Opening
Transcriber's note: The Errata (after the List of Plates) have been worked into the main text. All other apparent mistakes have been retained as printed. Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (italics); page numbers enclosed by curly braces (example: {25}) have been incorporated to facilitate the use of the Index..
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THE GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS
WITH A STUDY OF THE RELATIONS OF LIVING AND EXTINCT FAUNAS AS ELUCIDATING THE PAST CHANGES OF THE EARTH'S SURFACE.
BY
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE,
AUTHOR OF "THE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO," ETC.
WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS.
IN TWO VOLUMES.--VOLUME II.
London: MACMILLAN AND CO. 1876.
[The Right of Translation and Reproduction is Reserved.]
LONDON: R. CLAY, SONS, AND TAYLOR, PRINTERS, BREAD STREET HILL.
CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.
III. (continued)
ZOOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY: A REVIEW OF THE CHIEF FORMS OF ANIMAL LIFE IN THE SEVERAL REGIONS AND SUB-REGIONS, WITH THE INDICATIONS THEY AFFORD OF GEOGRAPHICAL MUTATIONS.
XIV. THE NEOTROPICAL REGION
General Zoological Features of the Neotropical Region (p. 5)--Distinctive Characters of Neotropical Mammalia (p. 6)--Of Neotropical Birds (p. 7)-- Neotropical Reptiles (p. 9)--Fresh-water Fishes (p. 12)--Insects (p. 13) --Coleoptera (p. 15)--Land Shells (p. 19)--Marine Shells (p. 20)-- Brazilian Sub-region (p. 21)--Its Mammalia (p. 23)--Its Birds (p. 24)-- Islands of Tropical South America, Galapagos (p. 29)--Chilian Sub-region (p. 36)--Birds (p. 38)--Reptiles and Amphibia (p. 40)--Fresh-water Fishes (p. 42)--Lepidoptera (p. 42)--Coleoptera (p. 44)--Islands of South Temperate America (p. 49)--Mexican Sub-region (p. 51)--Mammalia and Birds (p. 52)--Reptiles and Fishes (p. 54)--Insects (p. 55)--Relations of the Mexican Sub-region to the North and South American Continents (p. 57) --Islands of the Mexican Sub-region (p. 59)--The Antillean Sub-region (p. 60)--Its Mammalia (p. 62)--Its Birds (p. 64)--Table of the Resident Land Birds of the Antilles (p. 68)--Reptiles (p. 72)--Insects (p. 73)-- Land Shells (p. 75)--Past History of the Antilles (p. 78)--Summary of the Past History of the Neotropical Region (p. 80)--Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Neotropical Region (p. 85)--Table II. Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds of the Neotropical Region (p. 91) 1-113
Chapter XV
THE NEARCTIC REGION. Zoological Characteristics of the Nearctic Region (p. 115)--List of Typical Nearctic Genera of Land Birds (p. 118)--Summary of Nearctic Vertebrata (p. 120)--Insects (p. 122)--Terrestrial and Fluviatile Mollusca (p. 124)--The Californian Sub-region (p. 127)--The Rocky Mountain Sub-region (p. 129)--The Alleghany Sub-region (p. 131)--The Bermudas (p. 134)--The Canadian Sub-region (p. 135)--Greenland (p. 138)--Table I. Families of Animals inhabiting the Nearctic Region (p. 140)--Table II. Genera of Terrestrial Mammalia and Birds of the Nearctic Region (p. 145) 114-153
Chapter XVI
SUMMARY OF THE PAST CHANGES AND GENERAL RELATIONS OF THE SEVERAL REGIONS 154-164
Part IV
GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY: A SYSTEMATIC SKETCH OF THE CHIEF FAMILIES OF LAND ANIMALS IN THEIR GEOGRAPHICAL RELATIONS.
