to suck an orange; specifically, to draw milk from (the mother, the breast, etc.) with the mouth; as, the young of an animal sucks the mother, or dam; an infant sucks the breast.

3. To draw in, or imbibe, by any process resembles sucking; to inhale; to absorb; as, to suck in air; the roots of plants suck water from the ground.

4. To draw or drain.

Old ocean, sucked through the porous globe.

Thomson.

5. To draw in, as a whirlpool; to swallow up.

As waters are by whirlpools sucked and drawn.

Dryden.

To suck in, to draw into the mouth; to imbibe; to absorb. -- To suck out, to draw out with the mouth; to empty by suction. -- To suck up, to draw into the mouth; to draw up by suction or absorption.

Suck, v. i. 1. To draw, or attempt to draw, something by suction, as with the mouth, or through a tube.

Where the bee sucks, there suck I.

Shak.

2. To draw milk from the breast or udder; as, a child, or the young of an animal, is first nourished by sucking.

3. To draw in; to imbibe; to partake.

The crown had sucked too hard, and now, being full, was like to draw less.

Bacon.

Suck, n. 1. The act of drawing with the mouth.

2. That which is drawn into the mouth by sucking; specifically, mikl drawn from the breast. Shak.

3. A small draught. [Colloq.] Massinger.

4. Juice; succulence. [Obs.]

Suck"an*hock (?), n. [Of American Indian origin.] A kind of seawan. See Note under Seawan.

Suck"a*tash (?), n. See Succotash. Bartlett.

Suck"en (?), n. [See Socome, Soc.] (Scots Law) The jurisdiction of a mill, or that extent of ground astricted to it, the tenants of which are bound to bring their grain thither to be ground.

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Suck"er (sk"r), n. 1. One who, or that which, sucks; esp., one of the organs by which certain animals, as the octopus and remora, adhere to other bodies.

2. A suckling; a sucking animal. Beau. & Fl.

3. The embolus, or bucket, of a pump; also, the valve of a pump basket. Boyle.

4. A pipe through which anything is drawn.

5. A small piece of leather, usually round, having a string attached to the center, which, when saturated with water and pressed upon a stone or other body having a smooth surface, adheres, by reason of the atmospheric pressure, with such force as to enable a considerable weight to be thus lifted by the string; -- used by children as a plaything.

6. (Bot.) A shoot from the roots or lower part of the stem of a plant; -- so called, perhaps, from diverting nourishment from the body of the plant.

7. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of North American fresh-water cyprinoid fishes of the family Catostomidæ; so called because the lips are protrusile. The flesh is coarse, and they are of little value as food. The most common species of the Eastern United States are the northern sucker (Catostomus Commersoni), the white sucker (C. teres), the hog sucker (C. nigricans), and the chub, or sweet sucker (Erimyzon sucetta). Some of the large Western species are called buffalo fish, red horse, black horse, and suckerel. (b) The remora. (c) The lumpfish. (d) The hagfish, or myxine. (e) A California food fish (Menticirrus undulatus) closely allied to the kingfish (a); -- called also bagre.

8. A parasite; a sponger. See def. 6, above.

They who constantly converse with men far above their estates shall reap shame and loss thereby; if thou payest nothing, they will count thee a sucker, no branch.

Fuller.

9. A hard drinker; a soaker. [Slang]

10. A greenhorn; one easily gulled. [Slang, U.S.]

11. A nickname applied to a native of Illinois. [U. S.]

Carp sucker, Cherry sucker, etc. See under Carp, Cherry, etc. -- Sucker fish. See Sucking fish, under Sucking. -- Sucker rod, a pump rod. See under Pump. -- Sucker tube (Zoöl.), one of the external ambulacral tubes of an echinoderm, -- usually terminated by a sucker and used for locomotion. Called also sucker foot. See Spatangoid.

Suck"er (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suckering.] To strip off the suckers or shoots from; to deprive of suckers; as, to sucker maize.

Suck"er, v. i. To form suckers; as, corn suckers abundantly.

Suck"et (?), n. [Cf. Suck, v. t., Succades.] A sweetmeat; a dainty morsel. Jer. Taylor.

Suck"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) A sucker fish.

Suck"ing, a. Drawing milk from the mother or dam; hence, colloquially, young, inexperienced, as, a sucking infant; a sucking calf.

I suppose you are a young barrister, sucking lawyer, or that sort of thing.

Thackeray.

Sucking bottle, a feeding bottle. See under Bottle. -- Sucking fish (Zoöl.), the remora. See Remora. Baird. -- Sucking pump, a suction pump. See under Suction. -- Sucking stomach (Zoöl.), the muscular first stomach of certain insects and other invertebrates which suck liquid food.

Suc"kle (?), n. A teat. [Obs.] Sir T. Herbert.

Suc"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suckled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suckling (?).] [Freq. of suck.] To give suck to; to nurse at the breast. Addison.

The breasts of Hecuba When she did suckle Hector, looked not lovelier.

Shak.

They are not weak, suckled by Wisdom.

Landor.

Suc"kle, v. i. To nurse; to suck. [R.]

Suc"kler (?), n. (Zoöl.) An animal that suckles its young; a mammal.

Suck"ling (?), n. [OE. sokeling. See Suck, v. t.] 1. A young child or animal nursed at the breast.

2. A small kind of yellow clover (Trifolium filiforme) common in Southern Europe.

Su"crate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of sucrose (or of some related carbohydrate) with some base, after the analogy of a salt; as, sodium sucrate.

||Su"cre (?), n. A silver coin of Ecuador, worth 68 cents.

Su"crose` (?), n. [F. sucre sugar. See Sugar.] (Chem.) A common variety of sugar found in the juices of many plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, sugar maple, beet root, etc. It is extracted as a sweet, white crystalline substance which is valuable as a food product, and, being antiputrescent, is largely used in the preservation of fruit. Called also saccharose, cane sugar, etc. By extension, any one of the class of isomeric substances (as lactose, maltose, etc.) of which sucrose proper is the type.

Sucrose proper is a dextrorotatory carbohydrate, C12H22O11. It does not reduce Fehling's solution, and though not directly fermentable, yet on standing with yeast it is changed by the diastase present to invert sugar (dextrose and levulose), which then breaks down to alcohol and carbon dioxide. It is also decomposed to invert sugar by heating with acids, whence it is also called a disaccharate. Sucrose possesses at once the properties of an alcohol and a ketone, and also forms compounds (called sucrates) analogous to salts. Cf. Sugar.

Suc"tion (?), n. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck; cf. OF. suction. See Suck, v. t.] The act or process of sucking; the act of drawing, as fluids, by exhausting the air.

Suction chamber, the chamber of a pump into which the suction pipe delivers. -- Suction pipe, Suction valve, the induction pipe, and induction valve, of a pump, respectively. -- Suction pump, the common pump, in which the water is raised into the barrel by atmospheric pressure. See Illust. of Pump.

||Suc*to"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Suction.] (Zoöl.) 1. An order of ||Infusoria having the body armed with somewhat stiff, tubular ||processes which they use as suckers in obtaining their food. They are ||usually stalked.

2. Same as Rhizocephala.

Suc*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. sugere, suctum, to suck.] 1. (Zoöl.) Adapted for sucking; living by sucking; as, the humming birds are suctorial birds.

2. (Zoöl.) Capable of adhering by suction; as, the suctorial fishes.

Suc*to"ri*an (?), n. 1. (Zoöl.) A cartilaginous fish with a mouth adapted for suction, as the lampery.

2. (Zoöl.) One of the Suctoria.

Suc*to"ri*ous (?), a. Suctorial. [R.]

||Su*dam"i*na (?), n. pl, sing. Sudamen (&?;). [NL. sudamen, - inis, ||fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] (Med.) Minute vesicles surrounded by ||an area of reddened skin, produced by excessive sweating.

||Su*da"ri*um (?), n. [L., a handkerchief.] (Eccl.) The handkerchief ||upon which the Savior is said to have impressed his own portrait ||miraculously, when wiping his face with it, as he passed to the ||crucifixion.

Su"da*ry (?), n. [L. sudarium, fr. sudare to sweat. See Sweat.] A napkin or handkerchief. [Obs. or R.] Wyclif. R. Browning.

Su*da"tion (?), n. [L. sudatio, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudation.] A sweating. [Obs.]

||Su`da*to"ri*um (?), n.; pl. Sudatoria (#). [L.] A sudatory. ||Dunglison.

Su"da*to*ry (?), a. [L. sudatorius, fr. sudare to sweat: cf. F. sudatoire. See Sweat.] Sweating; perspiring.

Su"da*to*ry, n.; pl. Sudatories (#). [L. sudatorium.] A bagnio; a sweating bath; a vapor bath.

These sudatories are much in request for many infirmities.

Evelyn.

Sud"den (?), a. [OE. sodian, sodein, OF. sodain, sudain, F. soudain, L. subitaneus, fr. subitus sudden, that has come unexpectedly, p. p. of subire to come on, to steal upon; sub under, secretly + ire to go. See Issue, and cf. Subitaneous.] 1. Happening without previous notice or with very brief notice; coming unexpectedly, or without the common preparation; immediate; instant; speedy. "O sudden wo!" Chaucer. "For fear of sudden death." Shak.

Sudden fear troubleth thee.

Job xxii. 10.

2. Hastly prepared or employed; quick; rapid.

Never was such a sudden scholar made.

Shak.

The apples of Asphaltis, appearing goodly to the sudden eye.

Milton.

3. Hasty; violent; rash; precipitate. [Obs.] Shak.

Syn. -- Unexpected; unusual; abrupt; unlooked-for.

-- Sud"den*ly, adv. -- Sud"den*ness, n.

Sud"den, adv. Suddenly; unexpectedly. [R.]

Herbs of every leaf that sudden flowered.

Milton.

Sud"den, n. An unexpected occurrence; a surprise.

All of a sudden, On a sudden, Of a sudden, sooner than was expected; without the usual preparation; suddenly.

How art thou lost! how on a sudden lost!

Milton.

He withdrew his opposition all of a sudden.

Thackeray.

Sud"den*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. soudaineté.] Suddenness; a sudden. [Scot.]

On a suddenty, on a sudden. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Su"dor*al (?), a. [L. sudor.] Of or pertaining to sweat; as, sudoral eruptions.

Su`dor*if"er*ous (?), a. [L. sudor sweat + -ferous.] (Physiol.) Producing, or secreting, sweat; sudoriparous.

Sudoriferous glands (Anat.), small convoluted tubular glands which are situated in the subcutaneous tissues and discharge by minute orifices in the surface of the skin; the sweat glands.

Su`dor*if"ic (?), a. [L. sudor sweat (akin to E. sweat) + facere to make.] Causing sweat; as, sudorific herbs. -- n. A sudorific medicine. Cf. Diaphoretic.

Su`dor*ip"a*rous (?), a. [L. sudor sweat + parere to produce.] (Physiol.) Same as Sudoriferous.

Su"dor*ous (?), a. [L. sudorus, fr. sudor sweat.] Consisting of sweat. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Su"dra (?), n. [Skr. ç&?;dra.] The lowest of the four great castes ||among the Hindoos. See Caste. [Written also Soorah, Soodra, and ||Sooder.]

Suds (?), n. pl. [Akin to sodden, seethe. See Seethe.] Water impregnated with soap, esp. when worked up into bubbles and froth.

In the suds, in turmoil or difficulty. [Colloq.] Beau. & Fl.

Sue (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suing (?).] [OE. suen, sewen, siwen, OF. sivre (pres.ind. 3d sing. il siut, suit, he follows, nous sevons we follow), LL. sequere, for L. sequi, secutus; akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. sac to accompany, and probably to E. see, v.t. See See, v. t., and cf. Consequence, Ensue, Execute, Obsequious, Pursue, Second, Sect in religion, Sequence, Suit.] 1. To follow up; to chase; to seek after; to endeavor to win; to woo.

