The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section P and Q (part 2 of 5)

The Gutenberg Webster's Unabridged Dictionary: Section P and Q (part 2 of 5)

Pelvic arch, or Pelvic girdle (Anat.), the two or more bony or cartilaginous pieces of the vertebrate skeleton to which the hind limbs are articulated. When fully ossified, the arch usually consists of three principal bones on each side, the ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are often closely united in the adult, forming the innominate bone. See Innominate bone, under Innominate.

Pel*vim"e*ter (?), n. [Pelvis + -meter.: cf. F. pelvimËtre.] An instrument for measuring the dimensions of the pelvis. Coxe.

Pel"vis (?), n. [L., a basin, laver; cf. Gr. &?;, &?;, bowl.] 1. (Anat.) The pelvic arch, or the pelvic arch together with the sacrum. See Pelvic arch, under Pelvic, and Sacrum.

2. (Zoˆl.) The calyx of a crinoid.

Pelvis of the kidney (Anat.), the basinlike cavity into which the ureter expands as it joins the kidney.

Pem"mi*can (?), n. [Written also pemican.] 1. Among the North American Indians, meat cut in thin slices, divested of fat, and dried in the sun.

Then on pemican they feasted.

Longfellow.

2. Meat, without the fat, cut in thin slices, dried in the sun, pounded, then mixed with melted fat and sometimes dried fruit, and compressed into cakes or in bags. It contains much nutriment in small compass, and is of great use in long voyages of exploration.

||Pem*phi"gus (?), n. [Nl., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a bubble.] (Med.) A ||somewhat rare skin disease, characterized by the development of blebs ||upon different part of the body. Quain.

Pen (?), n. [OE. penne, OF. penne, pene, F. penne, fr. L. penna.] 1. A feather. [Obs.] Spenser.

2. A wing. [Obs.] Milton.

3. An instrument used for writing with ink, formerly made of a reed, or of the quill of a goose or other bird, but now also of other materials, as of steel, gold, etc. Also, originally, a stylus or other instrument for scratching or graving.

Graven with an iron pen and lead in the rock.

Job xix. 24.

4. Fig.: A writer, or his style; as, he has a sharp pen. "Those learned pens." Fuller.

5. (Zoˆl.) The internal shell of a squid.

6. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoˆl.) A female swan. [Prov. Eng.]

Bow pen. See Bow-pen. -- Dotting pen, a pen for drawing dotted lines. -- Drawing, or Ruling, pen, a pen for ruling lines having a pair of blades between which the ink is contained. -- Fountain pen, Geometric pen. See under Fountain, and Geometric. -- Music pen, a pen having five points for drawing the five lines of the staff. -- Pen and ink, or pen- and-ink, executed or done with a pen and ink; as, a pen and ink sketch. -- Pen feather. A pin feather. [Obs.] -- Pen name. See under Name. -- Sea pen (Zoˆl.), a pennatula. [Usually written sea- pen.]

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Penning (?).] To write; to compose and commit to paper; to indite; to compose; as, to pen a sonnet. "A prayer elaborately penned." Milton.

Pen, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penned (?) or Pent (&?;); p. pr. & vb. n. Penning.] [OE. pennen, AS. pennan in on-pennan to unfasten, prob. from the same source as pin, and orig. meaning, to fasten with a peg.See Pin, n. & v.] To shut up, as in a pen or cage; to confine in a small inclosure or narrow space; to coop up, or shut in; to inclose. "Away with her, and pen her up." Shak.

Watching where shepherds pen their flocks at eve.

Milton.

Pen, n. [From Pen to shut in.] A small inclosure; as, a pen for sheep or for pigs.

My father stole two geese out of a pen.

Shak.

Pe"nal (?), a. [L. poenalis, fr. poena punishment: cf. F. pÈnal. See Pain.] Of or pertaining to punishment, to penalties, or to crimes and offenses; pertaining to criminal jurisprudence: as: (a) Enacting or threatening punishment; as, a penal statue; the penal code. (b) Incurring punishment; subject to a penalty; as, a penalact of offense. (c) Inflicted as punishment; used as a means of punishment; as, a penal colony or settlement. "Adamantine chains and penal fire." Milton.

Penal code (Law), a code of laws concerning crimes and offenses and their punishment. -- Penal laws, Penal statutes (Law), laws prohibited certain acts, and imposing penalties for committing them. -- Penal servitude, imprisonment with hard labor, in a prison, in lieu of transportation. [Great Brit.] -- Penal suit, Penal action (Law), a suit for penalties.

Pe*nal"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. LL. poenalitas. See Penalty.] The quality or state of being penal; lability to punishment. Sir T. Browne.

Pe"nal*ize (?), v. t. 1. To make penal.

2. (Sport.) To put a penalty on. See Penalty, 3. [Eng.]

Pe"nal*ly (?), adv. In a penal manner.

Pe"nal*ty (?), n.; pl. Penalties (#). [F. pÈnalitÈ. See Penal.] 1. Penal retribution; punishment for crime or offense; the suffering in person or property which is annexed by law or judicial decision to the commission of a crime, offense, or trespass.

Death is the penalty imposed.

Milton.

2. The suffering, or the sum to be forfeited, to which a person subjects himself by covenant or agreement, in case of nonfulfillment of stipulations; forfeiture; fine.

The penalty and forfeit of my bond.

Shak.

3. A handicap. [Sporting Cant]

The term penalty is in law mostly applied to a pecuniary punishment.

Bill of pains and penalties. See under Bill. -- On, or Under, penalty of, on pain of; with exposure to the penalty of, in case of transgression.

Pen"ance (?), n. [OF. penance, peneance, L. paenitentia repentance. See Penitence.] 1. Repentance. [Obs.] Wyclif (Luke xv. 7).

2. Pain; sorrow; suffering. [Obs.] "Joy or penance he feeleth none." Chaucer.

3. (Eccl.) A means of repairing a sin committed, and obtaining pardon for it, consisting partly in the performance of expiatory rites, partly in voluntary submission to a punishment corresponding to the transgression. Penance is the fourth of seven sacraments in the Roman Catholic Church. Schaff- Herzog Encyc.

And bitter penance, with an iron whip.

Spenser.

Quoth he, "The man hath penance done, And penance more will do."

Coleridge.

Pen"ance, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penanced (?).] To impose penance; to punish. "Some penanced lady elf." Keats.

Pen"ance*less, a. Free from penance. [R.]

Pe*nang" nut` (?). [From the native name.] (Bot.) The betel nut. Balfour (Cyc. of India).

Pen*an"nu*lar (?), a. [L. pene, paene, almost + E. annular.] Nearly annular; having nearly the form of a ring. "Penannular relics." D. Wilson.

Pe"na*ry (?), a. Penal. [Obs.] Gauden.

||Pe*na"tes (?), n. pl. [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) The household gods of the ||ancient Romans. They presided over the home and the family hearth. ||See Lar.

Pen"aunt (?), n. [OF. penant, peneant. See Penitent.] A penitent. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pence (?), n., pl. of Penny. See Penny.

Pen"cel (?), n. [See Pennoncel.] A small, narrow flag or streamer borne at the top of a lance; -- called also pennoncel. [Obs.] Piers Plowman. Chaucer.

||Pen`chant" (?), n. [F., fr. pencher to bend, fr. (assumed) LL. ||pendicare, L. pendere. See Pendant.] Inclination; decided taste; ||bias; as, a penchant for art.

Pen"chute` (?), n. See Penstock.

Pen"cil (?), n. [OF. pincel, F. pinceau, L. penicillum, penicillus, equiv. to peniculus, dim. of penis a tail. Cf. Penicil.] 1. A small, fine brush of hair or bristles used by painters for laying on colors.

With subtile pencil depainted was this storie.

Chaucer.

2. A slender cylinder or strip of black lead, colored chalk, slate etc., or such a cylinder or strip inserted in a small wooden rod intended to be pointed, or in a case, which forms a handle, -- used for drawing or writing. See Graphite.

3. Hence, figuratively, an artist's ability or peculiar manner; also, in general, the act or occupation of the artist, descriptive writer, etc.

4. (Opt.) An aggregate or collection of rays of light, especially when diverging from, or converging to, a point.

5. (Geom.) A number of lines that intersect in one point, the point of intersection being called the pencil point.

6. (Med.) A small medicated bougie.

Pencil case, a holder for pencil lead. - - Pencil flower (Bot.), an American perennial leguminous herb (Stylosanthes elatior). -- Pencil lead, a slender rod of black lead, or the like, adapted for insertion in a holder.

Pen"cil, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penciled (?) or Pencilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Penciling or Pencilling.] To write or mark with a pencil; to paint or to draw. Cowper.

Where nature pencils butterflies on flowers.

Harte.

Pen"ciled (?), a. [Written also pencilled.] 1. Painted, drawn, sketched, or marked with a pencil.

2. Radiated; having pencils of rays.

3. (Nat. Hist.) Marked with parallel or radiating lines.

Pen"cil*ing (?), n. [Written also pencilling.] 1. The work of the pencil or bruch; as, delicate penciling in a picture.

2. (Brickwork) Lines of white or black paint drawn along a mortar joint in a brick wall. Knight.

{ Pen"cil*late (?), Pen"cil*la`ted (?), } a. Shaped like a pencil; penicillate.

Pen"craft (?), n. 1. Penmanship; skill in writing; chirography.

2. The art of composing or writing; authorship.

I would not give a groat for that person's knowledge in pencraft.

Sterne.

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Pend (?), n. Oil cake; penock. [India]

Pend, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pended; p. pr. & vb. n. Pending.] [L. pendere.] 1. To hang; to depend. [R.]

Pending upon certain powerful motions.

I. Taylor.

2. To be undecided, or in process of adjustment.

Pend, v. t. [Cf. pen to shut in, or AS. pyndan, E. pound an inclosure.] To pen; to confine. [R.]

ended within the limits . . . of Greece.

Udall.

Pend"ant (?), n. [F., orig. p. pr. of pendre to hang, L. pendere. Cf. Pendent, Pansy, Pensive, Poise, Ponder.] 1. Something which hangs or depends; something suspended; a hanging appendage, especially one of an ornamental character; as to a chandelier or an eardrop; also, an appendix or addition, as to a book.

Some hang upon the pendants of her ear.

Pope.

Many . . . have been pleased with this work and its pendant, the Tales and Popular Fictions.

Keightley.

2. (Arch.) A hanging ornament on roofs, ceilings, etc., much used in the later styles of Gothic architecture, where it is of stone, and an important part of the construction. There are imitations in plaster and wood, which are mere decorative features. "[A bridge] with . . . pendants graven fair." Spenser.

3. (Fine Arts) One of a pair; a counterpart; as, one vase is the pendant to the other vase.

4. A pendulum. [Obs.] Sir K. Digby.

5. The stem and ring of a watch, by which it is suspended. [U.S.] Knight.

Pendant post (Arch.), a part of the framing of an open timber roof; a post set close against the wall, and resting upon a corbel or other solid support, and supporting the ends of a collar beam or any part of the roof.

Pend"ence (?), n. [See Pendent.] Slope; inclination. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pend"en*cy (?), n. 1. The quality or state of being pendent or suspended.

2. The quality or state of being undecided, or in continuance; suspense; as, the pendency of a suit. Ayliffe.

Pend"ent (?), a. [L. pendens, -entis, p. pr. of pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendant.] 1. Supported from above; suspended; depending; pendulous; hanging; as, a pendent leaf. "The pendent world." Shak.

Often their tresses, when shaken, with pendent icicles tinkle.

Longfellow.

2. Jutting over; projecting; overhanging. "A vapor sometime like a . . . pendent rock." Shak.

Pen*den"tive (?), n. [F. pendentif, fr. L. pendere to hang.] (Arch.) (a) The portion of a vault by means of which the square space in the middle of a building is brought to an octagon or circle to receive a cupola. (b) The part of a groined vault which is supported by, and springs from, one pier or corbel.

Pend"ent*ly, adv. In a pendent manner.

Pen"dice (?), n. [Cf. Pentice.] A sloping roof; a lean-to; a penthouse. [Obs.] Fairfax.

Pen"di*cle (?), n. [Cf. Appendicle.] An appendage; something dependent on another; an appurtenance; a pendant. Sir W. Scott.

Pen*di*cler (?), n. An inferior tenant; one who rents a pendicle or croft. [Scot.] Jamieson.

Pend"ing (?), a. [L. pendere to hang, to be suspended. Cf. Pendent.] Not yet decided; in continuance; in suspense; as, a pending suit.

Pend"ing, prep. During; as, pending the trail.

Pen"drag*on (?), n. A chief leader or a king; a head; a dictator; -- a title assumed by the ancient British chiefs when called to lead other chiefs.

The dread Pendragon, Britain's king of kings.

Tennyson.

Pen"du*lar (?), a. Pendulous.

Pen"du*late (?), v. i. To swing as a pendulum. [R.]

Pen"dule (?), n. [F.] A pendulum. [R.] Evelyn.

||Pen"du`line (?), n. [F. See Pendulum.] (Zoˆl.) A European titmouse ||(Parus, or ∆githalus, pendulinus). It is noted for its elegant ||pendulous purselike nest, made of the down of willow trees and lined ||with feathers.

Pen`du*los"i*ty (?), n. [See Pendulous.] The state or quality of being pendulous. Sir T. Browne.

Pen"du*lous (?), a. [L. pendulus, fr. pendere to hang. Cf. Pendant, and cf. Pendulum.] 1. Depending; pendent loosely; hanging; swinging. Shak. "The pendulous round earth." Milton.

2. Wavering; unstable; doubtful. [R.] "A pendulous state of mind." Atterbury.

3. (Bot.) Inclined or hanging downwards, as a flower on a recurved stalk, or an ovule which hangs from the upper part of the ovary.

Pen"du*lous*ly, adv. In a pendulous manner.

Pen"du*lous*ness, n. The quality or state of being pendulous; the state of hanging loosely; pendulosity.

Pen"du*lum (?), n.; pl. Pendulums (#). [NL., fr. L. pendulus hanging, swinging. See Pendulous.] A body so suspended from a fixed point as to swing freely to and fro by the alternate action of gravity and momentum. It is used to regulate the movements of clockwork and other machinery.

The time of oscillation of a pendulum is independent of the arc of vibration, provided this arc be small.

Ballistic pendulum. See under Ballistic. -- Compensation pendulum, a clock pendulum in which the effect of changes of temperature of the length of the rod is so counteracted, usually by the opposite expansion of differene metals, that the distance of the center of oscillation from the center of suspension remains invariable; as, the mercurial compensation pendulum, in which the expansion of the rod is compensated by the opposite expansion of mercury in a jar constituting the bob; the gridiron pendulum, in which compensation is effected by the opposite expansion of sets of rodsof different metals. -- Compound pendulum, an ordinary pendulum; -- so called, as being made up of different parts, and contrasted with simple pendulum. -- Conical or Revolving, pendulum, a weight connected by a rod with a fixed point; and revolving in a horizontal cyrcle about the vertical from that point. -- Pendulum bob, the weight at the lower end of a pendulum. -- Pendulum level, a plumb level. See under Level. -- Pendulum wheel, the balance of a watch. -- Simple or Theoretical, pendulum, an imaginary pendulum having no dimensions except length, and no weight except at the center of oscillation; in other words, a material point suspended by an ideal line.

||Pe*nel"o*pe (p*nl"*p), n. [From. L. Penelope, the wife of Ulysses, ||the hero of the Odyssey, Gr. Phnelo`ph.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of ||curassows, including the guans.

Pen`e*tra*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈnÈtrabilitÈ.] The quality of being penetrable; susceptibility of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Cheyne.

Pen"e*tra*ble (?), a. [L. penetrabilus: cf. F. pÈnÈtrable.] Capable of being penetrated, entered, or pierced. Used also figuratively.

And pierce his only penetrable part.

Dryden.

I am not made of stones, But penetrable to your kind entreats.

Shak.

-- Pen"e*tra*ble*ness, n. -- Pen"e*tra*bly, adv.

Pen"e*trail (?), n. Penetralia. [Obs.] Harvey.

||Pen`e*tra"li*a (?), n. pl. [L., fr. penetralis penetrating, internal. ||See Penetrate.] 1. The recesses, or innermost parts, of any thing or ||place, especially of a temple or palace.

2. Hidden things or secrets; privacy; sanctuary; as, the sacred penetralia of the home.

{ Pen"e*trance (?), Pen"e*tran*cy (?), } n. The quality or state of being penetrant; power of entering or piercing; penetrating power of quality; as, the penetrancy of subtile effluvia.

Pen"e*trant (?), a. [L. penetrans, p. pr. of penetrare: cf. F. pÈnÈtrant.] Having power to enter or pierce; penetrating; sharp; subtile; as, penetrant cold. "Penetrant and powerful arguments." Boyle.

Pen"e*trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Penetrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Penetrating.] [L. penetratus, p. p. of penetrare to penetrate; akin to penitus inward, inwardly, and perh. to pens with, in the power of, penus store of food, innermost part of a temple.] 1. To enter into; to make way into the interior of; to effect an entrance into; to pierce; as, light penetrates darkness.

2. To affect profoundly through the senses or feelings; to touch with feeling; to make sensible; to move deeply; as, to penetrate one's heart with pity. Shak.

The translator of Homer should penetrate himself with a sense of the plainness and directness of Homer's style.

M. Arnold.

3. To pierce into by the mind; to arrive at the inner contents or meaning of, as of a mysterious or difficult subject; to comprehend; to understand.

Things which here were too subtile for us to penetrate.

Ray.

Pen"e*trate, v. i. To pass; to make way; to pierce. Also used figuratively.

Preparing to penetrate to the north and west.

J. R. Green.

Born where Heaven's influence scarce can penetrate.

Pope.

The sweet of life that penetrates so near.

Daniel.

Pen"e*tra`ting (?), a. 1. Having the power of entering, piercing, or pervading; sharp; subtile; penetrative; as, a penetrating odor.

2. Acute; discerning; sagacious; quick to discover; as, a penetrating mind.

Pen"e*tra`ting*ly, adv. In a penetrating manner.

Pen"e*tra`tion (?), n. [L. penetratio: cf. F. pÈnÈtration.] 1. The act or process of penetrating, piercing, or entering; also, the act of mentally penetrating into, or comprehending, anything difficult.

And to each in ward part, With gentle penetration, though unseen, Shoots invisible virtue even to the deep.

Milton.

A penetration into the difficulties of algebra.

Watts.

2. Acuteness; insight; sharp discoverment; sagacity; as, a person of singular penetration. Walpole.

Syn. -- Discernment; sagacity; acuteness; sharpness; discrimination. See Discernment, and Sagacity.

Pen"e*tra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈnÈtratif.] 1. Tending to penetrate; of a penetrating quality; piercing; as, the penetrative sun.

His look became keen and penetrative.

Hawthorne.

2. Having the power to affect or impress the mind or heart; impressive; as, penetrative shame. Shak.

3. Acute; discerning; sagacious; as, penetrative wisdom. "The penetrative eye." Wordsworth.

Led on by skill of penetrative soul.

Grainger.

Pen"e*tra*tive*ness, n. The quality of being penetrative.

Pen"fish` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A squid.

Pen"fold` (?), n. See Pinfold.

Pen"go*lin (?), n. (Zoˆl.)The pangolin.

Pen"guin (?), n. [Perh. orig. the name of another bird, and fr. W. pen head + gwyn white; or perh. from a native South American name.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any bird of the order Impennes, or Ptilopteri. They are covered with short, thick feathers, almost scalelike on the wings, which are without true quills. They are unable to fly, but use their wings to aid in diving, in which they are very expert. See King penguin, under Jackass.

Penguins are found in the south temperate and antarctic regions. The king penguins (Aptenodytes Patachonica, and A. longirostris) are the largest; the jackass penguins (Spheniscus) and the rock hoppers (Catarractes) congregate in large numbers at their breeding grounds.

2. (Bot.) The egg-shaped fleshy fruit of a West Indian plant (Bromelia Pinguin) of the Pineapple family; also, the plant itself, which has rigid, pointed, and spiny- toothed leaves, and is used for hedges. [Written also pinguin.]

Arctic penguin (Zoˆl.), the great auk. See Auk.

Pen"guin*er*y (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A breeding place, or rookery, of penguins.

Pen"hold`er (?), n. A handle for a pen.

Pen"house` (?), n. A penthouse. [Obs.]

Pen*i"ble (?), a. [OF. penible. Cf. Painable.] Painstaking; assidous. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen"i*cil (?), n. [L. penicillum, penicillus, a painter's brush, a roil of lint, a tent for wounds.] (mented.) A tent or pledget for wounds or ulcers.

Pen`i*cil"late (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈnicillÈ. See Penicil.] (Biol.) Having the form of a pencil; furnished with a pencil of fine hairs; ending in a tuft of hairs like a camel's-hair brush, as the stigmas of some grasses.

Pen`i*cil"li*form (?), a. (Bot.) Penicillate.

Pen*in"su*la (?), n. [L. peninsula or paeninsula; paene almost + insula an island. See Isle.] A portion of land nearly surrounded by water, and connected with a larger body by a neck, or isthmus.

Pen*in"su*lar (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈninsulaire.] Of or pertaining to a peninsula; as, a peninsular form; peninsular people; the peninsular war.

Pen*in"su*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peninsulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peninsulating.] To form into a peninsula.

South River . . . peninsulates Castle Hill farm.

W. Bentley.

Pe"nis (p"ns), n. [L.] (Anat.) The male member, or organ of generation.

Pen"i*tence (?), n. [F. pÈnitence, L. paenitentia. See Penitent, and cf. Penance.] The quality or condition of being penitent; the disposition of a penitent; sorrow for sins or faults; repentance; contrition. "Penitence of his old guilt." Chaucer.

Death is deferred, and penitenance has room To mitigate, if not reverse, the doom.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Repentance; contrition; compunction.

Pen"i*ten*cer (?), n. [F. pÈnitencier.] A priest who heard confession and enjoined penance in extraordinary cases. [Written also penitenser.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen"i*ten*cy (?), n. Penitence. [Obs.]

Pen"i*tent (?), a. [F. pÈnitent, L. paenitens, -entis, poenitens, p. pr. of paenitere, poenitere, to cause to repent, to repent; prob. akin to poena punishment. See Pain.] 1. Feeling pain or sorrow on account of sins or offenses; repentant; contrite; sincerely affected by a sense of guilt, and resolved on amendment of life.

Be penitent, and for thy fault contrite.

Milton.

The pound he tamed, the penitent he cheered.

Dryden.

2. Doing penance. [Obs.] Shak.

Pen"i*tent, n. 1. One who repents of sin; one sorrowful on account of his transgressions.

2. One under church censure, but admitted to penance; one undergoing penance.

3. One under the direction of a confessor.

Penitents is an appellation given to certain fraternities in Roman Catholic countries, distinguished by their habit, and employed in charitable acts.

Pen`i*ten"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈnitentiel.] Of or pertaining to penitence, or to penance; expressing penitence; of the nature of penance; as, the penitential book; penitential tears. "Penitential stripes." Cowper.

Guilt that all the penitential fires of hereafter can not cleanse.

Sir W. Scott.

Pen`i*ten"tial, n. (R. C. Ch.) A book formerly used by priests hearing confessions, containing rules for the imposition of penances; -- called also penitential book.

Pen`i*ten"tial*ly, adv. In a penitential manner.

Pen`i*ten"tia*ry (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈnitentiaire.] 1. Relating to penance, or to the rules and measures of penance. "A penitentiary tax." Abp. Bramhall.

2. Expressive of penitence; as, a penitentiary letter.

3. Used for punishment, discipline, and reformation. "Penitentiary houses." Blackstone.

Pen`i*ten"tia*ry, n.; pl. Penitentiaries (#). [Cf. F. pÈnitencier. See Penitent.] 1. One who prescribes the rules and measures of penance. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. One who does penance. [Obs.] Hammond.

3. A small building in a monastery where penitents confessed. Shpiley.

4. That part of a church to which penitents were admitted. Shipley.

5. (R. C. Ch.) (a) An office of the papal court which examines cases of conscience, confession, absolution from vows, etc., and delivers decisions, dispensations, etc. Its chief is a cardinal, called the Grand Penitentiary, appointed by the pope. (b) An officer in some dioceses since A. D. 1215, vested with power from the bishop to absolve in cases reserved to him.

6. A house of correction, in which offenders are confined for punishment, discipline, and reformation, and in which they are generally compelled to labor.

Pen`i*ten"tia*ry*ship, n. The office or condition of a penitentiary of the papal court. [R.] Wood.

Pen"i*tent*ly, adv. In a penitent manner.

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Penk (?), n. A minnow. See Pink, n., 4. [Prov. Eng.] Walton.

Pen"knife` (?), n.; pl. Penknives (#). [Pen + knife.] A small pocketknife; formerly, a knife used for making and mending quill pens.

Pen"man (?), n.; pl. Penmen (&?;). 1. One who uses the pen; a writer; esp., one skilled in the use of the pen; a calligrapher; a writing master.

2. An author; a composer. South.

Pen"man*ship, n. The use of the pen in writing; the art of writing; style or manner of writing; chirography; as, good or bad penmanship.

||Pen"na (?), n.; pl. PennÊ (#). [L.] (Zoˆl.) A perfect, or normal, ||feather.

Pen"na"ceous (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Like or pertaining to a normal feather.

Pen"nach (?), n. [OF. pennache. See Panache.] A bunch of feathers; a plume. [Obs.] Holland.

Pen"nached (?), a. [Cf. OF. pennachÈ. See Panache.] Variegated; striped. [Obs.] Evelyn.

Pen"nage (?), n. [L. penna feather.] Feathery covering; plumage. [Obs.] Holland.

Pen"nant (?), n. [OE. penon, penoun, pynoun, OF. penon, F. pennon, fr. L. penna feather. See Pen a feather, and cf. Pennon, Pinion.] (Naut.) (a) A small flag; a pennon. The narrow, or long, pennant (called also whip or coach whip) is a long, narrow piece of bunting, carried at the masthead of a government vessel in commission. The board pennant is an oblong, nearly square flag, carried at the masthead of a commodore's vessel. "With flags and pennants trimmed." Drayton. (b) A rope or strap to which a purchase is hooked.

{ Pen"nate (?), Pen"na*ted (?), } a. [L. pennatus feathered, winged, from penna feather, wing.] 1. Winged; plume- shaped.

2. (Bot.) Same as Pinnate.

||Pen*nat"u*la (?), n.; pl. L. PennatulÊ (#), E. Pennatulas (#). [NL., ||fr. L. penna a feather.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of ||Pennatula, Pteroides, and allied genera of Alcyonaria, having a ||featherlike form; a sea-pen. The zooids are situated along one edge ||of the side branches.

||Pen*nat`u*la"ce*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pennatula.] (Zoˆl.) A division ||of alcyonoid corals, including the seapens and related kinds. They ||are able to move about by means of the hollow muscular peduncle, ||which also serves to support them upright in the mud. See Pennatula, ||and Illust. under Alcyonaria.

Penned (?), a. 1. Winged; having plumes. [Obs.]

2. Written with a pen; composed. "Their penned speech." Shak.

Pen"ner (?), n. 1. One who pens; a writer. Sir T. North.

2. A case for holding pens. [Obs.]

Pen"ni*form (?), a. [L. penna feather + -form: cf. F. penniforme.] Having the form of a feather or plume.

Pen*nig"er*ous (?), a. [L. penniger; penna feather + gerere to bear.] (Zoˆl.) Bearing feathers or quills.

Pen"ni*less (?), a. [From Penny.] Destitute of money; impecunious; poor. -- Pen"ni*less*ness, n.

Pen"ni*nerved` (?), a. [L. penna feather + E. nerve.] Pinnately veined or nerved.

Pen*nip"o*tent (?), a. [L. pennipotens; penna wing + potens strong.] Strong of wing; strong on the wing. [Poetic] Davies (Holy Roode).

Pen"non (?), n. [Cf. Pinion.] A wing; a pinion. Milton.

Pen"non, n. [See Pennant.] A pennant; a flag or streamer. Longfellow.

{ Pen"non*cel`, Pen"non*celle` (?) }, n. [OF. penoncel. See Pennant.] See Pencel.

Pen"ny (?), a. [Perh. a corruption of pun, for pound.] Denoting pound weight for one thousand; -- used in combination, with respect to nails; as, tenpenny nails, nails of which one thousand weight ten pounds.

Pen*ny, n.; pl. Pennies (#) or Pence (&?;). Pennies denotes the number of coins; pence the amount of pennies in value. [OE. peni, AS. penig, pening, pending; akin to D. penning, OHG. pfenning, pfenting, G. pfennig, Icel. penningr; of uncertain origin.] 1. An English coin, formerly of copper, now of bronze, the twelfth part of an English shilling in account value, and equal to four farthings, or about two cents; -- usually indicated by the abbreviation d. (the initial of denarius).

"The chief Anglo-Saxon coin, and for a long period the only one, corresponded to the denarius of the Continent . . . [and was] called penny, denarius, or denier." R. S. Poole. The ancient silver penny was worth about three pence sterling (see Pennyweight). The old Scotch penny was only one twelfth the value of the English coin. In the United States the word penny is popularly used for cent.

2. Any small sum or coin; a groat; a stiver. Shak.

3. Money, in general; as, to turn an honest penny.

What penny hath Rome borne, What men provided, what munition sent?

Shak.

4. (Script.) See Denarius.

Penny cress (Bot.), an annual herb of the Mustard family, having round, flat pods like silver pennies (Thlaspi arvense). Dr. Prior. -- Penny dog (Zoˆl.), a kind of shark found on the South coast of Britain: the tope. -- Penny father, a penurious person; a niggard. [Obs.] Robinson (More's Utopia). -- Penny grass (Bot.), pennyroyal. [R.] -- Penny post, a post carrying a letter for a penny; also, a mail carrier. -- Penny wise, wise or prudent only in small matters; saving small sums while losing larger; -- used chiefly in the phrase, penny wise and pound foolish.

Pen"ny (?), a. Worth or costing one penny.

Pen"ny-a-lin"er (?), n. One who furnishes matter to public journals at so much a line; a poor writer for hire; a hack writer. Thackeray.

Pen`ny*roy"al (?), n. [A corruption of OE. puliall royal. OE. puliall is ultimately derived fr. L. puleium, or pulegium regium (so called as being good against fleas), fr. pulex a flea; and royal is a translation of L. regium, in puleium regium.] (Bot.) An aromatic herb (Mentha Pulegium) of Europe; also, a North American plant (Hedeoma pulegioides) resembling it in flavor.

Bastard pennyroyal (Bot.) See Blue curls, under Blue.

Pen"ny*weight` (?), n. A troy weight containing twenty-four grains, or the twentieth part of an ounce; as, a pennyweight of gold or of arsenic. It was anciently the weight of a silver penny, whence the name.

Pen"ny*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A European trailing herb (Linaria Cymbalaria) with roundish, reniform leaves. It is often cultivated in hanging baskets.

March, or Water, pennywort. (Bot.) See under March.

Pen"ny*worth` (?), n. 1. A penny's worth; as much as may be bought for a penny. "A dear pennyworth." Evelyn.

2. Hence: The full value of one's penny expended; due return for money laid out; a good bargain; a bargain.

The priests sold the better pennyworths.

Locke.

3. A small quantity; a trifle. Bacon.

Pen"ock (?), n. See Pend.

Pen`o*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to penology.

Pe*nol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in, or a student of, penology.

Pe*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, or L. poena, punishment + -logy.] The science or art of punishment. [Written also púnology.]

Pen"rack` (?), n. A rack for pens not in use.

Pens (?), n., pl. of Penny. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pen"sa*tive (?), a. Pensive. [Obs.] Shelton.

Pen"sel (?), n. A pencel. Chaucer.

Pen"si*ble (?), a. Held aloft. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pen"sile (?), a. [L. pensilis, fr. pendere to hang: cf. OE. pensil. See Pendant.] Hanging; suspended; pendent; pendulous. Bacon.

The long, pensile branches of the birches.

W. Howitt.

Pen"sile*ness, n. State or quality of being pensile; pendulousness.

Pen"sion (?), n. [F., fr. L. pensio a paying, payment, fr. pendere, pensum, to weight, to pay; akin to pend&?;re to hang. See Pendant, and cf. Spend.] 1. A payment; a tribute; something paid or given. [Obs.]

The stomach's pension, and the time's expense.

Sylvester.

2. A stated allowance to a person in consideration of past services; payment made to one retired from service, on account of age, disability, or other cause; especially, a regular stipend paid by a government to retired public officers, disabled soldiers, the families of soldiers killed in service, or to meritorious authors, or the like.

To all that kept the city pensions and wages.

1 Esd. iv. 56.

3. A certain sum of money paid to a clergyman in lieu of tithes. [Eng.] Mozley & W.

4. [F., pronounced &?;.] A boarding house or boarding school in France, Belgium, Switzerland, etc.

Pen"sion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pensioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pensioning.] To grant a pension to; to pay a regular stipend to; in consideration of service already performed; -- sometimes followed by off; as, to pension off a servant.

One knighted Blackmore, and one pensioned Quarles.

Pope.

Pen"sion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Maintained by a pension; receiving a pension; as, pensionary spies. Donne.

2. Consisting of a pension; as, a pensionary provision for maintenance.

Pen"sion*a*ry (?), n.; pl. Pensionaries (#). [Cf. F. pensionnaire. Cf. Pensioner.] 1. One who receives a pension; a pensioner. E. Hall.

2. One of the chief magistrates of towns in Holland.

Grand pensionary, the title of the prime minister, or or president of the Council, of Holland when a republic.

Pen"sion*er (?), n. 1. One in receipt of a pension; hence, figuratively, a dependent.

The fickle pensioners of Morpheus' train.

Milton.

Old pensioners . . . of Chelsea Hospital.

Macaulay.

2. One of an honorable band of gentlemen who attend the sovereign of England on state occasions, and receive an annual pension, or allowance, of £150 and two horses.

3. [Cf. F. pensionnaire one who pays for his board. Cf. Pensionary, n.] In the university of Cambridge, England, one who pays for his living in commons; -- corresponding to commoner at Oxford. Ld. Lytton.

Pen"sive (?), a. [F. pensif, fr. penser to think, fr. L. pensare to weigh, ponder, consider, v. intens. fr. pendere to weigh. See Pension, Poise.] 1. Thoughtful, sober, or sad; employed in serious reflection; given to, or favorable to, earnest or melancholy musing.

The pensive secrecy of desert cell.

Milton.

Anxious cares the pensive nymph oppressed.

Pope.

2. Expressing or suggesting thoughtfulness with sadness; as, pensive numbers. Prior.

Pen"sived (?), a. Made pensive. [R.] Shak.

Pen"sive*ly (?), adv. In a pensive manner.

Pen"sive*ness, n. The state of being pensive; serious thoughtfulness; seriousness. Hooker.

Pen"stock (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain; perh. fr. pen an inclosure + stock.] 1. A close conduit or pipe for conducting water, as, to a water wheel, or for emptying a pond, or for domestic uses.

2. The barrel of a wooden pump.

Pent (?), p. p. or a. [From Pen, v. t.] Penned or shut up; confined; -- often with up.

Here in the body pent.

J. Montgomery.

No pent-up Utica contracts your powers.

J. M. Sewall.

Pen"ta- (?). [Gr. &?;, a later combining form of &?; five. See Five.] 1. A combining form denoting five; as, pentacapsular; pentagon.

2. (Chem.) Denoting the degree of five, either as regards quality, property, or composition; as, pentasulphide; pentoxide, etc. Also used adjectively.

Pen`ta*ba"sic (?), a. [Penta- + basic.] (Chem.) Capable of uniting with five molecules of a monacid base; having five acid hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by a basic radical; -- said of certain acids.

Pen`ta*cap"su*lar (?), a. [Penta- + capsular.] (Bot.) Having five capsules.

Pen`ta*che"ni*um (?), n. [NL. See Penta-, and Achenium.] (Bot.) A dry fruit composed of five carpels, which are covered by an epigynous calyx and separate at maturity.

Pen`ta*chlo"ride (?), n. [Penta- + chloride.] (Chem.) A chloride having five atoms of chlorine in each molecule.

Pen"ta*chord (?), n. [L. pentachordus five-stringed, Gr. &?;; &?; five + &?; string.] 1. An ancient instrument of music with five strings.

2. An order or system of five sounds. Busby.

Pen*tac"id (&?;), a. [Penta- + acid.] (Chem.) Capable of neutralizing, or combining with, five molecules of a monobasic acid; having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution by acid residues; -- said of certain complex bases.

Pen"ta*cle (?), n. [Gr. &?; five.] A figure composed of two equilateral triangles intersecting so as to form a six-pointed star, -- used in early ornamental art, and also with superstitious import by the astrologers and mystics of the Middle Ages.

Pen`ta*coc"cous (?), a. [See Penta- , Coccus.] (Bot.) Composed of five united carpels with one seed in each, as certain fruits.

Pen"ta*con`ter (?), n. (Gr. Antiq.) See Penteconter.

Pen*tac"ri*nin (?), n. (Physiol. Chem.) A red and purple pigment found in certain crinoids of the genus Pentacrinus.

Pen*tac"ri*nite (?), n. [Penta- + Gr. &?; a lily.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pentacrinus.

Pen*tac"ri*noid (?), n. [Pentacrinus + -oid.] (Zoˆl.) An immature comatula when it is still attached by a stem, and thus resembles a Pentacrinus.

||Pen*tac"ri*nus (?), n. [NL. See Penta-, and Crinum.] (Zoˆl.) A genus ||of large, stalked crinoids, of which several species occur in deep ||water among the West Indies and elsewhere.

Pen*ta"cron (?), n.; pl. L. Pentacra (#), E. Pentacrons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; five + &?; a summit.] (Geom.) A solid having five summits or angular points.

Pen`ta*cros"tic (?), n. [Penta- + acrostic.] A set of verses so disposed that the name forming the subject of the acrostic occurs five times -- the whole set of verses being divided into five different parts from top to bottom.

Pen"tad (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a body of five, fr. &?; five.] (Chem.) Any element, atom, or radical, having a valence of five, or which can be combined with, substituted for, or compared with, five atoms of hydrogen or other monad; as, nitrogen is a pentad in the ammonium compounds.

Pen"tad, a. (Chem.) Having the valence of a pentad.

{ Pen`ta*dac"tyl, Pen`ta*dac"tyle } (?), a. [Gr. &?; with five fingers or toes. See Penta- , and Dactyl.] 1. (Anat.) Having five digits to the hand or foot.

2. Having five appendages resembling fingers or toes.

Pen`ta*dac"tyl*oid (?), a. [Pentadactyl + -oid.] (Anat.) Having the form of, or a structure modified from, a pentadactyl limb.

Pen`ta*dec"ane (?), n. [Penta- + Gr. &?; ten.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon of the paraffin series, (C15H32) found in petroleum, tar oil, etc., and obtained as a colorless liquid; -- so called from the fifteen carbon atoms in the molecule.

Pen`ta*dec`a*to"ic (?), a. [Penta- + decatoic.] (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, pentadecane, or designating an acid related to it.

Pen`ta*decyl"ic (?), a. [Penta- + decylic.] (Chem.) Same as Quindecylic.

Pen`ta*del"phous (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; brother.] (Bot.) Having the stamens arranged in five clusters, those of each cluster having their filaments more or less united, as the flowers of the linden.

<! p. 1062 !>

Pen"ta*fid (?), a. [Penta- + root of L. findere to split.] (Bot.) Divided or cleft into five parts.

Pen"ta*glot (?), n. [Penta- + -glot, as in polyglot.] A work in five different tongues.

Pen"ta*gon (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; (see Penta-) + gwni`a angle: cf. L. pentagonium, F. pentagone.] (Geom.) A plane figure having five angles, and, consequently, five sides; any figure having five angles.

Regular pentagon, a pentagon in which the angles are all equal, and the sides all equal.

Pen*tag"o*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. pentagonal, pentagone, L. pentagonus, pentagonius, Gr. &?;.] Having five corners or angles.

Pentagonal dodecahedron. See Dodecahedron, and Pyritohedron.

Pen*tag"o*nal*ly, adv. In the form of a pentagon; with five angles. Sir T. Browne.

Pen*tag"o*nous (?), a. Pentagonal.

Pen"ta*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, neut. of &?; having five lines. See Penta-, and -gram.] A pentacle or a pentalpha. "Like a wizard pentagram." Tennyson.

{ Pen`ta*graph"ic (?), Pen`ta*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Corrupted fr. pantographic, - ical.] Pantographic. See Pantograph.

||Pen`ta*gyn"i*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (see Penta-) + &?; ||female.] (Bot.) A LinnÊan order of plants, having five styles or ||pistils.

{ Pen`ta*gyn"i*an (?), Pen*tag"y*nous (?), } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to plants of the order Pentagyna; having five styles.

Pen`ta*he"dral (?), a. Having five sides; as, a pentahedral figure.

Pen`ta*hed"ric*al (?), a. Pentahedral. [R.]

Pen`ta*he"dron (?), n. [Penta- + Gr. "e`dra seat, base.] A solid figure having five sides.

Pen`ta*he"drous (?), a. Pentahedral. Woodward.

Pen"tail` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A peculiar insectivore (Ptilocercus Lowii) of Borneo; -- so called from its very long, quill-shaped tail, which is scaly at the base and plumose at the tip.

||Pen*tal"pha (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;: cf. F. pentalpha. See Penta-, ||and Alpha.] A five-pointed star, resembling five alphas joined at ||their bases; -- used as a symbol.

||Pen*tam"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Zoˆl.) An extensive ||division of Coleoptera, including those that normally have ||five-jointed tarsi. It embraces about half of all the known species ||of the Coleoptera.

Pen*tam"er*an (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Pentamera.

Pen*tam"er*ous (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; part.] 1. (Biol.) Divided into, or consisting of, five parts; also, arranged in sets, with five parts in each set, as a flower with five sepals, five petals, five, or twice five, stamens, and five pistils.

2. (Zoˆl.) Belonging to the Pentamera.

||Pen*tam"e*rus (?), n. [NL. See Pentamerous.] (Paleon.) A genus of ||extinct Paleozoic brachiopods, often very abundant in the Upper ||Silurian.

Pentamerus limestone (Geol.), a Silurian limestone composed largely of the shells of Pentamerus.

Pen*tam"e*ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; (see Penta-) + &?; measure.] (Gr. & L.Pros.) A verse of five feet.

The dactylic pentameter consists of two parts separated by a diÊresis. Each part consists of two dactyls and a long syllable. The spondee may take the place of the dactyl in the first part, but not in the second. The elegiac distich consists of the hexameter followed by the pentameter. Harkness.

Pen*tam"e*ter, a. Having five metrical feet.

Pen`ta*meth"yl*ene (?), n. [Penta- + methylene.] (Chem.) A hypothetical hydrocarbon, C5H10, metameric with the amylenes, and the nucleus of a large number of derivatives; -- so named because regarded as composed of five methylene residues. Cf. Trimethylene, and Tetramethylene.

||Pen*tan"dri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; (see Penta-) + &?;, &?;, ||man, male.] (Bot.) A LinnÊan class of plants having five separate ||stamens.

{ Pen*tan"dri*an (?), Pen*tan"drous (?), } a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the class Pentadria; having five stamens.

Pen"tane (?), n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Any one of the three metameric hydrocarbons, C5H12, of the methane or paraffin series. They are colorless, volatile liquids, two of which occur in petroleum. So called because of the five carbon atoms in the molecule.

Pen"tan`gle (?), n. [Penta- + angle.] A pentagon. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pen*tan"gu*lar (?), a. [Penta- + angular.] Having five corners or angles. [R.]

Pen`ta*pet"al*ous (?), a. [Penta- + petal.] (Bot.) Having five petals, or flower leaves.

Pen*taph"yl*lous (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; leaf.] (Bot.) Having five leaves or leaflets.

Pen*tap"o*dy (?), n. [Penta- + Gr. &?;, &?;, foot.] (Pros.) A measure or series consisting of five feet.

Pen"tap*tote (?), n. [L. (pl.) pentaptota. Gr. &?; with five cases; &?; (see Penta-) + &?; falling.] (Gram.) A noun having five cases.

Pen"tap*tych (?), n. [Penta- + Gr. &?;, &?;, a fold.] (Fine Arts) A picture, or combination of pictures, consisting of a centerpiece and double folding doors or wings, as for an altarpiece.

Pen"tar*chy (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. pentarchie. See Penta-, and -archy.] A government in the hands of five persons; five joint rulers. P. Fletcher. "The pentarchy of the senses." A. Brewer.

Pen"ta*spast (?), n. [L. pentaspaston, Gr. &?; (see Penta-) + &?; to pull: cf. F. pentaspaste.] A purchase with five pulleys. [R.]

Pen`ta*sper"mous (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; seed.] (Bot.) Containing five seeds.

Pen"ta*stich (?), n. [Gr. &?; of five verses; &?; (see Penta-) + &?; line, verse.] A composition consisting of five verses.

Pen*tas"ti*chous (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; a row.] (Bot.) Having, or arranged in, five vertical ranks, as the leaves of an apple tree or a cherry tree.

||Pen`ta*stom"i*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. &?; (see Penta-) + &?; a ||mouth.] (Zoˆl.) Same as Linguatulina.

Pen"ta*style (?), a. [Penta- + Gr. &?; a pillar.] (Arch.) Having five columns in front; - - said of a temple or portico in classical architecture. -- n. A portico having five columns.

Pen"ta*teuch (?), n. [L. pentateuchus, Gr. &?;; &?; (see Penta-) + &?; a tool, implement, a book, akin to &?; to prepare, make ready, and perh. to E. text. See Five, and Text.] The first five books of the Old Testament, collectively; -- called also the Law of Moses, Book of the Law of Moses, etc.

Pen`ta*teu"chal (?), a. Of or pertaining to the Pentateuch.

Pen`ta*thi*on"ic (?), a. [Penta- + thionic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid of sulphur obtained by leading hydrogen sulphide into a solution of sulphur dioxide; -- so called because it contains five atoms of sulphur.

||Pen*tath"lon (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; five + &?; a contest.] ||(Gr. Antiq.) A fivefold athletic performance peculiar to the great ||national games of the Greeks, including leaping, foot racing, ||wrestling, throwing the discus, and throwing the spear.

Pen`ta*tom"ic (?), a. [Penta- + atomic.] (Chem.) (a) Having five atoms in the molecule. (b) Having five hydrogen atoms capable of substitution.

Pen*tav"a*lent (?), a. [Penta- + L. valens, p. pr. See Valence.] (Chem.) Having a valence of five; -- said of certain atoms and radicals.

Pen"te*con`ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; (sc. &?;), fr. &?; fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) A Grecian vessel with fifty oars. [Written also pentaconter.]

Pen"te*cost (?), n. [L. pentecoste, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) the fiftieth day, Pentecost, fr. &?; fiftieth, fr. &?; fifty, fr. &?; five. See Five, and cf. Pingster.] 1. A solemn festival of the Jews; -- so called because celebrated on the fiftieth day (seven weeks) after the second day of the Passover (which fell on the sixteenth of the Jewish month Nisan); -- hence called, also, the Feast of Weeks. At this festival an offering of the first fruits of the harvest was made. By the Jews it was generally regarded as commemorative of the gift of the law on the fiftieth day after the departure from Egypt.

2. A festival of the Roman Catholic and other churches in commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit on the apostles; which occurred on the day of Pentecost; -- called also Whitsunday. Shak.

Pen`te*cos"tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to Pentecost or to Whitsuntide.

Pen`te*cos"tals (?), n. pl. Offerings formerly made to the parish priest, or to the mother church, at Pentecost. Shipley.

Pen`te*cos"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) An officer in the Spartan army commanding fifty men. Mitford.

Pen`te*cos"ty (?), n.; pl. Pentecosties (#). [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; the fiftieth, &?; fifty.] (Gr. Antiq.) A troop of fifty soldiers in the Spartan army; -- called also pentecostys. Jowett (Thucyd. ).

{ Pen*tel"ic (?), Pen*tel"i*can (?), } a. Of or pertaining to Mount Pentelicus, near Athens, famous for its fine white marble quarries; obtained from Mount Pentelicus; as, the Pentelic marble of which the Parthenon is built.

Pen"tene (?), n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Same as Amylene.

Pent"house` (?), n. [A corruption of pentice.] A shed or roof sloping from the main wall or building, as over a door or window; a lean-to. Also figuratively. "The penthouse of his eyes." Sir W. Scott.

Pent"house`, a. Leaning; overhanging. "Penthouse lid." Shak. "My penthouse eyebrows." Dryden.

Pen"tice (?), n. [F. appentis a penthouse. See Append.] A penthouse. [Obs.] Sir H. Wotton.

Pen"tile` (?), n. See Pantile.

Pen"tine (?), n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) An unsaturated hydrocarbon, C5H8, of the acetylene series. Same as Valerylene.

Pen*to"ic (?), a. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or desingating, an acid (called also valeric acid) derived from pentane.

Pen"tone (?), n. [See Penta-.] (Chem.) Same as Valylene.

Pen*tox"ide (?), n. [Penta- + oxide.] (Chem.) An oxide containing five atoms of oxygen in each molecule; as, phosphorus pentoxide, P2O5.

Pen"tre*mite (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pentremites.

||Pen`tre*mi"tes (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; five + L. remus an oar.] ||(Zoˆl.) A genus of crinoids belonging to the Blastoidea. They have ||five petal-like ambulacra.

Pent"roof` (?), n. [F. pente slope + E. roof, or from penthouse roof.] See Lean-to.

Pen"trough` (?), n. A penstock.

Pen"tyl (?), n. [Penta + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical, C5H11, of pentane and certain of its derivatives. Same as Amyl.

Pen*tyl"ic (?), a. Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, pentyl; as, pentylic alcohol

{ Pe"nu*chle (?), Pin"o*cle (?) }, n. A game at cards, played with forty-eight cards, being all the cards above the eight spots in two packs.

Pe"nult (?), n. [Abbreviated fr. penultima.] (Gram. & Pros.) The last syllable but one of a word; the syllable preceding the final one.

Pe*nul"ti*ma (?), n. [L. (sc. syllaba), fr. penultimus, paenultimus, the last but one; paene almost + ultimus the last.] Same as Penult.

Pe*nul"ti*mate (?), a. Last but one; as, the penultimate syllable, the last syllable but one of a word.

Pe*nul"ti*mate, n. The penult.

Pe*num"bra (?), n. [NL., fr. L. paene almost + umbra shade.] 1. An incomplete or partial shadow.

2. (Astron.) The shadow cast, in an eclipse, where the light is partly, but not wholly, cut off by the intervening body; the space of partial illumination between the umbra, or perfect shadow, on all sides, and the full light. Sir I. Newton.

The faint shade surrounding the dark central portion of a solar spot is also called the penumbra, and sometimes umbra.

3. (Paint.) The part of a picture where the shade imperceptibly blends with the light.

Pe*num"brala. Of or pertaining to a penumbra; resembling a penumbra; partially illuminated.

Pe*nu"ri*ous (?), a. [From Penury.] 1. Excessively sparing in the use of money; sordid; stingy; miserly. "A penurious niggard of his wealth." Milton.

2. Not bountiful or liberal; scanty.

Here creeps along a poor, penurious stream.

C. Pitt.

3. Destitute of money; suffering extreme want. [Obs.] "My penurious band." Shak.

Syn. -- Avaricious; covetous; parsimonious; miserly; niggardly; stingy. See Avaricious.

--Pe*nu"ri*ous*ly, adv. -- Pe*nu"ri*ous*ness, n.

Pen"u*ry (?), n. [L. penuria; cf. Gr. &?; hunger, &?; poverty, need, &?; one who works for his daily bread, a poor man, &?; to work for one's daily bread, to be poor: cf. F. pÈnurie.] 1. Absence of resources; want; privation; indigence; extreme poverty; destitution. "A penury of military forces." Bacon.

They were exposed to hardship and penury.

Sprat.

It arises in neither from penury of thought.

Landor.

2. Penuriousness; miserliness. [Obs.] Jer. Taylor.

Pen"wip`er (?), n. A cloth, or other material, for wiping off or cleaning ink from a pen.

Pen"wom`an (?), n.; pl. Penwomen (&?;). A female writer; an authoress. Johnson.

Pe"on (?), n. See Poon.

Pe"on, n. [Sp. peon, or Pg. pe&?;o, one who travels on foot, a foot soldier, a pawn in chess. See Pawn in chess.] 1. A foot soldier; a policeman; also, an office attendant; a messenger. [India]

2. A day laborer; a servant; especially, in some of the Spanish American countries, debtor held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude, to work out a debt.

3. (Chess) See 2d Pawn.

Pe"on*age (?), n. The condition of a peon.

Pe"on*ism (?), n. Same as Peonage. D. Webster.

Pe"o*ny (?), n.; pl. Peonies (#). [OE. pione, pioine, pioni, OF. pione, F. pivoine, L. paeonia, Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, the god of healing. Cf. PÊan.] (Bot.) A plant, and its flower, of the ranunculaceous genus PÊonia. Of the four or five species, one is a shrub; the rest are perennial herbs with showy flowers, often double in cultivation. [Written also pÊony, and piony.]

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Peo"ple (?), n. [OE. peple, people, OF. pueple, F. peuple, fr. L. populus. Cf. Populage, Public, Pueblo.] 1. The body of persons who compose a community, tribe, nation, or race; an aggregate of individuals forming a whole; a community; a nation.

Unto him shall the gathering of the people be.

Gen. xlix. 10.

The ants are a people not strong.

Prov. xxx. 25.

Before many peoples, and nations, and tongues.

Rev. x. 11.

Earth's monarchs are her peoples.

Whitter.

A government of all the people, by all the people, for all the people.

T. Parker.

Peopleis a collective noun, generally construed with a plural verb, and only occasionally used in the plural form (peoples), in the sense of nations or races.

2. Persons, generally; an indefinite number of men and women; folks; population, or part of population; as, country people; -- sometimes used as an indefinite subject or verb, like on in French, and man in German; as, people in adversity.

People were tempted to lend by great premiums.

Swift.

People have lived twenty-four days upon nothing but water.

Arbuthnot.

3. The mass of comunity as distinguished from a special class; the commonalty; the populace; the vulgar; the common crowd; as, nobles and people.

And strive to gain his pardon from the people.

Addison.

4. With a possessive pronoun: (a) One's ancestors or family; kindred; relations; as, my people were English. (b) One's subjects; fellow citizens; companions; followers. "You slew great number of his people." Shak.

Syn. -- People, Nation. When speaking of a state, we use people for the mass of the community, as distinguished from their rulers, and nation for the entire political body, including the rulers. In another sense of the term, nation describes those who are descended from the same stock; and in this sense the Germans regard themselves as one nation, though politically subject to different forms of government.

Peo"ple (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peopled p. pr. & vb. n. Peopling (&?;).] [Cf. OF. popler, puepler, F. puepler. Cf. Populate.] To stock with people or inhabitants; to fill as with people; to populate. "Peopled heaven with angels." Dryden.

As the gay motes that people the sunbeams.

Milton.

Peo"pled (?), a. Stocked with, or as with, people; inhabited. "The peopled air." Gray.

Peo"ple*less, a. Destitute of people. Poe.

Peo"pler (?), n. A settler; an inhabitant. "Peoplers of the peaceful glen." J. S. Blackie.

Peo"plish (?), a. Vulgar. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pe*o"ri*as (?), n. pl.; sing. Peoria (&?;). (Ethnol.) An Algonquin tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited a part of Illinois.

Pe*pas"tic (?), a. & n. [Gr. &?; to ripen, suppurate: cf. F. pÈpastique.] (Med.) Same as Maturative.

{ Pep"e*rine (?), ||Pep`e*ri"no (?), } n. [It. peperino, L. piper pepper. So called on account of its color.] (Geol.) A volcanic rock, formed by the cementing together of sand, scoria, cinders, etc.

||Pep"lis (?), n. [L., a kind of plant, Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of ||plants including water purslane.

||Pep"lus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;.] 1. An upper garment worn by ||Grecian and Roman women.

2. A kind of kerchief formerly worn by Englishwomen. [Obs.] Fairholt.

||Pe"po (?), n. [L., a kind of melon, from Gr. &?;.] (Bot.) Any fleshy ||fruit with a firm rind, as a pumpkin, melon, or gourd. See Gourd.

Pep"per (?), n. [OE. peper, AS. pipor, L. piper, fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, akin to Skr. pippala, pippali.] 1. A well-known, pungently aromatic condiment, the dried berry, either whole or powdered, of the Piper nigrum.

Common, or black, pepper is made from the whole berry, dried just before maturity; white pepper is made from the ripe berry after the outer skin has been removed by maceration and friction. It has less of the peculiar properties of the plant than the black pepper. Pepper is used in medicine as a carminative stimulant.

2. (Bot.) The plant which yields pepper, an East Indian woody climber (Piper nigrum), with ovate leaves and apetalous flowers in spikes opposite the leaves. The berries are red when ripe. Also, by extension, any one of the several hundred species of the genus Piper, widely dispersed throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of the earth.

3. Any plant of the genus Capsicum, and its fruit; red pepper; as, the bell pepper.

The term pepper has been extended to various other fruits and plants, more or less closely resembling the true pepper, esp. to the common varieties of Capsicum. See Capsicum, and the Phrases, below.

African pepper, the Guinea pepper. See under Guinea. -- Cayenne pepper. See under Cayenne. -- Chinese pepper, the spicy berries of the Xanthoxylum piperitum, a species of prickly ash found in China and Japan. -- Guinea pepper. See under Guinea, and Capsicum. -- Jamaica pepper. See Allspice. -- Long pepper. (a) The spike of berries of Piper longum, an East Indian shrub. (b) The root of Piper, or Macropiper, methysticum. See Kava. -- Malaguetta, or Meleguetta, pepper, the aromatic seeds of the Amomum Melegueta, an African plant of the Ginger family. They are sometimes used to flavor beer, etc., under the name of grains of Paradise. -- Red pepper. See Capsicum. -- Sweet pepper bush (Bot.), an American shrub (Clethra alnifolia), with racemes of fragrant white flowers; -- called also white alder. -- Pepper box or caster, a small box or bottle, with a perforated lid, used for sprinkling ground pepper on food, etc. -- Pepper corn. See in the Vocabulary. -- Pepper elder (Bot.), a West Indian name of several plants of the Pepper family, species of Piper and Peperomia. -- Pepper moth (Zoˆl.), a European moth (Biston betularia) having white wings covered with small black specks. -- Pepper pot, a mucilaginous soup or stew of vegetables and cassareep, much esteemed in the West Indies. -- Pepper root. (Bot.). See Coralwort. -- pepper sauce, a condiment for the table, made of small red peppers steeped in vinegar. -- Pepper tree (Bot.), an aromatic tree (Drimys axillaris) of the Magnolia family, common in New Zealand. See Peruvian mastic tree, under Mastic.

Pep"per, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peppered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peppering.] 1. To sprinkle or season with pepper.

2. Figuratively: To shower shot or other missiles, or blows, upon; to pelt; to fill with shot, or cover with bruises or wounds. "I have peppered two of them." "I am peppered, I warrant, for this world." Shak.

Pep"per, v. i. To fire numerous shots (at).

Pep"per*brand` (?), n. (Bot.) See 1st Bunt.

Pep"per*corn` (?), n. 1. A dried berry of the black pepper (Piper nigrum).

2. Anything insignificant; a particle.

Pep"per dulse` (?). (Bot.) A variety of edible seaweed (Laurencia pinnatifida) distinguished for its pungency. [Scot.] Lindley.

Pep"per*er (?), n. A grocer; -- formerly so called because he sold pepper. [Obs.]

Pep"per*grass` (?), n. (Bot.) (a) Any herb of the cruciferous genus Lepidium, especially the garden peppergrass, or garden cress, Lepidium sativum; -- called also pepperwort. All the species have a pungent flavor. (b) The common pillwort of Europe (Pilularia globulifera). See Pillwort.

Pep"per*idge (?), n. [Cf. NL. berberis, E. barberry.] (Bot.) A North American tree (Nyssa multiflora) with very tough wood, handsome oval polished leaves, and very acid berries, -- the sour gum, or common tupelo. See Tupelo. [Written also piperidge and pipperidge.]

Pepperidge bush (Bot.), the barberry.

Pep"per*ing, a. Hot; pungent; peppery. Swift.

Pep"per*mint (?), n. [Pepper + mint.] 1. (Bot.) An aromatic and pungent plant of the genus Mentha (M. piperita), much used in medicine and confectionery.

2. A volatile oil (oil of peppermint) distilled from the fresh herb; also, a well-known essence or spirit (essence of peppermint) obtained from it.

3. A lozenge of sugar flavored with peppermint.

Peppermint camphor. (Chem.) Same as Menthol. -- Peppermint tree (Bot.), a name given to several Australian species of gum tree (Eucalyptus amygdalina, E. piperita, E. odorata, etc.) which have hard and durable wood, and yield an essential oil.

Pep"per*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) See Peppergrass.

Pep"per*y (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to pepper; having the qualities of pepper; hot; pungent.

2. Fig.: Hot-tempered; passionate; choleric.

Pep"sin (?), n. [Gr. &?; a cooking, digesting, digestion, fr. &?;, &?;, to cook, digest: cf. F. pepsine. Cf. Dyspepsia.] (Physiol. Chem.) An unorganized proteolytic ferment or enzyme contained in the secretory glands of the stomach. In the gastric juice it is united with dilute hydrochloric acid (0.2 per cent, approximately) and the two together constitute the active portion of the digestive fluid. It is the active agent in the gastric juice of all animals.