INTRODUCTION 167-169
XVII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF MAMMALIA
Primates (p. 170)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Primates (p. 179)--Chiroptera (p. 181)--Remarks on the Distribution of Chiroptera (p. 185)--Insectivora (p. 186)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Insectivora (p. 191)--Carnivora (p. 192)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Carnivora (p. 204)--Cetacea (p. 207)--Sirenia (p. 210)--Ungulata (p. 211)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Ungulata (p. 226)--Proboscidea (p. 227)--Hyracoidea (p. 228)--Rodentia (p. 229)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Rodentia (p. 243)-- Edentata (p. 244)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Edentata (p. 247)--Marsupialia (p. 248)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Marsupialia (p. 253)--Monotremata (p. 253) 170-254
XVIII. THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF BIRDS
Passeres (p. 255)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Passeres (p. 299)--Picariæ (p. 302)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Picariæ (p. 322)--Psittaci (p. 324)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Psittaci (p. 329)--Columbæ (p. 331)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Columbæ (p. 335)--Gallinæ (p. 337)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Gallinæ (p. 344)--Opisthocomi (p. 345)--Accipitres (p. 345)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Accipitres (p. 351) --Grallæ (p. 351)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Grallæ (p. 362)--Anseres (p. 363)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Anseres (p. 367)--Struthiones (p. 368)--Struthious Birds recently Extinct (p. 369)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Struthiones (p. 370) 255-371
Chapter XIX
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAMILIES AND GENERA OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIA.
Ophidia (p. 372)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Ophidia (p. 386) --Lacertilia (p. 388)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Lacertilia (p. 403)--Rhyncocephalina (p. 405)--Crocodilia (p. 405)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Crocodilia (p. 406)--Chelonia (p. 407)--Remarks on the Distribution of Chelonia (p. 410)--Amphibia, Pseudophidia (p. 411)-- Urodela (p. 411)--Anura (p. 414)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Amphibia (p. 422) 372-423
Chapter XX
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE FAMILIES OF FISHES, WITH THE RANGE OF SUCH GENERA AS INHABIT FRESH WATER.
Acanthopterygii (p. 424)---Acanthopterygii Pharyngognathi (p. 437)-- Anacanthini (p. 439)--Physostomi (p. 441)--Lophobranchii (p. 456)-- Plectognathi (p. 457)--Sirenoidei (p. 458)--Ganoidei (p. 458)-- Chondropterygii (p. 460)--Cyclostomata (p. 463)--Leptocardii (p. 464)-- Remarks on the Distribution of Fishes (p. 464) 424-467
Chapter XXI
THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOME OF THE MORE IMPORTANT FAMILIES AND GENERA OF INSECTS.
Lepidoptera (p. 470)--General Remarks on the Distribution of the Diurnal Lepidoptera and Sphingidea (p. 483)--Coleoptera (p. 486)--Cicindelidæ (p. 486)--Carabidæ (p. 488)--Lucanidæ (p. 492)--Cetoniidæ (p. 494)-- Buprestidæ (p. 495)--Longicornia (p. 498)--General Observations on the Distribution of Coleoptera (p. 502) 468-503
XXII. AN OUTLINE OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF MOLLUSCA
Cephalopoda (p. 505)--Gasteropoda (p. 507)--Pulmonifera (p. 512)--General Observations on the Distribution of Land Mollusca (p. 522)--Pteropoda (p. 531)--Brachiopoda (p. 532)--Conchifera (p. 533)--General Remarks on the Distribution of Marine Mollusca (p. 537) 504-539
Chapter XXIII
SUMMARY OF THE DISTRIBUTION AND LINES OF MIGRATION OF THE SEVERAL CLASSES OF ANIMALS.
Mammalia (p. 540)--Lines of Migration of the Mammalia (p. 544)--Birds (p. 545)--Reptiles (p. 547)--Amphibia (p. 548)--Fresh-water Fishes (p. 549)--Insects (p. 550)--Terrestrial Mollusca (p. 551)--Conclusion (p. 552) 540-553
GENERAL INDEX 557
MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS IN VOL. II.
To face page
1. Map of the Neotropical Region 3
2. Plate XIV. A Brazilian Forest with Characteristic Mammalia 24
3. Plate XV. A Scene on the Upper Amazon, with some Characteristic Birds 28
4. Plate XVI. The Chilian Andes, with Characteristic Animals 40
5. Plate XVII. A Scene in Cuba, with Characteristic Animals 67
6. Map of the Nearctic Region 115
7. Plate XVIII. Scene in California with some Characteristic Birds 128
8. Plate XIX. The North American Prairies with Characteristic Mammalia 130
9. Plate XX. A Canadian Forest with Characteristic Mammalia 136
ERRATA IN VOL. II.
As in Vol. I. mis-spellings are not given here, being mostly corrected in the Index.
Page 111, No. 642, for 1 read 2. " 111, No. 643, for 15 read 9. " 267, line 7, add Borneo. " 276, line 10, for 16 Genera read 11 Genera. " " 8 lines from foot, for Drepanornis read Neodrepanis. " 291, 5 lines from foot, for Sayornis read Empidias.
THE
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANIMALS.