The 2010 CIA World Factbook (part 17 of 25)

The 2010 CIA World Factbook (part 17 of 25)

Montserrat machinery and transportation equipment, foodstuffs, manufactured goods, fuels, lubricants, and related materials

Morocco crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics

Mozambique machinery and equipment, vehicles, fuel, chemicals, metal products, foodstuffs, textiles

Namibia foodstuffs; petroleum products and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Nauru food, fuel, manufactures, building materials, machinery

Nepal petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine

Netherlands machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs, clothing

New Caledonia machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs

New Zealand machinery and equipment, vehicles and aircraft, petroleum, electronics, textiles, plastics

Nicaragua consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products

Niger foodstuffs, machinery, vehicles and parts, petroleum, cereals

Nigeria machinery, chemicals, transport equipment, manufactured goods, food and live animals

Niue food, live animals, manufactured goods, machinery, fuels, lubricants, chemicals, drugs

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands food, construction equipment and materials, petroleum products

Norway machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs

Oman machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, lubricants

Pakistan petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

Palau machinery and equipment, fuels, metals; foodstuffs

Panama capital goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, chemicals

Papua New Guinea machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, food, fuels, chemicals

Paraguay road vehicles, consumer goods, tobacco, petroleum products, electrical machinery, tractors, chemicals, vehicle parts

Peru petroleum and petroleum products, plastics, machinery, vehicles, iron and steel, wheat, paper

Philippines electronic products, mineral fuels, machinery and transport equipment, iron and steel, textile fabrics, grains, chemicals, plastic

Pitcairn Islands fuel oil, machinery, building materials, flour, sugar, other foodstuffs

Poland machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9%

Portugal agricultural products, food products, oil products, chemical products, plastics and rubber, skins and leather, wood and cork, wood pulp and paper, textile materials, clothing, footwear, minerals and mineral products, base metals, machinery and tools, vehicles and other transport material, and optical and precision instruments, computer accessories and parts, semi-conductors and related devices, household goods, passenger cars new and used, and wine products

Puerto Rico chemicals, machinery and equipment, clothing, food, fish, petroleum products

Qatar machinery and transport equipment, food, chemicals

Romania machinery and equipment, fuels and minerals, chemicals, textile and products, metals, agricultural products

Russia machinery, vehicles, pharmaceutical products, plastic, semi-finished metal products, meat, fruits and nuts, optical and medical instruments, iron, steel

Rwanda foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, steel, petroleum products, cement and construction material

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha food, beverages, tobacco, fuel oils, animal feed, building materials, motor vehicles and parts, machinery and parts

Saint Kitts and Nevis machinery, manufactures, food, fuels

Saint Lucia food 23%, manufactured goods 21%, machinery and transportation equipment 19%, chemicals, fuels

Saint Martin crude petroleum, food, manufactured items

Saint Pierre and Miquelon meat, clothing, fuel, electrical equipment, machinery, building materials

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, chemicals and fertilizers, minerals and fuels

Samoa machinery and equipment, industrial supplies, foodstuffs

San Marino wide variety of consumer manufactures, food

Sao Tome and Principe machinery and electrical equipment, food products, petroleum products

Saudi Arabia machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, motor vehicles, textiles

Senegal food and beverages, capital goods, fuels

Seychelles machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals, other manufactured goods

Sierra Leone foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fuels and lubricants, chemicals

Singapore machinery and equipment, mineral fuels, chemicals, foodstuffs, consumer goods

Slovakia machinery and transport equipment 31%, mineral products 13%, vehicles 12%, base metals 9%, chemicals 8%, plastics 6% (2009 est.)

Slovenia machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals, fuels and lubricants, food

Solomon Islands food, plant and equipment, manufactured goods, fuels, chemicals

Somalia manufactures, petroleum products, foodstuffs, construction materials, qat

South Africa machinery and equipment, chemicals, petroleum products, scientific instruments, foodstuffs

Spain machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semifinished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments

Sri Lanka petroleum, textiles, machinery and transportation equipment, building materials, mineral products, foodstuffs

Sudan foodstuffs, manufactured goods, refinery and transport equipment, medicines and chemicals, textiles, wheat

Suriname capital equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, cotton, consumer goods

Swaziland motor vehicles, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products, chemicals

Sweden machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel; foodstuffs, clothing

Switzerland machinery, chemicals, vehicles, metals; agricultural products, textiles

Syria machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper

Taiwan electronics, machinery, crude petroleum, precision instruments, organic chemicals, metals

Tajikistan electricity, petroleum products, aluminum oxide, machinery and equipment, foodstuffs

Tanzania consumer goods, machinery and transportation equipment, industrial raw materials, crude oil

Thailand capital goods, intermediate goods and raw materials, consumer goods, fuels

Timor-Leste food, gasoline, kerosene, machinery

Togo machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum products

Tokelau foodstuffs, building materials, fuel

Tonga foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, chemicals

Trinidad and Tobago mineral fuels, lubricants, machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, chemicals, live animals

Tunisia textiles, machinery and equipment, hydrocarbons, chemicals, foodstuffs

Turkey machinery, chemicals, semi-finished goods, fuels, transport equipment

Turkmenistan machinery and equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs

Turks and Caicos Islands food and beverages, tobacco, clothing, manufactures, construction materials

Tuvalu food, animals, mineral fuels, machinery, manufactured goods

Uganda capital equipment, vehicles, petroleum, medical supplies; cereals

Ukraine energy, machinery and equipment, chemicals

United Arab Emirates machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, food

United Kingdom manufactured goods, machinery, fuels; foodstuffs

United States agricultural products 4.9%, industrial supplies 32.9% (crude oil 8.2%), capital goods 30.4% (computers, telecommunications equipment, motor vehicle parts, office machines, electric power machinery), consumer goods 31.8% (automobiles, clothing, medicines, furniture, toys)

Uruguay crude petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, road vehicles, paper, plastics