As prepared from the glandular layer of pigs' or calves' stomachs it constitutes an important article of pharmacy.

Pep`sin*hy`dro*chlo"ric (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Same as Peptohydrochloric.

Pep*sin"o*gen (?), n. [Pepsin + -gen.] (Physiol. Chem.) The antecedent of the ferment pepsin. A substance contained in the form of granules in the peptic cells of the gastric glands. It is readily convertible into pepsin. Also called propepsin.

Pep"tic (?), a. [L. pepticus, Gr. &?;. See Pepsin.] 1. Relating to digestion; promoting digestion; digestive; as, peptic sauces.

2. Able to digest. [R.]

Tolerably nutritive for a mind as yet so peptic.

Carlyle.

3. (Physiol. Chem.) Pertaining to pepsin; resembling pepsin in its power of digesting or dissolving albuminous matter; containing or yielding pepsin, or a body of like properties; as, the peptic glands.

Pep"tic, n. 1. An agent that promotes digestion.

2. pl. The digestive organs.

Is there some magic in the place, Or do my peptics differ?

Tennyson.

Pep"tics (?), n. The science of digestion.

Pep"to*gen (?), n. [Peptone + -gen.] (Physiol.) A substance convertible into peptone.

Pep`to*gen"ic (?), a. Same as Peptogenous.

Pep*tog"e*nous (?), a. (Physiol. Chem.) Capable of yielding, or being converted into, peptone.

Pep`to*hy`dro*chlo"ric (?), a. [See Peptone, and Hydrochloric.] (Physiol. Chem.) Designating a hypothetical acid (called peptohydrochloric acid, pepsinhydrochloric acid, and chloropeptic acid) which is supposed to be formed when pepsin and dilute (0.1-0.4 per cent) hydrochloric acid are mixed together.

Pep"tone (?), n. [Gr. &?; cooked.] (Physiol. Chem.) (a) The soluble and diffusible substance or substances into which albuminous portions of the food are transformed by the action of the gastric and pancreatic juices. Peptones are also formed from albuminous matter by the action of boiling water and boiling dilute acids. (b) Collectively, in a broader sense, all the products resulting from the solution of albuminous matter in either gastric or pancreatic juice. In this case, however, intermediate products (albumose bodies), such as antialbumose, hemialbumose, etc., are mixed with the true peptones. Also termed albuminose.

Pure peptones are of three kinds, amphopeptone, antipeptone, and hemipeptone, and, unlike the albumose bodies, are not precipitated by saturating their solutions with ammonium sulphate.

Pep"to*nize (?), v. t. (Physiol.) To convert into peptone; to digest or dissolve by means of a proteolytic ferment; as, peptonized food.

Pep"to*noid (?), n. [Peptone + -oid.] (Physiol. Chem.) A substance related to peptone.

||Pep`to*nu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Peptone, and Urine.] (Med.) The ||presence of peptone, or a peptonelike body, in the urine.

Pep`to*tox"ine (?), n. [Peptone + toxic + -ine.] (Physiol. Chem.) A toxic alkaloid found occasionally associated with the peptones formed from fibrin by pepsinhydrochloric acid.

Pe"quots (?), n. pl.; sing. Pequot (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe of Indians who formerly inhabited Eastern Connecticut. [Written also Pequods.]

Per- (?). [See Per.] 1. A prefix used to signify through, throughout, by, for, or as an intensive as perhaps, by hap or chance; perennial, that lasts throughout the year; perforce, through or by force; perfoliate, perforate; perspicuous, evident throughout or very evident; perplex, literally, to entangle very much.

2. (Chem.) Originally, denoting that the element to the name of which it is prefixed in the respective compounds exercised its highest valence; now, only that the element has a higher valence than in other similar compounds; thus, barium peroxide is the highest oxide of barium; while nitrogen and manganese peroxides, so-called, are not the highest oxides of those elements.

Per (?), prep. [L. Cf. Far, For-, Pardon, and cf. Par, prep.] Through; by means of; through the agency of; by; for; for each; as, per annum; per capita, by heads, or according to individuals; per curiam, by the court; per se, by itself, of itself. Per is also sometimes used with English words.

Per annum, by the year; in each successive year; annually. -- Per cent, Per centum, by the hundred; in the hundred; -- used esp. of proportions of ingredients, rate or amount of interest, and the like; commonly used in the shortened form per cent. -- Per diem, by the day. [For other phrases from the Latin, see Quotations, Phrases, etc., from Foreign Languages, in the Supplement.]

Per*act" (?), v. t. [L. peractus, p. p. of peragere.] To go through with; to perform. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Per`a*cute" (?), a. [L. peracutus. See Per-, and Acute.] Very sharp; very violent; as, a peracute fever. [R.] Harvey.

Per`ad*ven"ture (?), adv. & conj. [OE. per aventure, F. par aventure. See Per, and Adventure.] By chance; perhaps; it may be; if; supposing. "If peradventure he speak against me." Shak.

Peradventure there be fifty righteous within the city.

Gen. xviii. 24.

Per`ad*ven"ture, n. Chance; hap; hence, doubt; question; as, proved beyond peradventure. South.

Pe*rÊ"o*pod (?), n. [Gr. &?; on the opposite side + -pod.] (Zoˆl.) One of the thoracic legs of a crustacean. See Illust. of Crustacea.

Per"a*grate (?), v. t. [L. peragratus, p. p. of peragrate.] To travel over or through. [Obs.]

Per`agra"tion (?), n. [L. peragratio: cf. F. peragration.] The act or state of passing through any space; as, the peragration of the moon in her monthly revolution. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per*am"bu*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perambulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perambulating.] [L. perambulatus, p. p. of perambulare to perambulate; per through + ambulare to walk. See Per-, and Amble.] To walk through or over; especially, to travel over for the purpose of surveying or examining; to inspect by traversing; specifically, to inspect officially the boundaries of, as of a town or parish, by walking over the whole line.

Per*am"bu*late, v. i. To walk about; to ramble; to stroll; as, he perambulated in the park.

Per*am`bu*la"tion (?), n. 1. The act of perambulating; traversing. Bacon.

2. An annual survey of boundaries, as of town, a parish, a forest, etc.

3. A district within which one is authorized to make a tour of inspection. "The . . . bounds of his own perambulation." [Obs.] Holyday.

Per*am"bu*la`tor (?), n. 1. One who perambulates.

2. A surveyor's instrument for measuring distances. It consists of a wheel arranged to roll along over the ground, with an apparatus of clockwork, and a dial plate upon which the distance traveled is shown by an index. See Odometer.

3. A low carriage for a child, propelled by pushing.

||Per`a*me"les (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a pouch + L. meles a badger.] ||(Zoˆl.) Any marsupial of the genus Perameles, which includes numerous ||species found in Australia. They somewhat resemble rabbits in size ||and form. See Illust. under Bandicoot.

Per"bend (?), n. See Perpender.

Per"break` (?), n. [Obs.] See Parbreak.

Per*bro"mate (?), n. (Chem.)A salt of perbromic acid.

Per*bro"mic (?), a. [Pref. per- + bromic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid, HBrO4, of bromine.

Per*bro"mide (?), n. (Chem.) A bromide having a higher proportion of bromine than any other bromide of the same substance or series.

||Per"ca (?), n. [L., a perch.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of fishes, including ||the fresh-water perch.

||Per`cale" (?), n. [F.] A fine cotton fabric, having a linen finish, ||and often printed on one side, - - used for women's and children's ||wear.

||Per`ca`line" (?), n. [F.] A fine kind of French cotton goods, usually ||of one color.

Per*car"bide (?), n. [Pref. per- + carbide.] (Chem.)A compound containing a relatively large amount of carbon. [R.]

Per*car"bu*ret (?), n. [Pref. per- + carburet.] (Chem.) A percarbide. [Obsoles.]

Per*car"bu*ret`ed, a. (Chem.) Combined with a relatively large amount of carbon.

Per*case" (?), adv. [OE. per cas. See Parcase.] Perhaps; perchance. [Obs.] Bacon.

Perce (?), v. t. To pierce. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per*ceiv"a*ble (?), a. Capable of being perceived; perceptible. -- Per*ceiv"a*bly, adv.

Per*ceiv"ance (?), n. Power of perceiving. [Obs.] "The senses and common perceivance." Milton.

Per*ceive" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perceived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perceiving.] [OF. percevoir, perceveir, L. percipere, perceptum; per (see Per-) + capere to take, receive. See Capacious, and cf. Perception.] 1. To obtain knowledge of through the senses; to receive impressions from by means of the bodily organs; to take cognizance of the existence, character, or identity of, by means of the senses; to see, hear, or feel; as, to perceive a distant ship; to perceive a discord. Reid.

2. To take intellectual cognizance of; to apprehend by the mind; to be convinced of by direct intuition; to note; to remark; to discern; to see; to understand.

Jesus perceived their wickedness.

Matt. xxii. 18.

You may, fair lady, Perceive I speak sincerely.

Shak.

Till we ourselves see it with our own eyes, and perceive it by our own understandings, we are still in the dark.

Locke.

3. To be affected of influented by. [R.]

The upper regions of the air perceive the collection of the matter of tempests before the air here below.

Bacon.

Syn. -- To discern; distinguish; observe; see; feel; know; understand. -- To Perceive, Discern. To perceive a thing is to apprehend it as presented to the senses or the intellect; to discern is to mark differences, or to see a thing as distinguished from others around it. We may perceive two persons afar off without being able to discern whether they are men or women. Hence, discern is often used of an act of the senses or the mind involving close, discriminating, analytical attention. We perceive that which is clear or obvious; we discern that which requires much attention to get an idea of it. "We perceive light, darkness, colors, or the truth or falsehood of anything. We discern characters, motives, the tendency and consequences of actions, etc." Crabb.

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Per*ceiv"er (?), n. One who perceives (in any of the senses of the verb). Milton.

Perce"ly (?), n. Parsley. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per*cent"age (?), n. [Per cent + -age, as in average. See Per, and Cent.] (Com.) A certain rate per cent; the allowance, duty, rate of interest, discount, or commission, on a hundred.

Per"cept (?), n. [From L. percipere, perceptum.] That which is perceived. Sir W. Hamilton.

The modern discussion between percept and concept, the one sensuous, the other intellectual.

Max M¸ller.

Per*cep`ti*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. perceptibilitÈ.] 1. The quality or state of being perceptible; as, the perceptibility of light or color.

2. Perception. [R.] Dr. H. More.

Per*cep"ti*ble (?), a. [L. perceptibilis: cf. F. perceptible. See Perceive.] Capable of being perceived; cognizable; discernible; perceivable.

With a perceptible blast of the air.

Bacon.

-- Per*cep"ti*ble*ness, n. -- Per*cep"ti*bly, adv.

Per*cep"tion (?), n. [L. perceptio: cf. F. perception. See Perceive.] 1. The act of perceiving; cognizance by the senses or intellect; apperhension by the bodily organs, or by the mind, of what is presented to them; discernment; apperhension; cognition.

2. (Metaph.) The faculty of perceiving; the faculty, or peculiar part, of man's constitution by which he has knowledge through the medium or instrumentality of the bodily organs; the act of apperhending material objects or qualities through the senses; -- distinguished from conception. Sir W. Hamilton.

Matter hath no life nor perception, and is not conscious of its own existence.

Bentley.

3. The quality, state, or capability, of being affected by something external; sensation; sensibility. [Obs.]

This experiment discovereth perception in plants.

Bacon.

4. An idea; a notion. [Obs.] Sir M. Hale.

"The word perception is, in the language of philosophers previous to Reid, used in a very extensive signification. By Descartes, Malebranche, Locke, Leibnitz, and others, it is employed in a sense almost as unexclusive as consciousness, in its widest signification. By Reid this word was limited to our faculty acquisitive of knowledge, and to that branch of this faculty whereby, through the senses, we obtain a knowledge of the external world. But his limitation did not stop here. In the act of external perception he distinguished two elements, to which he gave the names of perception and sensation. He ought perhaps to have called these perception proper and sensation proper, when employed in his special meaning." Sir W. Hamilton.

Per*cep"tive (?), a. [Cf. F. perceptif.] Of or pertaining to the act or power of perceiving; having the faculty or power of perceiving; used in perception. "His perceptive and reflective faculties." Motley.

Per`cep*tiv"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being perceptive; power of perception. Locke.

||Per*ces"o*ces (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca a perch + esox, -ocis, a ||pike.] (Zoˆl.) An order of fishes including the gray mullets (Mugil), ||the barracudas, the silversides, and other related fishes. So called ||from their relation both to perches and to pikes.

Perch (prch), n. [Written also pearch.] [OE. perche, F. perche, L. perca, fr. Gr. pe`rkh; cf. perkno`s dark-colored, Skr. pÁni spotted, speckled, and E. freckle.] (Zoˆl.) 1. Any fresh-water fish of the genus Perca and of several other allied genera of the family PercidÊ, as the common American or yellow perch (Perca flavescens, or Americana), and the European perch (P. fluviatilis).

2. Any one of numerous species of spiny-finned fishes belonging to the PercidÊ, SerranidÊ, and related families, and resembling, more or less, the true perches.

Black perch. (a) The black bass. (b) The flasher. (c) The sea bass. -- Blue perch, the cunner. -- Gray perch, the fresh-water drum. -- Red perch, the rosefish. -- Red-bellied perch, the long- eared pondfish. -- Perch pest, a small crustacean, parasitic in the mouth of the perch. -- Silver perch, the yellowtail. -- Stone, or Striped, perch, the pope. -- White perch, the Roccus, or Morone, Americanus, a small silvery serranoid market fish of the Atlantic coast.

Perch (?), n. [F. perche, L. pertica.] 1. A pole; a long staff; a rod; esp., a pole or other support for fowls to roost on or to rest on; a roost; figuratively, any elevated resting place or seat.

As chauntecleer among his wives all Sat on his perche, that was in his hall.

Chaucer.

Not making his high place the lawless perch Of winged ambitions.

Tennyson.

2. (a) A measure of length containing five and a half yards; a rod, or pole. (b) In land or square measure: A square rod; the 160th part of an acre. (c) In solid measure: A mass 16Ω feet long, 1 foot in height, and 1Ω feet in breadth, or 24æ cubic feet (in local use, from 22 to 25 cubic feet); -- used in measuring stonework.

3. A pole connecting the fore gear and hind gear of a spring carriage; a reach.

Perch, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perching.] [F. percher. See Perch a pole.] To alight or settle, as a bird; to sit or roost.

Wrens make prey where eagles dare not perch.

Shak.

Perch, v. t. 1. To place or to set on, or as on, a perch.

2. To occupy as a perch. Milton.

Per*chance" (?), adv. [F. par by (L. per) + chance. See Par, and Chance.] By chance; perhaps; peradventure.

Perch"ant (?), n. [F.] A bird tied by the foot, to serve as decoy to other birds by its fluttering.

Perch"er (?), n. [From Perch, v. i.] 1. One who, or that which, perches. J. Burroughs.

2. One of the Insessores.

3. [From Perch a pole.] A Paris candle anciently used in England; also, a large wax candle formerly set upon the altar. [Obs.] Bailey.

Per"che*ron (?), n. [F.] One of a breed of draught horses originating in Perche, an old district of France; -- called also Percheron-Norman.

Per*chlo"rate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of perchloric acid.

Per*chlo"ric (?), a. [Pref. per- + chloric.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HClO4), of chlorine; -- called also hyperchloric.

Per*chlo"ride (?), n. (Chem.) A chloride having a higher proportion of chlorine than any other chloride of the same substance or series.

Per*chro"mic (?), a. [Pref. per- + chromic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a certain one of the highly oxidized compounds of chromium, which has a deep blue color, and is produced by the action of hydrogen peroxide.

Per"ci*form (?), a. [NL., & L. perca a perch + -form.] (Zoˆl.) Pertaining to the Perciformes.

||Per`ci*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) An extensive tribe or ||suborder of fishes, including the true perches (PercidÊ); the ||pondfishes (CentrarchidÊ); the sciÊnoids (SciÊnidÊ); the sparoids ||(SparidÊ); the serranoids (SerranidÊ), and some other related ||families.

{ Per*cip"i*ence (?), Per*cip"i*en*cy (?), } n. The faculty, act or power of perceiving; perception. Mrs. Browning.

Per*cip"i*ent (?), a. [L. percipiens, -entis, p. pr. of percipere. See Perceive.] Having the faculty of perception; perceiving; as, a percipient being. Bentley. -- n. One who, or that which, is percipient. Glanvill.

Per*close" (?), n. [OF. parclose an inclosed place; L. per through + claudere, clausum, to shut.] 1. (Eccl. Arch.) Same as Parclose.

2. Conclusion; end. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

Per"coid (?), a. [L. perca a perch + -oid: cf. F. percoÔde.] (Zoˆl.) Belonging to, or resembling, the perches, or family PercidÊ. -- n. Any fish of the genus Perca, or allied genera of the family PercidÊ.

||Per*coi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) Same as Perciformes.

Per"co*late (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percolated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Percolating.] [L. percolatus, p. p. of percolare to percolate; per through + colare to strain.] To cause to pass through fine interstices, as a liquor; to filter; to strain. Sir M. Hale.

Per"co*late, v. i. To pass through fine interstices; to filter; as, water percolates through porous stone.

Per`co*la"tion (?), n. [L. percolatio.] The act or process of percolating, or filtering; filtration; straining. Specifically (Pharm.), the process of exhausting the virtues of a powdered drug by letting a liquid filter slowly through it.

Per"co*la`tor (?), n. One who, or that which, filters. "[Tissues] act as percolators." Henfrey.

||Per`co*mor"phi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. perca perch + Gr. &?; form.] ||(Zoˆl.) A division of fishes including the perches and related kinds.

Per"cu*laced (?), a. [Prob. corrupt. fr. portcullised.] (Her.) Latticed. See Lattice, n., 2.

Per*cur"rent (?), a. [L. percurrens, p. pr. of percurrere to run through; per through + currere to run.] Running through the entire length.

Per*cur"so*ry (?), a. [L. percursor one who runs through, fr. percurrere. See Percurrent.] Running over slightly or in haste; cursory. [R.]

Per*cuss" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Percussed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Percussing.] [L. percussus, p. p. of percutere; per + quatere to shake, strike. See Quash.] To strike smartly; to strike upon or against; as, to percuss the chest in medical examination.

Flame percussed by air giveth a noise.

Bacon.

Per*cuss", v. i. (Med.) To strike or tap in an examination by percussion. See Percussion, 3. Quain.

Per*cus"sion (?), n. [L. percussio: cf. F. percussion. See Percuss.] 1. The act of percussing, or striking one body against another; forcible collision, esp. such as gives a sound or report. Sir I. Newton.

2. Hence: The effect of violent collision; vibratory shock; impression of sound on the ear.

The thunderlike percussion of thy sounds.

Shak.

3. (Med.) The act of tapping or striking the surface of the body in order to learn the condition of the parts beneath by the sound emitted or the sensation imparted to the fingers. Percussion is said to be immediate if the blow is directly upon the body; if some interventing substance, as a pleximeter, is, used, it is called mediate.

Center of percussion. See under Center. -- Percussion bullet, a bullet containing a substance which is exploded by percussion; an explosive bullet. -- Percussion cap, a small copper cap or cup, containing fulminating powder, and used with a percussion lock to explode gunpowder. -- Percussion fuze. See under Fuze. -- Percussion lock, the lock of a gun that is fired by percussion upon fulminating powder. -- Percussion match, a match which ignites by percussion. -- Percussion powder, powder so composed as to ignite by slight percussion; fulminating powder. -- Percussion sieve, Percussion table, a machine for sorting ores by agitation in running water.

Per*cuss"ive (?), a. Striking against; percutient; as, percussive force.

Per*cu"tient (?), a. [L. percutiens, p. pr. of percutere. See Percuss.] Striking; having the power of striking. -- n. That which strikes, or has power to strike. Bacon.

Per"di*cine (?), a. [See Perdix.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the family PerdicidÊ, or partridges.

Per*die" (?), adv. See Parde. Spenser.

Per"di*foil (?), n. [L. perdere to lose + folium leaf.] (Bot.) A deciduous plant; - - opposed to evergreen. J. Barton.

Per*di"tion (?), n. [F., fr. L. perditio, fr. perdere, perditum, to ruin, to lose; per (cf. Skr. par away) + -dere (only in comp.) to put; akin to Gr. &?;, E. do. See Do.] 1. Entire loss; utter destruction; ruin; esp., the utter loss of the soul, or of final happiness in a future state; future misery or eternal death.

The mere perdition of the Turkish fleet.

Shak.

If we reject the truth, we seal our own perdition.

J. M. Mason.

2. Loss of diminution. [Obs.] Shak.

Per*di"tion*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being ruined; worthy of perdition. [R.] Pollok.

||Per"dix (pr"dks), n. [L., a partridge, Gr. pe`rdix.] (Zoˆl.) A genus ||of birds including the common European partridge. Formerly the word ||was used in a much wider sense to include many allied genera.

Per*du" (pr*d" or pr"d), n. [See Perdu, a.] 1. One placed on watch, or in ambush.

2. A soldier sent on a forlorn hope. Shak.

{ Per*du", Per*due" } (pr*d" or pr"d), a. [F. perdu, f. perdue, lost, p. p. of perdre to lose, L. perdere. See Perdition.] 1. Lost to view; in concealment or ambush; close.

He should lie perdue who is to walk the round.

Fuller.

2. Accustomed to, or employed in, desperate enterprises; hence, reckless; hopeless. "A perdue captain." Beau. & Fl.

Per`du*el"lion (?), n. [L. perduellio; per + duellum, bellum, war.] (Civil Law) Treason.

Per"du*lous (?), a. [See Perdu, a.] Lost; thrown away. [Obs.] Abp. Bramhall.

Per*dur`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Durability; lastingness. [Archaic] Chaucer.

Per*dur"a*ble (pr*dr"*b'l; 277), n. [Cf. F. perdurable, OE. pardurable. See Perdure.] Very durable; lasting; continuing long. [Archaic] Chaucer. Shak.

-- Per*dur"a*bly, adv. [Archaic]

{ Per*dur"ance (pr*dr"ans), Per`du*ra"tion (pr`d*r"shn), } n. Long continuance. [Archaic]

Per*dure" (pr*dr"), v. i. [L. perdurare; per through + durare to last.] To last or endure for a long time; to be perdurable or lasting. [Archaic]

The mind perdures while its energizing may construct a thousand lines.

Hickok.

Per*dy" (?), adv. Truly. See Parde. [Obs.]

Ah, dame! perdy ye have not done me right.

Spenser.

Pere (?), n. A peer. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per*e"gal (?), a. [OF. par very (L. per) + egal equal, L. aequalis.] Fully equal. [Obs.] Chaucer. "Peregal to the best." Spenser.

Per"e*gri*nate (?), v. i. [L. peregrinatus, p. p. of peregrinari to travel. See Pilgrim.] To travel from place to place, or from one country to another; hence, to sojourn in foreign countries.

Per"e*gri*nate (?), a. [L. peregrinatus, p. p.] Having traveled; foreign. [Obs.] Shak.

Per`e*gri*na"tion (?), n. [L. peregrinatio: cf. F. pÈrÈgrination.] A traveling from one country to another; a wandering; sojourn in foreign countries. "His peregrination abroad." Bacon.

Per"e*gri*na`tor (?), n. [L.] One who peregrinates; one who travels about.

Per"e*grine (?), a. [L. peregrinus. See Pilgrim.] Foreign; not native; extrinsic or from without; exotic. [Spelt also pelegrine.] "Peregrine and preternatural heat." Bacon.

Peregrine falcon (Zoˆl.), a courageous and swift falcon (Falco peregrinus), remarkable for its wide distribution over all the continents. The adult plumage is dark bluish ash on the back, nearly black on the head and cheeks, white beneath, barred with black below the throat. Called also peregrine hawk, duck hawk, game hawk, and great-footed hawk.

Per"e*grine (?), n. The peregrine falcon.

Per`e*grin"i*ty (?), n. [L. peregrinitas: cf. F. pÈrÈgrinitÈ.] 1. Foreignness; strangeness. [Obs.] "Somewhat of a peregrinity in their dialect." Johnson.

2. Travel; wandering. [R.] Carlyle.

<! p. 1065 !>

Per"el (?), n. Apparel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per*empt" (?), v. t. [L. peremptus, p. p. of perimere to take away entirely, to destroy; per (see Per-) + OL. emere to take. See Redeem.] (Law) To destroy; to defeat. [R.] Ayliffe.

Per*emp"tion (?), n. [L. peremptio: cf. F. pÈremption.] (Law) A quashing; a defeating. [Obs.]

Per"emp*to*ri*ly (?), adv. In a peremptory manner; absolutely; positively. Bacon.

Per"emp*to*ri*ness, n. The quality of being peremptory; positiveness.

Per"emp*to*ry (?), a. [L. peremptorius destructive, deadly, decisive, final: cf. F. pÈremptorie. See Perempt.] 1. Precluding debate or expostulation; not admitting of question or appeal; positive; absolute; decisive; conclusive; final.

Think of heaven with hearty purposes and peremptory designs to get thither.

Jer. Taylor.

2. Positive in opinion or judgment; decided; dictatorial; dogmatical.

Be not too positive and peremptory.

Bacon.

Briefly, then, for we are peremptory.

Shak.

3. Firmly determined; unawed. [Poetic] Shak.

Peremptory challenge (Law) See under Challenge. -- Peremptory mandamus, a final and absolute mandamus. -- Peremptory plea, a plea by a defendant tending to impeach the plaintiff's right of action; a plea in bar.

Syn. -- Decisive; positive; absolute; authoritative; express; arbitrary; dogmatical.

Per*en"ni*al (?), a. [L. perennis that lasts the whole year through; per through + annus year. See Per-, and Annual.] 1. ing or continuing through the year; as, perennial fountains.

2. Continuing without cessation or intermission; perpetual; unceasing; never failing.

The perennial existence of bodies corporate.

Burke.

3. (Bot.) Continuing more than two years; as, a perennial steam, or root, or plant.

Syn. -- Perpetual; unceasing; never failing; enduring; continual; permanent; uninterrupted.

Per*en"ni*al, n. (Bot.) A perennial plant; a plant which lives or continues more than two years, whether it retains its leaves in winter or not.

Per*en"ni*al*ly, adv. In a perennial manner.

||Per*en`ni*bran`chi*a"ta (?), n. pl. [NL. See Perennial, and ||Branchia.] (Zoˆl.) Those Batrachia which retain their gills through ||life, as the menobranchus.

Per*en`ni*bran"chi*ate (?), a. [See Perennial, and Branchiate.] 1. (Anat.) Having branchÊ, or gills, through life; -- said especially of certain Amphibia, like the menobranchus. Opposed to caducibranchiate.

2. (Zoˆl.) Belonging to the Perennibranchiata.

Per*en"ni*ty (?), n. [L. perennitas.] The quality of being perennial. [R.] Derham.

Per`er*ra"tion (?), n. [L. pererrare, pererratum, to wander through.] A wandering, or rambling, through various places. [R.] Howell.

Per"fect (?), a. [OE. parfit, OF. parfit, parfet, parfait, F. parfait, L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere to carry to the end, to perform, finish, perfect; per (see Per-) + facere to make, do. See Fact.] 1. Brought to consummation or completeness; completed; not defective nor redundant; having all the properties or qualities requisite to its nature and kind; without flaw, fault, or blemish; without error; mature; whole; pure; sound; right; correct.

My strength is made perfect in weakness.

2 Cor. xii. 9.

Three glorious suns, each one a perfect sun.

Shak.

I fear I am not in my perfect mind.

Shak.

O most entire perfect sacrifice!

Keble.

God made thee perfect, not immutable.

Milton.

2. Well informed; certain; sure.

I am perfect that the Pannonains are now in arms.

Shak.

3. (Bot.) Hermaphrodite; having both stamens and pistils; -- said of flower.

Perfect cadence (Mus.), a complete and satisfactory close in harmony, as upon the tonic preceded by the dominant. -- Perfect chord (Mus.), a concord or union of sounds which is perfectly coalescent and agreeable to the ear, as the unison, octave, fifth, and fourth; a perfect consonance; a common chord in its original position of keynote, third, fifth, and octave. -- Perfect number (Arith.), a number equal to the sum of all its divisors; as, 28, whose aliquot parts, or divisors, are 14, 7, 4, 2, 1. See Abundant number, under Abundant. Brande & C. -- Perfect tense (Gram.), a tense which expresses an act or state completed.

Syn. -- Finished; consummate; complete; entire; faultless; blameless; unblemished.

Per"fect (?), n. The perfect tense, or a form in that tense.

Per"fect (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfected; p. pr. & vb. n. Perfecting.] [L. perfectus, p. p. of perficere. See Perfect, a.] To make perfect; to finish or complete, so as to leave nothing wanting; to give to anything all that is requisite to its nature and kind.

God dwelleth in us, and his love is perfect in us.

1 John iv. 12.

Inquire into the nature and properties of the things, . . . and thereby perfect our ideas of their distinct species.

Locke.

Perfecting press (Print.), a press in which the printing on both sides of the paper is completed in one passage through the machine.

Syn. -- To finish; accomplish; complete; consummate.

Per"fect*er (?), n. One who, or that which, makes perfect. "The . . . perfecter of our faith." Barrow.

Per*fect`i*bil"i*an (?), n. A perfectionist. [R.] Ed. Rev.

Per`fec*tib"i*list (?), n. A perfectionist. See also Illuminati, 2. [R.]

Per*fect`i*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. perfectibilitÈ.] The quality or state of being perfectible.

Per*fect"i*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. perfectible.] Capable of becoming, or being made, perfect.

Per*fec"tion (?), n. [F. perfection, L. perfectio.] 1. The quality or state of being perfect or complete, so that nothing requisite is wanting; entire development; consummate culture, skill, or moral excellence; the highest attainable state or degree of excellence; maturity; as, perfection in an art, in a science, or in a system; perfection in form or degree; fruits in perfection.

2. A quality, endowment, or acquirement completely excellent; an ideal faultlessness; especially, the divine attribute of complete excellence. Shak.

What tongue can her perfections tell?

Sir P. Sidney.

To perfection, in the highest degree of excellence; perfectly; as, to imitate a model to perfection.

Per*fec"tion, v. t. To perfect. [Obs.] Foote.

Per*fec"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to perfection; characterized by perfection. [R.] Bp. Pearson.

Per*fec"tion*ate (?), v. t. To perfect. Dryden.

Per*fec"tion*ism (?), n. The doctrine of the Perfectionists.

Per*fec"tion*ist, n. One pretending to perfection; esp., one pretending to moral perfection; one who believes that persons may and do attain to moral perfection and sinlessness in this life. South.

Per*fec"tion*ment (?), n. [Cf. F. perfectionnement.] The act of bringing to perfection, or the state of having attained to perfection. [R.] I. Taylor.

Per*fect"ive (?), a. Tending or conducing to make perfect, or to bring to perfection; -- usually followed by of. "A perfective alteration." Fuller.

Actions perfective of their natures.

Ray.

Per*fec"tive*ly, adv. In a perfective manner.

Per"fect*ly (?), adv. In a perfect manner or degree; in or to perfection; completely; wholly; throughly; faultlessly. "Perfectly divine." Milton.

As many as touched were made perfectly whole.

Matt. xiv. 36.

Per"fect*ness, n. The quality or state of being perfect; perfection. "Charity, which is the bond of perfectness." Col. iii. 14.

Per*fer"vid (?), a. [Pref. per- + fervid.] Very fervid; too fervid; glowing; ardent.

Per*fi"cient (?), a. [L. perficiens, p. pr. of perficere to perform. See Perfect.] Making or doing throughly; efficient; effectual. [R.] Blackstone.

Per*fi"cient, n. One who performs or perfects a work; especially, one who endows a charity. [R.]

Per*fid"i*ous (pr*fd"*s; 277), a. [L. perfidious.] 1. Guilty of perfidy; violating good faith or vows; false to trust or confidence reposed; teacherous; faithless; as, a perfidious friend. Shak.

2. Involving, or characterized by, perfidy. "Involved in this perfidious fraud." Milton.

Per*fid"i*ous*ly, adv. In a perfidious manner.

Per*fid"i*ous*ness, n. The quality of being perfidious; perfidy. Clarendon.

Per"fi*dy (pr"f*d), n.; pl. Perfidies (- dz). [L. perfidia, fr. L. perfidus faithless; per (cf. Skr. par away) + fides faith: cf. F. perfidie. See Faith.] The act of violating faith or allegiance; violation of a promise or vow, or of trust reposed; faithlessness; treachery.

The ambition and perfidy of tyrants.

Macaulay.

His perfidy to this sacred engagement.

DeQuincey.

Per"fit (pr"ft), a. Perfect. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per*fix" (pr"fks), v. t. [Pref. per- + fix.] To fix surely; to appoint. [Obs.]

Per"fla*ble (?), a. [L. perflabilis. See Perflate.] Capable of being blown through. [Obs.]

Per*flate" (?), v. t. [L. perflatus, p. p. of perflare to blow through.] To blow through. [Obs.] Harvey.

Per*fla"tion (?), n. [L. perflatio.] The act of perflating. [Obs.] Woodward.

Per*fo"li*ate (?), a. [Pref. per- + L. folium leaf.] 1. (Bot.) Having the basal part produced around the stem; -- said of leaves which the stem apparently passes directory through.

2. (Zoˆl.) Surrounded by a circle of hairs, or projections of any kind.

Per`fo*ra"ta (pr`f*r"t), n. pl. [NL. See Perforate.] (Zoˆl.) (a) A division of corals including those that have a porous texture, as Porites and Madrepora; -- opposed to Aporosa. (b) A division of Foraminifera, including those having perforated shells.

Per"fo*rate (pr"f*rt), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perforated (- r`td); p. pr. & vb. n. Perforating.] [L. perforatus, p. p. of perforare to perforate; per through + forare to bore. See Bore, v.] To bore through; to pierce through with a pointed instrument; to make a hole or holes through by boring or piercing; to pierce or penetrate the surface of. Bacon.

{ Per"fo*rate (pr"f*rt), Per"fo*ra`ted (pr"f*r"td), } a. Pierced with a hole or holes, or with pores; having transparent dots resembling holes.

Per`fo*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. perforation.] 1. The act of perforating, or of boring or piercing through. Bacon.

2. A hole made by boring or piercing; an aperture. "Slender perforations." Sir T. Browne.

Per"fo*ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. perforatif.] Having power to perforate or pierce.

Per"fo*ra`tor (?), n. [Cf. F. perforateur.] One who, or that which, perforates; esp., a cephalotome.

Per*force" (?), adv. [F. par (L. per) + force.] By force; of necessary; at any rate. Shak.

Per*force", v. t. To force; to compel. [Obs.]

Per*form" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Performed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Performing.] [OE. performen, parfourmen, parfournen, OF. parfornir, parfournir, to finish, complete; OF. & F. par (see Par) + fournir to finish, complete. The word has been influenced by form; cf. L. performare to form thoroughly. See Furnish.] 1. To carry through; to bring to completion; to achieve; to accomplish; to execute; to do.

I will cry unto God most high, unto God that performeth all things for me.

Ps. lvii. 2.

Great force to perform what they did attempt.

Sir P. Sidney.

2. To discharge; to fulfill; to act up to; as, to perform a duty; to perform a promise or a vow.

To perform your father's will.

Shak.

3. To represent; to act; to play; as in drama.

Perform a part thou hast not done before.

Shak.

Syn. -- To accomplish; do; act; transact; achieve; execute; discharge; fulfill; effect; complete; consummate. See Accomplish.

Per*form", v. i. To do, execute, or accomplish something; to acquit one's self in any business; esp., to represent sometimes by action; to act a part; to play on a musical instrument; as, the players perform poorly; the musician performs on the organ.

Per*form"a*ble (?), a. Admitting of being performed, done, or executed; practicable.

Per*form"ance (?), n. The act of performing; the carrying into execution or action; execution; achievement; accomplishment; representation by action; as, the performance of an undertaking of a duty.

Promises are not binding where the performance is impossible.

Paley.

2. That which is performed or accomplished; a thing done or carried through; an achievement; a deed; an act; a feat; esp., an action of an elaborate or public character. "Her walking and other actual performances." Shak. "His musical performances." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Completion; consummation; execution; accomplishment; achievement; production; work; act; action; deed; exploit; feat.

Per*form"er (?), n. One who performs, accomplishes, or fulfills; as, a good promiser, but a bad performer; especially, one who shows skill and training in any art; as, a performer of the drama; a performer on the harp.

Per"fri*cate (?), v. t. [L. perfricatus, p. p. of perfricare.] To rub over. Bailey.

Per*fu"ma*to*ry (?), a. Emitting perfume; perfuming. [R.] Sir E. Leigh.

Per*fume" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfumed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perfuming.] [F. parfumer (cf. Sp. perfumar); par (see Par) + fumer to smoke, L. fumare, fr. fumus smoke. See Fume.] To fill or impregnate with a perfume; to scent.

And Carmel's flowery top perfumes the skies.

Pope.

Per"fume (?), n. [F. parfum; cf. Sp. perfume. See Perfume, v.] 1. The scent, odor, or odoriferous particles emitted from a sweet-smelling substance; a pleasant odor; fragrance; aroma.

No rich perfumes refresh the fruitful field.

Pope.

2. A substance that emits an agreeable odor.

And thou shalt make it a perfume.

Ex. xxx. 35.

Per*fum"er (?), n. 1. One who, oe that which, perfumes.

2. One whose trade is to make or sell perfumes.

Per*fum"er*y (?), n. 1. Perfumes, in general.

2. [Cf. F. parfumerie.] The art of preparing perfumes.

Per*func"to*ri*ly (?), adv. In a perfunctory manner; formally; carelessly. Boyle.

Per*func"to*ri*ness, n. The quality or state of being perfunctory.

Per*func"to*ry (?), a. [L. perfunctorius, fr. perfunctus dispatched, p. p. of perfungi to discharge, dispatch; per (see Per) + fungi to perform. See Function.] 1. Done merely to get rid of a duty; performed mechanically and as a thing of rote; done in a careless and superficial manner; characterized by indifference; as, perfunctory admonitions. Macaulay.

2. Hence: Mechanical; indifferent; listless; careless. "Perfunctory in his devotions." Sharp.

Per*func"tu*rate (?), v. t. To perform in a perfunctory manner; to do negligently. [R.]

Per*fuse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perfused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perfusing.] [L. perfusus, p. p. of perfundere to pour over; per + fundere to pour.] To suffuse; to fill full or to excess. Harvey.

Per*fu"sion (?), n. [L. perfusio.] The act of perfusing.

Per*fu"sive (?), a. Of a nature to flow over, or to spread through.

{ Per`ga*me"no*us (?), Per`ga*men*ta"ceous (?), } a. [L. pergamena parchment. See Parchment.] Like parchment.

Per*haps" (?), adv. [Per + hap chance.] By chance; peradventure; perchance; it may be.

And pray God, if perhaps the thought of thine heart may be forgiven thee.

Acts viii. 22.

Per"i- (?). [Gr. &?;, prep.] A prefix used to signify around, by, near, over, beyond, or to give an intensive sense; as, perimeter, the measure around; perigee, point near the earth; periergy, work beyond what is needed; perispherical, quite spherical.

Pe"ri (?), n.; pl. Peris (#). [Per. per a female genus, a fairy.] (Persian Myth.) An imaginary being, male or female, like an elf or fairy, represented as a descendant of fallen angels, excluded from paradise till penance is accomplished. Moore.

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Per`i*a"gua (?), n. See Pirogue.

Per"i*anth (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; flower: cf. F. pÈrianthe.] (Bot.) (a) The leaves of a flower generally, especially when the calyx and corolla are not readily distinguished. (b) A saclike involucre which incloses the young fruit in most hepatic mosses. See Illust. of Hepatica.

||Per`i*an"thi*um (?), n. [NL.] (Bot.) The perianth.

Per"i*apt (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; hung about, &?; to hang about; &?; about + &?; to tie: cf. F. pÈriapte.] A charm worn as a protection against disease or mischief; an amulet. Coleridge.

Now help, ye charming spells and periapts.

Shak.

Per`i*as"tral (?), a. Among or around the stars. "Comets in periastral passage." R. A. Proctor.

Per`i*as"tron (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about + &?; a star.] (Astron.) That point, in the real or apparent orbit of one star revolving around another, at which the former is nearest to the latter.

Per"i*au"ger (?), n. See Pirogue. W. Irving.

Per"i*blast (?), a. [Gr. &?; to grow around. See Peri-, and -blast.] (Biol.) The protoplasmic matter which surrounds the entoblast, or cell nucleus, and undergoes segmentation. -- Per`i*blas"tic, a.

Per"i*blem (?), n. [Pref. peri- + root of Gr. &?; to sprout.] (Bot.) Nascent cortex, or immature cellular bark.

||Pe*rib"o*los (?), n. [Nl., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, adj., going round, ||fr. &?; to throw round; cf. L. peribolus.] In ancient architecture, ||an inclosed court, esp., one surrounding a temple.

Per`i*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Surrounding the branchiÊ; as, a peribranchial cavity.

Per`i*bran"chi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Around the bronchi or bronchial tubes; as, the peribronchial lymphatics.

||Per`i*cam"bi*um (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Cambium.] (Biol.) A layer ||of thin-walled young cells in a growing stem, in which layer certain ||new vessels originate.

{ Per`i*car"di*ac (?), Per`i*car"di*al (?), } a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to pericardium; situated around the heart.

Pericardial fluid (Physiol.), a serous fluid of a pale yellow color contained in the pericardium.

Per`i*car"di*an (?), a. Pericardiac.

Per`i*car"dic (?), a. Pericardiac.

||Per`i*car*di"tus (?), n. [NL. See Pericardium, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the pericardium. Dunglison.

Per`i*car"di*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; about or near the heart; &?; about + &?; heart.] (Anat.) The double baglike fold of serous membrane which incloses the heart.

The inner layer is closely adherent to the outer surface of the heart, and is called the cardiac pericardium. The outer layer loosely incloses the heart and the adherent inner layer, and is called the parietal pericardium. At the base of the heart the two layers are continuous, and form a narrow closed cavity filled with fluid, in which the pulsations of the heart cause little friction.

Per"i*carp (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; fruit: cf. F. pÈricarpe.] (Bot.) The ripened ovary; the walls of the fruit. See Illusts. of Capsule, Drupe, and Legume.

{ Per`i*car"pi*al (?), Per`i*car"pic (?) }, a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to a pericarp.

Per`i*cel"lu*lar (?), a. (Anat.) Surrounding a cell; as, the pericellular lymph spaces surrounding ganglion cells.

Per"i*chÊth (?), n. [See PerichÊtium.] (Bot.) The leafy involucre surrounding the fruit stalk of mosses; perichÊtium; perichete.

Per`i*chÊ"ti*al (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the perichÊth.

||Per`i*chÊ"ti*um (?), n.; pl. PerichÊtia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about ||+ &?; flowing hair, foliage.] (Bot.) Same as PerichÊth.

Per`i*chÊ"tous (?), a. [See PerichÊtium.] (Zoˆl.) Surrounded by setÊ; -- said of certain earthworms (genus PerichÊtus).

Per"i*chete (?), n. Same as PerichÊth.

Per`i*chon"dri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the perichondrium; situated around cartilage.

||Per`i*chon*dri"tis (?), n. [NL. See Perichondrium, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the perichondrium.

||Per`i*chon"dri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; around + &?; cartilage.] ||(Anat.) The membrane of fibrous connective tissue which closely ||invests cartilage, except where covering articular surfaces.

Per`i*chor"dal (?), a. Around the notochord; as, a perichordal column. See Epichordal.

{ Per"i*clase (?), Per`i*cla"site (?), } n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; to break.] (Min.) A grayish or dark green mineral, consisting essentially of magnesia (magnesium oxide), occurring in granular forms or in isometric crystals.

||Per`i*clin"i*um (?), n.; pl. Periclinia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; around ||+ &?; a bed.] (Bot.) The involucre which surrounds the common ||receptacle in composite flowers.

Pe*ric"li*tate (?), v. t. [L. periclitatus, p. p. of periclitari, fr. periculum.] To endanger. [Obs.]

Periclitating, pardi! the whole family.

Sterne.

Pe*ric`li*ta"tion (?), n. [L. periclitatio: cf. F. pÈriclitation.] 1. Trial; experiment. [Obs.]

2. The state of being in peril. [Obs.]

||Pe*ric"o*pe (?), n. [L., section of a book, Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; ||to cut.] A selection or extract from a book; especially (Theol.), a ||selection from the Bible, appointed to be read in the churches or ||used as a text for a sermon.

Per`i*cra"ni*al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pericranium.

Per`i*cra"ni*um (?), n. [NL.] (Anat.) The periosteum which covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium.

Pe*ric"u*lous (?), a. [L. periculosus. See Perilous.] Dangerous; full of peril. [Obs.]

||Pe*ric"u*lum (?), n.; pl. Pericula (#). [L.] (Rom. & O.Eng. Law) 1. ||Danger; risk.

2. In a narrower, judicial sense: Accident or casus, as distinguished from dolus and culpa, and hence relieving one from the duty of performing an obligation.

Per"i*derm (?), n. 1. (Bot.) The outer layer of bark.

2. (Zoˆl.) The hard outer covering of hydroids and other marine animals; the perisarc.

||Per`i*di*as"to*le (?), n. (Physiol.) The almost inappreciable time ||which elapses between the systole and the diastole of the heart.

||Pe*rid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Peridia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about + &?;, ||a dim. ending.] (Bot.) The envelope or coat of certain fungi, such as ||the puffballs and earthstars.

Per"i*dot (?), n. [F. pÈridot.] (Min.) Chrysolite.

Per"i*do*tite (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈridotite.] (Min.) An eruptive rock characterized by the presence of chrysolite (peridot). It also usually contains pyroxene, enstatite, chromite, etc. It is often altered to serpentine.

The chief diamond deposits in South Africa occur in a more or less altered peridotite.

Per"i*drome (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; running around, fr. &?; to run round; &?; round + &?; to run: cf. F. pÈridrome.] (ArchÊol.) The space between the columns and the wall of the cella, in a Greek or a Roman temple.

Per`i*e"cians (?), n. pl. See Periúcians.

||Per`i*en"te*ron (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Enteron.] (Anat.) The ||primitive perivisceral cavity.

Per"i*er`gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; overcareful; &?; about, beyond + &?; work.] 1. Excessive care or diligence. [Obs.]

2. (Rhet.) A bombastic or labored style. [R.]

Per`i*gan`gli*on"ic (?), a. (Anat.) Surrounding a ganglion; as, the periganglionic glands of the frog.

Per`i*gas"tric (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Surrounding the stomach; -- applied to the body cavity of Bryozoa and various other Invertebrata.

Per`i*ge"an (?), a. Pertaining to the perigee.

Perigean tides, those spring tides which occur soon after the moon passes her perigee.

{ Per"i*gee (?), Per`i*ge"um (?), } n. [NL. perigeum, fr. Gr. &?; about, near + &?; the earth: cf. F. pÈrigÈe.] (Astron.) That point in the orbit of the moon which is nearest to the earth; -- opposed to apogee. It is sometimes, but rarely, used of the nearest points of other orbits, as of a comet, a planet, etc. Called also epigee, epigeum.

Per`i*gen"e*sis (?), n. (Biol.) A theory which explains inheritance by the transmission of the type of growth force possessed by one generation to another.

Per`i*gen"e*tic (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to perigenesis.

Per"i*gone (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; productive organs.] 1. (Bot.) (a) Any organ inclosing the essential organs of a flower; a perianth. (b) In mosses, the involucral bracts of a male flower.

2. (Zoˆl.) A sac which surrounds the generative bodies in the gonophore of a hydroid.

||Per`i*go"ni*um (?), n.; pl. Perigonia (#). [NL.] Same as Perigone.

Per"i*gord pie` (?). [From PÈrigord, a former province of France.] A pie made of truffles, much esteemed by epicures.

Per"i*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?; outline; &?; round, about + &?; to write.] A careless or inaccurate delineation of anything. [R.]

||Per`i*gyn"i*um (?), n.; pl. Perigynia (#). [NL. See Perigynous.] ||(Bot.) Some unusual appendage about the pistil, as the bottle-shaped ||body in the sedges, and the bristles or scales in some other genera ||of the Sedge family, or CyperaceÊ.

Pe*rig"y*nous (?), a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; woman.] (Bot.) Having the ovary free, but the petals and stamens borne on the calyx; -- said of flower such as that of the cherry or peach.

{ Per`i*hel"ion (?), Per`i*he"li*um (?), } n.; pl. Perihelia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about, near + &?; the sun.] (Astron.) That point of the orbit of a planet or comet which is nearest to the sun; -- opposed to aphelion.

Per"il (?), n. [F. pÈril, fr. L. periculum, periclum, akin to peritus experienced, skilled, and E. fare. See Fare, and cf. Experience.] Danger; risk; hazard; jeopardy; exposure of person or property to injury, loss, or destruction.

In perils of waters, in perils of robbers.

2 Cor. xi. 26.

Adventure hard With peril great achieved.

Milton.

At, or On, one's peril, with risk or danger to one; at the hazard of. "On thy soul's peril." Shak.

Syn. -- Hazard; risk; jeopardy. See Danger.

Per"il, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periled (?) or Perilled; p. pr. & vb. n. Periling or Perilling.] To expose to danger; to hazard; to risk; as, to peril one's life.

Per"il (?), v. i. To be in danger. [Obs.] Milton.

||Pe*ril"la (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Bot.) A genus of labiate ||herbs, of which one species (Perilla ocimoides, or P. Nankinensis) is ||often cultivated for its purple or variegated foliage.

Per"il*ous (?), a. [OF. perillous, perilleus, F. pÈrilleux, L. periculosus. See Peril.] [Written also perillous.] 1. Full of, attended with, or involving, peril; dangerous; hazardous; as, a perilous undertaking.

Infamous hills, and sandy, perilous wilds.

Milton.

2. Daring; reckless; dangerous. [Obs.] Latimer.

For I am perilous with knife in hand.

Chaucer.

-- Per"il*ous*ly, adv. -- Per"il*ous*ness, n.

Per"i*lymph (?), n. (Anat.) The fluid which surrounds the membranous labyrinth of the internal ear, and separates it from the walls of the chambers in which the labyrinth lies.

Per`i*lym*phan"gi*al (?), a. (Anat.) Around, or at the side of, a lymphatic vessel.

Per`i*lym*phat"ic (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Pertaining to, or containing, perilymph. (b) Perilymphangial.

Per*im"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; measure: cf. F. pÈrimËtre.] 1. (Geom.) The outer boundary of a body or figure, or the sum of all the sides.

2. An instrument for determining the extent and shape of the field of vision.

{ Per`i*met"ric (?), Per`i*met"ric*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the perimeter, or to perimetry; as, a perimetric chart of the eye.

Per*im"e*try (?), n. The art of using the perimeter; measurement of the field of vision.

Per"i*morph (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; form.] (Min.) A crystal of one species inclosing one of another species. See Endomorph.

Per`i*my"sial (?), a. (Anat.) (a) Surrounding a muscle or muscles. (b) Of or pertaining to the perimysium.

||Per`i*my"si*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about + &?; muscle.] (Anat.) ||The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a muscle, and sends ||partitions inwards between the bundles of muscular fibers.

||Per`i*nÊ"um (?), n. See Perineum.

Per`i*ne"al (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the perineum.

Per`i*ne"o*plas`ty (?), n. [Perineum + -plasty.] (Med.) The act or process of restoring an injured perineum.

Per`i*ne*or"rha*phy (?), n. [Perineum + Gr. &?; to sew.] (Med.) The operation of sewing up a ruptured perineum.

||Per`i*ne*phri"tis (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Nephritis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the cellular tissue around the kidney. -- ||Per`i*ne*phrit"ic, a.

||Per`i*ne"um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Anat.) The region which ||is included within the outlet of the pelvis, and is traversed by the ||urinogenital canal and the rectum.

Per`i*neu"ri*al (?), a. (Anat.) Surrounding nerves or nerve fibers; of or pertaining to the perineurium.

||Per`i*neu"ri*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about + &?; a nerve.] ||(Anat.) The connective tissue sheath which surrounds a bundle of ||nerve fibers. See Epineurium, and Neurilemma.

Per`i*nu"cle*ar (?), a. (Biol.) Of or pertaining to a nucleus; situated around a nucleus; as, the perinuclear protoplasm.

Pe"ri*od (?), n. [L. periodus, Gr. &?; a going round, a way round, a circumference, a period of time; &?; round, about + &?; a way: cf. F. pÈriode.] 1. A portion of time as limited and determined by some recurring phenomenon, as by the completion of a revolution of one of the heavenly bodies; a division of time, as a series of years, months, or days, in which something is completed, and ready to recommence and go on in the same order; as, the period of the sun, or the earth, or a comet.

2. Hence: A stated and recurring interval of time; more generally, an interval of time specified or left indefinite; a certain series of years, months, days, or the like; a time; a cycle; an age; an epoch; as, the period of the Roman republic.

How by art to make plants more lasting than their ordinary period.

Bacon.

3. (Geol.) One of the great divisions of geological time; as, the Tertiary period; the Glacial period. See the Chart of Geology.

4. The termination or completion of a revolution, cycle, series of events, single event, or act; hence, a limit; a bound; an end; a conclusion. Bacon.

So spake the archangel Michael; then paused, As at the world's great period.

Milton.

Evils which shall never end till eternity hath a period.

Jer. Taylor.

This is the period of my ambition.

Shak.

5. (Rhet.) A complete sentence, from one full stop to another; esp., a well-proportioned, harmonious sentence. "Devolved his rounded periods." Tennyson.

Periods are beautiful when they are not too long.

B. Johnson.

The period, according to Heyse, is a compound sentence consisting of a protasis and apodosis; according to Becker, it is the appropriate form for the coˆrdinate propositions related by antithesis or causality. Gibbs.

6. (Print.) The punctuation point [.] that marks the end of a complete sentence, or of an abbreviated word.

7. (Math.) One of several similar sets of figures or terms usually marked by points or commas placed at regular intervals, as in numeration, in the extraction of roots, and in circulating decimals.

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8. (Med.) The time of the exacerbation and remission of a disease, or of the paroxysm and intermission.

9. (Mus.) A complete musical sentence.

The period, the present or current time, as distinguished from all other times.

Syn. -- Time; date; epoch; era; age; duration; limit; bound; end; conclusion; determination.

Pe"ri*od (?), v. t. To put an end to. [Obs.] Shak.

Pe"ri*od, v. i. To come to a period; to conclude. [Obs.] "You may period upon this, that," etc. Felthman.

Per*i"o*date (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of periodic acid.

Per`i*od"ic (?), a. [Pref. per- + iodic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or designating, the highest oxygen acid (HIO&?;) of iodine.

{ Pe`ri*od"ic (?), Pe`ri*od"ic*al (?), } a. [L. periodicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. pÈriodique.] 1. Of or pertaining to a period or periods, or to division by periods.

The periodicaltimes of all the satellites.

Sir J. Herschel.

2. Performed in a period, or regular revolution; proceeding in a series of successive circuits; as, the periodical motion of the planets round the sun.

3. Happening, by revolution, at a stated time; returning regularly, after a certain period of time; acting, happening, or appearing, at fixed intervals; recurring; as, periodical epidemics.

The periodic return of a plant's flowering.

Henslow.

To influence opinion through the periodical press.

Courthope.

4. (Rhet.) Of or pertaining to a period; constituting a complete sentence.

Periodic comet (Astron.), a comet that moves about the sun in an elliptic orbit; a comet that has been seen at two of its approaches to the sun. -- Periodic function (Math.), a function whose values recur at fixed intervals as the variable uniformly increases. The trigonomertic functions, as sin x, tan x, etc., are periodic functions. Exponential functions are also periodic, having an imaginary period, and the elliptic functions have not only a real but an imaginary period, and are hence called doubly periodic. -- Periodic law (Chem.), the generalization that the properties of the chemical elements are periodic functions of their atomic wieghts. "In other words, if the elements are grouped in the order of their atomic weights, it will be found that nearly the same properties recur periodically throughout the entire series." The following tabular arrangement of the atomic weights shows the regular recurrence of groups (under I., II., III., IV., etc.), each consisting of members of the same natural family. The gaps in the table indicate the probable existence of unknown elements.

A similar relation had been enunciated in a crude way by Newlands; but the law in its effective form was developed and elaborated by Mendelejeff, whence it is sometimes called Mendelejeff's law. Important extensions of it were also made by L. Meyer. By this means Mendelejeff predicted with remarkable accuracy the hypothetical elements ekaboron, ekaluminium, and ekasilicon, afterwards discovered and named respectively scandium, gallium, and germanium.

-- Periodic star (Astron.), a variable star whose changes of brightness recur at fixed periods. -- Periodic time of a heavenly body (Astron.), the time of a complete revolution of the body about the sun, or of a satellite about its primary.

Pe`ri*od"ic*al, n. A magazine or other publication which appears at stated or regular intervals.

Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ist, n. One who publishes, or writes for, a periodical.

Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ly, adv. In a periodical manner.

Pe`ri*od"ic*al*ness, n. Periodicity.

Pe`ri*o*dic"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Periodicities (#). [Cf. F. pÈriodicitÈ.] The quality or state of being periodical, or regularly recurrent; as, the periodicity in the vital phenomena of plants. Henfrey.

Per*i"o*dide (?), n. [Pref. per- + iodide.] An iodide containing a higher proportion of iodine than any other iodide of the same substance or series.

Per`i*o*don"tal (?), a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?;, &?;, tooth.] (Anat.) Surrounding the teeth.

Pe`ri*od"o*scope (?), n. [Period + -scope.] (Med.) A table or other means for calculating the periodical functions of women. Dunglison.

{ ||Per`i*ú"ci, Per`i*ú"cians, } n. pl. [NL. perioeci, fr. Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; house, dwelling.] Those who live on the same parallel of latitude but on opposite meridians, so that it is noon in one place when it is midnight in the other. Compare Antúci.

Per"i*o*ple (?), n. [F. pÈriople, from Gr. &?; about + &?; the hoof of a horse.] (Anat.) The external smooth horny layer of the hoof of the horse and allied animals.

Per`i*op"lic (?), a. (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the periople; connected with the periople.

Per`i*os"te*al (?), a. (Anat.) Situated around bone; of or pertaining to the periosteum.

||Per`i*os"te*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; round the bones; &?; around ||+ &?; a bone: cf. L. periosteon.] (Anat.) The membrane of fibrous ||connective tissue which closely invests all bones except at the ||articular surfaces.

||Per`i*os*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Periosteum, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the periosteum.

||Per`i*os"tra*cum (?), n.; pl. Periostraca (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; ||around + &?; shell of a testacean.] (Zoˆl.) A chitinous membrane ||covering the exterior of many shells; -- called also epidermis.

Per`i*o"tic (?), a. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?;, &?;, the ear.] (Anat.) Surrounding, or pertaining to the region surrounding, the internal ear; as, the periotic capsule. -- n. A periotic bone.

Per`i*pa*te"cian (?), n. A peripatetic. [Obs.]

Per`i*pa*tet"ic (?), a. [L. peripateticus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to walk about; &?; about + &?; to walk: cf. F. pÈripatÈtique.] 1. Walking about; itinerant.

2. Of or pertaining to the philosophy taught by Aristotle (who gave his instructions while walking in the Lyceum at Athens), or to his followers. "The true peripatetic school." Howell.

Per`i*pa*tet"ic, n. 1. One who walks about; a pedestrian; an itinerant. Tatler.

2. A disciple of Aristotle; an Aristotelian.

Per`i*pa*tet"ic*al (?), a. Peripatetic. [R.] Hales.

Per`i*pa*tet"i*cism (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈripatÈtisme.] The doctrines or philosophical system of the peripatetics. See Peripatetic, n., 2. Lond. Sat. Rev.

||Pe*rip"a*tus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a walking about.] (Zoˆl.) A ||genus of lowly organized arthropods, found in South Africa, ||Australia, and tropical America. It constitutes the order Malacopoda.

Per`i*pet"al*ous (?), a. (Bot.) Surrounding, or situated about, the petals.

Pe*riph"er*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to a periphery; constituting a periphery; peripheric.

2. (Anat.) External; away from the center; as, the peripheral portion of the nervous system.

{ Per`i*pher"ic (?), Per`i*pher"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. pÈriphÈrique. See Periphery.] See Peripheral.

Pe*riph"er*y (?), n.; pl. Peripheries (#). [L. peripheria, Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; to bear, carry: cf. F. pÈriphÈrie.] 1. The outside or superficial portions of a body; the surface.

2. (Geom.) The circumference of a circle, ellipse, or other figure.

Per"i*phrase (?), n. [L. periphrasis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to think about, to be expressed periphrastically; &?; + &?; to speak: cf. F. pÈriphrase. See Phrase.] (Rhet.) The use of more words than are necessary to express the idea; a roundabout, or indirect, way of speaking; circumlocution. "To describe by enigmatic periphrases." De Quincey.

Per"i*phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Periphrased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Periphrasing.] [Cf. F. pÈriphraser.] To express by periphrase or circumlocution.

Per"i*phrase, v. i. To use circumlocution.

||Pe*riph"ra*sis (?), n.; pl. Periphrases (#). [L.] See Periphrase.

{ Per`i*phras"tic (?), Per`i*phras"tic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. pÈriphrastique.] Expressing, or expressed, in more words than are necessary; characterized by periphrase; circumlocutory.

Periphrastic conjugation (Gram.), a conjugation formed by the use of the simple verb with one or more auxiliaries.

Per`i*phras"tic*al*ly, adv. With circumlocution.

Per"i*plast (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; to mold, form.] (Biol.) Same as Periblast. -- Per`i*plas"tic (#), a. Huxley.

{ ||Per`ip*neu*mo"ni*a (?), Per`ip*neu"mo*ny (?), } n. [L. peripneumonia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. pÈripneumonie. See Peri-, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Pneumonia. (Obsoles.)

Per`ip*neu*mon"ic (?), a. [L. peripneumonicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. pÈripneumonique.] (Med.) Of or pertaining to peripneumonia.

Per"i*proct (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; the anus.] (Zoˆl.) The region surrounding the anus, particularly of echinoderms.

||Per`i*proc*ti"tis (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Proctitus.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the tissues about the rectum.

Pe*rip"ter*al (?), a. [Gr., fr. &?; + &?; feather, wing, row of columns.] (Arch.) Having columns on all sides; -- said of an edifice. See Apteral.

Pe*rip"ter*ous (?), a. 1. (Arch.) Peripteral.

2. (Zoˆl.) Feathered all around.

Per"i*sarc (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?;, &?;, flesh.] (Zoˆl.) The outer, hardened integument which covers most hydroids.

Pe*ris"cian (?), a. [Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; shadow: cf. F. pÈriscien.] Having the shadow moving all around.

{ Pe*ris"cians (?), ||Pe*ris"ci*i (?), } n. pl. [NL. See Periscian.] Those who live within a polar circle, whose shadows, during some summer days, will move entirely round, falling toward every point of the compass.

Per"i*scope (?), n. [Pref. peri- + -scope.] A general or comprehensive view. [R.]

Per`i*scop"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈriscopique.] Viewing all around, or on all sides.

Periscopic spectacles (Opt.), spectacles having concavo-convex or convexo-concave lenses with a considerable curvature corresponding to that of the eye, to increase the distinctness of objects viewed obliquely.

Per"ish (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perished (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perishing.] [OE. perissen, perisshen, F. pÈrir, p. pr. pÈrissant, L. perire to go or run through, come to nothing, perish; per through + ire to go. Cf. Issue, and see -ish.] To be destroyed; to pass away; to become nothing; to be lost; to die; hence, to wither; to waste away.

I perish with hunger!

Luke xv. 17.

Grow up and perish, as the summer fly.

Milton.

The thoughts of a soul that perish in thinking.

Locke.

Per"ish, v. t. To cause perish. [Obs.] Bacon.

Per`ish*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. Perishableness.

Per"ish*a*ble (?), a. [F. pÈrissable.] Liable to perish; subject to decay, destruction, or death; as, perishable goods; our perishable bodies.

Per"ish*a*ble*ness, n. The quality or state of being perishable; liability to decay or destruction. Locke.

Per"ish*a*bly, adv. In a perishable degree or manner.

Per"ish*ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. perissement.] The act of perishing. [R.] Udall.

||Per`i*so"ma (?), n.; pl. Perisomata (#). [NL.] (Zoˆl.) Same as ||Perisome.

Per"i*some (?), n. [Pref. peri- + -some body.] (Zoˆl.) The entire covering of an invertebrate animal, as echinoderm or cúlenterate; the integument.

Per"i*sperm (?), n. [F. pÈrisperme. See Peri-, and Sperm.] (Bot.) The albumen of a seed, especially that portion which is formed outside of the embryo sac. -- Per`i*sper"mic (#), a.

{ Per`i*spher"ic (?), Per`i*spher"ic*al (?), } a. Exactly spherical; globular.

||Per`i*spom"e*non (?), n.; pl. Perispomena (#). [NL., from Gr. &?;, ||pr. pass. p. of &?; to draw around, to circumflex; &?; around + &?; ||to draw.] (Gr. Gram.) A word which has the circumflex accent on the ||last syllable. Goodwin.

Per"i*spore (?), n. (Bot.) The outer covering of a spore.

Per"is*sad (?), a. [Gr. &?; odd, from &?; over.] (Chem.) Odd; not even; -- said of elementary substances and of radicals whose valence is not divisible by two without a remainder. Contrasted with artiad.

Per"isse (?), v. i. To perish. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per`is*so*dac"tyl (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Perissodactyla.

||Per`is*so*dac"ty*la (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; odd (fr. &?; over) ||+ &?; finger.] (Zoˆl.) A division of ungulate mammals, including ||those that have an odd number of toes, as the horse, tapir, and ||rhinoceros; -- opposed to Artiodactyla.

Per`is*so*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈrissologique.] Redundant or excessive in words. [R.]

Per`is*sol"o*gy (?), n. [L. perissologia, Gr. &?;; &?; odd, superfluous + &?; discourse.] Superfluity of words. [R.] G. Campbell.

||Per`i*stal"sis (?), n. [NL. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Peristaltic ||contraction or action.

Per`i*stal"tic (?), a. [Gr. &?; clasping and compressing, fr. &?; to surround, wrap up; &?; round + &?; to place, arrange: cf. F. pÈristaltique.] (Physiol.) Applied to the peculiar wormlike wave motion of the intestines and other similar structures, produced by the successive contraction of the muscular fibers of their walls, forcing their contents onwards; as, peristaltic movement. -- Per`i*stal"tic*al*ly (#), adv.

||Per`is*te"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Peristerion.] (Bot.) A genus of ||orchidaceous plants. See Dove plant.

||Per`is*te"ri*on (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a dovecote, a kind of ||verbena, fr. &?; a dove, pigeon; cf. L. peristereon.] (Bot.) The herb ||vervain (Verbena officinalis).

Pe*ris"ter*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a pigeon.] (Min.) A variety of albite, whitish and slightly iridescent like a pigeon's neck.

Pe*ris`ter*o*mor"phous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a pigeon + -morphous.] (Zoˆl.) Like or pertaining to the pigeons or ColumbÊ.

Pe*ris`ter*op"o*dous (?), a. [Gr. &?; a pigeon + &?;, &?;, foot.] (Zoˆl.) Having pigeonlike feet; -- said of those gallinaceous birds that rest on all four toes, as the curassows and megapods.

Pe*ris"to*le (?), n. [NL.: cf. F. pÈristole. See Peristaltic.] (Physiol.) Peristaltic action, especially of the intestines.

||Pe*ris"to*ma (?), n.; pl. Peristomata (#). [NL.] Same as Peristome.

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Per"i*stome (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?;, &?;, mouth.] 1. (Bot.) The fringe of teeth around the orifice of the capsule of mosses. It consists of 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 teeth, and may be either single or double.

2. (Zoˆl.) (a) The lip, or edge of the aperture, of a spiral shell. (b) The membrane surrounding the mouth of an invertebrate animal.

Per`i*sto"mi*al (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to a peristome.

||Per`i*sto"mi*um (?), n. [NL.] Same as Peristome.

Per`i*streph"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; to turn round.] Turning around; rotatory; revolving; as, a peristrephic painting (of a panorama).

Per"i*style (?), n. [L. peristylum, Gr. &?;, &?;; &?; about + &?; a column: cf. F. pÈristyle.] (Arch.) A range of columns with their entablature, etc.; specifically, a complete system of columns, whether on all sides of a court, or surrounding a building, such as the cella of a temple. Used in the former sense, it gives name to the larger and inner court of a Roman dwelling, the peristyle. See Colonnade.

Per`i*sys"to*le (?), n. [Pref. peri- + systole: cf. F. pÈrisystole.] (Physiol.) The interval between the diastole and systole of the heart. It is perceptible only in the dying.

Pe*rite" (?), a. [L. peritus.] Skilled. [Obs.]

||Per`i*the"ci*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; around + &?; box.] (Bot.) ||An organ in certain fungi and lichens, surrounding and enveloping the ||masses of fructification. Henslow.

Pe*rit"o*mous (?), a. [Gr. &?; cut off all around. See Peri-, and Tome.] (Min.) Cleaving in more directions than one, parallel to the axis.

Per`i*to*nÊ"um (?), n. (Anat.) Same as Peritoneum.

Per`i*to*ne"al (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈritonÈal.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the peritoneum.

Per`i*to*ne"um (?), n. [L. peritoneum, peritonaeum, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. &?; to stretch all around or over; &?; around + &?; to stretch.] (Anat.) The smooth serous membrane which lines the cavity of the abdomen, or the whole body cavity when there is no diaphragm, and, turning back, surrounds the viscera, forming a closed, or nearly closed, sac. [Written also peritonÊum.]

||Per`i*to*ni"tis (?), n. [NL. See Peritoneum, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the peritoneum.

Per`i*tra"che*al (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Surrounding the tracheÊ.

Per"i*treme (?), n. [Pref. peri- + Gr. &?; a hole.] (Zoˆl.) (a) That part of the integument of an insect which surrounds the spiracles. (b) The edge of the aperture of a univalve shell.

||Pe*rit"ri*cha (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; about + &?;, &?;, hair.] ||(Zoˆl.) A division of ciliated Infusoria having a circle of cilia ||around the oral disk and sometimes another around the body. It ||includes the vorticellas. See Vorticella.

||Per`i*tro"chi*um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;; &?; around + &?; a ||wheel.] (Mech.) The wheel which, together with the axle, forms the ||axis in peritrochio, which see under Axis.

Per*it"ro*pal (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to turn around; &?; around + &?; to turn: cf. F. pÈritrope.] 1. Rotatory; circuitous. [R.]

2. Having the axis of the seed perpendicular to the axis of the pericarp to which it is attached.

Per*it"ro*pous (?), a. Peritropal.

||Per`i*typh*li"tis (?), n. [NL. See Peri-, and Typhlitis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the connective tissue about the cÊcum.

Per`i*u"ter*ine (?), a. (Med.) Surrounding the uterus.

Per`i*vas"cu*lar (?), a. Around the blood vessels; as, perivascular lymphatics.

Per`i*ver"te*bral (?), a. (Anat.) Surrounding the vertebrÊ.

Per`i*vis"cer*al (?), a. (Anat.) Around the viscera; as, the perivisceral cavity.

Per`i*vi*tel"line (?), a. [Pref. peri- + vitelline.] (Biol.) Situated around the vitellus, or between the vitellus and zona pellucida of an ovum.

Per"i*wig (?), n. [OE. perrwige, perwicke, corrupt. fr. F. perruque; cf. OD. peruyk, from French. See Peruke, and cf. Wig.] A headdress of false hair, usually covering the whole head, and representing the natural hair; a wig. Shak.

Per"i*wig, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perwigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perwigging (?).] To dress with a periwig, or with false hair. Swift.

Per"i*win`kle (?), n. [From AS. pinewincla a shellfish, in which pine- is fr. L. pina, pinna, a kind of mussel, akin to Gr. &?;. Cf. Winkle.] (Zoˆl.) Any small marine gastropod shell of the genus Littorina. The common European species (Littorina littorea), in Europe extensively used as food, has recently become naturalized abundantly on the American coast. See Littorina.

In America the name is often applied to several large univalves, as Fulgur carica, and F. canaliculata.

Per"i*win`kle, n. [OE. pervenke, AS. pervince, fr. L. pervinca.] (Bot.) A trailing herb of the genus Vinca.

The common perwinkle (Vinca minor) has opposite evergreen leaves and solitary blue or white flowers in their axils. In America it is often miscalled myrtle. See under Myrtle.

Per"jen*et (?), n. [Cf. Pear, and Jenneting.] A kind of pear. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per"jure (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perjured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perjuring.] [F. parjurer, L. perjurare, perjerare; per through, over + jurare to swear. See Jury.] 1. To cause to violate an oath or a vow; to cause to make oath knowingly to what is untrue; to make guilty of perjury; to forswear; to corrupt; -- often used reflexively; as, he perjured himself.

Want will perjure The ne'er-touched vestal.

Shak.

2. To make a false oath to; to deceive by oaths and protestations. [Obs.]

And with a virgin innocence did pray For me, that perjured her.

J. Fletcher.

Syn. -- To Perjure, Forswear. These words have been used interchangeably; but there is a tendency to restrict perjure to that species of forswearing which constitutes the crime of perjury at law, namely, the willful violation of an oath administered by a magistrate or according to law.

Per"jure, n. [L. perjurus: cf. OF. parjur, F. parjure.] A perjured person. [Obs.] Shak.

Per"jured (?), a. Guilty of perjury; having sworn falsely; forsworn. Shak. "Perjured persons." 1 Tim. i. 10. "Their perjured oath." Spenser.

Per"jur*er (?), n. One who is guilty of perjury; one who perjures or forswears, in any sense.

{ Per*ju"ri*ous (?), Per"ju*rous (?), } a. [L. perjuriosus, perjurus.] Guilty of perjury; containing perjury. [Obs.] Quarles. B. Johnson.

Per"ju*ry (?), n.; pl. Perjuries (#). [L. perjurium. See Perjure, v.] 1. False swearing.

2. (Law) At common law, a willfully false statement in a fact material to the issue, made by a witness under oath in a competent judicial proceeding. By statute the penalties of perjury are imposed on the making of willfully false affirmations.

If a man swear falsely in nonjudicial affidavits, it is made perjury by statute in some jurisdictions in the United States.

Perk (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perking.] [Cf. W. percu to trim, to make smart.] To make trim or smart; to straighten up; to erect; to make a jaunty or saucy display of; as, to perk the ears; to perk up one's head. Cowper. Sherburne.

Perk, v. i. To exalt one's self; to bear one's self loftily. "To perk over them." Barrow.

To perk it, to carry one's self proudly or saucily. Pope.

Perk, a. Smart; trim; spruce; jaunty; vain. "Perk as a peacock." Spenser.

Perk, v. i. To peer; to look inquisitively. Dickens.

Per"kin (?), n. A kind of weak perry.

Per"kin*ism (?), n. (Med.) A remedial treatment, by drawing the pointed extremities of two rods, each of a different metal, over the affected part; tractoration, -- first employed by Dr. Elisha Perkins of Norwich, Conn. See Metallotherapy.

Perk"y (?), a. Perk; pert; jaunty; trim.

There amid perky larches and pines.

Tennyson.

Per*la"ceous (?), a. [See Pearl.] Pearly; resembling pearl.

Per"lid (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any insect of the genus Perla, or family PerlidÊ. See Stone fly, under Stone.

Per"lite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Pearlite.

Per*lit"ic (?), a. (Min.) Relating to or resembling perlite, or pearlstone; as, the perlitic structure of certain rocks. See Pearlite.

Per"lous (?), a. Perilous. [Obs.] Spenser.

Per`lus*tra"tion (?), n. [L. perlustrare to wander all through, to survey. See 3d Luster.] The act of viewing all over. [Archaic] Howell.

Per"ma*na*ble (?), a. Permanent; durable. [Obs.] Lydgate.

{ Per"ma*nence (?), Per"ma*nen*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. permanence.] The quality or state of being permanent; continuance in the same state or place; duration; fixedness; as, the permanence of institutions; the permanence of nature.

Per"ma*nent (?), a. [L. permanens, -entis, p. pr. of permanere to stay or remain to the end, to last; per + manere to remain: cf. F. permanent. See Per-, and Mansion.] Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as, a permanent impression.

Eternity stands permanent and fixed.

Dryden.

Permanent gases (Chem. & Physics), hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide; -- also called incondensible or incoercible gases, before their liquefaction in 1877. -- Permanent way, the roadbed and superstructure of a finished railway; -- so called in distinction from the contractor's temporary way. -- Permanent white (Chem.), barium sulphate (heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, in distinction from white lead, which tarnishes and darkens from the formation of the sulphide.

Syn. -- Lasting; durable; constant. See Lasting.

Per"ma*nent*ly, adv. In a permanent manner.

Per*man"ga*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of permanganic acid.

Potassium permanganate. (Chem.) See Potassium permanganate, under Potassium.

Per`man*gan"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, one of the higher acids of manganese, HMnO4, which forms salts called permanganates.

Per*man"sion (?), n. [L. permansio. See Permanent.] Continuance. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per`me*a*bil"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. permÈabilitÈ.] The quality or state of being permeable.

Magnetic permeability (Physics), the specific capacity of a body for magnetic induction, or its conducting power for lines of magnetic force. Sir W. Thomson.

Per"me*a*ble (?), a. [L. permeabilis: cf. F. permÈable. See Permeate.] Capable of being permeated, or passed through; yielding passage; passable; penetrable; -- used especially of substances which allow the passage of fluids; as, wood is permeable to oil; glass is permeable to light. I. Taylor.

Per"me*a*bly, adv. In a permeable manner.

Per"me*ant (?), a. [L. permeans, p. pr.] Passing through; permeating. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Per"me*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permeated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Permeating.] [L. permeatus, p. p. of permeare to permeate; per + meare to go, pass.] 1. To pass through the pores or interstices of; to penetrate and pass through without causing rupture or displacement; -- applied especially to fluids which pass through substances of loose texture; as, water permeates sand. Woodward.

2. To enter and spread through; to pervade.

God was conceived to be diffused throughout the whole world, to permeate and pervade all things.

Cudworth.

Per`me*a"tion (?), n. The act of permeating, passing through, or spreading throughout, the pores or interstices of any substance.

Here is not a mere involution only, but a spiritual permeation and inexistence.

Bp. Hall.

Per"mi*an (?), a. [From the ancient kingdom of Permia, where the Permian formation exists.] (Geol.) Belonging or relating to the period, and also to the formation, next following the Carboniferous, and regarded as closing the Carboniferous age and Paleozoic era. -- n. The Permian period. See Chart of Geology.

Per"mi*ans (?), n. pl.; sing. Permian (&?;). (Ethnol.) A tribe belonging to the Finnic race, and inhabiting a portion of Russia.

Per*mis"ci*ble (?), a. [L. permiscere to mingle; per + miscere to mix.] Capable of being mixed.

Per*miss" (?), n. [See Permit.] A permitted choice; a rhetorical figure in which a thing is committed to the decision of one's opponent. [Obs.] Milton.

Per*mis`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality of being permissible; permissibleness; allowableness.

Per*mis"si*ble (?), a. That may be permitted; allowable; admissible. -- Per*mis"si*ble*ness, n. -- Per*mis"si*bly, adv.

Per*mis"sion (?), n. [L. permissio: cf. F. permission. See Permit.] The act of permitting or allowing; formal consent; authorization; leave; license or liberty granted.

High permission of all-ruling Heaven.

Milton.

You have given me your permission for this address.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Leave; liberty; license. -- Leave, Permission. Leave implies that the recipient may decide whether to use the license granted or not. Permission is the absence on the part of another of anything preventive, and in general, at least by implication, signifies approval.

Per*mis"sive (?), a. 1. Permitting; granting leave or liberty. "By his permissive will." Milton.

2. Permitted; tolerated; suffered. Milton.

Per*mis"sive*ly, adv. In a permissive manner.

Per*mis"tion (?), n. [L. permistio, permixtio, fr. permiscere, permistum, and permixtum. See Permiscible.] The act of mixing; the state of being mingled; mixture. [Written also permixtion.]

Per*mit" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Permitted; p. pr. & vb. n. Permitting.] [L. permittere, permissum, to let through, to allow, permit; per + mittere to let go, send. See Per-, and Mission.] 1. To consent to; to allow or suffer to be done; to tolerate; to put up with.

What things God doth neither command nor forbid . . . he permitteth with approbation either to be done or left undone.

Hooker.

2. To grant (one) express license or liberty to do an act; to authorize; to give leave; -- followed by an infinitive.

Thou art permitted to speak for thyself.

Acis xxvi. 1.

3. To give over; to resign; to leave; to commit.

Let us not aggravate our sorrows, But to the gods permit the event of things.

Addison.

Syn. -- To allow; let; grant; admit; suffer; tolerate; endure; consent to. -- To Allow, Permit, Suffer, Tolerate. To allow is more positive, denoting (at least originally and etymologically) a decided assent, either directly or by implication. To permit is more negative, and imports only acquiescence or an abstinence from prevention. The distinction, however, is often disregarded by good writers. To suffer has a stronger passive or negative sense than to permit, sometimes implying against the will, sometimes mere indifference. To tolerate is to endure what is contrary to will or desire. To suffer and to tolerate are sometimes used without discrimination.

Per*mit", v. i. To grant permission; to allow.

Per"mit (?), n. Warrant; license; leave; permission; specifically, a written license or permission given to a person or persons having authority; as, a permit to land goods subject to duty.

Per*mit"tance (?), n. The act of permitting; allowance; permission; leave. Milton.

Per`mit*tee" (?), n. One to whom a permission or permit is given.

Per*mit"ter (?), n. One who permits.

A permitter, or not a hinderer, of sin.

J. Edwards.

Per*mix" (?), v. t. To mix; to mingle. [Obs.]

Per*mix"tion (?), n. See Permission.

Per*mut"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. permutable.] Capable of being permuted; exchangeable. -- Per*mut"a*ble*ness, n. -- Per*mut"a*bly, adv.

Per`mu*ta"tion (?), n. [L. permutatio: cf. F. permutation. See Permute.] 1. The act of permuting; exchange of the thing for another; mutual transference; interchange.

The violent convulsions and permutations that have been made in property.

Burke.

2. (Math.) (a) The arrangement of any determinate number of things, as units, objects, letters, etc., in all possible orders, one after the other; -- called also alternation. Cf. Combination, n., 4. (b) Any one of such possible arrangements.

3. (Law) Barter; exchange.

Permutation lock, a lock in which the parts can be transposed or shifted, so as to require different arrangements of the tumblers on different occasions of unlocking.

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Per*mute" (?), v. t. [L. permutare, permutatum; per + mutare to change: cf. F. permuter.] 1. To interchange; to transfer reciprocally.

2. To exchange; to barter; to traffic. [Obs.]

Bought, trucked, permuted, or given.

Hakluyt.

Per*mut"er (?), n. One who permutes.

Pern (?), v. t. [See Pernancy.] To take profit of; to make profitable. [Obs.] Sylvester.

Pern, n. (Zoˆl.) The honey buzzard.

Per"nan*cy (?), n. [OF. prenance, fr. prendre, prenre, penre, to take, L. prendere, prehendere.] (Law) A taking or reception, as the receiving of rents or tithes in kind, the receiving of profits. Blackstone.

Per"nel (?), n. See Pimpernel. [Obs.]

Per*ni"cion (?), n. [See 2d Pernicious.] Destruction; perdition. [Obs.] hudibras.

Per*ni"cious (?), a. [L. pernix, -icis.] Quick; swift (to burn). [R.] Milton.

Per*ni"cious, a. [L. perniciosus, from pernicies destruction, from pernecare to kill or slay outright; per + necare to kill, slay: cf. F. pernicieux. Cf. Nuisance, Necromancy.] Having the quality of injuring or killing; destructive; very mischievous; baleful; malicious; wicked.

Let this pernicious hour Stand aye accursed in the calendar.

Shak.

Pernicious to his health.

Prescott.

Syn. -- Destructive; ruinous; deadly; noxious; injurious; baneful; deleterious; hurtful; mischievous.

-- Per*ni"cious*ly, adv., -- Per*ni"cious*ness, n.

Per*nic"i*ty (?), n. [L. pernicitas. See 1st Pernicious.] Swiftness; celerity. [R.] Ray.

||Per"ni*o (?), n. [L.] (Med.) A chilblain.

Per`noc*ta"li*an (?), n. One who watches or keeps awake all night.

Per`noc*ta"tion (?), n. [L. pernoctatio, fr. pernoctare to stay all night; per + nox, noctis, night.] The act or state of passing the whole night; a remaining all night. "Pernoctation in prayer." Jer. Taylor.

Per"nor (?), n. [See Pern, v.] (Law) One who receives the profits, as of an estate.

Per"not fur"nace (?). [So called from Charles Pernot, its inventor.] A reverberatory furnace with a circular revolving hearth, -- used in making steel.

Per"ny*i moth" (?). (Zoˆl.) A silk- producing moth (Attacus Pernyi) which feeds upon the oak. It has been introduced into Europe and America from China.

Per*of"skite (?), n. [From von Perovski, of St.Petersburg.] (Min.) A titanate of lime occurring in octahedral or cubic crystals. [Written also Perovskite.]

Pe*rogue (?), n. See Pirogue.

Per"o*nate (?), a. [L. peronatus rough&?;booted, fr. pero, -onis, a kind of rough boot.] (Bot.) A term applied to the stipes or stalks of certain fungi which are covered with a woolly substance which at length becomes powdery. Henslow.

Per`o*ne"al (?), a. [Gr. &?; the fibula.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the fibula; in the region of the fibula.

Per"o*rate (?), v. i. [See Peroration.] To make a peroration; to harangue. [Colloq.]

Per`o*ra"tion (?), n. [L. peroratio, fr. perorate, peroratum, to speak from beginning to end; per + orate to speak. See Per-, and Oration.] (Rhet.) The concluding part of an oration; especially, a final summing up and enforcement of an argument. Burke.

Per*ox`i*da"tion (?), n. Act, process, or result of peroxidizing; oxidation to a peroxide.

Per*ox"ide (?), n. (Chem.) An oxide containing more oxygen than some other oxide of the same element. Formerly peroxides were regarded as the highest oxides. Cf. Per-, 2.

Per*ox"i*dize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Peroxidized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Peroxidizing.] (Chem.) To oxidize to the utmost degree, so as to form a peroxide.

Per*pend" (?), v. t. [L. perpendere, perpensum; per + pendere to weight.] To weight carefully in the mind. [R.] "Perpend my words." Shak.

Per*pend", v. i. To attend; to be attentive. [R.] Shak.

Per*pend"er (?), n. [F. parpaing, pierre parpaigne; of uncertain origin.] (Masonry) A large stone reaching through a wall so as to appear on both sides of it, and acting as a binder; -- called also perbend, perpend stone, and perpent stone.

Per*pen"di*cle (?), n. [L. perpendiculum; per + pendere to hang: cf. F. perpendicule.] Something hanging straight down; a plumb line. [Obs.]

Per`pen*dic"u*lar (?), a. [L. perpendicularis, perpendicularius: cf. F. perpendiculaire. See Perpendicle, Pension.] 1. Exactly upright or vertical; pointing to the zenith; at right angles to the plane of the horizon; extending in a right line from any point toward the center of the earth.

2. (Geom.) At right angles to a given line or surface; as, the line ad is perpendicular to the line bc.

Perpendicular style (Arch.), a name given to the latest variety of English Gothic architecture, which prevailed from the close of the 14th century to the early part of the 16th; -- probably so called from the vertical style of its window mullions.

Per`pen*dic"u*lar (?), n. 1. A line at right angles to the plane of the horizon; a vertical line or direction.

2. (Geom.) A line or plane falling at right angles on another line or surface, or making equal angles with it on each side.

Per`pen*dic`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. perpendicularitÈ.] The quality or state of being perpendicular.

Per`pen*dic"u*lar*ly (?), adv. In a perpendicular manner; vertically.

Per"pend stone` (?). See Perpender.

Per*pen"sion (?), n. [See Perpend.] Careful consideration; pondering. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

Per*pen"si*ty (?), n. Perpension. [Obs.]

Per"pent stone` (?). See Perpender.

Per*pes"sion (?), n. [L. perpessio, fr. perpeti, perpessus, to bear steadfastly; per + pati to bear.] Suffering; endurance. [Obs.] Bp. Pearson.

Per"pe*tra"ble (?), a. Capable of being perpetrated. R. North.

Per"pe*trate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetrated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetrating.] [L. perpetratus, p. p. of perpetrare to effect, perpetrare; per + patrare to perform.] To do or perform; to carry through; to execute, commonly in a bad sense; to commit (as a crime, an offense); to be guilty of; as, to perpetrate a foul deed.

What the worst perpetrate, or best endure.

Young.

Per`pe*tra"tion (?), n. [L. perpetratio: cf. F. perpÈtration.] 1. The act of perpetrating; a doing; -- commonly used of doing something wrong, as a crime.

2. The thing perpetrated; an evil action.

Per"pe*tra`tor (?), n. [L.] One who perpetrates; esp., one who commits an offense or crime.

Per*pet"u*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being perpetuated or continued.

Varieties are perpetuable, like species.

Gray.

Per*pet"u*al (?), a. [OE. perpetuel, F. perpÈtuel, fr. L. perpetualis, fr. perpetuus continuing throughout, continuous, fr. perpes, -etis, lasting throughout.] Neverceasing; continuing forever or for an unlimited time; unfailing; everlasting; continuous.

Unto the kingdom of perpetual night.

Shak.

Perpetual feast of nectared sweets.

Milton.

Circle of perpetual apparition, or occultation. See under Circle. -- Perpetual calendar, a calendar so devised that it may be adjusted for any month or year. -- Perpetual curacy (Ch. of Eng.), a curacy in which all the tithes are appropriated, and no vicarage is endowed. Blackstone. -- Perpetual motion. See under Motion. -- Perpetual screw. See Endless screw, under Screw.

Syn. -- Continual; unceasing; endless; everlasting; incessant; constant; eternal. See Constant.

Per*pet"u*al*ly, adv. In a perpetual manner; constantly; continually.

The Bible and Common Prayer Book in the vulgar tongue, being perpetually read in churches, have proved a kind of standard for language.

Swift.

Per*pet"u*al*ty (?), n. The state or condition of being perpetual. [Obs.] Testament of Love.

Per*pet"u*ance (?), n. Perpetuity. [Obs.]

Per*pet"u*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perpetuated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perpetuating.] [L. perpetuatus, p. p. of perpetuare to perpetuate. See Perpetual.] To make perpetual; to cause to endure, or to be continued, indefinitely; to preserve from extinction or oblivion; to eternize. Addison. Burke.

Per*pet"u*ate (?), a. [L. perpetuatus, p. p.] Made perpetual; perpetuated. [R.] Southey.

Per*pet`u*a"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. perpÈtuation.] The act of making perpetual, or of preserving from extinction through an endless existence, or for an indefinite period of time; continuance. Sir T. Browne.

Per`pe*tu"i*ty (?), n. [L. perpetuitas: cf. F. perpÈtuitÈ.] 1. The quality or state of being perpetual; as, the perpetuity of laws. Bacon.

A path to perpetuity of fame.

Byron.

The perpetuity of single emotion is insanity.

I. Taylor.

2. Something that is perpetual. South.

3. Endless time. "And yet we should, for perpetuity, go hence in debt." Shak.

4. (Annuities) (a) The number of years in which the simple interest of any sum becomes equal to the principal. (b) The number of years' purchase to be given for an annuity to continue forever. (c) A perpetual annuity.

5. (Law) (a) Duration without limitations as to time. (b) The quality or condition of an estate by which it becomes inalienable, either perpetually or for a very long period; also, the estate itself so modified or perpetuated.

Per*plex" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perplexed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perplexing.] [L. perplexari. See Perplex, a.] 1. To involve; to entangle; to make intricate or complicated, and difficult to be unraveled or understood; as, to perplex one with doubts.

No artful wildness to perplex the scene.

Pope.

What was thought obscure, perplexed, and too hard for our weak parts, will lie open to the understanding in a fair view.

Locke.

2. To embarrass; to puzzle; to distract; to bewilder; to confuse; to trouble with ambiguity, suspense, or anxiety. "Perplexd beyond self-explication." Shak.

We are perplexed, but not in despair.

2 Cor. iv. 8.

We can distinguish no general truths, or at least shall be apt to perplex the mind.

Locke.

3. To plague; to vex; to tormen. Glanvill.

Syn. -- To entangle; involve; complicate; embarrass; puzzle; bewilder; confuse; distract. See Embarrass.

Per*plex", a. [L. perplexus entangled, intricate; per + plectere, plexum, to plait, braid: cf. F. perplexe. See Per-, and Plait.] Intricate; difficult. [Obs.] Glanvill.

Per*plexed" (?), a. Entangled, involved, or confused; hence, embarrassd; puzzled; doubtful; anxious. -- Per*plex"ed*ly (#), adv. -- Per*plex"ed*ness, n.

Per*plex"ing (?), a. Embarrassing; puzzling; troublesome. "Perplexing thoughts." Milton.

Per*plex"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Perplexities (#). [L. perplexitas: cf. F. perplexitÈ.] The quality or state of being perplexed or puzzled; complication; intricacy; entanglement; distraction of mind through doubt or difficulty; embarrassment; bewilderment; doubt.

By their own perplexities involved, They ravel more.

Milton.

Per*plex"ive*ness (?), n. The quality of being perplexing; tendency to perplex. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Per*plex"ly, adv. Perplexedly. [Obs.] Milton.

Per`po*ta"tion (?), n. [L. perpotatio, fr. perpotate. See Per-, and Potation.] The act of drinking excessively; a drinking bout. [Obs.]

Per"qui*site (?), n. [L. perquisitum, fr. perquisitus, p. p. of perquirere to ask for diligently; per + quaerere to seek. See Per-, and Quest.] 1. Something gained from a place or employment over and above the ordinary salary or fixed wages for services rendered; especially, a fee allowed by law to an officer for a specific service.

The pillage of a place taken by storm was regarded as the perquisite of the soldiers.

Prescott.

The best perquisites of a place are the advantages it gaves a man of doing good.

Addison.

2. pl. (Law) Things gotten by a man's own industry, or purchased with his own money, as opposed to things which come to him by descent. Mozley & W.

Per"qui*sit*ed, a. Supplied with perquisites. [Obs.] "Perquisited varlets frequent stand." Savage.

Per`qui*si"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. perquisition.] A thorough inquiry of search. [R.] Berkeley.

Per*ra"di*al (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Situated around the radii, or radial tubes, of a radiate.

Per"rie (?), n. [F. pierreries, pl., fr. pierre stone, L. petra.] Precious stones; jewels. [Obs.] [Written also perre, perrye, etc.] Chaucer.

Per"ri*er (?), n. [OF. perriere, perrier, F. perrier. Cf. Pederero.] (Mil.) A short mortar used formerly for throwing stone shot. Hakluyt.

Per`ro*quet" (?), n. [F.] (Zoˆl.) See Paroquet, Parakeet.

||Per`ruque" (?), n. [F.] See Peruke.

Per*ru"qui*er (?), n. [F.] A marker of perukes or wigs.

Per"ry (?), n. [OF. perÈ, F. poirÈ, fr. poire a pear, L. pirum. See Pear the fruit.] A fermented liquor made from pears; pear cider. Mortimer.

Per"ry, n. A suddent squall. See Pirry. [Obs.]

Pers (?), a. [F. pers.] Light blue; grayish blue; -- a term applied to different shades at different periods. -- n. A cloth of sky-blue color. [Obs.] "A long surcoat of pers." Chaucer.

Per"salt` (?), n. (Chem.) A term formerly given to the salts supposed to be formed respectively by neutralizing acids with certain peroxides. [Obsoles.]

Per"sant (?), a. [F. perÁant, p. pr. of percer to pierce.] Piercing. [Obs.] Spenser.

Per`scru*ta"tion (?), n. [L. perscrutatio, fr. perscrutari to search through.] A thorough searching; a minute inquiry or scrutiny. Carlyle

Per"se*cot (?), n. See Persicot.

Per"se*cute (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persecuted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Persecuting.] [F. persÈcueter, L. persequi, persecutus, to pursue, prosecute; per + sequi to follow, pursue. See Per-, and Second.] 1. To pursue in a manner to injure, grieve, or afflict; to beset with cruelty or malignity; to harass; especially, to afflict, harass, punish, or put to death, for adherence to a particular religious creed or mode of worship.

Do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you.

Matt. v. 44.

2. To harass with importunity; to pursue with persistent solicitations; to annoy. Johnson.

Syn. -- To oppress; harass; distress; worry; annoy.

Per`se*cu"tion (?), n. [F. persÈcution, L. persecutio.] 1. The act or practice of persecuting; especially, the infliction of loss, pain, or death for adherence to a particular creed or mode of worship.

Persecution produces no sincere conviction.

Paley.

2. The state or condition of being persecuted. Locke.

3. A carrying on; prosecution. [Obs.]

Per"se*cu`tor (?), n. [L.: cf. F. persÈcuteur.] One who persecutes, or harasses. Shak.

Per"se*cu`trix (?), n. [L.] A woman who persecutes.

Per"se*id (?), n. (Astron.) One of a group of shooting stars which appear yearly about the 10th of August, and cross the heavens in paths apparently radiating from the constellation Perseus. They are beleived to be fragments once connected with a comet visible in 1862.

Per"se*us (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;.] 1. (Class. Myth.) A Grecian legendary hero, son of Jupiter and DanaÎ, who slew the Gorgon Medusa.

2. (Astron.) A consellation of the northern hemisphere, near Taurus and Cassiopea. It contains a star cluster visible to the naked eye as a nebula.

Per*sev"er (?), v. i. To persevere. [Obs.]

Per`se*ver"ance (?), n. [F. persÈvÈrance, L. perseverantia.] 1. The act of persevering; persistence in anything undertaken; continued pursuit or prosecution of any business, or enterprise begun. "The king-becoming graces . . . perseverance, mercy, lowliness." Shak.

Whose constant perseverance overcame Whate'er his cruel malice could invent.

Milton.

2. Discrimination. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington.

3. (Theol.) Continuance in a state of grace until it is succeeded by a state of glory; sometimes called final perseverance, and the perseverance of the saints. See Calvinism.

Syn. -- Persistence; steadfastness; constancy; steadiness; pertinacity.

<! p. 1070 !>

Per`se*ver"ant (?), a. [L. perseverans, -antis, p. pr.: cf. F. persÈvÈrant.] Persevering. [R.] "Perseverant faith." Whitby. -- Per`se*ver"ant*ly, adv. [R.]

Per`se*vere" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persevered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Persevering.] [F. persÈvÈrer, L. perseverare, fr. perseverus very strict; per + severus strict, severe. See Per-, and Severe.] To persist in any business or enterprise undertaken; to pursue steadily any project or course begun; to maintain a purpose in spite of counter influences, opposition, or discouragement; not to give or abandon what is undertaken.

Thrice happy, if they know Their happiness, and persevere upright.

Milton.

Syn. -- To Persevere, Continue, Persist. The idea of not laying aside is common to these words. Continue is the generic term, denoting simply to do as one has done hitherto. To persevere is to continue in a given course in spite of discouragements, etc., from a desire to obtain our end. To persist is to continue from a determination of will not to give up. Persist is frequently used in a bad sense, implying obstinacy in pursuing an unworthy aim.

Per`se*ver"ing (?), a. Characterized by perseverance; persistent. -- Per`se*ver"ing*ly, adv.

Per"sian (?), a. [From Persia: cf. It. Persiano. Cf. Parsee, Peach, Persic.] Of or pertaining to Persia, to the Persians, or to their language.

Persian berry, the fruit of Rhamnus infectorius, a kind of buckthorn, used for dyeing yellow, and imported chiefly from Trebizond. -- Persian cat. (Zoˆl.) Same as Angora cat, under Angora. -- Persian columns (Arch.), columns of which the shaft represents a Persian slave; -- called also Persians. See Atlantes. -- Persian drill (Mech.), a drill which is turned by pushing a nut back and forth along a spirally grooved drill holder. -- Persian fire (Med.), malignant pustule. -- Persian powder. See Insect powder, under Insect. -- Persian red. See Indian red (a), under Indian. -- Persian wheel, a noria; a tympanum. See Noria.

Per"sian, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Persia.

2. The language spoken in Persia.

3. A thin silk fabric, used formerly for linings. Beck.

4. pl. (Arch.) See Persian columns, under Persian, a.

Per"sic (?), a. [L. Persicus. Cf. Persian.] Of or relating to Persia. -- n. The Persian language.

||Per`si*ca"ri*a (?), n. [NL., from LL. persicarius a peach tree. See ||Peach.] (Bot.) See Lady's thumb.

Per"si*cot (?), n. [F. See Peach.] A cordial made of the kernels of apricots, nectarines, etc., with refined spirit.

||Per`si`flage" (?), n. [F., fr. persifler to quiz, fr. L. per + ||siffler to whistle, hiss, L. sibilare, sifilare.] Frivolous or ||bantering talk; a frivolous manner of treating any subject, whether ||serious or otherwise; light raillery. Hannah More.

||Per`si`fleur (?), n. [F.] One who indulges in persiflage; a banterer; ||a quiz. Carlyle.

Per*sim"mon (?), n. [Virginia Indian.] (Bot.) An American tree (Diospyros Virginiana) and its fruit, found from New York southward. The fruit is like a plum in appearance, but is very harsh and astringent until it has been exposed to frost, when it becomes palatable and nutritious.

Japanese persimmon, Diospyros Kaki and its red or yellow edible fruit, which outwardly resembles a tomato, but contains a few large seeds.

Per"sis (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A kind of coloring matter obtained from lichens.

Per"sism (?), n. A Persian idiom.

Per*sist" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Persisted; p. pr. & vb. n. Persisting.] [L. persistere; per + sistere to stand or be fixed, fr. stare to stand: cf. F. persister. See Per-, and Stand.] To stand firm; to be fixed and unmoved; to stay; to continue steadfastly; especially, to continue fixed in a course of conduct against opposing motives; to persevere; - - sometimes conveying an unfavorable notion, as of doggedness or obstinacy.

If they persist in pointing their batteries against particular persons, no laws of war forbid the making reprisals.

Addison.

Some positive, persisting fops we know, Who, if once wrong, will needs be always so.

Pope.

That face persists. It floats up; it turns over in my mind.

Mrs. Browning.

Syn. -- See Persevere, and Insist.

{ Per*sist"ence (?), Per*sist"en*cy (?), } n. [See Persistent.] 1. The quality or state of being persistent; staying or continuing quality; hence, in an unfavorable sense, doggedness; obstinacy.

2. The continuance of an effect after the cause which first gave rise to it is removed; as: (a) (Physics) The persistence of motion. (b) (Physiol.) Visual persistence, or persistence of the visual impression; auditory persistence, etc.

Per*sist"ent (?), a. [L. persistens, -entis, p. pr. of persistere. See Persist.] 1. Inclined to persist; having staying qualities; tenacious of position or purpose.

2. (Biol.) Remaining beyond the period when parts of the same kind sometimes fall off or are absorbed; permanent; as, persistent teeth or gills; a persistent calyx; -- opposed to deciduous, and caducous.

Per*sist"ent*ly, adv. In a persistent manner.

Per*sist"ing, a. Inclined to persist; tenacious of purpose; persistent. -- Per*sist"ing*ly, adv.

Per*sist"ive (?), a. See Persistent. Shak.

Per*solve" (?), v. t. [L. persolvere.] To pay wholly, or fully. [Obs.] E. Hall.

Per"son (?), n. [OE. persone, persoun, person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne, L. persona a mask (used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. personare to sound through; per + sonare to sound. See Per-, and cf. Parson.] 1. A character or part, as in a play; a specific kind or manifestation of individual character, whether in real life, or in literary or dramatic representation; an assumed character. [Archaic]

His first appearance upon the stage in his new person of a sycophant or juggler.

Bacon.

No man can long put on a person and act a part.

Jer. Taylor.

To bear rule, which was thy part And person, hadst thou known thyself aright.

Milton.

How different is the same man from himself, as he sustains the person of a magistrate and that of a friend!

South.

2. The bodily form of a human being; body; outward appearance; as, of comely person.

A fair persone, and strong, and young of age.

Chaucer.

If it assume my noble father's person.

Shak.

Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined.

Milton.

3. A living, self-conscious being, as distinct from an animal or a thing; a moral agent; a human being; a man, woman, or child.

Consider what person stands for; which, I think, is a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and reflection.

Locke.

4. A human being spoken of indefinitely; one; a man; as, any person present.

5. A parson; the parish priest. [Obs.] Chaucer.

6. (Theol.) Among Trinitarians, one of the three subdivisions of the Godhead (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost); an hypostasis. "Three persons and one God." Bk. of Com. Prayer.

7. (Gram.) One of three relations or conditions (that of speaking, that of being spoken to, and that of being spoken of) pertaining to a noun or a pronoun, and thence also to the verb of which it may be the subject.

A noun or pronoun, when representing the speaker, is said to be in the first person; when representing what is spoken to, in the second person; when representing what is spoken of, in the third person.

8. (Biol.) A shoot or bud of a plant; a polyp or zooid of the compound Hydrozoa Anthozoa, etc.; also, an individual, in the narrowest sense, among the higher animals. Haeckel.

True corms, composed of united personÊ . . . usually arise by gemmation, . . . yet in sponges and corals occasionally by fusion of several originally distinct persons.

Encyc. Brit.

Artificial, or Fictitious, person (Law), a corporation or body politic. blackstone. -- Natural person (Law), a man, woman, or child, in distinction from a corporation. -- In person, by one's self; with bodily presence; not by representative. "The king himself in person is set forth." Shak. -- In the person of, in the place of; acting for. Shak.

Per"son (?), v. t. To represent as a person; to personify; to impersonate. [Obs.] Milton.

||Per*so"na (?), n.; pl. PersonÊ (#). [L.] (Biol.) Same as Person, n., ||8.

Per"son*a*ble (?), a. 1. Having a well-formed body, or person; graceful; comely; of good appearance; presentable; as, a personable man or woman.

Wise, warlike, personable, courteous, and kind.

Spenser.

The king, . . . so visited with sickness, was not personable.

E. Hall.

2. (Law) (a) Enabled to maintain pleas in court. Cowell. (b) Having capacity to take anything granted.

Per"son*age (?), n. [F. personnage.] 1. Form, appearance, or belongings of a person; the external appearance, stature, figure, air, and the like, of a person. "In personage stately." Hayward.

The damsel well did view his personage.

Spenser.

2. Character assumed or represented. "The actors and personages of this fable." Broome. "Disguised in a false personage." Addison.

3. A notable or distinguished person; a conspicious or peculiar character; as, an illustrious personage; a comely personage of stature tall. Spenser.

Per"son*al (?), a. [L. personalis: cf. F. personnel.] 1. Pertaining to human beings as distinct from things.

Every man so termed by way of personal difference.

Hooker.

2. Of or pertaining to a particular person; relating to, or affecting, an individual, or each of many individuals; peculiar or proper to private concerns; not public or general; as, personal comfort; personal desire.

The words are conditional, -- If thou doest well, -- and so personal to Cain.

Locke.

3. Pertaining to the external or bodily appearance; corporeal; as, personal charms. Addison.

4. Done in person; without the intervention of another. "Personal communication." Fabyan.

The immediate and personal speaking of God.

White.

5. Relating to an individual, his character, conduct, motives, or private affairs, in an invidious and offensive manner; as, personal reflections or remarks.

6. (Gram.) Denoting person; as, a personal pronoun.

Personal action (Law), a suit or action by which a man claims a debt or personal duty, or damages in lieu of it; or wherein he claims satisfaction in damages for an injury to his person or property, or the specific recovery of goods or chattels; -- opposed to real action. -- Personal equation. (Astron.) See under Equation. -- Personal estate or property (Law), movables; chattels; -- opposed to real estate or property. It usually consists of things temporary and movable, including all subjects of property not of a freehold nature. -- Personal identity (Metaph.), the persistent and continuous unity of the individual person, which is attested by consciousness. -- Personal pronoun (Gram.), one of the pronouns I, thou, he, she, it, and their plurals. -- Personal representatives (Law), the executors or administrators of a person deceased. -- Personal rights, rights appertaining to the person; as, the rights of a personal security, personal liberty, and private property. -- Personal tithes. See under Tithe. -- Personal verb (Gram.), a verb which is modified or inflected to correspond with the three persons.

Per"son*al, n. (Law) A movable; a chattel.

Per"son*al*ism (?), n. The quality or state of being personal; personality. [R.]

Per`son*al"i*ty (?), n.; pl. Personalities (#). [Cf. F. personnalitÈ. Cf. Personality.] 1. That which constitutes distinction of person; individuality.

Personality is individuality existing in itself, but with a nature as a ground.

Coleridge.

2. Something said or written which refers to the person, conduct, etc., of some individual, especially something of a disparaging or offensive nature; personal remarks; as, indulgence in personalities.

Sharp personalities were exchanged.

Macaulay.

3. (Law) That quality of a law which concerns the condition, state, and capacity of persons. Burrill.

Per"son*al*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personalized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Personalizing (?).] To make personal. "They personalize death." H. Spencer.

Per"son*al*ly, adv. 1. In a personal manner; by bodily presence; in person; not by representative or substitute; as, to deliver a letter personally.

He, being cited, personally came not.

Grafton.

2. With respect to an individual; as regards the person; individually; particularly.

She bore a mortal hatred to the house of Lancaster, and personally to the king.

Bacon.

3. With respect to one's individuality; as regards one's self; as, personally I have no feeling in the matter.

Per"son*al*ty (?), n. 1. The state of being a person; personality. [R.]

2. (Law) Personal property, as distinguished from realty or real property.

Per"son*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Personating (?).] [L. personare to cry out, LL., to extol. See Person.] To celebrate loudly; to extol; to praise. [Obs.]

In fable, hymn, or song so personating Their gods ridiculous.

Milton.

Per"son*ate, v. t. [L. personatus masked, assumed, fictitious, fr. persona a mask. See Person.] 1. To assume the character of; to represent by a fictitious appearance; to act the part of; hence, to counterfeit; to feign; as, he tried to personate his brother; a personated devotion. Hammond.

2. To set forth in an unreal character; to disguise; to mask. [R.] "A personated mate." Milton.

3. To personify; to typify; to describe. Shak.

Per"son*ate, v. i. To play or assume a character.

Per"son*ate (?), a. [L. personatus masked.] (Bot.) Having the throat of a bilabiate corolla nearly closed by a projection of the base of the lower lip; masked, as in the flower of the snapdragon.

Per`son*a"tion (?), n. The act of personating, or conterfeiting the person or character of another.

Per"son*a`tor (?), n. One who personates. "The personators of these actions." B. Jonson.

Per`son*e"i*ty (?), n. Personality. [R.] Coleridge.

Per*son`i*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. personnification.] 1. The act of personifying; impersonation; embodiment. C. Knight.

2. (Rhet.) A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstract idea is represented as animated, or endowed with personality; prosopop&?;ia; as, the floods clap their hands. "Confusion heards his voice." Milton.

Per*son"i*fi`er (?), n. One who personifies.

Per*son"i*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Personified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Personifying (?).] [Person + -fy: cf. F. personnifier.] 1. To regard, treat, or represent as a person; to represent as a rational being.

The poets take the liberty of personifying inanimate things.

Chesterfield.

2. To be the embodiment or personification of; to impersonate; as, he personifies the law.

Per"son*ize (?), v. t. To personify. [R.]

Milton has personized them.

J. Richardson.

||Per`son`nel" (?), n. [F. See Personal.] The body of persons employed ||in some public service, as the army, navy, etc.; -- distinguished ||from matÈriel.

Per*spec"tive (?), a. [L. perspicere, perspectum, to look through; per + spicere, specere, to look: cf. F. perspectif; or from E. perspective, n. See Spy, n.] 1. Of or pertaining to the science of vision; optical. [Obs.] Bacon.

2. Pertaining to the art, or in accordance with the laws, of perspective.

Perspective plane, the plane or surface on which the objects are delineated, or the picture drawn; the plane of projection; -- distinguished from the ground plane, which is that on which the objects are represented as standing. When this plane is oblique to the principal face of the object, the perspective is called oblique perspective; when parallel to that face, parallel perspective. -- Perspective shell (Zoˆl.), any shell of the genus Solarium and allied genera. See Solarium.

Per*spec"tive, n. [F. perspective, fr. perspectif: cf. It. perspettiva. See Perspective, a.] 1. A glass through which objects are viewed. [Obs.] "Not a perspective, but a mirror." Sir T. Browne.

2. That which is seen through an opening; a view; a vista. "The perspective of life." Goldsmith.

3. The effect of distance upon the appearance of objects, by means of which the eye recognized them as being at a more or less measurable distance. Hence, aÎrial perspective, the assumed greater vagueness or uncertainty of outline in distant objects.

AÎrial perspective is the expression of space by any means whatsoever, sharpness of edge, vividness of color, etc.

Ruskin.

4. The art and the science of so delineating objects that they shall seem to grow smaller as they recede from the eye; -- called also linear perspective.

5. A drawing in linear perspective.

Isometrical perspective, an inaccurate term for a mechanical way of representing objects in the direction of the diagonal of a cube. -- Perspective glass, a telescope which shows objects in the right position.

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Per*spec"tive*ly (?), adv. 1. Optically; as through a glass. [R.]

You see them perspectively.

Shak.

2. According to the rules of perspective.

Per*spec"to*graph (?), n. [L. perspectus (p. p. of perspicere to look through) + - graph.] An instrument for obtaining, and transferring to a picture, the points and outlines of objects, so as to represent them in their proper geometrical relations as viewed from some one point.

Per`spec*tog"ra*phy (?), n. The science or art of delineating objects according to the laws of perspective; the theory of perspective.

Per"spi*ca*ble (?), a. [L. perspicabilis, fr. perspicere.] Discernible. [Obs.] Herbert.

Per`spi*ca"cious (?), a. [L. perspicax, -acis, fr. perspicere to look through: cf. F. perspicace. See Perspective.] 1. Having the power of seeing clearly; quick-sighted; sharp of sight.

2. Fig.: Of acute discernment; keen.

-- Per`spi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`spi*ca"cious*ness, n.

Per`spi*cac"i*ty (?), n. [L. perspicacitas: cf. F. perspicacitÈ. See Perspicacious.] The state of being perspicacious; acuteness of sight or of intelligence; acute discernment. Sir T. Browne.

Per"spi*ca*cy (?), n. Perspicacity. [Obs.]

Per*spi"cience (?), n. [L. perspicientia, fr. perspiciens, p. p. of perspicere. See Perspective.] The act of looking sharply. [Obs.] Bailey.

Per"spi*cil (?), n. [LL. perspicilla, fr. L. perspicere to look through.] An optical glass; a telescope. [Obs.] Crashaw.

Per`spi*cu"i*ty (?), n. [L. perspicuitas: cf. F. perspicuitÈ.] 1. The quality or state of being transparent or translucent. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

2. The quality of being perspicuous to the understanding; clearness of expression or thought.

3. Sagacity; perspicacity.

Syn. -- Clearness; perspicuousness; plainness; distinctness; lucidity; transparency. See Clearness.

Per*spic"u*ous (?), a. [L. perspicuus, from perspicere to look through. See Perspective.] 1. Capable of being through; transparent; translucent; not opaque. [Obs.] Peacham.

2. Clear to the understanding; capable of being clearly understood; clear in thought or in expression; not obscure or ambiguous; as, a perspicuous writer; perspicuous statements. "The purpose is perspicuous." Shak.

-- Per*spic"u*ous*ly, adv. -- Per*spic"u*ous*ness, n.

Per*spir`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being perspirable.

Per*spir"a*ble (?), a. [Cf. F. perspirable.] 1. Capable of being perspired. Sir T. Browne.

2. Emitting perspiration; perspiring. [R.] Bacon.

Per`spi*ra"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. perspiration.] 1. The act or process of perspiring.

2. That which is excreted through the skin; sweat.

A man of average weight throws off through the skin during 24 hours about 18 ounces of water, 300 grains of solid matter, and 400 grains of carbonic acid gas. Ordinarily, this constant exhalation is not apparent, and the excretion is then termed insensible perspiration.

Per*spir"a*tive (?), a. Performing the act of perspiration; perspiratory.

Per*spir"a*to*ry (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or producing, perspiration; as, the perspiratory ducts.

Per*spire" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Perspired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perspiring.] [L. perspirare to breathe through; per + spirare. See Per-, and Spirit.] 1. (Physiol.) To excrete matter through the skin; esp., to excrete fluids through the pores of the skin; to sweat.

2. To be evacuated or excreted, or to exude, through the pores of the skin; as, a fluid perspires.

Per*spire", v. t. To emit or evacuate through the pores of the skin; to sweat; to excrete through pores.

Firs . . . perspire a fine balsam of turpentine.

Smollett.

Per*strep"er*ous (?), a. [L. perstrepere to make a great noise.] Noisy; obstreperous. [Obs.] Ford.

Per*stringe" (?), v. t. [L. perstringere; per + stringere to bind up, to touch upon.] 1. To touch; to graze; to glance on. [Obs.]

2. To criticise; to touch upon. [R.] Evelyn.

Per*suad"a*ble (?), a. That may be persuaded. -- Per*suad"a*ble*ness, n. -- Per*suad"a*bly, adv.

Per*suade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Persuaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Persuading.] [L. persuadere, persuasum; per + suadere to advise, persuade: cf. F. persuader. See Per- , and Suasion.] 1. To influence or gain over by argument, advice, entreaty, expostulation, etc.; to draw or incline to a determination by presenting sufficient motives.

Almost thou persuadest me to be a Christian.

Acts xxvi. 28.

We will persuade him, be it possible.

Shak.

2. To try to influence. [Obsolescent]

Hearken not unto Hezekiah, when he persuadeth you.

2 Kings xviii. 32.

3. To convince by argument, or by reasons offered or suggested from reflection, etc.; to cause to believe.

Beloved, we are persuaded better things of you.

Heb. vi. 9.

4. To inculcate by argument or expostulation; to advise; to recommend. Jer. Taylor.

Syn. -- To convince; induce; prevail on; win over; allure; entice. See Convince.

Per*suade" (?), v. i. To use persuasion; to plead; to prevail by persuasion. Shak.

Per*suade", n. Persuasion. [Obs.] Beau. & Fl.

Per*suad"ed, p. p. & a. Prevailed upon; influenced by argument or entreaty; convinced. -- Per*suad"ed*ly, adv. -- Per*suad"ed*ness, n.

Per*suad"er (?), n. One who, or that which, persuades or influences. "Powerful persuaders." Milton.

Per*sua`si*bil"i*ty (?), n. Capability of being persuaded. Hawthorne.

Per*sua"si*ble (?), a. [Cf. L. persuasibilis persuasive, F. persuasible persuasible.] 1. Capable of being persuaded; persuadable.

2. Persuasive. [Obs.] Bale.

-- Per*sua"si*ble*ness, n. -- Per*sua"si*bly, adv.

Per*sua"sion (?), n. [L. persuasio; Cf. F. persuasion.] 1. The act of persuading; the act of influencing the mind by arguments or reasons offered, or by anything that moves the mind or passions, or inclines the will to a determination.

For thou hast all the arts of fine persuasion.

Otway.

2. The state of being persuaded or convinced; settled opinion or conviction, which has been induced.

If the general persuasion of all men does so account it.

Hooker.

My firm persuasion is, at least sometimes, That Heaven will weigh man's virtues and his crimes With nice attention.

Cowper.

3. A creed or belief; a sect or party adhering to a certain creed or system of opinions; as, of the same persuasion; all persuasions are agreed.

Of whatever state or persuasion, religious or political.

Jefferson.

4. The power or quality of persuading; persuasiveness.

Is 't possible that my deserts to you Can lack persuasion?

Shak.

5. That which persuades; a persuasive. [R.]

Syn. -- See Conviction.

Per*sua"sive (?), a. [Cf. F. persuasif.] Tending to persuade; having the power of persuading; as, persuasive eloquence. "Persuasive words." Milton.

Per*sua"sive, n. That which persuades; an inducement; an incitement; an exhortation. -- Per*sua"sive*ly, adv. -- Per*sua"sive*ness, n.

Per*sua"so*ry (?), a. Persuasive. Sir T. Browne.

Per*sul"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphate of the peroxide of any base. [R.]

Per*sul"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A sulphide containing more sulphur than some other compound of the same elements; as, iron pyrites is a persulphide; -- formerly called persulphuret.

Per*sul`pho*cy"a*nate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of persulphocyanic acid. [R.]

Per*sul`pho*cy*an"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a yellow crystalline substance (called also perthiocyanic acid), analogous to sulphocyanic acid, but containing more sulphur.

Per*sul`pho*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. (Chem.) An orange-yellow substance, produced by the action of chlorine or boiling dilute nitric acid and sulphocyanate of potassium; -- called also pseudosulphocyanogen, perthiocyanogen, and formerly sulphocyanogen.

Per*sul"phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A persulphide. [Obs.]

Pert (?), a. [An aphetic form of OE. & OF. apert open, known, true, free, or impudent. See Apert.] 1. Open; evident; apert. [Obs.] Piers Plowman.

2. Lively; brisk; sprightly; smart. [Obs.] Shak.

3. Indecorously free, or presuming; saucy; bold; impertinent. "A very pert manner." Addison.

The squirrel, flippant, pert, and full of play.

Cowper.

Pert, v. i. To behave with pertness. [Obs.] Gauden.

Per*tain" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pertained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pertaining.] [OE. partenen, OF. partenir, fr. L. pertinere to stretch out, reach, pertain; per + tenere to hold, keep. See Per-, and Tenable, and cf. Appertain, Pertinent.] 1. To belong; to have connection with, or dependence on, something, as an appurtenance, attribute, etc.; to appertain; as, saltness pertains to the ocean; flowers pertain to plant life.

Men hate those who affect that honor by ambition which pertaineth not to them.

Hayward.

2. To have relation or reference to something.

These words pertain unto us at this time as they pertained to them at their time.

Latimer.

Per*ter`e*bra"tion (?), n. [L. perterebratus, p. p. of perterebrare to bore through.] The act of boring through. [Obs.] Ainsworth.

Per*thi`o*cy*an"o*gen (?), n. (Chem.) Same as Persulphocyanogen.

Perth"ite (?), n. [So called from Perth, in canada.] (Min.) A kind of feldspar consisting of a laminated intertexture of albite and orthoclase, usually of different colors. -- Per*thit"ic (#), a.

Per`ti*na"cious (?), a.[L. pertinax, -acis; per + tenax tenacious. See Per-, and Tenacious.] 1. Holding or adhering to any opinion, purpose, or design, with obstinacy; perversely persistent; obstinate; as, pertinacious plotters; a pertinacious beggar.