For yet there was no man that haddle him sued.

Chaucer.

I was beloved of many a gentle knight, And sued and sought with all the service due.

Spenser.

Sue me, and woo me, and flatter me.

Tennyson.

2. (Law) (a) To seek justice or right from, by legal process; to institute process in law against; to bring an action against; to prosecute judicially. (b) To proceed with, as an action, and follow it up to its proper termination; to gain by legal process.

3. (Falconry) To clean, as the beak; -- said of a hawk.

4. (Naut.) To leave high and dry on shore; as, to sue a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr.

To sue out (Law), to petition for and take out, or to apply for and obtain; as, to sue out a writ in chancery; to sue out a pardon for a criminal.

Sue (?), v. i. 1. To seek by request; to make application; to petition; to entreat; to plead.

By adverse destiny constrained to sue For counsel and redress, he sues to you.

Pope.

Cæsar came to Rome to sue for the double honor of a triumph and the consulship.

C. Middleton.

The Indians were defeated and sued for peace.

Jefferson.

2. (Law) To prosecute; to make legal claim; to seek (for something) in law; as, to sue for damages.

3. To woo; to pay addresses as a lover. Massinger.

4. (Naut.) To be left high and dry on the shore, as a ship. R. H. Dana, Jr.

Su"ent (?), a. Uniformly or evenly distributed or spread; even; smooth. See Suant. Thoreau.

Su"ent*ly, adv. Evenly; smoothly.

Su"er (?), n. One who sues; a suitor.

Su"et (?), n. [OE. suet, dim. fr. OF. seu, suif, F. suif, L. sebum. Cf. Soap, Sebaceous.] The fat and fatty tissues of an animal, especially the harder fat about the kidneys and loins in beef and mutton, which, when melted and freed from the membranes, forms tallow.

Su"et*y (?), a. Consisting of, or resembling, suet; as, a suety substance.

Suf- (?). A form of the prefix Sub-.

Suf"fer (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffering.] [OE. suffren, soffren, OF. sufrir, sofrir, F. souffrir, (assumed) LL. sofferire, for L. sufferre; sub under + ferre to bear, akin to E. bear. See Bear to support.] 1. To feel, or endure, with pain, annoyance, etc.; to submit to with distress or grief; to undergo; as, to suffer pain of body, or grief of mind.

2. To endure or undergo without sinking; to support; to sustain; to bear up under.

Our spirit and strength entire, Strongly to suffer and support our pains.

Milton.

3. To undergo; to be affected by; to sustain; to experience; as, most substances suffer a change when long exposed to air and moisture; to suffer loss or damage.

If your more ponderous and settled project May suffer alteration.

Shak.

4. To allow; to permit; not to forbid or hinder; to tolerate.

Thou shalt in any wise rebuke thy neighbour, and not suffer sin upon him.

Lev. xix. 17.

I suffer them to enter and possess.

Milton.

Syn. -- To permit; bear; endure; support; sustain; allow; admit; tolerate. See Permit.

Suf"fer, v. i. 1. To feel or undergo pain of body or mind; to bear what is inconvenient; as, we suffer from pain, sickness, or sorrow; we suffer with anxiety.

O well for him whose will is strong! He suffers, but he will not suffer long.

Tennyson.

2. To undergo punishment; specifically, to undergo the penalty of death.

The father was first condemned to suffer upon a day appointed, and the son afterwards the day following.

Clarendon.

3. To be injured; to sustain loss or damage.

Public business suffers by private infirmities.

Sir W. Temple.

Suf"fer*a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. souffrable.] 1. Able to suffer or endure; patient. [Obs.] "Ye must be sufferable." Chaucer.

2. That may be suffered, tolerated, or permitted; allowable; tolerable.

-- Suf"fer*a*ble*ness, n. -- Suf"fer*a*bly, adv.

Suf"fer*ance (?), n. [OE. suffrance, OF. sufrance, soufrance, F. souffrance, L. sufferentia, from sufferens, - entis, p. pr. of sufferre. See Suffer.] 1. The state of suffering; the bearing of pain; endurance.

He must not only die the death, But thy unkindness shall his death draw out To lingering sufferance.

Shak.

2. Pain endured; misery; suffering; distress.

The seeming sufferances that you had borne.

Shak.

3. Loss; damage; injury. [Obs.]

A grievous . . . sufferance on most part of their fleet.

Shak.

4. Submission under difficult or oppressive circumstances; patience; moderation. Chaucer.

But hasty heat tempering with sufferance wise.

Spenser.

5. Negative consent by not forbidding or hindering; toleration; permission; allowance; leave. Shak.

In their beginning they are weak and wan, But soon, through sufferance, grow to fearful end.

Spenser.

Somewhiles by sufferance, and somewhiles by special leave and favor, they erected to themselves oratories.

Hooker.

6. A permission granted by the customs authorities for the shipment of goods. [Eng.]

Estate of sufferance (Law), the holding by a tenant who came in by a lawful title, but remains, after his right has expired, without positive leave of the owner. Blackstone. -- On sufferance, by mere toleration; as, to remain in a house on sufferance.

Syn. -- Endurance; pain; misery; inconvenience; patience; moderation; toleration; permission.

Suf"fer*er (?), n. 1. One who suffers; one who endures or undergoes suffering; one who sustains inconvenience or loss; as, sufferers by poverty or sickness; men are sufferers by fire or by losses at sea.

2. One who permits or allows.

Suf"fer*ing, n. The bearing of pain, inconvenience, or loss; pain endured; distress, loss, or injury incurred; as, sufferings by pain or sorrow; sufferings by want or by wrongs. "Souls in sufferings tried." Keble.

Suf"fer*ing, a. Being in pain or grief; having loss, injury, distress, etc. -- Suf"fer*ing*ly, adv.

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Suf*fice" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Sufficed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sufficing (?).] [OE. suffisen, OF. soufire, F. suffire (cf. suffisant, p. pr.), L. sufficere to put under, to substitute, to avail for, to suffice; sub under + facere to make. See Fact.] To be enough, or sufficient; to meet the need (of anything); to be equal to the end proposed; to be adequate. Chaucer.

To recount almighty works, What words or tongue of seraph can suffice?

Milton.

Suf*fice", v. t. 1. To satisfy; to content; to be equal to the wants or demands of. Spenser.

Let it suffice thee; speak no more unto me of this matter.

Deut. iii. 26.

2. To furnish; to supply adequately. [Obs.]

The power appeased, with winds sufficed the sail.

Dryden.

Suf*fi"cience (?), n. Sufficiently. [Obs.]

Suf*fi"cien*cy (?), n. [L. sufficientia: cf. F. suffisance. See Suffice.] 1. The quality or state of being sufficient, or adequate to the end proposed; adequacy.

His sufficiency is such that he bestows and possesses, his plenty being unexhausted.

Boyle.

2. Qualification for any purpose; ability; capacity.

A substitute or most allowed sufficiency.

Shak.

I am not so confident of my own sufficiency as not willingly to admit the counsel of others.

Eikon Basilike.

3. Adequate substance or means; competence. "An elegant sufficiency." Thomson.

4. Supply equal to wants; ample stock or fund.

5. Conceit; self-confidence; self- sufficiency.

Sufficiency is a compound of vanity and ignorance.

Sir W. Temple.

Suf*fi"cient (?), a. [L. sufficiens, -entis, p. pr. of sufficere: cf. F. suffisant. See Suffice.] 1. Equal to the end proposed; adequate to wants; enough; ample; competent; as, provision sufficient for the family; an army sufficient to defend the country.

My grace is sufficient for thee.

2 Cor. xii. 9.

2. Possessing adequate talents or accomplishments; of competent power or ability; qualified; fit.

Who is sufficient for these things?

2 Cor. ii. 16.

3. Capable of meeting obligations; responsible.

The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient . . . I think I may take his bond.

Shak.

4. Self-sufficient; self-satisfied; content. [R.]

Thou art the most sufficient (I'll say for thee), Not to believe a thing.

Beau. & Fl.

Syn. -- Enough; adequate; competent; full; satisfactory; ample.

Suf*fi"cient*ly, adv. To a sufficient degree; to a degree that answers the purpose, or gives content; enough; as, we are sufficiently supplied with food; a man sufficiently qualified for the discharge of his official duties.

Suf*fi"cing (?), a. Affording enough; satisfying. -- Suf*fi"cing*ly, adv. -- Suf*fi"cing*ness, n.

Suf*fi"sance (?), n. [F. See Sufficiency.] Sufficiency; plenty; abundance; contentment. [Obs.]

He could in little thing have suffisaunce.

Chaucer.

Suf*fi"sant (?), a. Sufficient. [Obs.]

Suf"fix (?), n. [L. suffixus, p. p. of suffigere to fasten on, to affix; sub under + figere to fix: cf. F. suffixe. See Fix.] 1. A letter, letters, syllable, or syllables added or appended to the end of a word or a root to modify the meaning; a postfix.

2. (Math.) A subscript mark, number, or letter. See Subscript, a.

Suf*fix" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffixed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffixing.] To add or annex to the end, as a letter or syllable to a word; to append.

Suf*fix"ion (?), n. The act of suffixing, or the state of being suffixed.

Suf*fix"ment (?), n. Suffixion. [R.] Earle.

Suf*flam"i*nate (?), v. t. [L. sufflaminatus, p. p. of sufflaminare to hold back by a clog, from sufflamen a clog.] 1. To retard the motion of, as a carriage, by preventing one or more of its wheels from revolving, either by means of a chain or otherwise. [Obs.]

2. Hence, to stop; to impede. [Obs.] Barrow.

Suf*flate" (?), v. t. [L. sufflatus, p. p. of sufflare to blow up, inflate; sub under + flare to blow.] To blow up; to inflate; to inspire. [R.] T. Ward.

Suf*fla"tion (?), n. [L. sufflatio.] The act of blowing up or inflating. [R.] Coles.

Suf"fo*cate (?), a. [L. suffocatus, p. p. of suffocare to choke; sub under + fauces the throat. Cf. Faucal.] Suffocated; choked. Shak.

Suf"fo*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffocated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffocating.] 1. To choke or kill by stopping respiration; to stifle; to smother.

Let not hemp his windpipe suffocate.

Shak.

2. To destroy; to extinguish; as, to suffocate fire.

Suf"fo*cate, v. i. To become choked, stifled, or smothered. "A swelling discontent is apt to suffocate and strangle without passage." collier.

Suf"fo*ca`ting, a. & n. from Suffocate, v. -- Suf"fo*ca`ting*ly, adv.

Suf`fo*ca"tion (?), n. [L. suffocatio: cf. F. suffocation.] The act of suffocating, or the state of being suffocated; death caused by smothering or choking.

The term suffocation is sometimes employed synonymously with asphyxia. In the strict medico-legal sense it signifies asphyxia induced by obstruction of the respiration otherwise than by direct pressure on the neck (hanging, strangulation) or submersion (drowning). Quain.

Suf"fo*ca*tive (?), a. Tending or able to choke or stifle. "Suffocative catarrhs." Arbuthnot.

Suf*fos"sion (?), n. [L. suffossio, from suffodere, suffossum, to dig under; sub under + fodere to dig.] A digging under; an undermining. [R.] Bp. Hall.

Suf"fra*gan (?), a. [F. suffragant, L. suffragans, p. pr. of suffragari to support with one's vote, to be favorable. See Suffrage.] Assisting; assistant; as, a suffragan bishop.

Suf"fra*gan (?), n. [F. suffragant: cf. LL. suffraganeus. See Suffragan, a.] 1. An assistant.