Uzbekistan machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, ferrous and non-ferrous metals

Vanuatu machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, fuels

Venezuela agricultural products, raw materials, machinery and equipment, transport equipment, construction materials

Vietnam machinery and equipment, petroleum products, fertilizer, steel products, raw cotton, grain, cement, motorcycles

Virgin Islands crude oil, foodstuffs, consumer goods, building materials

Wallis and Futuna chemicals, machinery, consumer goods

West Bank food, consumer goods, construction materials, petroleum, chemicals

Western Sahara fuel for fishing fleet, foodstuffs

World the whole range of industrial and agricultural goods and services top ten - share of world trade: see listing for exports

Yemen food and live animals, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Zambia machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing

Zimbabwe machinery and transport equipment, other manufactures, chemicals, fuels, food products

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@2059

Field Listing :: Climate

This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year. Country

Climate

Afghanistan arid to semiarid; cold winters and hot summers

Akrotiri temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Albania mild temperate; cool, cloudy, wet winters; hot, clear, dry summers; interior is cooler and wetter

Algeria arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer

American Samoa tropical marine, moderated by southeast trade winds; annual rainfall averages about 3 m; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October); little seasonal temperature variation

Andorra temperate; snowy, cold winters and warm, dry summers

Angola semiarid in south and along coast to Luanda; north has cool, dry season (May to October) and hot, rainy season (November to April)

Anguilla tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Antarctica severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below freezing

Antigua and Barbuda tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation

Arctic Ocean polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Argentina mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Armenia highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Aruba tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Ashmore and Cartier Islands tropical

Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclones (hurricanes) develop off the coast of Africa near Cape Verde and move westward into the Caribbean Sea; hurricanes can occur from May to December but are most frequent from August to November

Australia generally arid to semiarid; temperate in south and east; tropical in north

Austria temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers

Azerbaijan dry, semiarid steppe

Bahamas, The tropical marine; moderated by warm waters of Gulf Stream

Bahrain arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Bangladesh tropical; mild winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); humid, warm rainy monsoon (June to October)

Barbados tropical; rainy season (June to October)

Belarus cold winters, cool and moist summers; transitional between continental and maritime

Belgium temperate; mild winters, cool summers; rainy, humid, cloudy

Belize tropical; very hot and humid; rainy season (May to November); dry season (February to May)

Benin tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Bermuda subtropical; mild, humid; gales, strong winds common in winter

Bhutan varies; tropical in southern plains; cool winters and hot summers in central valleys; severe winters and cool summers in Himalayas

Bolivia varies with altitude; humid and tropical to cold and semiarid

Bosnia and Herzegovina hot summers and cold winters; areas of high elevation have short, cool summers and long, severe winters; mild, rainy winters along coast

Botswana semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Bouvet Island antarctic

Brazil mostly tropical, but temperate in south

British Indian Ocean Territory tropical marine; hot, humid, moderated by trade winds

British Virgin Islands subtropical; humid; temperatures moderated by trade winds

Brunei tropical; hot, humid, rainy

Bulgaria temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

Burkina Faso tropical; warm, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Burma tropical monsoon; cloudy, rainy, hot, humid summers (southwest monsoon, June to September); less cloudy, scant rainfall, mild temperatures, lower humidity during winter (northeast monsoon, December to April)

Burundi equatorial; high plateau with considerable altitude variation (772 m to 2,670 m above sea level); average annual temperature varies with altitude from 23 to 17 degrees centigrade but is generally moderate as the average altitude is about 1,700 m; average annual rainfall is about 150 cm; two wet seasons (February to May and September to November), and two dry seasons (June to August and December to January)

Cambodia tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to November); dry season (December to April); little seasonal temperature variation

Cameroon varies with terrain, from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

Canada varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

Cape Verde temperate; warm, dry summer; precipitation meager and erratic

Cayman Islands tropical marine; warm, rainy summers (May to October) and cool, relatively dry winters (November to April)

Central African Republic tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Chad tropical in south, desert in north

Chile temperate; desert in north; Mediterranean in central region; cool and damp in south

China extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Christmas Island tropical with a wet season (December to April) and dry season; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Clipperton Island tropical; humid, average temperature 20-32 degrees C, wet season (May to October)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands tropical with high humidity, moderated by the southeast trade winds for about nine months of the year

Colombia tropical along coast and eastern plains; cooler in highlands

Comoros tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the tropical; hot and humid in equatorial river basin; cooler and drier in southern highlands; cooler and wetter in eastern highlands; north of Equator - wet season (April to October), dry season (December to February); south of Equator - wet season (November to March), dry season (April to October)

Congo, Republic of the tropical; rainy season (March to June); dry season (June to October); persistent high temperatures and humidity; particularly enervating climate astride the Equator

Cook Islands tropical oceanic; moderated by trade winds; a dry season from April to November and a more humid season from December to March

Coral Sea Islands tropical

Costa Rica tropical and subtropical; dry season (December to April); rainy season (May to November); cooler in highlands

Cote d'Ivoire tropical along coast, semiarid in far north; three seasons - warm and dry (November to March), hot and dry (March to May), hot and wet (June to October)

Croatia Mediterranean and continental; continental climate predominant with hot summers and cold winters; mild winters, dry summers along coast

Cuba tropical; moderated by trade winds; dry season (November to April); rainy season (May to October)

Curacao tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in mild temperatures; semi-arid with average rainfall of 600 mm/year

Cyprus temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Czech Republic temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Denmark temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers

Dhekelia temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters

Djibouti desert; torrid, dry

Dominica tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds; heavy rainfall

Dominican Republic tropical maritime; little seasonal temperature variation; seasonal variation in rainfall

Ecuador tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands

Egypt desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters

El Salvador tropical; rainy season (May to October); dry season (November to April); tropical on coast; temperate in uplands

Equatorial Guinea tropical; always hot, humid

Eritrea hot, dry desert strip along Red Sea coast; cooler and wetter in the central highlands (up to 61 cm of rainfall annually, heaviest June to September); semiarid in western hills and lowlands