2. Resolute; persevering; constant; steady.

Diligence is a steady, constant, and pertinacious study.

South.

Syn. -- Obstinate; stubborn; inflexible; unyielding; resolute; determined; firm; constant; steady.

-- Per`ti*na"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`ti*na"cious*ness, n.

Per`ti*nac"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pertinacitÈ.] The quality or state of being pertinacious; obstinacy; perseverance; persistency. Macaulay.

Syn. -- See Obstinacy.

Per"ti*na*cy (?), n. [L. pertinere to pertain. See Pertinence.] The quality or state of being pertinent; pertinence. [Obs.]

Per"ti*na*cy, n. [L. pertinacia, fr. pertinax. See Pertinacious.] Pertinacity. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Per"ti*nate (?), a. Pertinacious. [Obs.]

Per"ti*nate*ly, adv. Pertinaciously. [Obs.]

{ Per"ti*nence (?), Per"ti*nen*cy (?), } n. [Cf. F. pertinence. See Pertinent.] The quality or state of being pertinent; justness of relation to the subject or matter in hand; fitness; appositeness; relevancy; suitableness.

The fitness and pertinency of the apostle's discourse.

Bentley.

Per"ti*nent (?), a. [L. pertinens, -entis, p. pr. of pertinere: cf. F. pertinent. See Pertain.] 1. Belonging or related to the subject or matter in hand; fit or appropriate in any way; adapted to the end proposed; apposite; material; relevant; as, pertinent illustrations or arguments; pertinent evidence.

2. Regarding; concerning; belonging; pertaining. [R.] "Pertinent unto faith." Hooker.

Syn. -- Apposite; relevant; suitable; appropriate; fit.

-- Per"ti*nent*ly, adv. -- Per"ti*nent*ness, n.

Pert"ly (?), adv. In a pert manner.

Pert"ness, n. The quality or state of being pert.

Per*tran"sient (?), a. [L. pertransiens, p. pr. of pertransire.] Passing through or over. [R.]

Per*turb" (?), v. t. [L. perturbare, perturbatum; per + turbare to disturb, fr. turba a disorder: cf. OF. perturber. See Per-, and Turbid.] 1. To disturb; to agitate; to vex; to trouble; to disquiet.

Ye that . . . perturb so my feast with crying.

Chaucer.

2. To disorder; to confuse. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Per*turb`a*bil"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being perturbable.

Per*turb"a*ble (?), a. Liable to be perturbed or agitated; liable to be disturbed or disquieted.

Per*turb"ance (?), n. Disturbance; perturbation. [R.] "Perturbance of the mind." Sharp.

Per"tur*bate (?), v. t. [From L. perturbatus, p. p.] To perturb. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Per"tur*bate (?), a. Perturbed; agitated. [R.]

Per`tur*ba"tion (?), n. [L. perturbatio: cf. F. perturbation.] 1. The act of perturbing, or the state of being perturbed; esp., agitation of mind.

2. (Astron.) A disturbance in the regular elliptic or other motion of a heavenly body, produced by some force additional to that which causes its regular motion; as, the perturbations of the planets are caused by their attraction on each other. Newcomb.

Per`tur*ba"tion*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to perturbation, esp. to the perturbations of the planets. "The perturbational theory." Sir J. Herschel.

Per"tur*ba*tive (?), a. Tending to cause perturbation; disturbing. Sir J. Herschel.

Per"tur*ba`tor (?), n. A perturber. [R.]

Per*turbed" (?), a. Agitated; disturbed; troubled. Shak. -- Per*turb"ed*ly, adv.

Per*turb"er (?), n. One who, or that which, perturbs, or cause perturbation.

Per*tus"ate (?), a. [See Pertuse.] (Bot.) Pierced at the apex.

{ Per*tuse" (?), Per*tused" (?) }, a. [L. pertusus, p. p. of pertundere to beat or thrust through, to bore through; per + tundere to beat: cf. F. pertus. Cf. Pierce.] Punched; pierced with, or having, holes.

Per*tu"sion (?), n. [L. pertusio.] The act of punching or piercing with a pointed instrument; as, pertusion of a vein. [R.] Arbuthnot.

2. A punched hole; a perforation. Bacon.

||Per*tus"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. L. per through, very + tussis cough.] ||(Med.) The whooping cough.

Per"uke (?), n. [F. perruque, It. perrucca, parrucca, fr. L. pilus hair. Cf. Periwig, Wig, Peel to strip off, Plush, Pile a hair.] A wig; a periwig.

Per"uke, v. t. To dress with a peruke. [R.]

||Per"u*la (?), n.; pl. PerulÊ (#). [L., dim. of pera wallet, Gr. &?;: ||cf. F. pÈrule.] 1. (Bot.) One of the scales of a leaf bud.

2. (Bot.) A pouchlike portion of the perianth in certain orchides.

Per"ule (?), n. Same as Perula.

Pe*rus"al (?), n. [From Peruse.] 1. The act of carefully viewing or examining. [R.] Tatler.

2. The act of reading, especially of reading through or with care. Woodward.

Pe*ruse" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Perusing.] [Pref. per- + use.] 1. To observe; to examine with care. [R.]

Myself I then perused, and limb by limb Surveyed.

Milton.

2. To read through; to read carefully. Shak.

Pe*rus"er (?), n. One who peruses.

Pe*ru"vi*an (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈruvien, Sp. peruviano.] Of or pertaining to Peru, in South America. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Peru.

Peruvian balsam. See Balsam of Peru, under Balsam. -- Peruvian bark, the bitter bark of trees of various species of Cinchona. It acts as a powerful tonic, and is a remedy for malarial diseases. This property is due to several alkaloids, as quinine, cinchonine, etc., and their compounds; -- called also Jesuit's bark, and cinchona. See Cinchona.

Per*vade" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pervaded; p. pr. & vb. n. Pervading.] [L. pervadere, pervasum; per + vadere to go, to walk. See Per-, and Wade.] 1. To pass or flow through, as an aperture, pore, or interstice; to permeate.

That labyrinth is easily pervaded.

Blackstone.

2. To pass or spread through the whole extent of; to be diffused throughout.

A spirit of cabal, intrigue, and proselytism pervaded all their thoughts, words, and actions.

Burke.

Per*va"sion (?), n. [L. pervasio. See Pervade.] The act of pervading, passing, or spreading through the whole extent of a thing. Boyle.

Per*va"sive (?), a. Tending to pervade, or having power to spread throughout; of a pervading quality. "Civilization pervasive and general." M. Arnold.

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Per*verse" (?), a. [L. perversus turned the wrong way, not right, p. p. of pervertereto turn around, to overturn: cf. F. pervers. See Pervert.] 1. Turned aside; hence, specifically, turned away from the right; willfully erring; wicked; perverted.

The only righteous in a word perverse.

Milton.

2. Obstinate in the wrong; stubborn; intractable; hence, wayward; vexing; contrary.

To so perverse a sex all grace is vain.

Dryden.

Syn. -- Froward; untoward; wayward; stubborn; ungovernable; intractable; cross; petulant; vexatious. -- Perverse, Froward. One who is froward is capricious, and reluctant to obey. One who is perverse has a settled obstinacy of will, and likes or dislikes by the rule of contradiction to the will of others.

Per*versed" (?), a. Turned aside. [Obs.]

Per*vers"ed*ly (?), adv. Perversely. [Obs.]

Per*verse"ly, adv. In a perverse manner.

Per*verse"ness, n. The quality or state of being perverse. "Virtue hath some perverseness." Donne.

Per*ver"sion (?), n. [L. perversio: cf. F. perversion. See Pervert.] The act of perverting, or the state of being perverted; a turning from truth or right; a diverting from the true intent or object; a change to something worse; a turning or applying to a wrong end or use. "Violations and perversions of the laws." Bacon.

Per*ver"si*ty (?), n. [L. perversitas: cf. F. perversitÈ.] The quality or state of being perverse; perverseness.

Per*ver"sive (?), a.Tending to pervert.

Per*vert" (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Perverted; p. pr. & vb. n. Perverting.] [F. pervertir, L. pervertere, perversum; per + vertere to turn. See Per-, and Verse.] 1. To turnanother way; to divert. [Obs.]

Let's follow him, and pervert the present wrath.

Shak.

2. To turn from truth, rectitude, or propriety; to divert from a right use, end, or way; to lead astray; to corrupt; also, to misapply; to misinterpret designedly; as, to pervert one's words. Dryden.

He, in the serpent, had perverted Eve.

Milton.

Per*vert", v. i. To become perverted; to take the wrong course. [R.] Testament of Love.

Per"vert (?), n. One who has been perverted; one who has turned to error, especially in religion; -- opposed to convert. See the Synonym of Convert.

That notorious pervert, Henry of Navarre.

Thackeray.

Per*vert"er (?), n. One who perverts (a person or thing). "His own parents his perverters." South. "A perverter of his law." Bp. Stillingfleet.

Per*vert"i*ble (?), a. Capable of being perverted.

Per*ves"ti*gate (?), v. t. [L. pervestigatus, p. p. of pervestigare.] To investigate thoroughly. [Obs.]

Per*ves`ti*ga"tion (?), n. [L. pervestigatio.] Thorough investigation. [Obs.] Chillingworth.

Per"vi*al (?), a. [See Pervious.] Pervious. [Obs.] -- Per"vi*al*ly, adv. [Obs.] Chapman.

Per`vi*ca"cious (?), a. [L. pervicax, -acis.] Obstinate; willful; refractory. [Obs.] -- Per`vi*ca"cious*ly, adv. -- Per`vi*ca"cious*ness, n. [Obs.]

Per`vi*cac"i*ty (?), n. Obstinacy; pervicaciousness. [Obs.] Bentley.

Per"vi*ca*cy (?), n. [L. pervicacia.] Pervicacity. [Obs.]

Per*vig`i*la"tion (?), n. [L. pervigilatio, fr. pervigilare.] Careful watching. [Obs.]

Per"vi*ous (?), a. [L. pervis; per + via a way. See Per-, and Voyage.] 1. Admitting passage; capable of being penetrated by another body or substance; permeable; as, a pervious soil.

[Doors] . . . pervious to winds, and open every way.

Pope.

2. Capable of being penetrated, or seen through, by physical or mental vision. [R.]

God, whose secrets are pervious to no eye.

Jer. Taylor.

3. Capable of penetrating or pervading. [Obs.] Prior.

4. (Zoˆl.) Open; -- used synonymously with perforate, as applied to the nostrils or birds.

Per"vi*ous*ness, n. The quality or state of being pervious; as, the perviousness of glass. Boyle.

Per"vis (?), n. See Parvis.

Per"y (?), n. A pear tree. See Pirie. [Obs.]

||Pes (?), n.; pl. Pedes . [L., the foot.] (Anat.) The distal segment ||of the hind limb of vertebrates, including the tarsus and foot.

Pe*sade" (?), n. [F.] (Man.) The motion of a horse when, raising his fore quarters, he keeps his hind feet on the ground without advancing; rearing.

Pes"age (?), n. [F., fr. peser to weigh.] A fee, or toll, paid for the weighing of merchandise.

Pes"ane (?), n. (Anc. Armor.) See Pusane.

Pes"ant*ed (?), a. [F. pesant heavy.] Made heavy or dull; debased. [Obs.] "Pesanted to each lewd thought's control." Marston.

Pe*schit"o (?), n. See Peshito.

Pese (?), n. [See Pea.] A pea. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Pe*se"ta (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish silver coin, and money of account, ||equal to about nineteen cents, and divided into 100 centesimos.

{ Pe*shit"o (?), Pe*shit"to (?), } n. [Syriac peshÓt‚ simple.] The earliest Syriac version of the Old Testament, translated from Hebrew; also, the incomplete Syriac version of the New Testament. [Written also peschito.]

Pes"ky (?), a. [Etymol. uncertain.] Pestering; vexatious; troublesome. Used also as an intensive. [Colloq. & Low, U.S.] Judd.

||Pe"so (?), n. [Sp.] A Spanish dollar; also, an Argentine, Chilian, ||Colombian, etc., coin, equal to from 75 cents to a dollar; also, a ||pound weight.

Pes"sa*ry (?), n.; pl. Pessaries (#). [L. pessarium, pessum, pessus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. pessaire.] (Med.) (a) An instrument or device to be introduced into and worn in the vagina, to support the uterus, or remedy a malposition. (b) A medicinal substance in the form of a bolus or mass, designed for introduction into the vagina; a vaginal suppository.

Pes"si*mism (?), n. [L. pessimus worst, superl. of pejor worse: cf. F. pessimisme. Cf. Impair.] 1. (Metaph.) The opinion or doctrine that everything in nature is ordered for or tends to the worst, or that the world is wholly evil; -- opposed to optimism.

2. A disposition to take the least hopeful view of things.

Pes"si*mist (?), n. [L. pessimus worst: cf. F. pessimiste.] 1. (Metaph.) One who advocates the doctrine of pessimism; -- opposed to optimist.

2. One who looks on the dark side of things.

{ Pes"si*mist (?), Pes`si*mis"tic (?), } a. (Metaph.) Of or pertaining to pessimism; characterized by pessimism; gloomy; foreboding. "Giving utterance to pessimistic doubt." Encyc. Brit.

Pes`si*mis"tic*al (?), a. Pessimistic.

Pes"si*mize (?), v. i. To hold or advocate the doctrine of pessimism. London Sat. Rev.

||Pes"su*lus (?), n.; pl. Pessuli (#). [L., a bolt.] (Anat.) A delicate ||bar of cartilage connecting the dorsal and ventral extremities of the ||first pair of bronchial cartilages in the syrinx of birds.

Pest (?), n. [L. pestis: cf. F. peste.] 1. A fatal epidemic disease; a pestilence; specif., the plague.

England's sufferings by that scourge, the pest.

Cowper.

2. Anything which resembles a pest; one who, or that which, is troublesome, noxious, mischievous, or destructive; a nuisance. "A pest and public enemy." South.

Pes`ta*loz"zi*an (?), a. Belonging to, or characteristic of, a system of elementary education which combined manual training with other instruction, advocated and practiced by Jean Henri Pestalozzi (1746-1827), a Swiss teacher. -- n. An advocate or follower of the system of Pestalozzi.

Pes`ta*loz"zi*an*ism (?), n. The system of education introduced by Pestalozzi.

Pes"ter (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pestered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pestering.] [Abbrev. fr. impester, fr. OF. empaistrier, empestrer, to entangle the feet or legs, to embarrass, F. empÍtrer; pref. em-, en- (L. in in) + LL. pastorium, pastoria, a fetter by which horses are prevented from wandering in the pastures, fr. L. pastorius belonging to a herdsman or shepherd, pastor a herdsman. See In, and Pasture, Pastor.] 1. To trouble; to disturb; to annoy; to harass with petty vexations.

We are pestered with mice and rats.

Dr. H. More.

A multitude of scribblers daily pester the world.

Dryden.

2. To crowd together in an annoying way; to overcrowd; to infest. [Obs.] Milton.

All rivers and pools . . . pestered full with fishes.

Holland.

Pes"ter*er (?), n. One who pesters or harasses.

Pes"ter*ment (?), n. The act of pestering, or the state of being pestered; vexation; worry. "The trouble and pesterment of children." B. Franklin.

Pes"ter*ous (?), a.Inclined to pester. Also, vexatious; encumbering; burdensome. [Obs.] Bacon.

Pest"ful (?), a. Pestiferous. "After long and pestful calms." Coleridge.

Pest`house" (?), n. A house or hospital for persons who are infected with any pestilential disease.

Pes"ti*duct (?), n. [L. pestis pest + ductus a leading, fr. ducere to lead.] That which conveys contagion or infection. [Obs.] Donne.

Pes*tif"er*ous (?), a. [L. pestiferus, pestifer; pestis pest + ferre to bear: cf. F. pestifËre.] 1. Pest-bearing; pestilential; noxious to health; malignant; infectious; contagious; as, pestiferous bodies. "Poor, pestiferous creatures begging alms." Evelyn. "Unwholesome and pestiferous occupations." Burke.

2. Noxious to peace, to morals, or to society; vicious; hurtful; destructive; as, a pestiferous demagogue.

Pestiferous reports of men very nobly held.

Shak.

Pes*tif"er*ous*ly, adv. In a pestiferuos manner.

Pes"ti*lence (?), n. [F. pestilence, L. pestilentia. See Pestilent.] 1. Specifically, the disease known as the plague; hence, any contagious or infectious epidemic disease that is virulent and devastating.

The pestilence That walketh in darkness.

Ps. xci. 6.

2. Fig.: That which is pestilent, noxious, or pernicious to the moral character of great numbers.

I'll pour this pestilence into his ear.

Shak.

Pestilence weed (Bot.), the butterbur coltsfoot (Petasites vulgaris), so called because formerly considered a remedy for the plague. Dr. Prior.

Pes"ti*lent (?), a. [L. pestilens, -entis, fr. pestis pest: cf. F. pestilent.] Pestilential; noxious; pernicious; mischievous. "Corrupt and pestilent." Milton. "What a pestilent knave is this same!" Shak.

Pes`ti*len"tial (?), a. [Cf. F. pestilentiel.] 1. Having the nature or qualities of a pestilence. "Sends the pestilential vapors." Longfellow.

2. Hence: Mischievous; noxious; pernicious; morally destructive.

So pestilential, so infectious a thing is sin.

Jer. Taylor.

Pes`ti*len"tial*ly, adv. Pestilently.

Pes`ti*len"tious (?), a. Pestilential. [Obs.]

Pes"ti*lent*ly (?), adv. In a pestilent manner; mischievously; destructively. "Above all measure pestilently noisome." Dr. H. More.

Pes"ti*lent*ness, n. The quality of being pestilent.

Pes`til*la"tion (?), n. [LL. pestillum, L. pistillum. See Pestle.] The act of pounding and bruising with a pestle in a mortar. Sir T. Browne.

Pes"tle (ps"'l; 277), n. [OE. pestel, OF. pestel, LL. pestellum, L. pistillum, pistillus, a pounder, pestle, fr. pisere, pinsere, to pound, crush, akin to Gr. &?;, Skr. pish. Cf. Pistil.] 1. An implement for pounding and breaking or braying substances in a mortar.

2. A constable's or bailiff's staff; -- so called from its shape. [Obs.] Chapman.

3. The leg and leg bone of an animal, especially of a pig; as, a pestle of pork.

Pes"tle (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pestled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pestling (?).] To pound, pulverize, bray, or mix with a pestle, or as with a pestle; to use a pestle.

Pet (?), n. [Formerly peat, perhaps from Ir. peat, akin to Gael. peata.] 1. A cade lamb; a lamb brought up by hand.

2. Any person or animal especially cherished and indulged; a fondling; a darling; often, a favorite child.

The love of cronies, pets, and favorites.

Tatler.

3. [Prob. fr. Pet a fondling, hence, the behavior or humor of a spoiled child.] A slight fit of peevishness or fretfulness. "In a pet she started up." Tennyson.

Pet, a. Petted; indulged; admired; cherished; as, a pet child; a pet lamb; a pet theory.

Some young lady's pet curate.

F. Harrison.

Pet cock. [Perh. for petty cock.] (Mach.) A little faucet in a water pipe or pump, to let air out, or at the end of a steam cylinder, to drain it.

Pet, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petted; p. pr. & vb. n. Petting.] To treat as a pet; to fondle; to indulge; as, she was petted and spoiled.

Pet, v. i. To be a pet. Feltham.

Pet"al (?), n. [Gr. &?; a leaf, a leaf or plate of metal, fr. &?; outspread, broad, flat: cf. F. pÈtale. See Fathom.] 1. (Bot.) One of the leaves of the corolla, or the colored leaves of a flower. See Corolla, and Illust. of Flower.

2. (Zoˆl.) One of the expanded ambulacra which form a rosette on the black of certain Echini.

Pet"aled (?), a. (Bot.) Having petals; as, a petaled flower; -- opposed to apetalous, and much used in compounds; as, one-petaled, three-petaled, etc.

Pet`al*if"er*ous (?), a. [Petal + -ferous.] Bearing petals.

Pe*tal"i*form (?), a. (Bot.) Having the form of a petal; petaloid; petal-shaped.

Pet"al*ine (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈtalin.] (Bot.) Pertaining to a petal; attached to, or resembling, a petal.

Pet"al*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a leaf: cf. F. pÈtalisme.] (Gr. Antiq.) A form of sentence among the ancient Syracusans by which they banished for five years a citizen suspected of having dangerous influence or ambition. It was similar to the ostracism in Athens; but olive leaves were used instead of shells for ballots.

Pet"al*ite (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈtalite.] (Min.) A rare mineral, occurring crystallized and in cleavable masses, usually white, or nearly so, in color. It is a silicate of aluminia and lithia.

Pe*tal"o*dy (?), n. [Petal + Gr. &?; form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of various floral organs, usually stamens, into petals.

Pet"al*oid (?), a. [Petal + - oid: cf. F. pÈtaloÔde.] (Bot.) Petaline.

Pet`al*oid"e*ous (?), a. (Bot.) Having the whole or part of the perianth petaline.

Petaloideous division, that division of endogenous plants in which the perianth is wholly or partly petaline, embracing the LiliaceÊ, OrchidaceÊ, AmaryllideÊ, etc.

||Pet`a*los"ti*cha (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a leaf + &?; a row.] ||(Zoˆl.) An order of Echini, including the irregular sea urchins, as ||the spatangoids. See Spatangoid.

Pet"al*ous (?), a. Having petals; petaled; -- opposed to apetalous.

||Pet"a*lum (?), n.; pl. Petala (#). [NL.] A petal.

Pe*tar" (?), n. See Petard. [Obs.] "Hoist with his own petar." Shak.

Pe*tard" (?), n. [F. pÈtard, fr. pÈter to break wind, to crack, to explode, L. pedere, peditum.] (Mil.) A case containing powder to be exploded, esp. a conical or cylindrical case of metal filled with powder and attached to a plank, to be exploded against and break down gates, barricades, drawbridges, etc. It has been superseded.

{ Pet`ar*deer", Pet`ar*dier" } (?), n. [F. pÈtardier.] (Mil.) One who managed a petard.

||Pet"a*sus (?), n. [L., from Gr. &?;.] (Gr. & Rom. Antiq.) The winged ||cap of Mercury; also, a broad-brimmed, low-crowned hat worn by Greeks ||and Romans.

Pe*tau"rist (?), n. [L. petaurista a ropedancer, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to dance on a rope, fr. &?; a pole, a stage for ropedancers: cf. F. pÈtauriste.] (Zoˆl.) Any flying marsupial of the genera Petaurus, Phalangista, Acrobata, and allied genera. See Flying mouse, under Flying, and Phalangister.

||Pe*tech"i*Ê (?), n. pl.; sing. Petechia (&?;). [NL., fr. LL. ||peteccia; cf. F. pÈtÈchie, It. petecchia, Sp. petequia, Gr. &?; a ||label, plaster.] (Med.) Small crimson, purple, or livid spots, like ||flea-bites, due to extravasation of blood, which appear on the skin ||in malignant fevers, etc.

Pe*tech"i*al (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈtÈchial, LL. petecchialis.] (Med.) Characterized by, or pertaining to, petechiÊ; spotted.

Petechial fever, a malignant fever, accompanied with livid spots on the skin.

Pe"ter (?), n. A common baptismal name for a man. The name of one of the apostles,

Peter boat, a fishing boat, sharp at both ends, originally of the Baltic Sea, but now common in certain English rivers. -- Peter Funk, the auctioneer in a mock auction. [Cant, U.S.] -- Peter pence, or Peter's pence. (a) An annual tax or tribute, formerly paid by the English people to the pope, being a penny for every house, payable on Lammas or St.Peter's day; -- called also Rome scot, and hearth money. (b) In modern times, a voluntary contribution made by Roman Catholics to the private purse of the pope. -- Peter's fish (Zoˆl.), a haddock; -- so called because the black spots, one on each side, behind the gills, are traditionally said to have been caused by the fingers of St. Peter, when he caught the fish to pay the tribute. The name is applied, also, to other fishes having similar spots.

<! p. 1073 !>

Pet"er (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Petered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Petering.] [Etymol. uncertain.] To become exhausted; to run out; to fail; -- used generally with out; as, that mine has petered out. [Slang, U.S.]

Pet"er*el (?), n. (Zoˆl.) See Petrel.

Pet`e*re"ro (?), n. (Mil.) See Pederero.

Pe"ter*man (?), n.; pl. Petermen (&?;). A fisherman; -- so called after the apostle Peter. [An obs. local term in Eng.] Chapman.

Pe"ter*sham (?), n. [Named after Lord Petersham.] A rough, knotted woolen cloth, used chiefly for men's overcoats; also, a coat of that material.

Pe"ter*wort` (?), n. (Bot.) See Saint Peter's-wort, under Saint.

{ Pet"i*o*lar (?), Pet"i*o*la*ry (?), } a. [Cf. F. pÈtiolarie.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to petiole, or proceeding from it; as, a petiolar tendril; growing or supported upon a petiole; as, a petiolar gland; a petiolar bud.

{ Pet"i*o*late (?), Pet"i*o*la`ted (?), } a. (Bot. & Zoˆl.) Having a stalk or petiole; as, a petioleate leaf; the petiolated abdomen of certain Hymenoptera.

Pet"i*ole (?), n. [F. pÈtiole, fr. L. petiolus a little foot, a fruit stalk; cf. pes, pedis, a foot.] 1. (Bot.) A leafstalk; the footstalk of a leaf, connecting the blade with the stem. See Illust. of Leaf.

2. (Zoˆl.) A stalk or peduncle.

Pet"i*oled (?), a. Petiolate.

Pet`i*ol"u*late (?), a. (Bot.) Supported by its own petiolule. Gray.

Pet"i*o*lule (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈtiolule.] (Bot.) A small petiole, or the petiole of a leaflet.

Pet"it (?), a. [F. See Petty.] Small; little; insignificant; mean; -- Same as Petty. [Obs., except in legal language.]

By what small, petit hints does the mind catch hold of and recover a vanishing notion.

South.

Petit constable, an inferior civil officer, subordinate to the high constable. -- Petit jury, a jury of twelve men, impaneled to try causes at the bar of a court; -- so called in distinction from the grand jury. -- Petit larceny, the stealing of goods of, or under, a certain specified small value; -- opposed to grand larceny. The distinction is abolished in England. -- Petit maÓtre (&?;). [F., lit., little master.] A fop; a coxcomb; a ladies' man. Goldsmith. -- Petit serjeanty (Eng. Law), the tenure of lands of the crown, by the service of rendering annually some implement of war, as a bow, an arrow, a sword, a flag, etc. -- Petit treason, formerly, in England, the crime of killing a person to whom the offender owed duty or subjection, as one's husband, master, mistress, etc. The crime is now not distinguished from murder.

Pe*ti"tion (?), n. [F. pÈtition, L. petitio, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask, seek; perh. akin to E. feather, or find.] 1. A prayer; a supplication; an imploration; an entreaty; especially, a request of a solemn or formal kind; a prayer to the Supreme Being, or to a person of superior power, rank, or authority; also, a single clause in such a prayer.

A house of prayer and petition for thy people.

1 Macc. vii. 37.

This last petition heard of all her prayer.

Dryden.

2. A formal written request addressed to an official person, or to an organized body, having power to grant it; specifically (Law), a supplication to government, in either of its branches, for the granting of a particular grace or right; -- in distinction from a memorial, which calls certain facts to mind; also, the written document.

Petition of right (Law), a petition to obtain possession or restitution of property, either real or personal, from the Crown, which suggests such a title as controverts the title of the Crown, grounded on facts disclosed in the petition itself. Mozley & W. -- The Petition of Right (Eng. Hist.), the parliamentary declaration of the rights of the people, assented to by Charles I.

Pe*ti"tion, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petitioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Petitioning.] To make a prayer or request to; to ask from; to solicit; to entreat; especially, to make a formal written supplication, or application to, as to any branch of the government; as, to petition the court; to petition the governor.

You have . . . petitioned all the gods for my prosperity.

Shak.

Pe*ti"tion, v. i. To make a petition or solicitation.

Pe*ti"tion*a*ri*ly (?), adv. By way of begging the question; by an assumption. [R.] Sir T. Browne.

Pe*ti"tion*a*ry (?), a. 1. Supplicatory; making a petition.

Pardon Rome, and any petitionary countrymen.

Shak.

2. Containing a petition; of the nature of a petition; as, a petitionary epistle. Swift.

Pe*ti`tion*ee" (?), n. A person cited to answer, or defend against, a petition.

Pe*ti"tion*er (?), n. One who presents a petition.

Pe*ti"tion*ing, n. The act of presenting apetition; a supplication.

Pet"i*tor (?), n. [L., fr. petere to seek.] One who seeks or asks; a seeker; an applicant. [R.] Fuller.

Pet"i*to*ry (?), a. [L. petitorius, fr. petere, petitum, to beg, ask: cf. F. pÈtitore.] Petitioning; soliciting; supplicating. Sir W. Hamilton.

Petitory suit or action (Admiralty Law), a suit in which the mere title to property is litigated and sought to be enforced, as distinguished from a possessory suit; also (Scots Law), a suit wherein the plaintiff claims something as due him by the defendant. Burrill.

Pe*tong" (?), n. (Metal.) See Packfong.

Pe*tral"o*gy (?), n. See Petrology.

Pet"ra*ry (?), n. [L. petra stone. Cf. Sp. petraria, and E. Pederero.] An ancient war engine for hurling stones.

Pe"tre (p"tr), n. See Saltpeter.

Pe*tre"an (p*tr"an), a. [L. petraeus, Gr. petrai^os, fr. pe`tra a rock.] Of or pertaining to rock. G. S. Faber.

Pe"trel (?), n. [F. pÈtrel; a dim. of the name Peter, L. Petrus, Gr. &?; a stone (John i. 42); -- probably so called in allusion to St. Peter's walking on the sea. See Petrify.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of longwinged sea birds belonging to the family ProcellaridÊ. The small petrels, or Mother Carey's chickens, belong to Oceanites, Oceanodroma, Procellaria, and several allied genera.

Diving petrel, any bird of the genus Pelecanoides. They chiefly inhabit the southern hemisphere. -- Fulmar petrel, Giant petrel. See Fulmar. -- Pintado petrel, the Cape pigeon. See under Cape. -- Pintado petrel, any one of several small petrels, especially Procellaria pelagica, or Mother Carey's chicken, common on both sides of the Atlantic.

Pe*tres"cence (?), n. The process of changing into stone; petrification.

Pe*tres"cent (?), a. [L. petra rock, stone, Gr. &?;.] Petrifying; converting into stone; as, petrescent water. Boyle.

Pet`ri*fac"tion (?), n. [See Petrify.] 1. The process of petrifying, or changing into stone; conversion of any organic matter (animal or vegetable) into stone, or a substance of stony hardness.

2. The state or condition of being petrified.

3. That which is petrified; popularly, a body incrusted with stony matter; an incrustation.

4. Fig.: Hardness; callousness; obduracy. "Petrifaction of the soul." Cudworth.

Pet`ri*fac"tive (?), a. 1. Having the quality of converting organic matter into stone; petrifying.

2. Pertaining to, or characterized by, petrifaction.

The . . . petrifactive mutations of hard bodies.

Sir T. Browne.

Pe*trif"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pÈtrifique.] Petrifying; petrifactive.

Death with his mace petrific, cold and dry.

Milton.

Pet"ri*fi*cate (?), v. t. To petrify. [Obs.]

Our hearts petrificated were.

J. Hall (1646).

Pet`ri*fi*ca"tion (?), n. [Cf. F. pÈtrification. See Petrify.] 1. See Petrifaction.

2. Fig.: Obduracy; callousness. Hallywell.

Pet"ri*fy (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Petrified (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Petrifying (?).] [L. petra rock, Gr. &?; (akin to &?; a stone) + -fy: cf. F. pÈtrifier. Cf. Parrot, Petrel, Pier.] 1. To convert, as any animal or vegetable matter, into stone or stony substance.

A river that petrifies any sort of wood or leaves.

Kirwan.

2. To make callous or obdurate; to stupefy; to paralyze; to transform; as by petrifaction; as, to petrify the heart. Young. "Petrifying accuracy." Sir W. Scott.

And petrify a genius to a dunce.

Pope.

The poor, petrified journeyman, quite unconscious of what he was doing.

De Quincey.

A hideous fatalism, which ought, logically, to petrify your volition.

G. Eliot.

Pet"ri*fy, v. i. 1. To become stone, or of a stony hardness, as organic matter by calcareous deposits.

2. Fig.: To become stony, callous, or obdurate.

Like Niobe we marble grow, And petrify with grief.

Dryden.

Pe"trine (?), a. Of or pertaining to St.Peter; as, the Petrine Epistles.

Pet"ro- (?). A combining form from Gr. &?; a rock, &?; a stone; as, petrology, petroglyphic.

Pe*trog"a*le (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a rock + &?; a weasel.] (Zoˆl.) Any Australian kangaroo of the genus Petrogale, as the rock wallaby (P. penicillata).

Pet`ro*glyph"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to petroglyphy.

Pe*trog"ly*phy (?), n. [Petro + Gr. &?; to carve.] The art or operation of carving figures or inscriptions on rock or stone.

{ Pet`ro*graph"ic (?), Pet`ro*graph"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to petrography.

Pe*trog"ra*phy (?), n. [Petro + -graphy.] 1. The art of writing on stone.

2. The scientific description of rocks; that department of science which investigates the constitution of rocks; petrology.

Pet`ro*hy"oid (?), a. [Petro + hyoid.] (Anat.) Pertaining to petrous, oe periotic, portion of the skull and the hyoid arch; as, the petrohyoid muscles of the frog.

Pe*trol" (?), n. Petroleum. [R.]

Pet`ro*la"tum (?), n. (Chem. & Pharm.) A semisolid unctuous substance, neutral, and without taste or odor, derived from petroleum by distilling off the lighter portions and purifying the residue. It is a yellowish, fatlike mass, transparent in thin layers, and somewhat fluorescent. It is used as a bland protective dressing, and as a substitute for fatty materials in ointments. U. S. Pharm.

Petrolatum is the official name for the purified product. Cosmoline and vaseline are commercial names for substances essentially the same, but differing slightly in appearance and consistency or fusibility.

Pe*tro"le*um (?), n. [NL., fr. L. petra a rock + oleum oil: cf. F. pÈtrole. Cf. Petrify, and Oil.] Rock oil, mineral oil, or natural oil, a dark brown or greenish inflammable liquid, which, at certain points, exists in the upper strata of the earth, from whence it is pumped, or forced by pressure of the gas attending it. It consists of a complex mixture of various hydrocarbons, largely of the methane series, but may vary much in appearance, composition, and properties. It is refined by distillation, and the products include kerosene, benzine, gasoline, paraffin, etc.

Petroleum spirit, a volatile liquid obtained in the distillation of crude petroleum at a temperature of 170∞ Fahr., or below. The term is rather loosely applied to a considerable range of products, including benzine and ligroin. The terms petroleum ether, and naphtha, are sometimes applied to the still more volatile products, including rhigolene, gasoline, cymogene, etc.

{ ||PÈ`tro`leur" (?), n. m. ||PÈ`tro`leuse" (?), n. f. }[F.] One who makes use of petroleum for incendiary purposes.

Pet"ro*line (?), n. (Chem.) A paraffin obtained from petroleum from Rangoon in India, and practically identical with ordinary paraffin.

{ Pet`ro*log"ic (?), Pet`ro*log"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to petrology.

Pet`ro*log"ic*al*ly, adv. According to petrology.

Pe*trol"o*gist (?), n. One who is versed in petrology.

Pe*trol"o*gy (?), n. [Petro + -logy.] 1. The department of science which is concerned with the mineralogical and chemical composition of rocks, and with their classification: lithology.

2. A treatise on petrology.

Pet`ro*mas"toid (?), a. [Petro + mastoid.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the petrous and mastoid parts of the temporal bone, periotic.

Pet`ro*my"zont (?), n. [Petro + Gr. &?; to suck in.] (Zoˆl.) A lamprey.

Pet`ro*nel (?), n. [OF. petrinal, fr. peitrine, petrine, the breast, F. poitrine; so called because it was placed against the breast in order to fire. See Poitrel.] A sort of hand cannon, or portable firearm, used in France in the 15th century.

Pe*tro"sal (?), a. [See Petrous.] (Anat.) (a) Hard; stony; petrous; as, the petrosal bone; petrosal part of the temporal bone. (b) Of, pertaining to, or in the region of, the petrous, or petrosal, bone, or the corresponding part of the temporal bone.

Petrosal bone (Anat.), a bone corresponding to the petrous portion of the temporal bone of man; or one forming more or less of the periotic capsule.

Pe*tro"sal, n. (Anat.) (a) A petrosal bone. (b) The auditory capsule. Owen.

Pet`ro*si"lex (?), n. [Petro + silex.] (Min.) Felsite.

Pet`ro*si*li"cious (?), a. Containing, or consisting of, petrosilex.

Pet`ro*ste"a*rine (?), n. [Petro + stearine.] A solid unctuous material, of which candles are made.

Pe"trous (?), a. [L. petrosus, fr. petra a stone.] 1. Like stone; hard; stony; rocky; as, the petrous part of the temporal bone. Hooper.

2. (Anat.) Same as Petrosal.

Pet"ti*chaps (?), n. (Zoˆl.) See Pettychaps.

Pet"ti*coat (?), n. (Zoˆl.) [Petty + coat.] A loose under-garment worn by women, and covering the body below the waist.

Petticoat government, government by women, whether in politics or domestic affairs. [Colloq.] -- Petticoat pipe (Locomotives), a short, flaring pipe surrounding the blast nozzle in the smoke box, to equalize the draft.

Pet"ti*fog (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pettifogged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pettifogging (?).] [Petty + fog to pettifog.] To do a petty business as a lawyer; also, to do law business in a petty or tricky way. "He takes no money, but pettifogs gratis." S. Butler.

Pet"ti*fog, v. t. To advocate like a pettifogger; to argue trickily; as, to pettifog a claim. [Colloq.]

Pet"ti*fog`ger (?), n. A lawyer who deals in petty cases; an attorney whose methods are mean and tricky; an inferior lawyer.

A pettifogger was lord chancellor.

Macaulay.

Pet"ti*fog`ger*y (?), n.; pl. - ies (&?;). The practice or arts of a pettifogger; disreputable tricks; quibbles.

Quirks of law, and pettifoggeries.

Barrow.

Pet"ti*fog`ging (?), a. Paltry; quibbling; mean.

Pet"ti*fog`ging, n. Pettifoggery.

Pet`ti*fog"u*lize (?), v. i. To act as a pettifogger; to use contemptible tricks. De Quincey.

Pet"ti*ly, adv. In a petty manner; frivolously.

Pet"ti*ness, n. The quality or state of being petty or paltry; littleness; meanness.

Pet"tish (?), a. [From Pet.] Fretful; peevish; moody; capricious; inclined to ill temper. "A pettish kind of humor." Sterne. -- Pet"tish*ly, adv. -- Pet"tish*ness, n.

Pet"ti*toes (?), n. pl. [Petty + toes.] The toes or feet of a pig, -- often used as food; sometimes, in contempt, the human feet. Shak.

||Pet"to (?), n. [It., fr. L. pectus.] The breast.

In petto, in the breast; hence, in secrecy; in reserve.

Pet"ty (?), a. [Compar. Pettier (?); superl. Pettiest.] [OE. petit, F. petit; probably of Celtic origin, and akin to E. piece. Cf. Petit.] Little; trifling; inconsiderable; also, inferior; subordinate; as, a petty fault; a petty prince. Denham.

Like a petty god I walked about, admired of all.

Milton.

Petty averages. See under Average. -- Petty cash, money expended or received in small items or amounts. -- Petty officer, a subofficer in the navy, as a gunner, etc., corresponding to a noncommissionned officer in the army.

For petty constable, petty jury, petty larceny, petty treason, See Petit.

Syn. -- Little; diminutive; inconsiderable; inferior; trifling; trivial; unimportant; frivolous.

<! p. 1074 !>

Pet"ty*chaps (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any one of several species of small European singing birds of the subfamily SylviinÊ, as the willow warbler, the chiff- chaff, and the golden warbler (Sylvia hortensis).

Pet"ty*whin (?), n. [Petty + whin.] (Bot.) The needle furze. See under Needle.

{ Pet"u*lance (?), Pet"u*lan*cy (?), } n. [L. petulania: cf. F. pÈtulance. See Petulant.] The quality or state of being petulant; temporary peevishness; pettishness; capricious ill humor. "The petulancy of our words." B. Jonson.

Like pride in some, and like petulance in others.

Clarendon.

The lowering eye, the petulance, the frown.

Cowper.

Syn. -- Petulance, Peevishness. -- Peevishness implies the permanence of a sour, fretful temper; petulance implies temporary or capricious irritation.

Pet"u*lant (?), a. [L. petulans, -antis, prop., making slight attacks upon, from a lost dim. of petere to fall upon, to attack: cf. F. pÈtulant. See Petition.] 1. Forward; pert; insolent; wanton. [Obs.] Burton.

2. Capriciously fretful; characterized by ill- natured freakishness; irritable. "Petulant moods." Macaulay.

Syn. -- Irritable; ill-humored; peevish; cross; fretful; querulous.

Pet"u*lant*ly, adv. In a petulant manner.

Pe*tul"ci*ty (?), n. [See Petulcous.] Wantonness; friskiness. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

Pe*tul"cous (?), a. [L. petulcus. Cf. Petulant.] Wanton; frisky; lustful. [Obs.] J. V. Cane.

Pe*tu"ni*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Braz. petun tobacco.] (Bot.) A genus of solanaceous herbs with funnelform or salver-shaped corollas. Two species are common in cultivation, Petunia violacera, with reddish purple flowers, and P. nyctaginiflora, with white flowers. There are also many hybrid forms with variegated corollas.

{ Pe*tunse", Pe*tuntse", Pe*tuntze" } (?), n. [From Chinese.] Powdered fledspar, kaolin, or quartz, used in the manufacture of porcelain.

Pet"worth mar"ble (?). A kind of shell marble occurring in the Wealden clay at Petworth, in Sussex, England; -- called also Sussex marble.

Petz"ite (?), n. [From Petz, who analyzed it.] (Min.) A telluride of silver and gold, related to hessite.

Peu*ced"a*nin (?), n. (Chem.) A tasteless white crystalline substance, extracted from the roots of the sulphurwort (Peucedanum), masterwort (Imperatoria), and other related plants; -- called also imperatorin.

Peu"cil (?), n. [Gr. &?; pine tree.] (Chem.) A liquid resembling camphene, obtained by treating turpentine hydrochloride with lime. [Written also peucyl.]

Pew (?), n. [OE. pewe, OF. puie parapet, balustrade, balcony, fr. L. podium an elevated place, a jutty, balcony, a parapet or balcony in the circus, where the emperor and other distinguished persons sat, Gr. &?;, dim. of &?;, &?;, foot; -- hence the Latin sense of a raised place (orig. as a rest or support for the foot). See Foot, and cf. Podium, Poy.] 1. One of the compartments in a church which are separated by low partitions, and have long seats upon which several persons may sit; -- sometimes called slip. Pews were originally made square, but are now usually long and narrow.

2. Any structure shaped like a church pew, as a stall, formerly used by money lenders, etc.; a box in theater; a pen; a sheepfold. [Obs.] Pepys. Milton.

Pew opener, an usher in a church. [Eng.] Dickens.

Pew, v. t. To furnish with pews. [R.] Ash.

Pe"wee (?), n. [So called from its note.] 1. (Zoˆl.) A common American tyrant flycatcher (Sayornis phúbe, or S. fuscus). Called also pewit, and phúbe.

2. The woodcock. [Local, U.S.]

Wood pewee (Zoˆl.), a bird (Contopus virens) similar to the pewee (See Pewee, 1), but of smaller size.

Pe"wet (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Same as Pewit.

Pew"fel`low (?), n. 1. One who occupies the same pew with another.

2. An intimate associate; a companion. Shak.

Pe"wit (?), n. [Prob. of imitative origin; cf. OD. piewit, D. kievit, G. kibitz.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The lapwing. (b) The European black-headed, or laughing, gull (Xema ridibundus). See under Laughing. (c) The pewee. [Written also peevit, peewit, pewet.]

Pew"ter (?), n. [OE. pewtyr, OF. peutre, peautre, piautre: cf. D. peauter, piauter, It. peltro, Sp. & Pg. peltre, LL. peutreum, pestrum. Cf. Spelter.] 1. A hard, tough, but easily fusible, alloy, originally consisting of tin with a little lead, but afterwards modified by the addition of copper, antimony, or bismuth.

2. Utensils or vessels made of pewter, as dishes, porringers, drinking vessels, tankards, pots.

Pewter was formerly much used for domestic utensils. Inferior sorts contain a large proportion of lead.

Pew"ter*er (?), n. One whose occupation is to make utensils of pewter; a pewtersmith. Shak.

Pew"ter*y (?), a. Belonging to, or resembling, pewter; as, a pewtery taste.

Pex"i*ty (?), n. [L. pexitas, fr. pexus woolly, nappy, p. p. of pectere to comb.] Nap of cloth. [Obs.]

Pey"er's glands` (?). [So called from J. K. Peyer, who described them in 1677.] (Anat.) Patches of lymphoid nodules, in the walls of the small intestiness; agminated glands; -- called also Peyer's patches. In typhoid fever they become the seat of ulcers which are regarded as the characteristic organic lesion of that disease.

Pey"trel (?), n. [OF. peitral. See Poitrel.] (Anc. Armor) The breastplate of a horse's armor or harness. [Spelt also peitrel.] See Poitrel. [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Pe*zi"za (?), n. [NL., corrupt. from L. pezica a sessile mushroom, ||fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, a foot.] (Bot.) A genus of fungi embracing ||a great number of species, some of which are remarkable for their ||regular cuplike form and deep colors.

Pez"i*zoid (?), a. [Peziza + - oid.] (Bot.) Resembling a fungus of the genus Peziza; having a cuplike form.

||Pfen"nig (?), n.; pl. Pfennigs (#), G. Pfennige (#). [G. See Penny.] ||A small copper coin of Germany. It is the hundredth part of a mark, ||or about a quarter of a cent in United States currency.

||Pha*cel"lus (?), n.; pl. Phacelli (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bundle of ||fagots.] (Zoˆl.) One of the filaments on the inner surface of the ||gastric cavity of certain jellyfishes.

Phac"o*chere (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lentil seed, a wart + &?; a pig.] (Zoˆl.) The wart hog.

Pha"coid (?), a. [Gr. &?; a lentil + -oid.] Resembling a lentil; lenticular.

Phac"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; lentil + -lite.] (Min.) A colorless variety of chabazite; the original was from Leipa, in Bohemia.

||Pha"cops (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a lentil + &?;, &?;, the eye.] ||(Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Silurian and Devonian ||formations. Phacops bufo is one of the most common species.

PhÊ*a"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to the PhÊacians, a fabulous seafaring people fond of the feast, the lyre, and the dance, mentioned by Homer.

PhÊ"no*gam (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the class PhÊnogamia.

||PhÊ`no*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. &?; to show + &?; marriage.] ||(Bot.) The class of flowering plants including all which have true ||flowers with distinct floral organs; phanerogamia.

{ PhÊ`no*ga"mi*an (?), PhÊ`no*gam"ic (?), } a. Same as PhÊnogamous.

PhÊ*nog"a*mous (?), a. (Bot.) Having true flowers with with distinct floral organs; flowering.

PhÊ*nom"e*non (?), n. [L.] See Phenomenon.

PhÊ"o*spore (?), n. [Gr. &?; dusky + E. spore.] (Bot.) A brownish zoˆspore, characteristic of an order (PhÊosporeÊ) of dark green or olive-colored algÊ. -- PhÊ`o*spor"ic (#), a.

Pha"Î*thon (?), n. [L., PhaÎthon (in sense 1), fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;, to shine. See Phantom.] 1. (Class. Myth.) The son of Helios (Phúbus), that is, the son of light, or of the sun. He is fabled to have obtained permission to drive the chariot of the sun, in doing which his want of skill would have set the world on fire, had he not been struck with a thunderbolt by Jupiter, and hurled headlong into the river Po.

2. (Zoˆl.) A genus of oceanic birds including the tropic birds.

Pha"Î*ton (?), n. [F. phaÈton a kind of carriage, fr. PhaÈthon PhaÎthon, the son of Helios. See PhaÎthon.] 1. A four-wheeled carriage (with or without a top), open, or having no side pieces, in front of the seat. It is drawn by one or two horses.

2. See PhaÎthon.

3. (Zoˆl.) A handsome American butterfly (Euphydryas, or MelitÊa, PhaÎton). The upper side of the wings is black, with orange-red spots and marginal crescents, and several rows of cream-colored spots; -- called also Baltimore.

Phag`e*de"na (?), n. [L. phagedaena, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to eat.] (Med.) (a) A canine appetite; bulimia. [Obs.] (b) Spreading, obstinate ulceration.

{ Phag`e*den"ic (?), Phag`e*den"ic*AL (?), } a. [L. phagedaenicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phagÈdÈnique.] (Med.) Of, like, or pertaining to, phagedena; used in the treatment of phagedena; as, a phagedenic ulcer or medicine. -- n. A phagedenic medicine.

Phag`e*de"nous (?), a. (Med.) Phagedenic.

Phag"o*cyte (?), n. [Gr. &?; to eat + &?; a hollow vessel.] (Physiol.) A leucocyte which plays a part in retrogressive processes by taking up (eating), in the form of fine granules, the parts to be removed.

||Pha*i`no*pep"la (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; shining + &?; robe.] ||(Zoˆl.) A small crested passerine bird (PhaÔnopepla nitens), native ||of Mexico and the Southern United States. The adult male is of a ||uniform glossy blue-black; the female is brownish. Called also black ||flycatcher.

Phak"o*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lentil, or lenticular body + -scope.] (Physiol.) An instrument for studying the mechanism of accommodation.

||Pha*lÊ"na (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind od moth.] (Zoˆl.) A ||linnÊan genus which included the moths in general.

Pha*lÊ"nid (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind od moth.] (Zoˆl.) Any moth of the family PhalÊnidÊ, of which the cankerworms are examples; a geometrid.

{ Pha*lan"ge*al (?), Pha*lan"gal (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the phalanges. See Phalanx, 2.

Pha*lan"ger (?), n. [Cf. F. phalanger. See Phalanx.] (Zoˆl.) Any marsupial belonging to Phalangista, Cuscus, Petaurus, and other genera of the family PhalangistidÊ. They are arboreal, and the species of Petaurus are furnished with lateral parachutes. See Flying phalanger, under Flying.

||Pha*lan"ges (?), n., pl. of Phalanx.

{ Pha*lan"gi*al (?), Pha*lan"gi*an (?), } a. (Anat.) Phalangeal.

Pha*lan"gid (?), n.; pl. Phalangides (&?;). (Zoˆl.) One of the Phalangoidea.

Pha*lan"gi*ous (?), a. [L. phalangium a kind of venomous spider, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a spider. Cf. Phalanx.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to Phalangoidea.

Pha*lan"gist (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any arboreal marsupial of the genus Phalangista. The vulpine phalangist (P. vulpina) is the largest species, the full grown male being about two and a half feet long. It has a large bushy tail.

{ Phal`an*gis"ter (?), Phal`an*gis"tine (?), } n. (Zoˆl.) Same as Phalangist.

Phal"an*gite (?), n. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. phalangite.] A soldier belonging to a phalanx. [Obs.]

||Phal`an*goi"de*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Phalangium the daddy longlegs ||(see Phalangious) + Gr. &?; form.] (Zoˆl.) A division of Arachnoidea, ||including the daddy longlegs or harvestman (Phalangium) and many ||similar kinds. They have long, slender, many-jointed legs; usually a ||rounded, segmented abdomen; and chelate jaws. They breathe by ||tracheÊ. Called also Phalangides, Phalangidea, Phalangiida, and ||Opilionea.

||Pha`lan`stÈre" (?), n. [F.] A phalanstery.

Phal`an*ste"ri*an (?), a. [F. phalanstÈrien, a. & n.] Of or pertaining to phalansterianism.

Phal`an*ste"ri*an, n. One who favors the system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier.

{ Pha*lan"ster*ism (?), Phal`an*ste"ri*an*ism (?), } n. A system of phalansteries proposed by Fourier; Fourierism.

Phal"an*ster*y (?), n.; pl. -ies (#). [F. phalanstËre, fr. Gr. &?; a phalanx + &?; firm, solid.] 1. An association or community organized on the plan of Fourier. See Fourierism.

2. The dwelling house of a Fourierite community.

Pha"lanx (?), n.; pl. Phalanxes (#), L. Phalanges (#). [L., from Gr. &?;.] 1. (Gr. Antiq.) A body of heavy-armed infantry formed in ranks and files close and deep. There were several different arrangements, the phalanx varying in depth from four to twenty-five or more ranks of men. "In cubic phalanx firm advanced." Milton.

The Grecian phalanx, moveless as a tower.

Pope.

2. Any body of troops or men formed in close array, or any combination of people distinguished for firmness and solidity of a union.

At present they formed a united phalanx.

Macaulay.

The sheep recumbent, and the sheep that grazed, All huddling into phalanx, stood and gazed.

Cowper.

3. A Fourierite community; a phalanstery.

4. (Anat.) One of the digital bones of the hand or foot, beyond the metacarpus or metatarsus; an internode.

5. [pl. Phalanges.] (Bot.) A group or bundle of stamens, as in polyadelphous flowers.

Phal"a*rope (?), n. [Gr. &?; having a patch of white + &?;, &?;, a foot: cf. F. phalarope.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of Phalaropus and allied genera of small wading birds (GrallÊ), having lobate toes. They are often seen far from land, swimming in large flocks. Called also sea goose.

Phal"lic (?), a. [Gr. &?;.] Of or pertaining to the phallus, or to phallism.

Phal"li*cism (?), n. See Phallism.

Phal"lism (?), n. The worship of the generative principle in nature, symbolized by the phallus.

Phal"lus (?), n.; pl. Phalli (&?;). [L., a phallus (in sense 1), Gr. &?;.] 1. The emblem of the generative power in nature, carried in procession in the Bacchic orgies, or worshiped in various ways.

2. (Anat.) The penis or clitoris, or the embryonic or primitive organ from which either may be derived.

3. (Bot.) A genus of fungi which have a fetid and disgusting odor; the stinkhorn.

<! p. 1075 !>

Phane (?), n. See Fane. [Obs.] Joye.

Phan"er*ite (?), a. [Gr. &?; visible, from &?; to bring to light.] Evident; visible.

Phanerite series (Geol.), the uppermost part of the earth's crust, consisting of deposits produced by causes in obvious operation.

||Phan`er*o*car"pÊ (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; evident + &?; fruit ||(but taken to mean, ovary).] (Zoˆl.) Same as Acraspeda.

Phan`er*o*co*don"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; evident + &?; a bell.] (Zoˆl.) Having an umbrella- shaped or bell-shaped body, with a wide, open cavity beneath; -- said of certain jellyfishes.

Phan`er*o*crys"tal*line (?), a. [Gr. &?; visible + E. crystalline.] (Geol.) Distinctly crystalline; -- used of rocks. Opposed to cryptocrystalline.

||Phan`er*o*dac"ty*la (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; evident + &?; ||finger.] (Zoˆl.) Same as SaururÊ.

||Phan`er*o*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; visible (fr. &?; to ||bring to light) + &?; marriage.] (Bot.) That one of the two primary ||divisions of the vegetable kingdom which contains the phanerogamic, ||or flowering, plants.

Phan`er*o*ga"mi*an (?), a. (Bot.) Phanerogamous.

{ Phan`er*o*gam"ic (?), Phan`er*og"a*mous (?), } a. Having visible flowers containing distinct stamens and pistils; -- said of plants.

Phan`er*o*glos"sal (?), a. [Gr. &?; evident + &?; tongue.] (Zoˆl.)Having a conspicious tongue; -- said of certain reptiles and insects.

Phan"ta*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; image + -scope.] An optical instrument or toy, resembling the phenakistoscope, and illustrating the same principle; -- called also phantasmascope.

Phan"tasm (?), n. [L. phantasma. See Phantom, and cf. Fantasm.] [Spelt also fantasm.] 1. An image formed by the mind, and supposed to be real or material; a shadowy or airy appearance; sometimes, an optical illusion; a phantom; a dream.

They be but phantasms or apparitions.

Sir W. Raleigh.

2. A mental image or representation of a real object; a fancy; a notion. Cudworth.

Figures or little features, of which the description had produced in you no phantasm or expectation.

Jer. Taylor.

||Phan"tas"ma (?), n. [L.] A phantasm.

Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?; a phantasm + &?; an assembly, fr. &?; to gather: cf. F. phantasmagorie.] 1. An optical effect produced by a magic lantern. The figures are painted in transparent colors, and all the rest of the glass is opaque black. The screen is between the spectators and the instrument, and the figures are often made to appear as in motion, or to merge into one another.

2. The apparatus by which such an effect is produced.

3. Fig.: A medley of figures; illusive images. "This mental phantasmagoria." Sir W. Scott.

Phan*tas`ma*go"ri*al (?), a. Of, relating to, or resembling phantasmagoria; phantasmagoric.

Phan*tas`ma*gor"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to phantasmagoria; phantasmagorial. Hawthorne.

Phan*tas"ma*go*ry (?), n. See Phantasmagoria.

Phan*tas"mal (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or resembling, a phantasm; spectral; illusive.

Phan*tas"ma*scope (?), n. See Phantascope.

Phan`tas*mat"ic*al (?), a. [L. phantasmaticus.] Phantasmal. Dr. H. More.

Phan*tas`ma*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, phantasm + -graphy.] A description of celestial phenomena, as rainbows, etc.

{ Phan*tas"tic (?), Phan*tas"tic*al (?), } a. See Fantastic.

Phan"ta*sy (?), n. See Fantasy, and Fancy.

Phan"tom (?), n. [OE. fantome, fantosme, fantesme, OF. fantÙme, fr. L. phantasma, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to show. See Fancy, and cf. PhaÎton, Phantasm, Phase.] That which has only an apparent existence; an apparition; a specter; a phantasm; a sprite; an airy spirit; an ideal image.

Strange phantoms rising as the mists arise.

Pope.

She was a phantom of delight.

Wordsworth.

Phantom ship. See Flying Dutchman, under Flying. -- Phantom tumor (Med.), a swelling, especially of the abdomen, due to muscular spasm, accumulation of flatus, etc., simulating an actual tumor in appearance, but disappearing upon the administration of an anÊsthetic.

Phan`tom*at"ic, a. Phantasmal. [R.] Coleridge.

Pha"raoh (?), n. [Heb. parh; of Egyptian origin: cf. L. pharao, Gr. &?;. Cf. Faro.] 1. A title by which the sovereigns of ancient Egypt were designated.

2. See Faro.

Pharaoh's chicken (Zoˆl.), the gier-eagle, or Egyptian vulture; -- so called because often sculpured on Egyptian monuments. It is nearly white in color. -- Pharaoh's rat (Zoˆl.), the common ichneumon.

Pha"ra*on (?), n. See Pharaoh, 2.

Phar`a*on"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pharaonique.] Of or pertaining to the Pharaohs, or kings of ancient Egypt.

Phare (?), n. [See Pharos.] 1. A beacon tower; a lighthouse. [Obs.]

2. Hence, a harbor. Howell.

{ Phar`i*sa"ic (fr`*s"k), Phar`i*sa"ic*al (-*kal), } a. [L. Pharisaicus, Gr. Farisai:ko`s: cf. F. pharisaÔque. See Pharisee.] 1. Of or pertaining to the Pharisees; resembling the Pharisees. "The Pharisaic sect among the Jews." Cudworth.

2. Hence: Addicted to external forms and ceremonies; making a show of religion without the spirit of it; ceremonial; formal; hypocritical; self-righteous. "Excess of outward and pharisaical holiness." Bacon. "Pharisaical ostentation." Macaulay.

-- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ly, adv. -- Phar`i*sa"ic*al*ness, n.

Phar`i*sa"ism (?), n. [Cf. F. pharisaisme.] 1. The notions, doctrines, and conduct of the Pharisees, as a sect. Sharp.

2. Rigid observance of external forms of religion, without genuine piety; hypocrisy in religion; a censorious, self-righteous spirit in matters of morals or manners. "A piece of pharisaism." Hammond.

Phar`i*se"an (?), a. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os.] Following the practice of Pharisees; Pharisaic. [Obs.] "Pharisean disciples." Milton.

Phar"i*see (fr"*s), n. [L. Pharisaeus, Gr. Farisai^os, from Heb. prash to separate.] One of a sect or party among the Jews, noted for a strict and formal observance of rites and ceremonies and of the traditions of the elders, and whose pretensions to superior sanctity led them to separate themselves from the other Jews.

Phar"i*see*ism (?), n. See Pharisaism.

{ Phar`ma*ceu"tic (f‰r`m*s"tk), Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al (-t*kal), } a. [L. pharmaceuticus, Gr. farmakeytiko`s, fr. farmakey`ein: cf. F. pharmaceutique. See Pharmacy.] Of or pertaining to the knowledge or art of pharmacy, or to the art of preparing medicines according to the rules or formulas of pharmacy; as, pharmaceutical preparations. -- Phar`ma*ceu"tic*al*ly, adv.

Pharmaceutical chemistry, that department of chemistry which ascertains or regulates the composition of medicinal substances.