2. (Eccl.) A bishop considered as an assistant, or as subject, to his metropolitan; an assistant bishop.

Suf"fra*gan*ship, n. The office of a suffragan.

Suf"fra*gant (?), a. & n. Suffragan. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gate (?), v. i. & t. [imp. & p. p. Suffragated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffragating.] [L. suffragatus, p. p. of suffragari. See Suffragan, a.] To vote or vote with. [Obs.] "Suffragating tribes." Dryden.

Suf"fra*ga`tor (?), n. [L.] One who assists or favors by his vote. [Obs.]

Suf"frage (?), n. [F., fr. L. suffragium; perhaps originally, a broken piece, a potsherd, used in voting, and fr. sub under + the root of frangere to break. See Break.] 1. A vote given in deciding a controverted question, or in the choice of a man for an office or trust; the formal expression of an opinion; assent; vote.

I ask your voices and your suffrages.

Shak.

2. Testimony; attestation; witness; approval.

Lactantius and St. Austin confirm by their suffrage the observation made by heathen writers.

Atterbury.

Every miracle is the suffrage of Heaven to the truth of a doctrine.

South.

3. (Eccl.) (a) A short petition, as those after the creed in matins and evensong. (b) A prayer in general, as one offered for the faithful departed. Shipley.

I firmly believe that there is a purgatory, and that the souls therein detained are helped by the suffrages of the faithful.

Creed of Pope Pius IV.

4. Aid; assistance. [A Latinism] [Obs.]

Suf"frage, v. t. To vote for; to elect. [Obs.] Milton.

Suf*frag"i*nous (?), a. [L. suffraginosus diseased in the hock, fr. suffrago the pastern, or hock.] Of or pertaining to the hock of a beast. [Obs.]

Suf"fra*gist (?), n. 1. One who possesses or exercises the political right of suffrage; a voter.

2. One who has certain opinions or desires about the political right of suffrage; as, a woman suffragist.

It is curious that . . . Louisa Castelefort should be obliged after her marriage immediately to open her doors and turn ultra liberal, or an universal suffragist.

Miss Edgeworth.

||Suf*fra"go (?), n. [L., the hock, from sub under + frangere to ||break.] (Zoöl.) The heel joint.

Suf"france (?), n. Sufferance. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Suf`fru*tes"cent (?), a. [Pref. suf- + frutescent.] (Bot.) Slightly woody at the base.

Suf*fru"ti*cose` (?), a. [Pref. suf- + fruticose.] (Bot.) Woody in the lower part of the stem, but with the yearly branches herbaceous, as sage, thyme, hyssop, and the like.

Suf*fru"ti*cous (?), a. Suffruticose.

Suf*fu"mi*gate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffumigated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffumigating.] [L. suffumigatus, p. p. of suffumigare to fumigate from below. See Sub-, and Fumigate.] To apply fumes or smoke to the parts of, as to the body in medicine; to fumigate in part.

Suf*fu`mi*ga"tion (?), n. [L. suffumigatio: cf. F. suffumigation.] The operation of suffumigating.

Suf*fu"mige (?), n. [LL. suffumigium.] A medical fume. [Obs.] Harvey.

Suf*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suffused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suffusing.] [L. suffusus, p. p. of suffundere to overspread; sub under + fundere to pour. See Fuse to melt.] To overspread, as with a fluid or tincture; to fill or cover, as with something fluid; as, eyes suffused with tears; cheeks suffused with blushes.

When purple light shall next suffuse the skies.

Pope.

Suf*fu"sion (?), n. [L. suffusio: cf. F. suffusion.] 1. The act or process of suffusing, or state of being suffused; an overspreading.

To those that have the jaundice, or like suffusion of eyes, objects appear of that color.

Ray.

2. That with which a thing is suffused.

3. (Zoöl.) A blending of one color into another; the spreading of one color over another, as on the feathers of birds.

Su"fi (?), n. [From the name of a dynasty of Persian kings, Saf, Safav; said to come from name Saf-ud-dn of an ancestor of the family, confused with s&?;f pious.] A title or surname of the king of Persia.

Su"fi, n. [Ar. & Per. s&?;f, wise, pious, devout.] One of a certain order of religious men in Persia. [Written also sofi.]

Su"fism (?), n. A refined mysticism among certain classes of Mohammedans, particularly in Persia, who hold to a kind of pantheism and practice extreme asceticism in their lives. [Written also sofism.]

Sug (?), n. A kind of worm or larva. Walton.

Sug"ar (?), n. [OE. sugre, F. sucre (cf. It. zucchero, Sp. azúcar), fr. Ar. sukkar, assukkar, fr. Skr. çarkar sugar, gravel; cf. Per. shakar. Cf. Saccharine, Sucrose.] 1. A sweet white (or brownish yellow) crystalline substance, of a sandy or granular consistency, obtained by crystallizing the evaporated juice of certain plants, as the sugar cane, sorghum, beet root, sugar maple, etc. It is used for seasoning and preserving many kinds of food and drink. Ordinary sugar is essentially sucrose. See the Note below.

The term sugar includes several commercial grades, as the white or refined, granulated, loaf or lump, and the raw brown or muscovado. In a more general sense, it includes several distinct chemical compounds, as the glucoses, or grape sugars (including glucose proper, dextrose, and levulose), and the sucroses, or true sugars (as cane sugar). All sugars are carbohydrates. See Carbohydrate. The glucoses, or grape sugars, are ketone alcohols of the formula C6H12O6, and they turn the plane of polarization to the right or the left. They are produced from the amyloses and sucroses, as by the action of heat and acids of ferments, and are themselves decomposed by fermentation into alcohol and carbon dioxide. The only sugar (called acrose) as yet produced artificially belongs to this class. The sucroses, or cane sugars, are doubled glucose anhydrides of the formula C12H22O11. They are usually not fermentable as such (cf. Sucrose), and they act on polarized light.

2. By extension, anything resembling sugar in taste or appearance; as, sugar of lead (lead acetate), a poisonous white crystalline substance having a sweet taste.

3. Compliment or flattery used to disguise or render acceptable something obnoxious; honeyed or soothing words. [Colloq.]

Acorn sugar. See Quercite. -- Cane sugar, sugar made from the sugar cane; sucrose, or an isomeric sugar. See Sucrose. -- Diabetes, or Diabetic, sugar (Med. Chem.), a variety of sugar (probably grape sugar or dextrose) excreted in the urine in diabetes mellitus. -- Fruit sugar. See under Fruit, and Fructose. -- Grape sugar, a sirupy or white crystalline sugar (dextrose or glucose) found as a characteristic ingredient of ripe grapes, and also produced from many other sources. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Invert sugar. See under Invert. -- Malt sugar, a variety of sugar isomeric with sucrose, found in malt. See Maltose. - - Manna sugar, a substance found in manna, resembling, but distinct from, the sugars. See Mannite. -- Milk sugar, a variety of sugar characteristic of fresh milk, and isomeric with sucrose. See Lactose. -- Muscle sugar, a sweet white crystalline substance isomeric with, and formerly regarded to, the glucoses. It is found in the tissue of muscle, the heart, liver, etc. Called also heart sugar. See Inosite. -- Pine sugar. See Pinite. -- Starch sugar (Com. Chem.), a variety of dextrose made by the action of heat and acids on starch from corn, potatoes, etc.; -- called also potato sugar, corn sugar, and, inaccurately, invert sugar. See Dextrose, and Glucose. -- Sugar barek, one who refines sugar. -- Sugar beet (Bot.), a variety of beet (Beta vulgaris) with very large white roots, extensively grown, esp. in Europe, for the sugar obtained from them. -- Sugar berry (Bot.), the hackberry. - - Sugar bird (Zoöl.), any one of several species of small South American singing birds of the genera Cœreba, Dacnis, and allied genera belonging to the family Cœrebidæ. They are allied to the honey eaters. -- Sugar bush. See Sugar orchard. -- Sugar camp, a place in or near a sugar orchard, where maple sugar is made. -- Sugar candian, sugar candy. [Obs.] -- Sugar candy, sugar clarified and concreted or crystallized; candy made from sugar. -- Sugar cane (Bot.), a tall perennial grass (Saccharum officinarium), with thick short-jointed stems. It has been cultivated for ages as the principal source of sugar. -- Sugar loaf. (a) A loaf or mass of refined sugar, usually in the form of a truncated cone. (b) A hat shaped like a sugar loaf.

Why, do not or know you, grannam, and that sugar loaf?

J. Webster.

-- Sugar maple (Bot.), the rock maple (Acer saccharinum). See Maple. -- Sugar mill, a machine for pressing out the juice of the sugar cane, usually consisting of three or more rollers, between which the cane is passed. -- Sugar mite. (Zoöl.) (a) A small mite (Tyroglyphus sacchari), often found in great numbers in unrefined sugar. (b) The lepisma. -- Sugar of lead. See Sugar, 2, above. -- Sugar of milk. See under Milk. -- Sugar orchard, a collection of maple trees selected and preserved for purpose of obtaining sugar from them; -- called also, sometimes, sugar bush. [U.S.] Bartlett. -- Sugar pine (Bot.), an immense coniferous tree (Pinus Lambertiana) of California and Oregon, furnishing a soft and easily worked timber. The resinous exudation from the stumps, etc., has a sweetish taste, and has been used as a substitute for sugar. -- Sugar squirrel (Zoöl.), an Australian flying phalanger (Belideus sciureus), having a long bushy tail and a large parachute. It resembles a flying squirrel. See Illust. under Phlanger. -- Sugar tongs, small tongs, as of silver, used at table for taking lumps of sugar from a sugar bowl. -- Sugar tree. (Bot.) See Sugar maple, above.

Sug"ar (?), v. i. In making maple sugar, to complete the process of boiling down the sirup till it is thick enough to crystallize; to approach or reach the state of granulation; -- with the preposition off. [Local, U.S.]

Sug"ar, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sugared (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sugaring.] 1. To impregnate, season, cover, or sprinkle with sugar; to mix sugar with. "When I sugar my liquor." G. Eliot.

2. To cover with soft words; to disguise by flattery; to compliment; to sweeten; as, to sugar reproof.

With devotion's visage And pious action we do sugar o'er The devil himself.

Shak.

Sug"ared (?), a. Sweetened. "The sugared liquor." Spenser. Also used figuratively; as, sugared kisses.

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Sug"ar-house` (?), n. A building in which sugar is made or refined; a sugar manufactory.

Sug"ar*i*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sugary, or sweet.

Sug"ar*ing, n. 1. The act of covering or sweetening with sugar; also, the sugar thus used.

2. The act or process of making sugar.

Sug"ar*less, a. Without sugar; free from sugar.

Sug"ar*plum` (?), n. A kind of candy or sweetneat made up in small balls or disks.

Sug"ar*y (?), a. 1. Resembling or containing sugar; tasting of sugar; sweet. Spenser.

2. Fond of sugar or sweet things; as, a sugary palate.

Su*ges"cent (?), a. [L. sugere to suck.] Of or pertaining to sucking. [R.] Paley.

Sug*gest" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suggested (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Suggesting.] [L. suggestus, p. p. of suggerere to put under, furnish, suggest; sub under + gerere to carry, to bring. See Jest.] 1. To introduce indirectly to the thoughts; to cause to be thought of, usually by the agency of other objects.

Some ideas . . . are suggested to the mind by all the ways of sensation and reflection.

Locke.

2. To propose with difference or modesty; to hint; to intimate; as, to suggest a difficulty.

3. To seduce; to prompt to evil; to tempt. [Obs.]

Knowing that tender youth is soon suggested.

Shak.

4. To inform secretly. [Obs.]

Syn. -- To hint; allude to; refer to; insinuate.

