The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches (part 3 of 4)

The Biotic Associations of Cockroaches (part 3 of 4)

Synonymy.--Entedon hagenowii Ratzeburg, Blattotetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) [Burks, 1943]. Tetrastichodes asthenogmus Waterston. G. J. Kerrich (personal communication, 1957) compared the type of Tetrastichodes asthenogmus Waterston with authentically determined material of Tetrastichus hagenowii and concluded that T. asthenogmus is only a weakly developed specimen of T. hagenowii. He stated, "The longitudinal dorsal grooves of the scutellum, which are strongly developed in normal hagenowii, are only rather faintly developed in Waterston's type and also the second specimen, which was dissected and mounted on a series of ten microscope slides. No doubt it was this faint development that caused Waterston to describe the species in Tetrastichodes, a segregate that has since been recognized by Dr. Burks (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1943) as being not truly generically distinct from Tetrastichus."

Natural hosts.--Blatta orientalis, Seychelles (Ratzeburg, 1852); India (Usman, 1949).

Blatta sp., U.S.A., Louisiana (Gahan, 1914).

Blattella germanica (Burks, 1943; Peck, 1951). [In personal communications, Burks and Peck cite Howard (1892) and Marlatt (1902, and the 1908 revision of 1902) as sources for this host record. However, B. germanica is not mentioned specifically as a host of T. hagenowii in the sources cited nor in the 1915 revision of Marlatt's 1902 paper cited by Burks (1943); see footnote 6, p. 236.]

Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Hawaii (Pemberton, 1941): This record is based on one parasitized oötheca. We have exposed, at three different times, groups of 10 to 20 oöthecae of N. rhombifolia to many newly emerged T. hagenowii, but none of the eggs was parasitized (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1957).

Parcoblatta sp., U.S.A., Ohio (Edmunds, 1953a).

Periplaneta americana, Africa (Crawford, 1910; Nash, 1955): Nash's record was incorrectly attributed to Syntomosphyrum glossinae Wtstn., a parasite of tse-tse fly pupae (Jordan, 1956), Formosa (Takahashi, 1924; Sonan, 1924); Palestine (Bodenheimer, 1930); Puerto Rico (Seín, 1923; Plank, 1947, 1950; Wolcott, 1951); St. Croix, Virgin Islands (Beatty, 1944); Hawaii (Schmidt, 1937); U.S.A.: Missouri (Rau, 1940a); Ohio (Edmunds, 1955); Florida (parasitized oöthecae were collected near Orlando by members of the Orlando Laboratory, Entomology Research Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture; the parasites were identified by Burks, personal communication, 1955). Fiji (Lever, 1943); India (Mani, 1936; Usman, 1949); Trinidad and Saudi Arabia (Cameron, 1955). Westwood (1839) stated that 70 parasites belonging to the genus Eulophus emerged from an oötheca of P. americana collected on shipboard. Burks (personal communication, 1955) stated that the wasp was probably T. hagenowii.

Periplaneta australasiae, Australia (Shaw, 1925); India (Usman, 1949); Saudi Arabia, Trinidad (Cameron, 1955); Formosa (Sonan, 1924).

Periplaneta brunnea, U.S.A., Florida (parasitized oöthecae were collected near Orlando, by members of the Orlando Laboratory, Entomology Research Branch, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The parasites were identified by Burks, p. c., 1955).

Cockroach eggs, Formosa (Maki, 1937); Ceylon (Waterston, 1914): Taken on an oötheca.

"Domestic cockroaches," U.S.A., Louisiana (Girault, 1917).

"Roach egg cases," Panama Canal Zone (Rau, 1933).

Evania sp., Hawaii (Ashmead, 1901; Perkins, 1913); Guam (Fullaway, 1912); Fiji (Lever, 1946); Europe, Cuba, Florida (Marlatt, 1902, 1915).

Experimental hosts.--Blatta orientalis, Eurycotis floridana, and Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Roth and Willis, 1954b): We have maintained T. hagenowii for over two years through more than 30 generations on eggs of both B. orientalis and P. americana.

Periplaneta fuliginosa, U.S.A., Pennsylvania (Roth and Willis, 1954b); Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1957).

Schmidt (1937) deduced that T. hagenowii was a primary parasite of eggs of P. americana because the parasitized oötheca was obtained from a cage covered with screen too fine to permit entry of a larger parasite, such as an evaniid. As noted above, we have reared T. hagenowii for more than 30 generations on cockroach eggs, none of which was ever exposed to parasitization by an evaniid. If T. hagenowii were ever hyperparasitic on Evania, this relationship would be accidental, the eulophid happening to oviposit into an oötheca already containing an evaniid, or vice versa.

Adult behavior.--The male mates soon after becoming adult; he mounts the female from behind, grasps her antennae with his own antennae, and vibrates his wings during copulation. Mating is accomplished in from "several" to 20 seconds (Takahashi, 1924; Edmunds, 1955). The adults are positively phototactic and are capable of hopping for some distance (Edmunds, 1955). The females feed on material that oozes through the oviposition puncture (Roth and Willis, 1954b). Females lived 10 days (Seín, 1923). Without food, females lived 7.8 days and males 3.4 days, but when fed dilute honey females lived 12.5 days (Usman, 1949). Females lived 5-11 days (Roth and Willis, 1954b). Fed water and sugar, the wasps lived 2-6 weeks at 65°F. (Cameron, 1955). Without food, 9 females lived an average of 3.5 days and 9 males an average of 1.7 days, but when fed on raisins, 9 females lived an average of 25 days and 9 males 15 days (Edmunds, 1955). In Formosa there were six generations from April to December (Maki, 1937).

In Hawaii, Severin and Severin (1915) caught 571 T. hagenowii in 10 kerosene traps that were set up to sample populations of Mediterranean fruitfly. Apparently the parasite is attracted by the odor of kerosene.

Oviposition.--The female wasp explores the surface of the oötheca with vibrating antennae (Edmunds, 1955). She bends her abdomen ventrad and repeatedly touches the surface of the oötheca with her valvae; when she finds an acceptable oviposition site, the wasp unsheathes her ovipositor and bores through the wall of the oötheca (Roth and Willis, 1954b). The wasp deposited her eggs in 2-5 minutes (Edmunds, 1955). Wasps oviposited (pl. 34, C) into young or old eggs of P. americana (Roth and Willis, 1954b). A single wasp parasitized more than one oötheca and more than one wasp oviposited into the same oötheca (Roth and Willis, 1954b; Edmunds, 1955). We found freshly laid wasp eggs in 34 empty but previously parasitized oöthecae from which the wasps had emerged (Roth and Willis, 1954b).

Development.--In Periplaneta americana: Development is completed in an average of 36 days (range 29-58 days) (Maki, 1937); 29-40 days (Lever, 1943); average of 23.6 days (range 22-26 days) at 62°-85° F. (Usman, 1949); about 3 months at 60°-65° F. (Cameron, 1955); 31-60 days at 70°-80° F. (Edmunds, 1955). We found that the wasps completed development in 23-56 days at about 85° F., but the period depended on the number of wasps in the oötheca; the larger the number of wasps (up to an average of about 70 wasps per oötheca), the shorter the time required to complete development. Wasps in oöthecae containing 70 or more parasites developed in an average of about 32 days (Roth and Willis, 1954b). Wasp larvae eat the contents of the cockroach egg in which they start development, then rupture the chorion and attack adjoining eggs (Cameron, 1955; Edmunds, 1955). All eggs are consumed when the parasite density is high, but if too few larvae develop per oötheca, some cockroach eggs survive and the embryos complete development (Roth and Willis, 1954b). However, a certain number of cockroach nymphs must complete development to enable the survivors to force open the crista and emerge from the oötheca; fewer than this number of surviving nymphs will be trapped and killed as effectively as if they had been eaten by the parasite. The adult parasites emerge from one to three holes cut through the wall of the oötheca (Usman, 1949; Roth and Willis, 1954b).

Number of offspring per female.--In Blatta orientalis: In the laboratory, 5 oöthecae were left with each of 25 female wasps for their entire lifespans; of the 125 oöthecae, 32 were parasitized. The average number of offspring per female was 66 (range 5-164) (Roth and Willis, 1954b). In Periplaneta americana: Each of 206 oöthecae was exposed to a single female wasp for 24 hours; the average number of offspring per female was 103 (range 50-139). Five oöthecae were left with each of 38 females for their entire lifespans; of the 190 oöthecae, 81 were parasitized. The average number of offspring per female was 94 (range 45-168 [from original data]) (Roth and Willis, 1954b).

Number of parasites per oötheca.--In Eurycotis floridana: In the laboratory, 3 oöthecae that had been exposed to 20 female wasps yielded an average of 648 parasites (range 606 [from original data] to 685) (Roth and Willis, 1954b). In Neostylopyga rhombifolia: One oötheca yielded 73 parasites (Pemberton, 1941). In Parcoblatta sp.: Two oöthecae yielded an average of 100 parasites (Edmunds, 1953a). In Periplaneta americana: 100 parasites per oötheca (Seín, 1923); 140 (Schmidt, 1937); 25 (Rau, 1940a); 7-38, average 33 (Usman, 1949); 71 (Wolcott, 1951); 4 oöthecae exposed to 20 female wasps yielded an average of 204 wasps (range 164 [from original data] to 261) (Roth and Willis, 1954b); average of 30-40 (Cameron, 1955); 39 oöthecae yielded an average of 93 parasites (range 12-187) (Edmunds, 1955). In Periplaneta australasiae: Oöthecae yielded an average of 40-50 adult parasites (Cameron, 1955); about 50 (Shaw, 1925).

Sex ratio.--3 [F][F]:1 [M] (Usman, 1949); 4 [F][F]:1 [M] (Cameron, 1955); 2-8 [F][F]:1 [M] (Roth and Willis, 1954b); 1.2 [F][F]:1 [M] (Edmunds, 1955). Parthenogenesis exists; the unfertilized eggs produced only males (Roth and Willis, 1954b; Edmunds, 1955).

Distribution.--Probably worldwide. Eastern and southern U.S.A.; Central and South America; Europe; Arabia; Africa; India; Formosa; Hawaii.

=Tetrastichus periplanetae= Crawford

Natural hosts.--Periplaneta americana, Mozambique (Crawford, 1910); Union of South Africa (parasites reared from oöthecae collected in Durban, Natal, by the City Health Department): The parasites were identified by Burks (personal communication, 1956). Jamaica (Gowdey, 1925); Réunion Island (Bordage, 1913).

"Domestic cockroach," Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1951).

=Tetrastichus= sp. I

Taxonomy.--Burks (personal communication, 1956) stated that this species (specimens of which are in the U.S. National Museum) is very close to T. hagenowii.

Natural hosts.--Periplaneta americana, Union of South Africa (parasites reared from oöthecae collected in Durban, Natal, by the City Health Department [Burks, p. c., 1956]).

Periplaneta australasiae, Manila, Philippine Islands (Burks, p. c., 1956).

=Tetrastichus= sp. II

Synonymy.--Because of the war, Cros (1942) could not determine this insect specifically. He designated it provisionally and with reserve under the name Eulophus sp. However, Burks (p. c., 1956) stated that the species is most certainly a Tetrastichus from the description given; but, it is apparently not T. hagenowii because of its brilliant steel-blue color.

Natural host.--Blatta orientalis, Algeria (Cros, 1942): Adult behavior.--Mating began as soon as wasps emerged from an oötheca. Males mated repeatedly. Adults lived up to 5 days in summer and up to 12 days in fall. There were up to four generations per year in the laboratory. Oviposition.--Wasps oviposited into oöthecae 6, 22, 40, and 43 days old, and the parasites developed successfully. More than one female oviposited into the same oötheca. Oviposition was of long duration. Development.--From egg to eclosion took an average of 34 days in summer (range: 30-38 days, 5 oöthecae), and an average of 67 days in fall (range: 58-73 days, 3 oöthecae). An average of 55 parasites developed per oötheca (range 21-105, 5 oöthecae); over 130 wasps emerged from a sixth oötheca. Sex ratio.--10-20 [F][F]:1 [M].

HOST SELECTION BY EGG PARASITES

The nature of the oviposition stimulus(i) for the wasp parasites of cockroach eggs is unknown. Edmunds (1954) noted that Prosevania punctata showed more interest in oöthecae that had been cemented to the substrate than in clean oöthecae that had simply been dropped. Cros (1942) experimented with two females of P. punctata to see if the wasps could find oöthecae that had been buried in sand by the oriental cockroach. After prospecting the sand with their antennae, the wasps dug deep excavations with their front legs but always mistook the location of the oöthecae. Cros suggested that the wasps were misled by the odor left in the jar by the cockroaches. It is quite possible that odor helps the wasp find the host oötheca.

The extent of host selection varies among these parasites; some species will oviposit into the eggs of more than one species of cockroach, but others show some degree of host specificity. Positive selection of specific hosts by certain parasites appears in correlative data from different investigators on pages 235 to 254. There is a small body of data that shows nonacceptance of certain hosts by some of these wasps. For example, Comperia merceti would not parasitize eggs of Blatta orientalis or Periplaneta americana in the laboratory (Lawson, 1954a). We (unpublished data, 1957) exposed a soft oötheca, recently removed from Eurycotis floridana, to C. merceti; no wasps developed; we had similar negative results with C. merceti and oöthecae of B. germanica. We (1954b) could not induce Tetrastichus hagenowii to parasitize eggs of Blattella germanica, B. vaga, or Parcoblatta virginica in the laboratory. In our experiments, T. hagenowii oviposited into eggs of Supella supellectilium, but the wasp eggs either failed to hatch, or if they hatched, the larvae died before completing development. Neither would T. hagenowii parasitize eggs of N. rhombifolia (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1957). Anastatus tenuipes would not parasitize the eggs of Latiblattella lucifrons Hebard, Periplaneta americana, B. germanica, or B. vaga (Flock, 1941). Anastatus floridanus would not oviposit into eggs of S. supellectilium and only rarely into eggs of P. americana or B. orientalis (Roth and Willis, 1954a); in the laboratory, this wasp could not be maintained beyond one generation on the eggs of P. americana. Edmunds (1953b) could not induce Prosevania punctata to parasitize eggs of B. germanica. Cros (1942) induced P. punctata to oviposit into a mantid oötheca, but neither mantids nor parasite developed.

COCKROACH-HUNTING WASPS

A number of wasps of the families Ampulicidae, Sphecidae, and a very few species of Pompilidae have been found to provision their nests with nymphal or adult cockroaches. This habit of preying on cockroaches is primitive (Leclercq, 1954); Leclercq (personal communication, 1955) stated that this habit is always associated with the conservation of a number of structures considered as archaic from a purely morphological point of view.

The records of wasps of the genus Astata capturing cockroaches (e.g., Sickmann, 1893; St. Fargeau in Sharp, 1899) "all trace back to a questionable record by Lepeletier (1841) which probably was a misidentification of the predator" (K. V. Krombein, personal communication, 1956). Marshall (1866) suggested that the braconid Paxylomma buccata Bréb., which he found frequenting cockroach runs in Pembrokeshire, was parasitic on Ectobius nigripes Stephens; however, this wasp is undoubtedly parasitic on ants, probably on ant larvae (Donisthorpe and Wilkinson, 1930).

The wasps that are known to capture cockroaches, and summaries of their biology, are listed below.

WASPS THAT PROVISION THEIR NESTS WITH COCKROACHES

Family POMPILIDAE

=Pompilus bracatus= Bingham

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, India (Bingham, 1900).

=Pompilus= sp.

Natural host.--Cockroach, Nyasaland (Lamborn in Poulton, 1926): The wasp was collected leading a nymph of the cockroach by its antenna. The cockroach was in a stupefied state, and its antennae were bitten off to about half their length.

=Salius verticalis= Smith

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, India (Bingham, 1900).

Family AMPULICIDAE

The species of Ampulex do not appear to make special nests in which to lay their eggs but drag their prey to any convenient hole, or crack in the ground (Arnold, 1928). Although many species of Ampulex have been described, the prey of only a small number of species have been discovered, but the known prey are all cockroaches.

=Ampulex amoena= Stål

Synonymy.--Ampulex novarae Saussure [Krombein, personal communication, 1957].

Natural hosts.--Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae, both as small nymphs, Formosa (Sonan, 1924, 1927): The wasp stings a nymph about one inch long and carries it to a suitable place, such as bamboo pipes, folds of newspaper, or books (in houses), for oviposition.

Periplaneta picea, Japan (Kamo, 1957; Kohriba, 1957).

Experimental hosts.--Periplaneta picea, Japan (Kamo, 1957; Kohriba, 1957).

Kamo (1957) observed that in the field both males and females sucked juices from wounds they made in the stems of Clerodendron trichotomum Thunberg or Ilex rotunda Thunberg. Kohriba (1957), on the other hand, found both sexes sucking sap of Abies sp. and other trees from points injured by the rostrum of cicadas. Kamo (1957) observed that the female wasp grasped the cockroach by a tergum and stung it several times in the thorax. The wasp always amputated the antennae of the prey and sucked up the fluid oozing from the cut antennae. The wasp egg was placed on the mesocoxa of the cockroach. In the laboratory as many as three cockroaches, each with a wasp egg, were stored in artificial nests per day. Kohriba (1957) observed similar behavior in the laboratory and made these additional notes. The paralyzed cockroach could move its legs and was led to the nest by the wasp which seized its antennae. The egg hatched in 2 days, and after sucking up body fluid for 2 days the larva began to devour the prey. Three days later the larva spun its cocoon, and about one month after spinning a female wasp emerged.

=Ampulex assimilis= Kohl

Natural hosts.--Blatta lateralis, wingless females, Iraq (Hingston, 1925): Nesting sites are holes in palm trees, galleries of beetles, or tunnels in ground. The wasp first seizes a cockroach by the edge of its thorax and stings it in the thoracic region, then seizes the cockroach by an antenna and pulls and leads it to the nest. The wasp deposits her egg on the outer surface of the femur of the cockroach's midleg. The nest is closed with debris; later the cockroach recovers from the sting. The wasp larva first feeds externally, then bores into the cockroach and devours the internal organs. Pupation occurs inside the exoskeleton of the cockroach.

=Ampulex canaliculata= (Say)

Synonymy.--Rhinopsis caniculatus.

Natural hosts.--Ischnoptera sp., U.S.A. (Krombein, 1951).

Lobopterella dimidiatipes, Hawaii (Williams, 1928a, 1929).

Parcoblatta pensylvanica? MacNay (1954) referred to a rare sphecoid wasp in eastern Canada which provisioned its nest with nymphs and adults of P. pensylvanica. Dr. W. R. M. Mason (personal communication, 1957) wrote us that although this wasp was Ampulex canaliculata, it was not reared from the cockroach but was swept from a pine tree. There are no positive records linking A. canaliculata with P. pensylvanica.

Experimental host.--Parcoblatta virginica, females, U.S.A., Missouri (Williams, 1928a, 1929): figure 6.

Nesting sites are in twigs (Krombein, 1951). The adult behavior is similar to that of A. compressa; the female wasp imbibes blood that oozes from the amputated antennae of the cockroach; the egg hatches in 2-3 days, and the development of one male was completed in 33 days (Williams, 1929).

Distribution.--U.S.A.: Connecticut south to Georgia; Ohio, Wisconsin, Missouri, Kansas; in open woods (Krombein, 1951).

=Ampulex compressa= (Fabricius)

(Pl. 35)

Synonymy.--Guĕpe ichneumon of Réaumur [Williams, 1929]; Chlorion (Ampulex) compressum.

Natural hosts.--Periplaneta americana, New Caledonia (Lucas, 1879); India (Dutt, 1912); Reunion (Bordage, 1912).

Periplaneta australasiae, Hawaii (Swezey, 1944).

Periplaneta sp., India (Maxwell-Lefroy, 1909).

Cockroach. Mauritius (Réaumur, 1742); Burma (Bingham, 1897).

Experimental hosts.--Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Periplaneta americana, and Periplaneta australasiae, Hawaii (Williams, 1942, 1942a). Zimmerman's (1948) listings probably were taken from Williams.

Nesting sites.--Holes in walls; holes in banyan and fig trees; in houses in drawers and cartons. Behavior.--Similar to that of A. assimilis. Bordage (1912) gives a complete description of capture of prey. The female wasp cuts off part of the cockroach's antennae, legs, and wings; she sticks her egg onto the host's mesothoracic coxa. The wasp frequents houses in search of prey. Five [F][F], supplied with a cockroach per day, stored an average of 57±14 cockroaches; 8 [F][F] stored an average of 45±3 cockroaches; these latter wasps were not supplied with a cockroach per day throughout (mean values computed from Williams, 1942). This wasp will not attack Nauphoeta cinerea (Williams, 1942a) or Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Schwabe, 1950b). On one occasion, A. compressa stung Diploptera punctata, but did not oviposit (Williams, 1942a). Development.--Minimum 34 days, maximum 140 days (Williams, 1942). About 6 weeks (Swezey, 1944). Longevity of adults.--13 [F][F] lived an average of 110±11 days (minimum 31, maximum 159); several [M][M] lived 2 months (Williams, 1942).

=Ampulex fasciata= Jurine

Natural host.--Ectobius pallidus, France (Picard, 1911, 1919): Nesting sites are in brier or bramble stems, or in crevices in fig trees; the female possibly uses old nests of leaf-cutter bees. The feeding of the wasp larva is similar to that of other Ampulex. Adult wasp emerges by cutting open a passage through its cocoon and through the anus of the cockroach.

=Ampulex ruficornis= (Cameron)

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, Oriental region (Rothney in Sharp, 1899): Nesting sites are in crevices in bark. The female grasps the cockroach by an antenna to drag it to her nest.

=Ampulex sibirica= Fabricius

Synonymy.--Perkins referred to this species as Ampulex sibirica. Williams (1942a), referring to Perkins's observations, mentions the species as "A. compressiventris Guérin (=A. siberica Sauss.)." Krombein (personal communication, 1956) has commented upon this synonymy as follows: Ampulex siberica Sauss. is apparently a misidentification by Saussure of sibirica Fab. Kohl (1893) in his revision of the genus Ampulex considered A. compressiventris Guérin to be the correct name for this common African species and that sibirica, described from Siberia, must be another species. However, Turner (1912) stated that he had seen Fabricius's type specimen and that it was identical with what had been called compressiventris; he considered the Siberian locality given by Fabricius as an error. Krombein suggested that Williams's use of the combination siberica Sauss. was a lapsus and that the valid name, if Turner is correct, is sibirica Fab.

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, West Africa (Perkins in Sharp, 1899): Nesting sites are keyholes. Enters apartments in search of cockroaches. Wasp cocoon protrudes from dead body of cockroach.

=Ampulex sonnerati= Kohl

Synonymy.--"La mouche bleue" of Sonnerat (Kohl, 1893).

Natural host.--"Kakkerlac," Philippine Islands (Sonnerat, 1776): Nesting sites are readymade crevices. The wasp seizes the cockroach by an antenna and stings the host many times in the "abdomen." She drags the cockroach by an antenna to the nest, and, after depositing her egg, plugs the opening with moistened earth.

=Dolichurus bicolor= Lepeletier

Synonymy.--Schulz (1912) considered this to be Dolichurus corniculus. Berland (1925) stated that this is possibly a color variety of D. corniculus. Soyer (1947), from a study of the behavior of the wasps, believed that both D. bicolor and D. haemorrhous are varieties of D. corniculus. Krombein (personal communication, 1956) stated that D. corniculus and D. bicolor differ in characters other than color alone and that D. bicolor is considered a valid species today.

Natural host.--Cockroach, France (Benoist, 1927): The wasp was observed closing the entrance to its burrow. Its egg was attached to the coxa of the midleg of the cockroach.

Maneval (1932) stated that D. bicolor is found at the edge of dry woods along with D. corniculus and that the wasp will also accept the prey of D. corniculus if presented to it.

=Dolichurus corniculus= (Spinola)

Synonymy.--Dolichurus haemorrhous Costa [Schulz, 1912]. Berland (1925) listed D. haemorrhous separately but stated that it is perhaps a color variety of D. corniculus.

Natural hosts.--Blattella germanica, France (Benoist, 1927).

Ectobius lapponicus, Germany (Sickmann, 1893); Denmark (Nielsen, 1903); Sweden (Adlerz, 1903); Italy (Grandi, 1931, 1954); France (Benoist, 1927; Maneval, 1928).

Ectobius pallidus, France (Maneval, 1932; Soyer, 1947).

Ectobius panzeri, France (Soyer, 1947).

Ectobius sp., Italy (Grandi, 1954).

Hololampra punctata, Pitten (Handlirsch, 1889).

Loboptera decipiens, France (Ferton, 1894).

Cockroach, Netherlands (Bouwman, 1914).

Nesting sites.--The wasp uses already-made cavities such as rotting dead branches on ground, fissures in the earth, abandoned ant holes, chinks in stone, or the empty cocoon of the ichneumon Ophion luteus (Ferton, 1894; Maneval, 1932).

Behavior.--The prey is immobile while being dragged to the nest but recovers sufficiently from the sting so that if dug up it will run around (Ferton, 1894; Bouwman, 1914; Benoist, 1927; Grandi, 1954). The wasp cuts off about two-thirds of the cockroach's antennae prior to putting its prey in its nest (Adlerz, 1903; Bouwman, 1914; Soyer, 1947). One cockroach is placed in the nest and the wasp's egg is attached to the midcoxa (Ferton, 1894). Oviposition takes 5 to 6 minutes (Maneval, 1939). Wasp fills and seals its nest with bits of earth and stones (Ferton, 1894; Grandi, 1954). The wasp larva feeds externally and devours the entire cockroach, including its exoskeleton (Ferton, 1894).

Development.--Hatching occurs in 3 to 4 days (Ferton, 1894) or longer during cooler weather (Maneval, 1939). Larval development takes 6 days (Grandi, 1954), 8 days (Ferton, 1894), or 10 to 25 days depending on season (Maneval, 1939).

=Dolichurus gilberti= Turner

Natural hosts.--"Small Blattidae," India (Turner, 1917).

=Dolichurus greenei= Rohwer

Natural host.--Parcoblatta sp., U.S.A., Virginia (Krombein, 1951, 1955): Nesting sites are under leaf litter. The prey was a paralyzed third-instar nymph. Distribution.--Ontario. U.S.A. from Canadian border south to Florida in coastal States (Krombein, 1951).

=Dolichurus ignitus= Sm.

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, Natal and Southern Rhodesia (Arnold, 1928): The wasp is "usually seen running up and down the trunks of trees searching for small cockroaches in the crevices of the bark."

=Dolichurus stantoni= (Ashmead)

Natural hosts.--Allacta similis, nymphs, Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931; Zimmerman, 1948).

Blattella lituricollis, usually nymphs, Philippine Islands, Hawaii (Williams, 1919).

Cutilia soror, nymphs, Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931; Zimmerman, 1948).

"Phyllodromia" sp., Philippine Islands, Hawaii (Williams, 1918; Bridwell, 1920).

Experimental hosts.--"Field cockroaches," Philippine Islands (Williams, 1944).

Nesting site.--Readymade crevices or holes in ground; porosity in lava. Behavior.--The wasp seizes the cockroach by a cercus or leg and stings it in the thorax. She (fig. 7, A) then drags the cockroach to the nest by the base of an antenna. Wasp bites off distal part of host's antennae. She deposits her egg on one of the host's midcoxae. Nest is plugged with lumps of soil. The larva eats the entire host. Development.--Eggs hatched in about a day and a half. Adults emerged about 3 weeks later. About five generations per year. (Williams, 1918, 1919; Williams et al., 1931.)

=Dolichurus= sp.

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, nymphs, South Africa (Bridwell, 1917). Adult female cockroach carrying an oötheca, France (Deleurance, 1943).

Nesting site.--Plant stem, or in ground possibly an old abandoned nest of Ammophile. Behavior.--Bridwell noted that one wasp larva ate two cockroach nymphs before pupating; the adult emerged about 4 months after cocoon formation. Deleurance observed the wasp close its nest with small pebbles, balls of earth, and small dead branches. The wasp egg was placed on the femur of the midleg. The prey in the nest is alert when disturbed. Deleurance believed the wasp was a variety of D. corniculus.

=Trirhogma caerulea= Westwood

Natural hosts.--Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae, Formosa (Sonan, 1924): The wasp stings a nymph about one inch long and carries it to a suitable place (bamboo pipe) for oviposition.

=Trirhogma= sp.

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, Oriental region (Williams, 1918, 1928): As far as is known species of this genus of wasps hunt cockroaches.

Family SPHECIDAE

=Tachysphex blatticidus= Williams

Natural hosts.--Chorisoneura sp., adults, Trinidad, St. Augustine (Callan, 1942): The wasps nest gregariously in sandy places. The wasp itself is parasitized by the mutillid Timulla (Timulla) eriphyla Mickel.

Cockroaches, Trinidad (Williams, 1941a; Callan, 1950).

=Tachysphex coriaceus= Costa

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, Italy (Beaumont, 1954).

=Tachysphex fanuiensis= Cheesman

Natural hosts.--Graptoblatta notulata, Society Islands (Cheesman, 1927, 1928).

Cockroach ("except for its smaller size [it] much resembles Graptoblatta notulata."), New Caledonia (Williams, 1945).

Nesting sites.--Patches of dry soil (Cheesman, 1928); coarse sand at base of a bank (Williams, 1945). Behavior.--The female wasp pounces on the cockroach and stings it into immobility; she carries her prey in flight to the nest. Two to 13 cockroaches may be found in one nest; and one or more wasp eggs may be deposited in one nest. The egg is attached at one end to the host's thorax behind a forecoxa. Nest is sealed with dry pellets of soil. The cockroaches apparently do not recover from the wasp's sting.

=Tachysphex lativalvis= (Thomson)

Natural hosts.--Ectobius lapponicus, adults, Sweden (Adlerz, 1906); France (Maneval, 1932).

Ectobius pallidus, nymphs, France (Ferton, 1894, 1901; Maneval, 1932; Deleurance, 1946); Italy (Grandi, 1928).

Ectobius panzeri, Netherlands (Bouwman, 1914).

Ectobius sp., Denmark (Nielsen, 1933).

Ferton (1914) stated that he had reported in 1912 that this species hunted Hemiptera, but that this observation was a lapsus. Nesting site.--In the ground of sandy woodlot or border of dry woods; the nest is a hole 5.5 to 8 cm. long ending in a horizontal cell. Grandi (1928) stated that the entrance to the nest descended obliquely for 5 to 6 cm. and ended 4 cm. below the surface of the ground. Behavior.--Two cockroaches, either sex, adults or nymphs, were stored in the cell (Adlerz, 1903; Grandi, 1928). The wasp laid her egg on the first prey brought, attaching it behind the front coxa. The cockroaches were not excitable and their antennae had not been injured. Grandi (1928) stated that the claws of the hind tarsi of the victims may be amputated. The hatched larva may consume one of its victims in four days leaving only the head, pronotum, tegmina, wings, and the urosternum.

=Podium abdominale= (Perty)

Synonymy.--Trigonopsis abdominalis Perty [Kohl, 1902].

Natural hosts.--Cockroaches, nymphs, Ecuador (Williams, 1928): These wasps are apparently mainly arboreal mud daubers. The female wasp constructs a mud nest on underside of a palm leaf. Wasp egg is attached behind one of the forecoxae of the cockroach. Several cockroaches are stored in each nest. The prey is not immobilized as a result of the sting, and its antennae are left intact.

=Podium carolina= Rohwer

Natural host.--Parcoblatta pensylvanica, nymphs (Rau, 1937): Nesting sites are mud nests of Sceliphron caementarium (Drury). One to three cockroach nymphs are stored per nest; mud partitions are placed in tube; the nest is plugged with mud which is coated with resin. Distribution.--U.S.A., New York to North Carolina (Murray, 1951); Florida (Krombein and Evans, 1955).

=Podium dubium= Taschenberg

Natural hosts.--Epilamprine cockroaches, Brazil (Williams, 1928): Burrows, lenticular in cross section, are found on shaded trails. The wasp's habits are similar to those of P. flavipenne and P. haematogastrum.

=Podium flavipenne= Lepeletier

Natural host.--Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, British Guiana (Williams, 1928): Nesting site.--Burrows, about 2 inches deep and lenticular in cross section, are dug in the ground in well-drained, partly sheltered areas; also old Podium nests are used. Behavior.--The wasp stings the cockroach to helplessness and flies with it back to her nest where the host may recover from the sting; one or more cockroaches are stored per nest; the egg is deposited behind the forecoxa while the cockroach is still outside the burrow. The nest is sealed with mud. The larva feeds on most of the cockroach and leaves only some heavily sclerotized portions in the cell. In 153 nests examined, there was an average of 2.2 ± 0.08 [standard error computed from cited data] cockroaches per cell; four nests contained five cockroaches apiece. Of the 331 cockroaches in the nests, only 6 percent were adults. Development.--Egg hatches in about 2 days; larva feeds about 4 days and pupates about 2 weeks later; adult emerges about 10-12 days later.

=Podium haematogastrum= Spinola

Natural host.--Epilampra sp., Brazil, Pará (Williams, 1928): The female wasp (fig. 7, B) burrows into the surface of termite mounds, in banks, and in level ground. This wasp's behavior is similar to that of P. flavipenne. There was an average of 1.6 cockroaches (fig. 7, C) per cell in 74 nests examined. Of the 121 cockroaches collected, 28 percent were adults. Under artificial conditions, the life cycle varied from about a month to 45 days or more.

=Podium luctuosum= Smith

Natural host.--Parcoblatta virginica, female, U.S.A., New York (Pate, 1949).

Distribution.--U.S.A.: New York to Texas (Murray, 1951).

=Podium rufipes= Fabricius

Natural hosts.--"Wood roaches," British Guiana (Howes, 1917, 1919); Brazil (Williams, 1928): Nesting sites were clay column nests on houses, sides of stumps, or forest trees; banks; termite mound. Variable numbers of cockroaches were placed in the nests with one wasp egg attached behind forecoxa of the last host. The egg hatches in 2 days, the larva pupates about 2 weeks later, and the adult emerges 24 days later.

=Podium= sp.

Natural host.--Epilampra conferta, Brazil (Poulton, 1917): The burrow contained several cockroaches of the same species.

ANTS PREDACEOUS ON COCKROACHES

A large roach endeavored to escape by crossing the main front of the army. The creature made several powerful jumps, but each time it touched the ground ... its legs were grasped by the fearless ants.... In the end it fell ... and was instantly torn to bits and carried to the rear.... Another ant with the body of a wood roach was assisted by a worker who held the carrier's abdomen high in the air out of the way of her burden, all the way to the nest.

HOWES (1919)

Family FORMICIDAE

From the known entomophagous habits of the lower ants (Wheeler, 1928), we wonder that there are not more records of ants feeding on cockroaches, because this act must occur frequently. Kirby and Spence (1822) stated that R. Kittoe had observed in Antigua that ants which nested in the roofs would seize a cockroach by the legs so it could not move, kill it, and carry it up to their nest. Hotchkiss (1874) observed ants kill cockroaches on shipboard. Cockroaches attracted to sugar in the pantry were killed and carried off by the ants. The destruction of cockroaches by army ants has been recorded by Bates (1863), Wallace (1891), Beebe (1917, 1919), Howes (1919), and others. Dead and mutilated specimens of Ischnoptera sp. [undoubtedly Parcoblatta americana (Gurney, personal communication, 1958)] are common in the nests of species of Formica in California (Mann, 1911).

=Aphaenogaster picea= Emery

Natural prey.--Ectobius pallidus, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, 1957).

=Camponotus pennsylvanicus= (De Geer)

Common name.--Carpenter ant.

Natural prey.--Parcoblatta pensylvanica, U.S.A. (Rau, 1940): The ants entered traps set up to capture the cockroach and carried off about a dozen adults of both sexes.

=Dorylus (Anomma) nigricans= subsp. =sjöstedi Emery=

Natural prey.--Small cockroach, Belgian Congo (Raignier and van Boven, 1955).

=Dorylus (Anomma) wilverthi= Emery

Natural prey.--Small cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Raignier and van Boven, 1955).

=Dorylus= sp.

Common name.--"Safari ant."

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Africa, Lake Victoria (Carpenter, 1920): When the "Safari ants" were hunting, many species of cockroaches were driven from hiding among dead leaves in the forest. The cockroaches rushed about but easily fell prey to the ants which tore them to bits.

=Eciton burchelli= (Westwood)

Common name.--Army ant.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Panama Canal Zone (Johnson, 1954; Schneirla, 1956).

=Formica omnivora=

Synonymy.--The identity of this form is unknown. There are no species of Formica on Ceylon. There was another Formica omnivora described from tropical America, whose identity is also unknown (W. L. Brown, personal communication, 1956).

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Ceylon (Kirby and Spence, 1822).

=Iridomyrmex humilis= Mayr

Common name.--Argentine ant.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, injured individuals only (Ealand, 1915).

=Lasius alienus= (Förster)

Natural prey.--Ectobius pallidus, U.S.A., Massachusetts (Roth and Willis, 1957).

=Pheidole megacephala= (Fabricius)

Common name.--Big-headed ant.

Natural prey.--Holocompsa fulva, Hawaii (Illingworth, 1916).

Nauphoeta cinerea and Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Hawaii (Illingworth, 1914, 1942): The ants followed and killed N. cinerea and P. surinamensis as they burrowed in moist soil and attacked and destroyed N. cinerea in breeding cages.

XIII. VERTEBRATA

Class PISCES

In British Guiana, Beebe (1925a) found undetermined cockroach remains in the stomachs of four species of fish belonging to three families, as follows:

Family POTAMOTRYGONTIDAE

=Potamotrygon humboldti= (Duméril)

(= Potamotrygon hystrix)

Family PIMELODIDAE

=Rhamdia sebae= Cuvier and Valenciennes

Family CHARACIDAE

=Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis= (Eigenmann)

(= Cynopotamus essequibensis)

=Chalceus macrolepidotus= Cuvier and Valenciennes

The only other records of cockroaches being eaten by fish pertain to the use of cockroaches as bait.[8] Captain William Owen (in Webster, 1834) stated that the Chinese used cockroaches as bait in their fishing excursions. At Reelfoot Lake, Tennessee, Blatta orientalis were kept in large numbers by bait dealers and were sold to fishermen who used them for catching Lepomis pallidus, a sunfish locally known as bream, blue bream, or bluegill (Rau, 1944). In Indiana, oriental cockroaches were collected at a city dump by fishermen (Gould, 1941). Peterson (1956) states that cockroaches are satisfactory bait for bluegills, crappies, channel cat, blue heads, and large mouth black bass.

Class AMPHIBIA[9]

Order CAUDATA

Family PLETHODONTIDAE

=Plethodon glutinosus= (Green)

Natural prey.--Cryptocercus punctulatus, U.S.A. (Honigberg, 1953): Protozoa which are normally only found in C. punctulatus were present in the intestine of the salamander indicating that this cockroach had been eaten by the amphibian.

Order SALIENTIA

Family BUFONIDAE

=Bufo funereus= Bocage

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 62 out of 72 specimens contained food; this included 3 cockroaches.

=Bufo ictericus= Spix

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Brazil (Valente, 1949): Stomach contents revealed the prothorax, legs, and wings of cockroaches, and fragments of wood-cockroaches. This toad frequently feeds at night.

=Bufo marinus= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--Giant toad, marine toad, Surinam toad.

Natural prey.--Epilampra abdomen-nigrum, Trinidad (Weber, 1938): Found in the stomachs of two toads.

Diploptera punctata, Hawaii (Pemberton and Williams, 1938).

Periplaneta sp., Fiji (Lever, 1939): Many householders in Suva have seen the toad eat considerable numbers of these cockroaches.

Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Hawaii (Alicata, 1938; Illingworth, 1941).

Cockroaches, Nicaragua (Noble, 1918): Stomach contents of toads captured at street lamps in Rio Grande consisted chiefly of large cockroaches. Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1937).

=Bufo valliceps= Wiegmann

Experimental prey.--Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to three toads.

Family HYLIDAE

=Hyla cinerea= (Schneider)

Common name.--Green tree frog.

Natural prey.--Ischnoptera deropeltiformis, Periplaneta americana, and undetermined cockroaches, U.S.A., Georgia (Haber, 1926): Cockroaches were found in 11 of 100 stomachs.

Family RANIDAE

=Arthroleptis variabilis= Matschie

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): Of 52 specimens examined, the stomach contents of 17 contained food, including 3 cockroaches.

=Hyperolius picturatus= Peters

Natural prey.--Cockroach, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 12 of 56 specimens examined contained food, including one cockroach.

=Leptodactylus albilabris= (Günther)

Natural prey.--Cockroach, Puerto Rico (Schmidt, 1920): One of 25 stomachs contained a medium-sized cockroach.

=Leptodactylus pentadactylus= (Laurenti)

Common name.--"Smoky jungle frog" or "pepper frog."

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Nicaragua (Noble, 1918): Cockroach wings were found in the stomach of a frog caught around human habitation. Brazil (Valente, 1949).

=Leptopelis calcaratus= (Boulenger)

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 35 specimens were examined of which 13 contained food, including 2 cockroaches.

=Leptopelis rufus= Reichenow

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): Forty-five of 83 stomachs examined contained food, including 2 cockroaches.

=Megalixalus fornasinii= (Bianconi)

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomachs of 3 of 40 specimens contained food, including 2 cockroaches.

=Rana catesbeiana= Shaw

Common name.--Bullfrog.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Derez, 1949).

=Rana mascareniensis= Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Belgian Congo (Noble, 1924): The stomach contents of 138 specimens were examined, 39 of which contained food, including 2 cockroaches.

=Rana pipiens= Schreber

Common name.--Leopard frog.

Experimental prey.--Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to two frogs.

Neostylopyga rhombifolia, U.S.A. (Dr. T. Eisner, personal communication, 1958.)

=Frogs=

Natural prey.--Blatta orientalis, U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): Frogs which escaped from a tank in the cellar consumed quantities of this cockroach.

Parcoblatta pensylvanica, U.S.A. (Frost, 1924): One adult specimen recovered from alimentary canal of a frog, probably Rana sp.

=Unidentified batrachians=

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): These insects were preferred by all the insect eaters in the zoo.

Periplaneta americana, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): Newly molted individuals were accepted as food, but others were usually passed by or consumed unwillingly.

Class REPTILIA[10]

Order CHELONIA

Family EMYDIDAE

=Chrysemys picta= (Schneider)

Common name.--Painted turtle.

Natural prey.--Periplaneta australasiae, England (Lucas, 1916, 1920): The cockroach, apparently injured, fell into water in the tortoise house, Zoological Gardens, Regent's Park, and the terrapin ate it.

Order SAURIA

Family GEKKONIDAE

=Gekko gecko= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): The geckos frequent holes in trees and underside of bark which are favorable haunts of cockroaches. Stomach contents mostly Blattidae and "Locustidae."

=Hemidactylus frenatus= Duméril and Bibron

Common name.--House lizard.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): Bulk of stomach contents of 22 lizards consisted of Orthoptera, mostly cockroaches.

=Sphaerodactylus= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is found in houses.

=Thecadactylus= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is found in houses.

=Undetermined geckos=

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Australia, Flinders River (Froggatt, 1906): The lizard lived in the walls of the hut and hunted cockroaches upon the roof at night. Arno Atoll (Usinger and La Rivers, 1953).

Family IGUANIDAE

=Anolis carolinensis= Voigt

Experimental prey.--Diploptera punctata, U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958).

=Anolis cristatellus= Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey.--Blattella sp., Cariblatta delicatula, Epilampra wheeleri, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, and Symploce flagellata, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): The last-named cockroach may have been S. ruficollis Rehn and Hebard, the females of which are hard to distinguish from flagellata. Rehn and Hebard (1927) stated that in all probability flagellata does not occur on the island of Puerto Rico. Wolcott (1950) stated that Symploce ruficollis [= bilabiata] serves as food for the crested lizard.

Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Schmidt, 1920): Of 100 stomachs examined, 16 contained Orthoptera, including cockroaches. Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): One hundred A. cristatellus had eaten 8 cockroaches, 4.14 percent of the total food, or 25 percent of the food for 8 lizards.

=Anolis pulchellus= Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): Two small cockroaches found in 50 lizards examined.

=Anolis equestris= Merrem

Experimental prey.--Neostylopyga rhombifolia, U.S.A. (Eisner, personal communication, 1958.)

=Anolis grahami= Garman

Natural prey.--Periplaneta spp. and Blattidae, Bermuda (Simmonds, 1958): Stomachs of 176 lizards yielded 6 cockroaches.

=Anolis leachi= Duméril and Bibron

Natural prey.--Periplaneta spp. and Blattidae, Bermuda (Simmonds, 1958): Stomachs of 46 lizards yielded 31 cockroaches.

=Anolis sagrei= Cocteau

Natural and experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Cuba (Darlington, 1938): This species was eaten both in captivity and in nature. The lizard ate most readily soft, immature cockroaches. Pycnoscelus surinamensis is probably a staple food of the lizard in nature, as Darlington observed wild lizards catch the nymphs.

=Anolis stratulus= Cope

Natural prey.--Aglaopteryx facies, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): One cockroach was found in 50 lizards examined.

Cockroach, Puerto Rico (Schmidt, 1920): One of 25 stomachs contained a cockroach.

=Anolis= sp.

Natural prey.--"Wood roaches," British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is arboreal on foliage in low jungle.

Family SCINCIDAE

=Leiolopisma laterale= Say

Common name.--Brown skink.

Natural prey.--Woodroaches, U.S.A., Louisiana (Slater, 1949): Analysis of stomach contents of 84 adult skinks showed that nymphal and adult woodroaches comprised the majority of Orthoptera.

=Tropidophorus grayi= Günther

Common name.--Spiny lizard.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Philippine Islands, Laguna (Villadolid, 1934): Food of this species was mostly Blattidae.

=Unidentified skinks=

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Arno Atoll (Usinger and La Rivers, 1953).

Family AGAMIDAE

Experimental prey?--Cockroaches, Australia (Lee and Mackerras, 1955): A general statement was made that in captivity Agamidae were observed feeding avidly on cockroaches and other insects. Three agamids studied by these workers were Amphibolurus barbatus (Gray), Physignathus lesueurii Gray, and Chlamydosaurus kingii Gray.

Family CHAMAELEONTIDAE

=Chamaeleon chamaeleon= (Linnaeus) and =Chamaeleon oustaleti= Mocquard

Experimental prey.--Cockroaches, Amsterdam (Portielje, 1914): Large cockroaches were fed to these lizards in the reptile house of Artis.

Family TEIIDAE

=Ameiva exsul= Cope

Common name.--Iguana, ground lizard.

Natural prey.--Cockroach (nymph), Epilampra wheeleri, and Periplaneta americana, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924): Stomach contents of 15 lizards were analyzed. E. wheeleri formed 30 percent of the food of one lizard. The cockroach nymph formed 5 percent of the food of one lizard. One P. americana formed 20 percent of the food of one lizard; another formed 50 percent of the food of a second lizard.

Experimental prey.--Cockroach nymphs, Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1924).

=Ameiva= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above lizard is terrestrial and found near clearings. The stomach contents of 18 out of 40 reptiles contained cockroach remains.

=Cnemidophorus= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): This is a terrestrial lizard found near clearings. The stomach contents of 4 out of 40 lizards contained cockroaches.

=Unidentified lizards=

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, West Indies (H., 1800).

Experimental prey.--Blatta orientalis, U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): Rau called the predator a common gray lizard.

Periplaneta americana, Germany, Frankfurt am Main, Zoological Garden (Lederer, 1952): Newly molted cockroaches were accepted as food, but others were usually passed by or consumed unwillingly.

Order SERPENTES

Family COLUBRIDAE

=Heterodon platyrhinos= Latreille

Synonymy.--Heterodon contortrix [Dr. Doris M. Cochran, personal communication, 1957].

Common name.--Hog-nosed snake.

Experimental prey.--Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Moore, 1946): Cockroaches containing infective acanthellas of Moniliformis dubius were fed to one snake.

=Garter Snake=

Experimental prey.--Blatta orientalis, U.S.A. (Rau, 1924).

Class AVES

The cockroach is always wrong when arguing with a chicken.

Spanish proverb (HARTNACK, 1939)

Arboreal cockroaches hidden in and under bark are much more likely to be encountered by birds than by other predators, and insectivorous birds undoubtedly consume many more cockroaches than the few records would indicate. Most of the records we have located identify the birds at least by common name. Where possible we have given the scientific names for those birds whose common names are recognizably specific. We have followed the systematic classification of Wetmore (1940).

Figuier (1869) stated that poultry and owls are very fond of cockroaches. Perkins (1913) made the general statement that some of the native birds of Hawaii are partial to the endemic Allacta similis. Asano (1937) stated that in Japan natural enemies of cockroaches may be found in the Galliformes, Strigiformes, Passeriformes, and Piciformes. Although Lederer (1952) successfully fed newly molted Periplaneta americana to insectivorous birds in the Zoological Garden, Frankfurt am Main, Blattella germanica were preferred by these birds. The following records are of specific birds feeding on cockroaches.

Order ANSERIFORMES

Family ANATIDAE

=Domestic duck=

Natural prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Australia (Fielding 1926): The ducks became infected with Manson's eye worm of which P. surinamensis is the only known intermediate host.

Cockroach, Bermuda (Jones, 1859): "All kinds of poultry feed greedily upon the cockroach; tame ducks spending entire moonlight nights in their capture."

Order GALLIFORMES

Family PHASIANIDAE

=Bambusicola thoracica= Temminck

Common name.--Kojukei.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Japan (Asano, 1937).

=Gallus= sp.

Common name.--Jungle fowl.

Natural prey.--Periplaneta australasiae, Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949).

=Phasianus calchicus karpowi= Buturlin

Common name.--Korean pheasants.

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica and Periplaneta picea, Japan (Asano, 1937): Adults of these cockroaches were devoured at once when they were fed with the heads cut off.

=Phasianus= sp.

Common name.--Pheasant.

Natural prey.--Blattidae, unidentified (below 1 percent of the diet), Cutila soror (below 1 percent of the diet), Diploptera punctata (above 6 percent of the diet), and Pycnoscelus surinamensis (6 percent of the diet), Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949).

=Coturnix coturnix japonica= (Temminck and Schlegel)

Common name.--Japanese quail.

Natural prey.--Blattidae (unidentified) and Lobopterella dimidiatipes, Hawaii (Schwartz and Schwartz, 1949).

=Domestic chicken=

Natural and experimental prey.--Blaberus craniifer, U.S.A., Key West, Florida. J.A.G. Rehn in 1912 (personal communication) observed chickens feeding on nymphs of B. craniifer which had dropped to the ground from among stacked coffins in an undertaker's shack.

Blatta orientalis, U.S.A. (Rau, 1924): The chickens ate cockroaches that were caught in traps.

Hebardina concinna, Japan (Asano, 1937): Experimental feeding to white Leghorn chickens.

Periplaneta americana, Surinam (Stage, 1947): Several cockroaches ran off the floor of a house, which was being sprayed with DDT, and were eaten by chickens. Although some chickens had DDT tremors the next day, all appeared normal two days later.

Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Australia (Fielding, 1926); Formosa, experimental feeding (Kobayashi, 1927); Australia, experimental feeding (Fielding, 1927, 1928); U.S.A., Florida, experimental feeding (Sanders, 1928); Antigua (Hutson, 1943); Hawaii (Illingworth, 1931; Schwabe, 1949, 1950a, 1950b). This cockroach is the intermediate host of Oxyspirura mansoni, the chicken eye worm.

Cockroaches, Guadeloupe (Dutertre, 1654); Africa (Moiser, 1947): "Poultry" ate cockroaches which had been killed by DDT and sodium fluoride. Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948).

=Partridge=

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The food of two small species of leaf-colored partridges that lived on the jungle floor, consisted chiefly of cockroaches and beetles.

Family MELEAGRIDIDAE

=Meleagris gallopavo= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--Turkey.

Natural prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Antigua (Hutson, 1943): Turkeys were found heavily infected with Manson's eye worm of which P. surinamensis is the only known intermediate host. These turkeys therefore were presumed to have fed on this cockroach.

Order COLUMBIFORMES

Family COLUMBIDAE

=Streptopelia chinensis= (Scopoli)

Common name.--Chinese dove.

Natural prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Hawaii (Schwabe, 1950b).

=Pigeon=

Experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Australia (Fielding, 1927); U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928).

Order STRIGIFORMES

Family STRIGIDAE

=Gymnasio nudipes= (Daudin)

Common name.--Bare-legged owl.

Natural prey.--Epilampra sp., Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): One specimen identified in stomach of a wild-caught owl.

Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): These insects were found in stomachs of five owls.

Order CORACIFORMES

Family TODIDAE

=Todus mexicanus= Lesson

Common name.--Porto Rican tody.

Natural prey.--Plectoptera poeyi?, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): The stomachs of 89 birds were examined; a single bird had eaten the above cockroach. According to Wolcott (1950) P. poeyi could be Plectoptera dorsalis, P. rhabdota, or P. infulata.

Family BUCEROTIDAE

=Tockus birostris= (Scopoli)

Synonymy.--Lophocerus birostris [Dr. H. Friedmann, personal communication, 1957].

Common name.--Common gray hornbill.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, India, Central Provinces (D'Abreu, 1920).

Order PICIFORMES

Family PICIDAE

=Dendrocopus mahrattensis= (Latham)

Synonymy.--Liopicus mahrattensis [Friedmann, p. c. 1957].

Common name.--Yellow-fronted pied woodpecker.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, India, Central Provinces (D'Abreu, 1920).