Phar`ma*ceu"tics (?), n. The science of preparing medicines.

Phar`ma*ceu"tist (?), n. One skilled in pharmacy; a druggist. See the Note under Apothecary.

Phar"ma*cist (?), n. One skilled in pharmacy; a pharmaceutist; a druggist.

Phar`ma*co*dy*nam"ics (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon medicine + E. dynamics.] That branch of pharmacology which considers the mode of action, and the effects, of medicines. Dunglison.

Phar`ma*cog*no"sis (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + gnw^sis a knowing.] That branch of pharmacology which treats of unprepared medicines or simples; -- called also pharmacography, and pharmacomathy.

Phar`ma*cog"no*sy (?), n. Pharmacognosis.

Phar`ma*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + -graphy.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar*mac"o*lite (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon drug, poisonous drug + -lite: cf. F. pharmacolithe.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of lime, usually occurring in silky fibers of a white or grayish color.

Phar`ma*col"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. pharmacologiste.] One skilled in pharmacology.

Phar`ma*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon drug + -logy: cf. F. pharmacologie.] 1. Knowledge of drugs or medicines; the art of preparing medicines.

2. A treatise on the art of preparing medicines.

Phar`ma*com"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. fa`rmakon a drug + manqa`nein to learn.] See Pharmacognosis.

Phar"ma*con (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fa`rmakon.] A medicine or drug; also, a poison. Dunglison.

Phar`ma*co*pú"ia (?), n. [NL., from Gr. farmakopoii:`a the preparation of medicines; fa`rmakon medicine + poiei^n to make.] 1. A book or treatise describing the drugs, preparations, etc., used in medicine; especially, one that is issued by official authority and considered as an authoritative standard.

2. A chemical laboratory. [Obs.] Dunglison.

Phar`ma*cop"o*list (?), n. [L. pharmacopola, Gr. farmakopw`lhs; fa`rmakon medicine + pwlei^n to sell.] One who sells medicines; an apothecary.

Phar`ma*co*sid"er*ite (?), n. [Gr. &?; drug, poison + E. siderite.] (Min.) A hydrous arsenate of iron occurring in green or yellowish green cubic crystals; cube ore.

Phar"ma*cy (?), n. [OE. fermacie, OF. farmacie, pharmacie, F. pharmacie, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to administer or use medicines, fr. &?; medicine.] 1. The art or practice of preparing and preserving drugs, and of compounding and dispensing medicines according to prescriptions of physicians; the occupation of an apothecary or a pharmaceutical chemist.

2. A place where medicines are compounded; a drug store; an apothecary's shop.

Pha"ro (?), n. 1. A pharos; a lighthouse. [Obs.]

2. See Faro.

Pha*rol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; a lighthouse + -logy.] The art or science which treats of lighthouses and signal lights.

Pha"ros (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; an island in the Bay of Alexandria, where king Ptolemy Philadelphus built a famous lighthouse.] A lighthouse or beacon for the guidance of seamen.

He . . . built a pharos, or lighthouse.

Arbuthnot.

Pha*ryn"gal (?), a. Pharyngeal. H. Sweet.

Phar`yn*ge"al (?), a. [See Pharynx.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx; in the region of the pharynx.

Phar`yn*ge"al, n. (Anat.) A pharyngeal bone or cartilage; especially, one of the lower pharyngeals, which belong to the rudimentary fifth branchial arch in many fishes, or one of the upper pharyngeals, or pharyngobranchials, which are the dorsal elements in the complete branchial arches.

||Phar`yn*gi"tis (?), n. [NL. See Pharynx, and -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of the pharynx.

Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*al (?), a. [Pharynx + branchial.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the pharynx and the branchiÊ; -- applied especially to the dorsal elements in the branchial arches of fishes. See Pharyngeal. -- n. A pharyngobranchial, or upper pharyngeal, bone or cartilage.

||Pha*ryn`go*bran"chi*i (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Branchia.] ||(Zoˆl.) Same as Leptocardia.

||Phar`yn*gog"na*thi (?), n. pl. [NL. See Pharynx, and Gnathic.] ||(Zoˆl.) A division of fishes in which the lower pharyngeal bones are ||united. It includes the scaroid, labroid, and embioticoid fishes.

Pha*ryn`go*lar`yn*ge"al (?), a. [Pharynx + laryngeal.] Of or pertaining both to pharynx and the larynx.

||Pha*ryn`gop*neus"ta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; the pharynx + &?; ||to breathe.] (Zoˆl.) A group of invertebrates including the Tunicata ||and Enteropneusta. -- Pha*ryn`gop*neus"tal (#), a.

Pha*ryn"go*tome (?), n. (Surg.) An instrument for incising or scarifying the tonsils, etc.

Phar`yn*got"o*my (?), n. [Pharynx + Gr. &?; to cut: cf. F. pharyngotomie.] (Surg.) (a) The operation of making an incision into the pharynx, to remove a tumor or anything that obstructs the passage. (b) Scarification or incision of the tonsils.

Phar"ynx (?), n.; pl. pharynges (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. pharynx.] (Anat.) The part of the alimentary canal between the cavity of the mouth and the esophagus. It has one or two external openings through the nose in the higher vertebrates, and lateral branchial openings in fishes and some amphibias.

Phas"co*lome (?), n. [Gr. &?; pouch + &?; mouse.] (Zoˆl.) A marsupial of the genus Phascolomys; a wombat.

Phase (?), n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL. phasis, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to make to appear: cf. F. phase. See Phenomenon, Phantom, and Emphasis.] 1. That which is exhibited to the eye; the appearance which anything manifests, especially any one among different and varying appearances of the same object.

2. Any appearance or aspect of an object of mental apprehension or view; as, the problem has many phases.

3. (Astron.) A particular appearance or state in a regularly recurring cycle of changes with respect to quantity of illumination or form of enlightened disk; as, the phases of the moon or planets. See Illust. under Moon.

4. (Physics) Any one point or portion in a recurring series of changes, as in the changes of motion of one of the particles constituting a wave or vibration; one portion of a series of such changes, in distinction from a contrasted portion, as the portion on one side of a position of equilibrium, in contrast with that on the opposite side.

Pha"sel (?), n. [L. phaselus, phaseolus, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. phasÈole, fasÈole. Cf. Fesels.] The French bean, or kidney bean.

Phase"less (?), a. Without a phase, or visible form. [R.] "A phaseless and increasing gloom." Poe.

||Pha*se"o*lus (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) A genus of leguminous plants, ||including the Lima bean, the kidney bean, the scarlet runner, etc. ||See Bean.

Pha`se*o*man"nite (?), n. [So called because found in the unripe fruit of the bean (Phaseolus vulgaris).] (Chem.) Same as Inosite.

||Pha"sis (?), n.; pl. Phases (#). [NL.] See Phase. Creech.

{ Phasm (?), Phas"ma (?), } n. [L. phasma, Gr. &?;. See Phase.] An apparition; a phantom; an appearance. [R.] Hammond. Sir T. Herbert.

Phas"mid (?), n. [See Phasm. Probably so called from its mimicking, or appearing like, inanimate objects.] (Zoˆl.) Any orthopterous insect of the family PhasmidÊ, as a leaf insect or a stick insect.

Phas"sa*chate (?), n. [Gr. &?; the wood pigeon + &?; the agate.] (Min.) The lead-colored agate; -- so called in reference to its color.

Phat"a*gin (?), n. [Cf. Gr. &?;; perhaps from native name.] (Zoˆl.) The long-tailed pangolin (Manis tetradactyla); -- called also ipi.

Pheas"ant (?), n. [OE. fesant, fesaunt, OF. faisant, faisan, F. faisan, L. phasianus, Gr. &?; (sc. &?;) the Phasian bird, pheasant, fr. &?; a river in Colchis or Pontus.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of large gallinaceous birds of the genus Phasianus, and many other genera of the family PhasianidÊ, found chiefly in Asia.

The common, or English, pheasant (Phasianus Colchicus) is now found over most of temperate Europe, but was introduced from Asia. The ring-necked pheasant (P. torquatus) and the green pheasant (P. versicolor) have been introduced into Oregon. The golden pheasant (Thaumalea picta) is one of the most beautiful species. The silver pheasant (Euplocamus nychthemerus) of China, and several related species from Southern Asia, are very beautiful.

2. (Zoˆl.) The ruffed grouse. [Southern U.S.]

Various other birds are locally called pheasants, as the lyre bird, the leipoa, etc.

Fireback pheasant. See Fireback. -- Gold, or Golden, pheasant (Zoˆl.), a Chinese pheasant (Thaumalea picta), having rich, varied colors. The crest is amber-colored, the rump is golden yellow, and the under parts are scarlet. -- Mountain pheasant (Zoˆl.), the ruffed grouse. [Local, U.S.] -- Pheasant coucal (Zoˆl.), a large Australian cuckoo (Centropus phasianus). The general color is black, with chestnut wings and brown tail. Called also pheasant cuckoo. The name is also applied to other allied species. -- Pheasant duck. (Zoˆl.) (a) The pintail. (b) The hooded merganser. -- Pheasant parrot (Zoˆl.), a large and beautiful Australian parrakeet (Platycercus Adelaidensis). The male has the back black, the feathers margined with yellowish blue and scarlet, the quills deep blue, the wing coverts and cheeks light blue, the crown, sides of the neck, breast, and middle of the belly scarlet. -- Pheasant's eye. (Bot.) (a) A red-flowered herb (Adonis autumnalis) of the Crowfoot family; -- called also pheasant's-eye Adonis. (b) The garden pink (Dianthus plumarius); - - called also Pheasant's-eye pink. -- Pheasant shell (Zoˆl.), any marine univalve shell of the genus Phasianella, of which numerous species are found in tropical seas. The shell is smooth and usually richly colored, the colors often forming blotches like those of a pheasant. -- Pheasant wood. (Bot.) Same as Partridge wood (a), under Partridge. -- Sea pheasant (Zoˆl.), the pintail. -- Water pheasant. (Zoˆl.) (a) The sheldrake. (b) The hooded merganser.

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Pheas"ant*ry (?), n. [Cf. F. faisanderie.] A place for keeping and rearing pheasants. Gwilt.

Phe"be (?), n. (Zoˆl.) See Phúbe.

Pheer, n. See 1st Fere. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pheese (?), v. t. To comb; also, to beat; to worry. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, v.

Pheese, n. Fretful excitement. [Obs. or Local] See Feaze, n.

Phel"lo*derm (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + -derm.] (Bot.) A layer of green parenchimatous cells formed on the inner side of the phellogen.

Phel"lo*gen (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + - gen.] (Bot.) The tissue of young cells which produces cork cells.

Phel`lo*plas"tics (?), n. [Gr. &?; cork + &?; to mold.] Art of modeling in cork.

Phen"a*cite (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, impostor, deceiver.] (Min.) A glassy colorless mineral occurring in rhombohedral crystals, sometimes used as a gem. It is a silicate of glucina, and receives its name from its deceptive similarity to quartz.

Phen`a*kis"to*scope (?), n. [Gr. &?; a deceiver + -scope.] A revolving disk on which figures drawn in different relative attitudes are seen successively, so as to produce the appearance of an object in actual motion, as an animal leaping, etc., in consequence of the persistence of the successive visual impressions of the retina. It is often arranged so that the figures may be projected upon a screen.

Phe*nan"threne (?), n. [Phenyl + antracene.] (Chem.) A complex hydrocarbon, C14H10, found in coal tar, and obtained as a white crystalline substance with a bluish fluorescence.

Phe*nan"thri*dine (?), n. [Phenanthrene + pyridine.] (Chem.) A nitrogenous hydrocarbon base, C13H9N, analogous to phenanthrene and quinoline.

Phe*nan"thro*line (?), n. [Phenanthrene + quinoline.] (Chem.) Either of two metameric nitrogenous hydrocarbon bases, C12H8N2, analogous to phenanthridine, but more highly nitrogenized.

Phene (?), n. (Chem.) Benzene. [Obs.]

Phe"ne*tol (?), n. [Phenyl + ethyl + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) The ethyl ether of phenol, obtained as an aromatic liquid, C6H5.O.C2H5.

Phe"nic (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, derived from, or resembling, phenyl or phenol.

Phenic acid (Chem.), a phenol. [Obsoles.]

Phe*ni"cian (?), a. & n. See Phúnician.

Phen"i*cine (?), n. [Gr. foi^nix purple red: cf. F. phÈnicine.] (Chem.) (a) A purple powder precipitated when a sulphuric solution of indigo is diluted with water. (b) A coloring matter produced by the action of a mixture of strong nitric and sulphuric acids on phenylic alcohol. Watts.

Phe*ni"cious (?), a. [L. phoeniceus, Gr. foini`keos, from &?; purple red.] Of a red color with a slight mixture of gray. Dana.

Phen`i*cop"ter (?), n. [L. phoenicopterus, Gr. foiniko`pteros, i. e., red- feathered; foi^nix, foi`nikos, purple red + ptero`n feather: cf. F. phÈnicoptËre.] (Zoˆl.) A flamingo.

Phe"nix (?), n.; pl. Phenixes (#). [L. phoenix, Gr. foi^nix.] [Written also phúnix.] 1. (Gr. Myth.) A bird fabled to exist single, to be consumed by fire by its own act, and to rise again from its ashes. Hence, an emblem of immortality.

2. (Astron.) A southern constellation.

3. A marvelous person or thing. [R.] Latimer.

||Phen`o*ga"mi*a (?), n. pl. (Bot.) Same as PhÊnogamia.

{ Phen`o*ga"mi*an (?), Phen`o*gam"ic (?), Phe*nog"a*mous (?) }, a. Same as PhÊnogamian, PhÊnogamic, etc.

Phe"nol (?), n. [Gr. &?; to show + - ol: cf. F. phÈnol.] (Chem.) 1. A white or pinkish crystalline substance, C6H5OH, produced by the destructive distillation of many organic bodies, as wood, coal, etc., and obtained from the heavy oil from coal tar.

It has a peculiar odor, somewhat resembling creosote, which is a complex mixture of phenol derivatives. It is of the type of alcohols, and is called also phenyl alcohol, but has acid properties, and hence is popularly called carbolic acid, and was formerly called phenic acid. It is a powerful caustic poison, and in dilute solution has been used as an antiseptic.

2. Any one of the series of hydroxyl derivatives of which phenol proper is the type.

Glacial phenol (Chem.), pure crystallized phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenol acid (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds which are at once derivatives of both phenol and some member of the fatty acid series; thus, salicylic acid is a phenol acid. -- Phenol alcohol (Chem.), any one of series of derivatives of phenol and carbinol which have the properties of both combined; thus, saligenin is a phenol alcohol. -- Phenol aldehyde (Chem.), any one of a series of compounds having both phenol and aldehyde properties. - - Phenol phthalein. See under Phthalein.

Phe"no*late (?), n. [Phenol + -ate.] (Chem.) A compound of phenol analogous to a salt.

Phe*nom"e*nal (?), a. [Cf. F. phÈnomÈnal.] Relating to, or of the nature of, a phenomenon; hence, extraordinary; wonderful; as, a phenomenal memory. -- Phe*nom"e*nal*ly, adv.

Phe*nom"e*nal*ism (?), n. (Metaph.) That theory which limits positive or scientific knowledge to phenomena only, whether material or spiritual.

Phe*nom"e*nist (?), n. One who believes in the theory of phenomenalism.

Phe*nom`e*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Phenomenon + -logy: cf. F. phÈnomÈnologie.] A description, history, or explanation of phenomena. "The phenomenology of the mind." Sir W. Hamilton.

Phe*nom"e*non (?), n.; pl. Phenomena (#). [L. phaenomenon, Gr. faino`menon, fr. fai`nesqai to appear, fai`nein to show. See Phantom.] 1. An appearance; anything visible; whatever, in matter or spirit, is apparent to, or is apprehended by, observation; as, the phenomena of heat, light, or electricity; phenomena of imagination or memory.

In the phenomena of the material world, and in many of the phenomena of mind.

Stewart.

2. That which strikes one as strange, unusual, or unaccountable; an extraordinary or very remarkable person, thing, or occurrence; as, a musical phenomenon.

Phe"nose` (?), n. [Phenyl + dextrose.] (Chem.) A sweet amorphous deliquescent substance obtained indirectly from benzene, and isometric with, and resembling, dextrose.

Phe"nyl (?), n. [Gr. &?; to bring to light + -yl: cf. F. phÈnyle. So called because it is a by-product of illuminating gas.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon radical (C6H5) regarded as the essential residue of benzene, and the basis of an immense number of aromatic derivatives.

Phenyl hydrate (Chem.), phenol or carbolic acid. -- Phenyl hydrazine (Chem.), a nitrogenous base (C6H5.N2H3) produced artificially as a colorless oil which unites with acids, ketones, etc., to form well-crystallized compounds.

Phe`nyl*am"ine (?), n. [Phenyl + amine.] (Chem.) Any one of certain class of organic bases regarded as formed from ammonia by the substitution of phenyl for hydrogen.

Phe"nyl*ene (?), n. (Chem.) A hypothetic radical (C6H4) occurring in certain derivatives of benzene; as, phenylene diamine.

Phe*nyl"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, phenyl.

Phenylic alcohol (Chem.), phenol.

Phe"on (?), n. [Prob. from Old French.] (Her.) A bearing representing the head of a dart or javelin, with long barbs which are engrailed on the inner edge.

Phi"al (?), n. [F. fiole, L. phiala a broad, flat, shallow cup or bowl, Gr. &?;. cf. Vial.] A glass vessel or bottle, especially a small bottle for medicines; a vial.

Phi"al, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phialed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phialing.] To put or keep in, or as in, a phial.

Its phial'd wrath may fate exhaust.

Shenstone.

Phil"a*beg (?), n. See Filibeg.

Phil`a*del"phi*an (?), a. [Gr. filadelfia brotherly love, from fila`delfos brotherly; fi`los loved, loving, friendly + 'adelfo`s brother.] Of or pertaining to Ptolemy Philadelphus, or to one of the cities named Philadelphia, esp. the modern city in Pennsylvania.

Phil`a*del"phi*an, n. 1. A native or an inhabitant of Philadelphia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a society of mystics of the seventeenth century, -- called also the Family of Love. Tatler.

Phil`a*le"thist (?), n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; truth.] A lover of the truth. [Obs.] Brathwait.

Phi*lan"der (?), v. i. [Gr. &?; fond of men; &?; loving + &?; man.] To make love to women; to play the male flirt.

You can't go philandering after her again.

G. Eliot.

Phi*lan"der, n. A lover. [R.] Congreve.

Phi*lan"der, n. (Zoˆl.) (a) A South American opossum (Didelphys philander). (b) An Australian bandicoot (Perameles lagotis).

Phi*lan"der*er (?), n. One who hangs about women; a male flirt. [R.] C. Kingsley.

Phil"an*thrope (?), n. [F.] A philanthropist. [Obs.] R. North.

{ Phil`an*throp"ic (?), Phil`an*throp"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. philanthropique.] Of or pertaining to philanthropy; characterized by philanthropy; loving or helping mankind; as, a philanthropic enterprise. -- Phil`an*throp"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phil`an*throp"i*nism (?), n. A system of education on so-called natural principles, attempted in Germany in the last century by Basedow, of Dessau.

Phil`an*throp"i*nist (?), n. An advocate of, or believer in, philanthropinism.

Phi*lan"thro*pist (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; man: cf. F. philanthrope.] One who practices philanthropy; one who loves mankind, and seeks to promote the good of others.

Phi*lan`thro*pis"tic (?), a. Pertaining to, or characteristic of, a philanthropist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*lan"thro*py (?), n. [L. philanthropia, Gr. &?;: cf. F. philanthropie.] Love to mankind; benevolence toward the whole human family; universal good will; desire and readiness to do good to all men; -- opposed to misanthropy. Jer. Taylor.

Phil`a*tel"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to philately.

Phi*lat"e*list (?), n. One versed in philately; one who collects postage stamps.

Phi*lat"e*ly (?), n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; exemption from tax; cf. frank to send free.] The collection of postage stamps of various issues.

Phil"a*to*ry (?), n. [OF. filatiere, philatiere. See Phylactery.] (Eccl.) A kind of transparent reliquary with an ornamental top.

Phil"au*ty (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; self.] Self-love; selfishness. [Obs.] Beaumont.

Phil`har*mon"ic (?), a. [Philo- + Gr. &?; harmony: cf. F. philharmonique.] Loving harmony or music.

Phil*hel"lene (?), n. A friend of Greece, or of the Greeks; a philhellenist. Emerson.

Phil`hel*len"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to philhellenism.

Phil*hel"len*ism (?), n. Love of Greece.

Phil*hel"len*ist, n. [Philo- + Gr. &?; a Greek: cf. F. philhellËne.] A friend of Greece; one who supports the cause of the Greeks; particularly, one who supported them in their struggle for independence against the Turks; a philhellene.

Phil"i*beg (?), n. See Filibeg. [Scot.]

Phil"ip (?), n. [So called from their notes.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The European hedge sparrow. (b) The house sparrow. Called also phip. [Prov. Eng.]

Phi*lip"pi*an (?), a. Of or pertaining to Philippi, a city of ancient Macedonia. -- n. A native or an inhabitant of Philippi.

Phi*lip"pic (?), n. [L. Philippicus belonging to Philip, Philippic, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Philip, &?; fond of horses: cf. F. philippique.] 1. Any one of the series of famous orations of Demosthenes, the Grecian orator, denouncing Philip, king of Macedon.

2. Hence: Any discourse or declamation abounding in acrimonious invective.

Phi*lip"pi*um (?), n. [NL. So named from Philippe Plantamour, of Geneva, Switzerland.] (Chem.) A rare and doubtful metallic element said to have been discovered in the mineral samarskite.

Phil"ip*pize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philippized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philippizing.] [Gr. &?; to be on Philip's side.] 1. To support or advocate the cause of Philip of Macedon.

2. [See Philippic.] To write or speak in the style of a philippic.

Phi*lis"ter (?), n. [G.] A Philistine; -- a cant name given to townsmen by students in German universities.

Phi*lis"tine (?), n. [L. Philistinus, Heb. Phlishth, pl. Phlishthm.] 1. A native or an inhabitant of ancient Philistia, a coast region of southern Palestine.

2. A bailiff. [Cant, Eng.] [Obs.] Swift.

3. A person deficient in liberal culture and refinement; one without appreciation of the nobler aspirations and sentiments of humanity; one whose scope is limited to selfish and material interests. [Recent] M. Arnold.

Phi*lis"tine, a. 1. Of or pertaining to the Philistines.

2. Uncultured; commonplace.

Phi*lis"tin*ism (?), n. The condition, character, aims, and habits of the class called Philistines. See Philistine, 3. [Recent] Carlyle.

On the side of beauty and taste, vulgarity; on the side of morals and feeling, coarseness; on the side of mind and spirit, unintelligence, -- this is Philistinism.

M. Arnold.

Phil"lips*ite (?), n. [So named after John Phillips, an English mineralogist.] (Min.) (a) A hydrous silicate of aluminia, lime, and soda, a zeolitic mineral commonly occurring in complex twin crystals, often cruciform in shape; -- called also christianite.

Phil*lyg"e*nin (?), n. [Phillyrin + -gen + -in.] (Chem.) A pearly crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phillyrin.

||Phil*lyr"e*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Bot.) A genus of ||evergreen plants growing along the shores of the Mediterranean, and ||breading a fruit resembling that of the olive.

Phil"ly*rin (?), n. (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from Phillyrea as a bitter white crystalline substance. It is sometimes used as a febrifuge.

Philo-. A combining form from Gr. fi`los loving, fond of, attached to; as, philosophy, philotechnic.

Phi*log"y*nist (?), n. [See Philogyny.] A lover or friend of women; one who esteems woman as the higher type of humanity; -- opposed to misogynist.

Phi*log"y*ny (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; woman.] Fondness for women; uxoriousness; -- opposed to misogyny. [R.] Byron.

Phil`o*hel*le"ni*an (?), n. A philhellenist.

Phi*lol"o*ger (?), n. [Cf. L. philologus a man of letters, Gr. &?;, originally, fond of talking; hence, fond of learning and literature; &?; loving + &?; speech, discourse.] A philologist. Burton.

Phil`o*lo"gi*an (?), n. A philologist. [R.]

{ Phil`o*log"ic*al (?), Phil`o*log"ic (?), } a. [Cf. F. philologique.] Of or pertaining to philology. -- Phil`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phi*lol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in philology.

Phi*lol"o*gize (?), v. i. To study, or make critical comments on, language. Evelyn.

Phil"o*logue (?), n. [Cf. F. philologue.] A philologist. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*lol"o*gy (?), n. [L. philologia love of learning, interpretation, philology, Gr. &?;: cf. F. philologie. See Philologer.] 1. Criticism; grammatical learning. [R.] Johnson.

2. The study of language, especially in a philosophical manner and as a science; the investigation of the laws of human speech, the relation of different tongues to one another, and historical development of languages; linguistic science.

Philology comprehends a knowledge of the etymology, or origin and combination of words; grammar, the construction of sentences, or use of words in language; criticism, the interpretation of authors, the affinities of different languages, and whatever relates to the history or present state of languages. It sometimes includes rhetoric, poetry, history, and antiquities.

3. A treatise on the science of language.

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Phil"o*math (?), n. [Gr. &?;; fi`los loving, a friend + ma`qh learning, fr. &?;, &?;, to learn.] A lover of learning; a scholar. Chesterfield.

Phil`o*math`e*mat"ic (?), n. A philomath.

Phil`o*math"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. philomathique.] 1. Of or pertaining to philomathy.

2. Having love of learning or letters.

Phi*lom"a*thy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;.] The love of learning or letters.

Phil"o*mel (?), n. Same as Philomela, the nightingale. [Poetic] Milton. Cowper.

Phil`o*me"la (?), n. [L. philomela, Gr. &?;, according to the legend, from &?; Philomela (daughter of Pandion, king of Athens), who was changed into a nightingale.] 1. The nightingale; philomel. Shak.

2. (Zoˆl.) A genus of birds including the nightingales.

Phil"o*mene (?), n. The nightingale. [Obs.]

Phil"o*mot (?), a. [See Filemot.] Of the color of a dead leaf. [Obs.] Addison.

Phil`o*mu"sic*al (?), a. [Philo- + musical.] Loving music. [R.]Busby.

Phil`o*pe"na (?), n. [Probably a corruption fr. G. vielliebchen, LG. vielliebken, or D. veelliebken, a philopena, literally, much loved; but influenced by Gr. &?; a friend, and L. poena penalty, from an idea that the gift was a penalty of friendship or love.] A present or gift which is made as a forfeit in a social game that is played in various ways; also, the game itself. [Written also fillipeen and phillippine.]

One of the ways may be stated as follows: A person finding a nut with two kernels eats one, and gives the other to a person of the opposite sex, and then whichever says philopena first at the next meeting wins the present. The name is also applied to the kernels eaten.

{ Phil`o*po*lem"ic (?), Phil`o*po*lem"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?; fond of war, warlike; &?; loving + &?; war.] Fond of polemics or controversy. [R.]

Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive (?), a. Having the love of offspring; fond of children.

Phil`o*pro*gen"i*tive*ness, n. [Philo- + L. progenies offspring.] (Phren.) The love of offspring; fondness for children.

Phi*los"o*phas`ter (?), n. [L., a bad philosopher, fr. philosophus: cf. OF. philosophastre.] A pretender to philosophy. [Obs.] Dr. H. More.

Phi*los"o*phate (?), v. i. [L. philosophatus, p. p. of philosophari to philosophize.] To play the philosopher; to moralize. [Obs.] Barrow.

Phi*los`o*pha"tion (?), n. Philosophical speculation and discussion. [Obs.] Sir W. Petty.

Phil"o*sophe (?), n. [F., a philosopher.] A philosophaster; a philosopher. [R.] Carlyle.

Phi*los"o*pheme (?), n. [Gr. &?;, from &?; to love knowledge.] A philosophical proposition, doctrine, or principle of reasoning. [R.]

This, the most venerable, and perhaps the most ancient, of Grecian myths, is a philosopheme.

Coleridge.

Phi*los"o*pher (?), n. [OE. philosophre, F. philosophe, L. philosophus, Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; wise. Cf. Philosophy.] 1. One who philosophizes; one versed in, or devoted to, philosophy.

Then certain philosophers of the Epicureans, and of the Stoics, encountered him.

Acts xvii. 18.

2. One who reduces the principles of philosophy to practice in the conduct of life; one who lives according to the rules of practical wisdom; one who meets or regards all vicissitudes with calmness.

3. An alchemist. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Philosopher's stone, an imaginary stone which the alchemists formerly sought as instrument of converting the baser metals into gold.

{ Phil`o*soph"ic (?), Phil`o*soph"ic*al (?), } a. [L. philosophicus: cf. F. philosophique.] Of or pertaining to philosophy; versed in, or imbued with, the principles of philosophy; hence, characterizing a philosopher; rational; wise; temperate; calm; cool. -- Phil`o*soph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phi*los"o*phism (?), n. [Cf. F. philosophisme.] Spurious philosophy; the love or practice of sophistry. Carlyle.

Phi*los"o*phist (?), n. [Cf. F. philosophiste.] A pretender in philosophy.

{ Phi*los`o*phis"tic (?), Phi*los`o*phis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the love or practice of sophistry. [R.]

Phi*los"o*phize (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Philosophized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philosophizing (?).] To reason like a philosopher; to search into the reason and nature of things; to investigate phenomena, and assign rational causes for their existence.

Man philosophizes as he lives. He may philosophize well or ill, but philosophize he must.

Sir W. Hamilton.

Phi*los"o*phi`zer (?), n. One who philosophizes.

Phi*los"o*phy (?), n.; pl. Philosophies (#). [OE. philosophie, F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. &?;. See Philosopher.] 1. Literally, the love of, including the search after, wisdom; in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and laws.

When applied to any particular department of knowledge, philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when applied to God and the divine government, is called theology; when applied to material objects, it is called physics; when it treats of man, it is called anthropology and psychology, with which are connected logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary conceptions and relations by which philosophy is possible, it is called metaphysics.

"Philosophy has been defined: tionscience of things divine and human, and the causes in which they are contained; -- the science of effects by their causes; -- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the science of things evidently deduced from first principles; -- the science of truths sensible and abstract; -- the application of reason to its legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; -- the science of the original form of the ego, or mental self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the absolute; -- the scienceof the absolute indifference of the ideal and real." Sir W. Hamilton.

2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.

[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie.

Chaucer.

We shall in vain interpret their words by the notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our school.

Locke.

3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment; equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune with philosophy.

Then had he spent all his philosophy.

Chaucer.

4. Reasoning; argumentation.

Of good and evil much they argued then, . . . Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy.

Milton.

5. The course of sciences read in the schools. Johnson.

6. A treatise on philosophy.

Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy. -- Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a garden in Athens. -- Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the Lyceum at Athens. -- Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.

Phil`o*stor"gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;; &?; loving + &?; affection.] Natural affection, as of parents for their children. [R.]

{ Phil`o*tech"nic (?), Phil`o*tech"nic*al (?), } a. [Philo- + Gr. &?; an art: cf. F. philotechnique.] Fond of the arts. [R.]

Phil"ter (?), n. [F. philtre, L. philtrum, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to love, &?; dear, loving.] A potion or charm intended to excite the passion of love. [Written also philtre.] Addison.

Phil"ter, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Philtered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Philtering.] 1. To impregnate or mix with a love potion; as, to philter a draught.

2. To charm to love; to excite to love or sexual desire by a potion. Gov. of Tongue.

||Phi*mo"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a muzzling, fr. &?; muzzle.] ||(Med.) A condition of the penis in which the prepuce can not be drawn ||back so as to uncover the glans penis.

Phi"ton*ess (?), n. Pythoness; witch. [Obs.]

Phiz (?), n.; pl. Phizes (#). [Contr. fr. physiognomy.] The face or visage. [Colloq.] Cowper.

||Phle*bi"tis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -itis.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of a vein.

Phleb"o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?; + -gram.] (Physiol.) A tracing (with the sphygmograph) of the movements of a vein, or of the venous pulse.

{ Phleb"o*lite (?), Phleb"o*lith (?), } n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -lite, - lith.] (Med.) A small calcareous concretion formed in a vein; a vein stone.

Phle*bol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a vein + -logy.] A branch of anatomy which treats of the veins.

Phle*bot"o*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. phlÈbotomiste.] (Med.) One who practiced phlebotomy.

Phle*bot"o*mize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlebotomized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phlebotomizing (?).] [Cf. F. phlÈbotomiser.] To let blood from by opening a vein; to bleed. [R.] Howell.

Phle*bot"o*my (?), n. [L. phlebotomia, Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a vein + &?; to cut: cf. F. phlÈbotomie. Cf. Fleam.] (Med.) The act or practice of opening a vein for letting blood, in the treatment of disease; venesection; bloodletting.

Phlegm (?), n. [F. phlegme, flegme, L. phlegma, fr. Gr. &?; a flame, inflammation, phlegm, a morbid, clammy humor in the body, fr. &?; to burn. Cf. Phlox, Flagrant, Flame, Bleak, a., and Fluminate.] 1. One of the four humors of which the ancients supposed the blood to be composed. See Humor. Arbuthnot.

2. (Physiol.) Viscid mucus secreted in abnormal quantity in the respiratory and digestive passages.

3. (Old Chem.) A watery distilled liquor, in distinction from a spirituous liquor. Crabb.

4. Sluggishness of temperament; dullness; want of interest; indifference; coldness.

They judge with fury, but they write with phlegm.

Pope.

Phleg"ma*gogue (?), n. [Gr. &?; carrying of phlegm; &?; phlegm + &?; to lead.] (Old Med.) A medicine supposed to expel phlegm.

||Phleg*ma"si*a (?), n. [NL., from Gr. &?;. See Phlegm.] (Med.) An ||inflammation; more particularly, an inflammation of the internal ||organs.

||Phlegmasia dolens (d"lnz) [NL.], milk leg.

Phleg*mat"ic (?), a. [L. phlegmaticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phlegmatique.] 1. Watery. [Obs.] "Aqueous and phlegmatic." Sir I. Newton.

2. Abounding in phlegm; as, phlegmatic humors; a phlegmatic constitution. Harvey.

3. Generating or causing phlegm. "Cold and phlegmatic habitations." Sir T. Browne.

4. Not easily excited to action or passion; cold; dull; sluggish; heavy; as, a phlegmatic person. Addison.

Phlegmatic temperament (Old Physiol.), lymphatic temperament. See under Lymphatic.

Phleg*mat"ic*al (?), a. Phlegmatic. Ash.

Phleg*mat"ic*al*ly, adv. In a phlegmatic manner.

Phleg*mat"ic*ly (?), a. Phlegmatically. [Obs.]

Phleg"mon (?), n. [L. phlegmone, phlegmon, inflammation beneath the skin, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to burn: cf. F. phlegmon.] (Med.) Purulent inflammation of the cellular or areolar tissue.

Phleg"mon*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. phlegmoneux.] Having the nature or properties of phlegmon; as, phlegmonous pneumonia. Harvey.

Phleme (?), n. (Surg. & Far.) See Fleam.

||Phle"um (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a kind of marsh plant.] (Bot.) A ||genus of grasses, including the timothy (Phleum pratense), which is ||highly valued for hay; cat's-tail grass. Gray.

Phlo"Îm (?), n. [Gr. &?; bark.] (Bot.) That portion of fibrovascular bundles which corresponds to the inner bark; the liber tissue; -- distinguished from xylem.

Phlo*gis"tian (?), n. A believer in the existence of phlogiston.

Phlo*gis"tic (?), a. 1. (Old Chem.) Of or pertaining to phlogiston, or to belief in its existence.

2. (Med.) Inflammatory; belonging to inflammations and fevers.

Phlo*gis"tic*al (?), a. (Old Chem.) Phlogistic.

Phlo*gis"ti*cate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phlogisticated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phlogisticating.] (Old Chem.) To combine phlogiston with; -- usually in the form and sense of the p. p. or the adj.; as, highly phlogisticated substances.

Phlo*gis`ti*ca"tion (?), n. (Old Chem.) The act or process of combining with phlogiston.

Phlo*gis"ton (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; burnt, set on fire, fr. &?; to set on fire, to burn, fr. &?;, &?;, a flame, blaze. See Phlox.] (Old Chem.) The hypothetical principle of fire, or inflammability, regarded by Stahl as a chemical element.

This was supposed to be united with combustible (phlogisticated) bodies and to be separated from incombustible (dephlogisticated) bodies, the phenomena of flame and burning being the escape of phlogiston. Soot and sulphur were regarded as nearly pure phlogiston. The essential principle of this theory was, that combustion was a decomposition rather than the union and combination which it has since been shown to be.

Phlo*gog"e*nous (?), a. [Gr. &?;, &?; fire + -genous.] (Med.) Causing inflammation.

Phlog"o*pite (?), n. [Gr. &?; firelike.] (Min.) A kind of mica having generally a peculiar bronze- red or copperlike color and a pearly luster. It is a silicate of aluminia, with magnesia, potash, and some fluorine. It is characteristic of crystalline limestone or dolomite and serpentine. See Mica.

||Phlo*go"sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; burning heat.] (Med.) ||Inflammation of external parts of the body; erysipelatous ||inflammation.

Phlo*got"ic (?), n. (Med.) Of or pertaining to phlogisis.

Phlo*ram"ine (?), n. [Phlorlucin + amine.] (Chem.) A basic amido derivative of phloroglucin, having an astringent taste.

Phlo*ret"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, an organic acid obtained by the decomposition of phloretin.

Phlor"e*tin (?), n. [From Phlorizin.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance obtained by the decomposition of phlorizin, and formerly used to some extent as a substitute for quinine.

Phlor"i*zin (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, bark + &?; root.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline glucoside extracted from the root bark of the apple, pear, cherry, plum, etc. [Formerly also written phloridzin.]

Phlor`o*glu"cin (?), n. [Phloretin + Gr. &?; sweet.] (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance, metameric with pyrogallol, and obtained by the decomposition of phloretin, and from certain gums, as catechu, kino, etc. It belongs to the class of phenols. [Called also phloroglucinol.]

Phlo"rol (?), n. [Phloretic + -ol.] (Chem.) A liquid metameric with xylenol, belonging to the class of phenols, and obtained by distilling certain salts of phloretic acid.

Phlo"rone (?), n. [Phlorol + quinone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance having a peculiar unpleasant odor, resembling the quinones, and obtained from beechwood tar and coal tar, as also by the oxidation of xylidine; -- called also xyloquinone.

Phlox (?), n. [L., a kind of flower, fr. Gr. &?; flame, fr. &?; to burn.] (Bot.) A genus of American herbs, having showy red, white, or purple flowers.

Phlox worm (Zoˆl.), the larva of an American moth (Heliothis phloxiphaga). It is destructive to phloxes. -- Phlox subulata, the moss pink. See under Moss.

Phlyc*ten"u*lar (?), a. [Gr. &?; a blister or pustule.] (Med.) Characterized by the presence of small pustules, or whitish elevations resembling pustules; as, phlyctenular ophthalmia.

||Pho"ca (?), n. [L., a seal, fr. Gr. &?;.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of seals. ||It includes the common harbor seal and allied species. See Seal.

Pho*ca"cean (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Phoca; a seal.

Pho"cal (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Pertaining to seals.

Pho*cen"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; a porpoise.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to dolphin oil or porpoise oil; - - said of an acid (called also delphinic acid) subsequently found to be identical with valeric acid. Watts.

Pho*ce"nin (?), n. [Cf. F. phocÈnine.] (Chem.) See Delphin.

<! p. 1078 !>

Pho"cine (?), a. [L. phoca a seal.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the seal tribe; phocal.

Pho"co*dont (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Phocodontia.

||Pho`co*don"ti*a (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a seal + &?;, &?;, a ||tooth.] (Zoˆl.) A group of extinct carnivorous whales. Their teeth ||had compressed and serrated crowns. It includes Squalodon and allied ||genera.

Phú"be (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The pewee, or pewit.

Phú"bus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; pure, bright.] 1. (Class. Myth.) Apollo; the sun god.

2. The sun. "Phúbus 'gins arise." Shak.

Phú*ni"cian (?), a. Of or pertaining to Phúnica. -- n. A native or inhabitant of Phúnica.

Phú*ni"cious (?), a. See Phenicious.

||Phú`ni*cop"te*rus (?), n. [NL. See Phenicopter.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of ||birds which includes the flamingoes.

||Phú"nix (?), n. [L., a fabulous bird. See Phenix.] 1. Same as Phenix. ||Shak.

2. (Bot.) A genus of palms including the date tree.

Pho"lad (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pholas.

Pho*la"de*an (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Pholad.

||Pho"las (?), n.; pl. Pholades (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, &?;, a kind of ||mollusk.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of marine bivalve ||mollusks of the genus Pholas, or family PholadidÊ. They bore holes ||for themselves in clay, peat, and soft rocks.

Pho"nal (?), a.[Gr. &?; the voice.] Of or relating to the voice; as, phonal structure. Max M¸ller.

Pho`nas*cet"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; to practice the voice; &?; voice + &?; to practice.] Treatment for restoring or improving the voice.

Pho*na"tion (?), n. [Gr. &?; the voice.] The act or process by which articulate sounds are uttered; the utterance of articulate sounds; articulate speech.

Pho*nau"to*graph (?), n. [Phono- + Gr. &?; self + -graph.] (Physics) An instrument by means of which a sound can be made to produce a visible trace or record of itself. It consists essentially of a resonant vessel, usually of paraboloidal form, closed at one end by a flexible membrane. A stylus attached to some point of the membrane records the movements of the latter, as it vibrates, upon a moving cylinder or plate.

Pho*nei"do*scope (?), n. [Phono- + Gr. &?; form + -scope.] (Physics) An instrument for studying the motions of sounding bodies by optical means. It consists of a tube across the end of which is stretched a film of soap solution thin enough to give colored bands, the form and position of which are affected by sonorous vibrations.

Pho*net"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a sound, tone; akin to Gr. &?; to speak: cf. F. phonÈtique. See Ban a proclamation.] 1. Of or pertaining to the voice, or its use.

2. Representing sounds; as, phonetic characters; -- opposed to ideographic; as, a phonetic notation.

Phonetic spelling, spelling in phonetic characters, each representing one sound only; -- contrasted with Romanic spelling, or that by the use of the Roman alphabet.

Pho*net"ic*al*ly, adv. In a phonetic manner.

Pho`ne*ti"cian (?), n. One versed in phonetics; a phonetist.

Pho*net"ics (?), n. 1. The doctrine or science of sounds; especially those of the human voice; phonology.

2. The art of representing vocal sounds by signs and written characters.

Pho"ne*tism (?), n. The science which treats of vocal sounds. J. Peile.

Pho"ne*tist (?), n. 1. One versed in phonetics; a phonologist.

2. One who advocates a phonetic spelling.

Pho`ne*ti*za"tion (?), n. The act, art, or process of representing sounds by phonetic signs.

Pho"ne*tize (?), v. t. To represent by phonetic signs. Lowell.

Phon"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; sound: cf. F. phonique.] Of or pertaining to sound; of the nature of sound; acoustic. Tyndall.

Phon"ics (?), n. See Phonetics.

Pho"no- (?). A combining form from Gr. &?; sound, tone; as, phonograph, phonology.

Phono (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A South American butterfly (Ithonia phono) having nearly transparent wings.

Pho`no*camp"tic (?), a. [Phono- + Gr. &?; to bend: cf. F. phonocamptique.] Reflecting sound. [R.] "Phonocamptic objects." Derham.

Pho"no*gram (?), n. [Phono- + -gram.] 1. A letter, character, or mark used to represent a particular sound.

Phonograms are of three kinds: (1) Verbal signs, which stand for entire words; (2) Syllabic signs, which stand for the articulations of which words are composed; (3) Alphabetic signs, or letters, which represent the elementary sounds into which the syllable can be resolved.

I. Taylor (The Alphabet).

2. A record of sounds made by a phonograph.

Pho"no*graph (?), n. [Phono- + -graph.] 1. A character or symbol used to represent a sound, esp. one used in phonography.

2. (Physics) An instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds, as articulate speech, etc. It consists of a rotating cylinder or disk covered with some material easily indented, as tinfoil, wax, paraffin, etc., above which is a thin plate carrying a stylus. As the plate vibrates under the influence of a sound, the stylus makes minute indentations or undulations in the soft material, and these, when the cylinder or disk is again turned, set the plate in vibration, and reproduce the sound.

Pho*nog"ra*pher (?), n. 1. One versed or skilled in phonography.

2. One who uses, or is skilled in the use of, the phonograph. See Phonograph, 2.

{ Pho`no*graph"ic (?), Pho`no*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. phonographique.] 1. Of or pertaining to phonography; based upon phonography.

2. Of or pertaining to phonograph; done by the phonograph.

Pho`no*graph"ic*al*ly, adv. In a phonographic manner; by means of phonograph.

Pho*nog"ra*phist (?), n. Phonographer.

Pho*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Phono- + -graphy.] 1. A description of the laws of the human voice, or sounds uttered by the organs of speech.

2. A representation of sounds by distinctive characters; commonly, a system of shorthand writing invented by Isaac Pitman, or a modification of his system, much used by reporters.

The consonants are represented by straight lines and curves; the vowels by dots and short dashes; but by skilled phonographers, in rapid work, most vowel marks are omitted, and brief symbols for common words and combinations of words are extensively employed. The following line is an example of phonography, in which all the sounds are indicated: --

They also serve who only stand and wait.

Milton. 3. The art of constructing, or using, the phonograph.

Pho"no*lite (?), n. [Phono- + -lite: cf. F. phonolithe.] (Min.) A compact, feldspathic, igneous rock containing nephelite, ha¸ynite, etc. Thin slabs give a ringing sound when struck; -- called also clinkstone.

Pho*nol"o*ger (?), n. A phonologist.

{ Pho`no*log"ic (?), Pho`no*log"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phonology.

Pho*nol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in phonology.

Pho*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Phono- + -logy.] The science or doctrine of the elementary sounds uttered by the human voice in speech, including the various distinctions, modifications, and combinations of tones; phonetics. Also, a treatise on sounds.

Pho*nom"e*ter (?), n. [Phono- + -meter.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring sounds, as to their intensity, or the frequency of the vibrations.

Pho`no*mo"tor (?), n. [Phono- + -motor.] (Physics) An instrument in which motion is produced by the vibrations of a sounding body.

Pho*nor"ga*non (?), n. [NL. See Phono-, and Organon.] A speaking machine.

Pho"no*scope (?), n. [Phono- + -scope.] (Physics) (a) An instrument for observing or exhibiting the motions or properties of sounding bodies; especially, an apparatus invented by Kˆnig for testing the quality of musical strings. (b) An instrument for producing luminous figures by the vibrations of sounding bodies.

Pho"no*type (-tp), n. [Phono- + -type.] A type or character used in phonotypy.

{ Pho`no*typ"ic (?), Pho`no*typ"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phonotypy; as, a phonotypic alphabet.

Pho*not"y*pist (?), n. One versed in phonotypy.

Pho*not"y*py (?), n. A method of phonetic printing of the English language, as devised by Mr. Pitman, in which nearly all the ordinary letters and many new forms are employed in order to indicate each elementary sound by a separate character.

||Phor"minx (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?;.] A kind of lyre used by the ||Greeks. Mrs. Browning.

||Phor"mi*um (?), n. [NL. fr. Gr. &?; a plaited mat, a kind of plant.] ||(Bot.) A genus of liliaceous plants, consisting of one species ||(Phormium tenax). See Flax-plant.

Phor"one (?), n. [Camphor + acetone.] (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance, having a geraniumlike odor, regarded as a complex derivative of acetone, and obtained from certain camphor compounds.

||Pho*ro"nis (?), n. [NL., fr. L. Phoronis, a surname of Io, Gr. &?;.] ||(Zoˆl.) A remarkable genus of marine worms having tentacles around ||the mouth. It is usually classed with the gephyreans. Its larva ||(Actinotrocha) undergoes a peculiar metamorphosis.

||Phor`o*no"mi*a (?), n. [NL.] See Phoronomics.

Phor`o*nom"ics (?), n. [Gr. &?; a carrying, motion + &?; a law.] The science of motion; kinematics. [R.] Weisbach.

Phos"gene (?), a. [Gr. &?; light + the root of &?; to be born: cf. F. phosgËne.] (Old Chem.) Producing, or produced by, the action of light; -- formerly used specifically to designate a gas now called carbonyl chloride. See Carbonyl.

Phos"gen*ite (?), n. (Min.) A rare mineral occurring in tetragonal crystals of a white, yellow, or grayish color and adamantine luster. It is a chlorocarbonate of lead.

Phos"pham (?), n. [Phosphorus + ammonia.] (Chem.) An inert amorphous white powder, PN2H, obtained by passing ammonia over heated phosphorus. [Spelt also phosphame.] -- Phos"pham"ic (#), a.

Phos"phate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of phosphoric acid.

Phos*phat"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or containing, phosphorus, phosphoric acid, or phosphates; as, phosphatic nodules.

Phosphatic diathesis (Med.), a habit of body which leads to the undue excretion of phosphates with the urine.

||Phos`pha*tu"ri*a (?), n. [NL. See Phosphate, and Urine.] (Med.) The ||excessive discharge of phosphates in the urine.

Phos"phene (?), n. [Gr. &?; light + &?; to show.] (Physiol.) A luminous impression produced through excitation of the retina by some cause other than the impingement upon it of rays of light, as by pressure upon the eyeball when the lids are closed. Cf. After-image.

Phos"phide (?), n. (Chem.) A binary compound of phosphorus.

Phos"phine (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless gas, PH3, analogous to ammonia, and having a disagreeable odor resembling that of garlic. Called also hydrogen phosphide, and formerly, phosphureted hydrogen.

It is the most important compound of phosphorus and hydrogen, and is produced by the action of caustic potash on phosphorus. It is spontaneously inflammable, owing to impurities, and in burning produces peculiar vortical rings of smoke.

Phos*phin"ic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain acids analogous to the phosphonic acids, but containing two hydrocarbon radicals, and derived from the secondary phosphines by oxidation.

Phos"phite (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of phosphorous acid.

Phos*phon"ic (?), a. [Phosphoric + sulphonic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, certain derivatives of phosphorous acid containing a hydrocarbon radical, and analogous to the sulphonic acid.

Phos*pho"ni*um (?), n. [Phosphorus + ammonium.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical PH4, analogous to ammonium, and regarded as the nucleus of certain derivatives of phosphine.

Phos"phor (?), n. [Cf. G. phosphor. See Phosphorus.] 1. Phosphorus. [Obs.] Addison.

2. The planet Venus, when appearing as the morning star; Lucifer. [Poetic] Pope. Tennyson.

Phos"phor*ate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phosphorated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorating.] (Chem.) To impregnate, or combine, with phosphorus or its compounds; as, phosphorated oil.

Phos"phor-bronze` (?), n. [Phosphor + bronze.] (Metal.) A variety of bronze possessing great hardness, elasticity, and toughness, obtained by melting copper with tin phosphide. It contains one or two per cent of phosphorus and from five to fifteen per cent of tin.

Phos*pho"re*ous (?), a. Phosphorescent. [Obs.]

Phos`phor*esce" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Phosphoresced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phosphorescing (?).] To shine as phosphorus; to be phosphorescent; to emit a phosphoric light.

Phos`phor*es"cence (?), n. [Cf. F. phosphorescence.] 1. The quality or state of being phosphorescent; or the act of phosphorescing.

2. A phosphoric light.

Phos`phor*es"cent (?), a. [Cf. F. phosphorescent.] Shining with a phosphoric light; luminous without sensible heat. -- n. A phosphorescent substance.

Phos*phor"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. phosphorique.] 1. (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling, or containing, from us; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a higher valence as contrasted with the phosphorous compounds.

2. Phosphorescent. "A phosphoric sea." Byron.

Glacial phosphoric acid. (Chem.) (a) Metaphosphoric acid in the form of glassy semitransparent masses or sticks. (b) Pure normal phosphoric acid. -- Phosphoric acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, H3PO4, which is the most highly oxidized acid of phosphorus, and forms an important and extensive series of compounds, viz., the phosphates. -- Soluble phosphoric acid, Insoluble phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid combined in acid salts, or in neutral or basic salts, which are respectively soluble and insoluble in water or in plant juices. -- Reverted phosphoric acid (Agric. Chem.), phosphoric acid changed from acid (soluble) salts back to neutral or basic (insoluble) salts.

Phos*phor"ic*al (?), a. (Old Chem.) Phosphoric.

Phos"phor*ite (?), n. (Min.) A massive variety of apatite.

Phos`phor*it"ic (?), a. (Min.) Pertaining to phosphorite; resembling, or of the nature of, phosphorite.

Phos"phor*ize (?), v. t. To phosphorate.

Phos"phor*ized (?), a. Containing, or impregnated with, phosphorus.

Phos`phor*o*gen"ic (?), a. [Phosphorus + -gen + -ic.] Generating phosphorescence; as, phosphorogenic rays.

Phos*phor"o*scope (?), n. [Phosphorus + -scope.] (Physics) An apparatus for observing the phosphorescence produced in different bodies by the action of light, and for measuring its duration.

Phos"phor*ous (?), a. [Cf. F. phosphoreux.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to phosphorus; resembling or containing phosphorus; specifically, designating those compounds in which phosphorus has a lower valence as contrasted with phosphoric compounds; as, phosphorous acid, H3PO3.

Phos"phor*us (?), n.; pl. Phosphori (#). [L., the morning star, Gr. &?;, lit., light bringer; &?; light + &?; to bring.] 1. The morning star; Phosphor.

2. (Chem.) A poisonous nonmetallic element of the nitrogen group, obtained as a white, or yellowish, translucent waxy substance, having a characteristic disagreeable smell. It is very active chemically, must be preserved under water, and unites with oxygen even at ordinary temperatures, giving a faint glow, -- whence its name. It always occurs compined, usually in phosphates, as in the mineral apatite, in bones, etc. It is used in the composition on the tips of friction matches, and for many other purposes. The molecule contains four atoms. Symbol P. Atomic weight 31.0.

3. (Chem.) Hence, any substance which shines in the dark like phosphorus, as certain phosphorescent bodies.

Bologna phosphorus (Chem.), sulphide of barium, which shines in the dark after exposure to light; -- so called because this property was discovered by a resident of Bologna. The term is sometimes applied to other compounds having similar properties. -- Metallic phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a gray metallic crystalline substance, having very inert chemical properties. It is obtained by heating ordinary phosphorus in a closed vessel at a high temperature. -- Phosphorus disease (Med.), a disease common among workers in phosphorus, giving rise to necrosis of the jawbone, and other symptoms. -- Red, or Amorphous, phosphorus (Chem.), an allotropic modification of phosphorus, obtained as a dark red powder by heating ordinary phosphorus in closed vessels. It is not poisonous, is not phosphorescent, and is only moderately active chemically. It is valuable as a chemical reagent, and is used in the composition of the friction surface on which safety matches are ignited. -- Solar phosphori (Chem.), phosphorescent substances which shine in the dark after exposure to the sunlight or other intense light.

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Phos"phor*yl (?), n. [Phosphorus + -yl.] (Chem.) The radical PO, regarded as the typical nucleus of certain compounds.

Phos"phu*ret (?), n. (Chem.) A phosphide. [Obsoles.]

Phos"phu*ret`ed (?), a. (Chem.) Impregnated, or combined, with phosphorus. [Obsoles.] [Written also phosphuretted.]

Phosphureted hydrogen. (Chem.) See Phosphine.

Pho"tic (?), a. [Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light.] (Physiol.) Relating to the production of light by the lower animals.

Pho"tics (?), n. (Physics) The science of light; -- a general term sometimes employed when optics is restricted to light as a producing vision. Knight.

Pho"to (?), n.; pl. Photos (&?;). A contraction of Photograph. [Colloq.]

Pho"to- (?). A combining form from Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light; as, photography, phototype, photometer.

Pho`to*bi*ot"ic (?), a. [Photo- + biotic.] (Biol.) Requiring light to live; incapable of living without light; as, photobiotic plant cells.

Pho`to*chem"ic*al (?), a. [Photo- + chemical.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to chemical action of light, or produced by it; as, the photochemical changes of the visual purple of the retina.

Pho`to*chem"is*try (?), n. [Photo- + chemistry.] (Chem.) The branch of chemistry which relates to the effect of light in producing chemical changes, as in photography.

{ Pho`to*chro"mic (?), Pho`to*chro*mat"ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to photochromy; produced by photochromy.

Pho*toch"ro*my (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; color.] The art or process of reproducing colors by photography.

Pho"to*drome (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to run.] (Physics) An apparatus consisting of a large wheel with spokes, which when turning very rapidly is illuminated by momentary flashes of light passing through slits in a rotating disk. By properly timing the succession of flashes the wheel is made to appear to be motionless, or to rotate more or less slowly in either direction.

Pho`to-e*lec"tric (?), a. [Photo- + electric.] Acting by the operation of both light and electricity; -- said of apparatus for producing pictures by electric light.

Pho`to-e*lec"tro*type (?), n. (Print.) An electrotype plate formed in a mold made by photographing on prepared gelatine, etc.

Pho`to-en*grav"ing (?), n. [Photo- + engraving.] The process of obtaining an etched or engraved plate from the photographic image, to be used in printing; also, a picture produced by such a process.

Pho`to-ep"i*nas`ty (?), n. [See Photo-, and Epinastic.] (Bot.) A disproportionately rapid growth of the upper surface of dorsiventral organs, such as leaves, through the stimulus of exposure to light. Encyc. Brit.

Pho`to*gal`va*nog"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + galvanography.] The art or process of making photo-electrotypes. Sir D. Brewster.

Pho"to*gen (?), n. [Photo- + - gen.] (Chem.) A light hydrocarbon oil resembling kerosene. It is obtained by distilling coal, paraffin, etc., and is used as a lubricant, illuminant, etc. [Written also photogene.]

Pho"to*gene (?), n. [See Photogen.] 1. A photograph. [Obsoles.]

2. A more or less continued impression or image on the retina. H. Spencer.

Pho`to*gen"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photogeny; producing or generating light.

Pho*tog"e*ny (?), n. [See Photogen.] See Photography. [Obsoles.]

Pho`to*glyph"ic (?), a. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to engrave.] Pertaining to the art of engraving by the action of light. [Written also photoglyptic.]

Photoglyphic engraving, a process of etching on copper, steel, or zinc, by means of the action of light and certain chemicals, so that from the plate impressions may be taken. Sir D. Brewster.

Pho*tog"ly*phy (?), n. Photoglyphic engraving. See under Photoglyphic.

Pho`to*glyp"tic (?), a. Same as Photoglyphic.

Pho"to*gram (?), n. [Photo- + -gram.] A photograph. [R.]

Pho"to*graph (?), n. [Photo- + -graph.] A picture or likeness obtained by photography.

Pho"to*graph, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Photographed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Photographing (?).] To take a picture or likeness of by means of photography; as, to photograph a view; to photograph a group.

He makes his pen drawing on white paper, and they are afterwards photographed on wood.

Hamerton.

Also used figuratively.

He is photographed on my mind.

Lady D. Hardy.

Pho"to*graph, v. i. To practice photography; to take photographs.

Pho*tog"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices, or is skilled in, photography.

{ Pho`to*graph"ic (?), Pho`to*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. photographique.] Of or pertaining to photography; obtained by photography; used ib photography; as a photographic picture; a photographic camera. -- Pho`to*graph"ic*al*ly, adv.

Photographic printing, the process of obtaining pictures, as on chemically prepared paper, from photographic negatives, by exposure to light.

Pho*tog"ra*phist (?), n. A photographer.

Pho*tog"ra*phom"e*ter (?), n. [Photograph + -meter.] (Photog.) An instrument for determining the sensibility of the plates employed in photographic processes to luminous rays.

Pho*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + -graphy: cf. F. photographie.] 1. The science which relates to the action of light on sensitive bodies in the production of pictures, the fixation of images, and the like.

2. The art or process of producing pictures by this action of light.

The well-focused optical image is thrown on a surface of metal, glass, paper, or other suitable substance, coated with collodion or gelatin, and sensitized with the chlorides, bromides, or iodides of silver, or other salts sensitive to light. The exposed plate is then treated with reducing agents, as pyrogallic acid, ferrous sulphate, etc., to develop the latent image. The image is then fixed by washing off the excess of unchanged sensitive salt with sodium hyposulphite (thiosulphate) or other suitable reagents.

Pho`to*grav"ure (?), n. [F.] A photoengraving; also, the process by which such a picture is produced.

Pho`to*he"li*o*graph (?), n. [Photo- + heliograph.] (Physics) A modified kind of telescope adapted to taking photographs of the sun.

Pho`to*lith"o*graph (?), n. [Photo- + lithograph.] A lithographic picture or copy from a stone prepared by the aid of photography.

Pho`to*lith"o*graph, v. t. To produce (a picture, a copy) by the process of photolithography.

Pho`to*li*thog"ra*pher (?), n. One who practices, or one who employs, photolithography.

Pho`to*lith`o*graph"ic (?), n. Of or pertaining to photolithography; produced by photolithography.

Pho`to*li*thog"ra*phy (?), n. The art or process of producing photolithographs.

{ Pho`to*log"ic (?), Pho`to*log"ic*al (?), } a. Pertaining to photology, or the doctrine of light.

Pho*tol"o*gist (?), n. One who studies or expounds the laws of light.

Pho*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Photo- + -logy: cf. F. photologie.] The doctrine or science of light, explaining its nature and phenomena; optics.