Sug*gest", v. i. To make suggestions; to tempt. [Obs.]

And ever weaker grows through acted crime, Or seeming-genial, venial fault, Recurring and suggesting still.

Tennyson.

Sug*gest"er (?), n. One who suggests. Beau. & Fl.

Sug*ges"tion (?), n. [F. suggestion, L. suggestio.] 1. The act of suggesting; presentation of an idea.

2. That which is suggested; an intimation; an insinuation; a hint; a different proposal or mention; also, formerly, a secret incitement; temptation.

Why do I yield to that suggestion?

Shak.

3. Charge; complaint; accusation. [Obs.] "A false suggestion." Chaucer.

4. (Law) Information without oath; an entry of a material fact or circumstance on the record for the information of the court, at the death or insolvency of a party.

5. (Physiol. & Metaph.) The act or power of originating or recalling ideas or relations, distinguished as original and relative; -- a term much used by Scottish metaphysicians from Hutcherson to Thomas Brown.

Syn. -- Hint; allusion; intimation; insinuation. -- Suggestion, Hint. A hint is the briefest or most indirect mode of calling one's attention to a subject. A suggestion is a putting of something before the mind for consideration, an indirect or guarded mode of presenting argument or advice. A hint is usually something slight or covert, and may by merely negative in its character. A suggestion is ordinarily intended to furnish us with some practical assistance or direction. "He gave me a hint of my danger, and added some suggestions as to the means of avoiding it."

Willing to wound, and yet afraid to strike, Just hint a fault, and hesitate dislike.

Pope.

Arthur, whom they say is killed to-night On your suggestion.

Shak.

Sug*gest"ive (?), a. Containing a suggestion, hint, or intimation. -- Sug*gest"ive*ly, adv. -- Sug*gest"ive*ness, n.

Sug*gest"ment (?), n. Suggestion. [R.]

They fancy that every thought must needs have an immediate outward suggestment.

Hare.

Sug*gest"ress (?), n. A woman who suggests. "The suggestress of suicides." De Quincey.

Sug"gil (?), v. t. [L. suggillare, sugillare, suggillatum, sugillatum, literally, to beat black and blue.] To defame. [Obs.] Abp. Parker.

Sug"gil*late (?), v. t. [See Suggil.] To beat livid, or black and blue. Wiseman.

Sug`gil*la"tion (?), n. [L. suggillatio: cf. F. suggillation.] A livid, or black and blue, mark; a blow; a bruise.

Su"i*ci`dal (?), a. Partaking of, or of the nature of, the crime or suicide. -- Su"i*ci`dal*ly, adv.

Su"i*cide (?), n. [L. sui of one's self (akin to suus one's own) + caedere to slay, to kill. Cf. So, adv., Homicide.] 1. The act of taking one's own life voluntary and intentionally; self-murder; specifically (Law), the felonious killing of one's self; the deliberate and intentional destruction of one's own life by a person of years of discretion and of sound mind.

2. One guilty of self-murder; a felo-de- se.

3. Ruin of one's own interests. "Intestine war, which may be justly called political suicide." V. Knox.

Su`i*cid"i*cal (?), a. Suicidal. [Obs.]

Su"i*ci*dism (?), n. The quality or state of being suicidal, or self-murdering. [R.]

Su"i*cism (?), n. [L. suus one's own.] Selfishness; egoism. [R.] Whitlock.

||Su"i gen"e*ris (?). [L.] Of his or its own kind.

Su"il*lage (?), n. [OF. souillage, soillage, fr. souiller, soiller. See Soil to stain, and cf. Sullage.] A drain or collection of filth. [Obs.] [Written also sulliage, and sullage.] Sir H. Wotton.

Su"il*line (?), a. [L. sus hog.] (Zoöl.) Of or pertaining to a hog or the Hog family (Suidæ).

Su"ine (?), n. [Cf. Suint.] A mixture of oleomargarine with lard or other fatty ingredients. It is used as a substitute for butter. See Butterine.

Su"ing (?), n. [Cf. F. suer to sweat, L. sudare.] The process of soaking through anything. [Obs.] Bacon.

Su"ing*ly, adv. [See Sue to follow.] In succession; afterwards. [Obs.] Sir T. More.

Su"int (s"nt), n. [F.] (Chem.) A peculiar substance obtained from the wool of sheep, consisting largely of potash mixed with fatty and earthy matters. It is used as a source of potash and also for the manufacture of gas.

Su`i*o*goths" (?), prop. n. pl. [L. Suiones (a Teutonic tribe in what is now Sweeden) + E. Goth.] The Scandinavian Goths. See the Note under Goths.

Su"ist, n. [L. suus belinging to himself or to one's self.] One who seeks for things which gratify merely himself; a selfish person; a selfist. [R.] Whitlock.

Suit (st), n. [OE. suite, F. suite, OF. suite, sieute, fr. suivre to follow, OF. sivre; perhaps influenced by L. secta. See Sue to follow, and cf. Sect, Suite.] 1. The act of following or pursuing, as game; pursuit. [Obs.]

2. The act of suing; the process by which one endeavors to gain an end or an object; an attempt to attain a certain result; pursuit; endeavor.

Thenceforth the suit of earthly conquest shone.

Spenser.

3. The act of wooing in love; the solicitation of a woman in marriage; courtship.

Rebate your loves, each rival suit suspend, Till this funereal web my labors end.

Pope.

4. (Law) The attempt to gain an end by legal process; an action or process for the recovery of a right or claim; legal application to a court for justice; prosecution of right before any tribunal; as, a civil suit; a criminal suit; a suit in chancery.

I arrest thee at the suit of Count Orsino.

Shak.

In England the several suits, or remedial instruments of justice, are distinguished into three kinds -- actions personal, real, and mixed.

Blackstone.

5. That which follows as a retinue; a company of attendants or followers; the assembly of persons who attend upon a prince, magistrate, or other person of distinction; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

6. Things that follow in a series or succession; the individual objects, collectively considered, which constitute a series, as of rooms, buildings, compositions, etc.; -- often written suite, and pronounced swt.

7. A number of things used together, and generally necessary to be united in order to answer their purpose; a number of things ordinarily classed or used together; a set; as, a suit of curtains; a suit of armor; a suit of clothes. "Two rogues in buckram suits." Shak.

8. (Playing Cards) One of the four sets of cards which constitute a pack; -- each set consisting of thirteen cards bearing a particular emblem, as hearts, spades, clubs, or diamonds.

To deal and shuffle, to divide and sort Her mingled suits and sequences.

Cowper.

9. Regular order; succession. [Obs.]

Every five and thirty years the same kind and suit of weather comes again.

Bacon.

Out of suits, having no correspondence. [Obs.] Shak. -- Suit and service (Feudal Law), the duty of feudatories to attend the courts of their lords or superiors in time of peace, and in war to follow them and do military service; -- called also suit service. Blackstone. -- Suit broker, one who made a trade of obtaining the suits of petitioners at court. [Obs.] -- Suit court (O. Eng. Law), the court in which tenants owe attendance to their lord. -- Suit covenant (O. Eng. Law), a covenant to sue at a certain court. -- Suit custom (Law), a service which is owed from time immemorial. -- Suit service. (Feudal Law) See Suit and service, above. -- To bring suit. (Law) (a) To bring secta, followers or witnesses, to prove the plaintiff's demand. [Obs.] (b) In modern usage, to institute an action. -- To follow suit. (Card Playing) See under Follow, v. t.

Suit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Suited; p. pr. & vb. n. Suiting.] 1. To fit; to adapt; to make proper or suitable; as, to suit the action to the word. Shak.

2. To be fitted to; to accord with; to become; to befit.

Ill suits his cloth the praise of railing well.

Dryden.

Raise her notes to that sublime degree Which suits song of piety and thee.

Prior.

3. To dress; to clothe. [Obs.]

So went he suited to his watery tomb.

Shak.

4. To please; to make content; as, he is well suited with his place; to suit one's taste.

Suit, v. i. To agree; to accord; to be fitted; to correspond; -- usually followed by with or to.

The place itself was suiting to his care.

Dryden.

Give me not an office That suits with me so ill.

Addison.

Syn. -- To agree; accord; comport; tally; correspond; match; answer.

Suit`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being suitable; suitableness.

Suit"a*ble (?), a. Capable of suiting; fitting; accordant; proper; becoming; agreeable; adapted; as, ornaments suitable to one's station; language suitable for the subject. -- Suit"a*ble*ness, n. -- Suit"a*bly, adv.

Syn. -- Proper; fitting; becoming; accordant; agreeable; competent; correspondent; compatible; consonant; congruous; consistent.

Suite (?), n. [F. See Suit, n.] 1. A retinue or company of attendants, as of a distinguished personage; as, the suite of an ambassador. See Suit, n., 5.

2. A connected series or succession of objects; a number of things used or clessed together; a set; as, a suite of rooms; a suite of minerals. See Suit, n., 6.

Mr. Barnard took one of the candles that stood upon the king's table, and lighted his majesty through a suite of rooms till they came to a private door into the library.

Boswell.

3. (Mus.) One of the old musical forms, before the time of the more compact sonata, consisting of a string or series of pieces all in the same key, mostly in various dance rhythms, with sometimes an elaborate prelude. Some composers of the present day affect the suite form.

Suit"ing (?), n. Among tailors, cloth suitable for making entire suits of clothes.

Suit"or (?), n. 1. One who sues, petitions, or entreats; a petitioner; an applicant.

She hath been a suitor to me for her brother.

Shak.

2. Especially, one who solicits a woman in marriage; a wooer; a lover. Sir P. Sidney.

3. (a) (Law) One who sues or prosecutes a demand in court; a party to a suit, as a plaintiff, petitioner, etc. (b) (O. Eng. Law) One who attends a court as plaintiff, defendant, petitioner, appellant, witness, juror, or the like.

Suit"ress (?), n. A female supplicant. Rowe.

||Su"ji (?), n. [Hind. s&?;f.] Indian wheat, granulated but not ||pulverized; a kind of semolina. [Written also soojee.]

||Su"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Icel. s&?;la the gannet. See Solan goose.] ||(Zoöl.) A genus of sea birds including the booby and the common ||gannet.

{ Sul"cate (?), Sul"ca*ted (?), } a. [L. sulcatus, p. p. of sulcare to furrow, fr. sulcus a furrow.] Scored with deep and regular furrows; furrowed or grooved; as, a sulcated stem.

Sul*ca"tion (?), n. A channel or furrow.

Sul"ci*form (?), a. Having the form of a sulcus; as, sulciform markings.

||Sul"cus (?), n.; pl. Sulci (#). [L., a furrow.] A furrow; a groove; a ||fissure.

Su"le*ah fish` (?). (Zoöl.) A coarse fish of India, used in making a breakfast relish called burtah.

Sulk (?), n. [L. sulcus.] A furrow. [Obs.]

Sulk, v. i. [See Sulkiness.] To be silently sullen; to be morose or obstinate. T. Hook.

Sulk"er (?), n. One who sulks.

Sulk"i*ly (?), adv. In a sulky manner.

Sulk"i*ness, n. [For sulkenness, fr. AS. solcen slothful, remiss, in solcen, besolcen, properly p. p. of sealcan in sealcan to be weak or slothful; of uncertain origin.] The quality or state of being sulky; sullenness; moroseness; as, sulkiness of disposition.

Sulks (?), n. pl. The condition of being sulky; a sulky mood or humor; as, to be in the sulks.

Sulk"y (?), a. [Compar. Sulkier (?); superl. Sulkiest.] [See Sulkiness, and cf. Sulky, n.] Moodly silent; sullen; sour; obstinate; morose; splenetic.

Syn. -- See Sullen.