=Melanerpes portoricensis= (Daudin)

Common name.--Puerto Rican woodpecker.

Natural prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): One specimen found in 59 bird stomachs examined.

Order PASSERIFORMES

Family FORMICARIIDAE

=Gymnopithys leucaspis= (Sclater)

Common name.--Bicolored antbird.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Panama Canal Zone (Johnson, 1954): This bird feeds on small cockroaches, and other arthropods, which are flushed from their hiding places by swarms of the army ant, Eciton burchelli.

Family ORIOLIDAE

=Icterus portoricensis= (Bryant)

Common name.--Puerto Rican oriole.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Cockroaches and oöthecae found in the birds' stomachs.

Family CORVIDAE

=Aphelocoma coerulesens= (Bosc)

Common name.--Florida jay.

Experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928).

=Cyanocitta cristata= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--Blue jay.

Experimental prey.--Diploptera punctata, U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958).

Eurycotis floridana, Neostylopyga rhombifolia, and Periplaneta americana, U.S.A. (Eisner, personal communication, 1958): E. floridana was only eaten after the odor of 2-hexenal, which was released by the insect on being attacked by the bird, had dissipated.

Family PARADISEIDAE

=Paradisea papuana= Bechstein

Experimental prey.--Cockroaches, Malaya and on shipboard (Wallace, 1869): Two adult males fed voraciously on rice, bananas, and cockroaches. Wallace collected cockroaches every night on board ship to feed the birds. "At Malta ... I got plenty of cockroaches from a bakehouse, and when I left, took with me several biscuit-tins full, as provision for the voyage home."

Family TROGLODYTIDAE

=Troglodytes aedon= Vieillot

Common name.--House wren.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, U.S.A. (Greenewalt and Jones, 1955): The wren carried three small cockroaches to nestlings; the records probably represent incidental captures.

=Troglodytes audax= Tschudi

Common name.--Cucarachero.

Natural prey.--Cockroach (called Chilicabra by Peruvian Indians), Peru (Tschudi, 1847): The bird seized the cockroach and bit off its head then devoured the body discarding the wings.

Family LANIIDAE

=Lanius ludovicianus= Linnaeus

Common name.--Loggerhead shrike.

Experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928).

Family STURNIDAE

=Acridotheres tristis= Bonnaterre and Vieillot

Common name.--Myna, mynah.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Hawaii, Lanai (Illingworth, 1928): Illingworth reported that he had never seen as many cockroaches anywhere else in Hawaii. The birds followed tractors that were destroying cactus and kept close to the chain that turned over the stumps. The following species were collected: Allacta similis, Blattella germanica, Cutilia soror, Diploptera punctata, Leucophaea maderae, Periplaneta americana, Periplaneta australasiae, Pycnoscelus surinamensis. Illingworth did not state whether the birds ate all these species indiscriminately.

Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931; Schwabe, 1950b): In many places this species forms an important fledgling food for mynah birds.

Family VIREONIDAE

=Vireo latimeri= Baird

Common name.--Latimer's vireo.

Natural prey.--Periplaneta sp., Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Cockroaches were found in one of 43 stomachs examined.

Family ICTERIDAE

=Agelaius xanthomus= (Sclater)

Common name.--Yellow-shouldered blackbird.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Oöthecae and remains of adult cockroaches found in stomachs.

=Dolichonyx oryzivorus= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--Bobolink.

Experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928).

=Holoquiscalus brachypterus= (Cassin)

Common name.--Puerto Rican blackbird.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): A few eggs (oöthecae) of cockroaches in stomachs.

=Black bird=

Experimental prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, U.S.A., Florida (Sanders, 1928).

Family FRINGILLIDAE

=Passer domesticus= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--English sparrow.

Natural prey.--Pycnoscelus surinamensis, Hawaii (Illingworth, 1931; Schwabe, 1950b): Remains of this cockroach were found in the stomach of the sparrow.

=Sparrow=

Natural prey.--Periplaneta americana, England (Lucas, 1908, 1920).

Cockroaches, Japan (Asano, 1937).

=Tiaris bicolor omissa= (Jardine)

Common name.--Carib grassquit.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Puerto Rico (Wetmore, 1916): Animal food was found in 5 of 72 stomachs examined; one bird had eaten two cockroaches among other insects.

Class MAMMALIA[11]

Order MARSUPIALIA

Family DIDELPHIDAE

=Monodelphis= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above opossum is nocturnal and arboreal but nests on the ground in grass.

Order INSECTIVORA

Family ERINACEIDAE

=Erinaceus europaeus= Linnaeus

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): Two hedgehogs were fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

=Erinaceus= sp.

Common name.--Hedgehog.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, England (Samouelle, 1841; Cowan, 1865).

Order CHIROPTERA

Family MOLOSSIDAE

=Molossus= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a): The above bat is a common house bat of the area.

Order PRIMATES

Family LEMURIDAE

=Lemur coronatus= Gray

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The monkey apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis spirula for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the monkey house.

=Lemur fulvus= E. Geoffroy

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus.

Family LORISIDAE

=Loris tardigradus= (Linnaeus)

Synonymy.--Lemur tardigradus [Dr. D. H. Johnson, personal communication, 1957].

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, on board ship (Cowan, 1865).

=Perodicticus potto= (P. L. S. Müller)

Common name.--Potto.

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus.

Experimental prey.--Blattidae, East Africa (Pitman, 1931): Both sexes of the potto ate freely of all types of cockroaches.

Family TARSIIDAE

=Tarsius= sp.

Experimental prey.--Cockroaches, Borneo (Shelford, 1916).

Family CEBIDAE

=Aotes zonalis= Goldman

Synonymy.--Aotus [Simpson, 1945].

Common name.--Canal Zone night monkey.

Natural prey.--Leucophaea maderae, Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): Captive monkeys became naturally infested with Protospirura muricola by eating cockroaches that contained infective larvae of the worm.

=Ateles dariensis= Goldman

Common name.--Darien black spider monkey.

Natural prey.--Leucophaea maderae, Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): See comment under Aotes zonalis.

=Cebus apella= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus.

=Cebus capucinus= (Linnaeus)

Common name.--White-faced monkey.

Natural prey.--Leucophaea maderae, Panama (Foster and Johnson, 1939): Favorite item of food in the laboratory. See comment under Aotes zonalis.

=Saimiri sciurea= Linnaeus

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Callithrix chrysoleucos.

Family CALLITHRICIDAE

=Callithrix chrysoleucos= (Natterer)

Synonymy.--Callithrix chrysolevea [Johnson, personal communication, 1957].

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The monkey apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis elegans for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the monkey house.

=Callithrix jacchus= (Linnaeus)

Synonymy.--Simia jacchus.

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus.

Cockroaches, on board ship (Neill, 1829; also cited by Samouelle, 1841, and Cowan, 1865): "It was quite amusing to see it at its meal. When he had got hold of one of the largest cockroaches, he held it in his fore paws, and then invariably nipped the head off first; he then pulled out the viscera and cast them aside, and devoured the rest of the body, rejecting the dry elytra and wings, and also the legs of the insect, which are covered with short stiff bristles. The smaller cockroaches he eat[s] without such fastidious nicety."

=Leontocebus oedipus= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Callithrix chrysoleucos.

=Leontocebus rosalia= (Linnaeus)

Synonymy.--Midas rosalia [Simpson, 1945].

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under Lemur coronatus and Callithrix chrysoleucos.

=Leontocebus ursulus= (E. Geoffroy)

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comments under Callithrix chrysoleucos.

Family CERCOPITHECIDAE

=Cercopithecus= sp.

Experimental prey.--Cockroaches, East Africa (Carpenter, 1921, 1925): The monkey rarely tasted and usually ignored cockroaches offered to it. In one experiment the monkey had to be deprived of food before it would eat the cockroach.

=Macaca mulatta= (Zimmermann)

Synonymy.--Macaca rhesus [Johnson, personal communication, 1957].

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): The macaque was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

=Macaca sylvanus= (Linnaeus)

Synonymy.--Inuus sylvanus [Simpson, 1945].

Common name.--Macaque.

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): See comment under Lemur coronatus.

=Papio papio= (Desmarest)

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938, 1938a): This baboon was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

Family PONGIDAE

=Pan= sp.

Common name.--Chimpanzee.

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, Netherlands (Thiel and Wiegand Bruss, 1946): Indirect evidence for this relationship was shown by these workers who found two animals heavily infected with Prosthenorchis spirula in a zoo in Rotterdam; the intermediate host of the worm was shown to be B. germanica.

Family HOMINIDAE

=Homo sapiens= Linnaeus

Natural prey.--Oöthecae of Blatta orientalis and Neostylopyga rhombifolia, Thailand (Bristowe, 1932).

Periplaneta americana, Formosa (Takahashi, 1924).

Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae, Australia, China, and Japan (Bodenheimer, 1951).

Cockroaches, Annam and French Guinea (Brygoo, 1946).

In addition to the above records of cockroaches being used as food by man these insects have also been eaten for medicinal purposes (see Roth and Willis, 1957a).

Order EDENTATA

Family DASYPODIDAE

=Dasypus novemcinctus= Linnaeus

Synonymy.--Tatu novemcinctum [Johnson, personal communication, 1958].

Natural prey.--Ischnoptera deropeltiformis, Texas (Hebard, 1917): A specimen of this cockroach in the U. S. National Museum was taken from the stomach of the armadillo.

Order RODENTIA

Family MURIDAE

=Mus musculus= Linnaeus

Experimental prey.--Diploptera punctata, U.S.A. (Eisner, 1958).

=Rattus norvegicus= (Berkenhout)

Synonymy.--Mus decumanus; Epimys norvegicus.

Natural prey.--Leucophaea maderae, Venezuela (Brumpt, 1931): Rats infested with Protospirura bonnei presumably ate this cockroach which is the intermediate host of the worm.

Periplaneta americana, Brazil (Magalhães, 1898): Remains found in the stomachs of brown rats. Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): This cockroach was found to be the intermediate host of Gongylonema neoplasticum, a parasite of rats.

=Rattus rattus= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Periplaneta americana, Denmark (Fibiger and Ditlevsen, 1914): See comment after these authors under Rattus norvegicus.

=Rattus= spp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, India (Maxwell-Lefroy, 1909); Burma (Subramanian, 1927).

Family CAVIIDAE

=Cavia= sp.

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Guinea pigs were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris.

Order CARNIVORA

Family CANIDAE

=Canis familiaris= Linnaeus

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Dogs were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris. U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a dog.

=Canis latrans= Say

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a coyote.

=Vulpes= sp.

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A fox was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

Family PROCYONIDAE

=Bassariscus astutus= (Lichtenstein)

Common names.--Cacomistle, ring-tailed cat.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Dr. H. Stahnke, personal communication, 1953): The ring-tailed cat enters dwellings located on the desert and feeds on cockroaches and other arthropods.

=Nasua narica= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938): The coati apparently became infested naturally with Prosthenorchis spirula for which B. germanica was the intermediate host in the laboratory.

=Nasua nasua= (Linnaeus)

Natural prey.--Blattella germanica, on board ship (Myers, 1931): This insect was eaten when other insects were absent.

Cockroach, a small outdoor species, Trinidad (Myers, 1931).

=Nasua= sp.

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, British Guiana (Beebe, 1925a).

Family MUSTELIDAE

=Meles= sp.

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A badger was successfully infected when fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

Family VIVERRIDAE

=Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus= Hodgson

Natural prey.--Epilampra wheeleri, Eurycotis improcera, Panchlora nivea, Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and others unidentified to species, St. Croix and Puerto Rico (Wolcott, 1953): Based on 37 or more cockroaches obtained from stomachs of 42 mongooses collected in St. Croix (by Seaman) and 56 collected in Puerto Rico (by Pimentel).

Pimentel (personal communication, 1958) has given us the following percentage occurrence of cockroach species in the total number of mongoose stomachs that he examined in Puerto Rico: Epilampra wheeleri 1.8, Ischnoptera rufa rufa 3.6, Panchlora nivea 1.8, Periplaneta americana 1.8, and Pycnoscelus surinamensis 19.6.

=Herpestes= sp.

Natural prey.--Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae, Hawaii (Perkins, 1913): Large numbers of these cockroaches are devoured.

Cockroach, East Africa (Loveridge, 1923): Cockroach remains found in stomach of mongoose.

Family FELIDAE

=Felis catus= Linnaeus

Natural prey.--Periplaneta americana, Hawaii (Williams et al., 1931).

Cockroaches, U.S.A., Arizona (Stahnke, personal communication, 1953).

Experimental prey.--Blattella germanica, U.S.A. (Hobmaier, 1941): Cats were fed cockroaches infested with Physaloptera maxillaris. U.S.A. (Petri and Ameel, 1950): Cockroaches infested with Physaloptera rara were fed to a kitten. France (Brumpt and Urbain, 1938a): A young cat was fed cockroaches infested with Prosthenorchis elegans and P. spirula.

=Felis pardalis mearnsi= J. A. Allen

Natural prey.--Cockroaches, Panama (Dr. H. L. Sweetman, personal communication, 1958): An ocelot was seen collecting and feeding on cockroaches, possibly Blaberus sp. "The ocelot was quite efficient and seemed to relish the roaches."

XIV. CHECKLIST OF COCKROACHES AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATES

Only naturally occurring associations are included in this list. Commensal cockroaches are listed on page 315. Bacteroids are not listed because they undoubtedly occur in all species. The higher plants were excluded because most of the associations may be too casual to constitute symbiosis; however, many of the plant associations were included in the chapter on ecology. The cockroaches and the associates within each category are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. Page references are to citations in the classified sections where details of the associations and/or sources of the records are given.

=Aglaopteryx facies= Mite: Undetermined, p. 220. Reptile: Anolis stratulus, p. 274.

=Aglaopteryx diaphana= Nematode: Protrellus manni, p. 200.

=Allacta similis= Insects: Dolichurus stantoni, p. 262. Solindenia picticornis, p. 247.

=Anaplecta= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces anaplectae, p. 134.

=Aptera fusca= Protozoan: Gregarina fastidiosa, p. 182.

=Arenivaga bolliana= Insect: Sarcophaga omani, p. 229.

=Arenivaga roseni= Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. 227.

=Balta patula= Insect: Rhipidioides ableptus, p. 230.

=Blaberus atropos= Bacterium: Spirochaeta blattae, p. 125. Protozoa: Endolimax nana, p. 180. Entamoeba coli, p. 178. Nematodes: Leidynema appendiculata, p. 197. Leidynema cranifera, p. 198.

=Blaberus craniifer= Bacteria: Aerobacter aerogenes, p. 111. Alcaligenes faecalis, p. 111. Bacillus cereus, p. 120. Bacillus subtilis, p. 121. Escherichia coli var. communior, p. 113. Escherichia freundii, p. 113. Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. 106. Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. 107. Proteus vulgaris, p. 114. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 104. Fungi: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Penicillium sp., p. 131. Rhizopus nigricans, p. 133. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, p. 133. Protozoan: Diplocystis (?) sp., pp. 181, 184. Nematodes: Leidynema cranifera, p. 198. Protrelleta floridana, p. 199. Mite: Iolina nana, p. 219. Undetermined, p. 220. Bird: Chicken, p. 278.

=Blaberus discoidalis= Mite: Undetermined, p. 220.

=Blaberus giganteus= Hair worm: Gordius pilosus, p. 202.

=Blaberus= sp. Fungi: Herpomyces macropus, p. 136. Herpomyces paranensis, p. 136. Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Protozoan: Leptomonas blaberae, p. 167.

=Blaptica dubia= Protozoan: Pileocephalus blaberae, p. 184.

=Blatta (Shelfordella) lateralis= Bacterium: Shigella paradysenteriae, p. 119. Insect: Ampulex assimilis, p. 257.

=Blatta orientalis= Bacteria: Aerobacter aerogenes, p. 111. Alcaligenes faecalis, p. 111. Alcaligenes recti, p. 111. Arthromitus intestinalis, p. 124. B. aerobio del pseudoedema maligno, p. 125. B. alcaligenes beckeri, p. 125. B. del pseudoedema maligno, p. 125. Bacillo proteisimile, p. 126. Bacillo similcarbonchio, p. 126. Bacillo similtifo (Bacillo tifosimile), p. 126. Bacillus bütschlii, p. 120. Bacillus periplanetae, p. 121. Bacillus stellatus, p. 121. Bacillus subtilis, p. 122. Bacillus tritus, p. 122. Bacteroides uncatus, p. 119. Clostridium lentoputrescens, p. 122. Clostridium novyi or Clostridium sporogenes, p. 122. Enterococcus sp., p. 109. Escherichia coli, p. 112. Lactobacillus fermenti, p. 109. Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. 107. Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. 107. Micrococcus sp., p. 108. Paracolobactrum sp., p. 113. Pasteurella pestis, p. 119. Proteus sp., p. 114. Proteus vulgaris, p. 114. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 104. Pseudomonas eisenbergii, p. 105. Pseudomonas fluorescens, p. 105. Salmonella typhosa, p. 117. Sarcina alba, p. 108. Sarcina sp., pp. 108, 109. Sarcina symbiotica (host may have been B. germanica), p. 108. Sarcina ventriculi, p. 108. Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Spirillochaeta blattae, p. 127. Spirillum α, β and γ, p. 105. Spirillum sp., p. 105. Spirochaeta periplanetae, p. 125. Streptococcus faecalis, p. 109. Streptococcus liquefaciens, p. 110. Streptococcus microapoika, p. 110. Streptococcus pyogenes, p. 110. Streptococcus sp., p. 110. Treponema parvum, p. 125. Treponema stylopygae, p. 125. Vibrio sp., p. 106. Fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, p. 130. Blastocystis hominis, p. 133. Blastocystis sp., p. 133. Candida zeylanoides, p. 129. Coccidioides periplanetae, p. 133. Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Herpomyces stylopygae, p. 137. Torula gropengiesseri, p. 132. Torulopsis sp., p. 130. Protozoa: Balantidium praenucleatum, p. 187. Bodo blattae, p. 167. Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. 185. Diplocystis schneideri, p. 181. Endamoeba blattae, p. 177. Entamoeba thomsoni, p. 179. Endolimax blattae, p. 180. Endolimax sp., p. 180. Gregarina blattarum, p. 181. Haplosporidium periplanetae, p. 185. Hartmannella blattae, p. 177. Herpetomonas periplanetae, p. 167. Hexamita periplanetae, p. 171. Lophomonas blattarum, p. 172. Lophomonas striata, p. 173. Monas sp., p. 167. Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. 169. Nyctotherus ovalis, p. 188. Oikomonas sp., p. 166. Peltomyces periplanetae, p. 177. Plistophora kudoi, p. 185. Plistophora periplanetae, p. 186. Plistophora sp., p. 186. Retortamonas blattae, p. 167. Stenophora sp., p. 181. Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. 170. Helminths: Ascaris sp., p. 209. Enterobius vermicularis, p. 209. Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. 206. Gordius blattae orientalis, p. 202. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Hammerschmidtiella neyrai, p. 196. Leidynema appendiculata, p. 197. Spirura gastrophila, p. 207. Thelastoma pachyjuli, p. 201. Trichostrongylus sp., p. 210. Trichuris trichiura, p. 210. Mite: Undetermined, pp. 220, 222. Insects: Dermestes ater, p. 234. Dermestes sp., p. 234. Evania appendigaster, p. 236. Evania dimidiata, p. 239. Prosevania punctata, p. 240. Systellogaster ovivora, p. 248. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250. Tetrastichus sp., p. 254. Bird: Chicken, p. 278. Mammal: Homo sapiens, p. 286.

=Blatta= sp. Hair worm: Gordius aquaticus, p. 201. Insects: Evania appendigaster, p. 236. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250.

=Blattella germanica= and/or =Blattella vaga= Viruses: Unspecified strains of poliomyelitis virus, p. 103.

=Blattella germanica= Bacteria: Achromobacter sp., p. 110. Aerobacter aerogenes, p. 111. Aerobacter cloacae, p. 112. Alcaligenes faecalis, p. 111. Alcaligenes viscosus, p. 111. Bacillus circulans, p. 120. Escherichia coli, p. 112. Escherichia freundii, p. 113. Micrococcus aurantiacus, p. 106. Micrococcus epidermidis, p. 106. Micrococcus pyogenes var. albus, p. 107. Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. 107. Micrococcus ureae, p. 107. Micrococcus sp., p. 108. Mycobacterium leprae, p. 123. Paracolobactrum aerogenoides, p. 113. Paracolobactrum coliforme, p. 113. Paracolobactrum sp., p. 113. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 104. Sarcina symbiotica (host may have been B. orientalis), p. 108. Salmonella typhimurium, p. 116. Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Streptococcus faecalis, p. 109. Streptococcus sp., p. 110. Fungi: Aspergillus flavus, p. 130. Aspergillus tamarii, p. 130. Aspergillus sp., p. 130. Cordyceps blattae, p. 134. Herpomyces ectobiae, p. 135. Memnoniella echinata, p. 132. Saccharomyces sp., p. 133. Protozoa: Bodo sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. 167. Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. 185. Dobellina sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. 177. Endamoeba blattae (host may have been P. americana), p. 177. Endolimax sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. 180. Entamoeba coli (host may have been P. americana), p. 178. Entamoeba histolytica (host may have been P. americana), p. 179. Entamoeba thomsoni, p. 179. Eutrichomastix sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. 169. Gregarina blattarum, p. 182. Iodamoeba sp. (host may have been P. americana), p. 180. Lophomonas blattarum, p. 172. Lophomonas striata, p. 173. Nyctotherus ovalis, p. 188. Peltomyces periplanetae, p. 177. Plistophora periplanetae, p. 186. Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. 170. Helminths: Blattelicola blattelicola, p. 193. Blatticola blattae, p. 193. Enterobius vermicularis, p. 209. Galebia aegyptiaca, p. 195. Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. 206. Moniliformis kalahariensis, p. 203. Prosthenorchis elegans, p. 203. Prosthenorchis spirula, p. 203. Tetrameres americana, p. 207. Trichuris trichiura, p. 210. Mites: Blattisocius tineivorus, p. 216. Caloglyphus sp., p. 218. Undetermined, p. 220. Insects: Brachygaster minutus, p. 235. Eupelmus atriflagellum, p. 247. Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Ripidius pectinicornis, p. 232. Mammals: Callithrix chrysoleucos, p. 285. Callithrix jacchus, p. 285. Cebus apella, p. 284. Lemur coronatus, p. 283. Lemur fulvus, p. 283. Leontocebus oedipus, p. 285. Leontocebus rosalia, p. 285. Leontocebus ursulus, p. 285. Macaca sylvanus, p. 286. Nasua narica, p. 288. Nasua nasua, p. 288. Pan sp., p. 286. Perodicticus potto, p. 284. Saimiri sciurea, p. 285.

=Blattella humbertiana= Fungus: Herpomyces gracilis, p. 135. Nematode: Protrellus phyllodromi, p. 200. Mite: Uropoda sp., p. 217.

=Blattella lituricollis= Insect: Dolichurus stantoni, p. 262.

=Blattella= sp. Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. 273.

=Cariblatta delicatula= Insect: Hyptia sp., p. 240. Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. 273.

=Cariblatta lutea lutea= Plants: Sarracenia flava, p. 154. Sarracenia purpurea, p. 154.

=Chorisoneura= sp. Insects: Stylogaster sp., p. 228. Tachysphex blatticidus, p. 264.

=Choristima= sp. Insect: Rhipidioides rubricatus, p. 231.

=Choristimodes= sp. Insect: Rhipidioides rubricatus, p. 231.

=Cryptocercus punctulatus= Bacterium: Bacillus subtilis, p. 122. Protozoa: Adelina cryptocerci, p. 184. Barbulanympha estaboga, p. 173. Barbulanympha laurabuda, p. 174. Barbulanympha ufalula, p. 174. Barbulanympha wenyoni, p. 174. Eucomonympha imla, p. 176. Hexamita cryptocerci, p. 171. Idionympha perissa, p. 174. Leptospironympha eupora, p. 172. Leptospironympha rudis, p. 172. Leptospironympha wachula, p. 172. Macrospironympha xylopletha, p. 172. Monocercomonoides globus, p. 169. Notila proteus, p. 170. Oxymonas doroaxostylus, p. 170. Oxymonas nana, p. 170. Prolophomonas tocopola, p. 173. Rhynchonympha tarda, p. 174. Saccinobaculus ambloaxostylus, p. 170. Saccinobaculus lata, p. 170. Trichonympha acuta, p. 174. Trichonympha algoa, p. 174. Trichonympha chula, p. 176. Trichonympha grandis, p. 176. Trichonympha lata, p. 176. Trichonympha okolona, p. 176. Trichonympha parva, p. 176. Urinympha talea, p. 174. Undetermined gregarine, p. 184. Amphibian: Plethodon glutinosus, p. 269.

=Cutilia soror= Insects: Dolichurus stantoni, p. 262. Evania appendigaster, p. 236. Szepligetella sericea, p. 242. Bird: Phasianus sp., p. 277.

=Cutilia= sp. Nematode: Undetermined, p. 201. Insects: Riekella australis, p. 231. Undetermined strepsipteron, p. 234.

=Diploptera punctata= Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Herpomyces diplopterae, p. 135. Mites: Iolina nana, p. 219. Locustacarus sp., p. 219. Insect: Nauphoeta cinerea, p. 324. Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. 270. Bird: Phasianus sp., p. 277.

=Ectobius lapponicus= Protozoa: Gamocystis tenax, p. 184. Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. 169. Nematode: Blatticola blattae, p. 193. Insects: Brachygaster minutus, p. 235. Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Tachysphex lativalvis, p. 264.

=Ectobius pallidus= Protozoan: Gamocystis tenax, p. 184. Helminths: Blatticola blattae, p. 193. Undetermined mermithid, p. 192. Insects: Ampulex fasciata, p. 259. Aphaenogaster picea, p. 267. Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Lasius alienus, p. 268. Ripidius boissyi (presumptive record), p. 231. Ripidius denisi (presumptive record), p. 232. Tachysphex lativalvis, p. 264.

=Ectobius panzeri= Centipede: Scolopendra sp., p. 224. Insects: Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Tachysphex lativalvis, p. 264.

=Ectobius= sp. Insects: Brachygaster minutus, p. 235. Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Tachysphex lativalvis, p. 264.

=Ellipsidion affine= Insect: Rhipidioides fuscatus, p. 230.

=Ellipsidion australe= Insects: Agamerion metallica, p. 243. Cheiloneurus viridiscutum, p. 244. Mestocharomyia oophaga, p. 248.

=Epilampra abdomen-nigrum= Insect: Podium flavipenne, p. 265. Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. 270.

=Epilampra conferta= Insect: Podium sp., p. 266.

=Epilampra= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Insect: Podium haematogastrum, p. 266. Bird: Gymnasio nudipes, p. 279.

=Epilampra wheeleri= Reptiles: Ameiva exsul, p. 275. Anolis cristatellus, p. 273. Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289.

=Escala= (?) sp. Insect: Rhipidioides adynatus, p. 230.

=Eurycotis floridana= Fungi: Aspergillus flavus, p. 130. Aspergillus sydowi, P. 130. Helminths: Euryconema paradisa, p. 194. Leidynema appendiculata(?), p. 198. Protrelloides paradoxa, p. 200. Undetermined gordian worm, p. 202. Insects: Anastatus floridanus, p. 245. Undetermined tachinid, p. 228.

=Eurycotis improcera= Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289.

=Eurycotis manni= Fungus: Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. 138.

=Graptoblatta notulata= Insect: Tachysphex fanuiensis, p. 264.

=Gromphadorhina portentosa= Protozoan: Undetermined gregarine, p. 184. Mite: Coleolaelaps ? sp., p. 216.

=Gyna= sp.(?) Fungus: Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. 138.

=Holocompsa fulva= Insect: Pheidole megacephala, p. 268.

=Hololampra punctata= Insect: Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261.

=Ischnoptera deropeltiformis= Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. 154 Amphibian: Hyla cinerea, p. 270. Mammal: Dasypus novemcinctus, p. 287.

=Ischnoptera rufa rufa= Fungus: Spicaria prasina, p. 130. Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289.

=Ischnoptera= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. 134. Insects: Ampulex canaliculata, p. 257. Syntomosphyrum ischnopterae, p. 249.

=Karnyia discoidalis= Spider: Latrodectus indistinctus, p. 215.

=Kuchinga hemerobina= Hair worm: Parachordodes raphaelis, p. 202.

=Leucophaea maderae= Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Protozoa: Gregarina rhyparobiae, p. 183. Hexamita (?) sp., p. 171. Retortamonas (?) sp., p. 167. Undetermined gregarine, p. 184. Nematodes: Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Leidynema delatorrei, p. 198. Protospirura bonnei, p. 206. Protospirura muricola, p. 206. Mite: Chaetodactylus sp., p. 218. Mammals: Aotes zonalis, p. 284. Ateles dariensis, p. 284. Cebus capucinus, p. 284. Rattus norvegicus, p. 287.

=Leucophaea= sp. Nematode: Cephalobellus brevicaudatum, p. 194.

=Leurolestes pallidus= Fungus: Herpomyces leurolestis, p. 136.

=Loboptera decipiens= Insects: Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Zeuxevania splendidula, p. 243.

=Loboptera= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces lobopterae, p. 136.

=Lobopterella dimidiatipes= Insect: Ampulex canaliculata, p. 257. Bird: Coturnix coturnix japonica, p. 277.

=Melanosilpha capensis= Protozoa: Gregarina impetuosa, p. 183. Gregarina sandoni, p. 183.

=Monastria= sp. Insect: Triatoma arthurneivai, p. 227.

=Nauphoeta cinerea= Bacteria: Salmonella typhimurium, p. 116. Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Mites: Blattilaelaps nauphoetae, p. 216. Locustacarus sp., p. 219. Insect: Pheidole megacephala, p. 268.

=Neostylopyga rhombifolia= Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Insects: Evania appendigaster, p. 237. Szepligetella sericea, p. 242. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250. Mammal: Homo sapiens, p. 286.

=Nyctibora obscura= Fungus: Herpomyces amazonicus, p. 134.

=Nyctibora= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces nyctoborae, p. 136.

=Nyctibora tomantosa= Fungus: Herpomyces nyctoborae, p. 136.

=Oniscosoma granicollis= Insect: Paranephrites xenus, p. 230.

=Panchlora exoleta= Protozoan: Gregarina panchlorae, p. 183.

=Panchlora nivea= Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Herpomyces panchlorae, p. 136. Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289.

=Panesthia angustipennis= Protozoa: Clevelandella constricta, p. 189. Clevelandella contorta, p. 189. Clevelandella elongata, p. 189. Clevelandella hastula, p. 189. Clevelandella panesthiae, p. 189. Clevelandella parapanesthiae, p. 189. Endamoeba javanica, p. 178. Endamoeba philippinensis, p. 178. Hexamita cryptocerci, p. 171. Monocercomonoides panesthiae, p. 170. Nyctotherus uichancoi, p. 188. Paraclevelandia brevis, p. 190. Paraclevelandia simplex, p. 190. Undetermined amoeba, p. 181. Nematodes: Aorurus philippinensis, p. 193. Blattophila sphaerolaima var. javanica, p. 194. Leidynema nocalum, p. 198. Leidynemella fusiformis, p. 198. Leidynemella paracranifera, p. 198. Thelastoma palmettum, p. 201.

=Panesthia australis= Fungus: Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. 131. Mite: Hypoaspis sp., p. 217. Undetermined diplogyniid, p. 217. Insect: Undetermined tachinid, p. 228.

=Panesthia laevicollis= Nematode: Blattophila sphaerolaima, p. 194.

=Panesthia laevicollis= (?) Nematode: Leidynemella fusiformis, p. 198.

=Panesthia lobipennis= Fungus: Herpomyces panesthiae, p. 136.

=Panesthia spadica= Protozoa: Clevelandella constricta, p. 189. Clevelandella contorta, p. 189. Clevelandella nipponensis, p. 189. Clevelandella panesthiae, p. 189. Endamoeba javanica, p. 178. Nyctotherus uichancoi, p. 188. Paraclevelandia brevis, p. 190. Paraclevelandia simplex, p. 190.

=Panesthia= sp. Nematode: Leidynemella panesthiae, p. 198.

=Parahormetica bilobata= Helminths: Agamospirura parahormeticae, p. 205. Undetermined gordian worm, p. 202.

=Parcoblatta lata= Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. 154. Protozoan: Leptomonas sp., p. 167. Nematode: Protrellus aurifluus, p. 199.

=Parcoblatta pensylvanica= Protozoa: Gregarina blattarum, p. 182. Gregarina illinensis, p. 183. Gregarina parcoblattae, p. 183. Gregarina thomasi, p. 184. Leptomonas sp., p. 167. Nyctotherus ovalis, p. 188. Nematode: Rictularia coloradensis, p. 205. Scorpion: Centruroides vittatus (?), p. 212. Insects: Camponotus pennsylvanicus, p. 267. Hyptia dorsalis, p. 239. Hyptia harpyoides, p. 239. Hyptia reticulata, p. 240. Hyptia thoracica, p. 240. Podium carolina, p. 265. Systellogaster ovivora, p. 248. Amphibian: Rana (?) sp., p. 272.

=Parcoblatta uhleriana= Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. 134. Protozoan: Gregarina parcoblattae, p. 183. Nematode: Protrellus aurifluus, p. 199. Mite: Undetermined, p. 220. Insect: Hyptia harpyoides, p. 239.

=Parcoblatta virginica= Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. 134. Protozoa: Gregarina ohioensis, p. 183. Leptomonas sp., p. 167. Nematode: Rictularia coloradensis, p. 205. Insects: Hyptia harpyoides, p. 239. Podium luctuosum, p. 266.

=Parcoblatta= sp. Fungus: Herpomyces arietinus, p. 134. Plant: Sarracenia flava, p. 154. Mite: Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. 219. Insects: Coenosia basalis, p. 229. Dolichurus greenei, p. 261. Hyptia sp., p. 240. Megaselia sp., p. 227. Syntomosphyrum blattae, p. 248. Systellogaster ovivora, p. 248. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250.

=Periplaneta americana= Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus (host may have been P. brunnea), p. 103. Bacteria: Achromobacter hyalinum, p. 110. Aerobacter aerogenes, p. 111. Aerobacter cloacae, p. 112. Aerobacter sp., p. 112. Alcaligenes faecalis, p. 111. Bacillus cereus, p. 120. Bacillus megaterium, p. 121. Bacillus subtilis, p. 122. Bacterium alkaligenes, p. 119. Clostridium sp., p. 122. Eberthella oedematiens, p. 112. Escherichia coli, p. 112. Escherichia freundii, p. 113. Escherichia intermedium, p. 113. Mycobacterium friedmannii, p. 123. Mycobacterium lacticola, p. 123. Mycobacterium leprae, p. 123. Mycobacterium phlei, p. 123. Mycobacterium piscium, p. 124. Mycobacterium sp., p. 124. Nocardia sp. (?), p. 124. Paracolobactrum aerogenoides, p. 113. Paracolobactrum coliforme, p. 113. Paracolobactrum sp., p. 113. Proteus mirabilis, p. 114. Proteus morganii, p. 114. Proteus rettgeri, p. 114. Proteus vulgaris, p. 114. Proteus sp., p. 114. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, p. 104. Pseudomonas fluorescens, p. 105. Salmonella anatis, p. 114. Salmonella morbificans, p. 115. Salmonella schottmuelleri, p. 115. Salmonella sp. (Type Bareilly), p. 115. Salmonella sp. (Type Bredeny), p. 115. Salmonella sp. (Type Kentucky), p. 115. Salmonella sp. (Type Meleagris), p. 116. Salmonella sp. (Type Newport), p. 116. Salmonella sp. (Type Oranienburg), p. 116. Salmonella sp. (Type Panama), p. 116. Salmonella sp. (Type Rubislaw), p. 116. Salmonella sp. (Type Tennessee), p. 116. Sarcina sp., p. 108. Serratia marcescens, p. 118. Shigella alkalescens, p. 118. Spirillum periplaneticum, p. 105. Streptococcus faecalis, p. 109. Streptomyces leidynematis, pp. 196, 197. Tetragenous sp., p. 127. Veillonella parvula, p. 109. Fungi: Aspergillus flavus, p. 130. Aspergillus niger, p. 130. Aspergillus sp., p. 131. Cephalosporium sp., p. 131. Herpomyces chaetophilus, p. 135. Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. 131. Mucor guilliermondii, p. 132. Mucor sp., p. 132. Penicillium sp., p. 131. Rhizopus sp., p. 133. Syncephalastrum sp., p. 133. Torula acidophila, p. 132. Protozoa: Balantidium blattarum, p. 187. Balantidium ovatum, p. 187. Balantidium sp., p. 187. Bodo sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. 167. Coelosporidium periplanetae, p. 185. Diplocystis schneideri, p. 181. Diplocystis sp., p. 181. Dobellina sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. 177. Endamoeba blattae, p. 177. Endolimax blattae, p. 180. Endolimax sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. 180. Entamoeba coli (host may have been B. germanica), p. 178. Entamoeba histolytica (host may have been B. germanica), p. 179. Entamoeba sp., p. 179. Entamoeba thomsoni, p. 179. Eutrichomastix sp. (host may have been B. germanica), p. 169. Gregarina blattarum, p. 182. Gregarina légeri, p. 183. Gregarina neo-brasiliensis, p. 183. Hexamita periplanetae, p. 171. Iodamoeba sp. (host may have been B. germanica) p. 180. Isotricha caulleryi, p. 187. Lophomonas blattarum, p. 172. Lophomonas striata, p. 173. Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. 169. Nyctotherus ovalis, p. 188. Plistophora periplanetae, p. 186. Protomagalhaesia serpentula, p. 184. Tetratrichomastix blattidarum, p. 170. Helminths: Ancylostoma duodenale, p. 209. Ascaris lumbricoides or Ascaris suum, p. 209. Binema mirzaia, p. 193. Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. 206. Gongylonema sp., p. 206. Gordius sp., p. 202. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Hymenolepis sp., p. 208. Leidynema appendiculata, p. 197. Moniliformis dubius, p. 203. Moniliformis moniliformis, p. 204. Necator americanus, p. 210. Protrellus künckeli, p. 199. Schwenkiella icemi, p. 200. Spirura gastrophila, p. 207. Thelastoma pachyjuli, p. 201. Trichuris trichiura, p. 210. Mites: Caloglyphus sp., p. 218. Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. 219. Rhizoglyphus tarsalus, p. 218. Tyrophagus noxius, p. 218. Undetermined, p. 220. Spiders: Avicularia avicularia, p. 214. Avicularia sp., p. 214. Centipedes: Undetermined, p. 222. Insects: Ampulex amoena, p. 256. Ampulex compressa, p. 259. Anastatus tenuipes, p. 246. Calodexia (?) venteris, p. 228. Evania appendigaster, p. 237. Melittobia chalybii, p. 248. Prosevania punctata, p. 241. Ripidius pectinicornis, p. 232. Spiniger domesticus, p. 227. Szepligetella sericea, p. 242. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250. Tetrastichus periplanetae, p. 253. Tetrastichus sp., p. 254. Trirhogma caerulea, p. 262. Amphibian: Hyla cinerea, p. 270. Reptiles: Ameiva exsul, p. 275. Anolis cristatellus, p. 273. Birds: Chicken, p. 278. Sparrow, p. 282. Mammals: Felis catus, p. 289. Herpestea javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289. Herpestes sp., p. 289. Homo sapiens, p. 286. Rattus norvegicus, p. 287. Rattus rattus, p. 287.

=Periplaneta australasiae= Bacteria: Mycobacterium leprae, p. 123. Serratia marcescens, p. 118. Fungus: Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Plant: Sarracenia minor, p. 154. Protozoa: Endamoeba blattae, p. 177. Endolimax blattae, p. 180. Nematodes: Gongylonema neoplasticum, p. 206. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Moniliformis dubius, p. 203. Protrellus australasiae, p. 199. Protrellus künckeli, p. 200. Centipedes: Undetermined, p. 222. Insects: Ampulex amoena, p. 256. Ampulex compressa, p. 259. Evania appendigaster, p. 237. Szepligetella sericea, p. 242. Tetrastichus australasiae, p. 249. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 250. Tetrastichus, sp., p. 254. Trirhogma caerulea, p. 262. Reptiles: Anolis cristatellus, p. 273. Chrysemys picta, p. 272. Bird: Gallus sp., p. 277. Mammals: Herpestes sp., p. 289. Homo sapiens, p. 287.

=Periplaneta brunnea= Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus (host may have been P. americana), p. 103. Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 118. Fungus: Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Nematode: Schwenkiella icemi, p. 200. Insect: Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 251.

=Periplaneta fuliginosa= Insect: Ampulex amoena, p. 256.

=Periplaneta= sp. Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 118. Fungi: Herpomyces chaetophilus, p. 135. Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Protozoan: Lophomonas blattarum, p. 172. Helminths: Thelastoma riveroi, p. 201. Moniliformis moniliformis, p. 204. Insects: Ampulex compressa, p. 259. Evania subspinosa (presumptive record?), p. 239. Szepligetella sericea, p. 242. Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. 270. Reptiles: Anolis grahami, p. 274. Anolis leachi, p. 274. Bird: Vireo latimeri, p. 281.

"=Phyllodromia=" sp. Fungus: Herpomyces phyllodromiae, p. 137. Insects: Dicarnosis alfierii, p. 245. Dolichurus stantoni, p. 262.

=Platyzosteria castanea= Insect: Riekella sp., p. 231.

=Platyzosteria novae seelandiae= Protozoan: Monocercomonoides melolonthae, p. 169.

=Platyzosteria scabra= Fungus: Herpomyces appendiculatus, p. 134.

=Platyzosteria= sp. Insect: Riekella nitidioides, p. 231.

=Plectoptera= sp. Bird: Todus mexicanus, p. 279.

=Polyphaga aegyptiaca= Nematodes: Blatticola blattae, p. 193. Galebia aegyptiaca, p. 195. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Oxyuris (?) heterogamiae, p. 199.

=Polyphaga saussurei= Helminths: Hymenolepis sp., p. 208. Undetermined tapeworm ova, p. 208. Insects: Undetermined reduviids, p. 227.

=Polyzosteria melanaria= (?) or =Platyzosteria analis= Nematode: Protrellus aureus, p. 199.

=Pycnoscelus surinamensis= Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Mucor sp., p. 132. Protozoa: Undetermined ciliate, p. 190. Undetermined flagellate, p. 176. Undetermined gregarine, p. 184. Nematodes: Oxyspirura mansoni, p. 204. Severianoia severianoi, p. 200. Mites: Caloglyphus spinitarsus, p. 217. Histiostoma feroniarum, p. 217. Tyrophagus lintneri, p. 218 Undetermined, p. 220. Insects: Pheidole megacephala, p. 268. Undetermined ants, p. 350. Amphibian: Bufo marinus, p. 270. Reptile: Anolis sagrei, p. 274. Birds: Acridotheres tristis, p. 281. Ducks, p. 277. Melanerpes portoricensis, p. 280. Meleagris gallopavo, p. 278. Passer domesticus, p. 282. Phasianus sp., p. 277. Streptopelia chinensis, p. 278. Mammal: Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289.

=Robshelfordia circumducta= or =Robshelfordia longiuscula= Insects: Neorhipidius neoxenus, p. 230. Rhipidioides helenae, p. 230. Rhipidioides mollis, p. 231.

=Steleopyga= (?) =sinensis= Nematode: Suifunema caudelli, p. 200.

=Supella supellectilium= Viruses: Unspecified strain(s) of poliomyelitis virus, p. 103. Bacterium: Serratia marcescens, p. 117. Fungus: Herpomyces supellae, p. 138. Nematode: Blattophila supellaima, p. 194. Insects: Anastatus tenuipes, p. 246. Comperia merceti, p. 244.

=Symploce flagellata= or =Symploce ruficollis= Reptile: Anolis cristatellus, p. 273.

=Symploce parenthesis= Hair worm: Parachordodes raphaelis, p. 202.

=Temnopteryx phalerata= Protozoan: Gregarina gibbsi, p. 182.

=Undetermined Cockroaches= Bacteria: Arthromitus intestinalis, p. 124. Bacillus subtilis, p. 122. Clostridium perfringens, p. 122. Escherichia coli, p. 112. Fusiformis lophomonadis, p. 119. Micrococcus citreus, p. 106. Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, p. 107. Mycobacterium leprae, p. 123. Paracolon bacilli, p. 113. Proteus morganii, p. 114. Proteus vulgaris, p. 114. Spirillum sp., p. 105. Spirochaeta periplanetae, p. 125. Streptococcus sp., p. 110. Vibrio Types I and II Heiberg, p. 106. Fungi: Amphoromorpha blattina, p. 139. Amphoromorpha sp., p. 139. Blastocystis sp., p. 133. Cordyceps amazonica, p. 134. Herpomyces anaplectae, p. 134. Herpomyces chilensis, p. 135. Herpomyces diplopterae, p. 135. Herpomyces forficularis, p. 135. Herpomyces grenadinus, p. 136. Herpomyces macropus, p. 136. Herpomyces paranensis, p. 136. Herpomyces periplanetae, p. 137. Herpomyces platyzosteriae, p. 137. Herpomyces tricuspidatus, p. 138. Herpomyces zanzibarinus, p. 138. Metarrhizium anisopliae, p. 131. Plants: Nepenthes ampularia, p. 154. Nepenthes gracilis, p. 154. Nepenthes sp., p. 154. Protozoa: Diplocystis sp., p. 181. Endamoeba blattae, p. 177. Entamoeba histolytica, p. 179. Giardia sp., p. 172. Gregarina blattarum, p. 182. Hexamita periplanetae, p. 171. Lophomonas blattarum, p. 172. Lophomonas striata, p. 173. Monas sp., p. 167. Monocercomonoides orthopterorum, p. 169. Nyctotherus buissoni, p. 188. Nyctotherus ovalis, p. 188. Nyctotherus viannai, p. 189. Oikomonas blattarum, p. 166. Oikomonas sp., p. 166. Paramecium sp., p. 186. Trichomonas sp., p. 171. Helminths: Cephalobellus magalhãesi, p. 194. Chordodes morgani, p. 201. Gordius sp., p. 202. Hammerschmidtiella diesingi, p. 195. Leidynema appendiculata, p. 197. Moniliformis moniliformis, p. 204. Protrellus galebi, p. 199. Schwenkiella icemi, p. 200. Severianoia magna, p. 200. Severianoia severianoi, p. 200. Spirura gastrophila, p. 207. Undetermined gordian worms, p. 202. Scorpion: Heterometrus longimanus, p. 213. Spiders: Ctenid, p. 214. Heteropoda venatoria, p. 215. Latrodectus mactans, p. 216. Mite: Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus, p. 219. Centipedes: Allothereua maculata (circumstantial evidence), p. 223. Scolopendra morsitans, p. 223. Scolopendra subspinipes, p. 224. Scutigera coleoptrata (circumstantial evidence), p. 222. Insects: Acanthinevania princeps, p. 235. Agamerion metallica, p. 243. Ampulex compressa, p. 259. Ampulex ruficornis, p. 259. Ampulex sibirica, p. 260. Ampulex sonnerati, p. 260. Anastatus blattidifurax p. 245. Anastatus tenuipes, p. 246. Blatticida pulchra, p. 243. Blatticidella ashmeadi, p. 243. Calodexia spp., p. 228. Clerada apicicornis, p. 226. Dicarnosis alfierii, p. 245. Diestrammena apicalis, p. 226. Diestrammena japonica, p. 226. Dolichurus bicolor, p. 260. Dolichurus corniculus, p. 261. Dolichurus gilberti, p. 261. Dolichurus ignitus, p. 261. Dolichurus sp., p. 262. Dorylus nigricans sjöstedi, p. 267. Dorylus sp., p. 267. Dorylus wilverthii, p. 267. Eciton burchelli, p. 268. Eupelmus sp., p. 247. Eutrichosomella blattophaga, p. 245. "Formica omnivora," p. 268. Iridomyrmex humilis, p. 268. Neonephrites partiniger, p. 230. Podium abdominale, p. 265. Podium dubium, p. 265. Podium rufipes, p. 266. Pompilus bracatus, p. 256. Pompilus sp., p. 256. Salius verticalis, p. 256. Ripidius scutellaris, p. 233. Solindenia picticornis, p. 247. Stylogaster spp., p. 228. Stylogaster stylata, p. 228. Syntomosphyrum blattae, p. 248. Systellogaster ovivora, p. 248. Tachysphex blatticidus, p. 264. Tachysphex coriaceus, p. 264. Tachysphex fanuiensis, p. 264. Tetrastichus hagenowii, p. 251. Tetrastichus periplanetae, p. 253. Trirhogma sp., p. 264. Undetermined tachinid, p. 229. Fish: Chalceus macrolepidotus, p. 269. Cyrtocharax magdalenae essequibensis, p. 269. Potamotrygon humboldti, p. 268. Rhamdia sebae, p. 268. Amphibians: Arthroleptis variabilis, p. 270. Bufo ictericus, p. 270. Bufo funereus, p. 270. Bufo marinus, p. 270. Hyla cinerea, p. 270. Hyperolius picturatus, p. 271. Leptodactylus albilabris, p. 271. Leptodactylus pentadactylus, p. 271. Leptopelis calcaratus, p. 271. Leptopelis rufus, p. 271. Megalixalus fornasinii, p. 271. Rana catesbeiana, p. 271. Rana mascareniensis, p. 271. Tree frogs, p. 351. Reptiles: Ameiva exsul, p. 275. Ameiva sp., p. 275. Anolis cristatellus, p. 273. Anolis grahami, p. 274. Anolis leachi, p. 274. Anolis pulchellus, p. 273. Anolis sp., p. 274. Anolis stratulus, p. 274. Cnemidophorus sp., p. 275. Geckos, p. 273. Gekko gecko, p. 272. Hemidactylus frenatus, p. 272. Leiolopisma laterale, p. 274. Lizards, p. 275. Skinks, p. 274. Sphaerodactylus sp., p. 273. Thecadactylus sp., p. 273. Tropidophorus grayi, p. 274. Birds: Acridotheres tristis, p. 281. Agelaius xanthomus, p. 282. Bambusicola thoracica, p. 277. Chickens, p. 278. Coturnix coturnix japonica, p. 277. Dendrocopus mahrattensis, p. 279. Ducks, p. 277. Gymnasio nudipes, p. 279. Gymnopithys leucaspis, p. 280. Holoquiscalus brachypterus, p. 282. Icterus portoricensis, p. 280. Owl, p. 351. Partridge, p. 278. Phasianus sp., p. 277. Sparrow, p. 282. Tiaris bicolor omissa, p. 282. Tockus birostris, p. 279. Troglodytes aedon, p. 281. Troglodytes audax, p. 281. Mammals: Bassariscus astutus, p. 288. Callithrix jacchus, p. 285. Erinaceus sp., p. 283. Felis catus, p. 289. Felis paradalis mearnsi, p. 290. Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus, p. 289 Herpestes sp., p. 289. Homo sapiens, p. 287. Loris tardigradus, p. 284. Molossus sp., p. 283. Monodelphis sp., p. 283. Nasua nasua, p. 288. Nasua sp., p. 289. Rattus sp., p. 287.

XV. COCKROACHES AS COMMENSALS

These particular associations may well have been accidental and due to a predilection for the same type of nesting site. But this fact in no way detracts from the interest of such records. Chance must play a very considerable part in first bringing symbiotic or commensal partners together. Once such a partnership between species has been firmly established, it is on the whole, fairly obvious, ... On the other hand, in the early stages before the relationship has become fixed as a specific habit, individual cases are generally dismissed as coincidences. It is, however, unwise to disregard such isolated observations or dismiss them lightly.

ROTHSCHILD AND CLAY (1957)

The following social insects have been found harboring cockroaches in a state of commensalism in which the cockroaches presumably benefit by acquiring food from their hosts. Benefits accruing to the hosts are not apparent. Unfortunately, biological details are not always sufficient to substantiate the suspected association. However, it seems significant that the cockroach commensals of the insects listed below have been found only in association with their hosts and, so far as we know, have never been found apart from them. Chopard (1938) has pointed out that the myrmecophilous cockroaches are all small, being only a very few millimeters long; they are apterous or subapterous; their eyes are reduced; and they are all of American origin.

HOSTS OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES

Order ISOPTERA

Family RHINOTERMITIDAE

=Coptotermes ceylonicus= Holmgren

Commensal.--Sphecophila ravana, Ceylon (Fernando, 1957): Six females, 50 males, and nymphs of both sexes were found among decaying timber in the ground in association with a colony of this termite. The antennae of most specimens were mutilated unsymmetrically.

Family TERMITIDAE

=Macrotermes barneyi= Light

Commensal.--Nocticola sinensis, Kowloon (Silvestri, 1947): Among specimens of termites collected from a nest.

=Macrotermes bellicosus= (Smeathman)

or

=Macrotermes natalensis= (Haviland)

Synonymy.--Termes bellicosus [Snyder, 1949].

Commensal.--Sphecophila termitium, Kibonoto, East Africa (Shelford, 1910): Two males were collected in a termite mound.

=Macrotermes malaccensis= (Haviland)

Synonymy.--Termes malaccensis Haviland [Snyder, 1949].

Commensal.--Nocticola termitophila, Tonkin (Silvestri, 1946): The cockroach was found in the termite nest.

=Odontotermes= sp.

Commensals.--Nocticola sinensis, Kowloon (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest.

Nocticola termitophila, Penang (Silvestri, 1946): In termite nest.

=Termes= sp.

Commensal.--Nocticola sinensis, Repulse Bay, Australia(?) (Silvestri, 1946): In a termite gallery.

=Termites=

Commensal.--Ergaula capensis [= Dyscologamia wollastoni] French Equatorial Africa, Brazzaville (Rehn, 1926; Chopard, 1949).

Order HYMENOPTERA

Family FORMICIDAE

Subfamily FORMICINAE

=Camponotus femoratus= (Fabricius)

Commensal.--Phorticolea boliviae, Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Three males collected in the joint nests of C. femoratus and Crematogaster limata.

=Camponotus maculatus= (Fabricius)?

Note.--Dr. W. L. Brown (personal communication, 1957) states that this ant is an Old World species only. So presumably Mann's record pertains to a different species.

Commensal.--Myrmecoblatta rehni, Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest, where they are no doubt very efficient scavengers."

=Camponotus rufipes= (Fabricius)

Commensals.--Atticola mortoni, Nothoblatta wasmanni, and Phorticolea testacea, Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in the formicaries of C. rufipes.

=Formica rufibarbis= Fabricius

and

=Formica subcyanea= Wheeler

Commensal.--Myrmecoblatta rehni, Mexico (Mann, 1914): "They were very abundant, several occurring in almost every nest."

Subfamily MYRMICINAE

=Acromyrmex lobicornis= Emery

Commensal.--Attaphila bergi, or possibly a variety of this species, Huasán, Argentina? (Bruch, 1916).

=Acromyrmex lundi= (Guérin)

Synonymy.--Atta lundi [Brown, personal communication, 1957].

Commensal.--Attaphila bergi, Argentina and Uruguay (Bolívar, 1901): The cockroach was found in the nests of the ants sitting on the back, neck, or head of sexual individuals. It remains attached to the ant during swarming. The antennae seem always to be mutilated. Bruch (1916) stated that in La Plata A. bergi is encountered by hundreds in every nest of A. lundi.

=Acromyrmex niger= (F. Smith)

Synonymy.--Atta nigra Schupp [Brown, p.c., 1957].

Commensal.--Attaphila schuppi, Brazil, Porto Alegre (Bolívar, 1905): Found outside the nest of the ant and mixed in the columns of ants on the march.

=Acromyrmex octospinosus= (Reich)

Synonymy.--Atta octospinosa [Brown, p.c., 1957].

Commensals.--Attaphila fungicola, Panama (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant.

Attaphila aptera, Esperanza, Dibulla, Colombia (Bolívar, 1905).

=Acromyrmex silvestrii= Emery

Commensal.--Attaphila bergi, or possibly a variety of this species, San Luis Province, Argentina (Bruch, 1916): According to Bruch, the behavior of this species of Attaphila is identical with the one encountered in Huasán in the nests of Acromyrmex lobicornis Emery; it differed from A. bergi in size and color.

=Atta cephalotes= (Linnaeus)

Commensal.--Attaphila fungicola, British Guiana (Wheeler, 1928): Taken in the fungus gardens of the ant.

Attaphila sp., British Guiana (Beebe, 1921): 7 of 12 queens in one nest had cockroaches hanging on them.

=Atta sexdens= (Linnaeus)

Commensal.--Attaphila sexdentis, Brazil, San Leopoldo (Bolívar, 1905): Found in nests of the ant.

=Atta texana= (Buckley)

Synonymy.--Atta fervens Say [Wheeler, 1910].

Commensal.--Attaphila fungicola, U.S.A., Texas (Wheeler, 1900, 1910): The cockroach does not feed on the fungus in the ants' nest, as Wheeler (1900) first supposed, but mounts the back of the soldiers and licks their surfaces. It is tolerated by the ants with no signs of hostility. The antennae of the cockroach are clipped short. Although Wheeler (1910) stated that this is probably accidental or unintentional, it is peculiar that Bolívar (1905) noticed the same invariable mutilation of the antennae of Attaphila bergi. Wheeler (1900) had originally suggested that the antennae were probably clipped off by the ants which are continuously trimming the fungus hyphae. Louisiana (Moser, personal communication, 1959): Numerous specimens were encountered in some nests of A. texana. This cockroach is the most closely associated inquiline in the nest and maintains very intimate terms with the ants. It is found living in the fungus cavities and tunnels.

=Crematogaster limata parabiotica= Forel

Commensal.--Phorticolea boliviae, Bolivia, Cachuela Esperanza (Caudell, 1923): Collected in joint nests of C. limata and Componotus femoratus.

=Solenopsis geminata= (Fabricius)

Commensal.--Myrmecoblatta wheeleri, Guatemala (Hebard, 1917a): Collected from a colony of this ant under a stone on the shores of Lake Atitlan, altitude 11,719 feet.

=Unknown host=

Cockroach.--Attaphila flava, British Honduras (Gurney, 1937): Because the known hosts of the other five species of Attaphila are ants, we presume that this species also lives in the nest of some myrmecine ant.

Subfamily PONERINAE

=Odontomachus affinis= (Guérin)

Commensal.--Myrmeblattina longipes, Brazil, Rio de Janeiro (Chopard, 1924, 1924a; Hancock, 1926): Originally described as Phileciton longipes by Chopard (1924) from the nest of an ant mistakenly identified as Eciton sp.

Family VESPIDAE

=Polybia pygmaea= Fabricius

Commensal.--Sphecophila polybiarum, French Guiana (Shelford, 1906a): Shelford stated that it was probable that the cockroaches living on the floor of the paper nest fed on small fragments of insects and spiders that were dropped by the wasp larvae feeding in the cells above.

Family MEGACHILIDAE

=Melipona nigra= Lepeletier

Commensal.--Oulopteryx meliponarum, Brazil (Hebard, 1921): According to Hebard, this cockroach is the first one to be known to inhabit the nests of bees. Nothing is known of the relationship between the cockroach and the bees. [See comment by Sonan (1924) on page 318.]

CHECKLIST OF COMMENSAL COCKROACHES WITH THEIR HOSTS

The cockroaches are arranged alphabetically by genus and species. The page references are to citations in the classified section above, where details and/or sources of the records are given.

=Attaphila aptera= Ant: Acromyrmex octospinosus, p. 313.

=Attaphila bergi= Ants: Acromyrmex lobicornis, p. 312. Acromyrmex lundi, p. 312. Acromyrmex silvestrii, p. 313.

=Attaphila flava= Host unknown, presumably an ant, p. 314.

=Attaphila fungicola= Ants: Acromyrmex octospinosus, p. 313. Atta cephalotes, p. 313. Atta texana, p. 313.

=Attaphila schuppi= Ant: Acromyrmex niger, p. 312.

=Attaphila sexdentis= Ant: Atta sexdens, p. 313.

=Attaphila= sp. Ant: Atta cephalotes, p. 313.

=Atticola mortoni= Ant: Camponotus rufipes, p. 312.

=Ergaula capensis= Termites, p. 311.

=Myrmeblattina longipes= Ant: Odontomachus affinis, p. 314.

=Myrmecoblatta rehni= Ants: Camponotus maculatus(?), p. 312. Formica rufibarbis, p. 312. Formica subcyanea, p. 312.

=Myrmecoblatta wheeleri= Ant: Solenopsis geminata, p. 314.

=Nocticola sinensis= Termites: Macrotermes barneyi, p. 311. Odontotermes sp., p. 311.

=Nocticola termitophila= Termites: Macrotermes malaccensis, p. 311. Odontotermes sp., p. 311. Termes sp., p. 311.

=Nothoblatta wasmanni= Ant: Camponotus rufipes, p. 312.

=Oulopteryx meliponarum= Bee: Melipona nigra, p. 314.

=Phorticolea boliviae= Ants: Camponotus femoratus, p. 311. Crematogaster limata parabiotica, p. 312.

=Phorticolea testacea= Ant: Camponotus rufipes, p. 312.

=Sphecophila polybiarum= Wasp: Polybia pygmaea, p. 314.

=Sphecophila ravana= Termite: Coptotermes ceylonicus, p. 310.

=Sphecophila termitium= Termite: Macrotermes bellicosus or Macrotermes natalensis, p. 311.

OBSCURE ASSOCIATIONS

Cockroaches that are sometimes found in the nests of, or in association with, other animals are not necessarily commensals. This is particularly true of cockroaches that normally are found unassociated with other animals or that merely occupy the same habitat with the other animals because of similar microclimatic requirements (see Chopard, 1924c).

McCook (1877) excavated in February a nest of Formica rufa in Pennsylvania. A hundred or more lively cockroaches occupied a part of the nest that contained few ants. Near the cockroaches McCook also found a colony of Termes flavipes. Ischnoptera deropeltiformis has been found in the company of ants, but it is probably not myrmecophilous (Donisthorpe, 1900). Mann (1911) found an "Ischnoptera" sp. (probably a species of Parcoblatta) abundant in the nests of, and tolerated by, Camponotus maccooki Forel in California. Dead and mutilated specimens of this cockroach were common in the nests of "Formicas." "Ischnoptera" sp. was also common in the nests of Veromessor andrei (Mayr) [= Stenamma andrei]. Hebard (1917) reported that W. M. Wheeler collected Eremoblatta subdiaphana in Arizona as an ant guest. Rehn (1906a; Rehn and Hebard, 1927) reported that Pholadoblatta inusitata had also been taken by Wheeler from the galleries of a jumping ant, Odontomachus clarus Roger [= O. haematodes insularis Guérin var. pallens Wheeler; Brown (personal communication, 1958)], on Andros Island, Bahamas; Rehn and Hebard (1927) stated that "This genus and species is the only blattid, which is presumably a myrmecophile, known from the West Indies." Rehn (1932a) reported Dendroblatta sobrina as taken in an ant nest in a tree in the Amazon Basin. Tivia australica was taken in an ant nest in Australia (Princis, 1954). The male of Compsodes schwarzi was taken in an ant nest in the Santa Rita Mountains of Arizona (Ball et al., 1942). A male and female of Stilpnoblatta minuta were taken in a migrating column of the ant Myrmicaria natalensis Sm. subsp. eumenoides Gerst. in Nyasaland (Princis, 1949). Princis cautioned that it is premature to derive any inference from this, possibly accidental, association. Four females of Parcoblatta desertae were taken about a nest of an ant, Ischnomyrmex sp. (Hebard, 1943a). A nymph of Parcoblatta virginica was found in a nest of Formica sp. (Hauke, 1949).

Chorisoneura texensis has been found in nests of webworm in Florida (Rehn and Hebard, 1916). Karny (1924) in Malaya found an oötheca of Aristiger histrio (sp.?) between leaves (Costus sp.) that had been stuck together by a thysanopteron, Anaphothrips sp. He pointed out that the oötheca would not adhere to leaves that were not stuck together but would fall to the ground.

Seín (in Rehn and Hebard, 1927) in Puerto Rico found Aglaopteryx facies in abandoned cocoons of Megalopyge krugii (Dewitz) and in leaves webbed together by caterpillars and in abandoned spiders nests. Wolcott (1950; and in Rehn and Hebard, 1927) also found A. facies in the empty cocoons of M. krugii and in the larval tents of Tetralopha scabridella Ragonot on Inga vera (coffee shade tree); and "Where there are no butterfly-nests, it lives in abandoned spider-nests on the leaves of other forest trees." Cotton (in Wolcott, 1950) found the type of Aglaopteryx absimilis also living in the abandoned cocoon of M. krugii on bucare trees in Puerto Rico. Wolcott (1950) reported that Plectoptera dorsalis, Plectoptera infulata, and Plectoptera rhabdota have been found living in trees between leaves or in "butterfly-nests" of Tetralopha scabridella in leaves of Inga vera, or nests of Pilocrocis secernalis (Möschler) in the leaves of Petitia domingensis in the mountains of Puerto Rico. Seín (in Rehn and Hebard, 1927) had collected P. rhabdota in the nest of larvae of T. scabridella.

Wolcott (1950) reported that Nyctibora lutzi had been found in a large rotten stump associating with "'comején' termites [Nasutitermes costalis (Holmgren)], yellow wood-ants and rhinoceros beetle grubs." Rehn and Hebard (1927) found Simblerastes jamaicanus in numbers in the debris of an abandoned termites' nest in Jamaica: "To what extent the species is dependent upon the protection of the termite or other structures remains to be determined."

In Virginia Cryptocercus punctulatus has been found living in the same galleries with Reticulitermes sp., and on the Pacific Coast it has been found occupying the same log with Termopsis sp. (Cleveland et al., 1934).

Shelford (1909) found one male and one female of Balta platysoma in a nest of a spider of the genus Phryganoporus and assumed a symbiotic association. Chopard (1924) recorded Mareta acutiventris from empty nests of spiders on Barkuda Island, India; nothing is known of the relationships, if any, between these cockroaches and spiders.

Chopard (1924c) found Margattea sp. in the nest of the ant Acropyga acutiventris Roger; he also found Margattea sp., Periplaneta sp., Polyphaga indica, and Temnopteryx obliquetruncata in deserted termite mounds in India. However, he believed that none of these species were more than accidental associates of the host insects; he considered them hygrophilous cockroaches which had found a retreat in the nests.

McClure (1936) obtained a large nest of Vespula maculata (Linnaeus) [= Vespa maculata] in March in Illinois. In it were living 65 nymphs of Parcoblatta pensylvanica, 3 spiders (Philodromus pernix Blackwall), 2 immature spiders (Drassus sp.), and 6 mites. Balduf (1936) observed four individuals of Parcoblatta pensylvanica in a nest of Vespula maculata; he suggested that they probably fed on dead bodies and organic wastes of the wasps. However, Rau (1940) has observed this cockroach devour a Polistes larva in its cell. Although we do not imply that a commensal relationship exists between Parcoblatta and the wasp, it is well to recall a statement by Rothschild and Clay (1957): "A commensal relationship is potentially even more dangerous than a merely social tie, for by nature it is more intimate. The closer the association, the more easily is the balance upset. One partner can then suddenly take a mean advantage of the other."

Cockroach nymphs may enter bees' nests where, according to Imamura (in Sonan, 1924), they do not feed on honey or pollen but presumably feed on excreta of bees or anything scattered by bees in their nest; the bees are not disturbed by the cockroaches.

Cockroaches that have been found in the burrows of vertebrates are listed on pages 23-25.

Paulian (1950) found immature cockroaches in the nests of birds (Ploceinae) in Madagascar and Ivory Coast. All nests of Fondia sp. examined in Madagascar contained many cockroaches, and Paulian believed that the blattid was a species peculiar to the nests of birds. Three nests of Ploceus sp. in Ivory Coast yielded one or two cockroaches each in association with more numerous mites, Psocoptera, Heteroptera, beetles, and lepidopterous larvae (Delamare, Deboutteville and Paulian, 1952). These last cited workers also found four cockroaches in a nest of Estrildine sp., and two in a nest of an undetermined bird, all in association with other arthropods. Moulton (1912) observed large numbers of Symploce cavernicola and Periplaneta australasiae swarming in soft bird guano on the floor of caves in Borneo. Abdulali (1942) found in India many Periplaneta americana in caves containing the edible-nest swift; there was no indication of association of the cockroaches with the birds. Danforth (in Wolcott, 1950) reported finding large numbers of Aglaopteryx facies "in the nests of the grey kingbird, in the region of the Cartagena Lagoon [Puerto Rico], 'living among the twigs.'" In Trinidad, Kevan found a male of Blaberus discoidalis in a bird's nest (Princis and Kevan, 1955).

Davis (in Rehn and Hebard, 1914a) stated that "At Punta Gorda [Florida] there was a vacant house at the end of the town frequented at night by a Nanny and Billy goat, and on warm evenings many Periplaneta australasiae would run about on the piazza floor and on the sides of the house. They were seen feeding on the excrement of the goats and were no doubt to a great degree dependent upon them." This is another example of a coprophagous insect that has taken advantage of a particular situation favorable to its survival. Similar associations exist in which many of the domiciliary cockroaches feed on the feces of man and domestic and other animals (Roth and Willis, 1957a).

XVI. COCKROACHES AS PREDATORS

INTERSPECIES PREDATION

Tepper (1893) made the broad statement that the majority of Australian and Polynesian cockroaches appear to be wholly carnivorous, eating other insects, eggs, and larvae. He stated that, because of their voracity and cannibalistic tendencies, the carnivorous species lead more or less solitary lives so that one rarely meets several in close proximity; they are never very numerous at any time because the stronger devour the weaker in the absence of other prey. Tepper stated that Australian species of Ischnoptera hunt for their prey among the foliage of shrubs, and that Australian species of Cutilia [= Drymaplaneta, Hebard (1943)] run about actively on the surface, or ascend shrubs and trees in quest of living insects and therefore are highly beneficial. Tepper (1894) also stated that Geoscapheus robustus ate earthworms, grubs, and caterpillars. Froggatt (1906) and Marlatt (1915) attributed to Tepper the statement that cockroaches, like Epilampra notabilis, which are found out-of-doors in Australia, are carnivorous and feed on caterpillars and other soft-bodied insects; but Froggatt (1907) believed that this alleged behavior needed confirmation.

A number of observations have been recorded which indicate that sometimes cockroaches may be predatory. According to Ealand (1915), nymphs of the cockroach Pseudomops cincta fed on the Argentine ant Iridomyrmex humilis. In the laboratory, Eurycotis floridana has been observed to catch and devour the wasp Anastatus floridanus which parasitizes the eggs of Eurycotis (Roth and Willis, 1954a). Parcoblatta pensylvanica was observed devouring a larva of Polistes sp. in its cell in a deserted wasps' nest (Rau, 1940). Brigham (1866) saw a cockroach kill and eat a centipede four or five inches long. Annandale (1910) described the destruction in Calcutta of termites by Periplaneta americana. During a heavy rain storm many termites flew into the dining room and were set upon by the cockroaches which seized them with their mandibles and began to gnaw their abdomens. If disturbed, the cockroaches carried the termites away in their mandibles without using their legs to seize, hold, or carry the prey. Sometimes only the abdomen, but other times the whole body with the exception of the wings, was devoured. Perhaps this observation led Allyn (Anonymous, 1937) to theorize that, first, cockroaches could eradicate termites from houses, and then the blattids in turn could be eliminated. Falls (1938) has pointed out the unfeasibility of this idea. Blattella vaga has shown some tendency to eat plant lice (Flock, 1941a). Certain small cockroaches found beneath cane leaf-sheaths, in the Philippine Islands, preyed in part upon leafhoppers (Uichanco, in Williams et al., 1931).

Takahashi (1924) stated that the American cockroach will eat the eggs of the hemipteron Cantao ocellatus (Thunberg). Cunliffe (1952) observed mite-infested cockroaches (Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, and/or Periplaneta americana) dislodge and eat the mite Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus. Sonan (1924) reported that cockroaches (P. americana and P. australasiae) devoured the egg clusters and first instar larvae of Prodenia litula and the first instar larvae of Attacus atlas which were being reared in the laboratory. Lederer (1952) stated that Periplaneta americana ate reptile eggs in the aquarium at Frankfurt am Main. Pettit (1940) stated that cockroaches "are said to have destroyed a large colony of dermestids used to skeletonize carcasses at the University of Kansas."

DeFraula (1780) believed that his silent "gryllon" [obviously Blatta orientalis from his drawings; see Willemet (1784)] was the enemy of the chirping species of cricket, because after the cockroach became established in his home he no longer heard crickets chirping. Gilbert White (1905 ed.), writing in England in the late 18th century, stated that "Poda says that these [Blatta orientalis] and house crickets will not associate together; but he is mistaken in that assertion"; however, in August 1792 White noted that "Since the blattae have been so much kept under, the crickets have greatly increased in number." For several years Jolivet (1950) had observed changes in a mixed population of Blatta orientalis and Acheta domesticus in an old kitchen in France. He suggested that the cyclical fluctuations in the relative abundance of the cockroaches and crickets might be caused by reciprocal predatism with one species more susceptible than the other at certain stages. Mallis (1954) has stated that crickets prey on other insects as well as on one another. Lhéritier (1951) had also observed crickets becoming rare in bakeries in France, having been superseded everywhere by B. orientalis; however, he doubted that Jolivet's hypothesis was the correct explanation and suggested that the higher optimum temperature requirements of crickets might be the regulating factor. Lederer (1952) stated that the number of crickets decreased in the aquarium buildings at Frankfurt am Main as the population of American cockroaches increased.

Platyzosteria novae seelandiae was found under the bark of trees in New Zealand devouring bugs (Walker in Shelford, 1909b).

For years it has been believed that cockroaches feed on bedbugs (Cimex lectularius L.) and this statement has been repeated in many reference works and articles. Ealand (1915) stated that cockroaches devour bedbugs with avidity. Even today similar statements are to be found in the literature. "In the old sailing ship days, they [cockroaches] were often welcomed by crews because of the belief that they would eradicate a population of bedbugs. This belief was based on scientific fact, as cockroaches are known as predators of bedbugs" (Monro, 1951). Cockroaches will often "help rid a house of bedbugs by devouring all the little parasites they can capture" (Gaul, 1953). The basis for this belief may have originated with a statement by Webster (1834) who wrote that bedbugs disappeared aboard "H.M. Sloop Chanticleer" when cockroaches made their appearance. Newman (1855) reported the observations of a friend who claimed to have seen a cockroach seize a bedbug in an infested boardinghouse in London. In 1920 Purdy reintroduced cockroaches into a house from which they had been exterminated, in order to control the bedbugs which had become established. According to a popular account by Lillingston (1934) African natives are said to ask sailors for a cockroach or two to be used to hunt bedbugs.

In Siberia, Burr (1926, 1939) found Blattella germanica and bedbugs inhabiting the same room. Mellanby (1939) studied the populations of an animal house in which bedbugs and cockroaches occurred in large numbers; the bugs apparently were not attacked and their numbers increased greatly over a period of a few weeks (Johnson and Mellanby, 1939). Wille (1920) placed starved B. germanica with bedbugs for 20 days, but the cockroaches failed to attack the bugs. In India, captive adults and nymphs of two species of house cockroaches would not touch living bedbugs or their eggs (Cornwall, 1916). In laboratory experiments Gulati (1930) found that Periplaneta americana ate young bedbugs which had soft, blood-filled abdomens; adult bedbugs with harder exoskeletons sometimes were rejected. The maximum number of bedbugs eaten by a cockroach was 3 out of 12 during a period of 48 hours. Johnson and Mellanby (1939), also in laboratory experiments, were unable to show that bedbugs can be controlled by Blatta orientalis or that bedbugs are eaten to any extent by them. The existing evidence indicates that there is little basis for the often repeated statement that cockroaches destroy bedbugs in nature. As Lorando (1929) pointed out, assassin bugs, cockroaches, and red ants can hardly be considered as practical factors in bedbug control, though he did recommend the use of spiders.

According to Martini (1952), cockroaches prey on mosquitoes and sand flies but we have been unable to find any original sources for these statements; the only reference we have found in which cockroaches and Phlebotomus are mentioned together is a paper by Whittingham and Rook (1923); they fed ground-up cockroaches to larvae of Phlebotomus papatasii. Wharton (1951) reported that cockroaches and other predators attacked mosquitoes knocked down by insecticides and affected the number recovered.

Cockroaches will on occasion attack and bite animals other than insects. In an earlier paper (1957a) we discussed about 20 reports of cockroaches biting man. The injury is usually confined to abrasion of the callused portions of hands and feet but may result in small wounds in the softer skin of the face and neck. We failed to include the following reference in the above-mentioned paper. Sonan (1924) had his toes and breast nibbled by cockroaches on Hiyakejima Island during sleep. He had previously learned from a policeman that Periplaneta americana and P. australasiae nibbled people on that island, but he had hardly believed it before he experienced the biting himself.

INTRASPECIES PREDATION

Those who have reared cockroaches in the laboratory have undoubtedly seen cannibalism occur in the cultures. Cannibalism has been observed among the common domiciliary species of cockroaches as well as laboratory colonies of Leucophaea maderae (Scharrer, 1953), and Blaberus craniifer[12] (Saupe, 1928). Edmunds (1957)

reported that cannibalism was common in a laboratory colony of Periplaneta brunnea and that egg capsules deposited by a female were often eaten by the other cockroaches.

Periplaneta americana occasionally ate other cockroaches and their oöthecae and also attacked members of their own species (Lederer, 1952). Griffiths and Tauber (1942) recorded the killing of male American cockroaches by females of the species: "One female was especially vicious and attacked each new male as he was introduced into the container. Most of such males had molted less than 2 days previously. Older males were more capable of defending themselves against attacks of these cannibalistic females." Even though adequate food may be present, females of Periplaneta americana may eat their own eggs (Klein, 1933). Some females may regularly eat their oöthecae as soon as they are dropped (Griffiths and Tauber, 1942). To be completely eaten an oötheca generally must be attacked before it has hardened. If a hole is eaten in one side of the capsule, the cockroach may devour the eggs and leave a portion of the oötheca. Frequently only the keel or a part of the keel is eaten and when this occurs the eggs fail to hatch and usually do not complete development because of the rapid loss of water (Roth and Willis, 1955). When adults of P. americana and P. australasiae were deprived of food, both males and females ate newly deposited eggs and, finally, the females ate the males (Sonan, 1924).

Parcoblatta virginica in laboratory cultures also may eat part of its oöthecae; in this species only the soft end of the recently deposited oötheca was eaten (Roth, unpublished data, 1957).

Cros (1942) observed oöthecae-bearing females of Blatta orientalis attack and kill males of the same species which were attempting to mate; these males were then eaten by the females. Cros also observed injured and recently molted nymphs of B. orientalis to be eaten by others of the same species.

Pettit (1940) noted that cannibalism in his culture of Blattella germanica occurred only when the insects were molting. Adult insects attacked the molting cockroaches more often than did the nymphs. However, nymphs after the fourth instar occasionally set upon other molting nymphs. First-to third-instar nymphs rarely victimized their mates. The victims were all older than third instar; the later stadia were progressively more subject to attack, and molting adults suffered the greatest mortality. No direct correlation was noted between population density and cannibalism.

German cockroaches may attack newly molted nymphs of their own kind and cause them to deflate (Gould and Deay, 1938). Lhéritier (1951) has observed the hatching nymphs of B. germanica being devoured by their congeners even before they have left the oötheca.

Nauphoeta cinerea in laboratory cultures will eat newly hatched young of the same species (Roth and Willis, 1954; Willis et al., 1958). In Hawaii, in nature, N. cinerea may kill and eat the cypress cockroach, Diploptera punctata (Illingworth, 1942; Fullaway and Krauss, 1945).

Bunting (1956) stated that species of Neoblattella are omnivorous with carnivorous and cannibalistic tendencies. An adult female Panchlora sp. was killed and eaten by Neoblattella sp. in captivity. A male, provisionally identified as N. celeripes, was killed and partly eaten by two other males of the same species.

The factors influencing the extent of cannibalism among cockroaches are not completely known. According to Wille (1920) hunger was not the cause of cannibalism in Blattella germanica. Wille claimed that the tendency toward cannibalism increased at high temperatures and decreased at low temperatures. Pettit (1940) also noted this effect. Gould and Deay (1938) stated that under crowded laboratory conditions, when there was a scarcity of food, cannibalism among Periplaneta americana was common. The injured cockroaches and those unable to molt were often eaten. Adair (1923) made similar observations. Undoubtedly, conditions of crowding, availability of food, temperature and other factors all influence cannibalism, but practically no experimental work has been done on this subject.

It is interesting, in comparison with the above positive examples of cannibalism, that both Saupe (1928) and Roeser (1940) observed no cannibalism during extensive studies with Pycnoscelus surinamensis. In fact, Roeser stated that there was never a case of cannibalism in spite of long hunger periods imposed on both nymphal and adult insects.

XVII. ASSOCIATIONS AMONG COCKROACHES

Besides preying on their own species or on other blattids, cockroaches exhibit additional symbiotic relationships among themselves. These relationships are (1) the familial associations of parent and offspring, (2) gregariousness, (3) intraspecies fighting, (4) interspecies compatibility, and (5) interspecies antagonism. There are some inconsistencies between observations made on the same species by different workers, which only further observation and experimentation will explain. Some of the reported observations are unique; this is especially true for the feral species. Because of the paucity of information, it is impossible at this time to make valid generalizations about some of these interesting relationships.

FAMILIAL ASSOCIATIONS

The females of many species of cockroaches insure varying degrees of protection to the developing young in their ways of disposing of the oötheca after it has been formed. The extent of this association between the mother and her developing progeny varies from the minimum amount of time spent by oviparous females in concealing their oöthecae, to the duration of embryogenesis in the so-called viviparous species, a period of over a month or more.

Haber (1920a) observed a female of Periplaneta americana chew a groove in a piece of pasteboard into which she attempted to deposit her oötheca. The oötheca failed to adhere to the shallow hole and fell to the floor. After several futile attempts to replace the oötheca in the hole, the female finally left the egg case on the floor of the cage and coated it with an oral secretion to which she attached bits of trash. During this operation she chased other females away when they ventured near the site. Qadri (1938) described the behavior of the female of Blatta orientalis in concealing her oötheca in a hole that she dug in sand; she deposited the egg case in the hole, coated it with saliva and sand, and then refilled the pit. Rau (1943) described in detail how females of P. americana and B. orientalis covered their oöthecae with wood dust or sand in holes they had prepared in the substrate. Both species placed a sticky oral secretion in the holes and then deposited their oöthecae therein. After coating the oöthecae with more sticky secretion, the females adjusted the oöthecae so that the keels were uppermost and then carefully concealed the oöthecae with the excavated debris. Both females spent over an hour in the act. Rau (1924) previously reported that of 90 oöthecae deposited by B. orientalis in jars containing earth and trash, 36 were placed in crevices or excavated holes, and 38 were hidden by being covered with dirt stuck to them with saliva; only 16 were left uncovered.

Edmunds (1957) described oviposition by Periplaneta brunnea. Some females spent from 30 to 40 minutes secreting from the mouth a frothy substance that was smeared on the substrate; the egg capsule was deposited in the secretion and covered with additional froth, which hardened into a very strong cement. Some females spent as long as two hours coating the capsule after it was deposited. It was not stated whether the oötheca was otherwise concealed. The female remained with her body over the oötheca for several hours and drove away other cockroaches which approached.

Sonan (1924) observed that Periplaneta americana and Periplaneta australasiae spent from 40 minutes to an hour covering their oöthecae, and that if the females were frightened away from this activity, they returned again to complete it. As well as excavating holes in the substrate in which to deposit its oöthecae, P. americana also avails itself of readymade crevices of appropriate size (Ehrlich, 1943). Species of Epilampra in Malaya were said by Annandale (1900) to deposit their oöthecae in crevices in floating logs just above the water line. However, Shelford (1906) stated that four genera (including Epilampra) of the subfamily Epilamprinae are "viviparous," in which event the females would carry their oöthecae within their bodies during embryogenesis and would not place the oöthecae in crevices in logs.

The female of Cryptocercus punctulatus was observed to make a groove in a piece of wood, then carry her oötheca 6 inches from where she had dropped it and place it in the groove; she covered the oötheca so that only a portion was visible (Cleveland in Cleveland et al., 1934). Dr. W. L. Nutting (personal communication, 1954) collected a number of oöthecae of C. punctulatus in the field and found each one almost completely sealed off with bits of wood in a deep groove in the roof of a chamber in a log. The keel of the oötheca was visible but the rest was well camouflaged. He stated that "The adult pair usually frequents the chamber at this time, while their broods of previous years occupy neighboring galleries."

Berland (1924) observed a female of Loboptera decipiens filling a hole (the abandoned nest of a hymenopteron) with earth that she carried in her mouth; he later found her oötheca behind the earthen barricade which she had erected.

In summary, the following species of oviparous cockroaches have been observed concealing their oöthecae (only those references not previously cited are given): Blatta orientalis; Cryptocercus punctulatus; Ectobius sylvester (Harz, 1956, 1957); Epilampra sp.; Eurycotis floridana (Roth and Willis, 1954a); Loboptera decipiens; Balta scripta, Methana curvigera, Methana marginalis, and Methana caneae (Pope, 1953a); Pelmatosilpha marginalis, Pelmatosilpha purpurascens, and Nauclidas nigra (Bunting, 1956); Periplaneta americana (Haber, 1919; Adair, 1923; Seín, 1923; Nigam, 1933; Gould and Deay, 1938; Rau, 1940a); Periplaneta australasiae (Girault, 1915b; Spencer, 1943; Pope, 1953); Periplaneta brunnea (Roth and Willis, unpublished data, 1958); Periplaneta fuliginosa (Gould and Deay, 1940); Periplaneta ignota (Pope, 1953); Supella supellectilium (Flock, 1941). Undoubtedly other oviparous species that drop their oöthecae long before the eggs hatch also make some attempt to conceal the oöthecae by placing them in crevices or covering them with debris.

Sometimes the oöthecae are deposited but not concealed. Hafez and Afifi (1956) reported that in Egypt Supella supellectilium attaches its oötheca to a suitable substrate with a gummy oral secretion but leaves the egg capsule otherwise exposed. We (1954) have noticed similar behavior in laboratory colonies of this species and of Blatta orientalis, as have Gould and Deay (1940). Cornelius (1853) stated that the female of B. orientalis takes care of the safety of her offspring to the extent of usually dropping her oöthecae in places which are dry and raised above the ground, although rarely one also may find some oöthecae scattered on the ground. For lack of suitable material females of Periplaneta americana sometimes did not conceal their oöthecae (Nigam, 1933). Frequently in laboratory colonies P. americana merely drops the oöthecae loosely in sand or food "in contrast to P. australasiae, which almost always went to considerable trouble to fasten their eggs securely and to conceal them with debris" (Pope, 1953). If conditions under which Nauclidas nigra is kept are not suitable, the female will drop her oötheca anywhere (Bunting, 1956). Rau (1940) stated that the female of Parcoblatta pensylvanica does not conceal her oötheca. However, Gould and Deay (1940) stated that this species deposits its oöthecae loosely behind bark. Ellipsidion affine and Ellipsidion australe attach their oöthecae to bark or the underside of leaves but apparently make no attempt to conceal them (Pope, 1953a).

The females of most of the above species have no further familial association with their offspring. The eggs hatch with no attention from the mother who is probably not even in the vicinity at that time. The young apparently do not react to the presence of the parent, as such, after hatching. This is not unexpected, as several additional oöthecae may have been deposited by these oviparous females before the eggs of the first oöthecae hatch. However, a different behavior is encountered among species that do not form a second oötheca until after the eggs of the first have hatched (see below) and in the so-called colonial species.

Shaw (1925) reported that in Australia both Panesthia australis and Panesthia laevicollis appear to live in families, and that one usually finds a pair of adults associated with from 12 to 20 nymphs in different stages of development; he continued, "it is only where the molts are very abundant that one loses sight of this familial habit." Tillyard (1926) also stated that the Australian species of Panesthia live in burrows in soil in strict family communities of a pair of adults and 10 to 20 nymphs. A related colonial species, Cryptocercus punctulatus, lives in both sound and rotten logs in colonies consisting of a pair of adults and 15 or 20 nymphs, probably representing two or three broods (Cleveland et al., 1934; Cleveland, 1948). Chopard (1938) has cited this association as an example of gregariousness, which it may well be; however, the presence of only one pair of adults in each colony suggests a more intimate relationship.

Among species of Blattella and certain other genera with similar reproductive habits the female carries her oötheca clasped in her genital cavity with the posterior portion projecting behind her. Each normal oötheca is carried for approximately the duration of embryogenesis and is not dropped until, or shortly before, hatching. We have seen (1954, fig. 65) newly hatched nymphs of Blattella vaga crawl over the body of the mother who stood quietly near the dropped oötheca; this female raised her wings and some of the nymphs crawled under them onto the dorsal surface of her abdomen. The nymphs seemed to feed on the grease covering the mother's body. The association was short-lived, however, and soon the nymphs scattered. Pettit (1940) stated that when hatching of Blattella germanica occurs in the open (on a table top), the nymphs may remain near the capsule only a few minutes. Ledoux (1945) found that newly hatched nymphs of B. germanica remained together without shelter in a single, sparse group. If the nymphs were separated by blowing on them, the group quickly reassembled, usually in the same spot. Ledoux showed that this gregarious grouping of first-instar nymphs was not necessarily a familial association by placing nymphs from two oöthecae together. In groups of 8 to 12 nymphs there was a perfect intermingling of the offspring from the two different females.

It is among the so-called viviparous cockroaches that the greatest number of observations have been made of postparturient associations between female cockroaches and their offspring. The females of these species carry their oöthecae in brood sacs within their bodies until embryogenesis has been completed. This behavior ensures protection of the young from desiccation and attack by parasites (Roth and Willis, 1955a). (See Roth and Willis, 1958a, for an analysis of oviparity and viviparity in the Blattaria.) Shelford (1906, 1916) reported that he had captured a female of Pseudophoraspis nebulosa in Borneo with numerous young nymphs clinging to the undersurface of her abdomen. He also recalled that there was in the Hope Museum (Oxford) a female of Phlebonotus pallens to which the following label was attached: "'Ceylon ... carries its young beneath its wing covers. 1878.'" Pruthi (1933) found in South India another female of P. pallens which was carrying over a dozen young nymphs on her back beneath her wings. In his paper Pruthi reproduced a photograph of this specimen with the light-colored nymphs in place on the back of the female. Hanitsch (1933) reported having seen a museum specimen from Luzon, Philippine Islands, of the apterous female of Perisphaerus glomeriformis with nymphs still clinging to her undersurface; he also reported having seen a museum specimen of a female of Ellipsidion variegatum from Australia with four young clinging to the upper side of the apex of her tegmina and six to the oötheca which projected beyond her body. Presumably this specimen was giving birth when captured. Gurney (1954; personal communication, 1958) stated that specimens of Perisphaerus sp. from Mindanao and Luzon have been found with young nymphs clinging to the middle and hind coxae. The first-instar nymph has an elongate face and specialized galeae. Karny (1925) also observed that at the slightest alarm the young of some species of Phoraspidinae creep under the dome-shaped front wings of the mother.

The newly hatched young of Leucophaea maderae have also been seen congregated under the mother on several occasions. Seín (1923) stated that after being born, the nymphs of this species gather under the mother and accompany her at night in her excursions in search of food. Pessôa and Corrêa (1928) reported that "During the first days the free larvae hide under the adult cockroach which becomes restless and active in contrast to its usual slow gait." Wolcott (1950) stated that "They are not only gregarious, but the mother broods over her young, and together they sally forth at night in search for food, until they are of such a size as to mingle with their elders."

The African mountain cockroach Aptera fusca has been observed during late summer and early winter in familial groups beneath loose bark, under stones, and in dead leaves (Skaife, 1954): "Each party consists of a number of black young ones, together with one, two or more adult females and perhaps a winged male or two. Later on they scatter and live more or less solitary lives." In Malaya Karny (1924) often found phoraspidine females between leaves surrounded by about 20 young nymphs. He stated that one also often found females of Perisphaerus armadillo surrounded by pale, yellowish-white young; similarly he had observed that Archiblatta hoevenii was found mostly in colonies made up of mothers and their young. The duration of these associations is not known.

Saupe (1928) noticed that the newly hatched nymphs of Blaberus craniifer (see footnote II, p. 322) collected together under the body of their mother and stated that this is as pronounced a case of brood care as Zacher had observed with Pycnoscelus surinamensis. Nutting (1953) stated that "A degree of maternal solicitude is exhibited by this roach [B. craniifer], for many times I have observed the female to remain motionless for an hour or more with her unpigmented brood clustered around and beneath her body." We, too, have observed similar behavior in laboratory colonies of B. craniifer and Leucophaea maderae.

Chopard (1950) noted that after hatching the young of Gromphadorhina laevigata remained grouped around the female for some time; the mother stood motionless, high on her legs, with her thorax curved up to make room for the brood which hid under her body. We (unpublished data, 1958) have seen young nymphs of Gromphadorhina portentosa also stay near their mother for some time after birth; the mother at this time produced a characteristic hissing sound when she was only slightly disturbed by the movement of our hand near her and her brood. The sound is produced as air is expelled through the second abdominal spiracle. We have seen recently hatched nymphs of Nauphoeta cinerea crawl beneath the mother, even under her wings, where they remained about an hour (Willis et al., 1958). Bunting (1956) observed a female of Blaberus discoidalis collect a mound of debris into which she inserted the tip of her abdomen; he found young in the mound later the same day. This female showed no maternal care for the young after birth. Whole families of cockroaches may be found in bromeliads in Brazil (Ohaus, 1900). Hebard (1920) observed a colony of adults and young of Dendroblatta sobrina on a tree trunk in the Panama Canal Zone.

Whether any of the above associations exemplify maternal care for the newly hatched young is questionable. The behavior of the mother, beyond placing her eggs in a suitable location, seems to be entirely passive. The first-instar nymphs are the active partners in these associations, and they may merely be seeking shelter under the nearest convenient object rather than under the mother as such. More extensive studies of some of these relationships will be needed before claims for maternal care, as suggested by Scott (1929), can be substantiated.

GREGARIOUSNESS

Casual statements that cockroaches are gregarious are often encountered in the literature. There has been some argument to the effect that large numbers of these insects seeking the same environment in a limited space would appear to be gregarious, whereas there is probably no true social tendency (Rau, 1924). Reactions of cockroaches to certain stimuli in the environment undoubtedly do result in aggregations of individuals. However, as Chopard (1938) has pointed out, it is difficult to assign the respective parts played in assembling by the attraction of the milieu and by gregarious instincts. Chopard (1938) also stated that Orthoptera with a gregarious tendency are found rarely isolated; one finds them, on the contrary nearly always collected in the same shelters, close together, as if conscious of a need for contact between themselves. He continued further that one can be tempted to attribute the assembling to taxes but that interattraction equally plays an important role; for example, if one places a large number of cockroaches in a container and offers them similar shelters composed of cardboard tubes, one finds that nearly all the individuals will assemble in one of the tubes, ignoring the others. Pettit (1940) claimed that in Blattella germanica gregariousness seemed to depend on the mutual attractiveness of body secretions as well as a thigmopositive behavior and love of warmth.

Ledoux (1945) has studied experimentally gregariousness and social interattraction in Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica. He also found that the cockroaches tended to collect in shelters containing other cockroaches. He concluded that group formation is not the result of chance, but is a social phenomenon, and that interattraction is mainly olfactory, conditioned by (1) positive chemotaxis to odors emitted by the cockroaches themselves, (2) positive hygrotaxis, and (3) thigmotaxis. He found also that large groups are not stable and tend to break into smaller groups.

Gregariousness in the Orthoptera varies in intensity according to the species and within a species according to the age or physiological state of the insects (Chopard, 1938). This is well exemplified by several of the blattid species discussed below.

Gregarious groupings of cockroaches have been observed most frequently among the domiciliary species. A few examples will suffice. Gal'kov (1926) observed heavy infestations of undetermined cockroaches in workers' living quarters in the Ural region: "In the corners near the stove, the cockroaches covered the walls in a dense carpet." After fumigating he collected about 135,000 dead cockroaches from one barracks and about 475,000 from another. We have reviewed a few other examples of heavy infestations in our 1957(a) paper.

Periplaneta americana was observed by Gould and Deay (1938) in an old meat-packing building in Indiana. Adult cockroaches were present in large numbers between closely placed beams, but the nymphs were more common in cracks between bricks. Clusters of several hundred cockroaches were seen on the open walls of the cold, dark hide room. Gould and Deay stated "American roaches of all sizes live together in perfect harmony. Young nymphs have been noted in clusters underneath adults and crawling over the adults as they wander about in rearing jars." In the monkey house of the Hamburg zoo, P. americana spent most of the day in the cellars resting on the walls in groups of about 200 individuals (Brecher, 1929). Lederer (1952) noted that in closed, dark, heated spaces under the aquarium at Frankfurt am Main, P. americana rested in groups of 20 to 30 individuals; he stated that it was remarkable that the "herd" divided itself into groups each of which usually contained insects of the same age or stage of development. Eads (1954) found P. americana in 40 percent of 762 sewer manholes in Tyler, Tex.; 13 percent of 670 of these manholes were heavily infested with 100 or more cockroaches in each. Other heavy sewer infestations have been reviewed in our 1957(a) paper.

Ehrlich (1943) has stated that Periplaneta americana exhibits social behavior. For instance, cockroaches of various ages inhabit a fairly large space jointly; the adults and older nymphs sense approaches with their antennae and warn and protect the young by a beating of wings and by body movements. There is complete utilization of the available living space; the imagos drive older nymphs from their resting places, and the older nymphs drive out the younger ones, until all cracks, depending on their size, are occupied by various age groups of different sizes. In his experiments Ehrlich observed that in cages with no hiding places the cockroaches would group together; when given a choice of small and large shelters, P. americana hid only under the larger ones that could shelter more insects. Finally, the cockroaches ceased to bite and fight each other when they crowded together in the face of danger.

Of Blatta orientalis Marlatt (1915) stated "This species is notably gregarious in habit, individuals living together in colonies in the most amicable way, the small ones being allowed by the larger ones to sit on them, run over them, and nestle beneath them without any resentment being shown." Haber (1919) also observed that this species is often noticed "huddled together, the younger ones crawling over, around, and beneath the older ones."

Wille (1920) observed that nymphs of Blattella germanica remained almost constantly in groups during the first and second instars, but less so during the third instar. He believed that the aggregations of young occurred because they could occupy narrow crevices where the larger insects could not penetrate. At usual room temperatures the older nymphs and adults lived completely isolated, but at certain temperatures they gathered together in large, tightly pressed groups.

Supella supellectilium is said to be gregarious (Gould and Deay, 1940). The smaller nymphs aggregate in small groups in rearing containers, but the older ones remain separate from one another (Hafez and Afifi, 1956). Leucophaea maderae is sociable and rarely found alone; in their favorite hiding places, hills of these cockroaches can be seen hanging together (Seín, 1923). Wolcott (1950) also stated that L. maderae is gregarious. Annandale (1900) observed that in the "Siamese Malay States" large colonies of Periplaneta australasiae conceal themselves in hollows of bamboo logs from which houses are built. Moulton (1912) stated that he was astonished at the large numbers of P. australasiae and Symploce cavernicola that he saw swarming on the sides of caves of Mt. Jibong, Borneo.

Rehn and Hebard (1905) stated that in Key West, Fla., Eurycotis floridana fairly swarmed under the coquina boulders in the woods, in groups of a dozen containing both young and adults; Pycnoscelus surinamensis was very abundant in the same type of habitat. Caudell (1905) also found the young of E. floridana with the mature individuals. Hebard (1917) in his discussion of Lattiblattella rehni again mentioned finding frequent colonies of E. floridana in Florida. He also found many specimens of Blaberus craniifer under boards on the ground at Key West. He found Parcoblatta lata numerous under bark of dead pine trees in Alabama. However, Dowdy (1955), in an ecological study of oak-hickory forest in Missouri, stated that "Parcoblatta [sp.] were never recorded as being gregarious, in fact they were mostly solitary. However, in some cases two were found together." Yet Blatchley (1895) stated of Parcoblatta pensylvanica that in the winter in Indiana "One cannot pull the loose bark from an old log without dislodging a colony of from ten to a hundred of the nymphs of various sizes." Males of Parcoblatta virginica were said to be often gregarious beneath loose bark and under chunks and rubbish (Blatchley, 1920).

Rehn and Hebard (1927) quoted observations made earlier by Hebard on Byrsotria fumigata in Cuba: "I found the specimens under flat stones, sometimes in colonies of 3 or 4 mature specimens and numbers of immature individuals in all stages of development." These observers also reported that Aspiduchus borinquen was found in Puerto Rico in a limestone cavern by thousands in the grass and on the walls. J. W. H. Rehn (1951a) stated that a related species, apparently Aspiduchus cavernicola, was seen in great numbers on the side walls and roof of a cave in Puerto Rico, but it was not possible to collect any of these and, we infer, confirm the species. Rehn and Hebard (1927) in their account of Simblerastes jamaicanus reported finding it in numbers in a termite nest. Pemberton and Williams (1938) stated that Diploptera punctata is of gregarious habits in Hawaii. Saupe (1928) observed a strong "herd instinct" in all age groups of Blaberus craniifer. Bunting (personal communication, 1956) stated that large nymphs and adults of Blaberus discoidalis "congregate in narrow cracks or on the underside of some low object. The younger nymphs keep in close communities of approximately the same age." Sonan (1924) stated that in Formosa(?) Salganea morio is usually found in groups of six or seven in decayed trees. Species of the genus Litopeltis may be found in small groups as they are somewhat gregarious (Rehn, 1928).

The physiological or psychological effects of gregariousness, or lack of it, are interesting aspects of the basic phenomenon. Landowski (1937) studied in Blatta orientalis the effect on development and growth of the transition from life in complete isolation to life in groups. He kept nymphs in groups of 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 in jars of identical size and shape. Landowski found that (1) mortality increased with the size of the group and with age, as each animal occupied more of the available space. [Presumably these factors are less detrimental in nature where the group is unconfined.] He further found that (2) life in complete isolation extended the time required to produce an adult insect; and (3) the mean weight of the adult insect was, generally, in inverse proportion to the number of nymphs raised together; isolated insects usually attained the greatest adult weight.

Similarly, Griffiths and Tauber (1942a) found that isolation extended the period of nymphal development in Periplaneta americana. As most of their isolates died before reaching maturity, these workers concluded that the American cockroach does not thrive when individually isolated and that several individuals must be together for optimum development to occur. Pettit (1940, 1940a) observed that isolated nymphs of Blattella germanica take longer to mature than those reared in groups. Wallick (1954) found indications in B. germanica that there is an inverse relationship between population density and individual weight; as the population decreased the weight increased. He also noted an inverse relationship between population density and life expectancy in this species.

We (Willis et al., 1958) have confirmed the above observations that Blattella germanica, Blatta orientalis, and Periplaneta americana complete nymphal development in less time when reared in groups rather than individually. We (loc. cit.) also found that nymphs of the following additional species matured more quickly when reared in groups: Eurycotis floridana, Periplaneta fuliginosa, Supella supellectilium, Nauphoeta cinerea, and Pycnoscelus surinamensis; only a very slight decrease in the average length of the developmental period was found in grouped nymphs of Leucophaea maderae.

Wharton et al. (1954) observed that virgin adult males of Periplaneta americana that had been individually isolated upon emergence were almost wholly unresponsive to the sexually stimulating, female odor for a test period of four weeks. Similar males of comparable age that were kept in groups reacted strongly from the sixth day on. Removal of reactive males from the group inhibited the reaction in these isolates, but the response returned when the insects were regrouped. We (1952) had similarly observed that no isolated male of Blattella germanica was ever seen to give a courting response without having received some form of external stimulation. Yet when numbers of males were kept together isolated from females, on several occasions the males became active and a few individuals gave a courting response. As the sexual stimulus is received by the male of B. germanica through contact rather than odor, as in P. americana, presumably it was mutual contact between the grouped males that released the courting activity.

Cloudsley-Thompson (1953a), in his studies of diurnal rhythms in Periplaneta americana, observed a steady decline in total activity in successive 24-hour cycles: "When two cockroaches, even of different species (P. americana and P. australasiae) were kept together, this depression did not appear to set in so readily." The associates apparently kept each other active.

Isolated females of Periplaneta americana can be conditioned to run a simple maze with less time and fewer errors per trial than when paired or when a member of a group of three (Gates and Allee, 1933). There was less activity, and accordingly fewer errors per minute, among cockroaches tested as pairs and groups of three than as isolated individuals. This observation should not be contrasted with that of Cloudsley-Thompson (1953a), cited above, because the intervals during which activity was observed were quite different.

In the above account we have presumed that aggregations of some species are indications of gregariousness. However, until gregariousness has been proved experimentally for each species, we concede that reactions to environmental stimuli might be sufficient to bring about some of the observed groupings without any interaction between individuals.

In concluding this section we note that Tepper (1893) stated that carnivorous cockroaches in Australia lead more or less solitary lives, and that one rarely meets several together in close proximity. Takahashi (1940) observed that in Formosa Blattella humbertiana does not have a tendency to throng together. Rau (1947) stated that the adults of Ischnoptera deropeltiformis showed no tendency toward gregariousness, but in the laboratory newly hatched young lived close together under bark and remained together throughout the nymphal stages. We wonder whether this gregariousness was not imposed by the restricted quarters of the cage. As mentioned above, Dowdy (1955) did not find Parcoblatta sp. to be gregarious in the field.

INTRASPECIES FIGHTING

Fighting occurs among cockroaches of the same species over food or shelter or between males. Saupe (1928) observed late-instar nymphs of Blaberus craniifer attack each other and even adults. Additional records cited in the section on intraspecies predation (p. 322) imply fighting within a species. Rau (1924) saw a male of Blatta orientalis attack another male in copula and bite away a large portion of its wing. Two other males in the container had their wings badly torn overnight, presumably as a result of fighting.

Ehrlich (1943) stated that individuals of Periplaneta americana that are feeding will ward off intruders by spreading their wings and pushing with their hind legs. However, the intruder will approach again and again biting the feeder in the legs and wings. Frequently the odor of approaching food was sufficient to cause the cockroaches to fight and bite each other. Biting and fighting also occurred when individuals of this species defended their daytime hiding places. A position of attack is assumed when two antagonistic individuals of P. americana meet (Ehrlich, 1943, fig. 14). The insects raise their bodies slightly above the ground, by extending their legs, and they stretch their heads forward horizontally so that their mouth parts protrude; when the insects jump at each other, they may wound each other severely in the soft parts of the body. Fighting between sexually excited males resulted in injury to their legs, wings, cerci, and other parts of the body. Frequently an insect that could no longer defend itself was killed. Lederer (1952) also made similar but less extensive observations on fighting in this species.

Pettit (1940) quoted Woodruff as stating that nymphs of Blattella germanica, apparently healthy and perfectly normal, would do battle for no apparent cause other than a chance meeting, and that occasionally the fight was to the finish, the loser being eaten. Pettit could not substantiate such voracious attacks, although he saw nymphs engage in fights lasting about two seconds during which one would be driven off by vigorous bites on legs or cerci. Small nymphs of B. germanica tended to ignore each other, but third-and later-instar nymphs would engage in "quarrels" of short duration when two met. Pettit noted that males of B. germanica that were crowded together quickly set upon, but did not always kill, other cockroaches introduced into their cage. When he isolated a dozen males in a small cage, they became quarrelsome and three of the group were killed and partly eaten. After several days the surviving males had taken positions so that each was equidistant from his neighbors. Some of these males attacked other males and a female that were introduced, by biting their legs and cerci. Females under similar conditions were much less aggressive, although Pettit saw some females that roved about biting all large members of the group that were within easy reach.

We have frequently observed aggressive behavior between males of Nauphoeta cinerea, which resulted in torn wings. The males would wrestle with each other rolling over and over.

INTERSPECIES COMPATIBILITY

We agree in essence with Chopard (1938) who stated that it is improper to speak of associations apropos of the ecological distribution of Orthoptera. He continued that it is clearly evident that different species of Orthoptera, which are found grouped on a territory more or less narrowly limited, have no interdependence among them. Their grouping results uniquely from almost similar reactions to the different factors which characterize this limited milieu. There is neither interdependence nor interaction; the grouping is a false biocoenose, born under the action of the environment, and does not survive a modification of this milieu.

However, as there are numerous examples of mutual toleration between different species as well as examples of incompatibility, the subject has more than academic interest even if no true ecological significance. On the other hand, further study may show that certain of these associations are definitely ecological, particularly among the feral species. As might be expected, most of the following examples pertain to domiciliary cockroaches.

Dozier (1920) occasionally found Periplaneta americana with Eurycotis floridana in decaying stumps, beneath loose bark of decayed trees, and beneath corded wood. Adair (1923) stated that in his house in Egypt Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, and Blattella germanica were found together in a cupboard. Sambon (1925) found B. orientalis and B. germanica side by side but not fraternizing in a home in Italy. Gould and Deay (1938) observed that apartments over stores were infested with both B. germanica and P. americana, but did not indicate whether these occupied the same microhabitat. Gould and Deay (1940) observed that in the Purdue University greenhouse Periplaneta fuliginosa was found "under benches, boxes, pots and other objects in association with the American roach." Dr. L. A. Hetrick (personal communication, 1954) wrote us that several summers before he had had a mixed infestation of cockroaches, which included Periplaneta australasiae, Periplaneta fuliginosa, and Pycnoscelus surinamensis, in his chicken shed.

Eads (personal communication, 1955), in response to our inquiry about the mixed populations of cockroaches that he had reported infesting sewers in Texas (Eads et al., 1954), stated that "Each of the ten colonies of B. orientalis found in Tyler manholes were associated with larger colonies of P. americana. True breeding colonies of B. orientalis appeared to be present since all the developmental stages were taken. The same situation existed with the P. fuliginosa and the two species of Parcoblatta. Larger colonies of P. americana were associated with the other species in each case. From our limited observations the two species always appeared to be perfectly compatible." Eads et al. (1954) had found Periplaneta fuliginosa in three manholes, Parcoblatta bolliana in one manhole and Parcoblatta pensylvanica in one manhole. We assume that the groups of each species were spacially discrete so that they were recognizable as colonies. Dr. T. A. Olson (personal communication, 1958) has observed two or more species of cockroaches in a single structure but never in mixed colonies. Each species was separated physically from the others. Olson concluded that cockroaches of different species do not mingle freely unless forced to do so by some special environmental condition. Pettit (1940) found B. germanica and P. americana similarly separated in the same building or even in the same basement laboratory.

Perkins (1899) found Lobopterella dimidiatipes generally living in company with the young of Periplaneta australasiae in Hawaii. Rehn and Hebard (1914) in Florida found P. australasiae abundant with Periplaneta americana on a quarter-boat. They also noted that the forficulid Marava [= Prolabia] arachidis (Yersin) appeared in numbers in a kitchen after dark accompanied by swarms of P. americana. These workers also found Leurolestes pallidus in a fruit store in Key West "where the species was common in a pile of old burlap bags and in cracks under the stands which it shared with one fairly large colony of Blattella germanica, occasional specimens of Holocompsa nitidula, a few specimens of Periplaneta americana, and one specimen of Supella supellectilium." They also found H. nitidula with Blaberus craniifer "between old boards in a woodshed, where nymphs were more numerous than adults."

Rehn and Hebard (1914) stated of Supella supellectilium in Florida that "The females were all taken in cupboards where Blattella germanica was found in swarms." The association in human habitations of S. supellectilium and B. germanica has been reported also by Sein (1923), Puerto Rico; Shaw (1924), Australia; Mallis (1954): "German and brown-banded roaches were often found in the same crevice."; Anonymous (1958), Texas; and Anonymous (1958a), Georgia. Gould and Deay (1940) stated that other species of cockroaches, especially B. germanica, may be found with S. supellectilium in the same part of a building. Yet Shaw (1925) stated that "when Supella supellectilium Serv. invades places already occupied by Blattella germanica L., it tends to oust the latter."

Blaberus discoidalis has been found in homes or in fruit debris in Puerto Rico in company with the more common, domiciliary species Leucophaea maderae, but never in abundance (Sein, 1923; Wolcott, 1950). Illingworth (1915) in Hawaii found Symploce hospes associated with Nauphoeta cinerea, Graptoblatta notulata, and Diploptera punctata.

Hebard (1917) found Aglaopteryx diaphana in a bromeliad on a forest tree in Jamaica together with Nyctibora laevigata and numerous Cariblatta insularis. He also found numerous Aglaopteryx gemma under signs on longleaf pines in Alabama with occasional specimens of Parcoblatta lata. In Virginia he found Parcoblatta uhleriana in a decaying chestnut log with Cryptocercus punctulalus. In Florida he found Latiblattella rehni with Eurycotis floridana and, more rarely, with Periplaneta australasiae under bark of pine trees. In Key West he found Symploce hospes in the cupboard of a hotel with swarms of Blattella germanica and a few Supella supellectilium.

Rehn and Hebard (1927) in their study of West Indian blattids reported finding Neoblattella proserpina in epiphytic bromeliads in Jamaica in company with Neoblattella eurydice and Neoblattella dryas. They also list most of the associations cited by Hebard (1917).

Ramme (1923) reported that he found in Germany four species of Ectobius (lapponicus, lucidus, pallidus, and sylvester) living together in an area about 50 m. by 200 m. Although he had stated that his specimens of E. lucidus were a distinct species in 1923, Ramme (1951) later decided that they were a form of E. sylvester, E. sylvester f. lucidus.

Dow (1955) reported trapping Blattella germanica, Periplaneta americana, and Periplaneta brunnea in houses and privies in south Texas. At our request Dr. Dow (personal communication, 1958) analyzed his records to determine whether there were indications of associations between these species, with the following results:

As stated in my published note, the roaches were at first classified to genus only. The 83 Periplaneta subsequently identified to species represented 28 different collections, 11 from houses and 17 from privies, all in Pharr, Texas. Tabulation of the data shows first that P. americana was taken only once in a house and that P. brunnea was taken only 4 times in privies. Of course this distribution greatly reduces the probability that they would be caught together, and it is not surprising that P. americana was trapped alone in the single house collection. P. brunnea, however, was trapped with P. americana 2 of the 4 times it occurred in privy collections.

To investigate the occurrence of Periplaneta with and without Blattella, an analysis has been made of 560 trap collections taken in 40 houses and 40 associated privies in Pharr, Texas, in weekly intervals (from May 14 to June 23 [1948]). In the houses, Periplaneta and Blattella were caught in the same jar 26 times, Periplaneta alone 12 times, Blattella alone 83 times, and neither genus 159 times. In a fourfold table, the value of chi-square (14.7) is significant and indicates that the frequencies are not proportional. The number of times Periplaneta and Blattella actually occurred together (26) is, however, much larger than the expected number calculated from the row and column frequencies (14.8). In the privies, Periplaneta and Blattella were caught in the same jar 9 times, Periplaneta alone 50 times, Blattella alone 18 times, and neither genus 203 times. In a fourfold table, the value of chi-square (1.95) is not significant but the same type of disproportion is evident and the expected frequency of both genera in one trap is 5.7, lower than the actual frequency of 9. Both immature and adult roaches are included in this analysis.

The above evidence would be more satisfactory if based on more extensive data. There is also a possible objection in that the traps were operated for at least overnight, during which time one species could theoretically supplant another. Of course, it is doubtful that there is anything involved here like territory (in the ornithologists' sense). On the other hand, it is well to consider that Periplaneta and Blattella are both likely to be more abundant in the same type of favorable location and that this factor might offset in part some direct antagonism between the species.

The only known specimen of Ischnoptera podoces was captured in company with the type series of Cariblatta nebulicola, in dead leaf litter in Jamaica (Rehn and Hebard, 1927). In Florida Periplaneta australasiae was often taken in company with Pycnoscelus surinamensis and Eurycotis floridana (Blatchley, 1920).

INTERSPECIES ANTAGONISM

In contrast to the presumably amicable associations mentioned above, other observations in the literature seem to indicate that some species of cockroaches are incompatible when they attempt to occupy the same habitat niche. Marlatt (1915) stated "Rarely do two of the domestic species occur together in the same house. Often, also, of two neighboring districts one may be infested with one species, while in the other a distinct species is the commoner one. The different species are thus seemingly somewhat antagonistic, and it is even supposed that they may prey upon one another, the less numerous species being often driven out." Phelps (1924) stated "Roaches of different species are rarely found together, although roaches of the same species live together on very amicable terms."

In 1859 Darwin (1887) stated that "In Russia the small Asiatic cockroach [Blattella germanica?] has everywhere driven before it its great congener [Blatta orientalis?]." Yet in France Girard (1877) suggested that the oriental cockroach be introduced into a restaurant infested with the German cockroach as the best way to expel the latter, because the more robust species drives away cockroaches of smaller size. Wille (1920) in Germany found usually only one species of cockroach in a house. Yet when he placed B. orientalis and B. germanica together, there were no reciprocal attacks even by hungry individuals. Wille concluded that because of their greater speed, smaller size, greater number of eggs, and faster development, the German cockroaches eat the available food and so make the environment unfavorable for the oriental. However, he noted that cases may be seen in which the opposite is also possible. Laing (1946; British Museum [Natural History], 1951) observed that in the British Isles B. orientalis seems to have lost its dominant position to B. germanica in recent years; it was stated that these species are not as a rule found together and that the greater rapidity of breeding and ability to climb of B. germanica, as well as the layout of modern buildings, are some of the factors that favor the spread of B. germanica. Ledoux (1945) found that first-instar nymphs of B. germanica and fourth-instar nymphs of B. orientalis, adults of B. germanica and sixth-instar nymphs of B. orientalis, as well as adults of both species, did not form mixed groups. However, when he combined fifth-and sixth-instar nymphs of B. germanica with fourth-and fifth-instar nymphs of B. orientalis, which are all practically of equal size, sometimes he would find mixed groups, but generally the groups were distinct. Lucas (1912) stated that Burr had found B. germanica and B. orientalis swarming within a rubbish heap in England; presumably both colonies were breeding and multiplying and one species was not detrimental to the presence of the other.

Shaw (1925) claimed that Supella supellectilium tended to oust Blattella germanica, but Pope (1953) thought it doubtful in Queensland. Wolcott (1950) stated that "The larger and more powerful domestic cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.), P. australasiae (F.) and P. brunnea Burmeister have very definitely fallen behind in Puerto Rico in competition with the little German roach." Pessôa and Corêa (1928) observed that other species of cockroaches were rare in Brazil in houses that were infested with Leucophaea maderae. Lederer (1952) noticed that in the reptile house of the aquarium at Frankfort am Main Blatta orientalis was obviously kept down by Blattella germanica, even before the appearance of P. americana. However, B. germanica was not driven out of the reptile house by P. americana although the populations of each fluctuated for about 22 years after the American cockroach had settled there; both species occupied separate resting places. Lederer further observed that within four years of the introduction of P. americana into the crocodile house, none of the original infestation of B. orientalis could be found; a small colony of Pycnoscelus surinamensis in the reptile house was apparently also driven out by P. americana. Chopard (1932, 1938) stated that the oriental cockroach does not exist in company with P. americana which very probably destroys it. Pettit (1940) kept B. germanica and P. americana together in a cage for several weeks but neither species gave any indication of feeding on the other.

Froggatt (1906) stated that "It is probable that the advent of the larger and more formidable American cockroach into Australia has led to the retirement or destruction of our indigenous species" [presumably Periplaneta australasiae]. Tillyard (1926) noted that this statement is incorrect as neither species is native to Australia. Yet Shaw (1925) stated that in Australia "When both species live together in the same places, australasiae Fabr. will probably be found gradually to displace americana L." Local fluctuations in the relative abundance of these species could be a basis for such dissimilar observations. However, MacDougall (1925) observed that in the plant houses of the Royal Botanical Garden, Edinburgh, the Australian cockroach seemed to have overcome the American which had been more numerous in former years.

In conclusion, we emphasize that many of the above observations are merely tentative impressions gathered by workers who have watched many species of cockroaches in nature. Obviously, additional observations coupled with appropriate experimentation will be needed to disclose the true structure of each presumed association and to resolve apparent discrepancies. Although we are greatly indebted to the cited authors for their contributions to the known information, we anticipate that future results of cleverly designed laboratory experiments will do much to dispel the uncertainty that still surrounds our knowledge of the relations of the Blattaria to each other.

XVIII. DEFENSE OF COCKROACHES AGAINST PREDATORS

Irritating or repellent secretions provide many animals belonging to widely unrelated groups with a more or less potent means of defence....

It will be seen that this method of defence does not rest merely upon a passive unpalatable attribute, but upon an active emission of the unpalatable substance which, since it occurs when the animal is seized or threatened by an enemy, enforces its effectiveness. In its highest development we find different forms whose specialized habits and modified structure enables them to project secretion at the enemy, and thus to discourage attack.

COTT (1940)

There are very few records indicating that cockroaches are unaccepted as food by other animals. Hutson (1943) found that the duck, guinea fowl, and pigeon would not normally eat Pycnoscelus surinamensis, and in his experiments with the chicken eye worm he had to force-feed his birds with infected cockroaches. Lederer (1952) found that insectivorous birds in the Zoological Garden, Frankfurt am Main, either refused hardened (as opposed to teneral) American cockroaches or ate them unwillingly. Carpenter (1925) reported that a monkey (Cercopithecus) failed to feed on cockroaches and suggested that the insects' odor made them repugnant; however, there are a number of positive records of monkeys feeding on cockroaches (see pp. 284-286).

Cockroaches may escape capture by predators through evasive behavior, concealment, protective coloration, mimicry, or secretion of malodorous materials. Nocturnal cockroaches may avoid predators that are active during the day (Crawford, 1934), but nocturnal predators are apparently quite successful in capturing cockroaches. Some cockroaches may be protected by their swiftness, others by their resemblance to vegetation (Williams, 1928). The habit of squeezing into narrow cracks may afford cockroaches some protection.

Burrowing forms such as Pycnoscelus may spend much time in underground cells (Roeser, 1940). Polyphagids rapidly burrow into sand (Fausek, 1906), where they may be protected from predators. Tepper (1893) discovered that a very large Australian cockroach, Geoscapheus robustus, had its fore legs, especially the tibiae, adapted for digging. He observed this species in captivity and in 1894 reported that it appeared to sink into the soil without raising any considerable amount above the surface and that it did not form an unobstructed tunnel. Another large Australian cockroach, Macropanesthia rhinocerus, burrows about two feet below the surface of sandy soil; it also makes nests among pine roots and the nymphs rarely appear above ground (Henson in Day, 1950). Tepper (1893) observed that Australian cockroaches of the genera Epilampra and Oniscosoma buried themselves in loose soil and dust. Baker (in Rehn, 1930) observed that Styphon bakeri is found in humus and rubble in the Dutch West Indies where "It is sluggish in the open, but wedges into the humus quite quickly."

Therea nuptialis, found in India, conceals itself at the roots of fig trees, etc. The small hairs on its elytra retain sufficient dust to conceal it, or at any rate to render it inconspicuous, when not on the wing (Annandale, in Chopard, 1924c). Rehn and Hebard (1914) observed that the nymphs of Blaberus craniifer[13] at Key West, Fla., "were usually found half buried in loose damp earth under boards, where they remained motionless, looking much like lumps of earth (with which they were usually much dusted) until disturbed." Hebard (1917) reported of Monastria biguttata from Brazil that "All of the juveniles are heavily coated with foreign particles" which adhere "to a multitude of closely placed, minute and usually curved spines, which cover the dorsal surface and marginal portions of the ventral surface."

It is apparent from the numbers of predators reported herein that many animals are not deterred by the odorous secretions of cockroaches; these secretions, because they may seem repugnant to man, are often claimed to be repellent to predators. However, Cott (1940) points out that "There are many instances in which protective devices and associated warning colours are known to be ineffectual against certain enemies. But this does not necessarily imply that they are not on the whole beneficial to the species attacked." Certain cockroach secretions may well be repellent to many predators, but as this is a purely negative aspect of the predator-prey relationship little thus far has been observed or published. Potential prey that successfully defends itself against attack is never found in a predator's stomach.

Cockroaches have a variety of glands which secrete odorous materials. Certain secretions, produced by tergal or dorsal glands in males, are involved in sexual behavior; the females feed on the secretion from these glands prior to copulating (Roth and Willis, 1954). However, other secretions which are produced by both sexes are ejected or given off when the insect is disturbed; undoubtedly these are defensive weapons that are used against predators. Very few experiments or observations are on record to show how effective these secretions may be in protecting the cockroach. Although the morphology of some of the glands has been described, relatively little is known about the chemistry of their secretions.

Many species of Australian cockroaches have been reported to emit "disgusting" odors, though the glands producing these secretions have not been described, nor is the chemistry of the compounds known. Cosmozosteria lateralis exposed two orange-red spots on the abdomen while emitting a pungent odor which deterred a collector from capturing it (Shelford, 1912). Another Australian species, Platyzosteria castanea, when disturbed on barren ground tilts forward on the vertex and straddles out the posterior legs, supporting itself in a vertical position on the head and tarsi; in assuming this attitude it will squirt a foetid fluid as a fine spray for a distance of 6 or 7 inches (Shaw, 1914). Spencer (1892) mentions the pungent odor given off by a cockroach which had been accidentally cut in two. Rageau (1956) stated that in the New Hebrides and New Caledonia Cutilia nitida emits, when disturbed, a corrosive liquid with an extremely disagreeable odor.

The adults of Eurycotis floridana emit an odorous fluid when seized (Rehn and Hebard, 1905). The fluid, which may irritate sensitive skin areas, may be ejected as a spray for a distance of several inches. This secretion has been identified as 2-hexenal (Roth et al., 1956), and the ventral abdominal glands which produce it have been described (Stay, 1957). Eisner (personal communication, 1958) has found that the toad Bufo marinus and the frog Rana pipiens invariably spit out adults of E. floridana which they have seized. The odor of 2-hexenal was strongly apparent after these attacks, and the insect was never damaged. However, the lizard Anolis equestris seized and crushed E. floridana before releasing its hold and dropping the insect 5 to 10 minutes later. The blue jay Cyanocitta cristata readily attacked adults of E. floridana and killed them but did not eat the insects until after the odor had dissipated; however, the bird carried nymphs of E. floridana to its perch and ate them. Nymphs of this species do not secrete 2-hexenal (Roth et al., 1956). Recently, 2-hexenal has been tested for its antibacterial activity and has been found to be active against seven species of pathogenic bacteria (Valcurone and Baggini, 1957). Eurycotis decipiens from Trinidad also ejects a fluid which may produce toxic symptoms such as vertigo and nausea (Bunting in Roth and Willis, 1957a).

Large reservoirs of glands similar in appearance and position to those of Eurycotis floridana are present in the adults of both sexes of Neostylopyga rhombifolia and Platyzosteria novae seelandiae. Walker (1904) and Longstaff (in Shelford, 1912) noted that the latter species had a strong odor. Roth (unpublished data, 1957) found that the secretion of P. novae seelandiae when ejected is grayish or milky in color. In the reservoirs of the ventral gland of this insect the secretion is a milky liquid containing floating greenish globules. Both infrared and mass spectrographic analyses show that the secretion is a mixture containing 2-hexenal, the aldehyde that is found in E. floridana. Eisner (personal communication, 1958) observed that the lizard Anolis carolinensis immediately released Neostylopyga rhombifolia without injury, but that Bufo marinus, Anolis equistris, and Cyanocitta cristata ate the insect despite the secretion; several unidentified spiders and the ant Pogonomyrmex badius were not repelled by the secretion of N. rhombifolia.

Dorsal and ventral glands have been found in both sexes of Blatta orientalis and Periplaneta americana (Minchin, 1888, 1890; Kul'vets, 1898; Oettinger, 1906; Harrison, 1906; Liang, 1956). The ventral glands are found in the same general region as those of Eurycotis. We have also found similar ventrally located glands in both Periplaneta australasiae, and P. brunnea. The reservoirs which store the secretion of the ventral glands are smaller in Blatta and Periplaneta spp. than those found in Eurycotis, Neostylopyga, or Platyzosteria.

In Blatta orientalis the dorsal glands can be everted by pressure on the abdomen; the secretion in these glands, according to Haase (1889), has the typical oriental cockroach odor. Although the dorsal glands of the oriental cockroach are usually given a defensive role (Haase, 1889, 1889a; Kul'vets, 1898; Oettinger, 1906; Konček, 1924), the functions of secretions of these nonepigamic dorsal glands and the ventral glands are still open to question. It is possible that some of the odors produced by cockroaches have functions other than defense or sex attraction. For example, Ledoux (1945) showed that the species odor is largely responsible for the gregarious behavior shown by Blatta orientalis and Blattella germanica. The olfactory stimulus acts over a short distance only, and the source of this odor in the insect is unknown. By washing Blattella germanica in warm chloroform Dusham (1918) extracted a wax which had the odor of the German cockroach. However, there is no evidence to show that cockroaches respond to the same cockroach odors that are detected by man.

Certain cockroaches have recently been found to have odorous secretions which are produced in tracheal glands. In Diploptera punctata the tracheae leading to the second abdominal spiracles of nymphs and adults are modified into odoriferous glands which produce a mixture of 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone; 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone; and para benzoquinone; this material is ejected as a means of defense. The offensive odor emitted by adults and nymphs of Leucophaea maderae also issues from the second abdominal spiracles (Roth and Stay, 1958).

Diploptera is capable of ejecting its quinones from either its right or left tracheal gland according to which side of the insect is attacked (pl. 36, A-B). Eisner (1958) found that the secretion repelled the ant Pogonomyrmex badius (Latreille) (pl. 36, C) and the beetle Galerita janus Fabricius when they attacked the cockroach. The spider Lycosa helluo Walckenaer was repelled by large nymphs and adults of D. punctata but young nymphs were usually eaten promptly (Eisner, 1958).

Bordas (1901, 1908) believed that the "conglobate" gland (Miall and Denny, 1886), found in males of Periplaneta americana and Blatta orientalis, was an odoriferous gland used for defense, but Gupta (1947) has shown that in all probability this gland (the phallic gland) secretes the outermost covering of the spermatophore.

What appears to be mimicry occurs in some species of Blattaria. The nymphs of many Panchlorini and Blaberinae vaguely resemble sow bugs (Chopard, 1938). Certain members of the Perisphaerini (e.g., Perisphaerus glomeriformis) from the Malayan region which resemble sow bugs (Annandale, 1900; Hanitsch, 1915) can roll themselves up into a ball thus hiding their antennae and legs (Lucas, 1862). Although these cockroaches are found among dead leaves or under stones, in places in which sow bugs are also found, the benefit to either or both forms is questionable; Annandale (1900) believed that the crustacean and the cockroach, living under similar conditions, developed the same general body shape. Rolling up into a ball is nothing more than an exaggeration of a reflex common to many young cockroaches, that is, an arched position which these insects assume when they immobilize themselves in response to certain stimuli (Chopard, 1938).

There are cockroaches that resemble various Coleoptera and Hemiptera (Belt, 1874; Shelford, 1912; Hanitsch, 1915). Some look like cerambycids, lampyrids, coccinellids, pentatomids, etc. Perhaps the most striking examples are the resemblances of cockroaches in the genus Prosoplecta of the Epilamprinae to beetles of the family Coccinellidae; Shelford (1912) has figured a number of species of Prosoplecta together with the species of beetles which they seem to have taken for models. Williams (1928) mentioned diurnal cockroaches which by a combination of markings, shape, posture, and active flight about vegetation suggest certain wasps.

Unfortunately, practically nothing is known about the behavior of these so-called mimics and models or their relationships with predators in the field. For the most part, the examples are based on a comparison of pinned insects from museum collections (Burr, 1899); for this reason Chopard (1938) believed that not much value should be placed on superficial resemblances of this kind. However, we believe that a lack of knowledge of cockroach mimicry is not a valid reason for rejecting the idea that mimicry, if it occurs, may be of some benefit in the survival of mimetic species. Certainly Cott's (1940) voluminous compilation of the literature on adaptive coloration should make the most skeptic hesitate to conclude dogmatically that these instances of mimicry are merely accidental and meaningless.

XIX. THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF COCKROACHES

In the Navy [Japanese] a seaman who has captured 300 cockroaches will be granted one day special shore leave. They call it "shore leave for cockroaches." The purpose is to promote extermination of cockroaches in a warship because, on the one hand, any warship suffers from numerous cockroaches, and, on the other hand, any seaman likes shore leave.... The formalities for a shore leave for cockroaches are as follows. A seaman keeps cockroaches which he captured (mainly B. germanica, because P. americana and P. australasiae are seldom found in Japan) in a bottle or in a bag until the number reaches 300. Then he brings them to the deck officer to get the confirmation that he has actually captured more than 300 cockroaches. If the deck officer confirms it, the seaman goes to a cabin where a petty officer reports that the deck officer confirmed the number of cockroaches. The petty officer signs the seaman's name, name of division, rank, and date to be on shore leave in the log book for cockroach shore leaves. The petty officer brings the log book again to the deck officer to get his approval and then goes to the commander for the final approval. In the Navy, they have another special shore leave for rats. In this system, a seaman gets one day shore leave for one rat. The formalities for the latter are the same as for the former, and there is a log book for the rat shore leave in the petty officer's quarters. The author took advantage of these systems frequently.

SONAN (1924)

Little is known of the effects of predatism and parasitism on natural populations of cockroaches. Many statements in the literature are very general; yet there are a few data on egg parasites (e.g., Tetrastichus hagenowii) which suggest that, in the absence of parasites, populations of domestic cockroaches might be much larger than they are in certain areas. We have summarized the literature on natural control and also that on the use by man of predators and parasites in the biological control of cockroaches. However, because of the paucity of information, we have been unable to evaluate the effectiveness of biological control in reducing the numbers of pest cockroaches. This is an area that might reward further investigation.

INVERTEBRATES

Scorpions.--In Puerto Rico, cockroaches are probably the principal food of the scorpions which live in old houses, on tree trunks, etc. (Seín, 1923). The staple diet of scorpions in Arizona is the small cockroach commonly known as the water bug (Stahnke, 1949); in the part of Arizona where he resides, Stahnke (personal communication, 1953) says that the "water-bug" is most generally Supella supellectilium although Blattella germanica is also found, but less abundantly.

Spiders.--Jefferys (1760) mentioned a large spider which was protected in the Antilles and especially on Guadeloupe because it hunted down and fed on cockroaches; the spider was reputed to be common in every house. Sir Hans Sloane (1725, in Cowan, 1865) reported that residents of Jamaica kept spiders in their houses to destroy cockroaches. Takahashi (1924) reported that, in the Taihoku area of Formosa, human habitations contained large numbers of spiders which caught and ate cockroaches. Smith (in Marlatt, 1915) reported that Brazilians encourage large house spiders because they tend to rid the house of "other insect pests." In British Guiana tarantulas were kept in a bungalow to control Periplaneta and Pycnoscelus (Beebe, 1925a).

Ants.--A Madam Merian noticed that ants cleared houses of cockroaches (Kirby and Spence, 1822). A small reddish-yellow ant, called Pucchuçiçi by Peruvian Indians, pursued and destroyed a cockroach called Chilicabra which was a pest in native huts (Tschudi, 1847). Schwabe (1950b) found swarms of ants attacking living Pycnoscelus surinamensis and stated that ants are probably the chief enemy of this cockroach in Hawaii. Wallace (1891) stated that in Africa a band of driver ants may enter a house and clear it of cockroaches and other arthropods. In British Guiana, Beebe, (1925) found that several times a year army ants cleared the laboratory of all cockroaches and tarantulas.

Wasp egg parasites.--Matsumura (1917, in Asano, 1937) proposed that parasitic wasps such as Evania and Brachygaster be protected in Japan as the natural enemies of cockroaches. In one area in France, 20 percent of the oöthecae of Loboptera decipiens were parasitized by Zeuxevania splendidula (Genieys, 1924). Edmunds (1952a) found that 12 percent of 459 oöthecae of Parcoblatta collected during December through April of 1950-51 in Ohio were parasitized; evaniids accounted for about 7 percent of the parasitization. Additional collection data in 1951-52 Edmunds (1953a) showed that 8.7 percent of 320 wood-cockroach oöthecae were parasitized; 2.8 percent of these parasites were evaniids; almost 13 percent of the egg capsules collected showed evidence of previous parasite emergence. Cameron (1957) reported that oöthecae of Periplaneta americana collected in Saudi Arabia were 29 percent parasitized in March and 25 percent parasitized in October by Evania appendigaster. Sonan (1924) found 1 of 65 oöthecae of P. americana and P. australasiae parasitized by E. appendigaster in Formosa.

Cottam (1922) stated that the increase of Supella supellectilium in Khartoum was checked by a wasp egg-parasite that was later identified as Anastatus tenuipes (see p. 246) (Ferrière, 1930, 1935). In this country, this wasp seemed to be effective in decreasing the numbers of Supella in certain areas in Arizona (Flock, 1941).

In Formosa, Tetrastichus hagenowii was an important parasite of cockroach eggs (Maki, 1937). Sonan (1924) reported 30 percent parasitization of 65 oöthecae of Periplaneta americana and P. australasiae collected in Formosa. In Bangalore, India, the natural parasitization of randomly collected oöthecae of P. americana varied from 21 percent (of 495 oöthecae), July 1947-June 1948, and 43 percent (of 288 oöthecae), July-December 1948, to 57 percent (of 178 oöthecae), July-October 1949 (Usman, 1949). Cameron (1955) obtained T. hagenowii from oöthecae collected in Trinidad, B.W.I., and Saudi Arabia; some 15 percent of the oöthecae of P. americana and P. australasiae collected in October in Trinidad were parasitized; a later collection (March) was 34 percent parasitized; a small sample of P. americana oöthecae was 65 percent parasitized. The oöthecae collected in Saudi Arabia in March were 20 percent parasitized. Plank (1947) found that the eggs of the American cockroach in Puerto Rico (probably in laboratory cultures) were so heavily parasitized by T. hagenowii that he had to use P. australasiae for experimental purposes; in 1950 Plank stated that more than 50 percent of American cockroach oöthecae were parasitized.

Fahringer (1922) stated that Prosevania punctata could be used to eradicate cockroaches, but he did not test his hypothesis. Marlatt (1902) felt that the usefulness of Evania appendigaster in biological control was impaired by Tetrastichus acting as a hyperparasite (see footnote 6, p. 236). However, Wolcott (1951) stated that in Puerto Rico E. appendigaster is quite abundant and is a factor of considerable importance in controlling cockroaches. Kadocsa (1921) stated that Brachygaster minutus and Evania appendigaster were not important in the biological control of cockroaches. These general statements are not supported by experimental evidence.

It is likely that the smaller wasp egg parasites are more effective than the evaniids in controlling cockroaches. Only one evaniid develops in a parasitized oötheca, but many individuals of the other wasps develop in one oötheca and the number of females that emerge is usually large. However, Cameron (1957) concluded that, with a parasitism rate of 25 to 29 percent and three to four generations a year, against one or less for the host, Evania appendigaster in the areas where it is established is a valuable control agent.

The use of specific egg parasites to control cockroaches has not been attempted extensively. Cros (1942) liberated a species of Tetrastichus (=Eulophus sp.; see p. 254) in his home in Algeria to control the oriental cockroach; as far as we know, he did not report the parasite's effectiveness in reducing the cockroach population. According to Zimmerman (1948) Comperia merceti, when accidentally imported, practically wiped out Supella supellectilium in parts of Hawaii; he claimed to have controlled the brown-banded cockroach in a store building with this parasite. In some parts of Honolulu, almost 100 percent of the oöthecae of this cockroach were parasitized (Zimmerman, 1944). We (1954b) ran some simulated field tests in which we liberated Tetrastichus hagenowii in rooms artificially seeded with oöthecae; from 28 to 83 percent of American cockroach oöthecae and 56 percent of oriental cockroach oöthecae were parasitized during these tests.

Evania appendigaster was introduced from Hawaii into Canton Island in 1940 against Periplaneta americana, and it has become established (Dumbleton, 1957). This parasite was also successfully introduced into Samoa (Dumbleton, 1957).

Cockroach-hunting wasps.--An earnest attempt has been made to establish in Hawaii wasps that prey on cockroaches. Just how effective these wasps are in controlling cockroaches is still unknown. Dolichurus stantoni was introduced from the Philippines in 1917 and spread to several of the Islands (Swezey, 1920, 1921; Williams, 1944). Bridwell (1920) stated that as a result of this introduction there was a great decrease in cockroaches of the genus "Phyllodromia." A number of Podium haematogastrum from Brazil were liberated in Honolulu (Williams, 1925) but did not become established (Williams, 1928). The effectiveness of Podium was questioned by Williams (1928) who observed that Podium "destroyed innumerable Blattidae, which nonetheless swarmed in their neighborhood, and I must confess from my observations on the various cockroach-hunting wasps that the blattid more than holds its own alongside its enemy."

Introductions of Ampulex have proved more successful. Ampulex canaliculata was introduced into Hawaii from the United States (Williams, 1928a, 1929). Williams also introduced A. compressa into Hawaii in 1940, and the species was reared in large numbers for distribution (Pemberton, 1942). A. compressa has since become established on most of the Islands (Pemberton, 1945a, 1947; Williams, 1946; Van Zwaluwenburg, 1950). The thousand of A. compressa now found in the Hawaiian Islands are all descendants of three wasps captured in Noumea, New Caledonia (Williams, 1944). According to Williams (1941), the number of cockroaches was noticeably reduced at the University of Hawaii poultry farm, where some A. compressa were released. Pemberton (1953) believed that this wasp has become sufficiently abundant to be of definite value. Simmonds (1941) recommended importing A. compressa into Fiji for cockroach control. A. compressa was introduced from Hawaii into Guam in 1954 against Periplaneta americana and into the Cook Islands in 1955 against Periplaneta spp.; it is not yet known whether the parasite became established in either place (Dumbleton, 1957).

VERTEBRATES

... on conserve avec soin les crapauds dans les maisons, et que les dames les tolèrent, même sous leurs robes, en raison de leurs continuels services, car ils se promènent sans cesse à la recherche des Kakerlacs.

GIRARD (1877)

Toads.--Bufo marinus was first introduced into Puerto Rico from Barbados in 1920 to reduce several major insect pests including cockroaches (Leonard, 1933). It was introduced from Puerto Rico into Hawaii by C. E. Pemberton in 1932 where it rapidly became established; it has since been distributed throughout the Pacific area. B. marinus is one of the world's largest toads; it attains a body length (exclusive of the hind legs) of 7 to 9 inches (Oliver, 1949) and has been kept alive for more than 11 years in captivity (Pemberton, 1945). Alicata (1938) placed giant toads in a fenced area in Hawaii containing an infestation of Pycnoscelus surinamensis; after 24 hours the toads were dissected and each was found to have eaten from 11 to 25 cockroaches. Illingworth (1941) found that 40 to 90 percent of 53 stools of this toad in Hawaii contained remains of P. surinamensis. Alicata (1947) recommended the maintenance of B. marinus in poultry yards to reduce the population of P. surinamensis, the vector of the chicken eye worm.

Toads have also been recommended for controlling cockroaches in houses (Meech, 1889; Sweetman, 1936). Girard (1877) cited a note in a French newspaper which stated that toads were kept in houses in Cuba to control the American cockroach.

Tree frogs.--Tree frogs enclosed in a room overnight were said to effectively clear it of cockroaches (Marlatt, 1915); on sugar plantations in Australia, these amphibians were encouraged in houses and kept as pets because they hunted and devoured large brown cockroaches (Froggatt, 1906).

Birds.--In Guadeloupe, Dutertre (1654) claimed that all the fowls of the country were fond of small cockroaches and lived on practically nothing else. In Hawaii (Zimmerman, 1948) and in the Lesser Antilles (Ballou, 1912) cockroaches are eaten by poultry whenever the birds can find them. In Puerto Rico, Wetmore (1916) stated that owls kept in houses feed extensively on cockroaches; the stomach of one owl which had been kept in a native house was filled entirely with cockroaches. In British Guiana, Beebe (1925) found that cockroaches were eaten by 27 species of birds.

Reptiles.--H. (1800) claimed that two lizards cleared his house of the "true brown cockroach" and suggested that lizards be used for cockroach control because the reptiles are docile and harmless. On Arno Atoll geckos and night-feeding skinks eat large numbers of cockroaches (Usinger and La Rivers, 1953). According to Wolcott (1924) the number of cockroaches eaten by lizards is surprisingly large considering the nocturnal habits of these insects. Beebe (1925a) kept geckos in a bungalow to help control Periplaneta and Pycnoscelus.

Mammalia.--Cowan (1865) stated that in England hedgehogs were often kept domesticated in kitchens to destroy cockroaches. This writer also stated that a lemur was kept on board ship to destroy cockroaches.

Large numbers of the American and Australian cockroaches were eaten by the mongoose in Hawaii (Perkins, 1913).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would have been unable to complete this review without the help of many people who have generously given us their time and the benefit of their special experience. We are exceedingly grateful to these individuals for they have contributed much to whatever merit this work possesses; we alone are responsible for the deficiencies and inaccuracies that remain in the text.

Dr. A. B. Gurney, Entomology Research Division, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and J. A. G. Rehn, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, have given us much help and advice throughout the preparation of this monograph. Both have patiently answered our many queries, and Mr. Rehn allowed us free access to his large collection of cockroach literature. We are especially pleased to thank them for their many favors.

Many persons have determined at our request the identity of specific organisms. These individuals are cited in the text and to them we extend our thanks. We thank our colleagues, cited in the text, who have made their unpublished observations available to us. We also thank the individuals and organizations for the use of photographs and/or drawings for which they are credited in the accompanying legends.

We thank the following individuals for supplying us with living specimens of the species indicated: T. Campbell, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Canberra, New South Wales (Panesthia australis); Dr. L. R. Cleveland, Harvard University (Cryptocercus punctulatus); Dr. N. T. Davis, University of Connecticut (Byrsotria fumigata); Dr. F. Englemann, Albert Einstein Medical School (Gromphadorhina portentosa); Dr. F. A. Lawson, Kansas State College (Comperia merceti); Dr. K. D. Roeder, Tufts University (Hierodula tenuidentata (?)); Dr. E. O. Wilson, Harvard University (Ischnoptera deropeltiformis).

We thank the following individuals for checking the taxonomy of the following organisms or for reading the indicated sections of the manuscript: Fungi.--Dr. R. K. Benjamin, University of California; Dr. E. G. Simmons, Quartermaster Research Laboratories. Protozoa.--Dr. R. R. Kudo, Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois. Helminths.--Mrs. May Belle Chitwood and Dr. J. T. Lucker, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Centipedes and whipscorpions.--Dr. R. E. Crabill, Jr., U. S. National Museum. Scorpions.--Dr. J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson, University of London; Dr. R. E. Crabill, Jr. Spiders.--Dr. B. J. Kaston, University of Connecticut; Dr. R. E. Crabill, Jr. Mites.--Dr. J. H. Camin, Chicago Academy of Sciences; Dr. E. W. Baker, U. S. National Museum. Cockroaches.--Dr. A. B. Gurney and J. A. G. Rehn. Ants.--Dr. W. L. Brown, Jr., Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard College. Hymenopterous parasites of cockroach eggs.--Dr. B. D. Burks, U. S. National Museum; Dr. H. K. Townes, University of Michigan. Cockroach-hunting wasps.--Dr. K. V. Krombein, U. S. National Museum. Lepidoptera.--Dr. J. F. G. Clarke, U. S. National Museum; Dr. E. L. Todd, U. S. Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous insects.--Dr. R. S. Beal, Dr. A. B. Gurney, C. W. Sabrosky, Dr. R. I. Sailer, and J. T. Spilman, U. S. National Museum. Fishes.--Dr. L. P. Schultz, U. S. National Museum. Amphibians and reptiles.--Dr. Doris M. Cochran, U. S. National Museum. Birds.--Dr. Herbert Friedmann, U. S. National Museum. Mammals.--Dr. D. H. Johnson, U. S. National Museum.

We thank the following individuals for reading the entire manuscript: J. A. G. Rehn; Dr. A. B. Gurney; Maj. Gordon Field, U. S. Army; and Dr. H. L. Sweetman, University of Massachusetts. The monograph has profited by the friendly criticism of these entomologists.

We thank Dr. R. A. Howard, Harvard University, for checking lists of plant names; Mrs. Maria E. W. Torok, formerly of the Quartermaster Technical Library, for assistance in obtaining obscure literature; Miss Louise Bercaw, U. S. Department of Agriculture Library, for identifying the journal containing the paper by Vlasov and Miram; the individuals who translated foreign language articles, for which they are credited in the bibliography; and Miss G. Lillian Fede, Quartermaster Research Laboratories, for typing the manuscript.

REFERENCES

ABDULALI, H.

1942. The terns and edible-nest swifts at Vengurla, West Coast, India. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 43, pp. 446-451.

ABEILLE DE PERRIN, E.

1909. Étude d'un Rhipidius nouveau de Provence, R. Boissyi Abeille. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 67, pp. 854-858.

ADAIR, E. W.

1923. Notes sur Periplaneta americana L. et Blatta orientalis L. (Orthop.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Égypte, vol. 7, pp. 18-38.

ADELUNG, N. VON.

1907. Beiträge zur Orthopterenfauna der südlichen Krim. Mus. Zool., Akad. Nauk, St. Petersburg, vol. 12, pp. 388-413. [Extract translated by H. L. Middleton.]

ADLERZ, G.

1903. Lefnadsförhållanden och instinkter inom familjerna Pompilidae och Sphegidae. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm, vol. 37, pp. 1-181.

1906. Lefnadsförhållanden och instinkter inom familjerna Pompilidae och Sphegidae. II. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., Stockholm, vol. 42, pp. 1-48.

AKKERMAN, KLAASJE.

1933. Researches on the behaviour of some pathogenic organisms in the intestinal canal of Periplaneta americana with reference to the possible epidemiological importance of this insect. Acta Leiden., vol. 8, pp. 80-120.

ALFIERI, A.

1914. Un Hyménoptère parasite des oothèques d'un blattide. Bull. Soc. Ent. Égypte, 1913, vol. 3, pp. 14-15.

ALICATA, J. E.

1934. New intermediate hosts for some heteroxenous nematodes. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, p. 13.

1934a. Observations on the development to egg-laying maturity of Gongylonema pulchrum (Nematoda: Spiruridae) in the guinea pig. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, pp. 51-52.

1934b. Observations on the period required for Ascaris eggs to reach infectivity. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, p. 12.

1935. Early developmental stages of nematodes occurring in swine. U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. No. 489, 97 pp.

1937. Larval development of the spirurid nematode, Physaloptera turgida, in the cockroach, Blatella germanica. In Papers on Helminthology, All-Union Lenin Acad. Agr. Sci., Moscow, pp. 11-14.

1938. Studies on poultry parasites. Hawaii Agr. Exp. Stat. Ann. Rep. for 1937, pp. 93-96.

1938a. The life history of the gizzard-worm (Cheilospirura hamulosa) and its mode of transmission to chickens, with special reference to Hawaiian conditions. Livro jubilar do Professor Lauro Travassos, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 11-19, 5 pls.

1947. Parasites and parasitic diseases of domestic animals in the Hawaiian Islands. Pacific Sci., Honolulu, vol. 1, pp. 69-84.

ALLEE, W. C.; EMERSON, A. E.; PARK, O.; PARK, T.; and SCHMIDT, K. P.

1949. Principles of animal ecology. 837 pp. Philadelphia.

ANDREWARTHA, H. G., and BIRCH, L. C.

1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. 782 pp. Chicago.

ANNANDALE, N.

1900. Notes on Orthoptera in the Siamese Malay States. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 12, pp. 75-77.

1906. Notes on the freshwater fauna of India. No. III. An Indian aquatic cockroach and beetle larva. Journ. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, n. s., vol. 2, pp. 105-107.

1910. Cockroaches as predatory insects. Rec. Indian Mus. 5 pts., vol. 3, pp. 201-202.

ANNANDALE, N.; BROWN, J. C.; and GRAVELY, F. H.

1913. The limestone caves of Burma and the Malay Peninsula. Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal., n.s., vol. 9, pp. 391-424, 5 pls.

ANONYMOUS.

1893. A tropical cockroach in a New Orleans greenhouse. Insect Life, vol. 5, p. 201.

1937. Roaches combat termites. Soap and San. Chem., vol. 13, No. 6, p. 123.

1939. Unusual infestation of a ship with black widow spiders. U. S. Publ. Health Rep., vol. 54, pp. 2195-2196.

1946. [Leprosy and cockroaches.] East African Med. Journ., vol. 23, pp. 293-294.

1951. Pest destruction in ships. Shipbuilding and Shipping Rec., vol. 78, pp. 145-146.

1952. Department stores have pest control problems, too. Pest Control, vol. 20, pp. 9-10, 50.

1953. West Indies roach still rare in city. New York Times, August 11, Sect. C, p. 24.

1954. New insecticidal lacquer. Chem. Age, vol. 71, p. 373.

1958. Infestation report. Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 1, p. 51.

1958a. Infestation report. Pest Control, vol. 26, No. 4, p. 44.

ANTONELLI, G.

1930. La blatta nella igiene domestica. Riv. Soc. Ital. Igiene, Milan, vol. 52, pp. 132-142. [Translated by M. DiPaolo.]

1943. La blatta--veicolo di malattie infettive nei rurali. Mutual. Rurale Fasciata, vol. 7, pp. 206-220. [Translated abstract prepared by College of Physicians, Philadelphia.]

ARIZUMI, S.

1934. On the potential transmission of B. leprae by certain insects. Internat. Journ. Leprosy, vol. 2, pp. 470-472.

1934a. On the potential transmission of Bacillus leprae by certain insects. (In Japanese.) Journ. Med. Assoc. Formosa, vol. 33, pp. 634-661. English summary, pp. 54-55.

ARMER, SISTER JOSEPH MARIE.

1944. Influence of the diet of Blattidae on some of their intestinal protozoa. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 30, pp. 131-142.

ARNOLD, G.

1928. The Sphegidae of South Africa. Part IX. Ann. Transvaal Mus., vol. 12, pp. 191-232.

ASANO, I.

1937. On the natural enemies of cockroaches. (In Japanese.) Konchusekai (Insect World), vol. 41, pp. 43-47, 90-98. [Translated by Associated Technical Services.]

ASHMEAD, W. H.

1900. Classification of the ichneumon flies, or the superfamily Ichneumonoidea. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 23, pp. 1-220.

1901. Hymenoptera parasitica. In Sharp, D., ed., Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, pp. 277-364, 2 pls.

AUERBACH, S. I.

1951. The centipedes of the Chicago area with special reference to their ecology. Ecol. Monogr., vol. 21, pp. 97-124.

AVRECH, V. V.

1931. Zur frage der Parasiten der Brotschabe. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 74, pp. 236-248.

BABERS, F. H.

1938. A septicemia of the southern army worm caused by Bacillus cereus. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 31, pp. 371-373.

BACIGALUPO, J.

1927. Periplaneta americana Fabr., hôte intermédiare du Gigantorhyncus moniliformis Bremser, dans la Republique Argentine. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 97, p. 1251.

1927a. La Periplaneta americana Fabr. huésped intermediario del Gigantorhyncus moniliformis Bremser en nuestro páis. Rev. Soc. Argentina Biol. y Fil. Soc. Biol. Litoral, vol. 3, pp. 486-490.

1928. Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811). Su evolución en la Periplaneta americana (Fabr.) en nuestro páis. Semana Méd., vol. 35, pp. 537-546.

1930. Contribución al estudio dei Gongylonema neoplasticum (Fibiger-Ditlevsen) en la Argentina. Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat., 1929, vol. 33, pp. 414-417.

BACK, E. A.

1947. Centipedes and millipedes in the house. U. S. Dept. Agr., Leafl. No. 192, 6 pp.

BAER, J. G.

1956. The taxonomic position of Taenia madagascariensis Davaine, 1870, a tapeworm parasite of man and rodents. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., vol. 50, pp. 152-156.

BAILEY, L. H.

1925. Manual of cultivated plants. 851 pp. New York.

BAKER, E. W.; EVANS, T. M.; GOULD, D. J.; HULL, W. B.; and KEEGAN, H. L.

1956. A manual of parasitic mites of medical or economic importance. 170 pp. Techn. Publ. Nat. Pest Control Assoc., Inc., New York.

BAKER, E. W., and WHARTON, G. W.

1952. An introduction to acarology. 465 pp. New York.

BAL, C., and RAI, B. P.

1955. On the occurrence of Stenophora sp. in the midgut of Blatta orientalis. Proc. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc., vol. 42, p. 281. (Abstract.)

BALCH, H. E.

1932. The cultivation of Nyctotherus ovalis and Endamoeba blattae. Science, vol. 76, p. 237.

BALDUF, W. V.

1935. The bionomics of entomophagous Coleoptera. 185 pp. St. Louis.

1936. Observations on Podalonia violaceipennis (Lep.) (Sphecidae) and Vespula maculata (Linn.) (Vespidae). Canadian Ent., vol. 68, pp. 137-139.

BALL, E. D.; TINKHAM, E. R.; FLOCK, R.; and VORHIES, C. T.

1942. The grasshoppers and other Orthoptera of Arizona. Univ. Arizona Coll. Agr. Exp. Stat. Techn. Bull. No. 93, pp. 257-373.

BALLOU, H. A.

1912. Insect pests of the Lesser Antilles. Imp. Dept. Agr., West Indies, pamphlet ser., No. 71, 210 pp.

1916. Report on the prevalence of some pests and diseases in the West Indies during 1915. Part I. Insect pests. West Indian Bull., Barbados, vol. 16, pp. 3-16.

BARBER, H. S.

1939. A new parasitic beetle from California (Ripiphoridae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 17-20.

BARBER, M. A.

1912. The susceptibility of cockroaches to plague bacilli inoculated into the body cavity. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 7, sect. B, pp. 521-524.

1914. Cockroaches and ants as carriers of the vibrios of Asiatic cholera. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 9, sect. B, pp. 1-4.

BARBIER, J.

1947. Observations sur les moeurs de Rhipidius pectinicornis Thunbg. et description de sa larve primaire. (Col. Rhipiphoridae.) Entomologiste, Paris, vol. 3, pp. 163-180.

BASIR, M. A.

1940. Nematodes parasitic in Indian-cockroaches. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., ser. B., vol. 12, pp. 8-16.

1941. A new species of the Nematode genus Blattophila Cobb, 1920, from a cockroach. Current Sci., Bangalore, vol. 10, pp. 443-445.

1942. Protrellina phyllodromi sp. nov. A new nematode parasite of the cockroach Phyllodromia humbertiana Sauss. [Letter to Editor.] Current Sci., Bangalore, vol. II, pp. 195-197.

1949. A redescription of Cephalobellus brevicaudatum (Leidy, 1851) Christie, 1933 (Nematoda), with comments on other species of the genus Cephalobellus. Canadian Journ. Res., vol. 27 D, pp. 31-36.

1956. Oxyuroid parasites of Arthropoda. A monographic study. 1. Thelastomatidae. 2. Oxyuridae. Zoologica, Orig. Abhandl. Gesamt. Zool., Stuttgart, Bd. 38, Lief 2, Heft 106, pp. 1-79, 13 pls.

BATES, H. W.

1863. The naturalist on the river Amazons. Vol. 1, 351 pp.; vol. 2, 423 pp. London.

BAUDISCH, K.

1956. Zytologische Beobachtungen an den Mycetocyten von Periplaneta americana L. Naturwissenschaften, vol. 43, p. 358.

BAYLIS, H. A.

1925. Some notes on nematode parasites found by Dr. Wassink in rats and mice. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 28, pp. 316-317.

BAYLIS, H. A.; PAN, T. C.; and SAMBON, J. E. B.

1925. Some observations and experiments on Gongylonema in northern Italy. A preliminary note. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 28, pp. 413-419.

BAYLIS, H. A.; SHEATHER, A. L.; and ANDREWS, W. H.

1926. Further experiments with the Gongylonema of cattle. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 29, pp. 194-197.

1926a. Further experiments with the Gongylonema of cattle. II. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 29, pp. 346-349.

BEATTY, H. A.

1944. Fauna of St. Croix, V. I. Journ. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 28, pp. 103-185.

BEAUMONT, J. DE.

1954. Sphecidae de l'institut d'Entomologie de l'Université de Bologne. II. Larrinae. Boll. Ist. Ent., Bologna, vol. 20, pp. 53-64.

BECK, O., and COFFEE, W. B.

1943. Observations on Salmonella typhimurium. Journ. Bact., vol. 45, p. 200. (Abstract.)

BEEBE, W.

1917. With army ants 'somewhere' in the jungle. Atlantic Month., vol. 119, pp. 514-522.

1919. The home town of the army ants. Atlantic Month., vol. 124, pp. 454-464.

1921. Edge of the jungle. 303 pp. New York.

1925. Jungle days. 201 pp. New York and London.

1925a. Studies of a tropical jungle. One quarter of a square mile of jungle at Kartabo, British Guiana. Zoologica, vol. 6, pp. 5-193.

1953. Unseen life of New York as a naturalist sees it. 165 pp. New York.

BEI-BIENKO, G. IA.

1947. On Blattodea introduced with bananas in Leningrad. (In Russian, English summary.) Ent. Obozrenie, vol. 29, pp. 44-48.

1950. Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Insects. Blattodea. (In Russian.) Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Moskva, n. s., No. 40, 343 pp. [Translated by Ruth Ericson.]

BĚLǍR, K. J.

1916. Protozoenstudien. II. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 36, pp. 241-302, 9 pls.

BELT, T.

1874. The naturalist in Nicaragua. London. (Everyman's Library ed., 306 pp.)

BENOIST, R.

1927. Sur la biologie des Dolichurus corniculus (Hymen. Sphegidae). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 96, pp. 111-112.

BERLAND, L.

1924. Observations biologiques sur les Orthoptères. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, No. 4, pp. 70-72.

1925. Hyménoptères Vespiformes. I. Faune de France, vol. 10, pp. 1-364.

BHATIA, B. L., and GULATI, A. N.

1927. On some parasitic ciliates from Indian frogs, toads, earthworms, and cockroaches. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 57, pp. 85-120.

BINGHAM, C. T.

1897. Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera I. 579 pp. (especially pp. 123, 148, 253-254), 4 pls. London.

1900. Account of a remarkable swarming for breeding purposes of Sphex umbrosus, Christ, with notes on the nests of two other species of Sphex and of certain of the Pompilidae. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 177-180.

BISHOP, ANN.

1931. A description of Embadomonas n. spp. from Blatta orientalis, Rana temporaria, Bufo vulgaris, Salamandra maculosa; with a note upon the "cyst" of Trichomonas batrachorum. Parasitology, vol. 23, pp. 286-300.

BITTER, RUTH S., and WILLIAMS, O. B.

1949. Enteric organisms from the American cockroach. Journ. Infect. Dis., vol. 85, pp. 87-90.

1949a. Enteric organisms from the American cockroach. Soc. Amer. Bact., Abstracts, 49th Gen. Meet., p. 80.

BLAIR, K. G.

1922. An entomological holiday in S. France. Entomologist, vol. 55, pp. 147-151.

1934. A note on the British species of Ectobius Steph. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 70, pp. 157-159.

1952. Some further records of British Evanioidea (Hym.). Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 88, p. 7.

BLANCHARD, E.

1837. Monographie du genre Phoraspis, de la famille des blattiens; précédée de quelques observations sur les blattes des anciens. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 6, pp. 271-298.

BLATCHLEY, W. S.

1895. Notes on the winter insect fauna of Vigo County, Indiana. Psyche, vol. 7, pp. 247-250.

1920. Orthoptera of North-Eastern America. 784 pp. Indianapolis.

BLIGH, W.

1792. His narrative of the voyage of Otaheite; with an account of the mutiny and of his boat journey to Timor. 283 pp. Cover title: Bligh and the Bounty. Unabridged 1936 ed. of Bligh's narrative first published in 1792. New York.

BLOCHMANN, F.

1887. Bakterienähnliche Körperchen in den Geweben und Eiern. Biol. Centralbl., vol. 7, pp. 606-608.

1888. Ueber das regelmässige Vorkommen von bakterienähnlichen Gebilden in den Geweben und Eiern verschiedener Insecten. Zeitschr. Biol., vol. 24, pp. 1-15. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

1892. Ueber das Vorkommen von bakterienähnlichen Gebilden in den Geweben und Eiern verschiedener Insecten. Centralbl. Bakt. Parasitol., vol. 11, pp. 234-240.

BODE, H.

1936. Untersuchungen über die Symbiose von Tieren mit Pilzen und Bakterien. V. Die Bakteriensymbiose bei Blattiden und das Verhalten von Blattiden bei aseptischer Aufzucht. Arch. Mikrobiol., vol. 7, pp. 391-403. [Translated by Medical Literature Service.]

BODENHEIMER, F. S.

1930. Die Schädlingsfauna a Palästinas. Monogr. Angew. Ent., Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 16. No. 10. pp. 1-439.

1951. Insects as human food. 352 pp. The Hague.

1953. Problems of animal ecology and physiology in deserts. In Desert Research. Res. Counc. of Israel, Spec. Publ. No. 2. pp. 205-229.

BOETTGER, C. R.

1930. Untersuchungen über die Gewächshausfauna Unter-und Mittelitaliens. Zeitschr. Morph. Ökol., vol. 19, pp. 534-590.

BOLÍVAR, I.

1892. Orthoptères. In Voyage de M. E. Simon aux Iles Philippines. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 61. pp. 29-34.

1897. Viaggio de Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. 78. Nouvelle espèce cavernicole de la famille des Blattaires. Ann. Mus. Civico di Storia Nat., Genova, ser. 2, vol. 18, pp. 32-36.

1901. Un nuevo ortóptero mirmecófilo Attaphila Bergi. Com. Mus. Nac. Buenos Aires, vol. 1, pp. 331-336, 1 pl.

1905. Les blattes myrmécophiles. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. Mitt., vol. 11, pp. 134-141.

BOLTON, H.

1911. On a collection of insect-remains from the South Wales coalfield. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 67, pp. 149-174. pls. 7-10.

1921. A monograph of the fossil insects of the British coal measures. Part I. Paleontographical Soc., London, pp. 1-80, pls. 1-4.

BORDAGE, E.

1896. Sur les moeurs de l'Evania desjardinsii, Blanch. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 123. pp. 610-613.

1912. Notes biologique recueillies à l'Ile de la Réunion. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, vol. 46, pp. 29-92.

1913. Notes biologiques recueillies à l'Ile de la Réunion. Chap. II-IV. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, vol. 47, pp. 377-412.

BORDAS, L.

1901. Les glandes défensives ou odorantes des blattes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 132, pp. 1352-1354.

1908. Produit de sécrétion de la glande odorante des blattes. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 33, pp. 31-32.

BORGHESE, E.

1946. Richerche sul batterio simbionte della Blattella germanica (L.). Bol. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper., vol. 22, pp. 106-107. [Translated by M. Di Paolo.]

1948. Il ciclo del batterio simbionte di Blattella germanica (L.). Mycopathologia, vol. 4, pp. 85-102, 3 pls.

1948a. Osservazioni sul batterio simbionte della Blattella germanica (L.). Monitore Zool. Ital., Florence, vol. 56, Suppl., pp. 252-253. [Translated by J. J. Buckley.]

BOUWMAN, B. E.

1914. Kakkerlakken en wespen. De Levende Natur. Tijdschr. Natuur., vol. 18, pp. 385-395. [Translated by J. H. Vanderbie.]

BOX, H. E.

1953. List of sugarcane insects. 101 pp. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, London.

BOZEMAN, W. B., JR.

1942. An experimental investigation into the life history of Blatticola blattae, a nematode found in Blattella germanica. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 45, pp. 304-310.

BRECHER, G.

1929. Beitrag zur Raumorientierung der Schabe Periplaneta americana. Zeitschr. Vergl. Physiol., vol. 10, pp. 497-526. [Translated by Ruth V. Judson.]

BREED, R. S.; MURRAY, E. G. D.; and HITCHENS, A. P., EDS.

1948. Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology. 6th ed. 1,529 pp. Baltimore.

BRELAND, O. P.

1941. Notes on the biology of Stagmomantis carolina (Joh.) (Orthoptera, Mantidae). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 36, pp. 170-177.

BRIDWELL, J. C.

1917. Dolichurus n. sp. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, p. 268.

1920. Dolichurus stantoni. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 277, 438.

BRIDWELL, J. C., and SWEZEY, O. H.

1915. Entomological notes. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 55-56.

BRIGHAM, W. T.

1866. [Cockroach attacking centipede.] Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, p. 100.

BRIMLEY, C. S.

1908. Notes on the Orthoptera of Raleigh, North Carolina. Ent. News, vol. 19, pp. 16-21.

BRISTOWE, W. S.

1925. Notes on the habits of insects and spiders in Brazil. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1924. vol. 4, pp. 475-504.

1932. Insects and other invertebrates for human consumption in Siam. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 80, pp. 387-404.

1941. The comity of spiders. Ray Soc., London, vol. 2, pp. 229-560, 3 pls.

BRITISH MUSEUM (NATURAL HISTORY).

1951. The cockroach, its life-history and how to deal with it. 5th ed. Economic Series No. 12, 26 pp. [Revision of Laing (1946).]

BRONGNIART, C.

1889. Les blattes de l'époque houillère. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 108, pp. 252-254.

BRONSON, W. S.

1943. The grasshopper book. 127 pp. New York.

BROOKE, G. E.

1920. Marine hygiene and sanitation. 409 pp. London.

BROOKS, MARION A.

1954. Certain aspects of the histochemistry and metabolic significance of the intracellular bodies (bacteroids) of cockroaches (Blattariae). Ph. D. thesis, University of Minnesota. 63 pp., 10 pls.

1957. Investigation of possible antagonism between host and symbiote. Anat. Rec., vol. 128, pp. 527-528. (Abstract.)

BROOKS, MARION A., and RICHARDS, A. G.

1954. The necessity for intracellular bacteroids (symbiotes) in growth and reproduction of cockroaches (Blattariae). Anat. Rec., vol. 120, p. 742. (Abstract.)

1955. Intracellular symbiosis in cockroaches. I. Production of aposymbiotic cockroaches. Biol. Bull., vol. 109, pp. 22-39.

1955a. Intracellular symbiosis in cockroaches. II. Mitotic division of mycetocytes. Science, vol. 122, p. 242. 1956. Intracellular symbiosis in cockroaches. III. Re-infection of aposymbiotic cockroaches with symbiotes. Journ. Exp. Zool., vol. 132, pp. 447-466.

BROWN, E. B.

1952. Observations on the life-history of the cockroach Ectobius panzeri Stephens (Orth., Blattidae). Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 88, pp. 209-212.

BRUCH, C.

1916. Contribución al estudio de los hormigas de la provincia de San Luis. Rev. Mus. de la Plata, vol. 23, pp. 291-357.

BRUES, C. T., and DUNN, R. C.

1945. The effect of penicillin and certain sulfa drugs on the intracellular bacteroids of the cockroach. Science, vol. 101, pp. 336-337.

BRUES, C. T.; MELANDER, A. L.; and CARPENTER, F. M.

1954. Classification of insects. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, vol. 108, pp. 1-917.

BRUIJNING, C. F. A.

1948. Studies on Malayan Blattidae. Zool. Meded., Leiden, vol. 29, pp. 1-174.

BRUMPT, E.

1931. Némathelminthes parasites des rats sauvages (Epimys norvegicus) de Caracas. I. Protospirura bonnei. Infections expérimentales et spontanées. Formes adultes et larvaires. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp., vol. 9, pp. 344-358.

1949. Précis de parasitologie. 6th ed., vol. 1, 1,042 pp.; vol. 2, 2,120 pp. Paris.

BRUMPT, E., and DESPORTES, C.

1938. Hôtes intermédiaires expérimentaux de deux espèces d'acanthocéphales (Prosthenorchis spirula et P. elegans) parasites des lémuriens et des singes. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp., vol. 16, pp. 301-304.

BRUMPT, E., and URBAIN, A.

1938. Une curieuse épizootie vermineuse à acanthocéphales, devenue endémique à la singerie du Muséum. Mesures prophylactiques efficaces prises pour en arrêter les méfaits. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 206, pp. 1927-1930.

1938a. Épizootie vermineuse par acanthocéphales (Prosthenorchis) ayant sévi a la singerie du Museum de Paris. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp., vol. 16, pp. 289-300.

BRUMPT, L.; DECHAMBRE, E.; and DESPORTES, C.

1939. Prophylaxie et traitement utilisés pour combattre les acanthoceplales parasites des makis de la menagerie du Jarden des Plantes. Bull. Acad. Vét. France, vol. 12, pp. 198-202.

BRUNER, S. C., and SCARAMUZZA, L. C.

1936. Reseña de los insectos del tobaco en Cuba. Estac. Exp. Agron. Santiago de Las Vegas Prov. Habana, Circ. No. 80, 50 pp.

BRYAN, E. H., JR.

1926. Insects of Hawaii, Johnston Island and Wake Island. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull., vol. 31, pp. 1-94 (especially p. 89).

BRYAN, W. A.

1915. Natural history of Hawaii. 596 pp. Honolulu.

BRYGOO, E. 1946. Essai de bromatologie entomologique. Les insectes comestibles. Thèse de Doctorate, Bergerac. 73 pp. Imprimerie Générale du Sud-Ouest, Bergerac.

BUCHNER, P.

1912. Studien an intracellularen Symbionten. I. Die intracellularen Symbionten der Hemipteren. Arch. f. Protistenk., vol. 26, pp. 1-116, 12 pls. [Pertinent sections translated by H. L. Middleton.]

1930. Tier und Pflanze in Symbiose. 900 pp. Berlin.

1952. Historische Probleme der Endosymbiose bei Insekten. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 143-165. [Pertinent section translated by K. Gingold.]

1953. Endosymbiose der Tiere mit pflanzlichen Mikroorganismen. 771 pp. Basel/Stuttgart.

BUNTING, W.

1955. Orthoptera imported into Britain with bananas from Dominica (Leeward Isles). Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 91, p. 134.

1956. Preliminary notes on some Orthoptera imported with bananas from Dominica. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 92, pp. 284-286.

BURKS, B. D.

1943. The North American parasitic wasps of the genus Tetrastichus--a contribution to biological control of insect pests. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 93, pp. 505-608.

1952. The North American species of Syniomosphyrum (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp. 258-264.

BURLINGAME, P. L., and CHANDLER, A. C.

1941. Host-parasite relations of Moniliformis dubius (Acanthocephala) in albino rats, and the environmental nature of resistance to single and superimposed infections with this parasite. Amer. Journ. Hyg., vol. 33, sect. D, pp. 1-21.

BURR, M.

1898. Orthoptera collected in South-Eastern Europe. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 10, pp. 1-5.

1899. Mimicry in Orthoptera. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 11, pp. 48-50.

1899a. Parasites of Orthoptera. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 11, pp. 186-187.

1899b. Local Orthoptera in 1899. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 11, p. 333.

1900. On the British Orthoptera in the Hope Museum, Oxford. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 12, pp. 97-99.

1908. Orthoptera in east Kent. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 20, pp. 275-278.

1911. Orthoptera in the Canary Islands. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 23, pp. 92-95, 175-178, 193-195.

1913. Collecting Orthoptera in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 25, pp. 12-15, 37-41.

1923. A contribution to our knowledge of the Orthoptera of Macedonia. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1923, pp. 110-130.

1926. In Northeast Siberia. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 38, pp. 97-101.

1937. Periplaneta orientalis L. in the open. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 49, p. 115.

1939. The insect legion. 321 pp. London.

BÜTSCHLI, O.

1871. Untersuchungen über die beiden Nematoden der Periplaneta (Blatta) orientalis L. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 21, pp. 252-293, 2 pls.

1878. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der Flagellaten und einiger verwandten Organismen. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 30, pp. 205-281, 5 pls.

1881. Kleine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gregarinen. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 35, pp. 384-409, 2 pls.

BUXTON, P. A.

1914. British Blattidae. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 26, p. 185.

1955. The natural history of tse-tse flies. London School Hyg. Trop. Med., Mem. No. 10, 816 pp.

CALLAN, E. MCC.

1942. A note on Timulla (Timulla) eriphyla Mickel (Hym., Mutillidae), a parasite of Tachysphex blatticidus F. X. Williams (Hym., Larridae), from Trinidad, B. W. I. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, ser. A, vol. 17, p. 18.

1950. Observations on tropical wasps in Trinidad. Proc. 8th Internat. Congr. Ent., Stockholm, 1948, pp. 204-206.

CALVERT, AMELIA S., and CALVERT, P. P.

1917. A year of Costa Rican natural history. 577 pp. New York.

CALVERT, P. P.

1910. Zoological researches in Costa Rica. Old Penn Weekly Rev., Univ. Pennsylvania, vol. 9, pp. 165-170.

CAMERANO, L.

1893. Sur quelques gordiens nouveaux ou peu connus. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 18, pp. 213-216.

1897. Monografia dei Gordii. Mem. Reale Accad. Sci., Torino, ser. 2, vol. 47, pp. 339-419.

CAMERON, EWEN.

1955. On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. I.--Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 46, pp. 137-147.

1957. On the parasites and predators of the cockroach. II.--Evania apppendigaster (L.). Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 48, pp. 199-209.

CAMPOS R., F.

1926. Catalogo preliminar de los blatidos (cucarachas) del Ecuador. Rev. Col. Nac. Vicente Rocafuerte, vol. 8, pp. 41-57.

CANALIS, P.

1916. Note de M. le Professeur P. Canalis, relative à quelques expériences sur l'action insecticide du gaz Clayton. Bull. Mens. Off. Internat. Hyg., Paris, vol. 8, pp. 457-463.

CANTRALL, I. J.

1941. Notes on collecting and preserving Orthoptera. Part 2 of Compendium of entomological methods. 28 pp. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Rochester, N. Y.

1943. The ecology of the Orthoptera and Dermaptera of the George Reserve, Michigan. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan, No. 54, 182 pp., 10 pls.

CAO, G.

1898. Sul passagio dei microrganismi attraverso l'intestino di alcuni insetti. L'Uff. San. Riv. Igiene Med. Prat., Naples, vol. II, pp. 337-348, 385-397.

1906. Nuove osservazioni sul passaggio dei microrganismi a traverso l'intestino di alcuni insetti. Ann. Igiene Sper., vol. 16, pp. 339-368.

CARNEIRO DE MENDONÇA, F., and CERQUEIRA, N. L.

1947. Insects and other arthropods captured by the Brazilian Sanitary Service on landplanes or seaplanes arriving in Brazil between January 1942 and December 1945. Bol. Ofic. Sanataria Panamer., vol. 26, pp. 22-30.

CARPENTER, G. D. H.

1920. A naturalist on Lake Victoria with an account of sleeping sickness and the tse-tse fly. 333 pp. London.

1921. Experiments on the relative edibility of insects, with special reference to their coloration. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1921, pp. 1-105.

1925. A naturalist in East Africa. 187 pp., 8 pls., 1 map. Oxford, England.

CASTELLANI, A., and CHALMERS, A. J.

1919. Manual of tropical medicine. 3d ed., 2,436 pp. New York.

CAUDELL, A. N.

1905. Notes on some Florida Orthoptera. Ent. News, vol. 16, pp. 216-219.

1914. Some bromeliadicolous Blattidae from Mexico and Central America. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 2, pp. 76-80.

1923. Phorticolea boliviae, a new myrmecophilous cockroach from South America. Psyche, vol. 30, pp. 28-30.

1924. Some insects from the Chilibrillo bat caves of Panama. Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, vol. 12, pp. 133-135.

1925. Pycnoscelus surinamensis Linnaeus (Orthoptera); on its nymphs and the damage it does to rose bushes. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 27, pp. 154-157.

1931. Notes on Blattidae, adventive to the United States (Orthop.). Ent. News, vol. 42, p. 204.

CHABAUD, A. G., and LARIVIÈRE, M.

1955. Cycle évolutif d'un ascaride: Subulura jacchi (Marcel 1857) parasite de primates, chez la blatte Blabera fusca. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 149, pp. 1416-1419.

CHAKOUR, E.

1942. Notes diverses sur Leucophaea surinamensis (L.) et Nauphoeta cinerea (Oliv.). Bull. Soc. Ent. Fouad 1^{er} Ent., vol. 26, pp. 21-23.

CHAMBERLIN, J. C.

1949. Insects of agricultural and household importance in Alaska with suggestions for their control. U. S. Dept. Agr., Alaska Agr. Exp. Sta., Circ. No. 9, 59 pp.

CHAMISSO, A. VON.

1829. Ein Zweifel und zwei Algen. Verhandl. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, vol. 1, pp. 173-180.

CHANDLER, A. C.

1921. Notes on the occurrence of Moniliformis sp. in rats in Texas. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 7, pp. 179-183.

1922. Species of Hymenolepis as human parasites. Journ. Amer. Med. Assoc., vol. 78, pp. 636-639.

1926. Some factors affecting the propagation of hookworm infections in the Asansol Mining Settlement with special reference to the part played by cockroaches in mines. Indian Med. Gaz., vol. 61, pp. 209-212.

1941. The specific status of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) of Texas rats, and a review of the species of this genus in the Western Hemisphere. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 27, pp. 241-244.

1949. Introduction to parasitology. 756 pp. New York.

CHARLES, VERA K.

1941. A preliminary check list of the entomogenous fungi of North America. Insect Pest Survey Bull., vol. 21, Suppl. to No. 9, pp. 707-785.

CHATTON, E., and PÉRARD, C.

1913. Schizophytes du caecum du cobaye. I. Oscillospira Guilliermondi n. g., n. sp. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 74, pp. 1159-1162.

CHEESMAN, L. E. [Miss].

1927. A contribution towards the insect fauna of French Oceania. Part I. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 75, pp. 147-161.

1928. A contribution towards the insect fauna of French Oceania. Part II. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 10, vol. 1, pp. 169-194.

CHEN, L.

1933. Züchtungsversuche an parasitischen Protozoen von Periplaneta orientalis. (Endamoeba blattae, Nyctotherus ovalis, Lophomonas blattarum.) Zeitschr. Parasitenk., vol. 6, pp. 207-219. [Translated by Medical Literature Service.]

CHITWOOD, B. G.

1930. A recharacterization of the nematode genus Blatticola Schwenk, 1926. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 49, pp. 178-183, 1 pl.

1932. A synopsis of the nematodes parasitic in insects of the family Blattidae. Zeitschr. Parasitenk., vol. 5, pp. 14-50.

1933. A note on the genera Protrellus Cobb, 1920, and Protrellina Chitwood, 1932. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 19, p. 253.

CHITWOOD, B. G., and CHITWOOD, MAY B.

1934. Nematodes parasitic in Philippine cockroaches. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 52, pp. 381-393.

CHOBAUT, A.

1892. Un nouveau "Rhipidius" du Mont-Ventoux. Mem. Acad. Vaucluse, vol. II, pp. 213-221. [Translated by Ruth V. Judson.]

1919. Description des deux sexes, de l'oeuf et de la larve primaire d'un nouveau Rhipidius de Provence (Col. Rhipiphoridae). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1919, No. 11, pp. 200-206.

CHOPARD, L.

1919. Zoological results of a tour in the far east. Les Orthoptères cavernicoles de Birmanie et de la Peninsule Malaise. Mem. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vol. 6, pp. 341-396, 3 pls.

1921. On some cavernicolous Dermaptera and Orthoptera from Assam. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 22, pp. 511-527.

1924. Description d'un blattide myrmécophile nouveau (Orth.) Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1924, Nos. 11-12, pp. 131-132.

1924a. Rectification à propos d'un blattide myrmécophile (Orth.). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1924, No. 17, p. 186.

1924b. On some cavernicolous Orthoptera and Dermaptera from Assam. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 26, pp. 81-92.

1924c. The fauna of an island in the Chilka Lake. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Barkuda Island. Rec. Indian Mus., Calcutta, vol. 26, pp. 165-191.

1927. Description d'une blatte cavernicole du Congo Belge. Rev. Zool. Afrique, vol. 15, pp. 123-126.

1929. Fauna of the Batu caves, Selangor. XII. Orthoptera and Dermaptera. Journ. Fed. Malay States Mus., vol. 14, pp. 366-371.

1929a. Note sur les Orthoptères cavernicoles du Tonkin. Bull. Soc. Zool. France, vol. 54, pp. 424-438.

1929b. Orthoptera palearctica critica. VII. Les polyphagièns de la faune paléarctique (Orth., Blatt.). Eos, vol. 5, pp. 223-358, pls. 8-9.

1932. Voyage de MM. L. Chopard et A. Méquignon aux Açores (Aout-Septembre 1930). I. Orthoptères. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 101, pp. 55-68, pls. 5-6.

1932a. Un cas de microphthalmie liée à l'atrophie des ailes chez une blatte cavernicole. Soc. Ent. France, Livre Centenaire, pp. 485-496, pl. 26.

1936. Biospeleologica. LXIII. Orthoptères et Dermaptères. Premiere série. Arch. Zool. Exp. et. Gén., vol. 78, pp. 195-214.

1938. La biologie des Orthoptères. Encyl. Ent., Paris, sér. A, vol. 20, 541 pp.

1945. Note sur quelques Orthoptères cavernicoles de Madagascar. Rev. Franç. Ent., vol. 12, pp. 146-155.

1947. Atlas des aptérygotes et orthoptèroides de France. 111 pp. Paris.

1949. Ordre des Dictyoptère Leach, 1818. In Grassé, P. P., Traite de zoologie, Paris, vol. 9, pp. 355-407.

1949a. Les orthoptèroides cavernicoles de Madagascar. Mem. Inst. Sci. Madagascar, sér. A, vol. 3, pp. 41-56.

1950. Sur l'anatomie et le développement d'une blatte vivipare. Eighth Internat. Congr. Ent., Stockholm, 1948, pp. 218-222.

1950a. Orthoptèroides cavernicoles du Congo Belge. Rev. Zool. Bot. Africa, vol. 43, pp. 244-250.

1950b. Les blattes cavernicoles de genre Nocticola Bol. Eos, spec. No., pp. 301-310. [Translated by Ruth V. Judson.]

CHOPARD, L., and CHATTERJEE, N. C.

1937. Entomological investigations on the spike disease of sandal. (31) Dermaptera and Orthoptera. Indian Forest Rec., vol. 3, pp. 1-30.

CHRISTIE, J. R.

1933. The generic names Cephalobellus Cobb, 1920 and Scarabanema Christie, 1931 (Nematoda). Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 23, P. 358.

CHRISTIE, J. R., and CROSSMAN, L.

1933. On the dissemination of a diplogasterid. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 20, pp. 69-70.

CLAUSEN, C. P.

1940. Entomophagous insects. 688 pp. New York.

CLEVELAND, L. R.

1925. Toxicity of oxygen for protozoa in vivo and in vitro: Animals defaunated without injury. Biol. Bull., vol. 48, pp. 455-468.

1927. Natural and experimental ingestion of Paramoecium by cockroaches. Science, vol. 66, p. 222.

1930. The symbiosis between the wood-feeding roach, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder, and its intestinal flagellates. Anat. Rec., vol. 47, pp. 293-294. (Abstract.)

1931. The effects of molting on the protozoa of Cryptocercus. Anat. Rec., vol. 51, Suppl., p. 84. (Abstract.)

1947. Sex produced in the protozoa of Cryptocercus by molting. Science, vol. 105, pp. 16-17.

1947a. The origin and evolution of meiosis. Science, vol. 105, pp. 287-289.

1948. An ideal partnership. Sci. Month., vol. 67, pp. 173-177.

1949. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. I. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and meiosis in Trichonympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 85, pp. 197-296.

1950. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. II. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and one-division meiosis in Oxymonas. Journ. Morph., vol. 86, pp. 185-214.

1950a. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. III. Gametogenesis, fertilization, and one-division meiosis in Saccinobaculus. Journ. Morph., vol. 86, pp. 215-228.

1950b. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. IV. Meiosis after syngamy and before nuclear fusion in Notila. Journ. Morph., vol. 87, pp. 317-348.

1950c. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. V. Fertilization in Eucomonympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 87, pp. 349-368.

1951. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. VI. Gametogenesis, fertilization, meiosis, oöcysts, and gametocysts in Leptospironympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 88, pp. 199-244.

1951a. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. VII. One-division meiosis and autogamy without cell division in Urinympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 88, pp. 385-440.

1952. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. VIII. Meiosis in Rhynchonympha in one cytoplasmic and two nuclear divisions followed by autogamy. Journ. Morph., vol. 91, pp. 269-323.

1953. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. IX. Haploid gametogenesis and fertilization in Barbulanympha. Journ. Morph., vol. 93, pp. 371-403.

1954. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. X. Autogamy and endomitosis in Barbulanympha resulting from interruption of haploid gametogenesis. Journ. Morph., vol. 95, pp. 189-211.

1954a. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. XI. Reorganization in the zygote of Barbulanympha without nuclear or cytoplasmic division. Journ. Morph., vol. 95, pp. 213-236.

1954b. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. XII. Meiosis in Barbulanympha following fertilization, autogamy, and endomitosis. Journ. Morph., vol. 95, pp. 557-619.

1956. Hormone-induced sexual cycles of flagellates. XIV. Gametic meiosis and fertilization in Macrospironympha. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 101, pp. 99-169.

1956a. Brief accounts of the sexual cycles of the flagellates of Cryptocercus. Journ. Protozool., vol. 3, pp. 161-180.

CLEVELAND, L. R.; HALL, S. R.; SANDERS, E. P.; and COLLIER, J.

1934. The wood-feeding roach Cryptocercus, its protozoa, and the symbiosis between protozoa and roach. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 17, pp. 185-342, 60 pls.

CLEVELAND, L. R., and NUTTING, W. L.

1954. Protozoa as indicators of developmental stages in molting of the roach Cryptocercus. Anat. Rec., vol. 120, pp. 785-786. (Abstract.)

1955. Suppression of sexual cycles and death of the protozoa of Cryptocercus resulting from change of hosts during molting period. Journ. Exp. Zool., vol. 130, pp. 485-513.

CLEVELAND, L. R.; SANDERS, E. P.; and HALL, S. R.

1931. The relation of the protozoa of Cryptocercus to the protozoa of termites and the bearing of this relationship on the evolution of termites from roaches. Anat. Rec., vol. 51, Suppl., p. 92. (Abstract.)

CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON, J. L.

1951. Notes on Arachnida. 16. The behavior of a scorpion. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 87, p. 105.

1953. Notes on Arachnida. 19. Biological observations, etc. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 89, pp. 88-89.

1953a. Studies in diurnal rhythms. III. Photoperiodism in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (L.). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 6, pp. 705-712.

1955. On the function of the pectines of scorpions. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 8, pp. 556-560.

1955a. Some aspects of the biology of centipedes and scorpions. Naturalist, 1955, pp. 147-153.

COBB, N. A.

1920. One hundred new nemas. (Type species of 100 new genera.) Contributions to a science of nematology, IX, pp. 217-343. Baltimore.

COHIC, F.

1956. Parasites animaux des plantes cultivées en Nouvelle-Calédonie et dépendances. Inst. Franç. Océanie, Nouméa, 92 pp.

COLANI, MLLE.

1952. Grottes du Tonkin. Ann. de Spéléologie, vol. 7, pp. 143-146.

COLLART, A.

1947. A la découverte des Laboulbéniales. Bull. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique, vol. 83, pp. 21-35.

COMPERE, H.

1938. A report on some miscellaneous African Encyrtidae in the British Museum. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 29, pp. 315-337.

1946. Identity of the new immigrant parasite of cockroach eggs. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, pp. 464-465.

COMSTOCK, J. H.

1912. The spider book. 721 pp. Garden City, New York.

CONANT, N. F.; SMITH, D. T.; BAKER, R. D.; CALLAWAY, J. L.; and MARTIN, D. S.

1954. Manual of clinical mycology. 2d ed. 456 pp. Philadelphia.

CONCI, C.

1951. Contributo alla conoscenza della speleofauna della Venezia Tridentina. Mem. Soc. Ent. Ital., vol. 30, pp. 5-76.

CONEY, B. A.

1918. Panchlora exoleta. Entomologist, London, vol. 51, p. 188.

COPLIN, W. M. L.

1899. The propagation of diseases by means of insects, with special consideration of the common domestic types. Philadelphia Med. Journ., vol. 3, pp. 1303-1307.

CORNELIUS, C.

1853. Beiträge zur nähern Kenntniss von Periplaneta (Blatta) orientalis Linné. (Morgenländische Küchenschabe, auch Schwabe genannt.) 40 pp., 2 pls., Elberfeld, R. L. Friderichs. [Translated by K. Gingold.]

CORNWALL, J. W.

1916. A contribution to the study of kala-azar (II). Indian Journ. Med. Res., vol. 4, pp. 105-119.

COTT, H. B.

1940. Adaptive coloration in animals. 508 pp. London.

COTTAM, R.

1922. Observations on the phyllodromine cockroach, Blattella supellectilium Serv., in Khartoum. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 58, pp. 156-158.

COWAN, F.

1865. Curious facts in the history of insects; including spiders and scorpions. 396 pp. Philadelphia.

CRABILL, R. E., JR.

1952. The centipedes of northeastern North America. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 450 pp., 9 pls.

CRAM, ELOISE B.

1926. A new nematode from the rat, and its life history. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 68, art. 15, pp. 1-7.

1929. [Note on life history of the gizzard worm of ruffed grouse and bobwhite quail.] Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, Journ. Parasitol., vol. 15, pp. 285-286.

1931. Internal parasites and parasitic diseases of the bobwhite. Methods and general findings. In Stoddard, H. L., The bobwhite quail: its habits, preservation and increase. pp. 229-296. New York.

1931a. Developmental stages of some nematodes of the Spiruroidea parasitic in poultry and game birds. U. S. Dept. Agr. Techn. Bull. No. 227, pp. 1-28.

1931b. The cockroach, Blattella germanica, as an intermediate host of Tetrameres americana of poultry. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 18, p. 52.

1933. Observations on the life history of Tetrameres pattersoni. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 20, pp. 97-98.

1933a. Observations on the life history of Seurocyrnea colini. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 20, p. 98.

1934. Orthopterans and pigeons as secondary and primary hosts, respectively, for the crow stomach-worm, Microtetrameres helix (Nematoda: Spiruridae). Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, p. 50.

1935. New avian and insect hosts for Gongylonema ingluvicola (Nematoda: Spiruridae). Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 2, p. 59.

1937. A species of Orthoptera serving as intermediate host of Tetrameres americana of poultry in Puerto Rico. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, vol. 4, p. 24.

CRAWFORD, J. C.

1910. Two new species of African parasitic Hymenoptera. Canadian Ent., vol. 42, pp. 222-223.

CRAWFORD, S. C.

1934. The habits and characteristics of nocturnal animals. Quart. Rev. Biol., vol. 9, pp. 201-214.

CRAWLEY, H.

1903. List of the polycystid gregarines of the United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 55, pp. 41-58. 3 pls.

1905. Coelosporidium blattellae, a new sporozoan parasite of Blattella germanica. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 57, pp. 158-161.

CREIGHTON, J. T.

1954. Household pests. Florida Dept. Agr. Bull., n.s., No. 156, 72 pp.

CROS, A.

1942. Blatta orientalis et ses parasites. I. Evania punctata Brullé; II. Eulophus sp. Étude Biologique. Eos, vol. 18, pp. 45-67.

CROSSKEY, R. W.

1951. Part II. The taxonomy and biology of the British Evanioidea. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 102, pp. 282-301.

CROWELL, H. H.

1946. Notes on an amphibious cockroach from the Republic of Panama. Ent. News, vol. 57, pp. 171-172.

CUÉNOT, L.

1896. Études physiologiques sur des Orthoptères. Arch. Biol., vol. 14, pp. 293-341, 2 pls.

1901. Recherches sur l'evolution et la conjugaison des grégarines. Arch. Biol., vol. 17, pp. 581-652, 5 pls.

CUNHA, R. DE AL.

1919. Sobre a Gregarina neo-brasiliensis Al. Cunha, 1919. Trabalho apresentado à Faculdade de Medicina de Bello Horizonte, Estado de Minas Gerais. Brazil. [Original not seen.]

CUNLIFFE, F.

1952. Biology of the cockroach parasite, Pimeliaphilus podapolipophagus Trägårdh, with a discussion of the genera Pimeliaphilus and Hirstiella. (Acarina, Pterygosomidae.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 54, pp. 153-169.

D'ABREU, E. A.

1920. Some insect prey of birds in the central provinces. Proc. 3d Ent. Meeting, Pusa, 1919, vol. 3, pp. 859-871.

DALLA TORRE, C. G. DE

1901/02. Catologus hymenopterorum. Vol. 3, p. 1076. Lipsiae.

DAMMERMAN, K. W.

1929. The agricultural zoology of the Malay Archipelago. 473 pp. Amsterdam.

DARLINGTON, P. J., JR.

1938. Experiments on mimicry in Cuba, with suggestions for future study. Trans. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 87, pp. 681-695.

DAVIS, W. T.

1918. The honeydew of aphids very attractive to moths and roaches. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 26, p. 227.

1926. An annotated list of the Dermaptera and Orthoptera collected in mid-summer at Wingina, Virginia, and vicinity. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 34, pp. 27-41.

1927. [Periplaneta americana outdoors.] In Proceedings of the Society, Meeting of December 16, 1926. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., n.s., vol. 22, p. 179.

DARWIN, C.

1887. The origin of species by means of natural selection. 458 pp. New ed., from 6th English ed., with additions and corrections. New York.

DAY, M. F.

1950. The histology of a very large insect, Macropanesthia rhinocerus Sauss. (Blattidae.) Australian Journ. Sci. Res., B, vol. 3, pp. 61-75.

DEAROLF, K.

1941. The invertebrates of 37 Pennsylvania caves. Proc. Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 170-180.

DEBAISIEUX, P.

1927. A propos des cnidosporidies des blattides. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 96, pp. 1404-1406.

DECOURSEY, J. D., and OTTO, J. S.

1956. Some protozoan organisms in cockroaches in the Cairo, Egypt area, with special reference to Endamoeba histolytica. U. S. Nav. Med. Res. Unit No. 3, Res. Rep. NM 005 050.60.01, 7 pp. 2 pls.

1957. Endamoeba histolytica and certain other protozoan organisms found in cockroaches in Cairo, Egypt. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., 1956, vol. 64, pp. 157-163.

DEFRAULA, T. F. J.

1780. Mémoire sur la génération singulière d'une espèce de gryllon qui découvre un fait de plus, de l'analogie, qui existe entre les règnes animal et végétal. Mem. Acad. Roy. Sci. Let. Beaux Arts Belgique, vol. 3, pp. 219-225. [Same article in Journ. de Physique (1783), vol. 22, pp. 130-133.]

DELAMARE DEBOUTTEVILLE, C.

1948. Étude quantitative du peuplement animal des sols suspendu et des épiphytes en forêt tropicale. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 226, pp. 1544-1546.

DELAMARE DEBOUTTEVILLE, C., and PAULIAN, R.

1952. Recherches sur la faune des nids et des terriers en Basse Côte d'Ivoire. Encycl. Biogeogr. et Ecol., No. 8, 116 pp. Paris.

DELEURANCE, E. P.

1943. Notes sur la biologie de quelques prédateurs de la région de Montignac (Dardogne). Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Marseille, vol. 3, pp. 56-73.

1946. Études sur quelques éléments de la faune entomologique du bois des Rièges (Camargue). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, 1944, vol. 113, pp. 31-70.

DELONG, D. M.

1948. The supermarket's roach problem. Soap. San. Chem., vol. 24, No. 8, pp. 143, 145, 147, 149.

DENNING, D. G.; PRATT, J. J., JR.; STAEBLER, A. E.; and WIRTH, W. W.

1947. A tabulation of insects recovered from aircraft entering the United States at Miami, Florida, during the period July 1943 through December 1944. Foreign Plant Quar. Mem. No. 474, 41 pp. (Processed.)

DEREZ, M. E.

1949. The food of Rana catesbeiana Shaw in Puerto Rico. Program 61st Ann. Meet. Amer. Assoc. Econ. Ent., No. 74, pp. 35-36. (Abstract.)

DESCHAPELLES, J. B.

1939. Las cucarachas. Rev. Agr., Cuba, vol. 23, pp. 41-47. [Translated by J. Gotlob.]

DETHIER, V. G.

1945. The transport of insects in aircraft. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 38, pp. 528-531.

DIESING, C. M.

1851. Systema helminthum. Vol. 2, 591 pp. Vindobonae.

1861. Revision der Nematoden. Sitzb. K. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math. Nat. Cl., 1860, vol. 42, pp. 595-736, 1 pl.

DISTANT, W. L.

1902. Panchlora exoleta, Klug (Blattidae), imported into Scotland. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 38, p. 247.

DOBELL, C. C.

1911. Contributions to the cytology of the bacteria. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n.s., vol. 56, pp. 395-506, 4 pls.

1912. Researches on the spirochaets and related organisms. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 26, pp. 117-240.

DOBROVOLNY, C. G.

1933. Studies on the nematode parasites of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 36, p. 213.

DOBROVOLNY, C. G., and ACKERT, J. E.

1934. The life history of Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy), a nematode of cockroaches. Parasitology, vol. 26, pp. 468-480.

DODD, A. P.

1917. Record and descriptions of Australian Chalcidoidea. Trans. and Proc. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 41, pp. 344-368.

DODGE, B. O., and RICKETT, H. W.

1943. Diseases and pests of ornamental plants. 638 pp. Lancaster, Pa.

DODGE, C. W.

1935. Medical mycology. Fungous diseases of man and other mammals. 900 pp. St. Louis.

DONISTHORPE, H. ST. J. K.

1900. Myrmecophilous Orthoptera. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 12, pp. 162-163.

1918. A fortnight in the New Forest in July. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 30, pp. 170-173. [The same record was reported by Donisthorpe in this same journal in 1919, vol. 31, p. 116, and in 1937, vol. 49, p. 136. It was also reported by him in Trans. Ent. Soc. London in 1919, vol. for 1918, pts. 3/4, p. clvii.]

DONISTHORPE, H. ST. J. K., and WILKINSON, D. S.

1930. Notes on the genus Paxylomma (Hym. Brac.), with the description of a new species taken in Britain. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 78, pp. 87-93.

DORIER, A.

1930. Recherches biologiques et systématiques sur les Gordiacés. Trav. Lab. Hydrobiol. Piscicult. Univ. Grenoble, vol. 22, pp. 1-183, 4 pls.

DOUCETTE, C. F., and SMITH, F. F.

1926. Control experiments on the Surinam cockroach (Pycnoscelus surinamensis L.). Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 19, pp. 650-656.

DOVER, C.

1928. Notes on the fauna of pitcher-plants from Singapore Island. I. General. Journ. Malayan Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc., vol. 6, pp. 1-9, 5 pls.

DOW, R. P.

1955. A note on domestic cockroaches in south Texas. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 48, pp. 106-107.

DOWDY, W. W.

1947. An ecological study of the Arthropoda of an oak-hickory forest with reference to stratification. Ecology, vol. 28, pp. 418-439.

1951. Further ecological studies on stratification of the Arthropoda. Ecology, vol. 32, pp. 37-52.

1955. An hibernal study of Arthropoda with reference to hibernation. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 48, pp. 76-83.

DOZIER, H. L.

1920. An ecological study of hammock and piney woods insects in Florida. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 13, pp. 325-380.

DRESNER, E.

1949. Culture and use of entomogenous fungi for the control of insect pests. Contr. Boyce Thompson Inst., vol. 15, pp. 319-335.

1950. The toxic effects of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., on insects. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 63, pp. 269-278.

DUBOS, R. J., EDITOR.

1948. Bacterial and mycotic infections of man. 785 pp. Philadelphia.

DUMBLETON, L. J.

1957. Parasites and predators introduced into the Pacific Islands for the biological control of insects and other pests. South Pacific Comm., Techn. Pap. No. 101, 40 pp. [This paper appeared erroneously under the name of C. P. Hoyt. See Kroon, A. H. J., 1957, South Pacific Commission Technical Paper No. 101. Erratum, 1 p. (multigraphed). Nouméa. (Rev. Appl. Ent., vol. A 46, p. 155, 1958.)]

DUSHAM, E. H.

1918. The wax glands of the cockroach (Blatta germanica). Journ. Morph., vol. 31, pp. 563-581.

DUTERTRE, J. B.

1654. Histoire generale des Iles de S. Christophe, de Guadeloupe, de la Martinique, et autres dans l'Amerique. Paris.

DUTKY, S. R., and HOUGH, W. S.

1955. Note on a parasitic nematode from codling moth larvae, Carpocapsa pomonella (Lepidoptera, Olethreutidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 57, p. 244.

DUTT, G. R.

1912. Life histories of Indian insects--IV (Hymenoptera). Mem. Dept. Agr. India, vol. 4, pp. 183-267.

EADS, R. B.; VON ZUBEN, F. J.; BENNETT, S. E.; and WALKER, O. L.

1954. Studies on cockroaches in a municipal sewerage system. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 3, pp. 1092-1098.

EALAND, C. A.

1915. Insects and man. An account of the more important harmful and beneficial insects, their habits and life-histories, being an introduction to economic entomology for students and general readers. 343 pp. London.

EDMUNDS, L. R.

1952. The oviposition of Prosevania punctata (Brullé): A hymenopterous parasite of cockroach egg capsules. Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 52, pp. 29-30.

1952a. Some notes on the habits and parasites of native woodroaches in Ohio (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 63, pp. 141-145.

1953. Some notes on the Evaniidae as household pests and as a factor in the control of roaches. Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 53, pp. 121-122.

1953a. Collecting and culturing of native wood roaches in Ohio, with some additional notes on their parasites. Ent. News, vol. 64, pp. 225-230.

1953b. A study of the biology and life history of Prosevania punctata (Brullé) with notes on additional species. (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University.

1954. A study of the biology and life history of Prosevania punctata (Brullé) with notes on additional species (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 47, pp. 575-592.

1955. Biological notes on Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratzeburg), a chalcidoid parasite of cockroach eggs (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae; Orthoptera: Blattidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 48, pp. 210-213.

1957. Observations on the biology and life history of the brown cockroach Periplaneta brunnea Burmeister. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 59, pp. 283-286.

EHRLICH, H.

1943. Verhaltensstudien an der Schabe Periplaneta americana L. Zeitschr. Tierpsychol., vol. 5, pp. 497-552. [Translated by Medical Literature Service.]

EISNER, T.

1958. Spray mechanism of the cockroach Diploptera punctata. Science, vol. 128, pp. 148-149.

EL-KHOLY, S., and GOHAR, M. A.

1945. Cockroaches as possible carriers of disease. Journ. Roy. Egyptian Med. Assoc., vol. 29, pp. 82-87.

ELLIS, M. M.

1913. A descriptive list of the cephaline gregarines of the New World. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc., vol. 32, pp. 259-296, 4 pls.

1913a. Gregarines from some Michigan Orthoptera. Zool. Anz., Leipzig, vol. 43, pp. 78-84.

ELMASSIAN, M.

1909. Sur l'Amoeba blattae. Morphologie génération. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 16, pp. 143-163.

EPSHTEIN, G. V.

1911. Beiträge zur Kenntnis von Pleistophora periplanetae (Lutz und Splendore). Biol. Centralbl., vol. 31, pp. 676-682.

ESSIG, E. O.

1926. Insects of western North America. 1,035 pp. New York.

FAHRINGER, J.

1922. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise einiger Schmarotzer-wespen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Bedeutung für biologischen Bekämpfung von Schädlingen. Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 8, pp. 325-388.

FALLS, O.

1938. Cockroach vs. termite idea. Exterminators Log, vol. 6, No. 2, p. 18.

FANTHAM, H. B.

1929. Some parasitic Protozoa found in South Africa--XII. South African Journ. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 386-395, 1 pl.

FAURE, J. C.

1940. Maternal care displayed by mantids (Orthoptera). Journ. Ent. Soc. South Africa, vol. 3, pp. 139-150.

FAUSEK, V.

1906. Biological investigations in the Transcaspian Region. Orthoptera. (In Russian.) Imp. Russk. Geo. Obshch., Zapiski Obshch. Geo., vol. 27, pp. 35-37. [Translated by D. Kraus.]

FAUST, E. C.

1928. The life cycle of Spirocerca sanguinolenta--a natural nematode parasite of the dog. Science, vol. 68, pp. 407-409.

1939. Human helminthology. A manual for physicians, sanitarians and medical zoologists. 2d ed., 780 pp. Philadelphia.

1955. Animal agents and vectors of human disease. 660 pp. Philadelphia.

FELT, E. P.

1909. Twenty-fourth report of the state entomologist 1908. Education Dept., New York State Mus. Bull. 455, pp. 22-23, 26-27.

1926. Entomology. In Twenty-first report of the director of the State Museum and Science Department. New York State Mus. Bull. 267, pp. 37-48.

1928. Observations and notes on injurious and other insects of New York State. New York State Mus. Bull. 274, pp. 145-176.

FERNALD, M. L.

1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed., 1,632 pp. New York.

FERNANDO, W.

1957. Sphecophila ravana, sp. n., a new termitophilous cockroach from Ceylon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 10, pp. 81-84.

FERRIÈRE, C.

1930. On some egg-parasites from Africa. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 21, pp. 33-44.

1935. Notes on some bred exotic Eupelmidae (Hym. Chalc.). Stylops, vol. 4, pp. 145-153.

FERTON, C.

1894. Sur les moeurs de Dolichurus haerorrhous Costa. (Hyménoptère). Act. Soc. Linné. Bordeaux, vol. 47, pp. 215-221.

1901. Notes détachées sur l'instinct des Hyménoptères mellifères et ravisseurs avec la description de quelques espèces (sér. 1). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 70, pp. 83-148.

1914. Notes détachées sur l'instinct des Hyménoptères mellifères et ravisseurs ([8^e] série). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 83, pp. 81-119, 3 pls.

FIBIGER, J. A. G.

1913. Ueber eine durch Nematoden (Spiroptera sp. n.) hervorgerufene papillomatöse und carcinomatöse Geschwulstbildung im Magen der Ratte. Berliner Klin. Wochenschr., vol. 50, pp. 289-298.

1913a. Untersuchungen über eine Nematode (Spiroptera sp. n.) und deren Fähigkeit, papillomatöse und carcinomatöse Geschwulstbildungen im Magen der Ratte hervorzurufen. Zeitschr. Krebsforsch., vol. 13, pp. 217-280.

FIBIGER, J. A. G., and DITLEVSEN, H.

1914. Contributions to the biology and morphology of Spiroptera (Gongylonema) neoplastica n. sp. Mindeskr. Japetus Steenstrups Fødsel, Copenhagen, No. 25, 28 pp.

FIELDING, J. W.

1926. Preliminary note on the transmission of the eye worm of Australian poultry. Australian Journ. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 225-232.

1927. Further observations on the life history of the eye worm of poultry. Australian Journ. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 273-281.

1928. Observations on eye worms of birds. Queensland Agr. Journ., vol. 30, pp. 37-41.

1928a. Additional observations on the development of the eye worm of poultry. Australian Journ. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 1-8.

FIGUIER, L.

1869. The insect world; being a popular account of the orders of insects, etc. 519 pp. New York.

FILATOFF, E. D.

1904. Ueber das Verhalten einiger Bakterienarten zu dem Organismus der Bombyx mori (L.) und der Periplaneta orientalis (L.) bei artifizieller Infektion derselben. Centralbl. Bakt., Parasitenk. und Infekt., Abt. 2, vol. 11, pp. 658-686, 748-762. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

FILIPPOV, G. S.

1926. Oplesnevykh gribkakb gruppy Mucorinae. [Mold fungi of the Mucorinae.] Bolezni Rastenii (Morbi-Plantarum, Leningrad), vol. 15, pp. 175-186. [Pertinent section translated by K. Gingold.]

FINDLAY, G. M., and HOWARD, E. M.

1951. Observations on Columbia SK virus. Journ. Path. and Bact., vol. 63, pp. 435-443.

FINDLAY, G. M., and MACCALLUM, F. O.

1939. Epidemiology of yellow fever. Nature, London, vol. 143, p. 289.

FISCHER, R. G., and SYVERTON, J. T.

1951. The cockroach as an experimental vector of viruses. Bact. Proc., May 27-31, p. 95.

1951a. The cockroach as an experimental vector of Coxsackie virus. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med., vol. 31, pp. 238-242.

1957. Distribution of Coxsackie virus in experimentally infected cockroaches, Periplaneta americana. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 95, pp. 284-287.

FISK, F. W.

1951. Use of a specific mite control in roach and mouse cultures. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 44, p. 1016.

FLINT, O. S.

1951. A new cockroach record for the United States. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 46, P. 53.

FLOCK, R. A.

1941. Biological control of the brown-banded roach. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 36, pp. 178-181.

1941a. The field roach Blattella vaga. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 34, p. 121.

FOERSTER, H.

1938. Gregarinen in Schlesischen Insekten. Zeitschr. Parasitenk., vol. 10, pp. 157-209.

FOSTER, A. O., and JOHNSON, C. M.

1938. Protospiruriasis, a new nematode disease of captive monkeys. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 24, p. 32. (Abstract.)

1939. A preliminary note on the identity, life-cycle, and pathogenicity of an important nematode parasite of captive monkeys. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med., vol. 19, pp. 265-277.

FOX, C.

1925. Insects and disease of man. 349 pp. Philadelphia.

FRAENKEL, G.

1952. The role of symbionts as sources of vitamins and growth factors for their insect hosts. Tijd. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 183-195.

FRAENKEL, HELENE.

1921. Die Symbionten der Blattiden im Fettgewebe und Ei insbesondere von Periplaneta orientalis. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 119, pp. 53-66.

FRANK, W.

1955. Einwirkung verschiedener Antibiotica auf die Symbionten der Küchenschabe Blatta orientalis L. und die dadurch bedingten Veränderungen am Wirtstier. Zool. Anz., 18 Supplementband, pp. 381-388.

1956. Entfernung der intrazellulären Symbioten der Küchenschabe (Periplaneta orientalis L.) durch Einwirkung verschiedener Antibiotica, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Veränderungen am Wirtstier und an den Bakterien. Zeitschr. Morph. u. Ökol. Tiere, vol. 44, pp. 329-366.

FREEMANTLE, SIR EDMUND, R.

1904. The Navy as I have known it. 472 pp. London.

FRENZEL, J.

1892. Über einige Argentinische Gregarinen. Ein Beitrag zur Organisation und Physiologie der Gregarinen überhaupt. Zeitschr. Naturwiss., vol. 27 (N.F. 20), pp. 233-336.

FREY, R.

1948. [Cockroaches found in banana shipments.] (In Finnish.) Notulae Ent., vol. 28, p. 118.

FRIAUF, J. J.

1953. An ecological study of the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Welaka area in northern Florida. Ecol. Monogr., vol. 23, pp. 79-126.

FRINGS, H.

1948. An ounce of prevention. Pests and Their Control, vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 24, 26.

FROGGATT, W. W.

1906. Domestic Insects: Cockroaches (Blattidae). Agr. Gaz. New South Wales, vol. 17, pp. 440-447.

1907. Australian insects. 449 pp. Sydney.

FROST, S. W.

1924. Frogs as insect collectors. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 32, pp. 174-185.

FRYE, W. W., and MELENEY, H. E.

1936. The viability of Endamoeba histolytica cysts after passage through the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 22, pp. 221-222.

FULLAWAY, D. T.

1912. Entomological notes. Ann. Rep. Guam Agr. Exp. Stat., 1911, pp. 26-35.

1938. Orchid insects. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 45-49.

FULLAWAY, D. T., and KRAUSE, N. L. H.

1945. Common insects of Hawaii, 228 pp. Honolulu.

FULTON, B. B.

1930. Notes on Oregon Orthoptera with descriptions of new species and races. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 23, pp. 611-641.

GAHAN, A. B.

1914. Descriptions of new genera and species, with notes on parasitic Hymenoptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 48, pp. 155-168.

1917. Descriptions of some new parasitic Hymenoptera. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 53, pp. 195-217.

1923. Report on a small collection of parasitic Hymenoptera from Java and Sumatra. Treubia, vol. 3, pp. 47-52.

GAHAN, A. B., and PECK, O.

1946. Notes on some Ashmeadian genotypes in the hymenopterous superfamily Chalcidoidea. Journ. Washington Acad. Sci., vol. 36, pp. 314-317.

GALEB, O.

1877. Sur l'anatomie et les migration des oxyuridés, parasites des insectes du genre Blatta. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 85, pp. 236-239.

1878. Recherches sur les entozoaires des insectes. Organisation et développement des oxyuridés. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., Paris, vol. 7, pp. 283-390, 10 pls.

1878a. Observations et expériences sur les migrations du Filaria rytipleurites, parasite des blattes et des rats. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 87, pp. 75-77.

GAL'KOV, V. P.

1926. An experiment with hydrocyanic acid to control insect parasites in dwellings. (In Russian.) Zashchita Rastenii (Défense des Plantes), vol. 3, pp. 98-100. [Translated by D. Kraus.]

GALLARDO, E.; FORGASH, A. J.; and BEAUDETTE, F. R.

1957. An exploratory investigation of the effect in vivo and in vitro of cockroach tissues on the viability of Newcastle disease virus. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, pp. 192-197.

GARDNER, A. E.

1954. Blatta orientalis out-of-doors. Entomologist, vol. 87, p. 167.

GATES, M. F.

1912. Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid (NaF). U. S. Nav. Med. Bull., vol. 6, pp. 212-214.

GATES, MARY F., and ALLEE, W. C.

1933. Conditioned behavior of isolated and grouped cockroaches on a simple maze. Journ. Comp. Psychol., vol. 15, pp. 331-358.

GAUL, A.

1953. The wonderful world of insects. 290 pp. New York.

GENIEYS, P.

1924. Contribution a l'étude des Evaniidae, Zeuxevania splendidula Costa. Bull. Biol. France et Belgique, vol. 58, pp. 482-494.

GEORGÉVITCH, J.

1925. Sur la structure de la spore de Pleistophora periplanetae. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 181, pp. 1191-1194.

1926. Sur le cycle évolutif de Pleistophora periplanetae. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 182, pp. 102-104.

1926a. Prouchavanje razvoya Pteistophora periplanetae Lutz et Splend. [Study of the development of Pleistophora periplanetae Lutz and Splend.] Glas Srpske Kral. Acad., vol. 122, 1. Razred, No. 56, pp. 1-33, 3 double pls. (German summary in Zool. Berichte, 1929, vol. 20, pp. 392-393.)

1927. Recherches sur Pleistophora periplanetae Lutz et Splend. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., Paris, vol. 66, pp. 1-21, 3 pls.

1953. Étude de cycle évolutif de Haplosporidium periplanetae nov. spec. Bull. Acad. Serbe des Sci., Cl. des Sci. Math. et Nat., Sci. Nat., n. s., vol. 12, pp. 98-102, 1 pl.

GERTSCH, W. J.

1949. American spiders. 285 pp. New York.

GHOSH, E.

1922. On a new ciliate, Balantidium blattarum, sp. nov., intestinal parasite in the common cockroach (Blatta americana). Parasitology, vol. 14, pp. 15-16.

1922a. On a new ciliate, Balantidium ovatum, sp. nov., an intestinal parasite in the common cockroach (Blatta americana). Parasitology, vol. 14, p. 371.

GIARD, A.

1900. Captures. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, vol. for 1900, No. 20, pp. 390-391.

GIER, H. T.

1935. The "intracellular symbionts" of some Blattidae, their nature and behavior. Anat. Rec., vol. 64, Suppl. 1, pp. 126-127. (Abstract.)

1936. The morphology and behavior of the intracellular bacteroids of roaches. Biol. Bull., vol. 71, pp. 433-452.

1937. Growth of the intracellular symbionts of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Anat. Rec., vol. 70, Suppl. No. 1, p. 69. (Abstract.)

1947. Intracellular bacteroids in the cockroach (Periplaneta americana Linn.). Journ. Bact., vol. 53, pp. 173-189.

1947a. Growth rate in the cockroach Periplaneta americana (Linn.). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 40, pp. 303-317.

GIORDANO, M.

1950. Patologia, parassitologia ed igiene dei paesi caldi. 3d ed., vol. 1, 812 pp. Italy.

GIRARD, M.

1877. La domestication des blattes. Bull. Soc. Acclimatation, sér. 3, vol. 4, pp. 297-309.

GIRAULT, A. A.

1907. Hosts of insect egg-parasites in North and South America. Psyche, vol. 14, pp. 27-39.

1914. Hosts of insect egg parasites, in Europe, Asia, Africa and Australasia, with a supplementary American list. Zeitschr. Wiss. Insektenbiol., Berlin, vol. 10, pp. 87-91, 135-139, 175-178, 238-240.

1915. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea--VII. The family Encyrtidae with descriptions of new genera and species. Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 4, pp. 1-184.

1915a. Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea--IX. The family Cleonymidae with descriptions of new genera and species. Mem. Queensland Mus., vol. 4, pp. 203-224.

1915b. New fragments on some well-known insects (Col., Orth., Hem.). Ent. News, vol. 26, pp. 53-56.

1917. New chalcid flies from Maryland, II (Hym.). Ent. News, vol. 28, pp. 255-258.

1924. Lése majestè, new Insecta and robbery. Gympie, Australia, 1 p. (Privately printed.)

GLASER, R. W.

1920. Biological studies on intracellular bacteria. No. 1. Biol. Bull., vol. 39, pp. 133-145.

1925. Specificity in bacterial disease with special reference to silkworms and tent caterpillars. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 18, pp. 769-771.

1930. On the isolation, cultivation and classification of the so-called intracellular "symbiont" or "rickettsia" of Periplaneta americana. Journ. Exp. Med., vol. 51, pp. 59-82.

1930a. Cultivation and classification of "bacteroides," "symbionts," or "rickettsiae" of Blattella germanica. Journ. Exp. Med., vol. 51, pp. 903-907.

1930b. The intracellular "symbionts" and the "rickettsiae." Arch. Pathol., vol. 9, pp. 79-96.

1946. The intracellular bacteria of the cockroach in relation to symbiosis. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 32, pp. 483-489.

GLAUERT, L.

1946. Scorpions. Australian Mus. Mag., vol. 9, pp. 93-98.

GOLDENBERG, F.

1877. Die fossilen Thiere aus der Steinkohlenformation von Saarbrücken. Fauna Saraepontana Fossilis, II tes-Heft. 54 pp., 2 double pls. Saarbrücken.

GOMES, J. G.

1941. Subsídios a sistemática dos calcidídeos Brasileíros. Bol. Escola Nac. Agron., Rio de Janeiro, No. 2, pp. 9-53.

GOODEY, T.

1951. Soil and freshwater nematodes. A monograph. 390 pp. New York.

GOODLIFFE, E. R.

1958. Current methods of roach control. Ann. Appl. Biol., vol. 46, pp. 102-105.

GOULD, G. E.

1941. The effect of temperature upon the development of cockroaches. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci., vol. 50, pp. 242-248.

GOULD, G. E., and DEAY, H. O.

1938. The biology of the American cockroach. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 31, pp. 489-498.

1940. The biology of six species of cockroaches which inhabit buildings. Purdue Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 451, 31 pp.

GOWDEY, C. C.

1925. Report of government entomologist. Ann. Rep. Dept. Sci. and Agr., Jamaica, 1924, pp. 17-20.

GRAEFFE, E.

1860. Beobachtungen über Radiaten und Würmer in Nizza. Denkschr. Allgem. Schweiz. Ges. Gesammt. Naturwiss., Zurich, vol. 17, pp. 1-59, 10 pls.

GRAFFAR, M., and MERTENS, S.

1950. Le rôle des blattes dans la transmission des salmonelloses. Ann. Inst. Pasteur, vol. 79, pp. 654-660.

GRANDI, G.

1928. Contributi alla conoscenza biologica e morfologica degli Imenotteri melliferi e predatori. VII. Boll. Lab. Ent. R. Ist. Sup. Agrar. Bologna, vol. 1, pp. 259-326. [Pertinent sections translated by J. J. Buckley.]

1931. Scoperta di un nuova braconide (Perilitus morimi Ferr.) parassita degli adulti del Morimus asper Sulz. (Coleoptera-Cerambycidae) e descrizione della sua larva. Boll. Lab. Ent. R. Ist. Sup. Agrar. Bologna, vol. 4, pp. 1-72. [Pertinent sections translated by J. J. Buckley.]

1954. Contributi alla conoscenza degli Imenotteri Aculeati. XXVI. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna, vol. 20, pp. 81-255. [Pertinent sections translated by J. J. Buckley.]

GRASSÉ, P. P.

1926. Sur la nature des cotes cuticulaires des Polymastix et du Lophomonas striata. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 94, pp. 1014-1016.

1926a. Protistologica. V. Contribution à l'étude des flagellés parasites. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., vol. 65, pp. 345-602, 12 pls.

1952. Rôle des flagellés symbiotiques chez les blattes et les termites. Tijd. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 70-80.

GRASSI, G. B.

1888. Beiträge zur Kenntniss des Entwicklungscyclus von fünf Parasiten des Hundes (Taenia cucumerina Goeze; Ascaris marginata Rud.; Spiroptera sanguinolenta Rud.; Filaria immitis Leidy und Haematozoon Lewis). Centralbl. Bakt. Parasitol., vol. 4, pp. 609-620.

GREENEWALT, C. H., and JONES, F. M.

1955. Photographic studies of the feeding of nestling house wrens. Amer. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 541-549.

GRESHAM, W. B.

1952. [Occurrence of Nauphoeta cinerea in Florida.] Florida Ent., vol. 35, p. 77.

GRIFFITHS, J. T., and TAUBER, O. E.

1942. Fecundity, longevity and parthenogenesis of the American roach, Periplaneta americana L. Physiol. Zool., vol. 15, pp. 196-209.

1942a. The nymphal development for the roach, Periplaneta americana L. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 50, pp. 263-272.

GROPENGIESSER, C.

1925. Untersuchungen über die Symbiose der Blattiden mit niederen pflanzlichen Organismen. Centralbl. Bakt. Parasitol. Infekt., Abt. 2, vol. 64, pp. 495-511.

GROSCHAFT, J.

1956. Nálezy roupovitých (Oxyuroidea) u laboratorně chovaných švábu (Blattodea). [Oxyuroidea in laboratory rearings of Blattidae.] (In Czech.) Ceskoslovenska Parasit., vol. 3, pp. 67-74.

GROSS, J. R.

1950. Entomological ballistics. Pest Control, vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 16, 50.

GUBLER, H. U.

1948. Versuche zur Züchtung intrazellulärer Insektensymbionten. Schweiz. Zeitschr. Path. Bact., vol. 11, pp. 489-493. [Translated by H. L. Middleton.]

GULATI, A. N.

1930. Do cockroaches eat bed bugs? Nature, vol. 125 p. 858.

GUNDLACH, J.

1887. Apuntes para la fauna Puerto-Riquena. Anal. Soc. Españ. Hist. Nat., vol. 16, pp. 115-199.

1890-1891. Contribución a la entomología Cubana. Vol. 2, pt. 4, Ortópteros, pp. 289-396.

GUNN, D. L.

1934. The temperature and humidity relations of the cockroach (Blatta orientalis). II. Temperature preference. Zeitschr. Vergl. Physiol., vol. 20, pp. 617-625.

1935. The temperature and humidity relations of the cockroach. III. A comparison of temperature preference, and rates of desiccation and respiration of Periplaneta americana, Blatta orientalis, and Blattella germanica. Journ. Exp. Biol., vol. 12, pp. 185-190.

GUNN, D. L., and COSWAY, C. A.

1938. The temperature and humidity relations of the cockroach. V. Humidity preference. Journ. Exp. Biol., vol. 15, pp. 555-563.

GUNN, D. L., and NOTLEY, F. B.

1936. The temperature and humidity relations of the cockroach. IV. Thermal death-point. Journ. Exp. Biol., vol. 13, pp. 28-34.

GUPTA, P. O.

1947. On the structure and formation of spermatophore in the cockroach, Periplaneta americana (Linn.). Indian Journ. Ent., vol. 8, pp. 79-84.

GURNEY, A. B.

1937. Studies in certain genera of American Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 39, pp. 101-112.

1951. Praying mantids of the United States, native and introduced. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1950, pp. 339-362.

1952. The correct spelling of the generic name of the German cockroach. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 45, p. 752.

1953. Distribution, general bionomics, and recognition characters of two cockroaches recently established in the United States. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 103, pp. 39-56.

1954. [Habits of nymphs of Perispherus.] Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 56, p. 46. (Abstract.)

1955. Notes on the Cuban cockroach, Panchlora nivea (L.) (Orthoptera, Blattidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 57, pp. 285-286.

H., W.

1800. An effectual remedy against black-beetles. Gentleman's Magazine, vol. 70, pp. 933-934.

HAASE, E.

1889. Zur Anatomie der Blattiden. Zool. Anz., vol. 12, pp. 169-172. [Translated by P. Bernhardt.]

1889a. Stinkdrüsen der Orthopteren. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, No. 2, pp. 57-58. [Pertinent section translated by P. Bernhardt.]

HABER, V. R.

1919. Cockroach pests of Minnesota with special reference to the German cockroach. Univ. Minnesota Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 186, 16 pp.

1920. Oviposition by an evaniid, Evania appendigaster Linn. Canadian Ent., vol. 52, p. 248.

1920a. Oviposition by a cockroach, Periplaneta americana Linn. (Orth.). Ent. News, vol. 31, pp. 190-193.

1926. The food of the Carolina treefrog, Hyla cinerea Schneider. Journ. Comp. Psychol., vol. 6, pp. 189-220.

HAFEZ, M., and AFIFI, A. M.

1956. Biological studies on the furniture cockroach Supella supellectilium Serv. in Egypt [Orthoptera: Blattidae]. Bull. Soc. Ent. Égypte, vol. 40, pp. 365-396.

HAINES, T. W., and PALMER, E. C.

1955. Studies of the distribution and habitat of cockroaches in southwestern Georgia, 1952-1953. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 4, pp. 1131-1134.

HALDEMAN, S. S.

1847. [Distribution of Evania.] Amer. Assoc. Geol. and Nat. 1847, Emmons Amer. Journ. Sci. and Agr., vol. 6, pp. 211-212.

HALL, M. C.

1907. A study of some gregarines with especial reference to Hirmocystis rigida n. sp. Univ. Stud., Univ. Nebraska, vol. 7, pp. 149-174, 1 pl.

1916. Nematode parasites of mammals of the orders Rodentia, Lagomorpha, and Hyracoidea. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 50, pp. 1-258.

1929. Arthropods as intermediate hosts of helminths. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 81, No. 15, 77 pp.

HALLER, G. DE.

1955. L'isolement du symbiote intracellulaire de la blatte (B. germanica) (note preliminaire). Rev. Suisse Zool., vol. 62, pp. 164-170.

1955a. La symbiose bacterienne intracellulaire chez la blatte B. germanica. Arch. Sci., vol. 8, pp. 229-306.

HAMMERSCHMIDT, K. E.

1838. Helminthologische Beiträge. Isis (Oken), vol. 5, pp. 351-358.

1847. Beschreibung einiger Oxyuris-Arten. Naturwiss. Abh., Wien., vol. 1, pp. 279-288.

HANCOCK, G. L. R.

1926. A winter entomological visit to Central Brazil. Entomologist, vol. 59, pp. 49-52, 131-137.

HANDLIRSCH, A.

1889. Ueber die Lebensweise von Dolichurus corniculus Spinola. Verh. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien., vol. 39, pp. 81-83.

HANITSCH, R.

1915. Malayan Blattidae. Journ. Roy. Asiatic Soc., Straits Branch, No. 69, pp. 17-178, 7 pls.

1928. Spolia mentawiensia. Bull. Raffles Mus. Singapore, Straits Settlements, No. 1, pp. 1-44.

1929. Fauna Sumatrensis. (Beitrag No. 63). Blattidae. Tijdschr. Ent., Amsterdam, vol. 72, pp. 263-302.

1931. Résultats scientifiques du voyage aux Indes Orientales Néerlandaises de LL. AA. RR. le Prince et la Princesse Léopold de Belgique. Blattidae. Mém. Mus. Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique, hors sér., vol. 4, pp. 39-62, pl. 1.

1932. On some cave-dwelling blattids from Celebes. Tijdschr. Ent., Amsterdam, vol. 75, suppl., pp. 264-265.

1933. Notes by Dr. R. Hanitsch, Ph.D., on female cockroaches (Blattidae) which carry their young. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 8, pp. 18-19.

HANSENS, E. J.

1949. Insects associated with dumps and their control. Public Health News, New Jersey State Health Dept., vol. 30, pp. 335-337.

1950. How to control insects in refuse dumps. Public Works, vol. 81, pp. 57-58.

HARDY, E.

1941. Colliery insect pests. Colliery Eng., vol. 18, pp. 156-157.

HARRISON, A. D.

1955. Four new species of gregarines from mountain cockroaches of the Cape Peninsula. Ann. South African Mus., vol. 41 pp. 387-405.

HARRISON, RUTH M.

1906. Preliminary account of a new organ in Periplaneta orientalis. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n.s., vol. 50, pp. 377-382.

HARTNACK, H.

1939. 202 common household pests of North America. 319 pp. Chicago.

HARZ, K.

1956. Ablage der Oothek bei Ectobius sylvestris (Poda). Aschaffenburg, Naturwiss. Mus., Nachr. 1956, No. 53, p. 51.

1957. Zur Biologie der Waldschabe Ectobius sylvestris (Poda). Nachr. Bayer. Ent., vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 30-31.

HATCH, M. H.

1938. Note on the Blattariae or cockroaches of western Washington. Pan-Pacific Ent., vol. 14, p. 120.

HATCHER, ELIZABETH.

1939. The consortes of certain North Carolina blattids. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., vol. 55, pp. 329-334.

HAUKE, H. A.

1949. An annotated list of the Orthoptera of Nebraska. Part 1. The Blattidae, Mantidae and Phasmidae. Bull. Univ. Nebraska State Mus., vol. 3, pp. 63-75.

HEBARD, M.

1915. Dermaptera and Orthoptera found in the vicinity of Miami, Florida, in March, 1915. Ent. News, vol. 26, pp. 397-408.

1916. Critical notes on certain species of Blaberus (Orthoptera, Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 27, pp. 289-296.

1916a. A new genus, Cariblatta, of the group Blattellites (Orthoptera, Blattidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 42, pp. 147-186.

1916b. A new species of the genus Neoblattella from Costa Rica (Orthoptera, Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 27, pp. 159-161.

1916c. Studies in the group Ischnopterites (Orthoptera, Blattidae, Pseudomopinae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 42, pp. 337-383.

1917. The Blattidae of North America north of the Mexican boundary. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 2, 284 pp., 10 pls.

1917a. A new species of myrmecophilous blattid (Orthoptera, Blattidae, Corydiinae). Ent. News, vol. 28, pp. 360-363.

1920. The Blattidae of Panama. Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 4, 148 + vi pp., 6 pls.

1921. South American Blattidae from the Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pp. 193-304, 6 pls.

1921a. A note on Panamanian Blattidae, with the description of a new genus and two new species (Orth.). Ent. News, vol. 32, pp. 161-169.

1921b. Mexican records of Blattidae (Orthoptera). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 47, pp. 199-220.

1921c. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Colombia. Second paper. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 47, pp. 107-169.

1922. Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Hawaii. Occ. Pap., Bernice P. Bishop Mus., vol. 7, pp. 305-378.

1929. Studies in Malayan Blattidae (Orthoptera). Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 73, pp. 1-109, 6 pls.

1932. New species and records of Mexican Orthoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 58, pp. 201-371.

1933. Dermaptera and Orthoptera from the Society Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 113, pp. 57-65. (Pacific Ent. Surv. Publ. 6, art. 11.)

1933a. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Marquesas Islands. Bernice P. Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 114, pp. 105-140. (Pacific Ent. Surv. Publ. 7, art. 8.)

1943. Australian Blattidae of the subfamilies Chorisoneurinae and Ectobiinae (Orthoptera). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monogr. No. 4, 129 pp., 14 pls.

1943a. The Dermaptera and orthopterous families Blattidae, Mantidae, and Phasmidae of Texas. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 68, pp. 239-311.

HEER, O.

1864. Ueber die fossilen Kakerlaken. Naturf. Ges. Zürich, Vierteljahrssch., vol. 9, pp. 273-302, 1 pl.

HEGNER, R.

1928. Experimental studies on the viability and transmission of Trichomonas hominis. Amer. Journ. Hyg., vol. 8, pp. 16-34.

1929. The viability of paramecia and euglenae in the digestive tract of cockroaches. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 15, pp. 272-275.

1936. College zoology. 4th ed. 742 pp. New York.

HEGNER, R., and CHU, H. J.

1930. A survey of protozoa parasitic in plants and animals of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 451-482.

HEIMPEL, A. M., and WEST, A. S.

1959. Notes on the pathogenicity of Serratia marcescens Bizio for the cockroach Blattella germanica L. Canadian Journ. Zool., vol. 37, pp. 169-172.

HEINECKE, H.

1956. Über einen pathogenen Sporenbildner in der Haemolymphe von Blatta orientalis L. Zentralbl. Bakt. Parasitenk. Infekt., Abt. 2, vol. 109, pp. 524-535.

HEISER, V.

1936. An American doctor's odyssey. 544 pp. New York.

HENRIKSEN, K. L.

1939. Fremmede gaester i vor orthopterfauna. Ent. Medd., København, vol. 20, pp. 195-211.

HERMS, W. B.

1926. Hippelates flies and certain other pests of the Coachella Valley, California. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 19, pp. 692-695.

1939. Medical entomology. 3d ed., reprinted 1946, 582 pp. New York.

HERMS, W. B., and NELSON, Y.

1913. The Croton bug (Ectobia germanica) as a factor in bacterial dissemination. Amer. Journ. Publ. Health, vol. 3, pp. 929-934.

HERTIG, M.

1921. Attempts to cultivate the bacteroids of the Blattidae. Biol. Bull., vol. 41, pp. 181-187.

HESSE, A. J.

1942. The insect-food and Hymenopterous parasites of the South African poisonous "button spider," Latrodectus indistinctus Camb. Journ. Ent. Soc. South Africa, vol. 5, pp. 45-63.

HEYMONS, R.

1892. Die Entwicklung der weiblichen Geschlechtsorgane von Phyllodromia (Blatta) germanica L. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 53, pp. 434-536. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

1895. Die Embryonalentwickelung von Dermapteren und Orthopteren unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Keimblätterbildung. 136 pp., 12 pls. Jena. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

HINGSTON, R. W. G.

1925. Nature at the desert's edge. Studies and observations in the Bagdad Oasis. 299 pp. Boston.

HITCHCOCK, A. S.

1936. Manual of the grasses of the West Indies. U. S. Dept. Agr. Misc. Publ. No. 243, 439 pp.

HITCHCOCK, C. R., and BELL, E. T.

1952. Studies on the nematode parasite, Gongylonema neoplasticum (Spiroptera neoplasticum), and avitaminosis A in the fore-stomach of rats: Comparison with Fibiger's results. Journ. Nat. Cancer Inst., vol. 12, pp. 1345-1387.

HOBMAIER, M.

1941. Extramammalian phase of Physaloptera maxillaris Molin, 1860 (Nematoda). Journ. Parasitol., vol. 27, pp. 233-235.

HOFFMAN, G. L.

1952. A filamentous bacterium growing on two nematodes (Oxyuroidea: Theleostomidae) of the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 38, p. 27. (Abstract.)

1953. Streptomyces leidynematis n. sp., growing on two species of nematodes of the cockroach. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 72, pp. 376-378.

HOFFMAN, W. A.

1927. Damage to potato by Pycnoscelus surinamensis. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 20, p. 237.

HOFFMAN, W. E.

1924. Biological notes on Lethocerus americanus (Leidy). Psyche, vol. 31, pp. 175-183.

HOLLANDE, ANDRE.

1952. L'evolution des flagellés symbiotiques, hôtes du Cryptocercus et des termites inférieurs. Tijdschr. Ent., vol. 95, pp. 81-110.

HOLLANDE, AUGUSTIN CHARLES.

1934. Contribution a l'etude cytologique des microbes (Coccus, Bacillus, Vibrio, Spirillum, Spirochaeta). Arch. Protistenk., vol. 83, pp. 465-608, 8 pls.

HOLLANDE, A. C., and FAVRE, R.

1931. La structure cytologique de Blattabacterium cuenoti (Mercier) n. g., symbiote du tissu adipeux des blattides. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, sér. 3, vol. 107, pp. 752-754.

HOLLANDE, A. C., and HOLLANDE, G. (Mme.)

1946. La structure cytologique des bactéries et des cyanophycées. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., vol. 84, pp. 375-441, 3 pls.

HONIGBERG, B. M.

1953. A transient infection of a salamander with flagellates of the wood-feeding roach, Cryptocercus punctulatus. Soc. Protozool., Proc. Ann. Meet., vol. 4, pp. 16-17. (Abstract.)

HOOKER, C. B.

1874. The carnivorous habits of plants. Nature, London, vol. 10, pp. 366-372.

HOOVER, S. C.

1945. Studies on the bacteroids of Cryptocercus punctulatus. Journ. Morph., vol. 76, pp. 213-225.

HOTCHKISS, T.

1874. The ant's instinct. Sci. Amer., n. s., vol. 31, p. 132.

HOUSE, H. L.

1949. Nutritional studies with Blattella germanica (L.) reared under aseptic conditions. II. A chemically defined diet. Canadian Ent., vol. 81, pp. 105-112.

HOVASSE, R.

1930. Bacillus cuenoti Mercier, bactéroide de Periplaneta orientalis, à la morphologie d'une bactérie. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., vol. 70, pp. 93-96.

HOWARD, L. O.

1888. A commencement of a study of the parasites of cosmopolitan insects. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 1, pp. 118-136.

1892. The biology of the hymenopterous insects of the family Chalcididae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 14, pp. 567-588.

HOWES, P. G.

1917. Part III Entomological. In Beebe, W.; Hartley, G. I.; and Howes, P. G., Tropical wild life in British Guiana, pp. 371-450, 2 pls. New York Zoological Society.

1919. Insect behavior. 176 pp. Boston.

HOYT, C. P. (See DUMBLETON, L. J.)

HSIANG, C. M.; POLLARD, M., and MICKS, D. W.

1952. The possible role of the cockroach in the dissemination of poliomyelitis virus. Texas Rep. Biol. Med., vol. 10, pp. 329-335.

HUBBELL, T. H.

1922. The Dermaptera and Orthoptera of Berrien County, Michigan. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan, No. 116, 77 pp.

HUBBELL, T. H., and GOFF, C. C.

1940. Florida pocket-gopher burrows and their arthropod inhabitants. Proc. Florida Acad. Sci., 1939, vol. 4, pp. 127-166.

HUGHES, J. H.

1949. Aircraft and Public Health Service foreign quarantine entomology. Public Health Rep., suppl. 210, 38 pp.

HULL, G., JR., and DAVIDSON, R. H.

1958. The biology of the brown-banded cockroach and its relative susceptibility to five organic insecticides. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 51, pp. 608-610.

HUNTER, W.

1906. The spread of plague infection by insects. Centralbl. Bakt., Parasitenk. Infekt., vol. 40, pp. 43-55.

HURLBUT, H. S.

1949. The recovery of poliomyelitis virus after parenteral introduction into cockroaches and houseflies. Naval Med. Res. Inst., Nat. Naval Med. Cent., Bethesda, Md., Rep. No. 8, Proj. NM 005 007, 4 pp.

1950. The recovery of poliomyelitis virus after parenteral introduction into cockroaches and houseflies. Journ. Infect. Dis., vol. 86, pp. 103-104.

HUTSON, L. R.

1938. Some observations on Manson's eyeworm of poultry in Antigua, B.W.I., and a suggested method of control. Trop. Agr., Trinidad, vol. 15, pp. 66-68.

1943. Miscellaneous veterinary research in Antigua, British West Indies. Part 1. Studies on Manson's eyeworm of poultry. Ph.D. thesis, University of Toronto, 21 pp.

HYMAN, LIBBIE H.

1951. The invertebrates: Platyhelminthes and Rhynchocoela. The acoelomate Bilateria. Vol. 2, 550 pp. New York.

1951a. The invertebrates: Acanthocephala, Aschelminthes, and Endoprocta. The pseudocoelomate Bilateria. Vol. 3, 572 pp. New York.

ILLINGWORTH, J. F.

1914. [Ant kills cockroach.] Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, p. 85.

1915. Notes on Hawaiian cockroaches. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 136-140.

1916. A new cockroach to the Hawaiian Islands (Holocompsa fulva Burmeister). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 254-255.

1917. Clerada apicicornis sucking blood. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, pp. 274-276.

1927. A report on insects and other animal organisms collected in the pineapple growing section at Mauna Loa, Molokai, June, 1926. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 6, pp. 390-397.

1928. Insects collected in the pineapple growing section on the island of Lanai, August, 1927. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 42-46.

1929. Pests of pineapple in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 254-256.

1931. Manson's eyeworm distributed by English sparrows. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 461.

1941. Feeding habits of Bufo marinus. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 11, p. 51.

1942. An outbreak of cockroaches, Nauphoeta cinerea (Olivier), in Honolulu. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 11, pp. 169-170.

IVANIĆ, M.

1926. Zur Kenntnis der Entwicklungsgeschichte von Coelosporidium periplanetae (Lutz u. Splendore). Arch. Protistenk., vol. 56, pp. 63-89, 2 pls.

1926a. Ispitivańa o slabodnim i parazitskim amebama. VII. Prilozi za poznavańe istoriye razvića entamebe iz tsreva buba-shvabe (Entamoeba blattae Bütschli). (Untersuchungen über die freilebenden und parasitischen Amoeben. VII. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Entwicklungsgeschichte von Entamoeba blattae (Bütschli)). Glasnik Tsentral. Khig. Zavoda, Beograd, year 1, 1(1-4), pp. 162-201, pls. 1-4. German summary, pp. 194-198.

1937. Körperbau, Ernährung und Vermehrung einer im Enddarme der Küchenschabe [Blatta (Periplaneta, Stylopyga) orientalis L.] lebenden Hartmannella-Art (Hartmannella blattae spec. nov.). Arch. Protistenk., vol. 88, pp. 339-352, 1 pl.

JAMESON, A. P.

1920. The chromosome cycle of gregarines, with special reference to Diplocystis schneideri Kunstler. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n.s., vol. 64, pp. 207-266, 4 pls.

JANGI, B. S.

1955. On the ecology of the centipedes Scolopendra morsitans L. (Scolopendridae) in Nagpur. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 91, pp. 211-213.

JANICKI, C.

1908. Contribuzione alla conoscenza di alcuni protozoi parassiti della Periplaneta orientalis. (Lophomonas blattarum Stein, L. striata Bütschli, Amoeba blattae Bütschli). Atti Reale Accad. Lincei, Roma. Rendic. Cl. Sc. Fis., Mat. e Nat., an. 305, 5th ser., vol. 17, pp. 140-151.

1909. Über Kern und Kernteilung bei Entamoeba blattae Bütschli. Biol. Centralbl., vol. 29, pp. 381-393.

1910. Untersuchungen an parasitischen Flagellaten. I. Teil. Lophomonas blattarum Stein, L. striata Bütschli. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 95, pp. 243-315, 5 pls. [Pertinent section translated by P. Bernhardt.]

JANSSEN, W. A., and WEDBERG, S. E.

1952. The common house roach, Blattella germanica Linn., as a potential vector of Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhosa. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 1, pp. 337-343.

JAVELLY, E.

1914. Les corps bactéroides de la blatte (Periplaneta orientalis) n'ont pas encore été cultivés. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 77, pp. 413-414.

JEFFERSON, G. T.

1958. A white-eyed mutant form of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.) Nature, London, vol. 182, p. 892.

JEFFERYS, T.

1760. The natural and civil history of the French dominions in North and South America. Part II. Containing part of the islands of St. Domingo and St. Martin, St. Bartholomew, Guadaloupe, Martinico, La Grenade, and the island and colony of Cayenne. 246 pp. London.

JETTMAR, H. M.

1927. Beiträge zum Studium der Pest unter den Insekten. II. Mitt. Zeitschr. Hyg., vol. 107, pp. 498-509. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

1935. Küchenschaben als Krankheitsüberträger. Wiener Klin. Wochenschr., vol. 48, pp. 700-704. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

JOHNSON, C. G., and MELLANBY, K.

1939. Bed-bugs and cockroaches. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 14, p. 50.

JOHNSON, R. A.

1954. The behavior of birds attending army ant raids on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone. Proc. Linn. Soc. New York, 1951-1953, Nos. 63-65, pp. 41-70.

JOHNSTON, J. R.

1915. The entomogenous fungi of Porto Rico. Board of Comm. Agr., Río Piedras, Puerto Rico, Bull. No. 10, 33 pp. 9 pls.

JOLIVET, P.

1950. Fluctuations dans une population de blattes et de grillons. Entomologiste, Paris, vol. 6, p. 139.

JONES, J. M.

1859. The naturalist in Bermuda. 200 pp. London.

JORDAN, A. M.

1956. A note on the parasitisation of the oöthecae of Periplaneta americana (L.) by the chalcid, Syntomosphyrum glossinae Wtstn.--A correction. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 47, pp. 683-684.

JOYEUX, C. E.

1920. Cycle évolutif de quelques cestodes. Recherches Experimentales. Bull. Biol. France et Belgique, Suppl. 2, 219 pp., 7 pls.

JOYEUX, C. E., and BAER, J. G.

1936. Helminthes des rats de Madagascar. Contribution à l'étude de Davainea madagascariensis (Dav., 1869). Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vol. 29, pp. 611-619.

JUDD, W. W.

1955. Systellogaster ovivora Gahan (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) reared from egg capsules of the wood-roach, Parcoblatta pensylvanica (DeGeer), collected at Rondeau Park, Ontario. Canadian Ent., vol. 87, pp. 98-99.

JUNG, R. C., and SHAFFER, M. F.

1952. Survival of ingested Salmonella in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Amer. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 1, pp. 990-998.

KADOCSA, G.

1921. A csótányokról. [On cockroaches.] Allattani Közlemények, Budapest, vol. 20, pp. 27-37. (Abstract in Rev. Appl. Ent., 1923, vol. B11, p. 87.) [Pertinent sections translated by G. Susich.]

KAMO, T.

1957. On the habits of a cockroach hunting wasp (Ampulex amoena Stål) in Japan. (In Japanese with English summary.) Kontyû, vol. 25, pp. 94-98.

KARNY, H. H.

1924. Beiträge zur Malayischen Orthopterenfauna. V. Bemerkungen ueber einige Blattoiden. Treubia, vol. 5, pp. 3-19. [Extract translated by P. Bernhardt.]

1925. Een en ander over kakkerlakken (Blattoidea). De Trop. Natuur, No. 12, pp. 185-192, 1 pl. [Pertinent portions translated by J. H. Vanderbie.]

KECK, C. B.

1951. [Comperia falsicornis at Pearl Harbor.] Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 207.

KEEGAN, H. L.

1944. On a new genus and species of parasitid mite. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 30, pp. 181-183.

KELLER, H.

1950. Die Kultur der intrazellularen Symbionten von Periplaneta orientalis. Zeitschr. Naturf., vol. 5b, pp. 269-273. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

KELLOGG, V. L.

1908. American insects. 694 pp. New York.

KETCHEL, M. M., and WILLIAMS, C. M.

1953. Isolation of the intracellular symbiont of the roach. Anat. Rec., vol. 117, p. 650. (Abstract.)

KEVAN, D. K. MCE.

1952. A summary of the recorded distribution of British orthopteroids. Trans. Soc. British Ent., vol. 11, pp. 165-180.

KEVAN, D. K. MCE., and CHOPARD, L.

1954. Blattodea from Northern Kenya and Jubaland. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 12, vol. 7, pp. 166-187.

KIDDER, G. W.

1937. The intestinal protozoa of the wood-feeding roach Panesthia. Parasitology, vol. 29, pp. 163-205.

1938. Nuclear reorganization without cell division in Paraclevelandia simplex (Family Clevelandellidae), endocommensal ciliate of the wood-feeding roach, Panesthia. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 91, pp. 69-77.

KIEFFER, J. J.

1903. Les evaniides. In André, E., Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie, vol. 7 bis, pp. 347-469. Paris.

1912. Das Tierreich. Evaniidae. 431 pp. Berlin.

1920. Hymenoptera. Fam. Evaniidae. Genera insectorum, Fasc. 2, pp. 1-13.

KINGSLEY, C.

1870. Cockroaches. Nature, London, vol. 3, p. 148.

KIRBY, H.

1927. Studies on some Amoebae from the termite Mirotermes, with notes on some other protozoa from the Termitidae. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n. s. (282), vol. 71, pp. 189-222, 5 pls.

1945. Entamoeba coli versus Endamoeba coli. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 31, pp. 177-184.

KIRBY, W., and SPENCE, W.

1822. An introduction to entomology: or elements of the natural history of insects. 4th ed., vol. 1, 518 pp. London.

1826. An introduction to entomology: or elements of the natural history of insects. Vol. 4, 572 pp. London.

KIRBY, W. F.

1904. A synonymic catalogue of Orthoptera. London.

KLEIN, H. Z.

1933. Zur Biologie der amerikanischen Schabe (Periplaneta americana L.) Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 144, pp. 102-122.

KLINGMÜLLER, V.

1930. Die Lepra. Handb. Haut-und Geschlechtskrank., Berlin, vol. 10, pp. 1-805.

KNIPLING, E. B., and SULLIVAN, W. N.

1957. Insect mortality at low temperature. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 50, pp. 368-369.

KOBAYASHI, H.

1927. On the life-history of the Oxyspirura mansoni and pathological changes in the conjunctiva and the ductus lacrymalis caused by this worm. Trans. Japanese Path. Soc., vol. 17, pp. 239-242.

KOCH, A.

1949. Die Bakteriensymbiose der Küchenschaben. Mikrokosmos, vol. 38, pp. 121-126. [Translated by H. L. Middleton.]

KOHL, F. F.

1893. Ueber Ampulex Jur. (s. l.) und die damit enger verwandten Hymenopteren-Gattungen. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, vol. 8, pp. 455-516.

1902. Die Hymenopterengruppe der Sphecinen. II. Monographie der neotropischen Gattung Podium Fabr. Abh. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien, vol. 1, pp. 1-101.

KOHLS, G. M., and JELLISON, W. L.

1948. Ectoparasites and other arthropods occurring in Texas bat caves. Bull. Nat. Speleological Soc., No. 10, pp. 116-117.

KOHRIBA, O.

1957. Some biological notes on Ampulex amoena Stål. (In Japanese with English summary.) Kontyû, vol. 25, pp. 99-101.

KONČEK, S. K.

1924. Zur Histologie der Rückendrüse unserer einheimischen Blattiden. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 122, pp. 311-322.

KROMBEIN, K. V.

1951. Family Ampulicidae. In Muesebeck, C.F.W.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K.; and others, U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monogr. No. 2, pp. 937-938.

1955. Miscellaneous prey records of solitary wasps. I. (Hymenoptera: Aculeata). Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., vol. 50, pp. 13-17.

KROMBEIN, K. V., and EVANS, H. E.

1955. An annotated list of wasps collected in Florida, March 20 to April 3, 1954. (Hymenoptera, Aculeata.) Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 57, pp. 223-235.

KRUSE, C. W.

1948. Roach control. Soap San. Chem., vol. 24, No. 11, pp. 131, 133, 135, 137, 139, 169.

KUDO, R. R.

1922. The parasitic Protozoa of Blatta orientalis and their value as the material for use in a class of parasitic Protozoa. Anat. Rec., vol. 23, p. 113. (Abstract.)

1925. A study of Lophomonas blattarum, a flagellate inhabitant in the colon of Blatta orientalis. Anat. Rec., vol. 31, pp. 308-309. (Abstract.)

1925a. Division of Endamoeba blattae. Anat. Rec., vol. 31, p. 309. (Abstract.)

1926. Observations on Lophomonas blattarum, a flagellate inhabiting the colon of the cockroach, Blatta orientalis. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 53, pp. 191-214, 2 pls.

1926a. Observations on Endamoeba blattae. Amer. Journ. Hyg., vol. 6, pp. 139-152, 4 pls.

1926b. A cytological study of Lophomonas striata Bütschli. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 55, pp. 504-515, 2 pls.

1936. Studies on Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy, with special reference to its nuclear structure. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 87, pp. 10-42, 3 pls.

1954. Protozoology. 4th ed., 968 pp. Springfield, Ill.

KUDO, R. R., and MEGLITSCH, P. A.

1938. On Balantidium praenucleatum n. sp., inhabiting the colon of Blatta orientalis. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 91, pp. 111-124.

KUL'VETS, K. V.

1898. The cuticular glands of Orthoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera. (In Russian.) Raboty iz Lab. Zool. Kab. Imper. Varshanskago Univ., 1897, pp. 49-82. (Same article abstracted in Zool. Anz., 1898, vol. 21, pp. 66-70, and Zool. Centralbl., 1899, vol. 6, p. 90.) [Translated by D. Kraus.]

KUNSTLER, J.

1884. Sur une forme aberrante du phylum Sporozoa. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 98, pp. 633-634.

1887. Diplocystis schneideri (nov. gen. nov. sp.). Tabl. Zool. Poitiers, vol. 2, pp. 25-66, 1 pl.

KUNSTLER, J., and GINESTE, C.

1906. Spirillum periplaneticum, nov. spec. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 61, p. 135.

KÜSTER, H. A.

1902. Ueber den Durchgang von Bakterien durch den Insektendarm. Inauguraldissertation, Heidelberg. [From Jettmar, H. M., 1935.]

1903. Die Uebertragung bakterieller Infektionen durch Insekten. Centralbl. Bakt., Parasitol. u. Infekt., vol. 33, pp. 90-94.

LAING, F.

1946. The cockroach, its life-history and how to deal with it. 5th ed. British Mus. (Nat. Hist.), Economic Ser., No. 12, 28 pp.

LAIRD, M.

1951. Insects collected from aircraft arriving in New Zealand from abroad. Zool. Publ. Victoria Univ. Coll., No. 11, 30 pp.

1952. Insects collected from aircraft arriving in New Zealand during 1951. Journ. Aviation Med., vol. 23, pp. 280-285.

1956. Intestinal flagellates from some New Zealand insects. Trans. Roy. Soc. New Zealand, vol. 84, pp. 297-308.

1956a. Wartime collections of insects from aircraft at Whenuapai. New Zealand Journ. Sci. and Techn., B, Gen. Res. Sect., vol. 38, pp. 76-84.

LAMBORN, W. A.

1940. Annual report of the medical entomologist for 1939. Ann. Med. Sanit. Rep. Nyasaland, 1939, pp. 26-31.

LANDOWSKI, J.

1937. Influence of isolation and co-habitation on the development and growth of the larvae of Periplaneta orientalis L. (In Polish.) Sprawoz. Towarz. Nauk. Warszaw., Cl. IV, vol. 30, pp. 190-203. [Translated by D. Kraus.] [German summary in Biol. Zentralbl., 1938, vol. 58, pp. 512-515.]

LANKESTER, E. R.

1863. On our present knowledge of the Gregarinidae, with descriptions of three new species belonging to that class. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n. s., vol. 3, pp. 83-96, 1 pl.

1865. The parasites of the cockroach. Intellectual Observer: Rev. Nat. Hist., Micros. Res. and Recreative Sci., London, vol. 6, pp. 337-343, 1 pl.

LA RIVERS, I.

1949. Entomic nematode literature from 1926 to 1946, exclusive of medical and veterinary titles. Wasmann Coll., vol. 7, pp. 177-206.

LAURENTIAUX, D.

1951. La problème des blattes Paléozoïques à ovipositeur externe. Ann. de Paléontol., vol. 37, pp. 185-196, 2 pls.

LAVAGNE, H.

1914. Note rectificative sur les moeurs de Zeuxevania splendidula Costa (Hym. Evaniidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1914, pp. 362-363.

LAVERAN, A., and FRANCHINI, G.

1920. Contribution à l'étude des flagelles des culicides, des muscides, des phlébotomes et de la blatte orientale. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vol. 13, pp. 138-147.

1920a. Herpetomonas et Spirochaeta de la blatte orientale. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vol. 13, pp. 331-333.

LAWRENCE, G. H. M.

1951. Taxonomy of vascular plants. 2d printing, 1955. 823 pp. New York.

LAWSON, F.

1954. Structural features of cockroach egg capsules IV. The oötheca of Parcoblatta uhleriana (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol. 27, pp. 14-20.

1954a. Observations on the biology of Comperia merceti (Compere). (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Journ. Kansas Ent. Soc., vol. 27, pp. 128-142.

LECLERCQ, J.

1954. Monographie systèmatic, phylogénetique et zoogéographique des Hyménoptères Crabroniens. 371 pp. Liège.

LEDERER, G.

1952. Ein Beitrag zur Ökologie der amerikanischen Schabe Periplaneta americana (Linné 1758). Anz. Schadlingsk., vol. 25, pp. 102-104. [Translated by H. L. Middleton.]

LEDOUX, A.

1945. Étude expérimentale du grégarisme et de l'intérattraction sociale chez les blattides. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., sér. 7, vol. 11, pp. 75-104. [Translated by Ruth V. Judson.]

LEE, D. L.

1958. On the morphology of the male, female and fourth-stage larva (female) of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi (Hammerschmidt), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches. Parasitology, vol. 48, pp. 433-436.

1958a. Digestion in Leidynema appendiculata (Leidy, 1850), a nematode parasitic in cockroaches. Parasitology, vol. 48, pp. 437-447.

LEE, P. E., and MACKERRAS, I. M.

1955. Salmonella infections of Australian native animals. Australian Journ. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., vol. 33, pp. 117-125.

LEE, S. H.

1955. The mode of egg dispersal in Physaloptera phrynosoma Ortlepp (Nematoda: Spiruroidea), a gastric nematode of Texas horned toads, Phrynosoma cornutum. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 41, pp. 70-74.

LÉGER, L.

1909. Sur un mycétozoaire nouveau endoparasite des insectes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 149, pp. 239-240.

LEIBOVITZ, A.

1951. The cockroach, Periplaneta americana, as a vector of pathogenic organisms. I. The acid-fast organisms; a preliminary report. Bull. Ofic. San. Panamer., vol. 30, pp. 30-41.

LEIDY, J.

1849. [Some new genera and species of Entozoa.] Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1848-49, vol. 4, pp. 229-233.

1850. Two new species of infusorial Entozoa. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1850-51, vol. 5, p. 100.

1850a. Description of some nematoid Entozoa infesting insects. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1850-51, vol. 5, pp. 100-102.

1851. Contribution to helminthology. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1850-51, vol. 5, pp. 205-209.

1851a. Corrections and additions to former papers on helminthology published in the Proceedings of the Academy. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1850-51, vol. 5, pp. 284-290.

1853. A flora and fauna within living animals. Smithsonian Contr. Knowl., vol. 5, Art. 2, pp. 1-67, 10 pls.

1853a. On the organization of the genus Gregarina of Dufour. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., vol. 10, pp. 233-240, 2 pls.

1853b. Some observations on Nematoidea imperfecta, and descriptions of three parasitic Infusoriae. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s., vol. 10, pp. 241-244, 1 pl.

1879. Notices of Gordius in the cockroach and leech. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 30, pp. 383-384. (Abstract.)

1879a. On Amoeba blattae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 31, pp. 204-205. (Abstract.)

1880. Endamoeba blatta. Amer. Month. Micr. Journ., vol. 1, p. 17.

LEIPER, R. T.

1926. Gongylonema larvae in cockroach. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 19, p. 279.

LELEUP, N.

1956. La faune cavernicole du Congo Belge et considerations sur les Coleoptères reliques d'Afrique intertropicale. Ann. Mus. Roy. Congo Belge, Tervuren (Belgique), sér. in-8º, Zool., vol. 46, 171 pp., 5 pls.

LENG, C. W.

1920. Catalogue of the Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. 470 pp. Mount Vernon, N. Y.

LEONARD, M. D.

1933. Notes on the giant toad, Bufo marinus (L.), in Puerto Rico. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 26, pp. 67-71.

LEPROSY RESEARCH DEPARTMENT, SCHOOL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE, CALCUTTA.

1948. Cockroaches and transmission of leprosy. Leprosy in India, vol. 20, pp. 197-198.

LEVER, R. J. A. W.

1939. Entomological notes. Agr. Journ., Fiji, vol. 10, pp. 17-20.

1943. Entomological notes. Agr. Journ., Fiji, vol. 14, pp. 40-44.

1946. Entomological notes. 6. Additions and corrections to insect past records. Agr. Journ., Fiji, vol. 17, pp. 11-12.

1947. Insect pests of some economic crops in Fiji. No. 2. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 38, pp. 137-143.

LEWIS, R. H.

1836. Notes made during a voyage from England to Van Diemen's Land, with a sketch of the entomology of the Cape of Good Hope. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Journ. of Proc., vol. 1, pp. lxxix-lxxxi.

LHÉRITIER, G.

1951. Blattes et grillons. Entomologiste, Paris, vol. 7, pp. 29-30.

LHERMINIER (Monsieur).

1837. Observations sur les habitudes des insectes de la Guadeloupe. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 6, pp. 497-513.

LIANG, C.

1956. The dorsal glands and ventral glands of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Blattidae, Orthoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 49, pp. 548-551.

LILLINGSTON, C.

1934. Our parasites. Hygeia, vol. 12, pp. 516-518, 520.

LIMA RIBEIRO, JOSINA.

1924. Morphologie et cycle évolutif du Nictotherus ovalis Leidy. Bull. Soc. Portugaise Sci. Nat., 1922-1924, vol. 9, pp. 91-96.

LINDBERG, K.

1954. Notes sur quelques grottes de la Turquie avec liste des Cyclopides, Blattides, Gryllacrides et Lépidoptères récoltés dans ces grottes. Ann. Spéléologie, vol. 9, pp. 1-9.

LINSTOW, O. F. B. VON.

1878. Compendium der Helminthologie. 382 pp. Hannover.

1889. Compendium der Helminthologie. Nachtrag. Die Litterature der Jahre 1878-1889. 151 pp. Hannover.

LLOYD, F. E.

1942. The carnivorous plants. 352 pp. Waltham, Mass.

LODDER, J.

1934. Die hefesammlung des Centraal-Bureau voor Schimmel-cultures. Beiträge zu einer monographie der hefearten. II Teil. Die Anaskosporogenen Hefen. Erste Hälfte. Verh. K. Akad. Wet. Amsterdam, ser. 2, vol. 32, pp. 1-256.

LOM, J.

1956. Experiments with the cultivation of our three species of the genus Nyctotherus and of Balantidium entozoon and B. coli. Vestnik Cs. Zool. Spol., vol. 20, pp. 16-61, 1 pl.