Estonia maritime; wet, moderate winters, cool summers

Ethiopia tropical monsoon with wide topographic-induced variation

European Union cold temperate; potentially subarctic in the north to temperate; mild wet winters; hot dry summers in the south

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) cold marine; strong westerly winds, cloudy, humid; rain occurs on more than half of days in year; average annual rainfall is 24 inches in Stanley; occasional snow all year, except in January and February, but typically does not accumulate

Faroe Islands mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy

Fiji tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Finland cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

France metropolitan France: generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry, north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral French Guiana: tropical; hot, humid; little seasonal temperature variation Guadeloupe and Martinique: subtropical tempered by trade winds; moderately high humidity; rainy season (June to October); vulnerable to devastating cyclones (hurricanes) every eight years on average Reunion: tropical, but temperature moderates with elevation; cool and dry (May to November), hot and rainy (November to April)

French Polynesia tropical, but moderate

French Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul: oceanic with persistent westerly winds and high humidity Iles Crozet: windy, cold, wet, and cloudy Iles Kerguelen: oceanic, cold, overcast, windy Iles Eparses: tropical

Gabon tropical; always hot, humid

Gambia, The tropical; hot, rainy season (June to November); cooler, dry season (November to May)

Gaza Strip temperate, mild winters, dry and warm to hot summers

Georgia warm and pleasant; Mediterranean-like on Black Sea coast

Germany temperate and marine; cool, cloudy, wet winters and summers; occasional warm mountain (foehn) wind

Ghana tropical; warm and comparatively dry along southeast coast; hot and humid in southwest; hot and dry in north

Gibraltar Mediterranean with mild winters and warm summers

Greece temperate; mild, wet winters; hot, dry summers

Greenland arctic to subarctic; cool summers, cold winters

Grenada tropical; tempered by northeast trade winds

Guam tropical marine; generally warm and humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season (January to June), rainy season (July to December); little seasonal temperature variation

Guatemala tropical; hot, humid in lowlands; cooler in highlands

Guernsey temperate with mild winters and cool summers; about 50% of days are overcast

Guinea generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guinea-Bissau tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds

Guyana tropical; hot, humid, moderated by northeast trade winds; two rainy seasons (May to August, November to January)

Haiti tropical; semiarid where mountains in east cut off trade winds

Heard Island and McDonald Islands antarctic

Holy See (Vatican City) temperate; mild, rainy winters (September to May) with hot, dry summers (May to September)

Honduras subtropical in lowlands, temperate in mountains

Hong Kong subtropical monsoon; cool and humid in winter, hot and rainy from spring through summer, warm and sunny in fall

Hungary temperate; cold, cloudy, humid winters; warm summers

Iceland temperate; moderated by North Atlantic Current; mild, windy winters; damp, cool summers

India varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north

Indian Ocean northeast monsoon (December to April), southwest monsoon (June to October); tropical cyclones occur during May/June and October/November in the northern Indian Ocean and January/February in the southern Indian Ocean

Indonesia tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Iran mostly arid or semiarid, subtropical along Caspian coast

Iraq mostly desert; mild to cool winters with dry, hot, cloudless summers; northern mountainous regions along Iranian and Turkish borders experience cold winters with occasionally heavy snows that melt in early spring, sometimes causing extensive flooding in central and southern Iraq

Ireland temperate maritime; modified by North Atlantic Current; mild winters, cool summers; consistently humid; overcast about half the time

Isle of Man temperate; cool summers and mild winters; overcast about a third of the time

Israel temperate; hot and dry in southern and eastern desert areas

Italy predominantly Mediterranean; Alpine in far north; hot, dry in south

Jamaica tropical; hot, humid; temperate interior

Jan Mayen arctic maritime with frequent storms and persistent fog

Japan varies from tropical in south to cool temperate in north

Jersey temperate; mild winters and cool summers

Jordan mostly arid desert; rainy season in west (November to April)

Kazakhstan continental, cold winters and hot summers, arid and semiarid

Kenya varies from tropical along coast to arid in interior

Kiribati tropical; marine, hot and humid, moderated by trade winds

Korea, North temperate with rainfall concentrated in summer

Korea, South temperate, with rainfall heavier in summer than winter

Kosovo influenced by continental air masses resulting in relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns; Mediterranean and alpine influences create regional variation; maximum rainfall between October and December

Kuwait dry desert; intensely hot summers; short, cool winters

Kyrgyzstan dry continental to polar in high Tien Shan Mountains; subtropical in southwest (Fergana Valley); temperate in northern foothill zone

Laos tropical monsoon; rainy season (May to November); dry season (December to April)

Latvia maritime; wet, moderate winters

Lebanon Mediterranean; mild to cool, wet winters with hot, dry summers; Lebanon mountains experience heavy winter snows

Lesotho temperate; cool to cold, dry winters; hot, wet summers

Liberia tropical; hot, humid; dry winters with hot days and cool to cold nights; wet, cloudy summers with frequent heavy showers

Libya Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Liechtenstein continental; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow or rain; cool to moderately warm, cloudy, humid summers

Lithuania transitional, between maritime and continental; wet, moderate winters and summers

Luxembourg modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Macau subtropical; marine with cool winters, warm summers

Macedonia warm, dry summers and autumns; relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall

Madagascar tropical along coast, temperate inland, arid in south

Malawi sub-tropical; rainy season (November to May); dry season (May to November)

Malaysia tropical; annual southwest (April to October) and northeast (October to February) monsoons

Maldives tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August)

Mali subtropical to arid; hot and dry (February to June); rainy, humid, and mild (June to November); cool and dry (November to February)

Malta Mediterranean; mild, rainy winters; hot, dry summers

Marshall Islands tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November; islands border typhoon belt

Mauritania desert; constantly hot, dry, dusty

Mauritius tropical, modified by southeast trade winds; warm, dry winter (May to November); hot, wet, humid summer (November to May)

Mayotte tropical; marine; hot, humid, rainy season during northeastern monsoon (November to May); dry season is cooler (May to November)

Mexico varies from tropical to desert

Micronesia, Federated States of tropical; heavy year-round rainfall, especially in the eastern islands; located on southern edge of the typhoon belt with occasionally severe damage

Moldova moderate winters, warm summers

Monaco Mediterranean with mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers

Mongolia desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Montenegro Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Montserrat tropical; little daily or seasonal temperature variation

Morocco Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Mozambique tropical to subtropical

Namibia desert; hot, dry; rainfall sparse and erratic

Nauru tropical with a monsoonal pattern; rainy season (November to February)

Navassa Island marine, tropical

Nepal varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south

Netherlands temperate; marine; cool summers and mild winters

New Caledonia tropical; modified by southeast trade winds; hot, humid

New Zealand temperate with sharp regional contrasts

Nicaragua tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Niger desert; mostly hot, dry, dusty; tropical in extreme south

Nigeria varies; equatorial in south, tropical in center, arid in north

Niue tropical; modified by southeast trade winds

Norfolk Island subtropical; mild, little seasonal temperature variation

Northern Mariana Islands tropical marine; moderated by northeast trade winds, little seasonal temperature variation; dry season December to June, rainy season July to October

Norway temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast

Oman dry desert; hot, humid along coast; hot, dry interior; strong southwest summer monsoon (May to September) in far south

Pacific Ocean planetary air pressure systems and resultant wind patterns exhibit remarkable uniformity in the south and east; trade winds and westerly winds are well-developed patterns, modified by seasonal fluctuations; tropical cyclones (hurricanes) may form south of Mexico from June to October and affect Mexico and Central America; continental influences cause climatic uniformity to be much less pronounced in the eastern and western regions at the same latitude in the North Pacific Ocean; the western Pacific is monsoonal - a rainy season occurs during the summer months, when moisture-laden winds blow from the ocean over the land, and a dry season during the winter months, when dry winds blow from the Asian landmass back to the ocean; tropical cyclones (typhoons) may strike southeast and east Asia from May to December

Pakistan mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Palau tropical; hot and humid; wet season May to November

Panama tropical maritime; hot, humid, cloudy; prolonged rainy season (May to January), short dry season (January to May)

Papua New Guinea tropical; northwest monsoon (December to March), southeast monsoon (May to October); slight seasonal temperature variation

Paracel Islands tropical

Paraguay subtropical to temperate; substantial rainfall in the eastern portions, becoming semiarid in the far west

Peru varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Philippines tropical marine; northeast monsoon (November to April); southwest monsoon (May to October)

Pitcairn Islands tropical; hot and humid; modified by southeast trade winds; rainy season (November to March)

Poland temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Portugal maritime temperate; cool and rainy in north, warmer and drier in south

Puerto Rico tropical marine, mild; little seasonal temperature variation

Qatar arid; mild, pleasant winters; very hot, humid summers

Romania temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Russia ranges from steppes in the south through humid continental in much of European Russia; subarctic in Siberia to tundra climate in the polar north; winters vary from cool along Black Sea coast to frigid in Siberia; summers vary from warm in the steppes to cool along Arctic coast

Rwanda temperate; two rainy seasons (February to April, November to January); mild in mountains with frost and snow possible

Saint Barthelemy tropical, with practically no variation in temperature; has two seasons (dry and humid)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena: tropical marine; mild, tempered by trade winds Ascension Island: tropical marine; mild, semi-arid Tristan da Cunha: temperate marine; mild, tempered by trade winds (tends to be cooler than Saint Helena)

Saint Kitts and Nevis tropical, tempered by constant sea breezes; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Saint Lucia tropical, moderated by northeast trade winds; dry season January to April, rainy season May to August

Saint Martin temperature averages 80-85 degrees all year long; low humidity, gentle trade winds, brief, intense rain showers; July-November is the hurricane season

Saint Pierre and Miquelon cold and wet, with considerable mist and fog; spring and autumn are often windy

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines tropical; little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season (May to November)

Samoa tropical; rainy season (November to April), dry season (May to October)

San Marino Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Sao Tome and Principe tropical; hot, humid; one rainy season (October to May)

Saudi Arabia harsh, dry desert with great temperature extremes

Senegal tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (May to November) has strong southeast winds; dry season (December to April) dominated by hot, dry, harmattan wind

Serbia in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns)

Seychelles tropical marine; humid; cooler season during southeast monsoon (late May to September); warmer season during northwest monsoon (March to May)

Sierra Leone tropical; hot, humid; summer rainy season (May to December); winter dry season (December to April)

Singapore tropical; hot, humid, rainy; two distinct monsoon seasons - Northeastern monsoon (December to March) and Southwestern monsoon (June to September); inter-monsoon - frequent afternoon and early evening thunderstorms

Sint Maarten tropical marine climate, ameliorated by northeast trade winds, results in moderate temperatures; average rainfall of 1500 mm/year; July-November is the hurricane season

Slovakia temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Slovenia Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Solomon Islands tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather

Somalia principally desert; northeast monsoon (December to February), moderate temperatures in north and hot in south; southwest monsoon (May to October), torrid in the north and hot in the south, irregular rainfall, hot and humid periods (tangambili) between monsoons

South Africa mostly semiarid; subtropical along east coast; sunny days, cool nights

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands variable, with mostly westerly winds throughout the year interspersed with periods of calm; nearly all precipitation falls as snow

Southern Ocean sea temperatures vary from about 10 degrees Celsius to -2 degrees Celsius; cyclonic storms travel eastward around the continent and frequently are intense because of the temperature contrast between ice and open ocean; the ocean area from about latitude 40 south to the Antarctic Circle has the strongest average winds found anywhere on Earth; in winter the ocean freezes outward to 65 degrees south latitude in the Pacific sector and 55 degrees south latitude in the Atlantic sector, lowering surface temperatures well below 0 degrees Celsius; at some coastal points intense persistent drainage winds from the interior keep the shoreline ice-free throughout the winter

Spain temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Spratly Islands tropical

Sri Lanka tropical monsoon; northeast monsoon (December to March); southwest monsoon (June to October)

Sudan tropical in south; arid desert in north; rainy season varies by region (April to November)

Suriname tropical; moderated by trade winds

Svalbard arctic, tempered by warm North Atlantic Current; cool summers, cold winters; North Atlantic Current flows along west and north coasts of Spitsbergen, keeping water open and navigable most of the year

Swaziland varies from tropical to near temperate

Sweden temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool, partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north

Switzerland temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy/snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

Syria mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Taiwan tropical; marine; rainy season during southwest monsoon (June to August); cloudiness is persistent and extensive all year

Tajikistan midlatitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Tanzania varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Thailand tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Timor-Leste tropical; hot, humid; distinct rainy and dry seasons

Togo tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Tokelau tropical; moderated by trade winds (April to November)

Tonga tropical; modified by trade winds; warm season (December to May), cool season (May to December)

Trinidad and Tobago tropical; rainy season (June to December)

Tunisia temperate in north with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers; desert in south

Turkey temperate; hot, dry summers with mild, wet winters; harsher in interior

Turkmenistan subtropical desert

Turks and Caicos Islands tropical; marine; moderated by trade winds; sunny and relatively dry

Tuvalu tropical; moderated by easterly trade winds (March to November); westerly gales and heavy rain (November to March)

Uganda tropical; generally rainy with two dry seasons (December to February, June to August); semiarid in northeast

Ukraine temperate continental; Mediterranean only on the southern Crimean coast; precipitation disproportionately distributed, highest in west and north, lesser in east and southeast; winters vary from cool along the Black Sea to cold farther inland; summers are warm across the greater part of the country, hot in the south

United Arab Emirates desert; cooler in eastern mountains

United Kingdom temperate; moderated by prevailing southwest winds over the North Atlantic Current; more than one-half of the days are overcast

United States mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker, Howland, and Jarvis Islands: equatorial; scant rainfall, constant wind, burning sun Johnston Atoll and Kingman Reef: tropical, but generally dry; consistent northeast trade winds with little seasonal temperature variation Midway Islands: subtropical with cool, moist winters (December to February) and warm, dry summers (May to October); moderated by prevailing easterly winds; most of the 1,067 mm (42 in) of annual rainfall occurs during the winter Palmyra Atoll: equatorial, hot; located within the low pressure area of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) where the northeast and southeast trade winds meet, it is extremely wet with between 4,000-5,000 mm (160-200 in) of rainfall each year

Uruguay warm temperate; freezing temperatures almost unknown

Uzbekistan mostly midlatitude desert, long, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid grassland in east

Vanuatu tropical; moderated by southeast trade winds from May to October; moderate rainfall from November to April; may be affected by cyclones from December to April

Venezuela tropical; hot, humid; more moderate in highlands

Vietnam tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (May to September) and warm, dry season (October to March)

Virgin Islands subtropical, tempered by easterly trade winds, relatively low humidity, little seasonal temperature variation; rainy season September to November

Wake Island tropical

Wallis and Futuna tropical; hot, rainy season (November to April); cool, dry season (May to October); rains 2,500-3,000 mm per year (80% humidity); average temperature 26.6 degrees C

West Bank temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters

Western Sahara hot, dry desert; rain is rare; cold offshore air currents produce fog and heavy dew

World a wide equatorial band of hot and humid tropical climates - bordered north and south by subtropical temperate zones - that separate two large areas of cold and dry polar climates

Yemen mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily hot, dry, harsh desert in east

Zambia tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to April)

Zimbabwe tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

======================================================================

@2060

Field Listing :: Coastline

This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea. Country

Coastline(km)

Afghanistan 0 km (landlocked)

Akrotiri 56.3 km

Albania 362 km

Algeria 998 km

American Samoa 116 km

Andorra 0 km (landlocked)

Angola 1,600 km

Anguilla 61 km

Antarctica 17,968 km

Antigua and Barbuda 153 km

Arctic Ocean 45,389 km

Argentina 4,989 km

Armenia 0 km (landlocked)

Aruba 68.5 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands 74.1 km

Atlantic Ocean 111,866 km

Australia 25,760 km

Austria 0 km (landlocked)

Azerbaijan 0 km (landlocked); note - Azerbaijan borders the Caspian Sea (713 km)

Bahamas, The 3,542 km

Bahrain 161 km

Bangladesh 580 km

Barbados 97 km

Belarus 0 km (landlocked)

Belgium 66.5 km

Belize 386 km

Benin 121 km

Bermuda 103 km

Bhutan 0 km (landlocked)

Bolivia 0 km (landlocked)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 20 km

Botswana 0 km (landlocked)

Bouvet Island 29.6 km

Brazil 7,491 km

British Indian Ocean Territory 698 km

British Virgin Islands 80 km

Brunei 161 km

Bulgaria 354 km

Burkina Faso 0 km (landlocked)

Burma 1,930 km

Burundi 0 km (landlocked)

Cambodia 443 km

Cameroon 402 km

Canada 202,080 km

Cape Verde 965 km

Cayman Islands 160 km

Central African Republic 0 km (landlocked)

Chad 0 km (landlocked)

Chile 6,435 km

China 14,500 km

Christmas Island 138.9 km

Clipperton Island 11.1 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 26 km

Colombia 3,208 km (Caribbean Sea 1,760 km, North Pacific Ocean 1,448 km)

Comoros 340 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 37 km

Congo, Republic of the 169 km

Cook Islands 120 km

Coral Sea Islands 3,095 km

Costa Rica 1,290 km

Cote d'Ivoire 515 km

Croatia 5,835 km (mainland 1,777 km, islands 4,058 km)

Cuba 3,735 km

Curacao 364 km

Cyprus 648 km

Czech Republic 0 km (landlocked)

Denmark 7,314 km

Dhekelia 27.5 km

Djibouti 314 km

Dominica 148 km

Dominican Republic 1,288 km

Ecuador 2,237 km

Egypt 2,450 km

El Salvador 307 km

Equatorial Guinea 296 km

Eritrea 2,234 km (mainland on Red Sea 1,151 km, islands in Red Sea 1,083 km)

Estonia 3,794 km

Ethiopia 0 km (landlocked)

European Union 65,992.9 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,288 km

Faroe Islands 1,117 km

Fiji 1,129 km

Finland 1,250 km

France total: 4,668 km metropolitan France: 3,427 km

French Polynesia 2,525 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands Ile Amsterdam (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): 28 km Ile Saint-Paul (Ile Amsterdam et Ile Saint-Paul): Iles Kerguelen: 2,800 km Bassas da India (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km Europa Island (Iles Eparses): 22.2 km Glorioso Islands (Iles Eparses): 35.2 km Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): 24.1 km Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): 3.7 km

Gabon 885 km

Gambia, The 80 km

Gaza Strip 40 km

Georgia 310 km

Germany 2,389 km

Ghana 539 km

Gibraltar 12 km

Greece 13,676 km

Greenland 44,087 km

Grenada 121 km

Guam 125.5 km

Guatemala 400 km

Guernsey 50 km

Guinea 320 km

Guinea-Bissau 350 km

Guyana 459 km

Haiti 1,771 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands 101.9 km

Holy See (Vatican City) 0 km (landlocked)

Honduras 820 km

Hong Kong 733 km

Hungary 0 km (landlocked)

Iceland 4,970 km

India 7,000 km

Indian Ocean 66,526 km

Indonesia 54,716 km

Iran 2,440 km; note - Iran also borders the Caspian Sea (740 km)

Iraq 58 km

Ireland 1,448 km

Isle of Man 160 km

Israel 273 km

Italy 7,600 km

Jamaica 1,022 km

Jan Mayen 124.1 km

Japan 29,751 km

Jersey 70 km

Jordan 26 km

Kazakhstan 0 km (landlocked); note - Kazakhstan borders the Aral Sea, now split into two bodies of water (1,070 km), and the Caspian Sea (1,894 km)

Kenya 536 km

Kiribati 1,143 km

Korea, North 2,495 km

Korea, South 2,413 km

Kosovo 0 km (landlocked)

Kuwait 499 km

Kyrgyzstan 0 km (landlocked)

Laos 0 km (landlocked)

Latvia 498 km

Lebanon 225 km

Lesotho 0 km (landlocked)

Liberia 579 km

Libya 1,770 km

Liechtenstein 0 km (doubly landlocked)

Lithuania 90 km

Luxembourg 0 km (landlocked)

Macau 41 km

Macedonia 0 km (landlocked)

Madagascar 4,828 km

Malawi 0 km (landlocked)

Malaysia 4,675 km (Peninsular Malaysia 2,068 km, East Malaysia 2,607 km)

Maldives 644 km

Mali 0 km (landlocked)

Malta 196.8 km (excludes 56.01 km for the island of Gozo)

Marshall Islands 370.4 km

Mauritania 754 km

Mauritius 177 km

Mayotte 185.2 km

Mexico 9,330 km

Micronesia, Federated States of 6,112 km

Moldova 0 km (landlocked)

Monaco 4.1 km

Mongolia 0 km (landlocked)

Montenegro 293.5 km

Montserrat 40 km

Morocco 1,835 km

Mozambique 2,470 km

Namibia 1,572 km

Nauru 30 km

Navassa Island 8 km

Nepal 0 km (landlocked)

Netherlands 451 km

New Caledonia 2,254 km

New Zealand 15,134 km

Nicaragua 910 km

Niger 0 km (landlocked)

Nigeria 853 km

Niue 64 km

Norfolk Island 32 km

Northern Mariana Islands 1,482 km

Norway 25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)

Oman 2,092 km

Pacific Ocean 135,663 km

Pakistan 1,046 km

Palau 1,519 km

Panama 2,490 km

Papua New Guinea 5,152 km

Paracel Islands 518 km

Paraguay 0 km (landlocked)

Peru 2,414 km

Philippines 36,289 km

Pitcairn Islands 51 km

Poland 440 km

Portugal 1,793 km

Puerto Rico 501 km

Qatar 563 km

Romania 225 km

Russia 37,653 km

Rwanda 0 km (landlocked)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha Saint Helena: 60 km Ascension Island: NA Tristan da Cunha: 40 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis 135 km

Saint Lucia 158 km

Saint Martin 58.9 km (for entire island)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 120 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 84 km

Samoa 403 km

San Marino 0 km (landlocked)

Sao Tome and Principe 209 km

Saudi Arabia 2,640 km

Senegal 531 km

Serbia 0 km (landlocked)

Seychelles 491 km

Sierra Leone 402 km

Singapore 193 km

Sint Maarten 364 km

Slovakia 0 km (landlocked)

Slovenia 46.6 km

Solomon Islands 5,313 km

Somalia 3,025 km

South Africa 2,798 km

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands NA

Southern Ocean 17,968 km

Spain 4,964 km

Spratly Islands 926 km

Sri Lanka 1,340 km

Sudan 853 km

Suriname 386 km

Svalbard 3,587 km

Swaziland 0 km (landlocked)

Sweden 3,218 km

Switzerland 0 km (landlocked)

Syria 193 km

Taiwan 1,566.3 km

Tajikistan 0 km (landlocked)

Tanzania 1,424 km

Thailand 3,219 km

Timor-Leste 706 km

Togo 56 km

Tokelau 101 km

Tonga 419 km

Trinidad and Tobago 362 km

Tunisia 1,148 km

Turkey 7,200 km

Turkmenistan 0 km; note - Turkmenistan borders the Caspian Sea (1,768 km)

Turks and Caicos Islands 389 km

Tuvalu 24 km

Uganda 0 km (landlocked)