Sulk"y, n.; pl. Sulkies (#). [From Sulky, a.; -- so called from the owner's desire of riding alone.] A light two-wheeled carriage for a single person.

Sulky is used adjectively in the names of several agricultural machines drawn by horses to denote that the machine is provided with wheels and a seat for the driver; as, sulky plow; sulky harrow; sulky rake, etc.

Sull (?), n. [AS. suluh, sulh, a plow; cf. OHG. suohili a little plow.] A plow. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Sul"lage (?), n. [Cf. Suillage, Sulliage.] 1. Drainage of filth; filth collected from the street or highway; sewage. [Obs.]

The streets were exceedingly large, well paved, having many vaults and conveyances under them for sullage.

Evelyn.

2. That which sullies or defiles. [Obs.]

It is the privilege of the celestial luminaries to receive no tincture, sullage, or difilement from the most noisome sinks and dunghills here below.

South.

3. (Founding) The scoria on the surface of molten metal in the ladle.

4. (Hydraul. Engin.) Silt; mud deposited by water.

Sullage piece (Founding), the sprue of a casting. See Sprue, n., 1 (b).

Sul"len (?), a. [OE. solein, solain, lonely, sullen; through Old French fr. (assumed) LL. solanus solitary, fr. L. solus alone. See Sole, a.] 1. Lonely; solitary; desolate. [Obs.] Wyclif (Job iii. 14).

2. Gloomy; dismal; foreboding. Milton.

Solemn hymns so sullen dirges change.

Shak.

3. Mischievous; malignant; unpropitious.

Such sullen planets at my birth did shine.

Dryden.

4. Gloomily angry and silent; cross; sour; affected with ill humor; morose.

And sullen I forsook the imperfect feast.

Prior.

5. Obstinate; intractable.

Things are as sullen as we are.

Tillotson.

6. Heavy; dull; sluggish. "The larger stream was placid, and even sullen, in its course." Sir W. Scott.

Syn. -- Sulky; sour; cross; ill-natured; morose; peevish; fretful; ill-humored; petulant; gloomy; malign; intractable. -- Sullen, Sulky. Both sullen and sulky show themselves in the demeanor. Sullenness seems to be an habitual sulkiness, and sulkiness a temporary sullenness. The former may be an innate disposition; the latter, a disposition occasioned by recent injury. Thus we are in a sullen mood, and in a sulky fit.

No cheerful breeze this sullen region knows; The dreaded east is all the wind that blows.

Pope.

-- Sul"len*ly, adv. -- Sul"len*ness, n.

Sul"len, n. 1. One who is solitary, or lives alone; a hermit. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. pl. Sullen feelings or manners; sulks; moroseness; as, to have the sullens. [Obs.] Shak.

Sul"len, v. t. To make sullen or sluggish. [Obs.]

Sullens the whole body with . . . laziness.

Feltham.

Sul"le*vate (?), v. t. [L. sublevare to raise up. Cf. Sublevation.] To rouse; to excite. [Obs.] Daniel.

<! p. 1443 !>

Sul"li*age (?), n. [Cf. Sullage, Suillage, or Sully, v. t.] Foulness; filth. [Obs.]

Though we wipe away with never so much care the dirt thrown at us, there will be left some sulliage behind.

Gov. of Tongue.

Sul"ly (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sullied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sullying (?).] [OE. sulien, AS. sylian, fr. sol mire; akin to G. suhle mire, sich, sühlen to wallow, Sw. söla to bemire, Dan. söle, Goth. bisaulijan to defile.] To soil; to dirty; to spot; to tarnish; to stain; to darken; -- used literally and figuratively; as, to sully a sword; to sully a person's reputation.

Statues sullied yet with sacrilegious smoke.

Roscommon.

No spots to sully the brightness of this solemnity.

Atterbury.

Sul"ly, v. i. To become soiled or tarnished.

Silvering will sully and canker more than gilding.

Bacon.

Sul"ly, n.; pl. Sullies (&?;). Soil; tarnish; stain.

A noble and triumphant merit breaks through little spots and sullies in his reputation.

Spectator.

Sulph*ac"id (?), n. [Sulpho- + acid.] (Chem.) An acid in which, to a greater or less extent, sulphur plays a part analogous to that of oxygen in an oxyacid; thus, thiosulphuric and sulpharsenic acids are sulphacids; -- called also sulphoacid. See the Note under Acid, n., 2.

Sulph*am"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphamic acid.

Sulph*am"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to a sulphamide; derived from, or related to, a sulphamide; specifically, designating an amido acid derivative, NH2.SO2.OH, of sulphuric acid (analogous to sulphonic acid) which is not known in the free state, but is known in its salts.

Sulph*am"ide (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of amido compounds obtained by treating sulphuryl chloride with various amines.

Sulph`a*nil"ic (?), a. [From sulphuric + anilene.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, an anilene sulphonic acid which is obtained as a white crystalline substance.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mon"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + antimonic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonic acid) analogous to sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph*an`ti*mo"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of antimony (called also thioantimonious acid) analogous to sulpharsenious acid.

Sulph*an"ti*mo*nite` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphantimonious acid.

Sulph*ar"se*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenic acid.

Sulph`ar*sen"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + arsenic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenic acid) analogous to arsenic acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph`ar*se"ni*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid (called also thioarsenious acid) analogous to arsenious acid, and known only in its salts.

Sulph*ar"se*nite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulpharsenious acid.

Sul"phate (?), n. [NL. sulphas, sulphatis, fr. L. sulphur, sulfur, brimstone, sulphur: cf. F. sulfate.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphuric acid.

Sul*phat"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, resembling, or containing, a sulphate or sulphates.

Sul"pha*to- (?). (Chem.) A combining form (also used adjectively) denoting a sulphate as an ingredient in certain double salts; as, sulphato-carbonate. [R.]

Sulph*au"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphauric acid.

Sulph*au"ric (?), a. [Sulpho- + aurum.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of gold (aurum), known only in its salts.

Sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphur, or one so regarded; -- formerly called sulphuret.

Double sulphide (Chem.), a compound of two sulphides. -- Hydrogen sulphide. (Chem.) See under Hydrogen. -- Metallic sulphide, a binary compound of sulphur with a metal.

Sul"phi*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphinic acid.

Sulph*in`di*got"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphonic acid obtained, as a blue solution, by dissolving indigo in sulphuric acid; -- formerly called also cerulic sulphuric acid, but properly called indigo-disulphonic acid.

Sul"phine (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of basic compounds which consist essentially of sulphur united with hydrocarbon radicals. In general they are oily or crystalline deliquescent substances having a peculiar odor; as, trimethyl sulphine, (CH3)3S.OH. Cf. Sulphonium.

Sul*phin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, any one of a series of acids regarded as acid ethereal salts of hyposulphurous acid; as, methyl sulphinic acid, CH3.SO.OH, a thick unstable liquid.

Sul"phi*nide (?), n. [Sulpho- + amine + anhydride.] (Chem.) A white or yellowish crystalline substance, C6H4.(SO2.CO).NH, produced artificially by the oxidation of a sulphamic derivative of toluene. It is the sweetest substance known, having over two hundred times the sweetening power of sugar, and is known in commerce under the name of saccharine. It has acid properties and forms salts (which are inaccurately called saccharinates). I. Remsen.

Sul"phi*on (?), n. [Sulpho- + ion.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SO4, regarded as forming the acid or negative constituent of sulphuric acid and the sulphates in electrolytic decomposition; -- so called in accordance with the binary theory of salts. [Written also sulphione.]

Sulph*i"on*ide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of sulphion, or one so regarded; thus, sulphuric acid, H&?;SO&?;, is a sulphionide.

Sul"phite (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfite. See Sulphur.] (Chem.) A salt of sulphurous acid.

Sul"pho- (?). (Chem.) A prefix (also used adjectively) designating sulphur as an ingredient in certain compounds. Cf. Thio-.

Sul`pho*ar*sen"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, sulphur and arsenic; -- said of an acid which is the same as arsenic acid with the substitution of sulphur for oxygen.

Sul`pho*car"bon*ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocarbonic acid; a thiocarbonate.

Sul`pho*car*bon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid, H2CSO2 (called also thiocarbonic acid), or an acid, H2CS3, analogous to carbonic acid, obtained as a yellow oily liquid of a pungent odor, and forming salts.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphocyanic acid; -- also called thiocyanate, and formerly inaccurately sulphocyanide.

Ferric sulphocyanate (Chem.), a dark red crystalline substance usually obtained in a blood-red solution, and recognized as a test for ferric iron.

Sul`pho*cy*an"ic (?), a. [See Sulphur, Cyanic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or designating, a sulphacid, HSCN, analogous to cyanic acid, and obtained as a colorless deliquescent crystalline substance, having a bitter saline taste, and not poisonous.

Sul`pho*cy"a*nide (?), n. (Chem.) See Sulphocyanate.

Sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. (Chem.) See Persulphocyanogen. [Obs.]

Sul"pho*nal (?), n. (Med.) A substance employed as a hypnotic, produced by the union of mercaptan and acetone.

Sul"pho*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphonic acid.

Sul"phone (?), n. (Chem.) Any one of a series of compounds analogous to the ketones, and consisting of the sulphuryl group united with two hydrocarbon radicals; as, dimethyl sulphone, (CH&?;)&?;.SO&?;.

Sul*phon"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, a sulphone; -- used specifically to designate any one of a series of acids (regarded as acid ethereal salts of sulphurous acid) obtained by the oxidation of the mercaptans, or by treating sulphuric acid with certain aromatic bases (as benzene); as, phenyl sulphonic acid, C6H5.SO2.OH, a stable colorless crystalline substance.

Sulphonic group (Chem.), the hypothetical radical, SO2.OH, the characteristic residue of sulphonic acids.

Sul*pho"ni*um (?), n. [Sulphur + ammonium.] (Chem.) A hypothetical radical, SH3, regarded as the type and nucleus of the sulphines.

Sul`pho*phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphoric acid.

Sul`pho*phos"phite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphophosphorous acid.

Sul`pho*phos*phor"ic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical sulphacid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphoric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*phos"phor*ous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a hypothetical acid of phosphorus, analogous to phosphorous acid, and known in its salts.

Sul"pho*salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of a sulphacid.

Sul`pho*stan"nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphostannic acid.

Sul`pho*stan"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, a sulphacid of tin (more exactly called metasulphostannic acid), which is obtained as a dark brown amorphous substance, H&?;SnS&?;, forming a well-known series of salts.

Sul`pho*tung"state (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of sulphotungstic acid.

Sul`pho*tung"stic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hypothetical sulphacid of tungsten (called also sulphowolframic acid), analogous to sulphuric acid, and known in its salts.

Sul`pho*vin"ic (?), a. [Sulpho- + vinum wine: cf. F. sulfovinique.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, and formerly designating, ethylsulphuric acid.

Sul"phur (?), n. [L., better sulfur: cf. F. soufre.] 1. (Chem.) A nonmetallic element occurring naturally in large quantities, either combined as in the sulphides (as pyrites) and sulphates (as gypsum), or native in volcanic regions, in vast beds mixed with gypsum and various earthy materials, from which it is melted out. Symbol S. Atomic weight 32. The specific gravity of ordinary octohedral sulphur is 2.05; of prismatic sulphur, 1.96.

It is purified by distillation, and is obtained as a lemon- yellow powder (by sublimation), called flour, or flowers, of sulphur, or in cast sticks called roll sulphur, or brimstone. It burns with a blue flame and a peculiar suffocating odor. It is an ingredient of gunpowder, is used on friction matches, and in medicine (as a laxative and insecticide), but its chief use is in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. Sulphur can be obtained in two crystalline modifications, in orthorhombic octahedra, or in monoclinic prisms, the former of which is the more stable at ordinary temperatures. Sulphur is the type, in its chemical relations, of a group of elements, including selenium and tellurium, called collectively the sulphur group, or family. In many respects sulphur resembles oxygen.