LONGFELLOW, R. C.

1913. The common house roach as a carrier of disease. Amer. Journ. Publ. Health, vol. 3, pp. 58-61.

LORANDO, N. T.

1929. A biological method for destroying bedbugs. Sci. Month., vol. 29, pp. 265-268.

LORENC, W.

1939. Badania nad wiciowcami z radzaju Lophomonas: 1. Hodowanie Lophomonas blattarum Stein poza organizmem zywiciela, 2. Geneza axostylu u Lophomonas blattarum Stein i Lophomonas striata Bütschli.--[Untersuchungen an Flagellaten aus dem Genus Lophomonas: 1. Zucht von Lophomonas blattarum Stein ausserhalb des Wirtstieres, 2. Genese des Achsenstabes bei Lophomonas blattarum Stein und Lophomonas striata Bütschli.] Zoologica Poloniae, vol. 3, pp. 225-250, 2 pls. German summary pp. 244-246.

LOVERIDGE, A.

1923. Notes on East African insects collected 1915-1922. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1923, pp. 1013-1041.

LUCAS, CATHERINE L. T.

1927. The intestinal amoebae of the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol 13, p. 220.

1927a. Two new species of amoeba found in cockroaches: with notes on the cysts of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy. Parasitology, vol. 19, pp. 223-235.

1928. A study of excystation in Nyctotherus ovalis. With notes on other intestinal protozoa of the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 14, pp. 161-175.

LUCAS, H.

1849. Histoire naturelle des animaux articulés. Troisieme partie. Insectes. 527 pp. In Exploration scientifique de l'Algerie pendant les années 1840, 1841, 1842. Paris.

1862. Note sur la Perisphoera glomeriformis. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, sér. 4, vol. 2, p. 130.

1879. Une note relative à la vie évolutive d'un Hyménoptère du genre Chlorion Fabricius, sous-genre Ampulex Jurine. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, sér. 5, vol. 9, p. CLIX.

LUCAS, W. J.

1896. Notes on Orthoptera. Entomologist, vol. 29, pp. 366-367.

1908. Orthoptera in 1907. Entomologist, vol. 41, pp. 186-188.

1911. Notes on British Orthoptera in 1910. Entomologist, vol. 44, pp. 208-211.

1912. British Orthoptera in 1911. Entomologist, vol. 45, pp. 114-117.

1916. British Orthoptera in 1914. Entomologist, vol. 49, pp. 16-19.

1918. British Orthoptera in 1917. Entomologist, vol. 51, pp. 229-231.

1920. British Orthoptera. 264 pp. London.

1920a. Notes on British Orthoptera, 1919. Entomologist, vol. 53, pp. 128-131.

1922. Notes on British Orthoptera in 1921. Entomologist, vol. 55, pp. 200-203.

1923. Leucophaea surinamensis Linn., etc. (Orthoptera). Entomologist, vol. 56, p. 141.

1925. Notes on British Orthoptera (including Dermaptera) in 1924. Entomologist, vol. 58, pp. 81-86.

1927. Notes on British Orthoptera (including Dermaptera) in 1926. Entomologist, vol. 60, pp. 265-268.

1930. Notes on British Orthoptera in 1929. Entomologist, vol. 63, pp. 145-147.

LUCKER, J. T.

1932. Some cross transmission experiments with Gongylonema of ruminant origin. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 19, pp. 134-141.

LUTZ, A., and SPLENDORE, A.

1903. Ueber Pebrine und verwandte Mikrosporidien. Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der brasilianischen Sporozeen. Centralbl. Bakt., Abt. 1 Orig., vol. 33, pp. 150-157.

LWOFF, A.

1923. Nature et position systématique du bactéroïde des blattes. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 89, pp. 945-948.

LYON, S. R.

1951. More about scorpions. Pest Control, vol. 19, No. 9, pp. 11-12, 14.

MACDOUGALL, R. S.

1925. Insect pests of 1924. Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scotland, ser. 5, vol. 37, pp. 167-193.

MACFIE, J. W. S.

1922. Observations on the rôle of cockroaches in disease. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., vol. 16, pp. 441-448.

MACKERRAS, I. M., and MACKERRAS, M. J.

1949. An epidemic of infantile gastroenteritis in Queensland caused by Salmonella bovis-morbificans (Basenau). Journ. Hygiene, vol. 47, pp. 166-181.

MACKERRAS, I. M., and POPE, P.

1948. Experimental Salmonella infections in Australian cockroaches. Australian Journ. Exp. Biol. Med. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 465-470.

MACKERRAS, M. J., and MACKERRAS, I. M.

1948. Salmonella infections in Australian cockroaches. Australian Journ. Sci., vol. 10, p. 115.

MACNAY, C. G.

1954. Summary of important insect infestations, occurrences, and damage in Canada in 1954. Ent. Soc. Ontario, Ann. Rep., vol 85, pp. 61-91.

MADEL, W.

1942. Ueber Lebensweise, Schaden und Bekämpfung der in Häusern und Betrieben auftretenden Schaben. Prakt. Desinfektor, vol. 34, pp. 1-5.

MAGALHÃES, P. S. DE.

1898. Notes d'helminthologie brèsilienne. 7. Du Gigantorhyncus moniliformis Bremser chez le Mus decumanus Pallas et de sa larve chez Periplaneta americana Fabr. comme hôte intermédiare. Arch. Parasitol., Paris, vol. 1, pp. 361-368.

1900. Notes d'helminthologie brèsilienne. 10 [i.e., 11] Matériaux pour servir à l'histoire de la flore et de la faune parasitaire de la Periplaneta americana Fabricius.--Une Nouvelle espéce d'Oxyuris, O. Bulhõesi. Arch. Parasitol., Paris, vol. 3, pp. 34-69.

MAIN, H.

1924. A living example of a bird-eating spider. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1924, pts. 1, 2, p. xvii.

1930. A living example of a large spider from Trinidad. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 5, pt. 2, p. 21.

MAINS, E.B.

1940. Cordyceps species from British Honduras. Mycologia, vol. 32, pp. 16-22.

MAKI, T.

1937. The generation number of Tetrastichus hagenowi Ratz., an egg parasite of cockroaches, at Taihoku. (In Japanese.) Kagaku No Taiwan, vol. 5, pp. 307-309. [Translated by Associated Technical Services.]

MALLIS, A.

1954. Handbook of pest control. 2d ed., 1,068 pp. New York.

MANEVAL, H.

1928. Notes sur quelques Hyménoptères fouisseurs. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1928, pp. 29-32.

1932. Notes recueillies sur les Hyménoptères fouisseurs. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 101, pp. 85-110.

1939. Notes sur les Hyménoptères (6^{e} Série). Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 108, pp. 49-108.

MANI, M. S.

1936. A new encyrtid parasite (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) of a cockroach from India. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 38, pp. 131-132.

1938. Catalogue of Indian insects. Part 23. Chalcidoidea. 174 pp. Delhi, India.

MANN, W. M.

1911. Notes on the guests of some California ants. Psyche, vol. 18, pp. 27-31.

1914. Some myrmecophilous insects from Mexico. Psyche, vol. 21, pp. 171-184.

MARIANI, G., and BESTA, B.

1936. La blatta orientale serbatoio di protozoi ed elminti. Arch. Ital. Sci. Med. Colon. e Parassitol., vol. 17, pp. 177-183. [Pertinent sections translated by J. J. Buckley.]

MARLATT, C. L.

1902-1915. Cockroaches. U. S. Dept. Agr. Div. Entomol. Circ. No. 51, 2d ser., 15 pp. [Revised 1908 as Circ. 51. Revised 1915 as Farmers' Bull. No. 658.]

MARQUIS, D.

1931. Archy and Mehitabel. 196 pp. Garden City, N. Y.

MARSHALL, T. A.

1866. Hemiptera and Hymenoptera of Freshwater Bay, Pembrokeshire. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 3, p. 92.

1878. Notes on the entomology of the Windward Islands. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1878, pp. xxvii-xxxviii.

MARSHALL, W. S.

1892. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Gregarinen. Arch. Naturges., Berlin, 1893, 59 J., vol. 1, pp. 25-44, 1 pl.

MARTINI, E.

1952. Lehrbuch der medizinischen Entomologie. 4th rev. ed., 694 pp. Jena.

MARTINS, A. V.

1941. Infeccao experimental do "Triatoma arthurneivai" Lent e Martins, 1940, pelo Schizotrypanum cruzi. Brasil-Medico, vol. 55, p. 131.

MARX, G.

1892. Contributions to the knowledge of the life history of Arachnida. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1891, vol. 2, pp. 252-256.

1894. Continuation of the life-history of the whiptail scorpion. Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, 1893, vol. 4, pp. 54-55.

MAXWELL-LEFROY, H., assisted by HOWLETT, F. M.

1909. Indian insect life. A manual of the insects of the plains. (Tropical India.) 786 pp. Calcutta and Simla; London.

MCADOW, CLARICE M.

1931. Observations on some protozoa parasitic in cockroaches. M.A. thesis, Ohio State University.

MCBURNEY, R., and DAVIS, H.

1930. Common cockroach as a host-carrier of Bacillus typhosus (preliminary report). Trans. Med. Assoc. Alabama, vol. 63, pp. 307-325.

MCCLURE, H. E.

1936. An odd hibernaculum. Psyche, vol. 43, p. 19.

MCCOOK, H.C.

1877. Mound-making ants of the Alleghenies, their architecture and habits. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 6, pp. 253-296, 6 pls.

MCKEOWN, K. C.

1952. Australian spiders. 274 pp. Sydney-London.

MCSHAN, OLETA B.

A preliminary study of the role of the cockroach in the dissemination of certain pathogenic fungi. (Unpublished manuscript, 1953.)

MEADE-WALDO, G.

1910. Occurrence of Nyctibora sericea Burm., a West-Indian cockroach, in the Isle of Wight. Entomologist, vol. 43, p. 354.

MEECH, W. W.

1889. The toad vs. cockroaches. Insect Life, vol. I, p. 341.

MEGLITSCH, P. A.

1938. Cytological observations on Endamoeba blattae from the cockroach, Blatta orientalis. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois, pp. 1-10. (Abstract.)

1940. Cytological observations on Endamoeba blattae. Illinois Biol. Monogr., vol. 17, pp. 1-146.

MELLANBY, K.

1939. The physiology and activity of the bedbug (Cimex lectularius L.) in a natural infestation. Parasitology, vol. 31, pp. 200-211.

MELLO, I. F. DE, and LIMA RIBEIRO, JOSINA.

1934. Cytological studies on Nyctotherus ovalis with special reference to its morphological types. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci., Sect. B, vol. 1, pp. 249-257.

MELLO, I. F. DE, and LIMA RIBEIRO, JOSINA.

1924. Morphologie et cycle évolutif de Lophomonas blattarum Stein. Bull. Soc. Portugaise Sci. Nat., 1922-1924, vol. 9, pp. 74-80.

1925. Morphologie et phénomènes divisionnels de Lophomonas blattarum Stein. Arq. Indo-Portugaise Med. Hist. Nat., vol. 2, pp. 178-184, 5 pls.

MENCL, E.

1907. Eine Bermerkung zur Organisation der Periplaneta-symbioten. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 10, pp. 188-198, 1 pl. [Translated by Maria E. W. Torok.]

MERCET, R. G.

1921. Fauna Ibérica. Himenópteros. Fam. Encirtidos. 732 pp. Mus. Nac. Cien. Nat., Madrid.

1930. Algunos calcididos de Africa. Eos, vol. 6, pp. 221-228.

MERCIER, L.

1906. Un organisme à forme levure parasite de la blatte (Periplaneta orientalis L.). Levure et Nosema. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 60, pp. 1081-1083.

1906a. Les corps bactéroides de la blatte (Periplaneta orientalis): Bacillus Cuenoti (n. sp. L. Mercier). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 61, pp. 682-684.

1907. Cellules à Bacillus Cuenoti dans la paroi des gaines ovariques de la blatte. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 62, pp. 758-759.

1907a. Un parasite du noyau d'Amoeba blattae Bütschli. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 62, pp. 1132-1134.

1907b. Sur la mitose des cellules à Bacillus cuenoti. Compt Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 145, pp. 833-835.

1907c. Recherches sur les bactéroides des blattides. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 9, pp. 346-358.

1908. La schizogonie simple chez Amoeba blattae Bütschli. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 146, pp. 942-945.

1908a. Néoplasie du tissu adipeux chez des blattes (Periplaneta orientalis L.) parasitées par une microsporidie. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 11, pp. 372-381, 1 pl.

1909. Le cycle évolutif d'Amoeba blattae Bütschli. (Note préliminaire.) Arch. Protistenk., vol. 16, pp. 164-168.

1910. Contribution à l'étude de l'amibe de la blatte (Entamoeba blattae Bütschli). Arch. Protistenk., vol. 20, pp. 143-175, 3 pls.

METCALF, R. L., and PATTON, R. L.

1942. A study of riboflavin metabolism in the American roach by fluorescence microscopy. Journ. Cell. Comp. Physiol., vol. 19, pp. 373-376.

MEYER, A.

1931. Neue Acanthocephalen aus dem Berliner Museum. Begründung eines neuen Acanthocephalensystems auf Grund einer Untersuchung der Berliner Sammlung. Zool. Jahrb., vol. 62, pp. 53-108.

1932. Acanthocephala. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen des Tierreichs ... Vermes, Askhelminthen. Akad. Verlags., Leipzig, Bd. 4, Abt. 2, Buch 2, Lief. 1, pp. 1-332.

MEYER, B. S., and ANDERSON, D. B.

1939. Plant physiology. 696 pp. New York.

MIALL, L. C., and DENNY, A.

1886. The structure and life-history of the cockroach (Periplaneta orientalis). An introduction to the study of insects. 224 pp. London.

MICHEL, C.

1935. Destruction des moustiques et autre insectes à bord des aeroplanes. Off. Internat. Hyg. Publ., Bull. Mens., vol. 27, pp. 553-557. [Translated by Ruth V. Judson.]

MILOVIDOV, P. F.

1928. À propos des bactéroïdes des blattes (Blattella germanica). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 99, pp. 127-128.

MILTON, F.

1899. Local Orthoptera in 1899. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 11, p. 333.

MINCHEN, E. A.

1888. Note on a new organ, and on the structure of the hypodermis, in Periplaneta orientalis. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. 29, pp. 229-233.

1890. Further observations on the dorsal gland in the abdomen of Periplaneta and its allies. Zool. Anz., vol. 13, pp. 41-44.

MÖBIUS, K.

1855. Chordodes pilosus, ein Wurm aus der Familie der Gordiaceen. Zeitschr. Wiss. Zool., vol. 6, pp. 428-431, 1 pl.

MOFFETT, T.

1634. Insectorum sive minimorum animalium theatrum. 326 pp. Thomas Cotes, Londini. [Translation: 1658. The theater of insects: or, lesser living creatures. 889-1130 pp. London.]

MOISER, B.

1945. Modes of transmission of Hansen's disease (leprosy). Leprosy Rev., vol. 16, pp. 63-66.

1946. Leprosy: A new outlook. East African Med. Journ., vol. 23, pp. 295-300.

1946a. Transmission of Hansen's disease (leprosy). Acta Med. Scandinav., vol. 126, pp. 347-350.

1947. Hansen's disease (leprosy) and cockroaches. East African Med. Journ., vol. 24, pp. 230-236.

MONRO, H. A. U.

1951. Insect pests in cargo ships. Canada Dept. Agr. Publ. No. 855, 45 pp.

MONTGOMERY, T. H., JR.

1898. The Gordiaceae of certain American collections with particular reference to the North American fauna. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard College, vol. 32, pp. 23-59.

MOORE, C. E.

1957. Wood roaches in New England. Pest Control, vol. 25, No. 10, p. 6.

MOORE, D. V.

1946. Studies on the life history and development of Moniliformis dubius Meyer, 1933. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 32, pp. 257-271.

MORISCHITA, K., and TSUCHIMOCHI, K.

1926. Experimental observations on the dissemination of diseases by cockroaches in Formosa. (In Japanese.) Taiwan Igakki Zasshi, Journ. Med. Assoc. Formosa, No. 255, pp. 566-599. English summary, pp. 2-6.

MORRELL, C. C.

1911. The bacteriology of the cockroach. British Med. Journ., vol. 2, pp. 1531-1532.

MORRIS, S.

1935. Life cycle of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli, 1878). Anat. Rec., vol. 64, Suppl. 1, p. 102. (Abstract.)

1936. Studies of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli). Journ. Morph., vol. 59, pp. 225-263, 3 pls.

MORSE, A. P.

1920. Manual of the Orthoptera of New England ... Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 35, pp. 197-556.

MOSELEY, H. N.

1892. Notes by a naturalist. An account of observations made during the voyage of H.M.S. Challenger round the world in the years 1872-1876. 540 pp. London.

MOULTON, J. C.

1912. "Where Wallace trod": Being an account of an entomological trip to Mt. Serambu, Sarawak, Borneo. Entomologist, vol. 45, pp. 213-217, 246-251, 2 pls.

MUESEBECK, C. F. W.

1958. Superfamily Proctotrupoidea. In Krombein, K. V., and others, Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monogr. No. 2, First suppl., pp. 88-94.

MURRAY, W. D.

1951. Tribe Podiini. In Muesebeck, C. F. W.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K., and others, Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monogr. No. 2, pp. 979-980.

MYERS, J. G.

1931. Observations on the insect food of the coati. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 5, pp. 69-74.

NADSON, G. A., and FILIPPOV, G. S.

1925. Une nouvelle Mucorinée Mucor guilliermondii nov. sp. et ses formes levures. Rev. Gen. de Bot., vol. 37, pp. 450-461, 1 pl.

NASH, T. A. M.

1955. A note on the parasitisation of the oöthecae of Periplaneta americana (L.) by the chalcid, Syntomosphyrum glossinae Wtstn. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 46, pp. 111-112.

NEILL, P.

1829. Account of the habits of a specimen of the Simia jacchus Lin. or Jacchus vulgaris Geoff. now in the possession of Gavin Milroy, Esq., Edinburgh. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 1, pp. 18-20.

NEUKOMM, A.

1927. Sur la structure des bactéroïdes des blattes (Blattella germanica). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 96, pp. 306-308.

1927a. Action des rayons ultra-violets sur les bactéroïdes des blattes (Blattella germanica). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 96, pp. 1155-1156.

1932. Le réaction de la fixation du complément appliquée à l'étude des bactéroides des blattes (Blattella germanica). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. III, pp. 928-929.

NEVEU-LEMAIRE, M.

1933. Les arthropods hôtes intermédiaires de helminthes parasites de l'homme. (Suite.) Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp., vol. 11, pp. 303-319.

1938. Traite d'entomologie médicale et vétérinaire. 1,339 pp. Paris.

NEWMAN, E.

1855. A word for the cockroach. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, n. s., vol. 3, p. 77.

NICEWICZ, N.; NICEWICZ, W.; and KOWALIK, R.

1946. Description of microorganisms supported on the bacteriological analysis in the alimentary tracts of the bed bug, house fly, and cockroach. (In Polish.) Ann. Univ. M. Curie Sklodowska Lublin, C, vol. 1, pp. 35-38. English summary. [Translated by D. Kraus.]

NIELSEN, E. T.

1933. Sur les habitudes des Hyménoptères aculéates solitaires. III. (Sphegidae.) Ent. Medd. København, vol. 13, pp. 259-348.

NIELSEN, J. C.

1903. Iagttagelser over nogle danske Gravehvespes Biologi. Ent. Medd., København, vol. 2, pp. 110-114.

NIGAM, L. N.

1933. The life-history of a common cockroach (Periplaneta americana Linnaeus). Indian Journ. Agr. Sci., vol. 3, pp. 530-543.

NOBLE, G. K.

1918. The amphibians collected by the American Museum expedition to Nicaragua in 1916. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 38, pp. 311-347.

1924. Contributions to the herpetology of the Belgian Congo based on the collection of the American Museum Congo Expedition. Part III. Amphibia. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 49, pp. 147-347, 20 pls.

NOLAND, J. L., and BAUMANN, C. A.

1951. Protein requirements of the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 44, pp. 184-188.

NOLAND, J. L.; LILLY, J. H.; and BAUMANN, C. A.

1949. A laboratory method for rearing cockroaches, and its application to dietary studies on the German roach. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 42, pp. 63-70.

NORTHRUP, Z.

1914. A bacterial disease of the larvae of the June beetle Lachnosterna spp. Centralbl. Bakt., Parasitenk. Infekt., Abt. 2, vol. 41, pp. 321-339.

NUTTING, W. L.

1953. A gregarine, Diplocystis, in the haemocoele of the roach, Blaberus craniifer Burm. Psyche, vol. 60, pp. 126-128.

NUTTING, W. L., and CLEVELAND, L. R.

1954. Effects of transfaunation on the sexual cycles of the protozoa of the roach Cryptocercus. Anat. Rec., vol. 120, p. 747. (Abstract.)

1954a. Effects of reciprocal transfaunations on protozoa of the roach Cryptocercus and the termite Zootermopsis. Anat. Rec., vol. 120, p. 786. (Abstract.)

OETTINGER, R.

1906. Über die Drüsentaschen am Abdomen von Periplaneta orientalis und Phyllodromia germanica. Zool. Anz., vol. 30, pp. 338-349.

OHAUS, F.

1900. Bericht über eine entomologische Reise nach Centralbrasilien. Ent. Zeitung, vol. 61, pp. 193-274.

OLIVER, J. A.

1949. The peripatetic toad. Nat. Hist., New York, vol. 58, pp. 29-33.

OLSON, T. A., and RUEGER, M. D.

1950. Experimental transmission of Salmonella oranienburg through cockroaches. Publ. Health Rep., vol. 65, pp. 531-540.

OSTROUMOV, V. G.

1929. K Morfologii i biologii Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy. (Ueber den Bau und Biologie von Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy.) Russk. Arkh. Protistenk., vol. 8, pp. 25-50, 2 pls. German summary pp. 49-50.

OSWALD, V. H.

1958. Studies on Rictularia coloradensis Hall, 1916 (Nematoda: Thelaziidae). 1. Larval development in the intermediate host. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 77, pp. 229-240.

OWEN, W. L., and MOBLEY, R. L.

1948. A new species of Torulae occurring in and transmitted by the American cockroach Periplaneta americana (Linn.). Food Res., vol. 13, pp. 281-290.

PACKARD, A. S.

1888. The cave fauna of North America, with remarks on the anatomy of the brain and the origin of the blind species. Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci., vol. 4, pp. 3-156.

PAI, KUO-TUNG, and WANG, CHIA-CHI.

1947. The variation of Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy, and its fibrillar system. Sinensia, Shanghai, vol. 18, pp. 43-58.

PALMER, R.

1928. Cockroaches introduced with bananas. Entomologist, vol. 61, p. 19.

PARISI, B.

1910. Su alcuni flagellati endoparassiti. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 19, pp. 232-238, 1 pl.

PARKER, BARBARA M.

1939. Effects of liquid household insecticides on the oöthecae of the German cockroach. Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University.

PARKER, H. L.

1924. Recherches sur les formes post-embryonaires des chalcidiens. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 93, pp. 261-379, 39 pls.

PARKER, H. L., and THOMSON, W. R.

1928. Contribution à la biologie des chalcidiens entomophages. Ann. Soc. Ent. France, vol. 97, pp. 425-465.

PARROTT, A. W.

1952. The banana spider (Heteropoda venatoria Linn.) recorded from New Zealand. New Zealand Sci. Rev., vol. 10, pp. 129-130.

PASRICHA, C. L.; CHATTERJEE, D. N.; and DAS, P. C.

1938. The distribution and characteristics of vibrios isolated from certain non-human sources in Calcutta. Indian Journ. Med. Res., vol. 26, pp. 33-37.

PASSMORE, L.

1936. Introducing the tarantula. Nature Mag., vol. 27, pp. 90-94.

PATE, V. S. L.

1949. A minute on Podium luctuosum (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Ent. News, vol. 60, p. 174.

PATTON, W. S.

1931. Insects, ticks, mites and venomous animals of medical and veterinary importance. Part II. Public health. 740 pp. Croydon, England.

PAULIAN, R.

1950. Observations sur la faune entomologique des nids de Ploceinae. Proc. 8th Internat. Congr. Ent., Stockholm, 1948, pp. 454-456.

PAVLOVSKII, E. N.

1948. Handbook on the parasitology of man together with a treatise on the vectors of transmissible diseases. (In Russian.) 5th ed., vol. 2, pp. 527-1022. Moscow. [Pertinent sections translated by M. Ycas.]

PEARCE, E. J.

1929. An introduced blattid. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 65, p. 276.

PEARSE, A. S.

1938. Insects from Yucatan caves. In Pearse, A. S., and others, Fauna of the caves of Yucatan. Carnegie Inst. Washington Monogr. No. 491, 304 pp.

PECK, O.

1951. Superfamily Chalcidoidea. In Muesebeck, C. F. W.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K.; and others, Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monogr. No. 2, pp. 410-594.

PEMBERTON, C. E.

1917. Heteropoda regia. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 3, p. 273.

1934. Some future work for the entomologist in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 505-514.

1941. Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. II, p. 19.

1942. Entomology. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., R. 61, Exp. Stat. Rep., 1940/41, pp. 21-27.

1945. Entomology. Rep. Comm. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., 1943/1944, pp. 17-21.

1945a. Ampulex compressa (Fabr.). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 228.

1947. Cockroach parasite. Proc. Ent. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., Exp. Stat. Rep., 1945/1946, pp. 22-26.

1953. The biological control of insects in Hawaii. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Congr., Pacific Sci. Assoc., Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, 1949, vol. 4 (Zoology), pp. 220-223.

PEMBERTON, C. E., and WILLIAMS, F. X.

1938. Some insect and other animal pests in Hawaii not under satisfactory biological control. Hawaiian Planters' Rec., vol. 42, pp. 211-230.

PEREIRA, C.

1935. Sobre um Lepidonemidae Trav., 1919 e urn Rhabdiasidae Raillet, 1915 (Nematoda) novos. Rev. Biol. Hyg., São Paulo, vol. 6, pp. 19-21.

PÉREZ FONTANA, V.

1955. Ciclo colateral de la hidatidosis. Arch. Internac. Hidatidosis, Madrid, vol. 14, pp. 119-121.

PÉREZ SILVA, J.

1954. La naturaleza de los simbiotes intracelulares de Blattella germanica. Microbiol. Españ., vol. 7, pp. 51-58, 2 pls.

1954a. Cultivo "in vitro" de simbiotes intracelulares de insectos. Microbiol. Españ., vol. 7, pp. 187-241, 9 pls. [Conclusions translated by J. J. Buckley.]

PERKINS, R. C. L.

1899. Orthoptera. Part I. In Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 2, pp. 1-30. Cambridge, England.

1906. Insects at Kilauea, Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 1, pp. 89-99.

1913. Introduction. Being a review of the land-fauna of Hawaii. In Fauna Hawaiiensis, vol. 1, pp. xv-ccxxviii. Cambridge, England.

PERRIN, W. S.

1906. Preliminary communication on the life-history of Pleistophora periplanetae, Lutz and Splendore. Proc. Cambridge [England] Philos. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 204-208.

1906a. Notes on a hitherto undescribed parasite (?) of Periplaneta orientalis. Proc. Cambridge [England] Philos. Soc., vol. 13, p. 208.

1906b. Observations on the structure and life-history of Pleistophora periplanetae Lutz and Splendore. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci., n. s., vol. 49, pp. 615-633, 2 pls.

PESHKOFF, M. A.

1940. Phylogenesis of new microbes Caryophanon latum and Caryophanon tenue--organisms which are intermediate between blue-green algae and the bacteria. (In Russian with English summary.) Zhurn. Obsh. Biol., vol. 1, pp. 597-618, 7 pls.

PESSÔA, S. B., and CORRÊA, C.

1926. Notas sobre os Oxyurus parasitas das baratas domesticas, com a descripção de uma nova especie: Oxyurus australasiae n. sp. Mem. Inst. Butantan, São Paulo, vol. 3, pp. 71-74. (French summary, pp. 75-76.) [Summary in Rev. Biol. e Hyg., São Paulo, 1927, vol. 1, pp. 105-106.]

1927. Sobre a disseminação de cystos de Giardia intestinalis (Lambl.) pelas baratas. Rev. Biol. e Hyg., São Paulo, vol. 1, pp. 90-93. (Abstract in Trop. Dis. Bull., 1927, vol. 24, p. 871.)

1928. Nota sobre a biologia da Rhyparobia maderae Fabr. Rev. de Biol. e Hyg., São Paulo, vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 83-87. (English summary.)

1928. Nota sobre a biologia da Rhyparobia maderae, Fabr. Rev. Biol. e Sci. Med., Rio de Janeiro, vol. 7, pp. 304-305.

PETCH, T.

1924. Studies in entomogenous fungi. IV. Some Ceylon Cordyceps. Trans. British Mycol. Soc., vol. 10, pp. 28-45, 1 pl.

PETERSON, A.

1956. Fishing with natural insects. An angler's guide to useful and interesting information about many common insects and a few imitation lures that fishermen use for bait. 176 pp. Columbus, Ohio.

PETRI, L. H.

1950. Life cycle of Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918 (Nematoda: Spiruroidea) with the cockroach, Blatella germanica, serving as the intermediate host. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., vol. 53, pp. 331-337.

PETRI, L. H., and AMEEL, D. J.

1950. Studies on the life cycle of Physaloptera rara Hall and Wigdor, 1918, and Physaloptera praeputialis Linstow, 1889. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 36, No. 6, sect. 2, p. 40.

PETRUNKEVITCH, A.

1930. The spiders of Porto Rico. Part II. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 30, pp. 159-355.

1930a. The spiders of Porto Rico. Part III. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 31, pp. 1-191.

PETTIT, L. C.

1940. The roach, Blattella germanica (Linn.): its embryogeny, life history, and importance. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 121 pp., 2 pls.

1940a. The effect of isolation on growth in the cockroach Blattella germanica (L.) (Orthoptera Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 51, p. 293.

PFEIFFER, H., and STAMMER, H. J.

1931. Pathogenes Leuchten bei Insekten. Zeitschr. Morph. u. Ökol. Tiere, vol. 20, pp. 136-171.

PHELPS, J. R.

1924. Eradication of vermin on board ship. U.S. Naval Med. Bull., vol. 20, pp. 247-268.

PICADO, C.

1913. Les broméliacées épiphytes. Considérées comme milieu biologique (1). Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, vol. 47, pp. 215-360, pls. VI-XXIV.

PICARD, F.

1911. Sur les moeurs et le genre de proie de l'Ampulex fasciatus Jurine (Hym. Sphegidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1911, No. 6, pp. 113-116.

1913. Sur le genre Zeuxevania Kieffer et sur les moeurs du Zeuxevania splendidula Costa. (Hym. Evaniidae). Bull. Soc. Ent. France, 1913, pp. 301-304.

1913a. Contribution à l'étude des Laboulbéniacées d'Europe et du nord de l'Afrique. Bull. Soc. Mycol. France, vol. 29, pp. 503-571, 4 pls.

1919. Contribution à l'étude du peuplement d'un vegetal. La faune entomologique du figuier. Ann. Serv. Epiphyties, vol. 6, pp. 34-174.

PICARD, F., and BLANC, G. R.

1913. Les infections à coccobacilles chez les insectes. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 157, pp. 79-81.

PIERCE, W. D.

1909. A monographic revision of the twisted winged insects comprising the order Strepsiptera Kirby. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bull. 66, xii+232 pp., 15 pls.

PIERCE, W. D., Editor.

1921. Sanitary entomology. 518 pp. Boston.

PINTO, C. F.

1918. Sobre as eugregarinas parasitos dos artrópodos brazileiros. (6a nota prévia.) Brazil-Medico, vol. 32, pp. 113-114.

1918a. Estudos sobre as gregarinas Monocystis perforans n. sp. Formação dos esporozoitos observada in vitro. (12a nota prévia.) Brazil-Medico, vol. 32, pp. 321-322.

1919. Contribuição ao estudo das gregarinas. 113 pp., 6 pls. Tese, Rio de Janeiro.

1926. Nyctotherus dos blattideos do Brasil. Bol. Biol., São Paulo, No. 1, pp. 14-16.

1927. Crithidia spinigeri n. sp. parasita do apparelho digestivo de Spiniger domesticus (Hemiptero Reduviidae). Bol. Biol., No. 7, pp. 86-87.

1927a. Spiniger domesticus, n. sp. hemiptère suceur d'insectes (famille des Reduviidae, sous-famille des Reduviinae). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 97, pp. 833-834.

PIQUETT, P. G. and FALES, J. H.

1952. Rearing cockroaches for experimental purposes. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. and Plant Quar., ET-301, 12 pp.

PITMAN, C. R. S.

1931. Further experiments with insect-food on the African lemur Perodicticus potto Lesson. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, vol. 5, Part 3, pp. 91-92.

PLANK, H. K.

1947. Plant toxicological studies. Federal Exp. Stat. Rep., Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 1946, pp. 11-13.

1950. Insecticidal properties of some plants growing in Puerto Rico. Federal Exp. Stat., Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, Bull. No. 49, 17 pp.

PLANK, H. K., and WINTERS, H. F.

1949. Insect and other animal pests of Cinchona and their control in Puerto Rico. Fed. Exp. Stat. Puerto Rico, Mayagüez, Bull. No. 46, 16 pp.

POCOCK, R. I.

1893. Notes upon the habits of some living scorpions. Nature, London, vol. 48, pp. 104-107.

POPE, PAULINE.

1953. Studies of the life histories of some Queensland Blattidae (Orthoptera). Part 1. The domestic species. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 63, pp. 23-46.

1953a. Idem. Part 2. Some native species. Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, vol. 63, pp. 47-59.

PORTER, ANNIE.

1918. A survey of the intestinal entozoa, both protozoal and helminthic, observed among natives in Johannesburg, from June to November, 1917. South African Inst. Mem., No. 11, pp. 1-58.

1929. Some remarks on the hookworm problem in South Africa. South African Journ. Sci., vol. 26, pp. 396-401.

1930. Cockroaches as vectors of hookworms on gold mines of the Witwatersrand. Journ. Med. Assoc. South Africa, vol. 4, pp. 18-20.

PORTER, J. E.

1958. Further notes on Public Health Service quarantine entomology. Florida Ent., vol. 41, pp. 41-44.

PORTIELJE, A. F. V.

1914. Uit het reptielenhuis van "Artis." (In Dutch.) De Levende Natuur, vol. 18, pp. 557-563. [Pertinent sections translated by J. H. Vanderbie.]

POULTON, E. B.

1917. Predaceous reduviid bugs and fossors, with their prey, from the S. Paulo district of south-east Brazil. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1917, pp. xxxiv-xli.

1926. A Nyasaland pompilid with unusual prey. Complete recovery of prey after being stung. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1926, vol. 1, pp. 12-13.

POUND, C. J.

1907. Bacteriological report. II. Interesting observations in connection with the possible accidental transmission of plague from rat to rat by the agency of cockroaches. In Ham, B. Burnett, Report on plague in Queensland, 1900-1907. Queensland Dept. Publ. Health, Brisbane, p. 161.

PRADHAN, S.

1957. The ecology of arid zone insects (excluding locusts and grasshoppers). In Human and animal ecology, arid zone research, vol. 8, pp. 199-240.

PRIBRAM, E.

1933. Klassifikation der Schizomyceten (Bakterien). 143 pp. Leipzig and Wien.

PRINCIS, K.

1946. Colombianische Blattodeen, gesammelt von Herrn G. Dahl und Frau M. Althén-Dahl in den Jahren 1936-1939. Kungl. Fysiograf. Sällskap. Lund Förh., vol. 16, pp. 1-15.

1947. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der adventiven Blattarien Skandinaviens und Finnlands. Notulae Ent., vol. 27, pp. 8-13.

1949. Kleine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. I. Opusc. Ent., vol. 14, pp. 68-70.

1949a. Kleine Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Blattarien und ihrer Verbreitung. II. Ent. Medd., København, vol. 25, pp. 361-364.

1950. Indomalaiische und australische Blattarien aus dem Entomologischen Museum der Universität in Lund. Opusc. Ent., vol. 15, pp. 161-188.

1952. Reports of the Lund University Chile Expedition 1948-1949. 8. Blattariae. Lunds Univ. Årsskr., N.F., Avd. 2, vol. 48, No. 9, 11 pp.

1954. Report from Professor T. Gislén's Expedition to Australia 1951-1952. 10. Australian Blattariae. Lunds Univ. Årsskr., N.F., Avd. 2, vol. 50, No. 13, 49 pp.

1954a. Wo ist die Urheimat von Blatta orientalis L. zu suchen? Opusc. Ent., vol. 19, pp. 202-204. [Translated by Maria E. W. Torok.]

1955. Contributions à l'étude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953) XLIX. Blattariae. Ann. Mus. Congo, Tervuren, in 8°, Zool., vol. 40, pp. 15-42.

1957. Revision der Walker'schen und Kirby'schen Blattarientypen in British Museum of Natural History, London. Opusc. Ent., vol. 22, pp. 87-116.

1957a. Zur Kenntnis der Blattarien der Kleinen Sundainseln. Verhl. Naturf. Ges. Basel, vol. 68, pp. 132-159.

1959. Revision der Walkerschen und Kirbyschen Blattarientypen im British Museum of Natural History, London. III. Opusc. Ent., vol. 24, pp. 125-150.

PRINCIS, K., and KEVAN, D. K. MCE.

1955. Cockroaches (Blattariae) from Trinidad, B.W.I., with a few records from other parts of the Caribbean. Opusc. Ent., vol. 20, pp. 149-169.

PRITCHARD, A. E.

1956. A new superfamily of trombidiform mites with the description of a new family, genus, and species (Acarina: Iolinoidea: Iolinidae: Iolina nana). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 49, pp. 204-206.

PRUTHI, H. S.

1933. An interesting case of maternal care in an aquatic cockroach Phlebonotus pallens Serv. (Epilamprinae). Current Sci., Bangalore, vol. 1, p. 273.

PRYOR, J. C.

1918. Naval hygiene. 507 pp. Philadelphia.

PUJATTI, D.

1950. Acanthellae di Moniliformis dubius Meyer 1932 (Acanthocephala) nella Periplaneta australasiae F. (Blattidae) in sud-India. Mem. Soc. Ent. Italiana, vol. 29, pp. 110-111.

PURDY, J. S.

1920. The control of insect vectors of disease in war and peace. Australian Med. Congr., Trans. 11th Sess., Brisbane, Queensland, 21st-28th August 1920, pp. 298-306.

QADRI, M. A. H.

1938. The life-history and growth of the cockroach Blatta orientalis, Linn. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 29, pp. 263-276.

RADNA, R.

1939. Contribution au problème de la transmission de la lèpre. Les formes de la lèpre dans la région de Pawa et leur infectiosité. Deuxième note: La transmission du bacille de Hansen. Ann. Soc. Belge Méd. Trop., vol. 19, pp. 201-225.

RAFFILL, C. P.

1910. Cockroaches in plant houses. Gardeners' Chronicle, ser. 3, vol. 47, p. 43.

RAGEAU, J.

1956. Les arthropodes parasites de l'homme et des animaux domestiques dans les territoires Français du Pacifique. Inst. Franç. Océanie, Nouméa, 56 pp.

RAIGNIER, A., and BOVEN, J. VAN.

1955. Étude taxonomique, biologique et biométrique des Dorylus du sous-genre Anomma (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Ann. Mus. R. Congo Belge, Tervuren, n. s., vol. 2, pp. 1-359.

RAILLIET, A.

1889. Cycle évolutif du Spiroptera sanguinolenta. Rec. Méd. Vét., Paris, vol. 6, pp. 127-128.

RAINWATER, C. F.

1941. Insects and spiders found in Spanish moss, gin trash, and woods trash, and on wild cotton. U.S. Bur. Ent. and Plant. Quar., E-528, 20 pp.

RAMME, W.

1923. Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographie des Blattidengenus Ectobius Steph. Arch. Naturg., Berlin, Abt. A, vol. 89, pp. 97-145, 2 pls. [Translated by K. Gingold.]

1951. Zur Systematik Faunistik und Biologie der Orthopteren von Südost-Europa und Vorderasien. Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berlin, 1950, vol. 27, 431 pp., 39 pls.

RAMOS, J. A.

1946. The insects of Mona Island (West Indies). Journ. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 30, pp. 1-74, 2 pls.

RANSOM, B. H., AND HALL, M. C.

1915. The life history of Gongylonema scutatum. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington, in Journ. Parasitol., vol. 1, p. 154. (Abstract.)

1916. The life history of Gongylonema scutatum. Journ. Parasitol., 1915, vol. 2, pp. 80-86.

1917. A further note on the life-history of Gongylonema scutatum. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 3, pp. 177-181.

RATZEBURG, J. T. C.

1852. Die Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten ... vol. 3, p. 211.

RAU, P.

1924. The biology of the roach, Blatta orientalis. Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, vol. 25, pp. 57-79.

1933. Jungle bees and wasps of Barro Colorado Island, pp. 196-197. Kirkwood, Mo.

1937. A note on the nesting habits of the roach-hunting wasp, Podium (Parapodium) carolina Rohwer (Hym). Ent. News, vol. 48, pp. 91-94.

1940. The life history of the wood-roach, Parcoblatta pennsylvanica DeGeer (Orthoptera: Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 51, pp. 4-9, 33-35.

1940a. The life history of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana Linn. (Orthop.: Blattidae). Ent. News, vol. 51, pp. 121-124, 151-155, 186-189, 223-227, 273-278.

1943. How the cockroach deposits its egg-case; a study in insect behavior. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 36, pp. 221-226.

1944. Another use for the cockroach, Blatta orientalis. Ent. News, vol. 55, pp. 49-50.

1947. Life history notes on the wood-roach, Ischnoptera deropeltiformis Brunner. Ent. News, vol. 58, pp. 1-4.

RAY, H. N., and DASGUPTA, B.

1955. Occurrence of Diplocystis sp. as a parasite in the haemocoele of cockroach. Indian Sci. Congr. Assoc. Proc., vol. 42, pp. 281-282. (Abstract.)

READ, H. C., JR.

1933. The cockroach as a possible carrier of tuberculosis. Amer. Rev. Tuberc., vol. 28, pp. 267-272.

RÉAUMUR, R. A. F. DE.

1742. Memoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes. Vol. 6, 608 pp., 48 pls. Paris.

REHN, J. A. G.

1906. Notes on the Orthoptera of Costa Rica, with descriptions of new species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1905, vol. 57, pp. 790-843.

1906a. The Orthoptera of the Bahamas. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 22, pp. 107-118.

1910. On the Orthoptera of Bermuda. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 62, pp. 3-11.

1918. Descriptions of one new genus and fifteen new species of tropical American Orthoptera. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 44, pp. 321-371.

1926. Zoological results, of the Swedish Expedition to Central Africa 1921. Insecta. 18. Blattidae. Ark. Zool., vol. 18A, No. 18, 24 pp.

1928. New or little known Neotropical Blattidae (Orthoptera). Number one. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 54, pp. 125-194.

1930. New or little known Neotropical Blattidae (Orthoptera). Number two. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 56, pp. 19-71.

1931. African and Malagasy Blattidae (Orthoptera), part I. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 83, pp. 305-387.

1932. African and Malagasy Blattidae (Orthoptera), part II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 84, pp. 405-511, 4 pls.

1932a. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse der Schwedischen entomologischen Reisen des Herrn Dr. A. Roman 1914-15 und 1923-24 in Amazonas. 16. Blattidae. (In English.) Arch. Zool. K. Svenska Vetensk., vol. 24, pp. 1-73.

1932b. New or little known Neotropical Blattidae (Orthoptera). Number three. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 58, pp. 103-137.

1937. African and Malagasy Blattidae (Orthoptera), part III. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 89, pp. 17-123, 3 pls.

1937a. New or little known Neotropical Blattidae (Orthoptera). Number four. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 63, pp. 207-258, pls. XIV-XVII.

1945. Man's uninvited fellow traveler--the cockroach. Sci. Month., vol. 61, pp. 265-276.

1945a. Three new species of the reticulosa group of the blattid genus Cariblatta (Orthoptera, Blattidae, Pseudomopinae). Notulae Naturae, No. 149, 15 pp.

1947. African and Malagasy Blattidae (Orthoptera). Part IV. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 99, pp. 59-92.

REHN, J. A. G., and HEBARD, M.

1905. A contribution to the knowledge of the Orthoptera of south and central Florida. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 57, pp. 29-55.

1909. An orthopterological reconnaissance of the southwestern United States. Part II: New Mexico and Western Texas. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 61, pp. 111-175.

1910. Preliminary studies of North Carolina Orthoptera. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 62, pp. 615-650.

1912. On the Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys and in extreme southern Florida. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 64, pp. 235-276.

1914. On the Orthoptera found on the Florida Keys and in extreme southern Florida. II. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 66, pp. 373-412.

1914a. Records of Dermaptera and Orthoptera from west central and southwestern Florida, collected by William T. Davis. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 22, pp. 96-116.

1916. Studies in the Dermaptera and Orthoptera of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Region of the southeastern United States. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vol. 68, pp. 87-314.

1927. The Orthoptera of the West Indies. Number 1. Blattidae. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 54, pp. 1-320.

REHN, J. W. H.

1951. Classification of the Blattaria as indicated by their wings (Orthoptera). Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 14, 134 pp. 13 pls.

1951a. The genus Aspiduchus (Orthoptera: Blattidae: Blaberinae). Notulae Naturae, No. 231, pp. 1-7.

RICE, C. E.

1925. Destruction of cockroaches and devitalization of their eggs by cyanogen-chloride mixture. Public Health Rep., vol. 40, pp. 1808-1811.

RICHARDS, A. G.

1954. Similarities in histochemical differentiation of insect cuticle and the walls of parasitic fungi. Science, vol. 120, pp. 761-762.

RICHARDS, A. G., and BROOKS, MARION A.

1958. Internal symbiosis in insects. In Steinhaus, E. A., and Smith, R. F., eds., Ann. Rev. Ent., vol. 3, pp. 37-56. Palo Alto, Calif.

RICHARDS, A. G., and SMITH, MYRTLE N.

1954. Infection of cockroaches with Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales). III. Experimental studies on host specificity. Bot. Gaz., vol. 116, pp. 195-198.

1955. Infection of cockroaches with Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales). I. Life history studies. Biol. Bull., vol. 108, pp. 206-218.

1955a. Infection of cockroaches with Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales). IV. Development of H. stylopygae Spegazzini. Biol. Bull., vol. 109, pp. 306-315.

1956. Infection of cockroaches with Herpomyces (Laboulbeniales). II. Histology and histopathology. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 49, pp. 85-93.

RICHARDS, O. W., and HAMM, A. H.

1939. The biology of the British Pompilidae (Hymenoptera). Trans. Soc. British Ent., vol. 6, pp. 51-114.

RICHARDSON, H. H.

1917. Methyl bromide delousing, DDT insecticides, and rodent control problems at New York Port of Embarkation. Pest Control, vol. 15, No. 9, pp. 20, 22, 24.

RIEK, E. F.

1955. The Australian rhipidiine parasites of cockroaches (Coleoptera: Rhipiphoridae). Australian Journ. Zool., vol. 3, pp. 71-94.

RIES, E.

1932. Experimentelle Symbiosestudien. I. Mycetomtransplantationen. Zeitschr. Wiss. Biol., Abt. A, vol. 25, pp. 184-234.

RIHERD, P. T.

1953. The occurrence of Blattella vaga Hebard in Texas (Orthoptera, Blattidae). Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, vol. 55, pp. 39-40.

RILEY, C. V.

1875. On the insects more particularly associated with Sarracenia variolaris (Spotted trumpet-leaf). Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., Pt. II. Sect. B., 23d meeting 1874, pp. 17-25.

RILEY, W. A., and JOHANNSEN, O. A.

1938. Medical entomology. 2d ed. 483 pp. New York.

RIZKI, M. T. M.

1954. Desoxyribose nucleic acid in the symbiotic microorganisms of the cockroach, Blattella germanica. Science, vol. 120, pp. 35-36.

ROBERTSON, C.

1928. Flowers and insects. 221 pp. Lancaster, Pa.

ROBIN, C.

1847. Des végétaux qui croissent sur l'homme et sur les animaux vivants. viii+120 pp., 3 pls. Libraire de l'Académie Royale de Médecine, Paris.

1853. Histoire naturelle des végétaux parasites qui croissent sur l'homme et sur les animaux vivants. 702 pp. Libraire de l'Académie Impériale de Médecine, Paris.

ROESER, G.

1940. Zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise der Gewächshausschabe Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. Die Gartenbauwissenschaft, vol. 15, pp. 184-225. [Translated by P. Bernhardt.]

ROGER, J.

1906. Spiroptérose canine. Bull. Soc. Cent. Méd. Vét., vol. 60, pp. 378-379.

1907. Spiroptérose canine. Rev. Vét., Toulouse, vol. 64, pp. 241-251.

RONZONI, MARIA G.

1949. Funghi lievitiformi isolati dalle ovoteche di Periplaneta orientalis L. (English summary.) Mycopathologia, vol. 4, pp. 333-341.

ROSENFELD, A. H.

1911. Insects and spiders in Spanish moss. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 4, pp. 398-409.

1912. Insects and spiders in Spanish moss. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 5, pp. 338-339.

ROTH, L. M.; NIEGISCH, W. D.; and STAHL, W. H.

1956. Occurrence of 2-hexenal in the cockroach Eurycotis floridana. Science, vol. 123, pp. 670-671.

ROTH, L. M., and STAY, BARBARA.

1958. The occurrence of para quinones in some arthropods, with emphasis on the quinone-secreting tracheal glands of Diploptera punctata (Blattaria). Journ. Insect Physiol., vol. 1, pp. 305-318.

ROTH, L. M., and WILLIS, E. R.

1950. The oviposition of Dermestes ater DeGeer, with notes on bionomics under laboratory conditions. Amer. Midl. Nat., vol. 44, pp. 427-447.

1952. A study of cockroach behavior. Amer. Midl. Nat., vol. 47, pp. 66-129.

1952a. Possible hygroreceptors in Aedes aegypti (L.) and Blattella germanica (L.). Journ. Morph., vol. 91, pp. 1-14.

1954. The reproduction of cockroaches. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 1-49, 12 pls.

1954a. Anastatus floridanus (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), a new parasite on the eggs of the cockroach Eurycotis floridana. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 80, pp. 29-41, 3 pls.

1954b. The biology of the cockroach egg parasite, Tetrastichus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 80, pp. 53-72, 3 pls.

1955. Water relations of cockroach oöthecae. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 48, pp. 33-36.

1955a. Water content of cockroach eggs during embryogenesis in relation to oviposition behavior. Journ. Exp. Zool., vol. 128, pp. 489-509.

1957. Observations on the biology of Ectobius pallidus (Olivier) (Blattaria, Blattidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 83, pp. 31-37, 3 pls.

1957a. The medical and veterinary importance of cockroaches. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 134, No. 10, 147 pp. 7 pls.

1958. The biology of Panchlora nivea with observations on the eggs of other Blattaria. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 83, pp. 195-207.

1958a. An analysis of oviparity and viviparity in the Blattaria. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., vol. 83, pp. 221-238.

Study of the bisexual and parthenogenetic strains of Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Blattaria: Epilamprinae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. (In press, 1960.)

ROTHSCHILD, MIRIAM, and CLAY, THERESA.

1957. Fleas, flukes and cuckoos; a study of bird parasites. 3d ed. 305 pp. New York.

ROUBAUD, E., and DESCAZEAUX, J.

1923. Sur un agent bactérien pathogène pour les mouches communes: Bacterium delendae-muscae n. sp. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci., Paris, vol. 177, pp. 716-717.

RUHLAND, H. H., and HUDDLESON, I. F.

1941. The rôle of one species of cockroach and several species of flies in the dissemination of Brucella. Amer. Journ. Vet. Res., vol. 2, pp. 371-372.

SAMBON, L. W.

1925. Researches on the epidemiology of cancer made in Iceland and Italy (July-October, 1924). Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, vol. 28, pp. 39-71.

1926. Observations and researches on the epidemiology of cancer made in Holland and Italy (May-September, 1925). Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, vol. 29, pp. 233-287.

SAMOUELLE, G.

1841. The entomological cabinet; being a natural history of British insects. (Blatta germanica, Linn., pp. 1-3.) 2d ed., 340 pp. London.

SANDEMANN, R. G.

1934. An exotic cockroach in S. Wales. Entomologist, vol. 67, p. 66.

SANDERS, D. A.

1927. Control of eye worm in chickens. Tests show cockroaches carry parasite. Florida Grower, vol. 35, No. 12, p. 23.

1928. Manson's eyeworm of poultry. Journ. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., vol. 72 (n.s. vol. 25), pp. 568-584.

1929. Manson's eyeworm of poultry. Florida Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull., No. 206, pp. 567-585.

SANJEAN, J.

1957. Taxonomic studies of Sarcophaga larvae of New York, with notes on the adults. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Stat., Mem. No. 349, 115 pp.

SARTORY, A., and CLERC, A.

1908. Flore intestinale de quelques Orthoptères. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 64, pp. 544-545.

SAUPE, R.

1928. Zur Kenntnis der Lebensweise der Riesenschabe Blabera fusca Brunner und der Gewächshausschabe Pycnoscelus surinamensis L. Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., vol. 14, pp. 461-500. [Pertinent sections translated by P. Bernhardt.]

SCHARRER, B.