Pho`to*mag*net"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photomagnetism.

Pho`to*mag"net*ism (?), n. The branch of science which treats of the relation of magnetism to light.

Pho`to*me*chan"ic*al (?), a. Pertaining to, or designating, any photographic process in which a printing surface is obtained without the intervention of hand engraving.

Pho*tom"e*ter (?), n. [Photo- + -meter: cf. F. photomËtre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the intensity of light, or, more especially, for comparing the relative intensities of different lights, or their relative illuminating power.

{ Pho`to*met"ric (?), Pho`to*met"ric*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. photomÈtrique.] Of or pertaining to photometry, or to a photometer.

Pho*tom`e*tri"cian (?), n. One engaged in the scientific measurement of light.

Pho*tom"e*try (?), n. [Cf. F. photomÈtrie.] That branch of science which treats of the measurement of the intensity of light.

Pho`to*mi"cro*graph (f`t*m"kr*grf), n. [Photo- + micro + -graph.] 1. An enlarged or macroscopic photograph of a microscopic object. See Microphotograph.

2. A microscopically small photograph of an object.

Pho`to*mi*crog"ra*phy (?), n. The art of producing photomicrographs.

Pho`to*pho"bi*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light + &?; fear.] (Med.) A dread or intolerance of light. Sir T. Watson.

Pho"to*phone (?), n. [Photo- + Gr. &?; sound.] (Physics) An apparatus for the production of sound by the action of rays of light. A. G. Bell.

Pho`to*phon"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to photophone.

Pho*toph"o*ny (?), n. The art or practice of using the photophone.

Pho*top"si*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. fw^s, fwto`s, light + &?; sight.] (Med.) An affection of the eye, in which the patient perceives luminous rays, flashes, coruscations, etc. See phosphene.

Pho*top"sy (?), n. Same as Photopsia.

Pho`to*re*lief" (?), n. A printing surface in relief, obtained by photographic means and subsequent manipulations. Knight.

Pho"to*scope (?), n. [Photo- + -scope.] (Physics) Anything employed for the observation of light or luminous effects.

Pho`to*scop"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the photoscope or its uses.

Pho`to*sculp"ture (?), n. [Photo- + sculpture.] A process in which, by means of a number of photographs simultaneously taken from different points of view on the same level, rough models of the figure or bust of a person or animal may be made with great expedition.

Pho"to*sphere (?), n. [Photo- + sphere.] A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.

Pho`to*spher"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to the photosphere.

Pho*tot"o*nus (?), n. [NL. See Photo- , and Tone.] (Bot.) A motile condition in plants resulting from exposure to light. -- Pho`to*ton"ic (#), a.

Pho`to*trop"ic (?), a. [Photo- + Gr. &?; to turn.] (Bot.) Same as Heliotropic.

Pho"to*type (?), n. [Photo- + -type.] A plate or block with a printing surface (usually in relief) obtained from a photograph; also, any one of the many methods of processes by which such a printing surface is obtained.

Pho`to*typ"ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to a phototype or phototypy.

Pho`to*ty*pog"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + typography.] Same as Phototypy.

Pho*tot"y*py (?), n. The art or process of producing phototypes.

Pho`to*xy*log"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + xylography.] The process of producing a representation of an object on wood, by photography, for the use of the wood engraver.

Pho`to*zin"co*graph (?), n. A print made by photozincography. -- Pho`to*zin`co*graph"ic, a.

Pho`to*zin*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Photo- + zincography.] A process, analogous to photolithography, for reproducing photographed impressions transferred to zinc plate.

Phrag"mo*cone (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a fence, an inclosure + &?; a cone.] (Zoˆl.) The thin chambered shell attached to the anterior end of a belemnite. [Written also phragmacone.]

Phrag`mo*si"phon (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The siphon of a phragmocone.

Phras"al (?), a. Of the nature of a phrase; consisting of a phrase; as, a phrasal adverb. Earlc.

Phrase (?), n. [F., fr. L. phrasis diction, phraseology, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to speak.] 1. A brief expression, sometimes a single word, but usually two or more words forming an expression by themselves, or being a portion of a sentence; as, an adverbial phrase.

"Convey" the wise it call. "Steal!" foh! a fico for the phrase.

Shak.

2. A short, pithy expression; especially, one which is often employed; a peculiar or idiomatic turn of speech; as, to err is human.

3. A mode or form of speech; the manner or style in which any one expreses himself; diction; expression. "Phrases of the hearth." Tennyson.

Thou speak'st In better phrase and matter than thou didst.

Shak.

4. (Mus.) A short clause or portion of a period.

A composition consists first of sentences, or periods; these are subdivided into sections, and these into phrases.

Phrase book, a book of idiomatic phrases. J. S. Blackie.

Phrase, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Phrased (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Phrasing.] [Cf. F. phraser.] To express in words, or in peculiar words; to call; to style. "These suns -- for so they phrase 'em." Shak.

Phrase, v. i. 1. To use proper or fine phrases. [R.]

2. (Mus.) To group notes into phrases; as, he phrases well. See Phrase, n., 4.

Phrase"less, a. Indescribable. Shak.

Phra"se*o*gram (?), n. [Gr. &?; a phrase + -gram.] (Phonography) A symbol for a phrase.

{ Phra`se*o*log"ic (?), Phra`se*o*log"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phraseology; consisting of a peculiar form of words. "This verbal or phraseological answer." Bp. Pearson.

Phra`se*ol"o*gist (?), n. A collector or coiner of phrases.

Phra`se*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, phrase + -logy: cf. F. phrasÈologie.] 1. Manner of expression; peculiarity of diction; style.

Most completely national in his . . . phraseology.

I. Taylor.

2. A collection of phrases; a phrase book. [R.]

Syn. -- Diction; style. See Diction.

Phras"ing (?), n. 1. Method of expression; association of words.

2. (Mus.) The act or method of grouping the notes so as to form distinct musical phrases.

Phra"try (?), n.; pl. Phratries (#). [Gr. &?;, &?;.] (Gr. Antiq.) A subdivision of a phyle, or tribe, in Athens.

Phre*at"ic (?), a. [F. phrÈatique, from Gr. &?;, &?;, a well.] (Geol.) Subterranean; -- applied to sources supplying wells.

{ Phre*net"ic (?), Phre*net"ic*al (?), } a. [L. phreneticus, Gr. &?;, &?;: cf. F. phrÈnÈtique. See Frantic, and cf. Frenetic.] Relating to phrenitis; suffering from frenzy; delirious; mad; frantic; frenetic. -- Phre*net"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phre*net"ic, n. One who is phrenetic. Harvey.

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Phren"ic (?), a.[Gr. &?;, &?;, the midriff, or diaphragm, the heart, the mind: cf. F. phrÈnique.] (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the diaphragm; diaphragmatic; as, the phrenic nerve.

Phren"ics (?), n. That branch of science which relates to the mind; mental philosophy. [R.]

Phre"nism (?), n. [See Phrenic.] (Biol.) See Vital force, under Vital.

||Phre*ni"tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?;, &?;.] 1. (Med.) ||Inflammation of the brain, or of the meninges of the brain, attended ||with acute fever and delirium; -- called also cephalitis.

2. See Frenzy.

Phre"no*graph (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the migriff + -graph.] (Physiol.) An instrument for registering the movements of the diaphragm, or midriff, in respiration.

Phre*nol"o*ger (?), n. A phrenologist.

Phren`o*log"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. phrÈnologique.] Phrenological.

Phren`o*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to phrenology. -- Phren`o*log"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phre*nol"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. phrÈnologiste.] One versed in phrenology; a craniologist.

Phre*nol"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the mind + -logy: cf. F. phrÈnologie.] 1. The science of the special functions of the several parts of the brain, or of the supposed connection between the various faculties of the mind and particular organs in the brain.

2. In popular usage, the physiological hypothesis of Gall, that the mental faculties, and traits of character, are shown on the surface of the head or skull; craniology.

Gall marked out on his model of the head the places of twenty-six organs, as round inclosures with vacant interspaces. Spurzheim and Combe divided the whole scalp into oblong and conterminous patches. Encyc. Brit.

Phre`no*mag"net*ism (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, the mind + E. magnetism.] The power of exciting the organs of the brain by magnetic or mesmeric influence.

Phre"no*sin (?), n. [See Phrenic.] (Physiol. Chem.) A nitrogenous body, related to cerebrin, supposed to exist in the brain.

Phren"sied (?), p. p. & a. See Frenzied.

Phren"sy (?), n. Violent and irrational excitement; delirium. See Frenzy.

Phren"sy, v. t. To render frantic.

Phren"tic (?), n. & a. See Phrenetic. [Obs.]

Phry*ga"ne*id (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any insect belonging to the Phryganeides.

||Phryg`a*ne"i*des (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Phryganea, the typical genus, ||fr. Gr. &?; a dry stick.] (Zoˆl.) A tribe of neuropterous insects ||which includes the caddice flies; -- called also Trichoptera. See ||Trichoptera. [Written also Phryganides.]

Phryg"i*an (?), a. [L. Phrygius, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; Phrygia, a country of Asia Minor.] Of or pertaining to Phrygia, or to its inhabitants.

Phrygian mode (Mus.), one of the ancient Greek modes, very bold and vehement in style; -- so called because fabled to have been invented by the Phrygian Marsyas. Moore (Encyc. of Music). -- Phrygian stone, a light, spongy stone, resembling a pumice, -- used by the ancients in dyeing, and said to be drying and astringent.

Phryg"i*an, n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Phrygia.

2. (Eccl. Hist.) A Montanist.

Phthal"ate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of phthalic acid.

Phthal"e*in (?), n. [See Phthalic.] (Chem.) One of a series of artificial organic dyes made as condensation products of the phenols with phthalic acid, and well represented by phenol phthaleÔn. Their alkaline solutions are fluorescent.

Phenol phthalein, a white or yellowish white crystalline substance made from phthalic acid and phenol. Its solution in alkalies is brilliant red, but is decolorized by acids, and as this reaction is exceedingly delicate it is used as an indicator.

Phthal"ic (?), a. [Naphthalene + -ic.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a dibasic acid obtained by the oxidation of naphthalene and allied substances.

Phthalic acid (Chem.), a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO2H)2, analogous to benzoic acid, and employed in the brilliant dyestuffs called the phthaleins.

Phthal"ide (?), n. [Phthalyl + anhydride.] (Chem.) A lactone obtained by reduction of phthalyl chloride, as a white crystalline substance; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which phthalide proper is the type. [Written also phthalid.]

Phthal"i*mide (?), n. [Phthalic + imide.] (Chem.) An imido derivative of phthalic acid, obtained as a white crystalline substance, C6H4.(CO)2NH, which has itself (like succinimide) acid properties, and forms a series of salts. Cf. Imido acid, under Imido.

Phthal"in (?), n. (Chem.) A colorless crystalline substance obtained by reduction from phthaleÔn, into which it is easily converted by oxidation; hence, any one of the series of which phthalin proper is the type.

Phthal"yl (?), n. [Phthalic + -yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of phthalic acid.

||Phthi*ri"a*sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; louse.] (Med.) A ||disease (morbus pediculous) consisting in the excessive ||multiplication of lice on the human body.

Phthis"ic (?), n. Same as Phthisis.

Phthis"ic*al (?), a. [L. phthisicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. phthisique. See Phthisis.] Of or pertaining to phthisis; affected with phthisis; wasting; consumptive.

Phthis"ick*y (?), a. Having phthisis, or some symptom of it, as difficulty in breathing.

Phthis`i*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Phthisis + -logy.] (Med.) A treatise on phthisis. Dunglison.

{ ||Phthis`ip*neu*mo"ni*a (?), Phthis`ip*neu"mo*ny (?), } n. [NL. See Phthisis, Pneumonia.] (Med.) Pulmonary consumption.

Phthi"sis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to pass or waste away: cf. F. phthisie.] (Med.) A wasting or consumption of the tissues. The term was formerly applied to many wasting diseases, but is now usually restricted to pulmonary phthisis, or consumption. See Consumption.

Fibroid phthisis. See under Fibroid.

Phthon"gal (?), a. [Gr. &?; voice.] Formed into, or characterized by, voice; vocalized; -- said of all the vowels and the semivowels, also of the vocal or sonant consonants g, d, b, l, r, v, z, etc.

Phthon"gal, n. A vocalized element or letter.

Phthon*gom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; voice + -meter.] An instrument for measuring vocal sounds. Whewell.

Phthor (?), n. [F. phthore, Gr. &?; to destroy.] (Old Chem.) Fluorine. [Written also phthor.]

Phy"cite (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed.] (Chem.) See Erythrite, 1.

Phy"co*chrome (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + &?; color.] (Bot.) A bluish green coloring matter of certain algÊ.

{ Phy`co*cy"a*nin (?), Phy`co*cy"a*nine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + E. cyanin.] A blue coloring matter found in certain algÊ.

{ Phy`co*e*ryth"rin (?), Phy`co*e*ryth"rine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + E. erythrin, - ine.] A red coloring matter found in algÊ of the subclass FlorideÊ.

Phy*cog"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + -graphy.] A description of seaweeds.

Phy*col"o*gy (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + -logy.] The science of algÊ, or seaweeds; algology.

||Phy`co*ma"ter (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; seaweed + L. mater mother.] ||(Bot.) A gelatin in which the algÊ spores have been supposed to ||vegetate.

Phy`co*phÊ"ine (?), n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + (&?;) dusky.] A brown coloring matter found in certain algÊ.

{ Phy`co*xan"thin (?), Phy`co*xan"thine (?), } n. [Gr. &?; seaweed + &?; yellow.] A yellowish coloring matter found in certain algÊ.

Phy*lac"ter (?), n. A phylactery. Sandys.

Phy*lac"tered (?), a. Wearing a phylactery.

{ Phyl`ac*ter"ic (?), Phyl`ac*ter"ic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to phylacteries.

Phy*lac"ter*y (?), n.; pl. Phylacteries (#). [OE. filateri, OF. filatire, filatiere, F. phylactËre, L. phylacterium, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; a watcher, guard, &?; to watch, guard. Cf. Philatory.] 1. Any charm or amulet worn as a preservative from danger or disease.

2. A small square box, made either of parchment or of black calfskin, containing slips of parchment or vellum on which are written the scriptural passages Exodus xiii. 2-10, and 11-17, Deut. vi. 4-9, 13-22. They are worn by Jews on the head and left arm, on week-day mornings, during the time of prayer. Schaff-Herzog Encyc.

3. Among the primitive Christians, a case in which the relics of the dead were inclosed.

Phy*lac"to*carp (?), n. [Gr. &?; to guard + &?; fruit.] (Zoˆl.) A branch of a plumularian hydroid specially modified in structure for the protection of the gonothecÊ.

{ ||Phy*lac`to*lÊ"ma (?), ||Phy*lac`to*lÊ"ma*ta (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; to guard + &?; the gullet.] (Zoˆl.) An order of fresh-water Bryozoa in which the tentacles are arranged on a horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and the mouth is covered by an epistome. Called also Lophopoda, and hippocrepians.

Phy*lac`to*lÊ"ma*tous (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the PhylactolÊma.

{ ||Phy*lac`to*le"ma (?), ||Phy*lac`to*le"ma*ta (?), } n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) Same as PhylactolÊma.

Phy"larch (?), n. [L. phylarchus, Gr. &?;. See Phyle, and -arch.] (Gr. Antiq.) The chief of a phyle, or tribe.

Phy"larch*y (?), n. [Gr. &?;.] The office of a phylarch; government of a class or tribe.

||Phy"le (?), n.; pl. PhylÊ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a body of men united ||by ties of blood or habitation.] A local division of the people in ||ancient Athens; a clan; a tribe.

Phyl"lite (?), n. [See Phylo-.] (Min.) (a) A mineral related to ottrelite. (b) Clay slate; argillaceous schist.

Phyl"lo- (?). A combining form from Gr. &?; a leaf; as, phyllopod, phyllotaxy.

||Phyl`lo*bran"chi*a (?), n.; pl. PhyllobranciÊ (#). [NL. See Phyllo-, ||and Branchia.] (Zoˆl.) A crustacean gill composed of lamellÊ.

||Phyl`lo*cla"di*um (?), n.; pl. Phyllocladia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a ||leaf + &?; a sprout.] (Bot.) A flattened stem or branch which more or ||less resembles a leaf, and performs the function of a leaf as regards ||respiration and assimilation.

Phyl`lo*cy"a*nin (?), n. [Phyllo- + cyanin.] (Chem.) A blue coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll. [Written also phyllocyanine.]

Phyl"lo*cyst (?), n. [Phyllo- + cyst.] (Zoˆl.) The cavity of a hydrophyllium.

Phyl"lode (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Phyllodium.

Phyl`lo*din"eous (?), a. (Bot.) Having phyllodia; relating to phyllodia.

||Phyl*lo"di*um (?), n.; pl. Phyllodia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; leaflike; ||&?; leaf + &?; form.] (Bot.) A petiole dilated into the form of a ||blade, and usually with vertical edges, as in the Australian acacias.

Phyl"lo*dy (?), n. [See Phyllodium.] (Bot.) A retrograde metamorphosis of the floral organs to the condition of leaves.

Phyl"loid (?), a. [Phyllo- + - oid.] Resembling a leaf.

Phyl`lo*ma"ni*a (?), n. [Phyllo- + mania.] (Bot.) An abnormal or excessive production of leaves.

Phyl"lome (?), n. [Gr. &?; foliage, fr. &?; a leaf.] (Bot.) A foliar part of a plant; any organ homologous with a leaf, or produced by metamorphosis of a leaf.

||Phyl`lo*mor*pho"sis (?), n. [NL. See Phyllo-, Morphosis.] (Bot.) The ||succession and variation of leaves during different seasons. R. ||Brown.

Phyl*loph"a*gan (?), n. [Phyllo- + Gr. &?; to eat.] (Zoˆl.) (a) One of a group of marsupials including the phalangists. (b) One of a tribe of beetles which feed upon the leaves of plants, as the chafers.

Phyl*loph"a*gous (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Substituting on leaves; leaf- eating.

Phyl*loph"o*rous (?), a. [Phyllo- + Gr. &?; to bear.] (Bot.) Leaf-bearing; producing leaves.

Phyl"lo*pod (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Phyllopoda. [Also used adjectively.]

||Phyl*lop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a leaf + -poda.] (Zoˆl.) ||An order of Entomostraca including a large number of species, most of ||which live in fresh water. They have flattened or leaflike legs, ||often very numerous, which they use in swimming. Called also ||Branchiopoda.

In some, the body is covered with a bivalve shell (Holostraca); in others, as Apus, by a shield-shaped carapace (Monostraca); in others, like Artemia, there is no carapace, and the body is regularly segmented. Sometimes the group is made to include also the Cladocera.

Phyl*lop"o*dous (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the Phyllopoda.

Phyl"lo*rhine (?), a. [Phyllo- + Gr. &?;, &?;, the nose.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to Phyllorhina and other related genera of bats that have a leaflike membrane around the nostrils.

||Phyl`lo*so"ma (?), n. [NL. See Phyllo-, and -some body.] (Zoˆl.) The ||larva of the spiny lobsters (Palinurus and allied genera). Its body ||is remarkably thin, flat, and transparent; the legs are very long. ||Called also glass-crab, and glass- shrimp.

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Phyl"lo*stome (fl"l*stm), n. [Phyllo- + Gr. sto`ma mouth.] (Zoˆl.) Any bat of the genus Phyllostoma, or allied genera, having large membranes around the mouth and nose; a nose-leaf bat.

Phyl*los"to*mid (?), n. A phyllostome.

Phyl`lo*tac"tic (?), a. (Bot.) Of or pertaining to phyllotaxy.

{ Phyl"lo*tax`y (?), Phyl"lo*tax`is (?), } n. [Phyllo- + Gr. ta`xis order.] (Bot.) The order or arrangement of leaves on the stem; the science of the relative position of leaves.

Phyl"lous (?), a. (Bot.) Homologous with a leaf; as, the sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils are phyllous organs.

Phyl`lo*xan"thin (?), n. [Phyllo- + Gr. &?; yellow.] (Bot.) A yellow coloring matter extracted from chlorophyll.

Phyl`lox*e"ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; leaf + &?; dry.] 1. (Zoˆl.) A small hemipterous insect (Phylloxera vastatrix) allied to the aphids. It attacks the roots and leaves of the grapevine, doing great damage, especially in Europe.

It exists in several forms, some of which are winged, other wingless. One form produces galls on the leaves and twigs, another affects the roots, causing galls or swellings, and often killing the vine.

2. The diseased condition of a vine caused by the insect just described.

{ Phy`lo*gen"e*sis (?), Phy*log"e*ny (?), } n. [Gr. &?; tribe + E. genesis, or root of Gr. &?; to be born.] The history of genealogical development; the race history of an animal or vegetable type; the historic exolution of the phylon or tribe, in distinction from ontogeny, or the development of the individual organism, and from biogenesis, or life development generally.

Phy*lo*ge*net"ic (?), a. Relating to phylogenesis, or the race history of a type of organism. -- Phy*lo*ge*net"ic*al*ly (#), adv.

||Phy"lon (?), n.; pl. Phyla (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; race, tribe.] ||(Biol.) A tribe.

||Phy"lum (?), n.; pl. Phyla (#). [NL. See Phylon.] (Zoˆl.) One of the ||larger divisions of the animal kingdom; a branch; a grand division.

||Phy"ma (?), n.; pl. Phymata (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to ||produce.] (Med.) A tubercle on any external part of the body.

||Phy"sa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bellows.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of ||fresh-water Pulmonifera, having reversed spiral shells. See Pond ||snail, under Pond.

||Phy*sa"li*a (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bladder, fr. &?; a bellows.] ||(Zoˆl.) A genus of large oceanic Siphonophora which includes the ||Portuguese man-of- war.

It has a large air sac, or float, with a sail-like crest on its upper side. Numerous zooids of different kinds are attached to the under side of the float. Some of the zooids have very long tentacles; some have a mouth and digest food; others produce gonophores. The American species (Physalia arethusa) is brilliantly colored, the float being pink or purple, and bright blue; the zooids blue. It is noted for its virulent stinging powers, as well as for its beautiful colors, graceful motions, and its ability to sail to windward.

||Phy*sa"li*Ê (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) An order of Siphonophora which ||includes Physalia.

||Phys`e*ma"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL., from Gr. &?; a blowing.] (Zoˆl.) A ||group of simple marine organisms, usually classed as the lowest of ||the sponges. They have inflated hollow bodies.

Phy*se"ter (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to blow: cf. F. physÈtËre.] 1. (Zoˆl.) The genus that includes the sperm whale.

2. A filtering machine operated by air pressure.

Phys`i*an"thro*py (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + &?; man.] The philosophy of human life, or the doctrine of the constitution and diseases of man, and their remedies.

Phys"ic (?), n. [OE. phisike, fisike, OF. phisique, F. physique knowledge of nature, physics, L. physica, physice, fr. Gr. &?;, fr. fysiko`s natural, from fy`sis nature, fr. &?; to produce, grow, akin to E. be. See Be, and cf. Physics, Physique.] 1. The art of healing diseases; the science of medicine; the theory or practice of medicine. "A doctor of physik." Chaucer.

2. A specific internal application for the cure or relief of sickness; a remedy for disease; a medicine.

3. Specifically, a medicine that purges; a cathartic.

4. A physician. [R.] Shak.

Physic nut (Bot.), a small tropical American euphorbiaceous tree (Jatropha Curcas), and its seeds, which are well flavored, but contain a drastic oil which renders them dangerous if eaten in large quantities.

Phys"ic (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Physiced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Physicking (?).] 1. To treat with physic or medicine; to administer medicine to, esp. a cathartic; to operate on as a cathartic; to purge.

2. To work on as a remedy; to heal; to cure.

The labor we delight in physics pain.

Shak.

A mind diseased no remedy can physic.

Byron.

Phys"ic*al (?), a. 1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also, of or relating to natural or material things, or to the bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral, spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the physical part of man.

Labor, in the physical world, is . . . employed in putting objects in motion.

J. S. Mill.

A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere physical force.

Macaulay.

2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy; treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of natural phenomena; as, physical science; physical laws. "Physical philosophy." Pope.

3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization; cognizable by the senses; external; as, the physical, opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral.

4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine; medicinal; curative; healing; also, cathartic; purgative. [Obs.] "Physical herbs." Sir T. North.

Is Brutus sick? and is it physical To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors Of the dank morning?

Shak.

Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that which treats of the motions resulting from universal gravitation. -- Physical education, training of the bodily organs and powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor. -- Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily condition of a person. -- Physical geography. See under Geography. -- Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a point conceived as being without extension, yet having physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a material point. -- Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily state afforded by a physical examination.

Phys"ic*al*ly, adv. In a physical manner; according to the laws of nature or physics; by physical force; not morally.

I am not now treating physically of light or colors.

Locke.

2. According to the rules of medicine. [Obs.]

He that lives physically must live miserably.

Cheyne.

Phy*si"cian (?), n. [OE. fisician, fisicien, OF. physucien, a physician, in F., a natural philosopher, an experimentalist in physics. See Physic.] 1. A person skilled in physic, or the art of healing; one duty authorized to prescribe remedies for, and treat, diseases; a doctor of medicine.

2. Hence, figuratively, one who ministers to moral diseases; as, a physician of the soul.

Phy*si"cianed (?), a. Licensed as a physician. [Obs.] "A physicianed apothecary." Walpole.

Phys"i*cism (?), n. The tendency of the mind toward, or its preoccupation with, physical phenomena; materialism in philosophy and religion.

Anthropomorphism grows into theology, while physicism (if I may so call it) develops into science.

Huxley.

Phys"i*cist (?), n. One versed in physics.

2. (Biol.) A believer in the theory that the fundamental phenomena of life are to be explained upon purely chemical and physical principles; -- opposed to vitalist.

Phys"ick*ing (?), p. pr. & vb. n. fr. Physic, v. t.

Phys"i*co- (?). [Fr. Gr. &?; natural, physical.] A combining form, denoting relation to, or dependence upon, natural causes, or the science of physics.

Phys`i*co*chem"ic*al (?), a. [Physico- + chemical.] Involving the principles of both physics and chemistry; dependent on, or produced by, the joint action of physical and chemical agencies. Huxley.

Phys`i*co*log"ic (?), n. [Physico- + logic.] Logic illustrated by physics.

Phys`i*co*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to physicologic. Swift.

Phys`i*col"o*gy (?), n. [Physico- + -logy.] Physics. [R.] -- Phys`i*col"o*gist (#), n. [R.]

Phys`i*co-math`e*mat"ics (?), n. [Physico- + mathematics.] Mixed mathematics.

Phys`i*co-phi*los"o*phy (?), n. [Physico- + philosophy.] The philosophy of nature.

Phys`i*co-the*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Physico- + theology.] Theology or divinity illustrated or enforced by physics or natural philosophy.

Phys"ics (?), n. [See Physic.] The science of nature, or of natural objects; that branch of science which treats of the laws and properties of matter, and the forces acting upon it; especially, that department of natural science which treats of the causes (as gravitation, heat, light, magnetism, electricity, etc.) that modify the general properties of bodies; natural philosophy.

Chemistry, though a branch of general physics, is commonly treated as a science by itself, and the application of physical principles which it involves constitute a branch called chemical physics, which treats more especially of those physical properties of matter which are used by chemists in defining and distinguishing substances.

Phys"i*o*crat (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + &?; to rule.] One of the followers of Quesnay of France, who, in the 18th century, founded a system of political economy based upon the supremacy of natural order. F. A. Walker. -- Phys`i*o*crat"ic (#), a.

Phys`i*og"e*ny (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + root of &?; to be born.] (Biol.) The germ history of the functions, or the history of the development of vital activities, in the individual, being one of the branches of ontogeny. See Morphogeny. Haeckel.

Phys`i*og"no*mer (?), n. Physiognomist.

{ Phys`i*og*nom"ic (?), Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al (?), } a. [Gr. &?;: cf. F. physiognomonique.] Of or pertaining to physiognomy; according with the principles of physiognomy. -- Phys`i*og*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.

Phys`i*og*nom"ist (?), n. Same as Physiognomy, 1.

Phys`i*og"no*mist (?), n. [Cf. F. physiognomiste.] 1. One skilled in physiognomy. Dryden.

2. One who tells fortunes by physiognomy. Holland.

Phys`i*og"no*mize (?), v. t. To observe and study the physiognomy of. [R.] Southey.

Phys`i*og`no*mmon"ic (?), a. Physiognomic.

Phys`i*og"no*my (?), n.; pl. Physiognomies (#). [OE. fisonomie, phisonomie, fisnamie, OF. phisonomie, F. physiognomie, physiognomonie, from Gr. &?;; fy`sis nature + &?; one who knows or examines, a judge, fr. &?;, &?;, to know. See Physic, and Know, and cf. Phiz.] 1. The art and science of discovering the predominant temper, and other characteristic qualities of the mind, by the outward appearance, especially by the features of the face.

2. The face or countenance, with respect to the temper of the mind; particular configuration, cast, or expression of countenance, as denoting character.

3. The art telling fortunes by inspection of the features. [Obs.] Bale.

4. The general appearance or aspect of a thing, without reference to its scientific characteristics; as, the physiognomy of a plant, or of a meteor.

Phys`i*og"o*ny (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + go`nos birth.] The birth of nature. [R.] Coleridge.

{ Phys`i*o*graph"ic (?), Phys`i*o*graph"ic*al (?), } a. [Cf. F. physiographique.] Of or pertaining to physiography.

Phys`i*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + -graphy: cf. F. physiographie.] The science which treats of the earth's exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the currents of the atmosphere and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, magnetism, etc.; physical geography.

Phys`i*ol"a*try (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + &?; service.] The worship of the powers or agencies of nature; materialism in religion; nature worship. "The physiolatry of the Vedas." M. Williams.

Phys`i*ol"o*ger (?), n. A physiologist.

Phys`i*o*log"ic (?), a. [L. physiologicus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. physiologique.] Physiological.

Phys`i*o*log"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to physiology; relating to the science of the functions of living organism; as, physiological botany or chemistry.

Phys`i*o*log"ic*al*ly, adv. In a physiological manner.

Phys`i*ol"o*gist (?), n. [Cf. F. physiologiste.] One who is versed in the science of physiology; a student of the properties and functions of animal and vegetable organs and tissues.

Phys`i*ol"o*gize (?), v. i. To speculate in physiology; to make physiological investigations. Cudworth.

Phys`i*ol"o*gy (?), n.; pl. Physiologies (#). [L. physiologia, Gr. &?;; fy`sis nature + &?; discourse: cf. F. physiologie.] 1. The science which treats of the phenomena of living organisms; the study of the processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.

It is divided into animal and vegetable physiology, dealing with animal and vegetable life respectively. When applied especially to a study of the functions of the organs and tissues in man, it is called human physiology.

2. A treatise on physiology.

Mental physiology, the science of the functions and phenomena of the mind, as distinguished from a philosophical explanation of the same.

Phys`i*oph"y*ly (?), n. [Gr. fy`sis nature + &?; a clan.] (Biol.) The tribal history of the functions, or the history of the paleontological development of vital activities, -- being a branch of phylogeny. See Morphophyly. Haeckel.

Phy*sique" (?), n. [F. See Physic.] The natural constitution, or physical structure, of a person.

With his white hair and splendid physique.

Mrs. Stowe.

Phys"no*my (?), n. Physiogmony. [Obs.]

Phys"o*clist, n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Physoclisti.

||Phys`o*clis"ti (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bellows + &?; to ||close.] (Zoˆl.) An order of teleost in which the air bladder has no ||opening.

Phys"o*grade (?), n. [Gr. &?; a bellows + L. gradi to walk, go.] (Zoˆl.) Any siphonophore which has an air sac for a float, as the Physalia.

||Phy*soph"o*rÊ (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bellows + &?; to bear.] ||(Zoˆl.) An order of Siphonophora, furnished with an air sac, or ||float, and a series of nectocalyces. See Illust. under Nectocalyx.

Phy"so*pod (?), n. (Zoˆl.) One of the Physopoda; a thrips.

||Phy*sop"o*da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bellows + -poda.] ||(Zoˆl.) Same as Thysanoptera.

Phy`so*stig"mine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (the seed of Physostigma venenosum), and extracted as a white, tasteless, substance, amorphous or crystalline; -- formerly called eserine, with which it was regarded as identical.

||Phy*sos"to*mi (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a bellows + &?; mouth.] ||(Zoˆl.) An order of fishes in which the air bladder is provided with ||a duct, and the ventral fins, when present, are abdominal. It ||includes the salmons, herrings, carps, catfishes, and others.

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Phy*sos"to*mous (?), a. (Zoˆl.) (a) Having a duct to the air bladder. (b) Pertaining to the Physostomi.

||Phy*tel"e*phas (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a plant + &?; the elephant; ||also, ivory.] (Bot.) A genus of South American palm trees, the seeds ||of which furnish the substance called vegetable ivory.

Phy*tiv"o*rous (?), a. [Phyto- + L. vorare to eat greedily.] Feeding on plants or herbage; phytophagous; as, phytivorous animals. Ray.

Phy"to- (?). [See Physic.] A combining form from Gr. fyto`n a plant; as, phytochemistry, phytography.

Phy`to*chem"ic*al (?), a. Relating to phytochemistry. R. Hunt.

Phy"to*chem"is*try (?), n. [Phyto- + chemistry.] Chemistry in its relation to vegetable bodies; vegetable chemistry. R. Hunt.

Phy*toch"i*my (?), n. [F. phytochimie; Gr. &?; a plant + F. chimie chemistry.] Phytochemistry. [Obsoles.]

{ Phy`to*gen"e*sis (?), Phy*tog"e*ny (?), } n. [Phyto- + genesis, or root of Gr. &?; to be born.] The doctrine of the generation of plants.

Phy`to*ge"o*graph"ic*al (?), a. Of or pertaining to phytogeography.

Phy`to*ge*og"ra*phy (?), n. [Phyto- + geography.] The geographical distribution of plants.

Phy`to*glyph"ic (?), a. Relating to phytoglyphy.

Phy*tog"ly*phy (?), n. [Phyto- + Gr. &?; to engrave.] See Nature printing, under Nature.

Phy`to*graph"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. phytographique.] Of or pertaining to phytography.

Phy*tog"ra*phy (?), n. [Phyto- + -graphy: cf. F. phytographie.] The science of describing plants in a systematic manner; also, a description of plants.

Phy"toid (?), a. [Phyto- + - oid.] Resembling a plant; plantlike.

||Phy`to*lac"ca (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; plant + It. lacca lac.] ||(Bot.) A genus of herbaceous plants, some of them having berries ||which abound in intensely red juice; poke, or pokeweed.

Phy"to*lite (?), n. [Phyto- + -lite: cf. F. phytolithe.] An old name for a fossil plant.

Phy`to*li*thol"o*gist (?), n. One versed in phytolithology; a paleobotanist.

Phy`to*li*thol"o*gy (?), n. [Phyto- + lithology.] The branch of science which treats of fossil plants; -- usually called paleobotany, sometimes paleophytology.

Phy`to*log"ic*al (?), a. [Cf. F. phytologique.] Of or pertaining to phytology; botanical.

Phy*tol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in phytology; a writer on plants; a botanist. Evelyn.

Phy*tol"o*gy (?), n. [Phyto- + -logy: cf. F. phytologie.] The science of plants; a description of the kinds and properties of plants; botany. Sir T. Browne.

{ Phy"to*mer (?), Phy*tom"e*ron (?), } n. [NL. phytomeron, fr. Gr. &?; plant + &?; share.] (Bot.) An organic element of a flowering plant; a phyton.

||Phy"ton (?), n.; pl. Phytons (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; plant.] (Bot.) ||One of the parts which by their repetition make up a flowering plant, ||each being a single joint of a stem with its leaf or leaves; a ||phytomer.

Phy*ton"o*my (?), n. [Phyto- + Gr. &?; law: cf. F. phytonomie.] The science of the origin and growth of plants.

Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gist (?), n. One skilled in diseases of plants.

Phy`to*pa*thol"o*gy (?), n. [Phyto- + pathology.] The science of diseases to which plants are liable.

||Phy*toph"a*ga (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a plant + &?; to eat.] ||(Zoˆl.) A division of Hymenoptera; the sawflies.

Phy`to*phag"ic (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Phytophagous.

Phy*toph"a*gous (?), a. [Phyto- + Gr. &?; to eat.] (Zoˆl.) Feeding on plants; herbivorous; as, a phytophagous animal.

Phy*toph"a*gy (?), n. The eating of plants.

Phy`to*phys`i*ol"o*gy (?), n. [Phyto- + physiology.] Vegetable physiology.

Phy*tot"o*mist (?), n. One versed in phytotomy.

Phy*tot"o*my (?), n. [Phyto- + Gr. &?; to cut.] The dissection of plants; vegetable anatomy.

||Phy`to*zo*a"ri*a (?), n. pl. [NL. See Phytozoˆn.] (Zoˆl.) Same as ||Infusoria.

||Phy`to*zo"ˆn (?), n.; pl. Phytozoa (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; + &?; an ||animal.] (Zoˆl.) A plantlike animal. The term is sometimes applied to ||zoˆphytes.

Phyz (?), n. See Phiz.

Pi (?), n. [See Pica, Pie magpie, service-book.] (Print.) A mass of type confusedly mixed or unsorted. [Written also pie.]

Pi, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pied (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pieing (?).] (Print.) To put into a mixed and disordered condition, as type; to mix and disarrange the type of; as, to pi a form. [Written also pie.]

Pi*aÁ"a*ba (?), n. See Piassava.

Pi"a*cle (?), n. [L. piaculum a propitiatory sacrifice, that which requires expiation, a wicked action, fr. piare to appease, to expiate, pius pious.] A heinous offense which requires expiation. [R.] Howell.

Pi*ac"u*lar (?), a. [L. piacularis: cf. F. piaculaire.] 1. Expiatory; atoning. Sir G. C. Lewis.

2. Requiring expiation; criminal; atrociously bad. "Piacular pollution." De Quincey.

Pi*ac`u*lar"i*ty (?), n. The quality or state of being piacular; criminality; wickedness. De Quincey.

Pi*ac"u*lous (?), a. Same as Piacular.

Pi"al (?), a. (Anat.) Pertaining to the pia mater.

||Pi"a ma"ter (?). [NL., fr. L. pia (fem. of pius tender, kind) + mater ||mother.] (Anat.) The delicate and highly vascular membrane ||immediately investing the brain and spinal cord.

||Pian (?), n. [Pg. pian, epian, or. Sp. pian; from the native name in ||South America: cf. F. pian.] (Med.) The yaws. See Yaws.

Pi"a*net` (?), n. [Cf. Pie magpie.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The magpie. [Written also pianate, and pyenate.] (b) The lesser woodpecker. [Obs.] Bailey.

Pi*a*nette" (?), n. [Dim. of piano.] (Mus.) A small piano; a pianino.

||Pi`a*ni"no (?), n. [It., dim. of piano, adj. See Piano.] (Mus.) A ||pianette, or small piano.

||Pi`a*nis"si*mo (?), a.[It., superl. of piano.] (Mus.) Very soft; -- a ||direction to execute a passage as softly as possible. (Abbrev. pp.)

Pi*an"ist (?), n. [Cf. F. pianiste, It. pianista.] A performer, esp. a skilled performer, on the piano.

||Pi*a"no (?), a. & adv. [It., even, smooth, soft, fr. L. planus even, ||level.] (Mus.) Soft; -- a direction to the performer to execute a ||certain passage softly, and with diminished volume of tone. (Abbrev. ||p.)

{ Pi*an"o (?), Pi*an"o*for`te (?), } n. [It. piano soft (fr. L. planus even, smooth; see Plain, a.) + It. forte strong, fr. L. fortis (see Fort).] (Mus.) A well-known musical instrument somewhat resembling the harpsichord, and consisting of a series of wires of graduated length, thickness, and tension, struck by hammers moved by keys.

Dumb piano. See Digitorium. -- Grand piano. See under Grand. -- Square piano, one with a horizontal frame and an oblong case. -- Upright piano, one with an upright frame and vertical wires.

Pi*an"o*graph (?), n. [Piano + -graph.] (Mus.) A form of melodiograph applied to a piano.

Pi"a*pec (?), n. [Cf. Pie a magpie.] (Zoˆl.) A West African pie (Ptilostomus Senegalensis).

Pi"a*rist (?), n. [L. pius pious.] (R. C. Ch.) One of a religious order who are the regular clerks of the Scuole Pie (religious schools), an institute of secondary education, founded at Rome in the last years of the 16th century. Addis & Arnold.

Pi*as"sa*va (?), n. [Pg. piasaba.] A fibrous product of two Brazilian palm trees (Attalea funifera and Leopoldinia Piassaba), -- used in making brooms, and for other purposes. Called also piaÁaba and piasaba.

Pi*as"ter (?), n. [F. piastre, It. piastra a thin plate of metal, a dollar, LL. piastra, fr. L. emplastrum. See Plaster.] A silver coin of Spain and various other countries. See Peso. The Spanish piaster (commonly called peso, or peso duro) is of about the value of the American dollar. The Italian piaster, or scudo, was worth from 80 to 100 cents. The Turkish and Egyptian piasters are now worth about four and a half cents.

Pi*as"tre (?), n. See Piaster.

Pi*a"tion (?), n. [L. piatio. See Piacle.] The act of making atonement; expiation. [Obs.]

||Pi*at"ti (?), n. pl. [It., prop., plates.] (Mus.) Cymbals. [Written ||also pyatti.]

Pi*az"za (?), n.; pl. Piazzas (#). [It., place, square, market place, L. platea street, courtyard. See Place.] An open square in a European town, especially an Italian town; hence (Arch.), an arcaded and roofed gallery; a portico. In the United States the word is popularly applied to a veranda.

We walk by the obelisk, and meditate in piazzas.

Jer. Taylor.

Pib"corn` (?), n. [W. pib pipe + corn horn.] (Mus.) A wind instrument or pipe, with a horn at each end, -- used in Wales.

Pi"broch (?), n. [Gael. piobaireachd pipe music, fr. piobair a piper, fr. pioba pipe, bagpipe, from English. See Pipe, n.] A Highland air, suited to the particular passion which the musician would either excite or assuage; generally applied to those airs that are played on the bagpipe before the Highlanders when they go out to battle. Jamieson.

Pic (?), n. [Cf. F. pic.] A Turkish cloth measure, varying from 18 to 28 inches.

Pi"ca (?), n. [L. pica a pie, magpie; in sense 3 prob. named from some resemblance to the colors of the magpie. Cf. Pie magpie.] 1. (Zoˆl.) The genus that includes the magpies.

2. (Med.) A vitiated appetite that craves what is unfit for food, as chalk, ashes, coal, etc.; chthonophagia.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A service-book. See Pie. [Obs.]

4. (Print.) A size of type next larger than small pica, and smaller than English.

This line is printed in pica

Pica is twice the size of nonpareil, and is used as a standard of measurement in casting leads, cutting rules, etc., and also as a standard by which to designate several larger kinds of type, as double pica, two-line pica, four-line pica, and the like.

Small pica (Print.), a size of type next larger than long primer, and smaller than pica.

This line is printed in small pica

||Pic`a*dor" (?), n. [Sp.] A horseman armed with a lance, who in a ||bullfight receives the first attack of the bull, and excites him by ||picking him without attempting to kill him.

Pic"a*mar` (?), n. [L. pix, picis, pitch + amarus bitter.] (Chem.) An oily liquid hydrocarbon extracted from the creosote of beechwood tar. It consists essentially of certain derivatives of pyrogallol.

Pic"a*pare (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The finfoot.

Pic"ard (?), n. (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect of Adamites in the fifteenth century; -- so called from one Picard of Flanders. See Adamite.

Pic`a*resque" (?), a. [F., fr. Sp. picaro rogue.] Applied to that class of literature in which the principal personage is the Spanish picaro, meaning a rascal, a knave, a rogue, an adventurer.

||Pi*ca"ri*Ê (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoˆl.) An ||extensive division of birds which includes the woodpeckers, toucans, ||trogons, hornbills, kingfishers, motmots, rollers, and goatsuckers. ||By some writers it is made to include also the cuckoos, swifts, and ||humming birds.

Pi*ca"ri*an (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to PicariÊ. -- n. One of the PicariÊ.

Pic`a*roon" (?), n. [Sp. picaron, aug. of picaro roguish, n., a rogue.] One who plunders; especially, a plunderer of wrecks; a pirate; a corsair; a marauder; a sharper. Sir W. Temple.

Pic`a*yune" (?), n. [From the language of the Caribs.] A small coin of the value of six and a quarter cents. See Fippenny bit. [Local, U.S.]

Pic`a*yun"ish (?), a. Petty; paltry; mean; as, a picayunish business. [Colloq. U.S.]

{ Pic"ca*dil (?), Pic`ca*dil"ly (?), } n. [OF. piccagilles the several divisions of pieces fastened together about the brim of the collar of a doublet, a dim. fr. Sp. picado, p. p. of picar to prick. See Pike.] A high, stiff collar for the neck; also, a hem or band about the skirt of a garment, -- worn by men in the 17th century.

Pic"cage (?), n. [LL. piccadium, fr. F. piquer to prick.] (O. Eng. Law) Money paid at fairs for leave to break ground for booths. Ainsworth.

Pic"ca*lil`li (?), n. A pickle of various vegetables with pungent species, -- originally made in the East Indies.

||Pic"co*lo (?), n. [It., small.] 1. (Mus.) A small, shrill flute, the ||pitch of which is an octave higher than the ordinary flute; an octave ||flute.

2. (Mus.) A small upright piano.

3. (Mus.) An organ stop, with a high, piercing tone.

Pice (?), n. [Hind. pais] A small copper coin of the East Indies, worth less than a cent. Malcom.

||Pic"e*a (?), n. [L., the pitch pine, from pix, picis, pitch.] (Bot.) ||A genus of coniferous trees of the northen hemisphere, including the ||Norway spruce and the American black and white spruces. These trees ||have pendent cones, which do not readily fall to pieces, in this and ||other respects differing from the firs.

Pi"cene (?), n. [See Piceous.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon (C&?;H&?;) extracted from the pitchy residue of coal tar and petroleum as a bluish fluorescent crystalline substance.

Pic"e*ous (?), a. [L. piceus, fr. pix, picis, pitch.] Of or pertaining to pitch; resembling pitch in color or quality; pitchy.

Pi"chey (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoˆl.) A Brazilian armadillo (Dasypus minutus); the little armadillo. [Written also pichiy.]

||Pi`chi*ci*a"go (?), n. [Native name.] (Zoˆl.) A small, burrowing, ||South American edentate (Chlamyphorus truncatus), allied to the ||armadillos. The shell is attached only along the back. [Written also ||pichyciego.]

Pich"u*rim bean` (?). (Bot.) The seed of a Brazilian lauraceous tree (Nectandra Puchury) of a taste and smell between those of nutmeg and of sassafras, -- sometimes used medicinally. Called also sassafras nut.

||Pi"ci (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. L. picus a woodpecker.] (Zoˆl.) A ||division of birds including the woodpeckers and wrynecks.

Pi"ci*form (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to Piciformes.

||Pic`i*for"mes (?), n. pl. [NL. See Picus, and -Form.] (Zoˆl.) A group ||of birds including the woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, colies, ||kingfishes, hornbills, and some other related groups.

Pi"cine (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the woodpeckers (Pici), or to the Piciformes.

Pick (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Picking.] [OE. picken, pikken, to prick, peck; akin to Icel. pikka, Sw. picka, Dan. pikke, D. pikken, G. picken, F. piquer, W. pigo. Cf. Peck, v., Pike, Pitch to throw.] 1. To throw; to pitch. [Obs.]

As high as I could pick my lance.

Shak.

2. To peck at, as a bird with its beak; to strike at with anything pointed; to act upon with a pointed instrument; to pierce; to prick, as with a pin.

3. To separate or open by means of a sharp point or points; as, to pick matted wool, cotton, oakum, etc.

4. To open (a lock) as by a wire.

5. To pull apart or away, especially with the fingers; to pluck; to gather, as fruit from a tree, flowers from the stalk, feathers from a fowl, etc.

6. To remove something from with a pointed instrument, with the fingers, or with the teeth; as, to pick the teeth; to pick a bone; to pick a goose; to pick a pocket.

Did you pick Master Slender's purse?

Shak.

He picks clean teeth, and, busy as he seems With an old tavern quill, is hungry yet.

Cowper.

7. To choose; to select; to separate as choice or desirable; to cull; as, to pick one's company; to pick one's way; -- often with out. "One man picked out of ten thousand." Shak.

8. To take up; esp., to gather from here and there; to collect; to bring together; as, to pick rags; -- often with up; as, to pick up a ball or stones; to pick up information.

9. To trim. [Obs.] Chaucer.

To pick at, to tease or vex by pertinacious annoyance. -- To pick a bone with. See under Bone. -- To pick a thank, to curry favor. [Obs.] Robynson (More's Utopia). -- To pick off. (a) To pluck; to remove by picking. (b) To shoot or bring down, one by one; as, sharpshooters pick off the enemy. -- To pick out. (a) To mark out; to variegate; as, to pick out any dark stuff with lines or spots of bright colors. (b) To select from a number or quantity. -- To pick to pieces, to pull apart piece by piece; hence [Colloq.], to analyze; esp., to criticize in detail. -- To pick a quarrel, to give occasion of quarrel intentionally. -- To pick up. (a) To take up, as with the fingers. (b) To get by repeated efforts; to gather here and there; as, to pick up a livelihood; to pick up news.

<! p. 1083 !>

Pick (?), v. i. 1. To eat slowly, sparingly, or by morsels; to nibble.

Why stand'st thou picking? Is thy palate sore?

Dryden.

2. To do anything nicely or carefully, or by attending to small things; to select something with care.

3. To steal; to pilfer. "To keep my hands from picking and stealing." Book of Com. Prayer.

To pick up, to improve by degrees; as, he is picking up in health or business. [Colloq. U.S.]

Pick, n. [F. pic a pickax, a pick. See Pick, and cf. Pike.] 1. A sharp-pointed tool for picking; -- often used in composition; as, a toothpick; a picklock.

2. (Mining & Mech.) A heavy iron tool, curved and sometimes pointed at both ends, wielded by means of a wooden handle inserted in the middle, -- used by quarrymen, roadmakers, etc.; also, a pointed hammer used for dressing millstones.

3. A pike or spike; the sharp point fixed in the center of a buckler. [Obs.] "Take down my buckler . . . and grind the pick on 't." Beau. & Fl.

4. Choice; right of selection; as, to have one's pick.

France and Russia have the pick of our stables.

Ld. Lytton.

5. That which would be picked or chosen first; the best; as, the pick of the flock.

6. (Print.) A particle of ink or paper imbedded in the hollow of a letter, filling up its face, and occasioning a spot on a printed sheet. MacKellar.

7. (Painting) That which is picked in, as with a pointed pencil, to correct an unevenness in a picture.

8. (Weawing) The blow which drives the shuttle, -- the rate of speed of a loom being reckoned as so many picks per minute; hence, in describing the fineness of a fabric, a weft thread; as, so many picks to an inch.

Pick dressing (Arch.), in cut stonework, a facing made by a pointed tool, leaving the surface in little pits or depressions. -- Pick hammer, a pick with one end sharp and the other blunt, used by miners.

Pick"a*back` (?), adv. On the back or shoulders; as, to ride pickback. [Written also pickapack, pickback, and pickpack.]

A woman stooping to take a child pickaback.

R,Jefferies.

Pick"a*nin`ny (?), n.; pl. Pickaninnies (#). [Cf. Sp. pequeÒo little, young.] A small child; especially, a negro or mulatto infant. [U.S. & West Indies]

Pick"a*pack` (?), adv. Pickaback.

{ Pick"ax`, Pick"axe` } (?), n. [A corruption of OE. pikois, pikeis, F. picois, fr. pic. See Pick, n.] A pick with a point at one end, a transverse edge or blade at the other, and a handle inserted at the middle; a hammer with a flattened end for driving wedges and a pointed end for piercing as it strikes. Shak.

Pick"back` (?), adv. On the back.

Pick"ed (?), a. 1. Pointed; sharp. "Picked and polished." Chapman.

Let the stake be made picked at the top.

Mortimer.

2. (Zoˆl.) Having a pike or spine on the back; -- said of certain fishes.

3. Carefully selected; chosen; as, picked men.

4. Fine; spruce; smart; precise; dianty. [Obs.] Shak.

Picked dogfish. (Zoˆl.) See under Dogfish. -- Picked out, ornamented or relieved with lines, or the like, of a different, usually a lighter, color; as, a carriage body dark green, picked out with red.

Pick"ed*ness (?), n. 1. The state of being sharpened; pointedness.

2. Fineness; spruceness; smartness. [Obs.]

Too much pickedness is not manly.

B. Jonson.

Pick*eer" (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pickeered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pickeering.] [F. picorer to go marauding, orig., to go to steal cattle, ultimately fr. L. pecus, pecoris, cattle; cf. F. picorÈe, Sp. pecorea robbery committed by straggling soldiers.] To make a raid for booty; to maraud; also, to skirmish in advance of an army. See Picaroon. [Obs.] Bp. Burnet.

Pick*eer"er (?), n. One who pickeers. [Obs.]

Pick"er (?), n. [From Pick.] 1. One who, or that which, picks, in any sense, - - as, one who uses a pick; one who gathers; a thief; a pick; a pickax; as, a cotton picker. "Pickers and stealers." Shak.

2. (Mach.) A machine for picking fibrous materials to pieces so as to loosen and separate the fiber.

3. (Weaving) The piece in a loom which strikes the end of the shuttle, and impels it through the warp.

4. (Ordnance) A priming wire for cleaning the vent.

Pick"er*el (?), n. [Dim. of Pike.] [Written also pickerell.] 1. A young or small pike. [Obs.]

Bet [better] is, quoth he, a pike than a pickerel.

Chaucer.

2. (Zoˆl.) (a) Any one of several species of freshwater fishes of the genus Esox, esp. the smaller species. (b) The glasseye, or wall-eyed pike. See Wall-eye.

The federation, or chain, pickerel (Esox reticulatus) and the brook pickerel (E. Americanus) are the most common American species. They are used for food, and are noted for their voracity. About the Great Lakes the pike is called pickerel.

Pickerel weed (Bot.), a blue-flowered aquatic plant (Pontederia cordata) having large arrow-shaped leaves. So called because common in slow-moving waters where pickerel are often found.

Pick"er*ing (?), n. [Probably a corruption of Pickerel.] (Zoˆl.) The sauger of the St.Lawrence River.

Pick"er*y (?), n. [From Pick to steal; or perhaps from Pickeer.] Petty theft. [Scot.] Holinshed.

Pick"et (?), n. [F. piquet, properly dim. of pique spear, pike. See Pike, and cf. Piquet.] 1. A stake sharpened or pointed, especially one used in fortification and encampments, to mark bounds and angles; or one used for tethering horses.

2. A pointed pale, used in marking fences.

3. [Probably so called from the picketing of the horses.] (Mil.) A detached body of troops serving to guard an army from surprise, and to oppose reconnoitering parties of the enemy; -- called also outlying picket.

4. By extension, men appointed by a trades union, or other labor organization, to intercept outsiders, and prevent them from working for employers with whom the organization is at variance. [Cant]

5. A military punishment, formerly resorted to, in which the offender was forced to stand with one foot on a pointed stake.

6. A game at cards. See Piquet.

Inlying picket (Mil.), a detachment of troops held in camp or quarters, detailed to march if called upon. -- Picket fence, a fence made of pickets. See def. 2, above. -- Picket guard (Mil.), a guard of horse and foot, always in readiness in case of alarm. -- Picket line. (Mil.) (a) A position held and guarded by small bodies of men placed at intervals. (b) A rope to which horses are secured when groomed. -- Picketpin, an iron pin for picketing horses.

Pick"et, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picketed; p. pr. & vb. n. Picketing.] 1. To fortify with pointed stakes.

2. To inclose or fence with pickets or pales.

3. To tether to, or as to, a picket; as, to picket a horse.

4. To guard, as a camp or road, by an outlying picket.

5. To torture by compelling to stand with one foot on a pointed stake. [Obs.]

Pick`e*tee" (?), n. (Bot.) See Picotee.

Pick"-fault` (?), n. One who seeks out faults.

Pick"ing, n. 1. The act of digging or breaking up, as with a pick.

2. The act of choosing, plucking, or gathering.

3. That which is, or may be, picked or gleaned.

4. Pilfering; also, that which is pilfered.

5. pl. The pulverized shells of oysters used in making walks. [Eng.] Simmonds.

6. (Mining) Rough sorting of ore.

7. Overburned bricks. Simmonds.

Pick"ing, a. 1. Done or made as with a pointed tool; as, a picking sound.

2. Nice; careful. [Obs.]

was too warm on picking work to dwell.

Dryden.

Picking peg. (Weaving) See Picker, n., 3.

Pic"kle (?), n. [Obs.] See Picle.

Pic"kle, n. [Cf. D. pekel. Probably a dim. fr. Pick, v. t., alluding to the cleaning of the fish.] 1. (a) A solution of salt and water, in which fish, meat, etc., may be preserved or corned; brine. (b) Vinegar, plain or spiced, used for preserving vegetables, fish, eggs, oysters, etc.

2. Any article of food which has been preserved in brine or in vinegar.

3. (Founding) A bath of dilute sulphuric or nitric acid, etc., to remove burnt sand, scale rust, etc., from the surface of castings, or other articles of metal, or to brighten them or improve their color.

4. A troublesome child; as, a little pickle. [Colloq.]

To be in a pickle, to be in disagreeable position; to be in a condition of embarrassment, difficulty, or disorder. "How cam'st thou in this pickle?" Shak. - - To put a rod in pickle, to prepare a particular reproof, punishment, or penalty for future application.

Pic"kle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pickled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pickling (?).] 1. To preserve or season in pickle; to treat with some kind of pickle; as, to pickle herrings or cucumbers.

2. To give an antique appearance to; -- said of copies or imitations of paintings by the old masters.

Pic"kled (?), a. Preserved in a pickle.

Pic"kle-her"ring (?), n. 1. A herring preserved in brine; a pickled herring. [Obs.] Shak.

2. A merry-andrew; a buffoon. [Obs.] Addison.

Pic"kler (?), n. One who makes pickles.

Pick"lock` (?), n. 1. An instrument for picking locks. Shak.

2. One who picks locks; a thief. "A picklock of secrets." Jer. Taylor.

Pick"mire` (?), n. [So called from its picking its food from the mire.] (Zoˆl.) The pewit, or black-headed gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Pick"nick (?), n. See Picnic.

Pick"pack` (?), adv. Pickaback.

Pick"pen`ny (?), n.; pl. Pickpennies (&?;). A miser; also, a sharper. Dr. H. More.

Pick"pock`et (?), n. One who steals purses or other articles from pockets. Bentley.

Pick"purse` (?), n. One who steals purses, or money from purses. Latimer. Shak.

Pick"sy (?), n. See Pixy.

Pick"thank` (?), n. One who strives to put another under obligation; an officious person; hence, a flatterer. Used also adjectively.

Smiling pickthanks, and base newsmongers.

Shak.

Pick"tooth` (?), n. A toothpick. [Obs.] Swift.

Pi"cle (pk"'l), n. [Prob. fr. pightel or pingle.] A small piece of land inclosed with a hedge; a close. [Obs.] [Written also pickle.]

Pic"nic (?), n. [Cf. F. piquenique. See Pick, v., and cf. Knickknack.] Formerly, an entertainment at which each person contributed some dish to a common table; now, an excursion or pleasure party in which the members partake of a collation or repast (usually in the open air, and from food carried by themselves).

Pic"nic (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Picnicked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Picnicking (?).] To go on a picnic, or pleasure excursion; to eat in public fashion.

Pic"nick*er (?), n. One who takes part in a picnic.

Pi"coid (?), a. [Picus + - oid.] (Zoˆl.) Like or pertaining to the Pici.

Pic"o*line (?), n. [L. pix, picis, pitch + oleum oil + -ine.] (Chem.) Any one of three isometric bases (C6H7N) related to pyridine, and obtained from bone oil, acrolein ammonia, and coal-tar naphtha, as colorless mobile liquids of strong odor; -- called also methyl pyridine.

{ Pic`o*tee" (?), Pic`o*tine" (?), } n. [F. picotÈ dotted, picked.] (Bot.) A variety of carnation having petals of a light color variously dotted and spotted at the edges.

Pic"quet (?), n. See Piquet.

Pi"cra (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. &?; sharp, bitter.] (Med.) The powder of aloes with canella, formerly officinal, employed as a cathartic.

Pi"crate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of picric acid.

Pi"cric (?), a. [Gr. &?; bitter.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, a strong organic acid (called picric acid), intensely bitter.

Picric acid is obtained by treating phenol with strong nitric acid, as a brilliant yellow crystalline substance, C6H2(NO2)3.OH. It is used in dyeing silk and wool, and also in the manufacture of explosives, as it is very unstable when heated. Called also trinitrophenol, and formerly carbazotic acid.

Pic"rite (?), n. [From Gr. &?; bitter.] (Min.) A dark green igneous rock, consisting largely of chrysolite, with hornblende, augite, biotite, etc.

Pic"ro*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; bitter + -lite.: cf. F. picrolithe.] (Min.) A fibrous variety of serpentine.

Pic"ro*mel (?), n. [Gr. &?; bitter + &?; honey: cf. F. picromel.] (Old Chem.) A colorless viscous substance having a bitter-sweet taste.