2. (Zoöl.) Any one of numerous species of yellow or orange butterflies of the subfamily Pierinæ; as, the clouded sulphur (Eurymus, or Colias, philodice), which is the common yellow butterfly of the Eastern United States.

Amorphous sulphur (Chem.), an elastic variety of sulphur of a resinous appearance, obtained by pouring melted sulphur into water. On standing, it passes back into a brittle crystalline modification. -- Liver of sulphur. (Old Chem.) See Hepar. -- Sulphur acid. (Chem.) See Sulphacid. -- Sulphur alcohol. (Chem.) See Mercaptan. -- Sulphur auratum [L.] (Old Chem.), a golden yellow powder, consisting of antimonic sulphide, Sb2S5, -- formerly a famous nostrum. -- Sulphur base (Chem.), an alkaline sulphide capable of acting as a base in the formation of sulphur salts according to the old dual theory of salts. [Archaic] -- Sulphur dioxide (Chem.), a colorless gas, SO2, of a pungent, suffocating odor, produced by the burning of sulphur. It is employed chiefly in the production of sulphuric acid, and as a reagent in bleaching; -- called also sulphurous anhydride, and formerly sulphurous acid. -- Sulphur ether (Chem.), a sulphide of hydrocarbon radicals, formed like the ordinary ethers, which are oxides, but with sulphur in the place of oxygen. -- Sulphur salt (Chem.), a salt of a sulphacid; a sulphosalt. -- Sulphur showers, showers of yellow pollen, resembling sulphur in appearance, often carried from pine forests by the wind to a great distance. -- Sulphur trioxide (Chem.), a white crystalline solid, SO3, obtained by oxidation of sulphur dioxide. It dissolves in water with a hissing noise and the production of heat, forming sulphuric acid, and is employed as a dehydrating agent. Called also sulphuric anhydride, and formerly sulphuric acid. -- Sulphur whale. (Zoöl.) See Sulphur- bottom. -- Vegetable sulphur (Bot.), lycopodium powder. See under Lycopodium.

Sul"phu*rate (?), a. [L. sulphuratus, sulfuratus.] Sulphureous. [Poetic & R.] Dr. H. More.

Sul"phu*rate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sulphurated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sulphurating.] (Chem.) To sulphurize. [Archaic]

Sul`phu*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sulfuration, L. sulphuratio, sulfuratio, a vein of sulphur.] The act or process of combining or impregnating with sulphur or its compounds; also, the state of being so combined or impregnated.

Sul"phu*ra`tor (?), n. An apparatus for impregnating with, or exposing to the action of, sulphur; especially, an apparatus for fumigating or bleaching by means of the fumes of burning sulphur.

Sul`phur-bot"tom (?), n. (Zoöl.) A very large whalebone whale of the genus Sibbaldius, having a yellowish belly; especially, S. sulfureus of the North Pacific, and S. borealis of the North Atlantic; -- called also sulphur whale.

Sul`phu*re"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being sulphureous. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Sul*phu"re*ous (?), a. [L. sulphureus, sulfureus.] Consisting of sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur, or brimstone; impregnated with sulphur.

Her snakes united, sulphureous waters drink.

Pope.

-- Sul*phu"re*ous*ly, adv. -- Sul*phu"re*ous*ness, n.

Sul"phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphide; as, a sulphuret of potassium. [Obsoles.]

Sul"phu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined or impregnated with sulphur; sulphurized. [Written also sulphuretted.]

Sulphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Hydrogen sulphide, under Hydrogen.

Sul*phu"ric (?), a. [Cf. F. sulfurique.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur; as, a sulphuric smell.

2. (Chem.) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a higher valence as contrasted with the sulphurous compounds; as, sulphuric acid.

Sulphuric acid. (a) Sulphur trioxide (see under Sulphur); -- formerly so called on the dualistic theory of salts. [Obs.] (b) A heavy, corrosive, oily liquid, H2SO4, colorless when pure, but usually yellowish or brownish, produced by the combined action of sulphur dioxide, oxygen (from the air), steam, and nitric fumes. It attacks and dissolves many metals and other intractable substances, sets free most acids from their salts, and is used in the manufacture of hydrochloric and nitric acids, of soda, of bleaching powders, etc. It is also powerful dehydrating agent, having a strong affinity for water, and eating and corroding paper, wood, clothing, etc. It is thus used in the manufacture of ether, of imitation parchment, and of nitroglycerin. It is also used in etching iron, in removing iron scale from forgings, in petroleum refining, etc., and in general its manufacture is the most important and fundamental of all the chemical industries. Formerly called vitriolic acid, and now popularly vitriol, and oil of vitriol. -- Fuming sulphuric acid, or Nordhausen sulphuric acid. See Disulphuric acid, under Disulphuric. -- Sulphuric anhydride, sulphur trioxide. See under Sulphur. -- Sulphuric ether, common anæsthetic ether; -- so called because made by the catalytic action of sulphuric acid on alcohol. See Ether, 3 (a).

Sul"phur*ine (?), a. Sulphureous. [R.]

Sul"phur*ing, n. Exposure to the fumes of burning sulphur, as in bleaching; the process of bleaching by exposure to the fumes of sulphur.

Sul"phur*ize (?), v. t. (Chem.) To combine or impregnate with sulphur or any of its compounds; as, to sulphurize caoutchouc in vulcanizing.

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Sul"phur*ous (?), a. [L. sulphurosus, sulfurosus: cf. F. sulfureux.] 1. Of or pertaining to sulphur.

2. (Chem.) (a) Derived from, or containing, sulphur; specifically, designating those compounds in which the element has a lower valence as contrasted with the sulphuric compounds. (b) Having the characteristic odor of sulphur dioxide, or of hydrogen sulphide, or of other sulphur compounds.

Sulphurous acid. (a) Sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur. [Obs.] (b) An acid, H2SO3, not known in the free state except as a solution of sulphur dioxide in water, but forming a well- known series of salts (the sulphites). -- Sulphurous anhydride (Chem.), sulphur dioxide. See under Sulphur.

Sul"phur*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) The hog's fennel. See under Fennel.

Sul"phur*y (?), a. Resembling, or partaking of the nature of, sulphur; having the qualities of sulphur.

Sul"phur*yl (?), n. [Sulphur + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical SO2; -- called also sulphon.

Sulphuryl chloride, a chloride, pungent, fuming liquid, SO2.Cl2, obtained by the action of phosphorus pentachloride on sulphur trioxide. On treatment with water it decomposes into sulphuric and hydrochloric acids, and is hence called also sulphuric chloranhydride.

Sul*phy"drate (?), n. (Chem.) A compound, analogous to a hydrate, regarded as a salt of sulphydric acid, or as a derivative of hydrogen sulphide in which one half of the hydrogen is replaced by a base (as potassium sulphydrate, KSH), or as a hydrate in which the oxygen has been wholly or partially replaced by sulphur.

Sul*phy"dric (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or designating, hydrogen sulphide, which is regarded as an acid, especially when in solution.

Sul*pi"cian (?), n. [So called after the parish of St. Sulpice in Paris, of which the founder, Jean Jacques Olier, was pastor in 1643.] (R. C. Ch.) One of an order of priests established in France in 1642 to educate men for the ministry. The order was introduced soon afterwards into Canada, and in 1791 into the United States. [Written also Sulpitian.]

Sul"tan (?), n. [F. sultan (cf. Sp. soldan, It. sultano, soldano), Ar. sultn sultan, dominion. Cf. Soldan.] A ruler, or sovereign, of a Mohammedan state; specifically, the ruler of the Turks; the Padishah, or Grand Seignior; -- officially so called.

Sultan flower. (Bot.) See Sweet sultan, under Sweet.

Sul*ta"na (?), n. [It.] 1. The wife of a sultan; a sultaness.

2. pl. A kind of seedless raisin produced near Smyrna in Asiatic Turkey.

Sultana bird (Zoöl.), the hyacinthine, or purple, gallinule. See Illust. under Gallinule.

Sul"tan*ate (?), n. [Cf. F. sultanat.] The rule or dominion of a sultan; sultanship.

Sul"tan*ess (?), n. A sultana.

Sul*tan"ic (?), a. Pertaining to a sultan.

Sul"tan-red` (?), a. Having a deep red color.

Sul"tan*ry (?), n. The dominions of a sultan. Bacon.

Sul"tan*ship, n. The office or dignity of a sultan.

Sul"tan*y (?), n. Sultanry. [Obs.] Fuller.

Sul"tri*ly (?), adv. In a sultry manner.

Sul"tri*ness, n. The quality or state of being sultry.

Sul"try (-tr), a. [Compar. Sultrier (?); superl. Sultriest.] [From Sweltry.] 1. Very hot, burning, and oppressive; as, Libya's sultry deserts.

Such as, born beneath the burning sky And sultry sun, betwixt the tropics lie.

Dryden.

2. Very hot and moist, or hot, close, stagnant, and oppressive, as air.

When in the sultry glebe I faint, Or on the thirsty mountain plant.

Addison.

Sum (?), n. [OE. summe, somme, OF. sume, some, F. somme, L. summa, fr. summus highest, a superlative from sub under. See Sub-, and cf. Supreme.] 1. The aggregate of two or more numbers, magnitudes, quantities, or particulars; the amount or whole of any number of individuals or particulars added together; as, the sum of 5 and 7 is 12.

Take ye the sum of all the congregation.

Num. i. 2.

Sum is now commonly applied to an aggregate of numbers, and number to an aggregate of persons or things.

2. A quantity of money or currency; any amount, indefinitely; as, a sum of money; a small sum, or a large sum. "The sum of forty pound." Chaucer.

With a great sum obtained I this freedom.

Acts xxii. 28.

3. The principal points or thoughts when viewed together; the amount; the substance; compendium; as, this is the sum of all the evidence in the case; this is the sum and substance of his objections.

4. Height; completion; utmost degree.

Thus have I told thee all my state, and brought My story to the sum of earthly bliss.

Milton.

5. (Arith.) A problem to be solved, or an example to be wrought out. Macaulay.

A sum in arithmetic wherein a flaw discovered at a particular point is ipso facto fatal to the whole.

Gladstone.

A large sheet of paper . . . covered with long sums.

Dickens.

Algebraic sum, as distinguished from arithmetical sum, the aggregate of two or more numbers or quantities taken with regard to their signs, as + or -, according to the rules of addition in algebra; thus, the algebraic sum of - 2, 8, and -1 is 5. -- In sum, in short; in brief. [Obs.] "In sum, the gospel . . . prescribes every virtue to our conduct, and forbids every sin." Rogers.

Sum, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summing.] [Cf. F. sommer, LL. summare.] 1. To bring together into one whole; to collect into one amount; to cast up, as a column of figures; to ascertain the totality of; -- usually with up.

The mind doth value every moment, and then the hour doth rather sum up the moments, than divide the day.

Bacon.

2. To bring or collect into a small compass; to comprise in a few words; to condense; -- usually with up.

"Go to the ant, thou sluggard," in few words sums up the moral of this fable.

L'Estrange.

He sums their virtues in himself alone.

Dryden.

3. (Falconry) To have (the feathers) full grown; to furnish with complete, or full-grown, plumage.

But feathered soon and fledge They summed their pens [wings].

Milton.

Summing up, a compendium or abridgment; a recapitulation; a résumé; a summary.

Syn. -- To cast up; collect; comprise; condense; comprehend; compute.