Ukraine 2,782 km

United Arab Emirates 1,318 km

United Kingdom 12,429 km

United States 19,924 km

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges Baker Island: 4.8 km Howland Island: 6.4 km Jarvis Island: 8 km Johnston Atoll: 34 km Kingman Reef: 3 km Midway Islands: 15 km Palmyra Atoll: 14.5 km

Uruguay 660 km

Uzbekistan 0 km (doubly landlocked); note - Uzbekistan includes the southern portion of the Aral Sea with a 420 km shoreline

Vanuatu 2,528 km

Venezuela 2,800 km

Vietnam 3,444 km (excludes islands)

Virgin Islands 188 km

Wake Island 19.3 km

Wallis and Futuna 129 km

West Bank 0 km (landlocked)

Western Sahara 1,110 km

World 356,000 km note: 95 nations and other entities are islands that border no other countries, they include: American Samoa, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Aruba, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Baker Island, Barbados, Bermuda, Bouvet Island, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cape Verde, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Clipperton Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Comoros, Cook Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominica, Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), Faroe Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Greenland, Grenada, Guam, Guernsey, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Howland Island, Iceland, Isle of Man, Jamaica, Jan Mayen, Japan, Jarvis Island, Jersey, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Madagascar, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritius, Mayotte, Federated States of Micronesia, Midway Islands, Montserrat, Nauru, Navassa Island, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Palmyra Atoll, Paracel Islands, Philippines, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Seychelles, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Spratly Islands, Sri Lanka, Svalbard, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Virgin Islands, Wake Island, Wallis and Futuna, Taiwan

Yemen 1,906 km

Zambia 0 km (landlocked)

Zimbabwe 0 km (landlocked)

======================================================================

@2061

Field Listing :: Imports - partners

This entry provides a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important; it sometimes includes the percent of total dollar value. Country

Imports - partners(%)

Afghanistan Pakistan 26.78%, US 24.81%, India 5.15%, Germany 5.06%, Russia 4.04% (2009)

Albania Italy 29.94%, Greece 14.05%, Turkey 7.1%, Germany 6.9%, China 5.39% (2009)

Algeria France 19.7%, China 11.72%, Italy 10.19%, Spain 8.13%, Germany 5.77%, Turkey 5.05% (2009)

Angola Portugal 18.71%, China 17.39%, US 8.51%, Brazil 8.22%, South Korea 6.72%, France 4.51%, Italy 4.28%, South Africa 4.02% (2009)

Argentina Brazil 31.12%, US 13.69%, China 10.26%, Germany 4.69% (2009)

Armenia Russia 24.02%, China 8.72%, Ukraine 6.15%, Turkey 5.39%, Germany 5.36%, Iran 4.07% (2009)

Aruba US 49.51%, Netherlands 16.15%, UK 4.94% (2009)

Australia China 17.94%, US 11.26%, Japan 8.36%, Thailand 5.81%, Singapore 5.54%, Germany 5.3% (2009)

Austria Germany 45.07%, Switzerland 6.76%, Italy 6.66%, Netherlands 4.03% (2009)

Azerbaijan Turkey 18.69%, Russia 16.98%, Germany 7.87%, Ukraine 7.3%, China 6.18%, UK 5.73% (2009)

Bahamas, The US 27.23%, South Korea 20.08%, Japan 14.55%, Singapore 5.89%, China 4.75%, Venezuela 4.26%, Italy 4.12% (2009)

Bahrain Saudi Arabia 22.91%, France 9.76%, US 7.95%, China 6.4%, South Korea 5.26%, Japan 5.19%, Germany 5.01%, UK 4.34% (2009)

Bangladesh China 16.16%, India 12.61%, Singapore 7.55%, Japan 4.63%, Malaysia 4.46% (2009)

Barbados Trinidad and Tobago 28.52%, US 27.96%, Colombia 7.13%, China 4.76%, UK 4.39% (2009)

Belarus Russia 56.42%, Germany 8.31%, Ukraine 4.79%, China 4.04% (2009)

Belgium Netherlands 17.93%, Germany 17.14%, France 11.69%, Ireland 6.26%, US 5.74%, UK 5.07%, China 4.09% (2009)

Belize US 33.65%, Mexico 14.17%, Cuba 8.51%, Guatemala 6.75%, Spain 6.07%, China 4.12% (2009)

Benin China 35.62%, US 7.51%, France 7.38%, Thailand 6.71%, Malaysia 6.13%, Netherlands 4.83%, Belgium 4.02% (2009)

Bermuda US 31.2%, South Korea 26.71%, Brazil 6.77%, Ireland 6.11%, Singapore 5.35% (2009)

Bhutan India 63%, Japan 12.3%, China 5.1% (2008)

Bolivia Brazil 27.12%, Argentina 15.69%, US 12.77%, Chile 9.11%, Peru 6.85% (2009)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia 22.17%, Germany 14.04%, Slovenia 13.45%, Italy 11.89%, Austria 6.61%, Hungary 5.74% (2009)

Brazil US 16.12%, China 12.61%, Argentina 8.77%, Germany 7.65%, Japan 4.3% (2009)

Brunei Singapore 38.4%, Malaysia 18.7%, Japan 7.2%, China 5.42%, Thailand 5.19%, US 4.45%, UK 4.25% (2009)

Bulgaria Russia 13.14%, Germany 12.23%, Italy 7.78%, Greece 6.17%, Romania 5.65%, Turkey 5.48%, Ukraine 4.81%, Austria 4.08% (2009)

Burkina Faso Cote d'Ivoire 24.31%, France 19.48%, Togo 6.42% (2009)

Burma China 33.1%, Thailand 26.28%, Singapore 15.18% (2009)

Burundi Saudi Arabia 16.87%, Belgium 11.17%, Uganda 8.62%, Kenya 7.57%, China 5.66%, France 5.35%, Germany 4.46%, India 4.24%, Tanzania 4.21% (2009)