It was formerly supposed to be the essential principle of the bile, but is now known to be a mixture, principally of salts of glycocholic and taurocholic acids.

Pic`ro*tox"in (?), n. [Gr. &?; bitter + toxic + -in.] (Chem.) A bitter white crystalline substance found in the cocculus indicus. It is a peculiar poisonous neurotic and intoxicant, and consists of a mixture of several neutral substances.

Pi"cryl (?), n. [Picric + - yl.] (Chem.) The hypothetical radical of picric acid, analogous to phenyl.

Pict"ish (?), a. Of or pertaining to Picts; resembling the Picts. "The Pictish peer." Byron.

Pic"to*graph (?), n. [See Picture, and -graph.] A picture or hieroglyph representing and expressing an idea. -- Pic`to*graph"ic (#), a.

Pic*to"ri*al (?), a. [L. pictorius, fr. pictor a painter, fr. pingere to paint. See Paint.] Of or pertaining to pictures; illustrated by pictures; forming pictures; representing with the clearness of a picture; as, a pictorial dictionary; a pictorial imagination. "Pictorial rhetoric." Ruskin. -- Pic*to"ri*al*ly, adv.

{ Pic*tor"ic (?), Pic*tor"ic*al (?), } a. Pictorial. [Obs.]

Picts (?), n. pl.; sing. Pict (&?;). [L. Picti; cf. AS. Peohtas.] (Ethnol.) A race of people of uncertain origin, who inhabited Scotland in early times.

||Pic*tu"ra (?), n. [L., a painting.] (Zoˆl.) Pattern of coloration.

Pic"tur*a*ble (?), a. Capable of being pictured, or represented by a picture.

Pic"tur*al (?), a. Pictorial. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pic"tur*al, n. A picture. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pic"ture (?), n. [L. pictura, fr. pingere, pictum, to paint: cf. F. peinture. See Paint.] 1. The art of painting; representation by painting. [Obs.]

Any well-expressed image . . . either in picture or sculpture.

Sir H. Wotton.

2. A representation of anything (as a person, a landscape, a building) upon canvas, paper, or other surface, produced by means of painting, drawing, engraving, photography, etc.; a representation in colors. By extension, a figure; a model.

Pictures and shapes are but secondary objects.

Bacon.

The young king's picture . . . in virgin wax.

Howell.

3. An image or resemblance; a representation, either to the eye or to the mind; that which, by its likeness, brings vividly to mind some other thing; as, a child is the picture of his father; the man is the picture of grief.

My eyes make pictures when they are shut.

Coleridge.

Picture is often used adjectively, or in forming self-explaining compounds; as, picture book or picture- book, picture frame or picture-frame, picture seller or picture-seller, etc.

Picture gallery, a gallery, or large apartment, devoted to the exhibition of pictures. -- Picture red, a rod of metal tube fixed to the walls of a room, from which pictures are hung. -- Picture writing. (a) The art of recording events, or of expressing messages, by means of pictures representing the actions or circumstances in question. Tylor. (b) The record or message so represented; as, the picture writing of the American Indians.

Syn. -- Picture, Painting. Every kind of representation by drawing or painting is a picture, whether made with oil colors, water colors, pencil, crayons, or India ink; strictly, a painting is a picture made by means of colored paints, usually applied moist with a brush.

Pic"ture, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pictured (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Picturing.] To draw or paint a resemblance of; to delineate; to represent; to form or present an ideal likeness of; to bring before the mind. "I . . . do picture it in my mind." Spenser.

I have not seen him so pictured.

Shak.

Pic"tured (?), a. Furnished with pictures; represented by a picture or pictures; as, a pictured scene.

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Pic"tur*er (?), n. One who makes pictures; a painter. [R.] Fuller.

Pic`tur*esque" (?), a. [It. pittoresco: cf. F. pittoresque. See Pictorial.] Forming, or fitted to form, a good or pleasing picture; representing with the clearness or ideal beauty appropriate to a picture; expressing that peculiar kind of beauty which is agreeable in a picture, natural or artificial; graphic; vivid; as, a picturesque scene or attitude; picturesque language.

What is picturesque as placed in relation to the beautiful and the sublime? It is . . . the characteristic pushed into a sensible excess.

De Quincey.

-- Pic`tur*esque"ly, adv. -- Pic`tur*esque"ness, n.

Pic`tur*esqu"ish, a. Somewhat picturesque. [R.]

Pic"tur*ize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Picturized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Picturizing.] [R.] 1. To picture.

2. To adorn with pictures.

Pic"ul (?), n. [Jav. & Malay pikul, fr. pikul to carry on the back, to carry a burden; n., a man's burden.] A commercial weight varying in different countries and for different commodities. In Borneo it is 135 lbs.; in China and Sumatra, 133Ω lbs.; in Japan, 133 lbs.; but sometimes 130 lbs., etc. Called also, by the Chinese, tan. [Written also pecul, and pecal.]

Pic"u*let (?), n. [Dim. of Picus.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of very small woodpeckers of the genus Picumnus and allied genera. Their tail feathers are not stiff and sharp at the tips, as in ordinary woodpeckers.

||Pi"cus (?), n.; pl. Pici (#). [L., a woodpecker.] (Zoˆl.) A genus of ||woodpeckers, including some of the common American and European ||species.

Pid"dle (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Piddled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piddling (?).] [Cf. dial. Sw. pittla to keep picking at, Sw. peta to pick.] 1. To deal in trifles; to concern one's self with trivial matters rather than with those that are important. Ascham.

2. To be squeamishly nice about one's food. Swift.

3. To urinate; -- child's word.

Pid"dler (?), n. One who piddles.

Pid"dling (?), a.Trifling; trivial; frivolous; paltry; -- applied to persons and things.

The ignoble hucksterage of piddling tithes.

Milton.

Pid"dock (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pholas; a pholad. See Pholas.

Pie (?), n. [OE. pie, pye; cf. Ir. & Gael. pighe pie, also Gael. pige an earthen jar or pot. Cf. Piggin.] 1. An article of food consisting of paste baked with something in it or under it; as, chicken pie; venison pie; mince pie; apple pie; pumpkin pie.

2. See Camp, n., 5. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

Pie crust, the paste of a pie.

Pie, n. [F. pie, L. pica; cf. picus woodpecker, pingere to paint; the bird being perhaps named from its colors. Cf. Pi, Paint, Speight.] 1. (Zoˆl.) (a) A magpie. (b) Any other species of the genus Pica, and of several allied genera. [Written also pye.]

2. (R. C. Ch.) The service book.

3. (Pritn.) Type confusedly mixed. See Pi.

By cock and pie, an adjuration equivalent to "by God and the service book." Shak. -- Tree pie (Zoˆl.), any Asiatic bird of the genus Dendrocitta, allied to the magpie. -- Wood pie. (Zoˆl.) See French pie, under French.

Pie, v. t. See Pi.

Pie"bald` (?), a. [Pie the party- colored bird + bald.] 1. Having spots and patches of black and white, or other colors; mottled; pied. "A piebald steed of Thracian strain." Dryden.

2. Fig.: Mixed. "Piebald languages." Hudibras.

Piece (?), n. [OE. pece, F. piËce, LL. pecia, petia, petium, probably of Celtic origin; cf. W. peth a thing, a part, portion, a little, Armor. pez, Gael. & Ir. cuid part, share. Cf. Petty.] 1. A fragment or part of anything separated from the whole, in any manner, as by cutting, splitting, breaking, or tearing; a part; a portion; as, a piece of sugar; to break in pieces.

Bring it out piece by piece.

Ezek. xxiv. 6.

2. A definite portion or quantity, as of goods or work; as, a piece of broadcloth; a piece of wall paper.

3. Any one thing conceived of as apart from other things of the same kind; an individual article; a distinct single effort of a series; a definite performance; especially: (a) A literary or artistic composition; as, a piece of poetry, music, or statuary. (b) A musket, gun, or cannon; as, a battery of six pieces; a following piece. (c) A coin; as, a sixpenny piece; -- formerly applied specifically to an English gold coin worth 22 shillings. (d) A fact; an item; as, a piece of news; a piece of knowledge.

4. An individual; -- applied to a person as being of a certain nature or quality; often, but not always, used slightingly or in contempt. "If I had not been a piece of a logician before I came to him." Sir P. Sidney.

Thy mother was a piece of virtue.

Shak.

His own spirit is as unsettled a piece as there is in all the world.

Coleridge.

5. (Chess) One of the superior men, distinguished from a pawn.

6. A castle; a fortified building. [Obs.] Spenser.

Of a piece, of the same sort, as if taken from the same whole; like; -- sometimes followed by with. Dryden. -- Piece of eight, the Spanish piaster, formerly divided into eight reals. -- To give a piece of one's mind to, to speak plainly, bluntly, or severely to (another). Thackeray. -- Piece broker, one who buys shreds and remnants of cloth to sell again. -- Piece goods, goods usually sold by pieces or fixed portions, as shirtings, calicoes, sheetings, and the like.

Piece, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pieced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piecing (?).] 1. To make, enlarge, or repair, by the addition of a piece or pieces; to patch; as, to piece a garment; -- often with out. Shak.

2. To unite; to join; to combine. Fuller.

His adversaries . . . pieced themselves together in a joint opposition against him.

Fuller.

Piece (?), v. i. To unite by a coalescence of parts; to fit together; to join. "It pieced better." Bacon.

Piece"less, a. Not made of pieces; whole; entire.

Piece"ly, adv. In pieces; piecemeal. [Obs.]

Piece"meal` (?), adv. [OE. pecemele; pece a piece + AS. m&?;lum, dat. pl. of m&?;l part. See Meal a portion.] 1. In pieces; in parts or fragments. "On which it piecemeal brake." Chapman.

The beasts will tear thee piecemeal.

Tennyson.

2. Piece by piece; by little and little in succession.

Piecemeal they win, this acre first, than that.

Pope.

Piece"meal`, a. Made up of parts or pieces; single; separate. "These piecemeal guilts." Gov. of Tongue.

Piece"meal`, n. A fragment; a scrap. R. Vaughan.

Piece"mealed` (?), a. Divided into pieces.

Piece"ner (?), n. 1. One who supplies rolls of wool to the slubbing machine in woolen mills.

2. Same as Piecer, 2.

Pie"cer (?), n. 1. One who pieces; a patcher.

2. A child employed in spinning mill to tie together broken threads.

Piece"work` (?), n. Work done by the piece or job; work paid for at a rate based on the amount of work done, rather than on the time employed.

The reaping was piecework, at so much per acre.

R. Jefferies.

Pied (?), imp. & p. p. of Pi, or Pie, v.

Pied (?), a. [From Pie the party- colored bird.] Variegated with spots of different colors; party- colored; spotted; piebald. "Pied coats." Burton. "Meadows trim with daisies pied." Milton.

Pied antelope (Zoˆl.), the bontebok. -- Pied-billed grebe (Zoˆl.), the dabchick. -- Pied blackbird (Zoˆl.), any Asiatic thrush of the genus Turdulus. -- Pied finch (Zoˆl.) (a) The chaffinch. (b) The snow bunting. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pied flycatcher (Zoˆl.), a common European flycatcher (Ficedula atricapilla). The male is black and white.

Pied"mont (?), a. [F. pied foot + mont mountain.] (Geol.) Noting the region of foothills near the base of a mountain chain.

Pied"mont*ite (?), n. (Min.) A manganesian kind of epidote, from Piedmont. See Epidote.

Pied"ness (?), n. The state of being pied. Shak.

||PiÈ`douche" (?), n. [F., fr. It. peduccio console, corbel.] A ||pedestal of small size, used to support small objects, as busts, ||vases, and the like.

Pied"stall (?), n. See Pedestal. [Obs.]

Pie"man (?), n.; pl. Piemen (&?;). A man who makes or sells pies.

Piend (?), n. [Cf. Dan. pind a peg.] See Peen.

||Pi*e"no (?), a. [It., fr. L. plenus full.] (Mus.) Full; having all ||the instruments.

Pie"plant` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Rheum Rhaponticum) the leafstalks of which are acid, and are used in making pies; the garden rhubarb.

{ Pie"pou`dre, Pie"pow`der } (?), n. [Lit., dustyfoot, i. e., dusty-footed dealers, fr. F. pied foot + poudreux dusty.] (O. Eng. Law) An ancient court of record in England, formerly incident to every fair and market, of which the steward of him who owned or had the toll was the judge. Blackstone.

Pier (?), n. [OE. pere, OF. piere a stone, F. pierre, fr. L. petra, Gr. &?;. Cf. Petrify.] 1. (Arch.) (a) Any detached mass of masonry, whether insulated or supporting one side of an arch or lintel, as of a bridge; the piece of wall between two openings. (b) Any additional or auxiliary mass of masonry used to stiffen a wall. See Buttress.

2. A projecting wharf or landing place.

Abutment pier, the pier of a bridge next the shore; a pier which by its strength and stability resists the thrust of an arch. -- Pier glass, a mirror, of high and narrow shape, to be put up between windows. -- Pier table, a table made to stand between windows.

Pier"age (?), n. Same as Wharfage. Smart.

Pierce (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pierced (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piercing (?).] [OE. percen, F. percer, OF. percier, perchier, parchier; perh. fr. (assumed) LL. pertusiare for pertusare, fr. L. pertundere, pertusum, to beat, push, bore through; per through + tundere to beat: cf. OF. pertuisier to pierce, F. pertuis a hole. Cf. Contuse, Parch, Pertuse.] 1. To thrust into, penetrate, or transfix, with a pointed instrument. "I pierce . . . her tender side." Dryden.

2. To penetrate; to enter; to force a way into or through; to pass into or through; as, to pierce the enemy's line; a shot pierced the ship.

3. Fig.: To penetrate; to affect deeply; as, to pierce a mystery. "Pierced with grief." Pope.

Can no prayers pierce thee?

Shak.

Pierce, v. i. To enter; to penetrate; to make a way into or through something, as a pointed instrument does; -- used literally and figuratively.

And pierced to the skin, but bit no more.

Spenser.

She would not pierce further into his meaning.

Sir P. Sidney.

Pierce"a*ble (?), a. That may be pierced.

Pierced (?), a. Penetrated; entered; perforated.

Pier"cel (?), n. [Cf. F. perce.] A kind of gimlet for making vents in casks; -- called also piercer.

Pier"cer (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, pierces or perforates; specifically: (a) An instrument used in forming eyelets; a stiletto. (b) A piercel.

2. (Zoˆl.) (a) The ovipositor, or sting, of an insect. (b) An insect provided with an ovipositor.

Pier"cing (?), a. Forcibly entering, or adapted to enter, at or by a point; perforating; penetrating; keen; -- used also figuratively; as, a piercing instrument, or thrust. "Piercing eloquence." Shak.

-- Pier"cing*ly, adv. -- Pier"cing*ness, n.

Pi*e"ri*an (?), a. [L. Pierius, from Mount Pierus, in Thessaly, sacred to the Muses.] Of or pertaining to Pierides or Muses.

Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian spring.

Pope.

Pi"er*id (?), n. [See Peirides.] (Zoˆl.) Any butterfly of the genus Pieris and related genera. See Cabbage butterfly, under Cabbage.

||Pi*er"i*des (?), n. pl. [L., fr. Gr. &?;. See Pierian.] (Class. ||Myth.) The Muses.

Pi"et (p"t), n. [Dim. of Pie a magpie: cf. F. piette a smew.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The dipper, or water ouzel. [Scot.] (b) The magpie. [Prov.Eng.]

Jay piet (Zoˆl.), the European jay. [Prov.Eng.] -- Sea piet (Zoˆl.), the oyster catcher. [Prov.Eng.]

||Pi*e*t‡" (p**t‰"), n. [It.] (Fine Arts) A representation of the dead ||Christ, attended by the Virgin Mary or by holy women and angels. ||Mollett.

Pi"e*tism (p"*tz'm), n. [Cf. G. pietismus, F. piÈtisme.] 1. The principle or practice of the Pietists.

2. Strict devotion; also, affectation of devotion.

The Schˆne Seele, that ideal of gentle pietism, in "Wilhelm Meister."

W. Pater.

Pi"e*tist (?), n. [Cf. G. pietist, F. piÈtiste. See Piety.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a class of religious reformers in Germany in the 17th century who sought to revive declining piety in the Protestant churches; -- often applied as a term of reproach to those who make a display of religious feeling. Also used adjectively.

{ Pi`e*tis"tic (?), Pi`e*tis"tic*al (?), } a. Of or pertaining to the Pietists; hence, in contempt, affectedly or demonstratively religious. Addison.

||Pi*e"tra du"ra (?). [It., hard stone.] (Fine Arts) Hard and fine ||stones in general, such as are used for inlay and the like, as ||distinguished from the softer stones used in building; thus, a ||Florentine mosaic is a familiar instance of work in pietra dura, ||though the ground may be soft marble.

Pi"e*ty (?), n. [F. piÈtÈ; cf. It. piet‡; both fr. L. pietas piety, fr. pius pious. See Pious, and cf. Pity.] 1. Veneration or reverence of the Supreme Being, and love of his character; loving obedience to the will of God, and earnest devotion to his service.

Piety is the only proper and adequate relief of decaying man.

Rambler.

2. Duty; dutifulness; filial reverence and devotion; affectionate reverence and service shown toward parents, relatives, benefactors, country, etc.

Conferred upon me for the piety Which to my country I was judged to have shown.

Milton.

Syn. -- Religion; sanctity; devotion; godliness; holiness. See Religion.

Pie"wipe` (?), n. [So called from its note.] (Zoˆl.) The lapwing, or pewit. [Prov. Eng.]

Pi`e*zom"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; to press + -meter: cf. F. piÈzomËtre.] 1. (Physics) An instrument for measuring the compressibility of liquids.

2. (Physics) A gauge connected with a water main to show the pressure at that point.

{ ||Pif"fe*ro (?), ||Pif"fa*ra (?), } n. [It. piffero.] (Mus.) A fife; also, a rude kind of oboe or a bagpipe with an inflated skin for reservoir.

Pig (?), n. A piggin. [Written also pigg.]

Pig, n. [Cf. D. big, bigge, LG. bigge, also Dan. pige girl, Sw. piga, Icel. pka.] 1. The young of swine, male or female; also, any swine; a hog. "Two pigges in a poke." Chaucer.

2. (Zoˆl.) Any wild species of the genus Sus and related genera.

3. [Cf. Sow a channel for melted iron.] An oblong mass of cast iron, lead, or other metal. See Mine pig, under Mine.

4. One who is hoggish; a greedy person. [Low]

Masked pig. (Zoˆl.) See under Masked. -- Pig bed (Founding), the bed of sand in which the iron from a smelting furnace is cast into pigs. -- Pig iron, cast iron in pigs, or oblong blocks or bars, as it comes from the smelting furnace. See Pig, 4. -- Pig yoke (Naut.), a nickname for a quadrant or sextant. -- A pig in a poke (that is, bag), a blind bargain; something bought or bargained for, without the quality or the value being known. [Colloq.]

Pig, v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pigged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pigging (?).] 1. To bring forth (pigs); to bring forth in the manner of pigs; to farrow.

2. To huddle or lie together like pigs, in one bed.

Pi"geon (?), n. [F., fr. L. pipio a young pipping or chirping bird, fr. pipire to peep, chirp. Cf. Peep to chirp.] 1. (Zoˆl.) Any bird of the order ColumbÊ, of which numerous species occur in nearly all parts of the world.

The common domestic pigeon, or dove, was derived from the Old World rock pigeon (Columba livia). It has given rise to numerous very remarkable varieties, such as the carrier, fantail, nun, pouter, tumbler, etc. The common wild pigeons of the Eastern United States are the passenger pigeon, and the Carolina dove. See under Passenger, and Dove. See, also, Fruit pigeon, Ground pigeon, Queen pigeon, Stock pigeon, under Fruit, Ground, etc.

2. An unsuspected victim of sharpers; a gull. [Slang]

Blue pigeon (Zoˆl.), an Australian passerine bird (Graucalus melanops); -- called also black-faced crow. -- Green pigeon (Zoˆl.), any one of numerous species of Old World pigeons belonging to the family TreronidÊ. -- Imperial pigeon (Zoˆl.), any one of the large Asiatic fruit pigeons of the genus Carpophada. - - Pigeon berry (Bot.), the purplish black fruit of the pokeweed; also, the plant itself. See Pokeweed. -- Pigeon English [perhaps a corruption of business English], an extraordinary and grotesque dialect, employed in the commercial cities of China, as the medium of communication between foreign merchants and the Chinese. Its base is English, with a mixture of Portuguese and Hindoostanee. Johnson's Cyc. -- Pigeon grass (Bot.), a kind of foxtail grass (Setaria glauca), of some value as fodder. The seeds are eagerly eaten by pigeons and other birds. - - Pigeon hawk. (Zoˆl.) (a) A small American falcon (Falco columbarius). The adult male is dark slate-blue above, streaked with black on the back; beneath, whitish or buff, streaked with brown. The tail is banded. (b) The American sharp- shinned hawk (Accipiter velox, or fuscus). -- Pigeon hole. (a) A hole for pigeons to enter a pigeon house. (b) See Pigeonhole. (c) pl. An old English game, in which balls were rolled through little arches. Halliwell. -- Pigeon house, a dovecote. -- Pigeon pea (Bot.), the seed of Cajanus Indicus; a kind of pulse used for food in the East and West Indies; also, the plant itself. -- Pigeon plum (Bot.), the edible drupes of two West African species of Chrysobalanus (C. ellipticus and C. luteus). -- Pigeon tremex. (Zoˆl.) See under Tremex. -- Pigeon wood (Bot.), a name in the West Indies for the wood of several very different kinds of trees, species of Dipholis, Diospyros, and Coccoloba. -- Pigeon woodpecker (Zoˆl.), the flicker. -- Prairie pigeon. (Zoˆl.) (a) The upland plover. (b) The golden plover. [Local, U.S.]

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Pi"geon (?), v. t. To pluck; to fleece; to swindle by tricks in gambling. [Slang] Smart.

He's pigeoned and undone.

Observer.

Pi"geon-breast`ed (?), a. Having a breast like a pigeon, -- the sternum being so prominent as to constitute a deformity; chicken-breasted.

Pi"geon*foot` (?), n. (Bot.) The dove's-foot geranium (Geranium molle).

Pi"geon-heart`ed (?), a. Timid; easily frightened; chicken-hearted. Beau. & Fl.

Pi"geon*hole` (?), n. A small compartment in a desk or case for the keeping of letters, documents, etc.; -- so called from the resemblance of a row of them to the compartments in a dovecote. Burke.

Pi"geon*hole`, v. t. To place in the pigeonhole of a case or cabinet; hence, to put away; to lay aside indefinitely; as, to pigeonhole a letter or a report.

Pi"geon-liv`ered (?), a. Pigeon- hearted.

Pi"geon*ry (?), n. A place for pigeons; a dovecote.

Pi"geon*toed` (?), a. Having the toes turned in.

Pig"-eyed` (?), a. Having small, deep-set eyes.

Pig"fish` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) (a) Any one of several species of salt-water grunts; -- called also hogfish. (b) A sculpin. The name is also applied locally to several other fishes.

Pig"foot` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A marine fish (ScorpÊna porcus), native of Europe. It is reddish brown, mottled with dark brown and black.

Pigg (?), n. A piggin. See 1st Pig. Sir W. Scott.

Pig"ger*y (?), n.; pl. Piggeries (&?;). A place where swine are kept.

Pig"gin (?), n. [Scot.; cf. Gael. pigean, dim. of pigeadh, pige, an earthen jar, pitcher, or pot, Ir. pigin, pighead, W. piccyn.] A small wooden pail or tub with an upright stave for a handle, -- often used as a dipper.

Pig"gish (?), a. Relating to, or like, a pig; greedy.

Pig"-head`ed (?), a. Having a head like a pig; hence, figuratively: stupidity obstinate; perverse; stubborn. B. Jonson. -- Pig"-head`ed*ness, n.

Pight (?), imp. & p. p. of Pitch, to throw; -- used also adjectively. Pitched; fixed; determined. [Obs.]

[His horse] pight him on the pommel of his head.

Chaucer.

I found him pight to do it.

Shak.

Pigh"tel (?), n. [Cf. Pight, Picle.] A small inclosure. [Written also pightle.] [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Pig"-jawed` (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Having the upper jaw projecting beyond the lower, with the upper incisors in advance of the lower; -- said of dogs.

Pig*me"an (?), a. See Pygmean.

Pig"ment (?), n. [L. pigmentum, fr. the root of pingere to paint: cf. F. pigment. See Paint, and cf. Pimento, Orpiment.] 1. Any material from which a dye, a paint, or the like, may be prepared; particularly, the refined and purified coloring matter ready for mixing with an appropriate vehicle.

2. (Physiol.) Any one of the colored substances found in animal and vegetable tissues and fluids, as bilirubin, urobilin, chlorophyll, etc.

3. Wine flavored with species and honey. Sir W. Scott.

Pigment cell (Physiol.), a small cell containing coloring matter, as the pigmented epithelial cells of the choroid and iris, or the pigmented connective tissue cells in the skin of fishes, reptiles, etc.

{ Pig*men"tal (?), Pig"men*ta*ry (?), } a. Of or pertaining to pigments; furnished with pigments. Dunglison.

Pigmentary degeneration (Med.), a morbid condition in which an undue amount of pigment is deposited in the tissues.

Pig`men*ta"tion (?), n. (Physiol.) A deposition, esp. an excessive deposition, of coloring matter; as, pigmentation of the liver.

Pig"ment*ed (?), a. Colored; specifically (Biol.), filled or imbued with pigment; as, pigmented epithelial cells; pigmented granules.

Pig*men"tous (?), a. Pigmental.

Pig"my (?), n. See Pygmy.

Pigmy falcon. (Zoˆl.) Same as Falconet, 2 (a).

Pig"ner*ate (?), v. t. [L. pigneratus, p. p. of pignerate to pledge.] 1. To pledge or pawn. [Obs.]

2. to receive in pawn, as a pawnbroker does. [Obs.]

Pig`no*ra"tion (?), n. [LL. pignoratio, L. pigneratio, fr. pignerate to pledge, fr. pignus, gen. -ous and -eris, a pledge, a pawn: cf. F. pignoration.] 1. The act of pledging or pawning.

2. (Civil Law) The taking of cattle doing damage, by way of pledge, till satisfaction is made. Burrill.

Pig"no*ra*tive (?), a. [Cf. F. pignoratif.] Pledging, pawning. [R.]

||Pig"nus (?), n.; pl. Pignora (#). [L.] (Rom. Law) A pledge or pawn.

Pig"nut (?), n. (Bot.) (a) See Groundnut (d). (b) The bitter- flavored nut of a species of hickory (Carya glabra, or porcina); also, the tree itself.

Pig"pen` (?), n. A pen, or sty, for pigs.

Pig"skin` (?), n. The skin of a pig, -- used chiefly for making saddles; hence, a colloquial or slang term for a saddle.

Pigs"ney (?), n. [Perh. a dim. of Dan. pige a girl, or Sw. piga; or from E. pig's eye.] A word of endearment for a girl or woman. [Obs.] [Written also pigsnie, pigsny, etc.] Chaucer.

Pig"-stick`ing (?), n. Boar hunting; -- so called by Anglo-Indians. [Colloq.] Tackeray.

Pig"sty` (?), n.; pl. Pigsties (&?;). A pigpen.

Pig"tail` (?), n. 1. The tail of a pig.

2. (Hair Dressing) A cue, or queue. J. & H. Smith.

3. A kind of twisted chewing tobacco.

The tobacco he usually cheweth, called pigtail.

Swift.

Pig"tailed` (?), a. Having a tail like a pig's; as, the pigtailed baboon.

Pig"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A name of several annual weeds. See Goosefoot, and Lamb's- quarters.

Pig"wid`geon (?), n. [Written also pigwidgin and pigwiggen.] A cant word for anything petty or small. It is used by Drayton as the name of a fairy.

Pi"ka (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any one of several species of rodents of the genus Lagomys, resembling small tailless rabbits. They inhabit the high mountains of Asia and America. Called also calling hare, and crying hare. See Chief hare.

Pike (?), n. [F. pique; perhaps of Celtic origin; cf. W. pig a prick, a point, beak, Arm. pik pick. But cf. also L. picus woodpecker (see Pie magpie), and E. spike. Cf. Pick, n. & v., Peak, Pique.] 1. (Mil.) A foot soldier's weapon, consisting of a long wooden shaft or staff, with a pointed steel head. It is now superseded by the bayonet.

2. A pointed head or spike; esp., one in the center of a shield or target. Beau. & Fl.

3. A hayfork. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.] Tusser.

4. A pick. [Prov. Eng.] Wright. Raymond.

5. A pointed or peaked hill. [R.]

6. A large haycock. [Prov. Eng.] Halliwell.

7. A turnpike; a toll bar. Dickens.

8. (Zoˆl.) sing. & pl. A large fresh-water fish (Esox lucius), found in Europe and America, highly valued as a food fish; -- called also pickerel, gedd, luce, and jack.

Blue pike, grass pike, green pike, wall-eyed pike, and yellow pike, are names, not of true pike, but of the wall-eye. See Wall-eye.

Gar pike. See under Gar. -- Pike perch (Zoˆl.), any fresh-water fish of the genus Stizostedion (formerly Lucioperca). See Wall-eye, and Sauger. -- Pike pole, a long pole with a pike in one end, used in directing floating logs. -- Pike whale (Zoˆl.), a finback whale of the North Atlantic (BalÊnoptera rostrata), having an elongated snout; -- called also piked whale. -- Sand pike (Zoˆl.), the lizard fish. -- Sea pike (Zoˆl.), the garfish (a).

Piked (?), a. Furnished with a pike; ending in a point; peaked; pointed. "With their piked targets bearing them down." Milton.

Pike`-de*vant" (?), n. [Pike point (fr. F. pique) + F. devant before.] A pointed beard. [Obs.]

{ Pike"let (?), Pike"lin (?), } n. A light, thin cake or muffin. [Prov. Eng.] Wright.

Pike"man (?), n.; pl. Pikeman (&?;). 1. A soldier armed with a pike. Knolles.

2. A miner who works with a pick. Beaconsfield.

3. A keeper of a turnpike gate. T. Hughes.

Pike"staff` (?), n. 1. The staff, or shaft, of a pike.

2. A staff with a spike in the lower end, to guard against slipping. Sir W. Scott.

Pike"tail` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) See Pintail, 1.

Pik"ro*lite (?), n. (Min.) See Picrolite.

Pi"lage (?), n. See Pelage.

Pi*las"ter (?), n. [F. pilastre, It. pilastro, LL. pilastrum, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pillar.] (Arch.) An upright architectural member right-angled in plan, constructionally a pier (See Pier, 1 (b)), but architecturally corresponding to a column, having capital, shaft, and base to agree with those of the columns of the same order. In most cases the projection from the wall is one third of its width, or less.

Pi*las"tered (?), a. Furnished with pilasters.

||Pi*lau" (?), n. See Pillau.

Pilch (?), n. [AS. pylce, pylece, LL. pellicia. See Pelisse, and Pelt skin.] A gown or case of skin, or one trimmed or lined with fur. [Obs.]

Pil"chard (?), n. [Cf. It. pilseir, W. pilcod minnows.] (Zoˆl.) A small European food fish (Clupea pilchardus) resembling the herring, but thicker and rounder. It is sometimes taken in great numbers on the coast of England.

Fools are as like husbands as pilchards are to herrings.

Shak.

Pilch"er (?), n. [From Pilch.] A scabbard, as of a sword. [Obs.] Shak.

Pilch"er, n. (Zoˆl.) The pilchard.

Pil"crow (?), n. [A corruption of Paragraph.] (Print.) a paragraph mark, ∂. [Obs.] Tusser.

Pile (?), n. [L. pilus hair. Cf. Peruke.] 1. A hair; hence, the fiber of wool, cotton, and the like; also, the nap when thick or heavy, as of carpeting and velvet.

Velvet soft, or plush with shaggy pile.

Cowper.

2. (Zoˆl.) A covering of hair or fur.

Pile, n. [L. pilum javelin. See Pile a stake.] The head of an arrow or spear. [Obs.] Chapman.

Pile, n. [AS. pl arrow, stake, L. pilum javelin; but cf. also L. pila pillar.] 1. A large stake, or piece of timber, pointed and driven into the earth, as at the bottom of a river, or in a harbor where the ground is soft, for the support of a building, a pier, or other superstructure, or to form a cofferdam, etc.

Tubular iron piles are now much used.

2. [Cf. F. pile.] (Her.) One of the ordinaries or subordinaries having the form of a wedge, usually placed palewise, with the broadest end uppermost.

Pile bridge, a bridge of which the roadway is supported on piles. -- Pile cap, a beam resting upon and connecting the heads of piles. -- Pile driver, or Pile engine, an apparatus for driving down piles, consisting usually of a high frame, with suitable appliances for raising to a height (by animal or steam power, the explosion of gunpowder, etc.) a heavy mass of iron, which falls upon the pile. -- Pile dwelling. See Lake dwelling, under Lake. -- Pile plank (Hydraul. Eng.), a thick plank used as a pile in sheet piling. See Sheet piling, under Piling. -- Pneumatic pile. See under Pneumatic. -- Screw pile, one with a screw at the lower end, and sunk by rotation aided by pressure.

Pile, v. t. To drive piles into; to fill with piles; to strengthen with piles.

To sheet-pile, to make sheet piling in or around. See Sheet piling, under 2nd Piling.

Pile, n. [F. pile, L. pila a pillar, a pier or mole of stone. Cf. Pillar.] 1. A mass of things heaped together; a heap; as, a pile of stones; a pile of wood.

2. A mass formed in layers; as, a pile of shot.

3. A funeral pile; a pyre. Dryden.

4. A large building, or mass of buildings.

The pile o'erlooked the town and drew the fight.

Dryden.

5. (Iron Manuf.) Same as Fagot, n., 2.

6. (Elec.) A vertical series of alternate disks of two dissimilar metals, as copper and zinc, laid up with disks of cloth or paper moistened with acid water between them, for producing a current of electricity; -- commonly called Volta's pile, voltaic pile, or galvanic pile.

The term is sometimes applied to other forms of apparatus designed to produce a current of electricity, or as synonymous with battery; as, for instance, to an apparatus for generating a current of electricity by the action of heat, usually called a thermopile.

7. [F. pile pile, an engraved die, L. pila a pillar.] The reverse of a coin. See Reverse.

Cross and pile. See under Cross. -- Dry pile. See under Dry.

Pile, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piling.] 1. To lay or throw into a pile or heap; to heap up; to collect into a mass; to accumulate; to amass; -- often with up; as, to pile up wood. "Hills piled on hills." Dryden. "Life piled on life." Tennyson.

The labor of an age in piled stones.

Milton.

2. To cover with heaps; or in great abundance; to fill or overfill; to load.

To pile arms or muskets (Mil.), to place three guns together so that they may stand upright, supporting each other; to stack arms.

{ Pi"le*ate (?), Pi"le*a`ted (?), } a. [L. pileatus, fr. pileus a felt cap or hat.] 1. Having the form of a cap for the head.

2. (Zoˆl.) Having a crest covering the pileus, or whole top of the head.

Pileated woodpecker (Zoˆl.), a large American woodpecker (Ceophloeus pileatus). It is black, with a bright red pointed crest. Called also logcock, and woodcock.

Piled (?), a. [From 2d Pile.] Having a pile or point; pointed. [Obs.] "Magus threw a spear well piled." Chapman.

Piled, a. [From 1d Pile.] Having a pile or nap. "Three-piled velvet." L. Barry (1611).

Piled, a. [From 6d Pile.] (Iron Manuf.) Formed from a pile or fagot; as, piled iron.

Pi*le"i*form (?), a. [Pileus + -form.] Having the form of a pileus or cap; pileate.

Pile"ment (?), n. [From Pile to lay into a heap.] An accumulation; a heap. [Obs.] Bp. Hall.

<! p. 1086 !>

||Pi*len"tum (?), n.; pl. Pilenta (#). [L.] (Rom. Antiq.) An easy ||chariot or carriage, used by Roman ladies, and in which the vessels, ||etc., for sacred rites were carried.

||Pi`le*o*rhi"za (?), n.; pl. PilorhizÊ (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a cap + ||&?; root.] (Bot.) A cap of cells which covers the growing extremity ||of a root; a rootcap.

Pi"le*ous (?), a. [See Pilous.] Consisting of, or covered with, hair; hairy; pilose.

Pil"er (?), n. One who places things in a pile.

Piles (?), n. pl. [L. pila a ball. Cf. Pill a medicine.] (Med.) The small, troublesome tumors or swellings about the anus and lower part of the rectum which are technically called hemorrhoids. See Hemorrhoids. [The singular pile is sometimes used.]

Blind piles, hemorrhoids which do not bleed.

Pi"le*us (?), n.; pl. Pilei (#). [L., a felt cap.] 1. (Rom. Antiq.) A kind of skull cap of felt.

2. (Bot.) The expanded upper portion of many of the fungi. See Mushroom.

3. (Zoˆl.) The top of the head of a bird, from the bill to the nape.

Pile"worm` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The teredo.

Pile"-worn` (?), a. Having the pile worn off; threadbare.

Pile"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) A plant (Ranunculus Ficaria of LinnÊus) whose tuberous roots have been used in poultices as a specific for the piles. Forsyth.

Pil"fer (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pilfered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pilfering.] [OF. pelfrer. See Pelf.] To steal in small quantities, or articles of small value; to practice petty theft.

Pil"fer, v. t. To take by petty theft; to filch; to steal little by little.

And not a year but pilfers as he goes Some youthful grace that age would gladly keep.

Cowper.

Pil"fer*er (?), n. One who pilfers; a petty thief.

Pil"fer*ing, a. Thieving in a small way. Shak. -- n. Petty theft. -- Pil"fer*ing*ly, adv.

Pil"fer*y (?), n. Petty theft. [R.] Sir T. North.

Pil*gar"lic (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] One who has lost his hair by disease; a sneaking fellow, or one who is hardly used.

Pil"grim (?), n. [OE. pilgrim, pelgrim, pilegrim, pelegrim; cf. D. pelgrim, OHG. piligrm, G. pilger, F. pËlerin, It. pellegrino; all fr. L. peregrinus a foreigner, fr. pereger abroad; per through + ager land, field. See Per-, and Acre, and cf. Pelerine, Peregrine.] 1. A wayfarer; a wanderer; a traveler; a stranger.

Strangers and pilgrims on the earth.

Heb. xi. 13.

2. One who travels far, or in strange lands, to visit some holy place or shrine as a devotee; as, a pilgrim to Loretto; Canterbury pilgrims. See Palmer. P. Plowman.

Pil"grim, a. Of or pertaining to a pilgrim, or pilgrims; making pilgrimages. "With pilgrim steps." Milton.

Pilgrim fathers, a name popularly given to the one hundred and two English colonists who landed from the Mayflower and made the first settlement in New England at Plymouth in 1620. They were separatists from the Church of England, and most of them had sojourned in Holland.

Pil"grim, v. i. To journey; to wander; to ramble. [R.] Grew. Carlyle.

Pil"grim*age (?), n. [OE. pilgrimage, pelgrinage; cf. F. pËlerinage.] 1. The journey of a pilgrim; a long journey; especially, a journey to a shrine or other sacred place. Fig., the journey of human life. Shak.

The days of the years of my pilgrimage.

Gen. xlvii. 9.

2. A tedious and wearisome time.

In prison hast thou spent a pilgrimage.

Shak.

Syn. -- Journey; tour; excursion. See Journey.

Pil"grim*ize (?), v. i. To wander as a pilgrim; to go on a pilgrimage. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

||Pi*lid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Pildia (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?;, dim. of &?; a ||cap.] (Zoˆl.) The free-swimming, hat-shaped larva of certain ||nemertean worms. It has no resemblance to its parent, and the young ||worm develops in its interior.

||Pi*lif"e*ra (?), n. pl. [NL. See Piliferous.] (Zoˆl.) Same as ||Mammalia.

Pi*lif"er*ous (?), a. [L. pilus hair + -ferous: cf. F. pilifËre.] 1. Bearing a single slender bristle, or hair.

2. Beset with hairs.

Pil"i*form (?), a. [L. pilus hair + -form.] (Bot.) Resembling hairs or down.

Pi*lig"er*ous (?), a. [L. pilus hair + -gerous: cf. F. piligËre.] Bearing hair; covered with hair or down; piliferous.

Pil"ing (?), n. [See Pile a heap.] 1. The act of heaping up.

2. (Iron Manuf.) The process of building up, heating, and working, fagots, or piles, to form bars, etc.

Pil"ing, n. [See Pile a stake.] A series of piles; piles considered collectively; as, the piling of a bridge.

Pug piling, sheet piles connected together at the edges by dovetailed tongues and grooves. -- Sheet piling, a series of piles made of planks or half logs driven edge to edge, -- used to form the walls of cofferdams, etc.

Pill (?), n. [Cf. Peel skin, or Pillion.] The peel or skin. [Obs.] "Some be covered over with crusts, or hard pills, as the locusts." Holland.

Pill, v. i. To be peeled; to peel off in flakes.

Pill, v. t. [Cf. L. pilare to deprive of hair, and E. pill, n. (above).] 1. To deprive of hair; to make bald. [Obs.]

2. To peel; to make by removing the skin.

[Jacob] pilled white streaks . . . in the rods.

Gen. xxx. 37.

Pill (?), v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pilled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pilling.] [F. piller, L. pilare; cf. It. pigliare to take. Cf. Peel to plunder.] To rob; to plunder; to pillage; to peel. See Peel, to plunder. [Obs.] Spenser.

Pillers and robbers were come in to the field to pill and to rob.

Sir T. Malroy.

Pill (?), n. [F. pilute, L. pilula a pill, little ball, dim. of L. pila a ball. Cf. Piles.] 1. A medicine in the form of a little ball, or small round mass, to be swallowed whole.

2. Figuratively, something offensive or nauseous which must be accepted or endured. Udall.

Pill beetle (Zoˆl.), any small beetle of the genus Byrrhus, having a rounded body, with the head concealed beneath the thorax. -- Pill bug (Zoˆl.), any terrestrial isopod of the genus Armadillo, having the habit of rolling itself into a ball when disturbed. Called also pill wood louse.

Pil"lage (?), n. [F., fr. piller to plunder. See Pill to plunder.] 1. The act of pillaging; robbery. Shak.

2. That which is taken from another or others by open force, particularly and chiefly from enemies in war; plunder; spoil; booty.

Which pillage they with merry march bring home.

Shak.

Syn. -- Plunder; rapine; spoil; depredation. -- Pillage, Plunder. Pillage refers particularly to the act of stripping the sufferers of their goods, while plunder refers to the removal of the things thus taken; but the words are freely interchanged.

Pil"lage, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pillaged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pillaging (?).] To strip of money or goods by open violence; to plunder; to spoil; to lay waste; as, to pillage the camp of an enemy.

Mummius . . . took, pillaged, and burnt their city.

Arbuthnot.

Pil"lage, v. i. To take spoil; to plunder; to ravage.

They were suffered to pillage wherever they went.

Macaulay.

Pil"la*ger (?), n. One who pillages. Pope.

Pil"lar (?), n. [OE. pilerF. pilier, LL. pilare, pilarium, pilarius, fr. L. pila a pillar. See Pile a heap.] 1. The general and popular term for a firm, upright, insulated support for a superstructure; a pier, column, or post; also, a column or shaft not supporting a superstructure, as one erected for a monument or an ornament.

Jacob set a pillar upon her grave.

Gen. xxxv. 20.

The place . . . vast and proud, Supported by a hundred pillars stood.

Dryden.

2. Figuratively, that which resembles such a pillar in appearance, character, or office; a supporter or mainstay; as, the Pillars of Hercules; a pillar of the state. "You are a well-deserving pillar." Shak.

By day a cloud, by night a pillar of fire.

Milton.

3. (R. C. Ch.) A portable ornamental column, formerly carried before a cardinal, as emblematic of his support to the church. [Obs.] Skelton.

4. (Man.) The center of the volta, ring, or manege ground, around which a horse turns.

From pillar to post, hither and thither; to and fro; from one place or predicament to another; backward and forward. [Colloq.] -- Pillar saint. See Stylite. -- Pillars of the fauces. See Fauces, 1.

Pil"lar, a. (Mach.) Having a support in the form of a pillar, instead of legs; as, a pillar drill.

Pil"lar-block` (?), n. See under Pillow.

Pil"lared (?), a. Supported or ornamented by pillars; resembling a pillar, or pillars. "The pillared arches." Sir W. Scott. "Pillared flame." Thomson.

Pil"lar*et (?), n. A little pillar. [R.] Fuller.

Pil"lar*ist, n. (Eccl. Hist.) See Stylite.

||Pil*lau" (?), n. [Per. & Turk. pilau.] An Oriental dish consisting of ||rice boiled with mutton, fat, or butter. [Written also pilau.]

Pilled (?), a. [See 3rd Pill.] Stripped of hair; scant of hair; bald. [Obs.] "Pilled beard." Chaucer.

Pilled"-gar"lic (?), n. See Pilgarlic.

Pill"er (?), n. One who pills or plunders. [Obs.]

Pill"er*y (?), n.; pl. Pilleries (&?;). Plunder; pillage. [Obs.] Daniel.

Pil"lion (?), n. [Ir. pillin, pilliun (akin to Gael. pillean, pillin), fr. Ir. & Gael. pill, peall, a skin or hide, prob. fr. L. pellis. See Pell, n., Fell skin.] A panel or cushion saddle; the under pad or cushion of saddle; esp., a pad or cushion put on behind a man's saddle, on which a woman may ride.

His [a soldier's] shank pillion without stirrups.

Spenser.

Pil"lo*rize (?), v. t. To set in, or punish with, the pillory; to pillory. [R.]

Pil"lo*ry (?), n.; pl. Pillories (#). [F. pilori; cf. Pr. espitlori, LL. piloricum, pilloricum, pellericum, pellorium, pilorium, spilorium; perhaps from a derivative of L. speculari to look around, observe. Cf. Speculate.] A frame of adjustable boards erected on a post, and having holes through which the head and hands of an offender were thrust so as to be exposed in front of it. Shak.

Pil"lo*ry, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pilloried (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pillorying.] [Cf. F. pilorier.] 1. To set in, or punish with, the pillory. "Hungering for Puritans to pillory." Macaulay.

2. Figuratively, to expose to public scorn. Gladstone.

Pil"low (?), n. [OE. pilwe, AS. pyle, fr. L. pilvinus.] 1. Anything used to support the head of a person when reposing; especially, a sack or case filled with feathers, down, hair, or other soft material.

[Resty sloth] finds the down pillow hard.

Shak.

2. (Mach.) A piece of metal or wood, forming a support to equalize pressure; a brass; a pillow block. [R.]

3. (Naut.) A block under the inner end of a bowsprit.

4. A kind of plain, coarse fustian.

Lace pillow, a cushion used in making hand- wrought lace. -- Pillow bier [OE. pilwebere; cf. LG. b¸re a pillowcase], a pillowcase; pillow slip. [Obs.] Chaucer. -- Pillow block (Mach.), a block, or standard, for supporting a journal, as of a shaft. It is usually bolted to the frame or foundation of a machine, and is often furnished with journal boxes, and a movable cover, or cap, for tightening the bearings by means of bolts; -- called also pillar block, or plumber block. -- Pillow lace, handmade lace wrought with bobbins upon a lace pillow. -- Pillow of a plow, a crosspiece of wood which serves to raise or lower the beam. -- Pillow sham, an ornamental covering laid over a pillow when not in use. -- Pillow slip, a pillowcase.

Pil"low (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pillowed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pillowing.] To rest or lay upon, or as upon, a pillow; to support; as, to pillow the head.

Pillows his chin upon an orient wave.

Milton.

Pil"low*case` (?), n. A removable case or covering for a pillow, usually of white linen or cotton cloth.

Pil"lowed (?), a. Provided with a pillow or pillows; having the head resting on, or as on, a pillow.

Pillowedon buckler cold and hard.

Sir W. Scott.

Pil"low*y (?), a. Like a pillow. Keats.

Pill"-wil`let (?), n. [So named from its note.] (Zoˆl.) The willet.

Pill"worm` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any myriapod of the genus Iulus and allied genera which rolls up spirally; a galleyworm. See Illust. under Myriapod.

Pill"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Pilularia; minute aquatic cryptograms, with small pill-shaped fruit; -- sometimes called peppergrass.

Pi`lo*car"pine (?), n. [From NL. Pilocarpus pennatifolius jaborandi; L. pilus hair + Gr. karpo`s fruit: cf. F. pilocarpine.] (Chem.) An alkaloid extracted from jaborandi (Pilocarpus pennatifolius) as a white amorphous or crystalline substance which has a peculiar effect on the vasomotor system.

Pi*lose" (?), a. [L. pilosus, fr. pilus hair. See Pile.] 1. Hairy; full of, or made of, hair.

The heat-retaining property of the pilose covering.

Owen.

2. (Zoˆl.) Clothed thickly with pile or soft down.

3. (Bot.) Covered with long, slender hairs; resembling long hairs; hairy; as, pilose pubescence.

Pi*los"i*ty (?), n. [Cf. F. pilositÈ.] The quality or state of being pilose; hairiness. Bacon.

Pi"lot (?), n. [F. pilote, prob. from D. peillood plummet, sounding lead; peilen, pegelen, to sound, measure (fr. D. & G. peil, pegel, a sort of measure, water mark) + lood lead, akin to E. lead. The pilot, then, is the lead man, i. e., he who throws the lead. See Pail, and Lead a metal.] 1. (Naut.) One employed to steer a vessel; a helmsman; a steersman. Dryden.

2. Specifically, a person duly qualified, and licensed by authority, to conduct vessels into and out of a port, or in certain waters, for a fixed rate of fees.

3. Figuratively: A guide; a director of another through a difficult or unknown course.

4. An instrument for detecting the compass error.

5. The cowcatcher of a locomotive. [U.S.]

Pilot balloon, a small balloon sent up in advance of a large one, to show the direction and force of the wind. -- Pilot bird. (Zoˆl.) (a) A bird found near the Caribbee Islands; -- so called because its presence indicates to mariners their approach to these islands. Crabb. (b) The black- bellied plover. [Local, U.S.] -- Pilot boat, a strong, fast-sailing boat used to carry and receive pilots as they board and leave vessels. -- Pilot bread, ship biscuit. -- Pilot cloth, a coarse, stout kind of cloth for overcoats. -- Pilot engine, a locomotive going in advance of a train to make sure that the way is clear. -- Pilot fish. (Zoˆl) (a) A pelagic carangoid fish (Naucrates ductor); -- so named because it is often seen in company with a shark, swimming near a ship, on account of which sailors imagine that it acts as a pilot to the shark. (b) The rudder fish (Seriola zonata). -- Pilot jack, a flag or signal hoisted by a vessel for a pilot. -- Pilot jacket, a pea jacket. -- Pilot nut (Bridge Building), a conical nut applied temporarily to the threaded end of a pin, to protect the thread and guide the pin when it is driven into a hole. Waddell. -- Pilot snake (Zoˆl.) (a) A large North American snake (Coluber obsoleus). It is lustrous black, with white edges to some of the scales. Called also mountain black snake. (b) The pine snake. -- Pilot whale. (Zoˆl.) Same as Blackfish, 1.

Pi"lot, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piloted; p. pr. & vb. n. Piloting.] [Cf. F. piloter.] 1. To direct the course of, as of a ship, where navigation is dangerous.

2. Figuratively: To guide, as through dangers or difficulties. "The art of piloting a state." Berkeley.

Pi"lot*age (?), n. [Cf. F. pilotage.] 1. The pilot's skill or knowledge, as of coasts, rocks, bars, and channels. [Obs.] Sir W. Raleigh.

2. The compensation made or allowed to a pilot.

3. Guidance, as by a pilot. Sir W. Scott.

{ Pi"lot*ism (?), Pi"lot*ry (?), } n. Pilotage; skill in the duties of a pilot. [R.]

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Pil"our (?), n. A piller; a plunderer. [Obs.]

Pil"ous (?), a. See Pilose.

Pil"ser (?), n. An insect that flies into a flame.

Pil"u*lar (?), a. Of or pertaining to pills; resembling a pill or pills; as, a pilular mass.

Pil"u*lous (?), a. [L. pilula a pill. See Pill.] Like a pill; small; insignificant. [R.] G. Eliot.

Pil"we (?), n. A pillow. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pi"ly (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Like pile or wool.

Pi*mar"ic (?), a. [NL. pinum maritima, an old name for P. Pinaster, a pine which yields galipot.] (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in galipot, and isomeric with abietic acid.

Pi*mel"ic (?), a. [Gr. &?; fat.] (Chem.) (a) Pertaining to, or designating, a substance obtained from certain fatty substances, and subsequently shown to be a mixture of suberic and adipic acids. (b) Designating the acid proper (C5H10(CO2/H)2) which is obtained from camphoric acid.

Pim"e*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; fat.] (Min.) An apple-green mineral having a greasy feel. It is a hydrous silicate of nickel, magnesia, aluminia, and iron.

Pi"ment (?), n. [F. See Pimento.] Wine flavored with spice or honey. See Pigment, 3. [Obs.]

Pi*men"ta (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Pimento.

Pi*men"to (?), n. [Sp. pimiento, pimienta; cf. Pg. pimenta, F. piment; all fr. L. pigmentum a paint, pigment, the juice of plants; hence, something spicy and aromatic. See Pigment.] (Bot.) Allspice; -- applied both to the tree and its fruit. See Allspice.

Pim"li*co (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The friar bird.

Pimp (pmp), n. [Cf. F. pimpant smart, sparkish; perh. akin to piper to pipe, formerly also, to excel. Cf. Pipe.] One who provides gratification for the lust of others; a procurer; a pander. Swift.

Pimp, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pimped (pmt; 215); p. pr. & vb. n. Pimping.] To procure women for the gratification of others' lusts; to pander. Dryden.

Pim"per*nel (?), n. [F. pimprenelle; cf. Sp. pimpinela, It. pimpinella; perh. from LL. bipinnella, for bipinnula two-winged, equiv. to L. bipennis; bis twice + penna feather, wing. Cf. Pen a feather.] (Bot.) A plant of the genus Anagallis, of which one species (A. arvensis) has small flowers, usually scarlet, but sometimes purple, blue, or white, which speedily close at the approach of bad weather.

Water pimpernel. (Bot.) See Brookweed.

||Pim"pil*lo (?), n. (Bot.) A West Indian name for the prickly pear ||(Opuntia); -- called also pimploes.

Pim"pi*nel (?), n. [See Pimpernel.] (Bot.) The burnet saxifrage. See under Saxifrage.

Pimp"ing (?), a. [Cf. G. pimpelig, pimpelnd, sickly, weak.] 1. Little; petty; pitiful. [Obs.] Crabbe.

2. Puny; sickly. [Local, U.S.]

Pim"ple (?), n. [AS. ppelian to blister; cf. L. papula pimple.] 1. (Med.) Any small acuminated elevation of the cuticle, whether going on to suppuration or not. "All eyes can see a pimple on her nose." Pope.

2. Fig.: A swelling or protuberance like a pimple. "A pimple that portends a future sprout." Cowper.

Pim"pled (?), a. Having pimples. Johnson.

Pim"ply (?), a. Pimpled.

Pimp"ship (?), n. The office, occupation, or persom of a pimp. [R.]

Pin (?), v. t. (Metal Working) To peen.

Pin (?), v. t. [Cf. Pen to confine, or Pinfold.] To inclose; to confine; to pen; to pound.

Pin, n. [OE. pinne, AS. pinn a pin, peg; cf. D. pin, G. pinne, Icel. pinni, W. pin, Gael. & Ir. pinne; all fr. L. pinna a pinnacle, pin, feather, perhaps orig. a different word from pinna feather. Cf. Fin of a fish, Pen a feather.] 1. A piece of wood, metal, etc., generally cylindrical, used for fastening separate articles together, or as a support by which one article may be suspended from another; a peg; a bolt.

With pins of adamant And chains they made all fast.

Milton.

2. Especially, a small, pointed and headed piece of brass or other wire (commonly tinned), largely used for fastening clothes, attaching papers, etc.

3. Hence, a thing of small value; a trifle.

He . . . did not care a pin for her.

Spectator.

4. That which resembles a pin in its form or use; as: (a) A peg in musical instruments, for increasing or relaxing the tension of the strings. (b) A linchpin. (c) A rolling-pin. (d) A clothespin. (e) (Mach.) A short shaft, sometimes forming a bolt, a part of which serves as a journal. See Illust. of Knuckle joint, under Knuckle. (f) (Joinery) The tenon of a dovetail joint.

5. One of a row of pegs in the side of an ancient drinking cup to mark how much each man should drink.

6. The bull's eye, or center, of a target; hence, the center. [Obs.] "The very pin of his heart cleft." Shak.

7. Mood; humor. [Obs.] "In merry pin." Cowper.

8. (Med.) Caligo. See Caligo. Shak.

9. An ornament, as a brooch or badge, fastened to the clothing by a pin; as, a Masonic pin.

10. The leg; as, to knock one off his pins. [Slang]

Banking pin (Horol.), a pin against which a lever strikes, to limit its motion. -- Pin drill (Mech.), a drill with a central pin or projection to enter a hole, for enlarging the hole, or for sinking a recess for the head of a bolt, etc.; a counterbore. -- Pin grass. (Bot.) See Alfilaria. -- Pin hole, a small hole made by a pin; hence, any very small aperture or perforation. -- Pin lock, a lock having a cylindrical bolt; a lock in which pins, arranged by the key, are used instead of tumblers. -- Pin money, an allowance of money, as that made by a husband to his wife, for private and personal expenditure. -- Pin rail (Naut.), a rail, usually within the bulwarks, to hold belaying pins. Sometimes applied to the fife rail. Called also pin rack. -- Pin wheel. (a) A contrate wheel in which the cogs are cylindrical pins. (b) (Fireworks) A small coil which revolves on a common pin and makes a wheel of yellow or colored fire.

Pin (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinning.] [See Pin, n.] To fasten with, or as with, a pin; to join; as, to pin a garment; to pin boards together. "As if she would pin her to her heart." Shak.

To pin one's faith upon, to depend upon; to trust to.

Pi"Òa cloth` (?). A fine material for ladies' shawls, scarfs, handkerchiefs, etc., made from the fiber of the pineapple leaf, and perhaps from other fibrous tropical leaves. It is delicate, soft, and transparent, with a slight tinge of pale yellow.

Pin"a*coid (?), n. [Gr. &?;, &?;, a tablet + -oid.] (Crystallog.) A plane parallel to two of the crystalline axes.

Pi*nac"o*lin (?), n. [Pinacone + L. oleum oil.] (Chem.) A colorless oily liquid related to the ketones, and obtained by the decomposition of pinacone; hence, by extension, any one of the series of which pinacolin proper is the type. [Written also pinacoline.]

Pin"a*cone (?), n. [From Gr. &?;, &?;, a tablet. So called because it unites with water so as to form tablet- shaped crystals.] (Chem.) A white crystalline substance related to the glycols, and made from acetone; hence, by extension, any one of a series of substances of which pinacone proper is the type. [Written also pinakone.]

||Pin`a*co*the"ca (?), n. [L. pinacotheca, fr. Gr. &?;; &?;, &?;, a ||picture + &?; repisitory.] A picture gallery.

Pin"a*fore` (?), n. [Pin + afore.] An apron for a child to protect the front part of dress; a tier.

||Pin"a*ko*thek` (?), n. [G.] Pinacotheca.

Pi*nas"ter (?), n. [L., fr. pinus a pine.] (Bot.) A species of pine (Pinus Pinaster) growing in Southern Europe.

||Pi"nax (?), n.; pl. Pinaces (#). [L., fr. Gr. &?; tablet.] A tablet; ||a register; hence, a list or scheme inscribed on a tablet. [R.] Sir ||T. Browne.

||Pince`-nez" (?), n. [F. pincer to pinch + nez nose.] Eyeglasses kept ||on the nose by a spring.

Pin"cers (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. pince pinchers, fr. pincer to pinch. See Pinch, Pinchers.] See Pinchers.

Pinch (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinching.] [F. pincer, probably fr. OD. pitsen to pinch; akin to G. pfetzen to cut, pinch; perhaps of Celtic origin. Cf. Piece.] 1. To press hard or squeeze between the ends of the fingers, between teeth or claws, or between the jaws of an instrument; to squeeze or compress, as between any two hard bodies.

2. o seize; to grip; to bite; -- said of animals. [Obs.]

He [the hound] pinched and pulled her down.

Chapman.

3. To plait. [Obs.]

Full seemly her wimple ipinched was.

Chaucer.

4. Figuratively: To cramp; to straiten; to oppress; to starve; to distress; as, to be pinched for money.

Want of room . . . pinching a whole nation.

Sir W. Raleigh.

5. To move, as a railroad car, by prying the wheels with a pinch. See Pinch, n., 4.

Pinch, v. i. 1. To act with pressing force; to compress; to squeeze; as, the shoe pinches.

2. (Hunt.) To take hold; to grip, as a dog does. [Obs.]

3. To spare; to be niggardly; to be covetous. Gower.

The wretch whom avarice bids to pinch and spare.

Franklin.

To pinch at, to find fault with; to take exception to. [Obs.] Chaucer.

Pinch, n. 1. A close compression, as with the ends of the fingers, or with an instrument; a nip.