{ Su"mac, Su"mach } (?), n. [F. sumac, formerly sumach (cf. Sp. zumaque), fr. Ar. summq.] [Written also shumac.] 1. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Rhus, shrubs or small trees with usually compound leaves and clusters of small flowers. Some of the species are used in tanning, some in dyeing, and some in medicine. One, the Japanese Rhus vernicifera, yields the celebrated Japan varnish, or lacquer.

2. The powdered leaves, peduncles, and young branches of certain species of the sumac plant, used in tanning and dyeing.

Poison sumac. (Bot.) See under Poison.

Su*ma"tran (?), a. Of or pertaining to Sumatra or its inhabitants. -- n. A native of Sumatra.

Sum"bul (?), n. [Pers.] The musky root of an Asiatic umbelliferous plant, Ferula Sumbul. It is used in medicine as a stimulant. [Written also sumbal.] - - Sum*bul"ic, a.

Sum"less (?), a. Not to be summed up or computed; so great that the amount can not be ascertained; incalculable; inestimable. "Sumless treasure." Pope.

Sum"ma*ri*ly (?), adv. In a summary manner.

Sum"ma*rist (?), n. One who summarized.

Sum"ma*rize (?), v. t. To comprise in, or reduce to, a summary; to present briefly. Chambers.

Sum"ma*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. sommaire. See Sum.] 1. Formed into a sum; summed up; reduced into a narrow compass, or into few words; short; brief; concise; compendious; as, a summary statement of facts.

2. Hence, rapidly performed; quickly executed; as, a summary process; to take summary vengeance.

Syn. -- Short; brief; concise; compendious; succinct.

Sum"ma*ry, n.; pl. Summaries (#). [F. sommaire, or L. summarium. See Summary, a.] A general or comprehensive statement; an abridged account; an abstract, abridgment, or compendium, containing the sum or substance of a fuller account.

Sum*ma"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. sommation. See Sum, v. t.] The act of summing, or forming a sum, or total amount; also, an aggregate.

Of this series no summation is possible to a finite intellect.

De Quincey.

Sum"mer (?), n. [From Sum, v.] One who sums; one who casts up an account.

Sum"mer, n. [F. sommier a rafter, the same word as sommier a beast of burden. See Sumpter.] (Arch.) A large stone or beam placed horizontally on columns, piers, posts, or the like, serving for various uses. Specifically: (a) The lintel of a door or window. (b) The commencement of a cross vault. (c) A central floor timber, as a girder, or a piece reaching from a wall to a girder. Called also summertree.

Sum"mer, n. [OE. sumer, somer, AS. sumor, sumer; akin to OFries. sumur, D. zomer, OS. sumar, G. sommer, OHG. & Icel. sumar, Dan. sommer, Sw. sommar, W. haf, Zend hama, Skr. sam year. &radic;292.] The season of the year in which the sun shines most directly upon any region; the warmest period of the year.

North of the equator summer is popularly taken to include the months of June, July, and August. Astronomically it may be considered, in the northern hemisphere, to begin with the summer solstice, about June 21st, and to end with the autumnal equinox, about September 22d.

Indian summer, in North America, a period of warm weather late in autumn, usually characterized by a clear sky, and by a hazy or smoky appearance of the atmosphere, especially near the horizon. The name is derived probably from the custom of the Indians of using this time in preparation for winter by laying in stores of food. -- Saint Martin's summer. See under Saint. -- Summer bird (Zoöl.), the wryneck. [Prov. Eng.] -- Summer colt, the undulating state of the air near the surface of the ground when heated. [Eng.] -- Summer complaint (Med.), a popular term for any diarrheal disorder occurring in summer, especially when produced by heat and indigestion. -- Summer coot (Zoöl.), the American gallinule. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer cypress (Bot.), an annual plant (Kochia Scoparia) of the Goosefoot family. It has narrow, ciliate, crowded leaves, and is sometimes seen in gardens. -- Summer duck. (Zoöl.) (a) The wood duck. (b) The garganey, or summer teal. See Illust. of Wood duck, under Wood. -- Summer fallow, land uncropped and plowed, etc., during the summer, in order to pulverize the soil and kill the weeds. -- Summer rash (Med.), prickly heat. See under Prickly. -- Summer sheldrake (Zoöl.), the hooded merganser. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer snipe. (Zoöl.) (a) The dunlin. (b) The common European sandpiper. (c) The green sandpiper. -- Summer tanager (Zoöl.), a singing bird (Piranga rubra) native of the Middle and Southern United States. The male is deep red, the female is yellowish olive above and yellow beneath. Called also summer redbird. -- Summer teal (Zoöl.), the blue-winged teal. [Local, U.S.] -- Summer wheat, wheat that is sown in the spring, and matures during the summer following. See Spring wheat. -- Summer yellowbird. (Zoöl.) See Yellowbird.

Sum"mer, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Summered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summering.] To pass the summer; to spend the warm season; as, to summer in Switzerland.

The fowls shall summer upon them.

Isa. xviii. 6.

Sum"mer, v. t. To keep or carry through the summer; to feed during the summer; as, to summer stock.

Sum"mer-fal"low (?), v. t. To plow and work in summer, in order to prepare for wheat or other crop; to plow and let lie fallow.

Sum"mer*house` (?), n.; pl. Summerhouses (&?;). A rustic house or apartment in a garden or park, to be used as a pleasure resort in summer. Shak.

Sum"mer*li*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being like summer. [R.] Fuller.

{ Sum"mer*sault (?), Sum"mer*set (?), } n. See Somersault, Somerset.

Sum"mer*stir` (?), v. t. To summer- fallow.

Sum"mer*tide` (?), n. Summer time.

Sum"mer*tree` (?), n. [Summer a beam + tree.] (Arch.) A summer. See 2d Summer.

Sum"mer*y (?), a. Of or pertaining to summer; like summer; as, a summery day.

Sum"mist (?), n. One who sums up; one who forms an abridgment or summary. Sir E. Dering.

Sum"mit (?), n. [F. sommet, dim. of OF. som, sum, top, from L. summum, from summus highest. See Sum, n.] 1. The top; the highest point.

Fixed on the summit of the highest mount.

Shak.

2. The highest degree; the utmost elevation; the acme; as, the summit of human fame.

3. (Zoöl.) The most elevated part of a bivalve shell, or the part in which the hinge is situated.

Summit level, the highest level of a canal, a railroad, or the like, in surmounting an ascent.

Sum"mit*less, a. Having no summit.

Sum"mit*y (?), n. [L. summitas, fr. summus highest: cf. F. sommité. See Sum, n.] 1. The height or top of anything. [Obs.] Swift.

2. The utmost degree; perfection. [Obs.] Hallywell.

Sum"mon (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Summoned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Summoning.] [OE. somonen, OF. sumundre, semondre, F. semondre, from (assumed) LL. summonre, for L. summonre to give a hint; sub under + monere to admonish, to warn. See Monition, and cf. Submonish.] 1. To call, bid, or cite; to notify to come to appear; -- often with up.

Stiffen the sinews, summon up the blood.

Shak.

Trumpets summon him to war.

Dryden.

2. To give notice to, or command to appear, as in court; to cite by authority; as, to summon witnesses.

3. (Mil.) To call upon to surrender, as a fort.

Syn. -- To call; cite; notify; convene; convoke; excite; invite; bid. See Call.

Sum"mon*er (?), n. [OE. somner, sompnour, OF. semoneor, F. semonneur. See Summon, v. t.] One who summons; one who cites by authority; specifically, a petty officer formerly employed to summon persons to appear in court; an apparitor.

Sum"mons (?), n.; pl. Summonses (#). [OE. somouns, OF. sumunse, semonse, semonce, F. semonce, semondre to summon, OF. p. p. semons. See Summon, v.] 1. The act of summoning; a call by authority, or by the command of a superior, to appear at a place named, or to attend to some duty.

Special summonses by the king.

Hallam.

This summons . . . unfit either to dispute or disobey.

Bp. Fell.

He sent to summon the seditious, and to offer pardon; but neither summons nor pardon was regarded.

Sir J. Hayward.

2. (Law) A warning or citation to appear in court; a written notification signed by the proper officer, to be served on a person, warning him to appear in court at a day specified, to answer to the plaintiff, testify as a witness, or the like.

3. (Mil.) A demand to surrender.

Sum"mons, v. t. To summon. [R. or Colloq.] Swift.

Sum"ner (?), n. A summoner. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Su*moom" (?), n. See Simoom.

Sump (?), n. [Cf. G. sumpf a sump in a mine, a swamp, akin to LG. sump, D. somp a swamp, Dan. & Sw. sump, and perhaps to E. swamp.] 1. (Metal.) A round pit of stone, lined with clay, for receiving the metal on its first fusion. Ray.

2. The cistern or reservoir made at the lowest point of a mine, from which is pumped the water which accumulates there.

3. A pond of water for salt works. Knight.

4. A puddle or dirty pool. [Prov. Eng.]

Sump fuse, a fuse used in blasting under water. -- Sump men (Mining), the men who sink the sump in a mine.

Sumph (?), n. A dunce; a blockhead. [Scot.]

Sum"pi*tan (?), n. A kind of blowgun for discharging arrows, -- used by the savages of Borneo and adjacent islands.

Sump"ter (?), n. [OF. sommetier the driver of a pack horse; akin to OF. & F. sommier a pack horse, L. sagmarius, fr. sagma a pack saddle, in LL., a load, Gr. &?; a pack saddle, fr. &?; to pack, load; cf. Skr. saj, sañj, to hang on. Cf. Seam a weight, Summer a beam.] 1. The driver of a pack horse. [Obs.] Skeat.

2. A pack; a burden. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

3. An animal, especially a horse, that carries packs or burdens; a baggage horse. Holinshed.

Sump"ter, a. Carrying pack or burdens on the back; as, a sumpter horse; a sumpter mule. Bacon.

Sump"tion (?), n. [L. sumptio, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take.] 1. A taking. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

2. (Logic) The major premise of a syllogism.

Sump"tu*a*ry (?), a. [L. sumptuarius, fr. sumptus expense, cost, fr. sumere, sumptum, to take, use, spend; sub under + emere to take, buy: cf. F. somptuaire. See Redeem.] Relating to expense; regulating expense or expenditure. Bacon.

Sumptuary laws or regulations, laws intended to restrain or limit the expenditure of citizens in apparel, food, furniture, etc.; laws which regulate the prices of commodities and the wages of labor; laws which forbid or restrict the use of certain articles, as of luxurious apparel.

Sump`tu*os"i*ty (?), n. [L. sumptuositas: cf. F. somptuosité.] Expensiveness; costliness; sumptuousness. [R.] Sir W. Raleigh.

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Sump"tu*ous (?), a. [L. sumptuosus, fr. sumptus expanse, cost: cf. F. somptueux. See Sumptuary.] Involving large outlay or expense; costly; expensive; hence, luxurious; splendid; magnificient; as, a sumptuous house or table; sumptuous apparel.

We are too magnificient and sumptuous in our tables and attendance.

Atterbury.

She spoke, and turned her sumptuous head, with eyes Of shining expectation fixed on mine.

Tennyson.

-- Sump"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Sump"tu*ous*ness, n.

Sun (?), n. (Bot.) See Sunn.

Sun (?), n. [OE. sunne, sonne, AS. sunne; akin to OFries. sunne, D. zon, OS. & OHG. sunna, G. sonne, Icel. sunna, Goth. sunna; perh. fr. same root as L. sol. &radic;297. Cf. Solar, South.] 1. The luminous orb, the light of which constitutes day, and its absence night; the central body round which the earth and planets revolve, by which they are held in their orbits, and from which they receive light and heat. Its mean distance from the earth is about 92,500,000 miles, and its diameter about 860,000.