1953. Insect tumors induced by nerve severance: Incidence and mortality. Cancer Res., vol. 13, pp. 73-76.

SCHAUDINN, F.

1902. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Bakterien und verwandter Organismen. I. Bacillus bütschlii n. sp. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 1, pp. 306-343.

SCHELL, S. C.

1952. Studies on the life cycle of Physaloptera hispida Schell (Nematoda; Spiruroidea) a parasite of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus littoralis Chapman). Journ. Parasitol., vol. 38, pp. 462-472.

1952a. Tissue reactions of Blattella germanica L. to the developing larva of Physaloptera hispida Schell, 1950 (Nematoda; Spiruroidea). Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 71, pp. 293-302.

SCHEPDAEL, J. VAN.

1931. Note sur quelques insectes exotiques recueillis vivants à Hal (Brabant) en 1931. Lambillionea, Rev. Mens. Union Ent. Belges, vol. 31, pp. 167-169.

SCHIFFMAN, OLGA.

1919. Über die Fortpflanzung von Gregarina blattarum und Gregarina cuneata. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 40, pp. 76-96, 1 pl.

SCHLETTERER, A.

1886. Ueber die Hymenopteren-Gattung Evania Fabr. Verhandl. K. K. Zool. Bot. Ges., Wien, vol. 36, pp. 1-46, 1 pl.

1889. Die Hymenopteren-Gruppe der Evaniiden. Ann. K. K. Naturhist. Hofmus., Wien, vol. 4, pp. 107-180.

SCHMIDT, C.

1937. Exhibition and discussion of local material. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 9, pp. 356-358.

SCHMIDT, K. P.

1920. Contributions to the herpetology of Porto Rico. Ann. New York Acad. Sci., vol. 28, pp. 167-200.

SCHMIDTKE, LISELOTTE.

1955. Histologische Untersuchungen an toxoplasmainfizierten Insekten (Calliphora erythrocephala, Periplaneta americana). Zentralbl. Bakt., Abt. 1, Orig., vol. 164, pp. 508-513.

SCHMIDT-NIELSEN, BODIL and K.

1949. The water economy of desert mammals. Sci. Month., vol. 69, pp. 180-185.

SCHNEIDER, A. C. J.

1875. Contributions à l'histoire des grégarines des invertébrés de Paris et de Roscoff. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., Paris, vol. 4, pp. 493-604, 8 pls.

SCHNEIDER, R. F., and SHIELDS, G. W.

1947. Investigation on the transmission of E. histolytica by cockroaches. Med. Bull., Standard Oil Co. New Jersey, vol. 7, pp. 119-121.

SCHNEIRLA, T. C.

1956. The army ants. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Inst. for 1955, pp. 379-406, 2 pls.

SCHUBOTZ, H.

1905. Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Amoeba blattae (Bütschli) und Amoeba proteus (Pall.). Arch. Protistenk., vol. 6, pp. 1-46, 2 pls.

SCHULTZE, W.

1925. Macroxenos piercei (order Strepsiptera), a new genus and species of wasp parasites of the Philippine Islands. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 27, pp. 235-241, 1 pl.

1927. Biology of the large Philippine forest scorpion. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 32, pp. 375-389, 4 pls.

SCHULZ, W. A.

1912. Zweihundert alte Hymenopteren. Zool. Ann., Zeitschr. Ges. Zool., vol. 4, pp. 1-220.

SCHUSTER, E. H. J.

1898. On a new flagellate protozoon of the genus Lophomonas. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1898, No. 16, pp. 242-244.

SCHWABE, C. W.

1949. Observations on the life history of Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Linn.), the intermediate host of the chicken eyeworm in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 13, pp. 433-436.

1950. Note on the survival of eyeworm larvae. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 4.

1950a. Studies on Oxyspirura mansoni, the tropical eyeworm of poultry. III. Preliminary observations on eyeworm pathogenicity. Amer. Journ. Vet. Res., vol. 11, pp. 286-290.

1950b. Studies on Oxyspirura mansoni, the tropical eyeworm of poultry. IV. Methods for control. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 14, pp. 175-183.

1951. Studies on Oxyspirura mansoni, the tropical eyeworm of poultry. II. Life history. Pacific Sci., vol. 5, pp. 18-35.

SCHWARTZ, B., and LUCKER, J. T.

1931. Experimental transmission of Gongylonema scutatum to pigs. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 18, p. 46.

SCHWARTZ, C. W., and SCHWARTZ, E. R.

1949. A reconnaissance of the game birds in Hawaii. Board of Comm. Agr. and Forest., Territory of Hawaii, Honolulu, 168 pp.

SCHWARTZ, W.

1935. Untersuchungen über die Symbiose von Tieren mit Pilzen und Bakterien. IV. Mitteilung: Der Stand unserer Kenntnisse von den physiologischen Grundlagen der Symbiosen von Tieren mit Pilzen und Bakterien. Arch. Mikrobiol., vol. 6, pp. 369-460.

SCHWENCK, J. M.

1926. Fauna parasitologica dos blattideos do Brasil. Sci. Med., Rio de Janeiro, vol. 4, pp. 491-504.

SCOTT, H.

1910. Eight months' entomological collecting in the Seychelles Islands, 1908-1909. Trans. Linn. Soc. London, ser. 2, Zool., vol. 14, pp. 21-39.

1912. A contribution to the knowledge of the fauna of Bromeliaceae. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, pp. 424-438, pl. 10.

1929. On some cases of maternal care displayed by the cockroaches and their significance. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 65, pp. 218-222.

SCUDDER, S. H.

1877. The Florida Orthoptera collected by Mr. J. H. Comstock. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 19, pp. 80-94.

1879. Palaeozoic cockroaches: A complete revision of the species of both worlds, with an essay toward their classification. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, pp. 23-134, pls. 2-6.

SEÍN, F., JR.

1923. Cucarachas. Puerto Rico Insular Exp. Stat. Circ. No. 64, 12 pp.

SELANDER, R. B.

1957. The systematic position of the genus Nephrites and the phylogenetic relationships of the higher groups of Rhipiphoridae (Coleoptera). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, pp. 88-103.

SELLARDS, E. H.

1903. Some new structural characters of Paleozoic cockroaches. Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. 15, pp. 307-315, 2 pls.

SELLS, W.

1842. Note respecting the egg-cases of Blattae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London., vol. 3, pp. 103-104.

SEMANS, F. M.

1939. Protozoan parasites of the Orthoptera, with special reference to those of Ohio. II. Description of the protozoan parasites recognized in this study. Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 39, pp. 157-181.

1941. Protozoan parasites of the Orthoptera, with special reference to those of Ohio. III. Protozoan parasites in relation to the host and to host ecology. Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 41, 457-464.

1943. Protozoan parasites of the Orthoptera, with special reference to those of Ohio. IV. Classified list of the protozoan parasites of the Orthoptera of the world. Classes Mastigophora, Sarcodina, and Sporozoa. Ohio Journ. Sci., vol. 43, pp. 221-234, 271-276.

SERRANO SÁNCHEZ, AMPARO.

1945. Hammerschmidtiella neyrai n. sp. en Periplaneta orientalis L., en Granada. Rev. Ibérica Parasitol., Tomo Extraordinario, Homenaje al C. R. López-Neyra, pp. 213-215, 1 pl.

1947. Nematodes parásitos intestinales de los artrópodos en España. Rev. Ibérica Parasitol., vol. 7, pp. 279-332.

SEURAT, L. G.

1911. Sur l'habitat et les migrations du Spirura talpae Gmel. (=Spiroptera strumosa Rud.). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 71, pp. 606-608.

1912. La grande blatte, hôte intermédiaire de l'echinorhynque moniliforme en Algérie. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 72, pp. 62-63.

1916. Contributions a l'étude des formes larvaires des nématodes parasites hetéroxènes. Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, sér. 7, vol. 49, pp. 297-377.

SEVERIN, H. C.

1952. An unusual infestation of wood cockroaches. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 45, p. 1079.

SEVERIN, H. H.

1911. [Insects trapped by awns of a grass.] Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 2, p. 195.

SEVERIN, H. H. P., and SEVERIN, H. C.

1915. Kerosene traps as a means of checking up the effectiveness of a poisoned bait spray to control the Mediterranean fruitfly (Ceratitis capitata Wied.) with a record of beneficial insects captured in the kerosene. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 8, pp. 329-338.

SEYMOUR, A. B.

1929. Host index of the fungi of North America. 732 pp. Cambridge, Mass.

SHARP, D.

1895. Insects. Part I. Chap. IX. In The Cambridge Natural History, vol. 5, pp. 220-241. London.

1899. Insects. Part II. Hymenoptera (Tubulifera and Aculeata), Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Aphaniptera, Thysanoptera, Hemiptera, Anoplura. In The Cambridge National History, vol. 6, 626 pp. London.

SHAW, E.

1902. Two cockroaches new to Britain. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 14, pp. 295-296.

1914. Australian Blattidae. Part I. Notes and preliminary descriptions of new species. Victorian Nat., vol. 31, pp. 103-108.

1924. Supella supellectilium Serville: a cockroach not before recorded for Australia. Queensland Nat., vol. 4, p. 115.

1925. New genera and species (mostly Australasian) of Blattidae, with notes, and some remarks on Tepper's types. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. 1, pp. 171-213.

SHEALY, A. L.

1927. On Manson's eye worm in poultry. Science, vol. 66, pp. 426-427.

SHELFORD, R.

1901. Notes on some Bornean insects. British Assoc. Adv. Sci., Rep. 71st Meet., pp. 689-691.

1906. Studies of the Blattidae. VI. Viviparity amongst the Blattidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1906, pp. 509-514.

1906a. Studies of the Blattidae. VII. A new genus of symbiotic Blattidae. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1906, pp. 515-519.

1907. Aquatic cockroaches. Zoologist, ser. 4, vol. 11, pp. 221-226.

1909. Blattidae. In Michaelsen, W., and Hartmeyer, R., Die Fauna Südwest-Australiens. Ergebnisse der Hamburger südwest-australischen Forschungsreise 1905, vol. 2, pp. 129-142.

1909a. Notes on some amphibious cockroaches. Rec. Indian Mus., vol. 3, pp. 125-127.

1909b. Studies of the Blattidae. X. A revision of the Old-World Blattinae belonging to the Polyzosteria group. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1909, pp. 253-327, pls. VII-IX.

1910. Orthoptera. 2. Blattodea. Wiss. Ergeb. Schwed. Zool. Exped. Kilimandjaro, Meru Deutsch-Ostafrikas 1905-06 (Sjöstedt), vol. 3, pp. 13-48.

1910a. A new cavernicolous cockroach. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 6, pp. 114-116.

1912. Mimicry amongst the Blattidae; with a revision of the genus Prosoplecta Sauss., and the description of a new genus. Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1912, pp. 358-376.

1912a. The oöthecae of Blattidae. Ent. Rec. and Journ. Var., vol. 24, pp. 283-287.

1916. A naturalist in Borneo. E. B. Poulton, ed. (2d impress., 1917.) 331 pp. London.

SHREWSBURY, J. F. D., and BARSON, G. J.

1948. A study of the intestinal flora of Blatella americana. Journ. Path. Bact., vol. 60, pp. 506-509.

SHUYLER, H. R.

1956. Are German and oriental roaches changing their habits? Pest Control, vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 9-10.

SICKMANN, F.

1893. Die Hymenopterenfauna von Iburg und seiner nächsten Umgebung, mit biologischen und kritischen Bemerkungen. I. Die Grabwespen. Jahresb. Naturwiss. Vereins Osnabrück, 1891, vol. 9, pp. 39-112.

SIEBOLD, C. T. VON.

1837. Fernere Beobachtungen über die Spermatozoen der wirbellosen Thiere. Arch. Anat. Physiol. Wiss. Med., 1837, pp. 381-439, 1 pl.

1839. Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der wirbellosen Thiere. 4. Ueber die zur Gattung Gregarina gehörigen Helminthen. Neueste Schrift. Naturf. Ges. Danzig, vol. 3, pp. 56-71, 1 pl.

1842. Ueber die Fadenwürmer der Insekten. Ent. Zeitschr., Stettin, vol. 3, pp. 146-161.

SILVESTRI, F.

1946. Prima nota su alcuni termitofili dell' Indocina. Boll. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici, vol. 6, pp. 313-330.

1947. Seconda nota su alcuni termitofili dell' Indocina con una appendice sul Macrotermes Barneyi Light. Bol. Lab. Ent. Agr. Portici, vol. 7, pp. 13-40.

SIMANTON, W. A.

1946. Insect control on ships. Pacific Mar. Rev., vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 68-69.

SIMMONDS, F. J.

1958. The effect of lizards on the biological control of scale insects in Bermuda. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 49, pp. 601-612.

SIMMONDS, H. W.

1941. A predatorial wasp of cockroaches. Agr. Journ. Fiji, vol. 12, p. 26.

SIMPSON, G. G.

1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 85, pp. 1-350.

SITA, E. (Mrs.).

1949. The life-cycle of Moniliformis moniliformis (Bremser, 1811), Acanthocephala. Current Sci., Bangalore, vol. 18, pp. 216-218.

SKAIFE, S. H.

1954. African insect life. 387 pp., 70 pls. New York.

SKINNER, H.

1905. Destructiveness of the Australian roach Periplaneta australasiae. Ent. News, vol. 16, p. 183.

SLATER, J. A.

1949. Food habits of the brown skink, Leiolopisma laterale Say. Herpetologica, vol. 5, pp. 79-80.

SMITH, A.

1955. The transmission of Bancroftial filariasis on Ukara Island, Tanganyika. I. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 46, pp. 419-436, pl. XV.

SMITH, D. T.; MARTIN, D. S.; CONANT, N. F.; BEARD, J. W.; TAYLOR, G.; KOHN, H. I.; and POSTON, M. A.

1948. Zinsser's textbook of bacteriology. 9th ed. 992 pp. New York.

SMITH, J. H.

1945. Useful parasitic insects. Queensland Agr. Journ., vol. 61, pp. 340-351.

SMITH, NANNIE M., and BARRET, H. P.

1928. The cultivation of a parasitic amoeba from the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 14, pp. 272-273, 1 pl.

SNODGRASS, R. E.

1930. Insects, their ways and means of living. Smithsonian Sci. Ser., vol. 5, 362 pp.

SNOW, W. E.

1958. Stratification of arthropods in a wet stump cavity. Ecology, vol. 39, pp. 83-88.

SNYDER, T. E.

1949. Catalog of the termites (Isoptera) of the world. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 112, 490 pp.

SOBOLEV, A. A.

1937. Helminthofauna of Blattidae of U.S.S.R. Papers on Helminthology published in commemoration of the 30-year jubileum of K. J. Skrjabin and of the 15th anniversary of the All-Union Institute of Helminthology. (In Russian.) Raboty 32-ĭ 38-ĭ Soȋȗznykh Gel'mintologicheskikh Ekspedsiĭ na Territorii Severo-Dvinskoĭ Gubernii v 1926 i 1927 godakh, pp. 663-670. [Pertinent sections translated by M. Ycas.]

SOMEREN, V. G. L. VAN.

1924. Notes on the life-history and insect-food-preferences of a lichen-like ascalaphid larva at Nairobi. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1924, pp. lix-lxv.

SONAN, H.

1924. Observations upon Periplaneta americana, Linnaeus, and Periplaneta australasiae, Fabricius. (In Japanese.) Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 14, pp. 4-21. [Translated by Associated Technical Services.]

1927. A taxonomic study together with observations of various families of egg-laying wasps of Formosa. (In Japanese.) Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 17, pp. 121-138. [Pertinent sections translated by Mary Watanabe.]

SONDAK, V. A.

1935. Cockroaches as carriers and hosts of parasitic worms in Leningrad and its environs. (In Russian, English summary.) In Parazity, Perenoschiki i Iadovitye Zhivotnye. Sbornik rabot, posviash-chennyi dvadtsatipiatiletiiu nauchnoi deiatel' nosti Professora E. N. Pavlovskogo, 1909-1934, pp. 316-327. [Pertinent sections translated by D. Kraus.]

SONNERAT, M.

1776. Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée, dans lequel on trouve la description des lieux, des observations physiques et morales, et des détails relatifs à l'histoire naturelle dans le regne animal et le regne végétal. 208 pp. Paris.

SOUTHWELL, T.

1922. Notes on the larvae of Moniliformis moniliformis (Brems.) found in African cockroaches. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 9, pp. 99-101.

SOUZA LOPES, H. DE.

1937. Contribuiçao ao conhecimento do genero "Stylogaster" Marquart 1835, (Dipt. Conopidae). Arch. Inst. Biol. Veg., Rio de Janeiro, vol. 3, pp. 257-293.

SOYER, B.

1947. Notes sur les Sphégiens et les Pompiles. VI. Le Sphex albisectus Lepeletier; les Dolichurus de la faune française. Bull. Mens. Soc. Liné., Lyon, vol. 16, pp. 117-121.

SPEGAZZINI, C.

1915. Laboulbeniali ritrovate nelle collezioni di alcuni musei italiani. An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 26, pp. 451-511.

1917. Revisión de las Laboulbeniales Argentinas. An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. Buenos Aires, vol. 29, pp. 445-688.

SPENCER, B.

1892. A trip to Queensland in search of Ceratodus. Nature, London, vol. 46, pp. 305-310.

SPENCER, G. J.

1943. On the oviposition habits of the Australian cockroach, Periplaneta australasiae (Fab.). Proc. Ent. Soc. British Columbia, vol. 40, pp. 29-30.

SPINELLI, A., and REITANO, U.

1932. Ricerche sulle blatte, quali agenti di diffusione dei germi del colera, della febbre tifoide e della dissenteria bacillare. Ann. Igiene, vol. 42, pp. 745-755.

SPRAGUE, V.

1940. Studies on Gregarina blattarum with particular reference to the chromosome cycle. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 26, No. 6, Suppl., pp. 26-27.

1940a. Observations on Coelosporidium periplanetae with special reference to the development of the spore. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 59, pp. 460-474.

1941. Studies on Gregarina blattarum with particular reference to the chromosome cycle. Illinois Biol. Monogr., vol. 18, pp. 1-57.

SPRAGUE, V., and RAMSEY, J.

1941. A preliminary note on Plistophora kudoi n. sp., a microsporidian parasite of the cockroach. Anat. Rec., vol. 81, Suppl., pp. 132-133. (Abstract.)

1942. Further observations on Plistophora kudoi, a microsporidian of the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 28, pp. 399-406.

STAGE, H. H.

1947. DDT to control insects affecting man and animals in a tropical village. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 40, pp. 759-762.

STAHNKE, H. L.

1949. Scorpions. 23 pp. Tempe, Ariz.

STAMM, R. H.

1936. A new find of Rhipidius pectinicornis Thbg. (Symbius blattarum Sund.) (Col. Rhipiphor.). Ent. Medd., vol. 19, pp. 286-297.

STAY, BARBARA.

1957. The sternal scent gland of Eurycotis floridana (Blattaria: Blattidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 50, pp. 514-519, 1 pl.

STEIN, F. VON.

1848. Ueber die Natur der Gregarinen. Arch. Anat., Physiol. Wiss. Med., 1848, pp. 182-223, 1 pl.

1860. Ueber die neue Gattung Lophomonas. Sitzungsb. K. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, 1860, pp. 49-50.

STEINHAUS, E. A.

1941. A study of the bacteria associated with thirty species of insects. Journ. Bact., vol. 42, pp. 757-790.

1946. Insect microbiology. 763 pp. Ithaca, N. Y.

1949. Principles of insect pathology. 757 pp. New York.

1959. Serratia marcescens Bizio as an insect pathogen. Hilgardia, vol. 28, pp. 351-380.

STEVENSON, C.

1905. The Blattidae of Montreal. Ent. News, vol. 16, p. 98.

STEWART, A. M.

1925. Blaberus cubensis (Orthoptera) and its oötheca. Entomologist, vol. 58, pp. 57-58.

STILES, C. W., and BAKER, C. E.

1927. Gongylonema scutatum in relation to cancer. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 14, p. 67.

STILES, C. W., and HASSALL, A.

1894. A preliminary catalogue of the parasites contained in the collections of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Army Medical Museum, Biological Department of the University of Pennsylvania (Coll. Leidy) and in Coll. Stiles and Coll. Hassall. Vet. Mag., vol. 1, pp. 331-354.

1926. Key-catalogue of the worms reported for man. U. S. Publ. Health Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. No. 142, pp. 69-196.

1928. Key-catalogue of insects of importance in Public Health. U. S. Publ. Health Serv. Hyg. Lab. Bull. No. 150, pp. 291-408.

STROHECKER, H. F.

1937. An ecological study of some Orthoptera of the Chicago area. Ecology, vol. 18, pp. 231-250.

SUBRAMANIAN, K. A.

1927. On a small collection of Acanthocephala from Rangoon. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 9, vol. 19, pp. 645-650.

SULLIVAN, W. N.; DUCHANOIS, F. R.; and HAYDEN, D. L.

1958. Insect survival in jet aircraft. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 51, pp. 239-241.

SUNDEVALL, J.

1831. Einer neuen Coleopteren Gattung, Symbius blattarum. Isis (Oken), vol. 24, pp. 1222-1228.

SWEETMAN, H. L.

1936. The biological control of insects. 461 pp. Ithaca, N. Y.

SWEZEY, O. H.

1920. Dolichurus stantoni. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., 1919, vol. 4, p. 286.

1921. Kauai insect notes and records. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 4, pp. 521-523.

1929. Notes on the egg-parasites of insects in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 282-292.

1944. Ampulex compressa (Fabr.). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 19.

1945. Insects associated with orchids. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, pp. 343-403.

SWEZEY, O. H., and WILLIAMS, F. X.

1932. Some observations on forest insects at the Nahui nursery and vicinity on Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 8, pp. 179-190.

SYVERTON, J. T., and FISCHER, R. G.

1950. The cockroach as an experimental vector of the virus of spontaneous mouse encephalomyelitis (Theiler). Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 74, pp. 296-298.

SYVERTON, J. T.; FISCHER, R. G.; SMITH, S. A.; DOW, R. P.; and SCHOOF, H. F.

1952. The cockroach as a natural extrahuman source of poliomyelitis virus. Fed. Proc., vol. 11, p. 483.

SWARCZEWSKY, B.

1914. Über den Lebenscyclus einiger Haplosporidien. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 33, pp. 49-108, 5 pls.

TACCHINI, I.

1946. Ricerca sui batteri simbionti intracellulari della blatte. Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper., vol. 22, pp. 113-114. [Translated by M. Di Paolo.]

TAKAHASHI, R.

1924. Life-history of Blattidae. (In Japanese.) Dôbuts. Zasshi, Zool. Mag., Tokyo, vol. 36, pp. 215-230.

1926. Observations on the aquatic cockroach Opisthoplatia maculata. (In Japanese.) Dôbuts. Zasshi, Tokyo, vol. 38, pp. 89-92.

1940. Habits and nymph of Phyllodromia humbertiana de Sauss. (Blattidae, Orthoptera). (In Japanese.) Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Formosa, vol. 30, pp. 26-29.

TALIAFERRO, W. H.

1928. A note on the amoeba of the cockroach cultivated by Smith and Barret. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 14, p. 274.

TASCHENBERG, E. L.

1884. Die Insekten, Tausendfüssler, und Spinnen. In Brehms Thierleben, Bd. 1, Abt. 4, 711 pp.

TAUBER, O. E.

1940. Mitotic response of roach hemocytes to certain pathogenes in the hemolymph. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 33, pp. 113-119.

TAUBER, O. E., and GRIFFITHS, J. T., JR.

1942. Isolation of Staphylococcus albus from hemolymph of the roach, Blatta orientalis. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., vol. 51, pp. 45-47.

TEJERA, E.

1926. Las cucarachas como agentes de diseminación de gérmenes patógenos. Rev. Soc. Argentina Biol., vol. 2, pp. 243-256, 1 pl. [Translated by J. Gotlob.] [French summary in Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 95, pp. 1382-1384.]

TEPPER, J. G. O.

1893. The Blattariae of Australia and Polynesia. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 17, pp. 25-126.

1894. The Blattariae of Australia and Polynesia. Supplementary and additional descriptions and notes. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Australia, vol. 18, pp. 169-189.

THAXTER, R.

1896. Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., n. s., vol. 12, pp. 187-429.

1902. Preliminary diagnoses of new species of Laboulbeniaceae. V. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 38, pp. 9-57.

1905. Preliminary diagnoses of new species of Laboulbeniaceae. VI. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 41, pp. 303-318.

1908. Contribution toward a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Part II. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., n. s., vol. 13, pp. 219-469.

1915. New Indo-Malayan Laboulbeniales. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 51, pp. 3-51.

1918. New Laboulbeniales from Chile and New Zealand. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., vol. 54, pp. 207-232.

1920. Second note on certain peculiar fungus-parasites of living insects. Bot. Gaz., vol. 69, pp. 1-27.

1931. Contribution towards a monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae. Part V. Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts, Sci., n. s., vol. 16, pp. 1-435.

THIEL, P. H. VAN, and WIEGAND BRUSS, C. J. E.

1946. Présence de Prosthenorchis spirula chez les chimpanzés. Son rôle pathogène et son développement dans Blattella germanica. Ann. Parasitol. Hum. et Comp. (1944-45), vol. 20, pp. 304-320. [Reprinted in 1948 in Acta Leidensia, 1947, vol. 18, pp. 200-218.]

THILOW, J. O., and RILEY, C. V.

1891. A southern roach in a northern greenhouse. Insect Life, vol. 3, pp. 406-407.

THOMPSON, W. R.

1951. A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 1. Parasite host catalogue. Part II. Neuroptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Psocoptera, Siphonaptera, Thysanoptera. 35 pp. Commonwealth Bureau of Biological Control, Ottawa.

THOMSON, J. G., and LUCAS, CATHERINE L. T.

1926. A preliminary note on the study of Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli, 1878) Leidy, 1879, found parasitic in the intestine of Blatta orientalis in England, with some remarks on its generic status. Journ. Trop. Med. Hyg., vol. 29, pp. 41-43, 1 pl.

TILLYARD, R. J.

1926. The insects of Australia and New Zealand. 560 pp.

TIMBERLAKE, P. H.

1924. Records of the introduced and immigrant chalcid flies of the Hawaiian Islands (Hymenoptera). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 5, pp. 418-449.

TODA, T.

1923. Cholera and the ship "cockroach." Journ. Hyg., vol. 21, pp. 359-361.

TODD, A. C.

1941. An addition to the life history of Leidynema appendiculatum (Leidy, 1850) Chitwood, 1932, a nematode parasitic in cockroaches. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 27, Suppl, pp. 34-35.

1943. Thelastoma icemi (Schwenck), a nematode of cockroaches. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 29, pp. 404-406.

1944. On the development and hatching of the eggs of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi and Leidynema appendiculatum, nematodes of roaches. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 63, pp. 54-67.

TOWNES, H.

1949. The nearctic species of Evaniidae (Hymenoptera). Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 99, pp. 525-539.

1951. Family Evaniidae. Genus Astata Latreille. In Muesebeck, C. F. W.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K., and others, Hymenoptera north of Mexico. U. S. Dept. Agr. Agr. Monogr. No. 2, pp. 655-656, 939-940.

TRAGER, W.

1932. A cellulase from the symbiotic intestinal flagellates of termites and of the roach, Cryptocercus punctulatus. Biochem. Journ., vol. 26, pp. 1762-1771.

TRAVASSOS, L. P.

1917. Contribuções para o conhecimento da fauna helmintológica brazileira. VI. Revisão dos acantocefalos brazileiros. Parte I. Fam. Gigantorhynchidae Hamann, 1892. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, vol. 9, pp. 5-61, 24 pls.

1929. Contribuição prelíminar á systemática dos nematóides dos artrópodes. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, Suppl. No. 5, pp. 19-25.

TRAVIS, B. V.

1932. A discussion of synonymy in the nomenclature of certain insect flagellates, with the description of a new flagellate from the larvae of Ligyrodes relictus Say (Coleoptera-Scarabaeidae). Iowa State Coll. Journ. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 317-323.

TREAT, MARY.

1876. Carnivorous plants of Florida. Harper's Month. Mag., vol. 53, pp. 710-714.

TRYON, H.

1926. Poultry--Manson's eye worm. Queensland Agr. Journ., vol. 25, p. 272.

TSCHUDI, J. J. VON

1847. Travels in Peru, during the years 1838-1842. 506 pp. London.

TUCKER, R. W. E.

1952. The insects of Barbados. Journ. Agr., Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 36, pp. 330-363.

TULLOCH, J. B. G.

1939. Insects and other things which arrive by steamer from overseas. Entomologist, vol. 72, pp. 114-116.

TURNER, H. J.

1930. South London Entomological Society. Entomologist, vol. 63, p. 143.

TURNER, R. E.

1912. Notes on fossorial Hymenoptera.--X. On new species from the Oriental and Ethiopian Regions. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, vol. 10, pp. 361-377.

1917. On a collection of Sphecoidea sent by the Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, Bihar. Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. ser., vol. 5, pp. 173-205.

UICHANCO, L. B.

1953. Some features of the distribution of insect life on Philippine mountains. Proc. 7th Pacific Sci. Congr., Pacific Sci. Assoc., Auckland and Christchurch, New Zealand, 1949, vol. 4 (Zoology), pp. 350-357.

USINGER, R. L., and LARIVERS, I.

1953. The insect life of Arno. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 15, Pacific Science Board, Nat. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Council, Washington, D. C., 28 pp. (Processed.)

USMAN, S.

1949. Some observations on the biology of Tetrastichus hagenowii, Ratz.--An egg parasite of the house-cockroach (Periplaneta americana, L.). Current Sci., Bangalore, vol. 18, pp. 407-408.

UVAROV, B. P.

1954. The desert locust and its environment. In Cloudsley-Thompson, J.L., ed., Biology of deserts. Inst. Biol., London, pp. 85-89.

VALCURONE, MARIA L., and BAGGINI, A.

1957. Sulle sostanze antibatteriche di origine entomologica. Boll. 1st. Sieroterap. Milanese, vol. 36, pp. 283-305.

VALENTE, D.

1949. Feeding habits of some Brazilian amphibians. Bol. Fac. Filos. Univ. São Paulo, Zool., 1949, pp. 335-337.

VALENTIN, G.

1836. Hygrocrocis intestinalis, eine auf der lebendigen und ungestört functionirenden Schleimhaut des Darmkanales vegetirende Conferve. Rep. Anat. Physiol., vol. 1, pp. 110-114, 1 pl.

VALLETTA, A.

1955. Second contribution to a list of the Orthoptera of the Maltese Islands. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 91, pp. 55-56.

VAN CLEAVE, H. J.

1946. Remarques sur le genre Moniliformis (Acanthocéphales) et particulièrement sur les espèces parasites des rats. Ann. Parasitol., vol. 21, pp. 142-147.

VAN ZWALUWENBURG, R. H.

1928. The interrelationships of insects and roundworms. Bull. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., Ent. ser., No. 20, 68 pp.

1946. Recent immigrant insects. Hawaiian Planters' Rec., vol. 50, pp. 11-17.

1950. New wasp records. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 16.

VERRILL, A. E.

1902. The Bermuda Islands: Their scenery, climate, productions, physiography, natural history, and geology; with sketches of their early history and changes due to man. Trans. Connecticut Acad. Arts and Sci., vol. 11, pp. 413-956.

VESTERGAARD, KAREN.

1958. Cockroaches. In Annual Report 1955-1956, Government Pest Infestation Lab., Springforbi, Denmark, p. 14.

VILLADOLID, D. V.

1934. Food habits of six common lizards found in Los Baños, Laguna, Philippine Islands. Philippine Journ. Sci., vol. 55, pp. 61-67.

VLASOV, ȊȂ. P.

1929. Biology of Phlebotomus sergenti Parrot. (In Russian.) Russek. Zhurn. Trop. Med., Med. Vet. Parazitol., vol. 7, pp. 688-692. [Translated by D. Kraus.]

1933. Die Fauna der Wohnhöhlen von Rhombomys opimus Licht. und Spermophilopsis leptodactylus Licht. in der Umgebung von Aschhabad. Zool. Anz., vol. 101, pp. 143-158.

VLASOV, ȊȂ. P., and MIRAM, E. F.

1937. Cockroaches and Orthoptera from the burrows around Ashkhabad. (In Russian.) Trudy Sov. Izuch. Proizvod. Sil, Akad. Nauk, S.S.S.R., Ser. Turkmenskaia, vol. 9, pp. 259-262. [Pertinent sections translated by M. Ycas.]

VOLLBRECHTSHAUSEN, R.

1953. Bakterien als Symbioten, Synöken und Parasiten bei Phyllodromia germanica. Zeitschr. Parasitenk., vol. 15, pp. 437-456. [Translated by H. L. Middleton.]

VORHIES, C. T., and TAYLOR, W. P.

1922. Life history of the kangaroo rat, Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis Merriam. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bull. 1091, 40 pp.

WAINWRIGHT, C. J.

1898. Birmingham Entomological Society. Entomologist, vol. 31, p. 304.

WALDEN, B. H.

1922. Abundance of the German roach in a city dump. Blattella germanica, Linn. Connecticut Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. No. 234, pp. 188-189.

WALKER, E. M.

1912. The Blattidae of Ontario. Canadian Ent., vol. 44, pp. 171-172.

WALKER, J. J.

1904. Antipodan field notes. II. A year's insect hunting in New Zealand. Ent. Month. Mag., vol. 40, p. 70.

WALKER, T. J., JR.

1957. Ecological studies of the arthropods associated with certain decaying materials in four habitats. Ecology, vol. 38, pp. 262-276.

WALLACE, A. R.

1869. The Malay Archipelago: The land of the orang-utan and the bird of paradise. 638 pp. New York.

1891. Natural selection and tropical nature. 492 pp. London.

WALLICK. L. S.

1954. The effects of overcrowding upon Blattella germanica with respect to weight and longevity. M.S. thesis, Ohio State Univ., 33 pp.

WARD, H. B.

1918. Parasitic roundworms. In Ward, H. B., and Whipple, G. C., Freshwater biology, pp. 506-552. New York.

WATERSTON, J.

1914. New species of Chalcidoidea from Ceylon. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 5, PP. 325-342.

WATSON, J. M.

1945. A new sporozoon, Gregarina rhyparobiae n. sp., from a tropical cockroach, Rhyparobia maderae. Parasitology, vol. 36, pp. 195-198.

WATSON, MINNIE, E.

1915. Some new gregarine parasites from Arthropoda. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 2, pp. 27-36, 2 pls.

1916. Studies on gregarines. Including descriptions of twenty-one new species and a synopsis of the eugregarine records from the Myriapoda, Coleoptera and Orthoptera of the world. Illinois Biol. Monogr., vol. 2, pp. 213-468, 15 pls.

1917. Observations on polycystid gregarines from Arthropoda. Journ. Parasitol., 1916, vol. 3, pp. 65-75.

WATSON, W.

1907. Tropical cockroach. In Lucas, W. J., Additions to the wild fauna and flora of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: VI. Roy. Bot. Gard., Kew, Bull. Misc. Inform., No. 10, pp. 402-403, 1 pl.

WEBER, N. A.

1938. The food of the giant toad, Bufo marinus (L.), in Trinidad and British Guiana with special reference to the ants. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 31, pp. 499-503.

1954. The insect fauna of an Iraq oasis, the city of Baghdad. Ent. News, vol. 65, pp. 178-182, 203-206.

WEBER, P. W.

1948. Rhipidius pectinicornis Thunberg. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 13, p. 202.

1951. Anastatus blattidarum Ferrière. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 14, p. 223.

WEBSTER, W. H. B.

1834. Narrative of a voyage to the southern Atlantic Ocean in the years 1828, 29, 30, performed in H. M. Sloop Chanticleer, under the command of the late Captain Henry Foster, F. R. S. &c. by order of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Vol. 1, 399 pp. London.

WEDBERG, S. E.; BRANDT, C. D.; and HELMBOLDT, C. F.

1949. The passage of microorganisms through the digestive tract of Blaberus craniifer mounted under controlled conditions. Journ. Bact., vol. 58, pp. 573-578.

WEILL, R.

1929. 2. Notes protistologiques indochinoises (première série). La présence d'un infusoire du genre Isotricha (I. caulleryi n. sp.) chez un insecte (Periplaneta americana Forbes) et sa signification possible. Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., Notes et Rev., vol. 69, pp. 21-26.

WEISS, H. B.

1917. Undesirable insect immigration into New Jersey. Canadian Ent., vol. 49, pp. 293-298, pl. XIV.

WELCH, E. V.

1939. Insects found on aircraft at Miami, Fla., in 1938. Publ. Health Rep., vol. 54, pp. 561-566.

WELCH, F. D.

1935. Large foreign cockroach in Kent. Entomologist, vol. 68, p. 122.

WELLMER, L.

1910. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Sporozoenfauna Ostpreussens. Zool. Anz., Leipzig, vol. 35, pp. 530-534.

1911. Sporozoen ostpreussicher Arthropoden. Schrift. Phys.-Ökonom. Ges. Königsberg i. Pr., vol. 52, pp. 103-164, 1 pl.

WENRICH, D. H.

1932. The relation of the protozoan flagellate, Retortamonas gryllotalpae (Grassi, 1879) Stiles, 1902 to the species of the genus Embadomonas Mackinnon, 1911. Trans. Amer. Micr. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 225-238.

WESTWOOD, J. O.

1839. An introduction to the modern classification of insects ... vol. 1, 462 pp. London.

1843. On Evania and some allied genera of hymenopterous insects. Trans. Ent. Soc. London., vol. 3, pp. 237-278.

1854. Economy of Evania. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, 1854, in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, n. s., vol. 3, pp. 21-22.

1854a. The cockroach parasite. Gardener's Chron. and Agr. Gaz., No. 33, p. 533.

1869. Exhibitions, etc. Proc. Ent. Soc. London, April 5, 1869, in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1869, p. x.

1876. Exhibitions, etc. Meeting of November 1, 1876. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1876, p. xxxii.

WETMORE, ALEXANDER.

1916. Birds of Porto Rico. U. S. Dept. Agr. Dept. Bull. 326, 140 pp.

1940. A systematic classification for the birds of the world. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 99, No. 7, pp. 1-11.

WHARTON, D. R. A.; MILLER, G. L.; and WHARTON, M. L.

1954. The odorous attractant of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). I. Quantitative aspects of the response to the attractant. Journ. Gen. Physiol., vol. 37, pp. 461-469.

WHARTON, R. H.

1951. The behaviour and mortality of Anopheles maculatus and Culex fatigans in experimental huts treated with DDT and BHC. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 42, pp. 1-20, 1 pl.

WHEELER, W. M.

1889. The embryology of Blatta germanica and Doryphora decimlineata. Journ. Morphol., vol. 3, pp. 291-386.

1900. A new myrmecophile from the mushroom gardens of the Texas leaf-cutting ant. Amer. Nat., vol. 34, pp. 851-862.

1910. Ants. Their structure, development and behavior. 663 pp. New York.

1911. A desert cockroach. Journ. New York Ent. Soc., vol. 19, pp. 262-263.

1928. The social insects. Their origin and evolution. 378 pp. New York.

WHITE, G.

1905. The natural history and antiquities of Selborne in the County of Southampton. 476 pp. London.

WHITFIELD, F. G. S.

1940. Air transport, insects and disease. Bull. Ent. Res., vol. 30, pp. 365-442.

WHITTINGHAM, H. E., and ROOK, A. F.

1923. Observations on the life-history and bionomics of Phlebotomus papatasii. British Med. Journ., Dec. 15, pp. 1144-1151.

WILLE, J.

1920. Biologie und Bekämpfung der deutschen Schabe (Phyllodromia germanica L.). Monogr. Angew. Ent., Nr. 5, Zeitschr. Angew. Ent., Beiheft 1, Band 7, 140 pp.

WILLEMET, R.

1784. Lettre aux auteurs du Journal de Physique. Journ. Physique, Paris, vol. 24, p. 62.

WILLIAMS, C. L.

1931. Effect of fumigation on cockroaches on ships. Publ. Health Rep., vol. 46, pp. 1680-1694.

WILLIAMS, E. C., JR.

1941. An ecological study of the floor fauna of the Panama rain forest. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci., vol. 6, pp. 63-124.

WILLIAMS, F. X.

1918. Dolichurus stantoni Ashmead, a Philippine wasp parasitic on cockroaches. Hawaiian Planters' Rec., vol. 19, pp. 251-255.

1919. Philippine wasp studies. Part 2. Descriptions of new species and life history studies. Rep. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., Ent. Ser., Bull. No. 14, pp. 19-186.

1925. Wasps from tropical countries. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 6, pp. 16-17.

1928. Studies in tropical wasps--their hosts and associates (with descriptions of new species). Bull. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., Ent. Ser., Bull. No. 19, 179 pp.

1928a. [Rhinopsis caniculatus Say.] Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 227.

1929. Notes on the habits of the cockroach-hunting wasps of the genus Ampulex, sens. lat., with particular reference to Ampulex (Rhinopsis) caniculatus Say. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, pp. 315-329.

1931. [Evania attracted to honey dew.] Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 334.

1936. Biological studies in Hawaiian water-loving insects. Part I. Coleoptera or beetles (pp. 235-273). Part II. Odonata or dragonflies (pp. 273-352). Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 9, pp. 235-352.

1941. Blitzkrieg on cockroaches will be shown at Maui fair. Hawaii Farm and Home, vol. 4, p. 9.

1941a. An apparently undescribed Tachysphex (Hymenoptera, Larridae) from Trinidad, B.W.I. Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc. London, ser. B, vol. 10, pp. 197-199.

1942. The New Caledonian cockroach wasp (Ampulex compressa) in Hawaii. Hawaiian Planters' Rec., vol. 46, pp. 43-48.

1942a. Ampulex compressa (Fabr.), a cockroach-hunting wasp introduced from New Caledonia into Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. II, pp. 221-233.

1944. Cockroaches are their dish. Hawaii Farm and Home, vol. 7, p. 18.

1945. The aculeate wasps of New Caledonia, with natural history notes. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, pp. 407-452.

1946. Entomology. Rep. Comm. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., 1944/45, pp. 16-22.

1946a. Rhipidius sp. in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 485.

WILLIAMS, F. X.; VAN ZWALUWENBURG, R. H.; and SWEZEY, O. H.

1931. Handbook of the insects and other invertebrates of Hawaiian sugar cane fields. Exp. Stat. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Assoc., 400 pp.

WILLIS, E. R., and LEWIS, N.

1957. The longevity of starved cockroaches. Journ. Econ. Ent., vol. 50, pp. 438-440.

WILLIS, E. R.; RISER, G. R.; and ROTH, L. M.

1958. Observations on reproduction and development in cockroaches. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 51, pp. 53-69.

WILSON, G. S., and MILES, A. A.

1955. Topley and Wilson's principles of bacteriology and immunity. 4th ed., vol. 1, 1,106+xlviii pp. Baltimore.

WOLCOTT, G. N.

1924. The food of Porto Rican lizards. Journ. Dept. Agr. Porto Rico, vol. 7, pp. 5-37.

1924a. Entomologica económica Puertorriqueña. Estac. Exp. Insular, Río Piedras, Bol. No. 32, 176 pp.

1936. "Insectae borinquensis." Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 20, pp. 1-627.

1937. What the giant Surinam toad, Bufo marinus L., is eating now in Puerto Rico. Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 21, pp. 79-84.

1941. A supplement to "Insectae borinquensis." Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 25, pp. 22-158.

1950. The insects of Puerto Rico. Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, 1948, vol. 32, pp. 1-224.

1951. The insects of Puerto Rico: Hymenoptera, acknowledgements, addenda et corrigenda and index. Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, 1948, vol. 32, pp. 749-975.

1953. The food of the mongoose (Herpestes javanicus auropunctatus Hodgson) in St. Croix and Puerto Rico. Journ. Agr. Univ. Puerto Rico, vol. 37, pp. 241-247.

WOLF, J.

1924. Contribution à la morphologie des bacteroïdes des blattes (Periplaneta orientalis L.). Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 91, pp. 1180-1182.

1924a. Contribution à localisation des bactéroïdes dans les corps adipeux des blattes (Periplaneta orientalis L.) Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 91, pp. 1182-1183.

WOLLMAN, E.

1926. Observations sur une lignée aseptique de blattes (Blattella germanica) datant de cinq ans. Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol., Paris, vol. 95, pp. 164-165.

1927. Le rôle des mouches dans le transport de quelques germes importants pour la pathologie tunisienne. Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, vol. 16, pp. 347-364.

WOLLMAN, E.; ANDERSON, C.; and COLAS-BELCOUR, J.

1928. Recherches sur la conservation des virus hémophiles chez les insectes. Arch. Inst. Pasteur, Tunis, vol. 17, pp. 229-232.

WOLTERS, M.

1891. Die Conjugation und Sporenbildung bei Gregarinen. Arch. Mikros. Anat., vol. 37, pp. 99-138, 4 pls.

WOMERSLEY, H.

1956. On some new Acarina--Mesostigmata from Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea. Journ. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 42, pp. 505-599.

WOODCOCK, H. M.

1904. On Cystobia irregularis (Minch.) and allied "neogamous" gregarines. (Preliminary note.) Arch. Zool. Exp. et Gén., ser. 4, vol. 2, Notes et Rev. No. 8, pp. cxxv-cxxviii.

WRAY, D. L., and BRIMLEY, C. S.

1943. The insect inquilines and victims of pitcher plants in North Carolina. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer., vol. 36, pp. 128-137.

YAKIMOV, V. L., and MILLER, G. A.

1922. Les protozoaires de l'intestin de l'homme en dehors de l'organisme de l'homme. L'examen de l'intestin du Periplaneta orientalis. Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, vol. 15, pp. 8-11. [Essentially the same article appeared in Russian in Arkh. Russk. Protist. Obsh., vol. 1, pp. 131-132; German summary p. 133.]

YAMAGUTI, S., and MIYATA, I.

1942. Über die Entwicklungsgeschichte von Moniliformis dubius Meyer, 1933 (Acanthocephala) mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Entwicklung im Zwischenwirt. 32 pp. Kyoto.

YARWOOD, E. A.

1937. The life cycle of Adelina cryptocerci sp. nov., a coccidian parasite of the roach Cryptocercus punctulatus. Parasitology, vol. 29, pp. 370-390, 4 pls.

YETWIN, I. J.

1932. A study of the intracellular symbionts in the fat body of Blatella germanica Linn. M. S. thesis, Univ. Chicago, 56 pp.

1953. The cytology of the fat body of the common roach, Blatella germanica, with emphasis on intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Mil. Surgeon, vol. 113, pp. 111-113.

YOKOGAWA, S.

1924. On the cancroid growths caused by Gongylonema-orientale n. sp. in the rat. "Gann," Japanese Journ. Cancer Res., vol. 18, pp. 48-69, 2 pls.

1925. On a new species of nematode, Gongylonema orientale, found in Formosa. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 11, pp. 195-200, 1 pl.

1925a. On the cancroid growths caused by Gongylonema orientale n. sp. in the rat. Taiwan Igakki Zasshi, Journ. Med. Assoc. Formosa, No. 240, pp. 1-20.

YOUNG, F. N.

1949. Insects from burrows of Peromyscus polionotus. Florida Ent., vol. 32, p. 77.

YOUNG, M. D.

1935. Description, incidence, and cultivation of Tetratrichomastix blattidarum n. sp. from the cockroach. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 21, pp. 309-310.

1937. Cockroaches as carriers of Giardia cysts. Journ. Parasitol., vol. 23, pp. 102-103.

ZACHER, F.

1917. Die Geradflüger Deutschlands und ihre Verbreitung. 287 pp. Jena.

1920. Schaben als Schädlinge in Gewächshäusern. Gartenflora, Berlin, No. 13/14, pp. 165-168. [Translated by H. L. Middleton.]

ZALESSKII, ǏǓ. M.

1939. Sur une nouvelle blatte permienne portant un oviscapte. [Par Georges Zalessky.] Ann. Soc. Géol. du Nord, vol. 64, pp. 85-94.

1953. New Permian cockroaches from the family Spiloblattinidae. (In Russian.) Ent. Obozrenie, vol. 33, pp. 266-272. [Pertinent sections translated by M. Ycas.]

ZAPPE, M. P.

1918. A cockroach pest of greenhouses, Pycnoscelus (Leucophaea) surinamensis Linn. Connecticut Agr. Exp. Stat., Bull. No. 203, pp. 302-313, 4 pls.

1918a. Life history and development of the greenhouse cockroach. Pycnoscelus surinamensis Linn. Connecticut Agr. Exp. Stat., Bull. No. 211, pp. 311-313.

ZASUKHIN, D. N.

1928. Zur Frage über die Parasiten der Protozoen. Parasiten von Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 64, pp. 61-70, 2 pls.

1929. Usloviia obitaniia, stroenie i razvitie Endamoeba blattae (Bütschli) Leidy (1879.) [Lebensbedingungen, Cytologie und Entwicklung von Endamoeba blattae Büt. (Leidy) 1879.] Russk. Arkh. Protistenk., vol. 8, pp. 163-244, 4 pls. (German summary pp. 240-244.)

1930. Lebensbedingungen, Cytologie und Entwicklung von Endamoeba blattae Büt. (Leidy) 1879. Arch. Protistenk., vol. 70, pp. 681-686.

1934. Hyperparasitism in protozoa. Quart. Rev. Biol., vol. 9, pp. 215-224.

ZHIVAGO, P.

1909. Ueber Vermehrung bei Pleistophora periplanetae Lutz und Splendore. Zool. Anz., vol. 34, pp. 647-654.

ZIMMERMAN, E. C.

1944. New cockroach egg parasite from Honolulu. Proc. Hawaiian Ent. Soc., vol. 12, p. 20.

1948. Insects of Hawaii. Vol. 2, Apterygota to Thysanoptera, inclusive. 475 pp. Honolulu.

ZMEEV, G. I.

1936. Les insectes synanthropes comme hôtes intermédiaires et hôtes vecteurs des helminthes au Tadjikistan. (In Russian, French summary.) Trudy Tadzhiksk. Bazy Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 6, pp. 241-248. [Russian text translated by M. Ycas.]

1940. Certain points in the epidemiology of dysentery and its endemic foci in Central Asia connected with the cockroach Shelfordella tartara Sauss. (In Russian.) Second conference on Parasitological problems. November 1940, Leningrad, p. 35. Izd. Akad. Nauk SSSR, Moscow. [From Rev. App. Ent., 1946, ser. B., vol. 34, p. 110.]

ZULUETA, A. DE.

1916. Sobre la estructura y bipartición de Nyctotherus ovalis Leidy. Trab. Mus. Nac. Cienc. Nat., Madrid, ser. Zool., No. 26, pp. 1-16.

PLATES

INDEX

Plate and page numbers in boldface type indicate illustrations. In general, entries are placed in the index as unmodified substantives except where a modifier contributes significantly to the identification of the item (e.g., blue heads, prairie dog). This index should be used in conjunction with the indexed check list of natural associations (pages 290 to 310) because these are not repeated here. All experimental associations are indexed below except those involving Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, and Periplaneta americana that are cited on pages that also contain references to the natural associations of these three species.

Abies sp., 257

Acacia, 56, 69

Acacia farnesiana, 155, 164 harpophylla, 55 sp., 155

Acanthinevania princeps, 235

Acanthocephala, 203

Acanthogyna deplanata, 7

Acaridae, 217

Acarina, 210, 216

Acheta domestica, 320

Achromobacter hyalinum, 110 sp., 110

Achromobacteriaceae, 110

Acridotheres tristis, 281

Acrocomia aculeata, 142

Acromyrmex lobicornis, 312, 313 lundi, 312 niger, 312 octospinosus, 312 silvestrii, 312

Acropyga acutinventris, 317

Actinocephalidae, 184

Actinomycetaceae, 124

Actinomycetales, 123

Adeleidae, 184

Adelina cryptocerci, 184-185

Aechmaea porteoides, 144

Aerobacter aerogenes, 111 cloacae, 112 sp., 112

Aeschnidae, 224

Agamerion metallica, 243

Agamidae, 275

Agamospirura parahormeticae, 205

Agaricus, 164

Agave, 43, 57

Agelaius xanthomus, 282

Agis orientalis, 7, 27

Aglaopteryx absimilis, 7, 35, 156, 317 devia, 7 diaphana, 7, 35, 36, 145, 146, 290, 339 facies, 7, 35, 156, 290, 317, 318 gemma, 7, 36, 140, 143, 144, 153, 158, 159, 339 vegeta, 7, 146 ypsilon, 7, 75

Aircraft, 87-90

Alcaligenes faecalis, 111 recti, 111 viscosus, 111

Algaroba, 45, 156, 164

Allacta similis, 7, 36, 75, 276, 290

Allothereua maculata, 223

Alluaudellina cavernicola, 7, 17

Alluaudella cavernicola, 7

Alpinia, 163

Alsophila sp., 139

Alsophilas, 164

Amazonina emarginata, 7, 36, 146, 158

Ameiva exsul, 275 sp., 275

Amitermes, 102

Amoeba blattae, 177 coli, 178 undetermined sp., 181

Amoebidae, 177

Amoebina, 177

Amphibia, 269-272

Amphibians, 3, 353

Amphibolurus barbatus, 275

Amphoromorpha blattina, 139 sp., 139

Ampulex, 2, 256 amoena, 256-257 assimilis, 257 canaliculata, 94, 257-258, 352 compressa, 258-259, 352; =pl. 35= compressiventris, 260 fasciata, 259 novarae, 256 ruficornis, 259 siberica, 260 sibirica, 259 sonnerati, 260