2. As much as may be taken between the finger and thumb; any very small quantity; as, a pinch of snuff.

3. Pian; pang. "Necessary's sharp pinch." Shak.

4. A lever having a projection at one end, acting as a fulcrum, -- used chiefly to roll heavy wheels, etc. Called also pinch bar.

At a pinch, On a pinch, in an emergency; as, he could on a pinch read a little Latin.

Pinch"beck (?), n. [Said to be from the name of the inventor; cf. It. prencisbecco.] An alloy of copper and zinc, resembling gold; a yellow metal, composed of about three ounces of zinc to a pound of copper. It is much used as an imitation of gold in the manufacture of cheap jewelry.

Pinch"beck, a. Made of pinchbeck; sham; cheap; spurious; unreal. "A pinchbeck throne." J. A. Symonds.

Pinch"cock` (?), n. A clamp on a flexible pipe to regulate the flow of a fluid through the pipe.

Pin"chem (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The European blue titmouse. [Prov. Eng.]

Pinch"er (?), n. One who, or that which, pinches.

Pinch"ers (?), n. pl. [From Pinch.] An instrument having two handles and two grasping jaws working on a pivot; -- used for griping things to be held fast, drawing nails, etc.

This spelling is preferable to pincers, both on account of its derivation from the English pinch, and because it represents the common pronunciation.

Pinch"fist` (?), n. A closefisted person; a miser.

Pinch"ing, a. Compressing; nipping; griping; niggardly; as, pinching cold; a pinching parsimony.

Pinching bar, a pinch bar. See Pinch, n., 4. -- Pinching nut, a check nut. See under Check, n.

Pinch"ing*ly, adv. In a pinching way.

Pinch"pen`ny (?), n. A miserly person.

Pin"coff*in (?), n. [From Pincoff, an English manufacturer.] A commercial preparation of garancin, yielding fine violet tints.

Pinc"pinc` (?), n. [Named from its note.] (Zoˆl.) An African wren warbler. (Drymoica textrix).

Pin"cush`ion (?), n. A small cushion, in which pins may be stuck for use.

{ Pin"dal (?), Pin"dar (?), } n. [D. piendel.] (Bot.) The peanut (Arachis hypogÊa); -- so called in the West Indies.

Pin*dar"ic (?), a. [L. Pindaricus, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; (L. Pindarus) Pindar: cf. F. pindarique.] Of or pertaining to Pindar, the Greek lyric poet; after the style and manner of Pindar; as, Pindaric odes. -- n. A Pindaric ode.

Pin*dar"ic*al (?), a. Pindaric.

Too extravagant and Pindarical for prose.

Cowley.

Pin"dar*ism (?), n. Imitation of Pindar.

Pin"dar*ist, n. One who imitates Pindar.

Pin"der (?), n. [AS. pyndan to pen up, fr. pund a pound.] One who impounds; a poundkeeper. [Obs.]

Pine (?), n. [AS. pn, L. poena penalty. See Pain.] Woe; torment; pain. [Obs.] "Pyne of hell." Chaucer.

Pine, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pined (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pining.] [AS. pnan to torment, fr. pn torment. See 1st Pine, Pain, n. & v.] 1. To inflict pain upon; to torment; to torture; to afflict. [Obs.] Chaucer. Shak.

That people that pyned him to death.

Piers Plowman.

One is pined in prison, another tortured on the rack.

Bp. Hall.

2. To grieve or mourn for. [R.] Milton.

Pine, v. i. 1. To suffer; to be afflicted. [Obs.]

2. To languish; to lose flesh or wear away, under any distress or anexiety of mind; to droop; -- often used with away. "The roses wither and the lilies pine." Tickell.

3. To languish with desire; to waste away with longing for something; -- usually followed by for.

For whom, and not for Tybalt, Juliet pined.

Shak.

Syn. -- To languish; droop; flag; wither; decay.

Pine, n. [AS. pn, L. pinus.] 1. (Bot.) Any tree of the coniferous genus Pinus. See Pinus.

There are about twenty-eight species in the United States, of which the white pine (P. Strobus), the Georgia pine (P. australis), the red pine (P. resinosa), and the great West Coast sugar pine (P. Lambertiana) are among the most valuable. The Scotch pine or fir, also called Norway or Riga pine (Pinus sylvestris), is the only British species. The nut pine is any pine tree, or species of pine, which bears large edible seeds. See Pinon.

The spruces, firs, larches, and true cedars, though formerly considered pines, are now commonly assigned to other genera.

2. The wood of the pine tree.

3. A pineapple.

Ground pine. (Bot.) See under Ground. -- Norfolk Island pine (Bot.), a beautiful coniferous tree, the Araucaria excelsa. -- Pine barren, a tract of infertile land which is covered with pines. [Southern U.S.] -- Pine borer (Zoˆl.), any beetle whose larvÊ bore into pine trees. -- Pine finch. (Zoˆl.) See Pinefinch, in the Vocabulary. -- Pine grosbeak (Zoˆl.), a large grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator), which inhabits the northern parts of both hemispheres. The adult male is more or less tinged with red. -- Pine lizard (Zoˆl.), a small, very active, mottled gray lizard (Sceloporus undulatus), native of the Middle States; -- called also swift, brown scorpion, and alligator. -- Pine marten. (Zoˆl.) (a) A European weasel (Mustela martes), called also sweet marten, and yellow-breasted marten. (b) The American sable. See Sable. -- Pine moth (Zoˆl.), any one of several species of small tortricid moths of the genus Retinia, whose larvÊ burrow in the ends of the branchlets of pine trees, often doing great damage. - - Pine mouse (Zoˆl.), an American wild mouse (Arvicola pinetorum), native of the Middle States. It lives in pine forests. -- Pine needle (Bot.), one of the slender needle-shaped leaves of a pine tree. See Pinus. -- Pine-needle wool. See Pine wool (below). -- Pine oil, an oil resembling turpentine, obtained from fir and pine trees, and used in making varnishes and colors. -- Pine snake (Zoˆl.), a large harmless North American snake (Pituophis melanoleucus). It is whitish, covered with brown blotches having black margins. Called also bull snake. The Western pine snake (P. Sayi) is chestnut-brown, mottled with black and orange. -- Pine tree (Bot.), a tree of the genus Pinus; pine. -- Pine-tree money, money coined in Massachusetts in the seventeenth century, and so called from its bearing a figure of a pine tree. -- Pine weevil (Zoˆl.), any one of numerous species of weevils whose larvÊ bore in the wood of pine trees. Several species are known in both Europe and America, belonging to the genera Pissodes, Hylobius, etc. -- Pine wool, a fiber obtained from pine needles by steaming them. It is prepared on a large scale in some of the Southern United States, and has many uses in the economic arts; -- called also pine-needle wool, and pine- wood wool.

Pi"ne*al (?), a. [L. pinea the cone of a pine, from pineus of the pine, from pinus a pine: cf. F. pinÈale.] Of or pertaining to a pine cone; resembling a pine cone.

Pineal gland (Anat.), a glandlike body in the roof of the third ventricle of the vertebrate brain; -- called also pineal body, epiphysis, conarium. In some animals it is connected with a rudimentary eye, the so-called pineal eye, and in other animals it is supposed to be the remnant of a dorsal median eye.

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Pine"ap`ple (?), n. (Bot.) A tropical plant (Ananassa sativa); also, its fruit; -- so called from the resemblance of the latter, in shape and external appearance, to the cone of the pine tree. Its origin is unknown, though conjectured to be American.

Pine`as"ter (?), n. See Pinaster.

{ Pine"-clad` (?), Pine"-crowned` (?), } a. Clad or crowned with pine trees; as, pine-clad hills.

Pine"drops` (?), n. (Bot.) A reddish herb (Pterospora andromedea) of the United States, found parasitic on the roots of pine trees.

Pine"finch` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) (a) A small American bird (Spinus, or Chrysomitris, spinus); -- called also pine siskin, and American siskin. (b) The pine grosbeak.

||Pi*nen"chy*ma (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a tablet + -enchyma, as in ||parenchyma.] (Bot.) Tabular parenchyma, a form of cellular tissue in ||which the cells are broad and flat, as in some kinds of epidermis.

Pin"er*y (?), n.; pl. Pineries (&?;). 1. A pine forest; a grove of pines.

2. A hothouse in which pineapples are grown.

Pine"sap` (?), n. (Bot.) A reddish fleshy herb of the genus Monotropa (M. hypopitys), formerly thought to be parasitic on the roots of pine trees, but more probably saprophytic.

||Pi*ne"tum (?), n. [L., a pine grove.] A plantation of pine trees; ||esp., a collection of living pine trees made for ornamental or ||scientific purposes.

Pine"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) A low, bushy, nearly leafless herb (Hypericum Sarothra), common in sandy soil in the Eastern United States.

Pin"ey (?), a. See Piny.

Pin"ey, a. [Of East Indian origin.] A term used in designating an East Indian tree (the Vateria Indica or piney tree, of the order DipterocarpeÊ, which grows in Malabar, etc.) or its products.

Piney dammar, Piney resin, Piney varnish, a pellucid, fragrant, acrid, bitter resin, which exudes from the piney tree (Vateria Indica) when wounded. It is used as a varnish, in making candles, and as a substitute for incense and for amber. Called also liquid copal, and white dammar. -- Piney tallow, a solid fatty substance, resembling tallow, obtained from the roasted seeds of the Vateria Indica; called also dupada oil. -- Piney thistle (Bot.), a plant (Atractylis gummifera), from the bark of which, when wounded, a gummy substance exudes.

Pin"-eyed` (?), a. (Bot.) Having the stigma visible at the throad of a gamopetalous corolla, while the stamens are concealed in the tube; -- said of dimorphous flowers. The opposite of thrum-eyed.

Pin"feath`er (?), n. A feather not fully developed; esp., a rudimentary feather just emerging through the skin.

Pin"feath`ered (?), a. Having part, or all, of the feathers imperfectly developed.

Pin"fish` (?), n. [So called from their sharp dorsal spines.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The sailor's choice (Diplodus, or Lagodon, rhomboides). (b) The salt-water bream (Diplodus Holbrooki).

Both are excellent food fishes, common on the coast of the United States south of Cape Hatteras. The name is also applied to other allied species.

Pin"fold` (?), n. [For pindfold. See Pinder, Pound an inclosure, and Fold an inclosure.] A place in which stray cattle or domestic animals are confined; a pound; a penfold. Shak.

A parish pinfold begirt by its high hedge.

Sir W. Scott.

Ping (?), n. [Probably of imitative origin.] The sound made by a bullet in striking a solid object or in passing through the air.

Ping, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pinged (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinging.] To make the sound called ping.

Pin"gle (?), n. [Perhaps fr. pin to impound.] A small piece of inclosed ground. [Obs. or Prov. Eng.]

Ping"ster (?), n. See Pinkster.

Pin*guic"u*la (?), n. [NL., fr. L. pinguiculus somewhat fat, fattish.] (Bot.) See Butterwort.

Pin"guid (?), a. [L. pinguis fat.] Fat; unctuous; greasy. [Obs.] "Some clays are more pinguid." Mortimer.

Pin*guid"i*nous (?), a. [L. pinguedo fatness, fr. pinguis fat.] Containing fat; fatty. [Obs.]

Pin"gui*tude (?), n. [L. pinguitudo, from pinguis fat.] Fatness; a growing fat; obesity. [R.]

Pin"hold` (?), n. A place where a pin is fixed.

Pi"nic (&?;), a. [L. pinus pine.] (Chem.) Of or pertaining to the pine; obtained from the pine; formerly, designating an acid which is the chief constituent of common resin, -- now called abietic, or sylvic, acid.

Pin"ing (?), a. 1. Languishing; drooping; wasting away, as with longing.

2. Wasting; consuming. "The pining malady of France." Shak.

Pin"ing*ly, adv. In a pining manner; droopingly. Poe.

Pin"ion (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A moth of the genus Lithophane, as L. antennata, whose larva bores large holes in young peaches and apples.

Pin"ion, n. [OF. pignon a pen, F., gable, pinion (in sense 5); cf. Sp. piÒon pinion; fr. L. pinna pinnacle, feather, wing. See Pin a peg, and cf. Pen a feather, Pennat, Pennon.] 1. A feather; a quill. Shak.

2. A wing, literal or figurative.

Swift on his sooty pinions flits the gnome.

Pope.

3. The joint of bird's wing most remote from the body. Johnson.

4. A fetter for the arm. Ainsworth.

5. (Mech.) A cogwheel with a small number of teeth, or leaves, adapted to engage with a larger wheel, or rack (see Rack); esp., such a wheel having its leaves formed of the substance of the arbor or spindle which is its axis.

Lantern pinion. See under Lantern. -- Pinion wire, wire fluted longitudinally, for making the pinions of clocks and watches. It is formed by being drawn through holes of the shape required for the leaves or teeth of the pinions.

Pin"ion (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinioned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinioning.] 1. To bind or confine the wings of; to confine by binding the wings. Bacon.

2. To disable by cutting off the pinion joint. Johnson.

3. To disable or restrain, as a person, by binding the arms, esp. by binding the arms to the body. Shak.

Her elbows pinioned close upon her hips.

Cowper.

4. Hence, generally, to confine; to bind; to tie up. "Pinioned up by formal rules of state." Norris.

Pin"ioned (?), a. Having wings or pinions.

Pin"ion*ist, n. (Zoˆl.) Any winged creature.

Pin"ite (?), n. [So called from Pini, a mine in Saxony.] (Min.) A compact granular cryptocrystalline mineral of a dull grayish or greenish white color. It is a hydrous alkaline silicate, and is derived from the alteration of other minerals, as iolite.

Pi"nite (?), n. [L. pinus the pine tree.] 1. (Paleon.) Any fossil wood which exhibits traces of having belonged to the Pine family.

2. (Chem.) A sweet white crystalline substance extracted from the gum of a species of pine (Pinus Lambertina). It is isomeric with, and resembles, quercite.

Pink (?), n. [D. pink.] (Naut.) A vessel with a very narrow stern; -- called also pinky. Sir W. Scott.

Pink stern (Naut.), a narrow stern.

Pink, v. i. [D. pinken, pinkoogen, to blink, twinkle with the eyes.] To wink; to blink. [Obs.] L'Estrange.

Pink, a. Half-shut; winking. [Obs.] Shak.

Pink, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinking.] [OE. pinken to prick, probably a nasalized form of pick.] 1. To pierce with small holes; to cut the edge of, as cloth or paper, in small scallops or angles.

2. To stab; to pierce as with a sword. Addison.

3. To choose; to cull; to pick out. [Obs.] Herbert.

Pink, n. A stab. Grose.

Pink, n. [Perh. akin to pick; as if the edges of the petals were picked out. Cf. Pink, v. t.] 1. (Bot.) A name given to several plants of the caryophyllaceous genus Dianthus, and to their flowers, which are sometimes very fragrant and often double in cultivated varieties. The species are mostly perennial herbs, with opposite linear leaves, and handsome five-petaled flowers with a tubular calyx.

2. A color resulting from the combination of a pure vivid red with more or less white; -- so called from the common color of the flower. Dryden.

3. Anything supremely excellent; the embodiment or perfection of something. "The very pink of courtesy." Shak.

4. (Zoˆl.) The European minnow; -- so called from the color of its abdomen in summer. [Prov. Eng.]

Bunch pink is Dianthus barbatus. -- China, or Indian, pink. See under China. -- Clove pink is Dianthus Caryophyllus, the stock from which carnations are derived. -- Garden pink. See Pheasant's eye. -- Meadow pink is applied to Dianthus deltoides; also, to the ragged robin. -- Maiden pink, Dianthus deltoides. -- Moss pink. See under Moss. -- Pink needle, the pin grass; -- so called from the long, tapering points of the carpels. See Alfilaria. -- Sea pink. See Thrift.

Pink, a. Resembling the garden pink in color; of the color called pink (see 6th Pink, 2); as, a pink dress; pink ribbons.

Pink eye (Med.), a popular name for an epidemic variety of ophthalmia, associated with early and marked redness of the eyeball. -- Pink salt (Chem. & Dyeing), the double chlorides of (stannic) tin and ammonium, formerly much used as a mordant for madder and cochineal. -- Pink saucer, a small saucer, the inner surface of which is covered with a pink pigment.

Pinked (?), a. Pierced with small holes; worked in eyelets; scalloped on the edge. Shak.

Pink"-eyed` (?), a. [Pink half- shut + eye.] Having small eyes. Holland.

Pink"ing, n. 1. The act of piercing or stabbing.

2. The act or method of decorating fabrics or garments with a pinking iron; also, the style of decoration; scallops made with a pinking iron.

Pinking iron. (a) An instrument for scalloping the edges of ribbons, flounces, etc. (b) A sword. [Colloq.]

Pink"ish, a. Somewhat pink.

Pink"ness (?), n. Quality or state of being pink.

Pink"root` (?), n. 1. (Med.) The root of Spigelia Marilandica, used as a powerful vermifuge; also, that of S. Anthelmia. See definition 2 (below).

2. (Bot.) (a) A perennial North American herb (Spigelia Marilandica), sometimes cultivated for its showy red blossoms. Called also Carolina pink, Maryland pinkroot, and worm grass. (b) An annual South American and West Indian plant (Spigelia Anthelmia).

Pink"ster (?), n. [D. pinkster, pinksteren, fr. Gr. &?;. See Pentecost.] Whitsuntide. [Written also pingster and pinxter.]

Pinkster flower (Bot.), the rosy flower of the Azalea nudiflora; also, the shrub itself; -- called also Pinxter blomachee by the New York descendants of the Dutch settlers.

Pink" stern` (?). [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) See Chebacco, and 1st Pink.

Pink"-sterned` (?), a. [See 1st Pink.] (Naut.) Having a very narrow stern; -- said of a vessel.

Pink"y (?), n. (Naut.) See 1st Pink.

||Pin"na (?), n.; pl. PinnÊ (#), E. Pinnas (#). [L., a feather.] 1. ||(Bot.) (a) A leaflet of a pinnate leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate ||leaf, under Bipinnate. (b) One of the primary divisions of a ||decompound leaf.

2. (Zoˆl.) One of the divisions of a pinnate part or organ.

3. [L. pinna, akin to Gr. &?;.] (Zoˆl.) Any species of Pinna, a genus of large bivalve mollusks found in all warm seas. The byssus consists of a large number of long, silky fibers, which have been used in manufacturing woven fabrics, as a curiosity.

4. (Anat.) The auricle of the ear. See Ear.

Pin"nace (?), n. [F. pinasse; cf. It. pinassa, pinazza, Sp. pinaza; all from L. pinus a pine tree, anything made of pine, e.g., a ship. Cf. Pine a tree.] 1. (Naut.) (a) A small vessel propelled by sails or oars, formerly employed as a tender, or for coast defence; -- called originally, spynace or spyne. (b) A man-of-war's boat.

Whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downs.

Shak.

2. A procuress; a pimp. [Obs.] B. Jonson.

Pin"na*cle (?), n. [OE. pinacle, F. pinacle, L. pinnaculum, fr. pinna pinnacle, feather. See Pin a peg.] 1. (Arch.) An architectural member, upright, and generally ending in a small spire, -- used to finish a buttress, to constitute a part in a proportion, as where pinnacles flank a gable or spire, and the like. Pinnacles may be considered primarily as added weight, where it is necessary to resist the thrust of an arch, etc.

Some renowned metropolis With glistering spires and pinnacles around.

Milton.

2. Anything resembling a pinnacle; a lofty peak; a pointed summit.

Three silent pinnacles of aged snow.

Tennyson.

The slippery tops of human state, The gilded pinnacles of fate.

Cowley.

Pin"na*cle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pinnacled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pinnacling (?).] To build or furnish with a pinnacle or pinnacles. T. Warton.

Pin"nage (?), n. [Cf. Pinfold.] Poundage of cattle. See Pound. [Obs.]

{ Pin"nate (?), Pin"na*ted (?), } a. [L. pinnatus feathered, fr. pinna a feather. See Pin a peg, Pen feather.] 1. (Bot.) Consisting of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common petiole, as the leaves of a rosebush, a hickory, or an ash. See Abruptly pinnate, and Illust., under Abruptly.

2. (Zoˆl.) Having a winglike tuft of long feathers on each side of the neck.

Pinnated grouse (Zoˆl.), the prairie chicken.

Pin"nate*ly (?), adv. In a pinnate manner.

Pin*nat"i*fid (?), a. [L. pinnatus feathered + root of findere to split: cf. F. pinnatifide.] (Bot.) Divided in a pinnate manner, with the divisions not reaching to the midrib.

Pin*nat`i*lo"bate (?), a. [See Pinnate, and Lobate.] (Bot.) Having lobes arranged in a pinnate manner.

Pin*nat"i*ped (?), a. [L. pinnatus feathered + pes, pedis foot: cf. F. pinnatipËde.] (Zoˆl.) Having the toes bordered by membranes; fin-footed, as certain birds.

Pin*nat"i*ped, n. (Zoˆl.) Any bird which has the toes bordered by membranes.

Pin"ner (?), n. 1. One who, or that which, pins or fastens, as with pins.

2. (Costume) (a) A headdress like a cap, with long lappets. (b) An apron with a bib; a pinafore. (c) A cloth band for a gown. [Obs.]

With kerchief starched, and pinners clean.

Gay.

3. A pin maker.

Pin"ner, n. [See Pin to pound.] One who pins or impounds cattle. See Pin, v. t. [Obs.]

Pin"net (?), n. A pinnacle. [R.] Sir W. Scott.

Pin"ni*form (?), a. [L. pinna feather, fin + -form.] Shaped like a fin or feather. Sir J. Hill.

||Pin`ni*gra"da (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. pinna a feather + gradi to walk, ||move.] (Zoˆl.) Same as Pinnipedia.

Pin"ni*grade (?), n. (Zoˆl.) An animal of the seal tribe, moving by short feet that serve as paddles.

Pin"ni*ped (?), n. [L. pinna feather, fin + pes, pedis, a foot: cf. F. pinnipËde.] (Zoˆl.) (a) One of the Pinnipedia; a seal. (b) One of the Pinnipedes.

||Pin*nip"e*des (?), n. pl. [NL.] (Zoˆl.) Same as Steganopodes.

||Pin`ni*pe"di*a (?), n. pl. [NL. So called because their webbed feet ||are used as paddles or fins.] (Zoˆl.) A suborder of aquatic ||carnivorous mammals including the seals and walruses; -- opposed to ||Fissipedia.

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Pin"nock (?), n. [Of uncertain origin.] (Zoˆl.) (a) The hedge sparrow. [Prov. Eng.] (b) The tomtit.

Pin"no*there (?), n. [Gr. &?; a pinna + &?; an animal.] (Zoˆl.) A crab of the genus pinnotheres. See Oyster crab, under Oyster.

Pin"nu*la (?), n.; pl. PinnulÊ (#). [L.] Same as Pinnule.

Pin"nu*late (?), a. [See Pinnule.] (Bot.) Having each pinna subdivided; -- said of a leaf, or of its pinnÊ.

Pin"nu*la`ted (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Having pinnules.

Pin"nule (?), n. [L. pinnula, dim. of pinna feather: cf. F. pinnule.] 1. (Bot.) One of the small divisions of a decompound frond or leaf. See Illust. of Bipinnate leaf, under Bipinnate.

2. (Zoˆl.) Any one of a series of small, slender organs, or parts, when arranged in rows so as to have a plumelike appearance; as, a pinnule of a gorgonia; the pinnules of a crinoid.

Pin"ny*win`kles (?), n. pl. An instrument of torture, consisting of a board with holes into which the fingers were pressed, and fastened with pegs. [Written also pilliewinkles.] [Scot.] Sir W. Scott.

Pin"o*cle (?), n. See Penuchle.

Pi*nole" (?), n. 1. An aromatic powder used in Italy in the manufacture of chocolate.

2. Parched maize, ground, and mixed with sugar, etc. Mixed with water, it makes a nutritious beverage.

PiÒ"on (?), n. [Sp. piÒon.] (Bot.) (a) The edible seed of several species of pine; also, the tree producing such seeds, as Pinus Pinea of Southern Europe, and P. Parryana, cembroides, edulis, and monophylla, the nut pines of Western North America. (b) See Monkey's puzzle. [Written also pignon.]

Pin"patch` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The common English periwinkle. [Prov. Eng.]

Pint (?), n. [OE. pinte, F. pinte, fr. Sp. pinta spot, mark, pint, fr. pintar to paint; a mark for a pint prob. having been made on or in a larger measure. See Paint.] A measure of capacity, equal to half a quart, or four gills, -- used in liquid and dry measures. See Quart.

Pint, n. (Zoˆl.) The laughing gull. [Prov. Eng.]

Pin*ta"do (?), n.; pl. Pintados (#). [Sp., painted, fr. pintar to paint.] (Zoˆl.) Any bird of the genus Numida. Several species are found in Africa. The common pintado, or Guinea fowl, the helmeted, and the crested pintados, are the best known. See Guinea fowl, under Guinea.

Pin"tail` (?), n. 1. (Zoˆl.) A northern duck (Dafila acuta), native of both continents. The adult male has a long, tapering tail. Called also gray duck, piketail, piket-tail, spike- tail, split-tail, springtail, sea pheasant, and gray widgeon.

2. (Zoˆl.) The sharp-tailed grouse of the great plains and Rocky Mountains (PediocÊtes phasianellus); -- called also pintailed grouse, pintailed chicken, springtail, and sharptail.

Pin"-tailed` (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Having a tapered tail, with the middle feathers longest; -- said of birds.

Pin"tle (?), n. [A diminutive of Pin.] 1. A little pin.

2. (Mech.) An upright pivot pin; as: (a) The pivot pin of a hinge. (b) A hook or pin on which a rudder hangs and turns. (c) A pivot about which the chassis swings, in some kinds of gun carriages. (d) A kingbolt of a wagon.

Pin"tos (?), n. pl.; sing. Pinto (&?;). [Sp., painted, mottled.] (Eyhnol.) A mountain tribe of Mexican Indians living near Acapulco. They are remarkable for having the dark skin of the face irregularly spotted with white. Called also speckled Indians.

Pin"ule (?), n. [Cf. Pinnule.] (Astron.) One of the sights of an astrolabe. [Obs.]

||Pi"nus (?), n. [L., a pine tree.] (Bot.) A large genus of evergreen ||coniferous trees, mostly found in the northern hemisphere. The genus ||formerly included the firs, spruces, larches, and hemlocks, but is ||now limited to those trees which have the primary leaves of the ||branchlets reduced to mere scales, and the secondary ones (pine ||needles) acicular, and usually in fascicles of two to seven. See ||Pine.

Pin"weed` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of the genus Lechea, low North American herbs with branching stems, and very small and abundant leaves and flowers.

Pin"worm` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) A small nematoid worm (Oxyurus vermicularis), which is parasitic chiefly in the rectum of man. It is most common in children and aged persons.

||Pinx"it (?). [L., perfect indicative 3d sing. of pingere to paint.] A ||word appended to the artist's name or initials on a painting, or ||engraved copy of a painting; as, Rubens pinxit, Rubens painted ||(this).

Pinx"ter (?), n. See Pinkster.

Pin"y (?), a. Abounding with pines. [Written also piney.] "The piny wood." Longfellow.

Pi"o*ned (?), a. A Shakespearean word of disputed meaning; perh., "abounding in marsh marigolds."

Thy banks with pioned and twilled brims.

Shak.

Pi`o*neer" (?), n. [F. pionier, orig., a foot soldier, OF. peonier, fr. OF. peon a foot soldier, F. pion. See Pawn in chess.] 1. (Mil.) A soldier detailed or employed to form roads, dig trenches, and make bridges, as an army advances.

2. One who goes before, as into the wilderness, preparing the way for others to follow; as, pioneers of civilization; pioneers of reform.

Pi`o*neer", v. t. & i. [imp. & p. p. Pioneered (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pioneering.] To go before, and prepare or open a way for; to act as pioneer.

Pi`o*ner" (?), n. A pioneer. [Obs.] Shak.

Pi"o*ny (?), n. (Bot.) See Peony.

Pi"ot (?), n. [See Piet.] (Zoˆl.) The magpie. [Obs. or Prov. Eng. & Scot.] Holland.

Pi"ous (?), a. [L. pius: cf. F. pieux.] 1. Of or pertaining to piety; exhibiting piety; reverential; dutiful; religious; devout; godly. "Pious hearts." Milton. "Pious poetry." Johnson.

Where was the martial brother's pious care?

Pope.

2. Practiced under the pretext of religion; prompted by mistaken piety; as, pious errors; pious frauds.

Syn. -- Godly; devout; religious; righteous.

Pi"ous*ly, adv. In a pious manner.

Pip (?), n. [OE. pippe, D. pip, or F. pÈpie; from LL. pipita, fr. L. pituita slime, phlegm, rheum, in fowls, the pip. Cf. Pituite.] A contagious disease of fowls, characterized by hoarseness, discharge from the nostrils and eyes, and an accumulation of mucus in the mouth, forming a "scale" on the tongue. By some the term pip is restricted to this last symptom, the disease being called roup by them.

Pip, n. [Formerly pippin, pepin. Cf. Pippin.] (Bot.) A seed, as of an apple or orange.

Pip, n. [Perh. for pick, F. pique a spade at cards, a pike. Cf. Pique.] One of the conventional figures or "spots" on playing cards, dominoes, etc. Addison.

Pip, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pipped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pipping.] [See Peep.] To cry or chirp, as a chicken; to peep.

To hear the chick pip and cry in the egg.

Boyle.

Pi*pa (?), n.; pl. Pipas (&?;). (Zoˆl.) The Surinam toad (Pipa Americana), noted for its peculiar breeding habits.

The male places the eggs on the back of the female, where they soon become inclosed in capsules formed by the thickening of the skin. The incubation of the eggs takes place in the capsules, and the young, when hatched, come forth with well developed legs.

Pip"age (?), n. Transportation, as of petroleum oil, by means of a pipe conduit; also, the charge for such transportation.

Pi"pal tree` (?). Same as Peepul tree.

Pipe (?), n. [AS. ppe, probably fr. L. pipare, pipire, to chirp; of imitative origin. Cf. Peep, Pibroch, Fife.] 1. A wind instrument of music, consisting of a tube or tubes of straw, reed, wood, or metal; any tube which produces musical sounds; as, a shepherd's pipe; the pipe of an organ. "Tunable as sylvan pipe." Milton.

Now had he rather hear the tabor and the pipe.

Shak.

2. Any long tube or hollow body of wood, metal, earthenware, or the like: especially, one used as a conductor of water, steam, gas, etc.

3. A small bowl with a hollow steam, -- used in smoking tobacco, and, sometimes, other substances.

4. A passageway for the air in speaking and breathing; the windpipe, or one of its divisions.

5. The key or sound of the voice. [R.] Shak.

6. The peeping whistle, call, or note of a bird.

The earliest pipe of half-awakened birds.

Tennyson.

7. pl. The bagpipe; as, the pipes of Lucknow.

8. (Mining) An elongated body or vein of ore.

9. A roll formerly used in the English exchequer, otherwise called the Great Roll, on which were taken down the accounts of debts to the king; -- so called because put together like a pipe. Mozley & W.

10. (Naut.) A boatswain's whistle, used to call the crew to their duties; also, the sound of it.

11. [Cf. F. pipe, fr. pipe a wind instrument, a tube, fr. L. pipare to chirp. See Etymol. above.] A cask usually containing two hogsheads, or 126 wine gallons; also, the quantity which it contains.

Pipe fitter, one who fits pipes together, or applies pipes, as to an engine or a building. -- Pipe fitting, a piece, as a coupling, an elbow, a valve, etc., used for connecting lengths of pipe or as accessory to a pipe. -- Pipe office, an ancient office in the Court of Exchequer, in which the clerk of the pipe made out leases of crown lands, accounts of cheriffs, etc. [Eng.] -- Pipe tree (Bot.), the lilac and the mock orange; -- so called because their were formerly used to make pipe stems; -- called also pipe privet. -- Pipe wrench, or Pipetongs, a jawed tool for gripping a pipe, in turning or holding it. -- To smoke the pipe of peace, to smoke from the same pipe in token of amity or preparatory to making a treaty of peace, -- a custom of the American Indians.

Pipe, v. i. 1. To play on a pipe, fife, flute, or other tubular wind instrument of music.

We have piped unto you, and ye have not danced.

Matt. xi. 17.

2. (Naut.) To call, convey orders, etc., by means of signals on a pipe or whistle carried by a boatswain.

3. To emit or have a shrill sound like that of a pipe; to whistle. "Oft in the piping shrouds." Wordsworth.

4. (Metal.) To become hollow in the process of solodifying; -- said of an ingot, as of steel.

Pipe (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piped (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piping.] 1. To perform, as a tune, by playing on a pipe, flute, fife, etc.; to utter in the shrill tone of a pipe.

A robin . . . was piping a few querulous notes.

W. Irving.

2. (Naut.) To call or direct, as a crew, by the boatswain's whistle.

As fine a ship's company as was ever piped aloft.

Marryat.

3. To furnish or equip with pipes; as, to pipe an engine, or a building.

Pipe" clay` (kl`). A plastic, unctuous clay of a grayish white color, -- used in making tobacco pipes and various kinds of earthenware, in scouring cloth, and in cleansing soldiers' equipments.

Pipe"clay`, v. t. 1. To whiten or clean with pipe clay, as a soldier's accouterments.

2. To clear off; as, to pipeclay accounts. [Slang, Eng.]

Piped (?), a. Formed with a pipe; having pipe or pipes; tubular.

Pipe"fish` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any lophobranch fish of the genus Siphostoma, or Syngnathus, and allied genera, having a long and very slender angular body, covered with bony plates. The mouth is small, at the end of a long, tubular snout. The male has a pouch on his belly, in which the incubation of the eggs takes place.

Pipe"lay`er (?), n., or Pipe" lay`er. 1. One who lays conducting pipes in the ground, as for water, gas, etc.

2. (Polit. Cant) A politician who works in secret; -- in this sense, usually written as one word. [U.S.]

Pipe"lay`ing, n., or Pipe" lay`ing. 1. The laying of conducting pipes underground, as for water, gas, etc.

2. (Polit. Cant) The act or method of making combinations for personal advantage secretly or slyly; -- in this sense, usually written as one word. [U.S.]

Pipe"mouth` (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Any fish of the genus Fistularia; -- called also tobacco pipefish. See Fistularia.

||Pi"per (?), n. [L.] See Pepper.

Pip"er (?), n. 1. (Mus.) One who plays on a pipe, or the like, esp. on a bagpipe. "The hereditary piper and his sons." Macaulay.

2. (Zoˆl.) (a) A common European gurnard (Trigla lyra), having a large head, with prominent nasal projection, and with large, sharp, opercular spines. (b) A sea urchin (Goniocidaris hystrix) having very long spines, native of both the American and European coasts.

To pay the piper, to bear the cost, expense, or trouble.

Pip`er*a"ceous (?), a. [L. piper pepper.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the order of plants (PiperaceÊ) of which the pepper (Piper nigrum) is the type. There are about a dozen genera and a thousand species, mostly tropical plants with pungent and aromatic qualities.

Pi*per"ic (p*pr"k), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or designating, a complex organic acid found in the products of different members of the Pepper family, and extracted as a yellowish crystalline substance.

Pip"er*idge (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Pepperidge.

Pi*per"i*dine (?), n. (Chem.) An oily liquid alkaloid, C5H11N, having a hot, peppery, ammoniacal odor. It is related to pyridine, and is obtained by the decomposition of piperine.

Pip"er*ine (?), n. [L. piper pepper: cf. F. piperin, piperine.] (Chem.) A white crystalline compound of piperidine and piperic acid. It is obtained from the black pepper (Piper nigrum) and other species.

Pip`er*o"nal (?), n. (Chem.) A white crystalline substance obtained by oxidation of piperic acid, and regarded as a complex aldehyde.

Pi*per"y*lene (?), n. [Piperidine + acetylene.] (Chem.) A hydrocarbon obtained by decomposition of certain piperidine derivatives.

Pipe"stem` (?), n. The hollow stem or tube of a pipe used for smoking tobacco, etc.

Took a long reed for a pipestem.

Longfellow.

Pipe"stone` (?), n. A kind of clay slate, carved by the Indians into tobacco pipes. Cf. Catlinite.

Pi*pette" (?), n. [F., dim. of pipe.] A small glass tube, often with an enlargement or bulb in the middle, and usually graduated, -- used for transferring or delivering measured quantities.

Pipe"vine` (?), n. (Bot.) The Dutchman's pipe. See under Dutchman.

Pipe"wort` (?), n. (Bot.) Any plant of a genus (Eriocaulon) of aquatic or marsh herbs with soft grass-like leaves.

Pip"ing (pp"ng), a. [From Pipe, v.] 1. Playing on a musical pipe. "Lowing herds and piping swains." Swift.

2. Peaceful; favorable to, or characterized by, the music of the pipe rather than of the drum and fife. Shak.

3. Emitting a high, shrill sound.

4. Simmering; boiling; sizzling; hissing; -- from the sound of boiling fluids.

Piping crow, Piping crow shrike, Piping roller (Zoˆl.), any Australian bird of the genus Gymnorhina, esp. G. tibicen, which is black and white, and the size of a small crow. Called also caruck. -- Piping frog (Zoˆl.), a small American tree frog (Hyla Pickeringii) which utters a high, shrill note in early spring. -- Piping hot, boiling hot; hissing hot; very hot. [Colloq.] Milton.

Pip"ing, n. 1. A small cord covered with cloth, -- used as trimming for women's dresses.

2. Pipes, collectively; as, the piping of a house.

3. The act of playing on a pipe; the shrill noted of birds, etc.

4. A piece cut off to be set or planted; a cutting; also, propagation by cuttings.

<! p. 1090 !>

{ Pi*pis"trel (?), Pip`i*strelle" (?), } n. [F. pipistrelle, It. pipistrello.] (Zoˆl.) A small European bat (Vesperugo pipistrellus); -- called also flittermouse.

Pip"it (?), n. [So named from its call note.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of small singing birds belonging to Anthus and allied genera, of the family MotacillidÊ. They strongly resemble the true larks in habits, colors, and the great length of the hind claw. They are, therefore, often called titlarks, and pipit larks.

The meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis); the tree pipit, or tree lark (A. trivialis); and the rock pipit, or sea lark (A. obscurus) are well-known European species. The common American pipit, or brown lark, is Anthus Pensilvanicus. The Western species (A. Spraguei) is called the American skylark, on account of its musical powers.

Pip"kin, n.[Dim. of Pipe.] A small earthen boiler.

Pip"pin (?), n. [Probably fr. OE. pippin a seed, as being raised from the seed. See Pip a seed.] (Bot.) (a) An apple from a tree raised from the seed and not grafted; a seedling apple. (b) A name given to apples of several different kinds, as Newtown pippin, summer pippin, fall pippin, golden pippin.

We will eat a last year's pippin.

Shak.

Normandy pippins, sun-dried apples for winter use.

Pip"pul tree` (?). Same as Peepul tree.

Pi"pra (?), n.; pl. Pipras (#). [NL., fr. Gr. &?; a woodpecker.] (Zoˆl.) Any one of numerous species of small clamatorial birds belonging to Pipra and allied genera, of the family PipridÊ. The male is usually glossy black, varied with scarlet, yellow, or sky blue. They chiefly inhabit South America.

Pi"prine (?), a. (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to the pipras, or the family PipridÊ.

Pip*sis"se*wa (?), n. [From American Indian.] (Bot.) A low evergreen plant (Chimaphila umbellata), with narrow, wedge-lanceolate leaves, and an umbel of pretty nodding fragrant blossoms. It has been used in nephritic diseases. Called also prince's pine.

Pip"y (?), a. Like a pipe; hollow- stemmed. Keats.

Pi"quan*cy (?), n. [See Piquant.] The quality or state of being piquant.

Pi"quant (?), a. [F., p. pr. of piquer to prick or sting. See Pike.] Stimulating to the taste; giving zest; tart; sharp; pungent; as, a piquant anecdote. "As piquant to the tongue as salt." Addison. "Piquant railleries." Gov. of Tongue.

Pi"quant*ly, adv. In a piquant manner.

||Pi`quÈ" (?), n. [F., p. p. of piquer to prick.] A cotton fabric, ||figured in the loom, -- used as a dress goods for women and children, ||and for vestings, etc.

Pique (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The jigger. See Jigger.

Pique (?), n. [F., fr. piquer. See Pike.] 1. A feeling of hurt, vexation, or resentment, awakened by a social slight or injury; irritation of the feelings, as through wounded pride; stinging vexation.

Men take up piques and displeasures.

Dr. H. More.

Wars had arisen . . . upon a personal pique.

De Quincey.

2. Keenly felt desire; a longing.

Though it have the pique, and long, 'Tis still for something in the wrong.

Hudibras.

3. (Card Playing) In piquet, the right of the elder hand to count thirty in hand, or to play before the adversary counts one.

Syn. -- Displeasure; irritation; grudge; spite. Pique, Spite, Grudge. Pique denotes a quick and often transient sense of resentment for some supposed neglect or injury, but it is not marked by malevolence. Spite is a stronger term, denoting settled ill will or malice, with a desire to injure, as the result of extreme irritation. Grudge goes still further, denoting cherished and secret enmity, with an unforgiving spirit. A pique is usually of recent date; a grudge is that which has long subsisted; spite implies a disposition to cross or vex others.

Pique, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Piqued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Piquing (?).] [F. piquer. See Pike.] 1. To wound the pride of; to sting; to nettle; to irritate; to fret; to offend; to excite to anger.

Pique her, and soothe in turn.

Byron.

2. To excite to action by causing resentment or jealousy; to stimulate; to prick; as, to pique ambition, or curiosity. Prior.

3. To pride or value; -- used reflexively.

Men . . . pique themselves upon their skill.

Locke.

Syn. -- To offend; displease; irritate; provoke; fret; nettle; sting; goad; stimulate.

Pique, v. i. To cause annoyance or irritation. "Every &?;erse hath something in it that piques." Tatler.

Pi*queer" (?), v. i. See Pickeer. [R.]

Pi*queer"er (?), n. See Pickeerer. [R.]

Piqu"et (?), n. See Picket. [R.]

Pi*quet" (?), n. [F., prob. fr. pique. See Pique, Pike, and Picket.] A game at cards played between two persons, with thirty-two cards, all the deuces, threes, fours, fives, and sixes, being set aside. [Written also picket and picquet.]

Pi"ra*cy (?), n.; pl. Piracies (#). [Cf. LL. piratia, Gr. &?;. See Pirate.] 1. The act or crime of a pirate.

2. (Common Law) Robbery on the high seas; the taking of property from others on the open sea by open violence; without lawful authority, and with intent to steal; -- a crime answering to robbery on land.

By statute law several other offenses committed on the seas (as trading with known pirates, or engaging in the slave trade) have been made piracy.

3. "Sometimes used, in a quasi- figurative sense, of violation of copyright; but for this, infringement is the correct and preferable term." Abbott.

Pi*ra"gua (?), n. See Pirogue.

Pi*rai" (?), n. (Zoˆl.) Same as Piraya.

Pi*ram"e*ter (?), n. [Gr. &?; trial + -meter.] A dynamometer for ascertaining the power required to draw carriages over roads.

Pi`ra*ru"cu (?), n. [From the native South American name.] (Zoˆl.) Same as Arapaima.

Pi"rate (?), n. [L. pirata, Gr. &?;, fr. &?; to attempt, undertake, from making attempts or attacks on ships, &?; an attempt, trial; akin to E. peril: cf. F. pirate. See Peril.] 1. A robber on the high seas; one who by open violence takes the property of another on the high seas; especially, one who makes it his business to cruise for robbery or plunder; a freebooter on the seas; also, one who steals in a harbor.

2. An armed ship or vessel which sails without a legal commission, for the purpose of plundering other vessels on the high seas.

3. One who infringes the law of copyright, or publishes the work of an author without permission.

Pirate perch (Zoˆl.), a fresh- water percoid fish of the United States (Aphredoderus Sayanus). It is of a dark olive color, speckled with blackish spots.

Pi"rate, v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pirating.] [Cf. F. pirater.] To play the pirate; to practice robbery on the high seas.

Pi"rate, v. t. To publish, as books or writings, without the permission of the author.

They advertised they would pirate his edition.

Pope.

Pi*rat"ic (?), a. Piratical.

Pi*rat"ic*al (?), a. [L. piraticus, Gr. &?;: cf. F. piratique.] Of or pertaining to a pirate; acquired by, or practicing, piracy; as, a piratical undertaking. "Piratical printers." Pope. -- Pi*rat"ic*al*ly, adv.

||Pi*ra"ya (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoˆl.) A large voracious ||fresh-water fish (Serrasalmo piraya) of South America, having ||lancet-shaped teeth.

Pir"ie (?), n. (Naut.) See Pirry.

Pir"ie, n. [See Pear.] (Bot.) A pear tree. [Written also pery, pyrie.] [Obs.] Chaucer.

||Pi`ri*ri"gua (?), n. [From the native name.] (Zoˆl.) A South American ||bird (Guira guira) allied to the cuckoos.

Pirl (?), v. t. [Cf. Purl.] 1. To spin, as a top.

2. To twist or twine, as hair in making fishing lines.

Pirn (?), n. [Etymol. uncertain.] A quill or reed on which thread or yarn is wound; a bobbin; also, the wound yarn on a weaver's shuttle; also, the reel of a fishing rod. [Scot.]

Pi*rogue" (?), n. [Originally an American Indian word: cf. F. pirogue, Sp. piroga, piragua.] A dugout canoe; by extension, any small boat. [Written variously periauger, perogue, piragua, periagua, etc.]

Pir`ou*ette" (?), n. [F.; of uncertain origin.] 1. A whirling or turning on the toes in dancing.

2. (Man.) The whirling about of a horse.

Pir`ou*ette", v. i. [imp. & p. p. Pirouetted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pirouetting.] [F. pirouetter.] To perform a pirouette; to whirl, like a dancer.

{ Pir"ry, Pir"rie } (?), n. [Cf. Scot. pirr a gentle breeze, Icel. byrr a prosperous wind, bylr a blast of wind.] A rough gale of wind. [Obs.] Sir T. Elyot.

Pis`as*phal"tum (?), n. See Pissasphalt.

Pi"say (?), n. (Arch.) See PisÈ.

Pis"ca*ry (?), n. [L. piscarius relating to fishes or to fishing, fr. piscis a fish.] (Law) The right or privilege of fishing in another man's waters. Blackstone.

Pis*ca"tion (?), n. [L. piscatio, fr. piscari to fish.] Fishing; fishery. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Pis*ca"tor (?), n. [L.] A fisherman; an angler.

{ Pis`ca*to"ri*al (?), Pis"ca*to*ry (?), } a. [L. piscatorius, fr. piscator a fisherman, fr. piscari to fish, fr. piscis a fish. See Fish the animal.] Of or pertaining to fishes or fishing. Addison.

||Pis"ces (?), n. pl. [L. piscis a fish.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The twelfth ||sign of the zodiac, marked in almanacs. (b) A zodiacal constellation, ||including the first point of Aries, which is the vernal equinoctial ||point; the Fish.

2. (Zoˆl.) The class of Vertebrata that includes the fishes. The principal divisions are Elasmobranchii, Ganoidei, and Teleostei.

Pis"ci*cap`ture (?), n. Capture of fishes, as by angling. [R.] W. H. Russell.

Pis`ci*cul"tur*al (?), a. Relating to pisciculture.

Pis`ci*cul"ture (?), n. [L. piscis a fish + E. culture.] Fish culture. See under Fish.

Pis`ci*cul"tur*ist, n. One who breeds fish.

Pis"ci*form (?), a. [L. piscis fish + -form.] Having the form of a fish; resembling a fish.

||Pis*ci"na (?), n. [L., a certain, fishpond, fr. piscis a fish.] ||(Arch.) A niche near the altar in a church, containing a small basin ||for rinsing altar vessels.

Pis"ci*nal (?), a. [L. piscinalis: cf. F. piscinal.] Belonging to a fishpond or a piscina.

Pis"cine (?), a. [L. piscis a fish.] (Zoˆl.) Of or pertaining to a fish or fishes; as, piscine remains.

Pis*civ"o*rous (?), a. [L. piscis a fish + vorare to devour: cf. F. piscivore.] (Zoˆl.) Feeding or subsisting on fish.

||Pi`sÈ" (?), n. [F. pisÈ, from piser to stamp, pound, L. pisare.] ||(Arch.) A species of wall made of stiff earth or clay rammed in ||between molds which are carried up as the wall rises; -- called also ||pisÈ work. Gwilt.

Pish (?), interj. An exclamation of contempt.

Pish (?), v. i. To express contempt. Pope.

||Pi"shu (?), n. (Zoˆl.) The Canada lynx. [Written also peeshoo.]

Pi"si*form (?), a. [L. pisum a pea + -form: cf. F. pisiforme.] Resembling a pea or peas in size and shape; as, a pisiform iron ore.

Pi"si*form, n. (Anat.) A small bone on the ulnar side of the carpus in man and many mammals. See Illust. of Artiodactyla.

Pis"mire (?), n. [Piss + mire; so called because it discharges a moisture vulgarly considered urine. See Mire an ant.] (Zoˆl.) An ant, or emmet.

Pi"so*lite (?), n. [Gr. &?; a pea + - lite: cf. F. pisolithe.] (Min.) A variety of calcite, or calcium carbonate, consisting of aggregated globular concretions about the size of a pea; -- called also peastone, peagrit.

Oˆlite is similar in structure, but the concretions are as small as the roe of a fish.

Pi`so*lit"ic (?), a. [Cf. F. pisolithique.] (Min.) Composed of, containing, or resembling, pisolite.

Pis"o*phalt (?), n. [For pissasphalt.] (Min.) Pissasphalt. [Obs.]

Piss (?), v. t. & i. [OE. pissen, F. pisser; akin to It. pisciare, D. & G. pissen, Dan. pisse, Icel. pissa.] To discharge urine, to urinate. Shak.

Piss, n. Urine.

Piss"a*bed` (?), n. (Bot.) A name locally applied to various wild plants, as dandelion, bluet, oxeye daisy, etc.

Pis"sas*phalt (?), n. [L. pissasphaltus, Gr. &?;; &?; pitch + &?; asphalt: cf. F. pissasphalte.] (Min.) Earth pitch; a soft, black bitumen of the consistence of tar, and of a strong smell. It is inflammable, and intermediate between petroleum and asphalt. [Written also pisasphaltum, pisasphalt, etc.]

Pist (?), n. (Man.) See Piste.

Pis*ta"chio (?), n. [It. pistacchio (cf. Sp. pistacho, F. pistache), fr. L. pistacium, Gr. &?;, &?;, fr. Per. pistah. Cf. Fistinut.] (Bot.) The nut of the Pistacia vera, a tree of the order AnacardiaceÊ, containing a kernel of a pale greenish color, which has a pleasant taste, resembling that of the almond, and yields an oil of agreeable taste and odor; -- called also pistachio nut. It is wholesome and nutritive. The tree grows in Arabia, Persia, Syria, and Sicily. [Written also pistachia.]

||Pis*ta"ci*a (?), n. [NL. See Pistachio.] (Bot.) The name of a genus ||of trees, including the tree which bears the pistachio, the ||Mediterranean mastic tree (Pistacia Lentiscus), and the species (P. ||Terebinthus) which yields Chian or Cyprus turpentine.

Pis"ta*cite (?), n. [Cf. F. pistacite. So called from its green color. See Pistachio.] (Min.) Epidote.

Pis`ta*reen" (?), n. An old Spanish silver coin of the value of about twenty cents.

Pis"ta*zite (?), n. (Min.) Same as Pistacite.

Piste (?), n. [F., fr. L. pisere, pinsere, pistum, to pound.] (Min.) The track or tread a horseman makes upon the ground he goes over. Johnson.

{ Pis"tel (?), Pis"til (?) }, n. An epistle. [Obs.]

Pis"tic (?), a. [L. pisticus, Gr. &?;.] Pure; genuine. [R.] Jer. Taylor.

Pis"til (?), n. [L. pistillum, pistillus, a pestle: cf. F. pistil. See Pestle.] (Bot.) The seed-bearing organ of a flower. It consists of an ovary, containing the ovules or rudimentary seeds, and a stigma, which is commonly raised on an elongated portion called a style. When composed of one carpel a pistil is simple; when composed of several, it is compound. See Illust. of Flower, and Ovary.

Pis`til*la"ceous (?), a. (Bot.) Growing on, or having nature of, the pistil; of or pertaining to a pistil. Barton.

Pis"til*late (?), a. (Bot.) Having a pistil or pistils; -- usually said of flowers having pistils but no stamens.

Pis`til*la"tion (?), n. [L. pistillum a pestle.] The act of pounding or breaking in a mortar; pestillation. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne.

||Pis`til*lid"i*um (?), n.; pl. Pistillida (#). [NL., fr. E. pistil.] ||(Bot.) Same as Archegonium.

Pis`til*lif"er*ous (?), a. [Pistil + -ferous: cf. F. pistillifËre.] (Bot.) Pistillate.

Pis"til*lo*dy (?), n. [Pistil + Gr. &?; form.] (Bot.) The metamorphosis of other organs into pistils.

Pis"tol (?), n. [F. pistole, pistolet, It. pistola; prob. from a form Pistola, for Pistoja, a town in Italy where pistols were first made. Cf. Pistole.] The smallest firearm used, intended to be fired from one hand, -- now of many patterns, and bearing a great variety of names. See Illust. of Revolver.

Pistol carbine, a firearm with a removable but-piece, and thus capable of being used either as a pistol or a carbine. -- Pistol pipe (Metal.), a pipe in which the blast for a furnace is heated, resembling a pistol in form. -- Pistol shot. (a) The discharge of a pistol. (b) The distance to which a pistol can propel a ball.

Pis"tol, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pistoled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pistoling.] [Cf. F. pistoler.] To shoot with a pistol. "To pistol a poacher." Sydney Smith.

Pis"to*lade` (?), n. [F.] A pistol shot.

Pis*tole" (?), n. [F., probably a name given in jest in France to a Spanish coin. Cf. Pistol.] The name of certain gold coins of various values formerly coined in some countries of Europe. In Spain it was equivalent to a quarter doubloon, or about $3.90, and in Germany and Italy nearly the same. There was an old Italian pistole worth about $5.40.

Pis`to*leer" (?), n. [Cf. F. pistolier.] One who uses a pistol. [R.] Carlyle.

Pis"to*let` (?), n. [F., a dim. of pistole.] A small pistol. Donne. Beau. & Fl.

<! p. 1091 !>

Pis"ton (?), n. [F. piston; cf. It. pistone piston, also pestone a large pestle; all fr. L. pinsere, pistum, to pound, to stamp. See Pestle, Pistil.] (Mach.) A sliding piece which either is moved by, or moves against, fluid pressure. It usually consists of a short cylinder fitting within a cylindrical vessel along which it moves, back and forth. It is used in steam engines to receive motion from the steam, and in pumps to transmit motion to a fluid; also for other purposes.

Piston head (Steam Eng.), that part of a piston which is made fast to the piston rod. -- Piston rod, a rod by which a piston is moved, or by which it communicates motion. -- Piston valve (Steam Eng.), a slide valve, consisting of a piston, or connected pistons, working in a cylindrical case which is provided with ports that are traversed by the valve.

Pit (?), n. [OE. pit, put, AS. pytt a pit, hole, L. puteus a well, pit.] 1. A large cavity or hole in the ground, either natural or artificial; a cavity in the surface of a body; an indentation; specifically: (a) The shaft of a coal mine; a coal pit. (b) A large hole in the ground from which material is dug or quarried; as, a stone pit; a gravel pit; or in which material is made by burning; as, a lime pit; a charcoal pit. (c) A vat sunk in the ground; as, a tan pit.

Tumble me into some loathsome pit.

Shak.

2. Any abyss; especially, the grave, or hades.

Back to the infernal pit I drag thee chained.

Milton.

He keepth back his soul from the pit.

Job xxxiii. 18.

3. A covered deep hole for entrapping wild beasts; a pitfall; hence, a trap; a snare. Also used figuratively.

The anointed of the Lord was taken in their pits.

Lam. iv. 20.

4. A depression or hollow in the surface of the human body; as: (a) The hollow place under the shoulder or arm; the axilla, or armpit. (b) See Pit of the stomach (below). (c) The indentation or mark left by a pustule, as in smallpox.

5. Formerly, that part of a theater, on the floor of the house, below the level of the stage and behind the orchestra; now, in England, commonly the part behind the stalls; in the United States, the parquet; also, the occupants of such a part of a theater.

6. An inclosed area into which gamecocks, dogs, and other animals are brought to fight, or where dogs are trained to kill rats. "As fiercely as two gamecocks in the pit." Locke.

7. [Cf. D. pit, akin to E. pith.] (Bot.) (a) The endocarp of a drupe, and its contained seed or seeds; a stone; as, a peach pit; a cherry pit, etc. (b) A depression or thin spot in the wall of a duct.

Cold pit (Hort.), an excavation in the earth, lined with masonry or boards, and covered with glass, but not artificially heated, -- used in winter for the storing and protection of half-hardly plants, and sometimes in the spring as a forcing bed. -- Pit coal, coal dug from the earth; mineral coal. -- Pit frame, the framework over the shaft of a coal mine. -- Pit head, the surface of the ground at the mouth of a pit or mine. -- Pit kiln, an oven for coking coal. -- Pit martin (Zoˆl.), the bank swallow. [Prov. Eng.] -- Pit of the stomach (Anat.), the depression on the middle line of the epigastric region of the abdomen at the lower end of the sternum; the infrasternal depression. -- Pit saw (Mech.), a saw worked by two men, one of whom stands on the log and the other beneath it. The place of the latter is often in a pit, whence the name. -- Pit viper (Zoˆl.), any viperine snake having a deep pit on each side of the snout. The rattlesnake and copperhead are examples. - - Working pit (Min.), a shaft in which the ore is hoisted and the workmen carried; -- in distinction from a shaft used for the pumps.

Pit, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitted (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pitting.] 1. To place or put into a pit or hole.

They lived like beasts, and were pitted like beasts, tumbled into the grave.

T. Grander.

2. To mark with little hollows, as by various pustules; as, a face pitted by smallpox.

3. To introduce as an antagonist; to set forward for or in a contest; as, to pit one dog against another.

||Pi"ta (?), n. [Sp.] (Bot.) (a) A fiber obtained from the Agave ||Americana and other related species, -- used for making cordage and ||paper. Called also pita fiber, and pita thread. (b) The plant which ||yields the fiber.

Pit`a*ha"ya (?), n. [Sp., prob. from the native name.] (Bot.) A cactaceous shrub (Cereus Pitajaya) of tropical America, which yields a delicious fruit.

Pit"a*pat` (?), adv. [An onomatopoetic reduplication of pat a light, quick blow.] In a flutter; with palpitation or quick succession of beats. Lowell. "The fox's heart went pitapat." L'Estrange.

Pit"a*pat`, n. A light, repeated sound; a pattering, as of the rain. "The pitapat of a pretty foot." Dryden.

Pitch (?), n. [OE. pich, AS. pic, L. pix; akin to Gr. &?;.] 1. A thick, black, lustrous, and sticky substance obtained by boiling down tar. It is used in calking the seams of ships; also in coating rope, canvas, wood, ironwork, etc., to preserve them.

He that toucheth pitch shall be defiled therewith.

Ecclus. xiii. 1.

2. (Geol.) See Pitchstone.

Amboyna pitch, the resin of Dammara australis. See Kauri. -- Burgundy pitch. See under Burgundy. -- Canada pitch, the resinous exudation of the hemlock tree (Abies Canadensis); hemlock gum. -- Jew's pitch, bitumen. -- Mineral pitch. See Bitumen and Asphalt. -- Pitch coal (Min.), bituminous coal. -- Pitch peat (Min.), a black homogeneous peat, with a waxy luster. -- Pitch pine (Bot.), any one of several species of pine, yielding pitch, esp. the Pinus rigida of North America.

Pitch, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Pitched (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Pitching.] [See Pitch, n.] 1. To cover over or smear with pitch. Gen. vi. 14.

2. Fig.: To darken; to blacken; to obscure.

The welkin pitched with sullen could.

Addison.

Pitch (?), v. t. [OE. picchen; akin to E. pick, pike.] 1. To throw, generally with a definite aim or purpose; to cast; to hurl; to toss; as, to pitch quoits; to pitch hay; to pitch a ball.

2. To thrust or plant in the ground, as stakes or poles; hence, to fix firmly, as by means of poles; to establish; to arrange; as, to pitch a tent; to pitch a camp.

3. To set, face, or pave with rubble or undressed stones, as an embankment or a roadway. Knight.

4. To fix or set the tone of; as, to pitch a tune.

5. To set or fix, as a price or value. [Obs.] Shak.

Pitched battle, a general battle; a battle in which the hostile forces have fixed positions; -- in distinction from a skirmish. -- To pitch into, to attack; to assault; to abuse. [Slang]

Pitch, v. i. 1. To fix or place a tent or temporary habitation; to encamp. "Laban with his brethren pitched in the Mount of Gilead." Gen. xxxi. 25.

2. To light; to settle; to come to rest from flight.

The tree whereon they [the bees] pitch.

Mortimer.

3. To fix one's choise; -- with on or upon.

Pitch upon the best course of life, and custom will render it the more easy.

Tillotson.

4. To plunge or fall; esp., to fall forward; to decline or slope; as, to pitch from a precipice; the vessel pitches in a heavy sea; the field pitches toward the east.

Pitch and pay, an old aphorism which inculcates ready-money payment, or payment on delivery of goods. Shak.

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