Its mean apparent diameter as seen from the earth is 32&prime; 4&Prime;, and it revolves on its own axis once in 25 days. Its mean density is about one fourth of that of the earth, or 1.41, that of water being unity. Its luminous surface is called the photosphere, above which is an envelope consisting partly of hydrogen, called the chromosphere, which can be seen only through the spectroscope, or at the time of a total solar eclipse. Above the chromosphere, and sometimes extending out millions of miles, are luminous rays or streams of light which are visible only at the time of a total eclipse, forming the solar corona.

2. Any heavenly body which forms the center of a system of orbs.

3. The direct light or warmth of the sun; sunshine.

Lambs that did frisk in the sun.

Shak.

4. That which resembles the sun, as in splendor or importance; any source of light, warmth, or animation.

For the Lord God is a sun and shield.

Ps. lxxiv. 11.

I will never consent to put out the sun of sovereignity to posterity.

Eikon Basilike.

Sun and planet wheels (Mach.), an ingenious contrivance for converting reciprocating motion, as that of the working beam of a steam engine, into rotatory motion. It consists of a toothed wheel (called the sun wheel), firmly secured to the shaft it is desired to drive, and another wheel (called the planet wheel) secured to the end of a connecting rod. By the motion of the connecting rod, the planet wheel is made to circulate round the central wheel on the shaft, communicating to this latter a velocity of revolution the double of its own. G. Francis. -- Sun angel (Zoöl.), a South American humming bird of the genus Heliangelos, noted for its beautiful colors and the brilliant luster of the feathers of its throat. -- Sun animalcute. (Zoöl.) See Heliozoa. -- Sun bath (Med.), exposure of a patient to the sun's rays; insolation. -- Sun bear (Zoöl.), a species of bear (Helarctos Malayanus) native of Southern Asia and Borneo. It has a small head and short neck, and fine short glossy fur, mostly black, but brownish on the nose. It is easily tamed. Called also bruang, and Malayan bear. -- Sun beetle (Zoöl.), any small lustrous beetle of the genus Amara. -- Sun bittern (Zoöl.), a singular South American bird (Eurypyga helias), in some respects related both to the rails and herons. It is beautifully variegated with white, brown, and black. Called also sunbird, and tiger bittern. -- Sun fever (Med.), the condition of fever produced by sun stroke. -- Sun gem (Zoöl.), a Brazilian humming bird (Heliactin cornutus). Its head is ornamented by two tufts of bright colored feathers, fiery crimson at the base and greenish yellow at the tip. Called also Horned hummer. -- Sun grebe (Zoöl.), the finfoot. -- Sun picture, a picture taken by the agency of the sun's rays; a photograph. -- Sun spots (Astron.), dark spots that appear on the sun's disk, consisting commonly of a black central portion with a surrounding border of lighter shade, and usually seen only by the telescope, but sometimes by the naked eye. They are very changeable in their figure and dimensions, and vary in size from mere apparent points to spaces of 50,000 miles in diameter. The term sun spots is often used to include bright spaces (called faculæ) as well as dark spaces (called maculæ). Called also solar spots. See Illustration in Appendix. -- Sun star (Zoöl.), any one of several species of starfishes belonging to Solaster, Crossaster, and allied genera, having numerous rays. -- Sun trout (Zoöl.), the squeteague. -- Sun wheel. (Mach.) See Sun and planet wheels, above. -- Under the sun, in the world; on earth. "There is no new thing under the sun." Eccl. i. 9.

Sun is often used in the formation of compound adjectives of obvious meaning; as, sun-bright, sun- dried, sun-gilt, sunlike, sun-lit, sun- scorched, and the like.

Sun, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sunning.] To expose to the sun's rays; to warm or dry in the sun; as, to sun cloth; to sun grain.

Then to sun thyself in open air.

Dryden.

Sun"beam` (?), n. [AS. sunnebeam.] A beam or ray of the sun. "Evening sunbeams." Keble.

Thither came Uriel, gliding through the even On a sunbeam.

Milton.

Sun"bird` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) Any one of numerous species of small brilliantly colored birds of the family Nectariniidæ, native of Africa, Southern Asia, the East Indies, and Australia. In external appearance and habits they somewhat resemble humming birds, but they are true singing birds (Oscines). (b) The sun bittern.

Sun"blink` (?), n. A glimpse or flash of the sun. [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Sun"bon"net (?), n. A bonnet, generally made of some thin or light fabric, projecting beyond the face, and commonly having a cape, -- worn by women as a protection against the sun.

Sun"bow` (?), n. A rainbow; an iris. Byron.

Sun"burn` (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sunburned (?) or Sunburnt (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Sunburning.] To burn or discolor by the sun; to tan.

Sunburnt and swarthy though she be.

Dryden.

Sun"burn`, n. The burning or discoloration produced on the skin by the heat of the sun; tan.

Sun"-burn`er (?), n. A circle or cluster of gas-burners for lighting and ventilating public buildings.

Sun"burn`ing, n. Sunburn; tan. Boyle.

Sun"burst` (?), n. A burst of sunlight.

Sun"dart` (?), n. Sunbeam. [R.] Mrs. Hemans.

Sun"day (?), n. [AS. sunnandæg; sunne, gen. sunnan, the sun + dæg day; akin to D. zondag, G. sonntag; -- so called because this day was anciently dedicated to the sun, or to its worship. See Sun, and Day.] The first day of the week, -- consecrated among Christians to rest from secular employments, and to religious worship; the Christian Sabbath; the Lord's Day.

Advent Sunday, Low Sunday, Passion Sunday, etc. See under Advent, Low, etc.

Syn. -- See Sabbath.

Sun"day, a. Belonging to the Christian Sabbath.

Sunday letter. See Dominical letter, under Dominical. -- Sunday school. See under School.

Sun"der (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Sundered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Sundering.] [OE. sundren, AS. sundrain (in sundrain, gesundrain), from sundor asunder, separately, apart; akin to D. zonder, prep., without, G. sonder separate, as prep., without, sondern but, OHG. suntar separately, Icel. sundr asunder, Sw. & Dan. sönder, Goth. sundr alone, separately.] To disunite in almost any manner, either by rending, cutting, or breaking; to part; to put or keep apart; to separate; to divide; to sever; as, to sunder a rope; to sunder a limb; to sunder friends.

It is sundered from the main land by a sandy plain.

Carew.

Sun"der, v. i. To part; to separate. [R.] Shak.

Sun"der, n. [See Sunder, v. t., and cf. Asunder.] A separation into parts; a division or severance.

In sunder, into parts. "He breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in sunder." Ps. xlvi. 9.

Sun"der, v. t. To expose to the sun and wind. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Sun"dew` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Drosera, low bog plants whose leaves are beset with pediceled glands which secrete a viscid fluid that glitters like dewdrops and attracts and detains insects. After an insect is caught, the glands curve inward like tentacles and the leaf digests it. Called also lustwort.

Sun"di`al (?), n. An instrument to show the time of day by means of the shadow of a gnomon, or style, on a plate.

Sundial shell (Zoöl.), any shell of the genus Solarium. See Solarium.

Sun"dog` (?), n. (Meteorol.) A luminous spot occasionally seen a few degrees from the sun, supposed to be formed by the intersection of two or more halos, or in a manner similar to that of halos.

Sun"down` (?), n. 1. The setting of the sun; sunset. "When sundown skirts the moor." Tennyson.

2. A kind of broad-brimmed sun hat worn by women.

Sun"-dried` (?), a. Dried by the heat of the sun. "Sun-dried brick." Sir T. Herbert.

Sun"dries (?), n. pl. Many different or small things; sundry things.

Sun"dri*ly (?), adv. In sundry ways; variously.

Sun"dry (?), a. [OE. sundry, sondry, AS. syndrig, fr. sundor asunder. See Sunder, v. t.] 1. Several; divers; more than one or two; various. "Sundry wines." Chaucer. "Sundry weighty reasons." Shak.

With many a sound of sundry melody.

Chaucer.

Sundry foes the rural realm surround.

Dryden.

2. Separate; diverse. [Obs.]

Every church almost had the Bible of a sundry translation.

Coleridge.

All and sundry, all collectively, and each separately.

Sun"dry*man (?), n.; pl. Sundrymen (&?;). One who deals in sundries, or a variety of articles.

Sun"fish` (?), n. (Zoöl.) (a) A very large oceanic plectognath fish (Mola mola, Mola rotunda, or Orthagoriscus mola) having a broad body and a truncated tail. (b) Any one of numerous species of perch-like North American fresh- water fishes of the family Centrachidæ. They have a broad, compressed body, and strong dorsal spines. Among the common species of the Eastern United States are Lepomis gibbosus (called also bream, pondfish, pumpkin seed, and sunny), the blue sunfish, or dollardee (L. pallidus), and the long-eared sunfish (L. auritus). Several of the species are called also pondfish. (c) The moonfish, or bluntnosed shiner. (d) The opah. (e) The basking, or liver, shark. (f) Any large jellyfish.

Sun"flow`er (?), n. Any plant of the genus Helianthus; -- so called probably from the form and color of its flower, which is large disk with yellow rays. The commonly cultivated sunflower is Helianthus annuus, a native of America.

Sung (?), imp. & p. p. of Sing.

Sun"glass` (?), n.; pl. Sunglasses (&?;). A convex lens of glass for producing heat by converging the sun's rays into a focus. "Lighting a cigar with a sunglass." Hawthorne.

Sun"glow` (?), n. A rosy flush in the sky seen after sunset.

Sunk (?), imp. & p. p. of Sink.

Sunk fence, a ditch with a retaining wall, used to divide lands without defacing a landscape; a ha-ha.

Sunk"en (?), a. Lying on the bottom of a river or other water; sunk.

Sun"less (?), a. Destitute or deprived of the sun or its rays; shaded; shadowed.

The sunken glen whose sunless shrubs must weep.

Byron.

Sun"light` (?), n. The light of the sun. Milton.

Sun"like` (?), a. Like or resembling the sun. "A spot of sunlike brilliancy." Tyndall.

Sun"lit` (?), a. Lighted by the sun.

Sunn (?), n. [Hind. san, fr. Skr. çana.] (Bot.) An East Indian leguminous plant (Crotalaria juncea) and its fiber, which is also called sunn hemp. [Written also sun.]

||Sun"na (?), n. [Ar. sunnah rule, law.] A collection of traditions ||received by the orthodox Mohammedans as of equal authority with the ||Koran.

Sun"ni*ah (?), n. One of the sect of Sunnites.

Sun"ni*ness (?), n. The quality or state of being sunny.

Sun"nite (?), n. One of the orthodox Mohammedans who receive the Sunna as of equal importance with the Koran.

Sun"nud (?), n. [Hind., fr. Ar. sanad.] A charter or warrant; also, a deed of gift. [India]

Sun"ny (?), a. [Compar. Sunnier (?); superl. Sunniest.] 1. Of or pertaining to the sun; proceeding from, or resembling the sun; hence, shining; bright; brilliant; radiant. "Sunny beams." Spenser. "Sunny locks." Shak.

2. Exposed to the rays of the sun; brightened or warmed by the direct rays of the sun; as, a sunny room; the sunny side of a hill.

Her blooming mountains and her sunny shores.

Addison.

3. Cheerful; genial; as, a sunny disposition.

My decayed fair A sunny look of his would soon repair.

Shak.

Sun"ny, n. (Zoöl.) See Sunfish (b).

Sun"proof` (?), a. Impervious to the rays of the sun. "Darksome yew, sunproof." Marston.

{ Sun"rise` (?), Sun"ris`ing, } n. 1. The first appearance of the sun above the horizon in the morning; more generally, the time of such appearance, whether in fair or cloudy weather; as, to begin work at sunrise. "The tide of sunrise swells." Keble.

2. Hence, the region where the sun rises; the east.

Which were beyond Jordan toward the sunrising.

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