Cambodia Thailand 24.83%, Vietnam 19.73%, China 14.08%, Singapore 11.34%, Hong Kong 7.41%, Taiwan 5.1%, South Korea 4.06% (2009)

Cameroon France 21.03%, Nigeria 10.79%, China 10.25%, Belgium 6.62%, US 4.31% (2009)

Canada US 51.1%, China 10.88%, Mexico 4.56% (2009)

Cape Verde Portugal 44.86%, Netherlands 15.51%, Spain 6.1%, Italy 4.46%, Brazil 4.21% (2009)

Central African Republic South Korea 19.29%, France 11.95%, US 7.78%, Cameroon 7.39%, Netherlands 6.77% (2009)

Chad France 17.74%, Cameroon 12.7%, China 11.23%, US 7.59%, Italy 6.54%, Ukraine 5.33%, Netherlands 4.37% (2009)

Chile US 21.77%, China 12.76%, Argentina 9.55%, Brazil 6.46%, South Korea 5.35% (2009)

China Japan 12.27%, Hong Kong 10.06%, South Korea 9.04%, US 7.66%, Taiwan 6.84%, Germany 5.54% (2009)

Colombia US 28%, China 11%, Mexico 7%, Brazil 6.5%, France 4.5%, Germany 4% (2009)

Comoros France 15.5%, China 14.66%, India 10.55%, UAE 7.88%, Pakistan 5.69%, Kenya 4.51% (2009)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the South Africa 18.22%, Belgium 10.2%, China 8.34%, Zambia 7.77%, France 7.28%, Zimbabwe 6.52%, Kenya 5.48%, Netherlands 4.13%, Italy 3.96% (2009)

Congo, Republic of the France 20.64%, China 14.54%, Italy 9.56%, US 9.02%, India 5.55%, Belgium 4.51% (2009)

Costa Rica US 44.72%, Mexico 7.65%, Venezuela 5.56%, China 5.15%, Japan 4.36% (2009)

Cote d'Ivoire Nigeria 20.75%, France 14.19%, China 7.18%, Thailand 5.09% (2009)

Croatia Italy 15.46%, Germany 13.57%, Russia 9.29%, China 6.83%, Slovenia 5.75%, Austria 5.04% (2009)

Cuba Venezuela 30.51%, China 15.48%, Spain 8.3%, US 6.87% (2009)

Curacao Venezuela 57.3%, US 19.2%, Brazil 8.1% (2009 est.)

Cyprus Greece 20.18%, Italy 10.67%, UK 8.95%, Germany 8.79%, Israel 6.99%, China 5.52%, Netherlands 4.85%, France 4.01% (2009)

Czech Republic Germany 30.67%, Poland 6.97%, Slovakia 6.6%, Netherlands 5.99%, China 5.7%, Austria 5.26%, Russia 4.93%, Italy 3.98% (2009)

Denmark Germany 21.07%, Sweden 13.18%, Norway 7%, Netherlands 6.97%, China 6.22%, UK 5.53% (2009)

Djibouti Saudi Arabia 16.26%, India 16.03%, China 14.26%, US 9.57%, Malaysia 6.63%, Japan 4.74% (2009)

Dominica Japan 31.29%, US 19.73%, Trinidad and Tobago 11.8%, China 11.58% (2009)

Dominican Republic US 42.79%, Venezuela 7.04%, Mexico 6.17%, Colombia 5.59% (2009)

Ecuador US 25.4%, Columbia 10.6%, Venezuela 6.5%, Brazil 4.5%, Brazil 4.35% (2009)

Egypt US 9.92%, China 9.63%, Germany 6.98%, Italy 6.88%, Turkey 4.94% (2009)

El Salvador US 29.79%, Mexico 10.26%, Guatemala 9.7%, China 4.5%, Honduras 4.4% (2009)

Equatorial Guinea China 19.97%, US 17.28%, Spain 14.94%, France 9.49%, Cote d'Ivoire 6.34%, Italy 5.02% (2009)

Eritrea Saudi Arabia 20.7%, India 13.6%, Italy 12.6%, China 9.9%, US 5.1%, Germany 4.6% (2008)

Estonia Finland 14.52%, Lithuania 10.84%, Latvia 10.47%, Germany 10.33%, Russia 8.59%, Sweden 8.34%, Poland 5.63% (2009)

Ethiopia China 14.73%, Saudi Arabia 8.41%, India 7.65%, US 4.3% (2009)

Faroe Islands Denmark 54.42%, Norway 20.76%, Sweden 4.79% (2009)

Fiji Singapore 27.27%, Australia 19.36%, NZ 15.15%, China 6.92%, India 5.23%, Thailand 4.25% (2009)

Finland Russia 16.28%, Germany 15.76%, Sweden 14.65%, Netherlands 6.99%, China 5.29%, France 4.22% (2009)

France Germany 19.41%, Belgium 11.61%, Italy 7.97%, Netherlands 7.15%, Spain 6.68%, UK 4.9%, US 4.72%, China 4.44% (2009)

Gabon France 32.21%, US 7.92%, China 7.02%, Belgium 4.99%, Italy 4.81%, Cameroon 4.56%, Netherlands 4.35% (2009)

Gambia, The China 20.45%, Senegal 11.97%, Brazil 8.48%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.71%, Netherlands 4.68%, US 4.49% (2009)

Georgia Turkey 16.81%, Azerbaijan 9.72%, Ukraine 9.17%, Russia 7.39%, US 6.63%, Germany 6.22% (2009)

Germany Netherlands 8.5%, China 8.2%, France 8.2%, US 5.9%, Italy 5.9%, UK 4.9%, Belgium 4.3%, Austria 4.3%, Switzerland 4.2% (2009)

Ghana China 16.8%, Nigeria 11.88%, US 6.63%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.99%, India 5.57%, France 5.09%, UK 4.23% (2009)

Greece Germany 13.73%, Italy 12.71%, China 7.08%, France 6.1%, Netherlands 6.02%, South Korea 5.68%, Belgium 4.34%, Spain 4.08% (2009)

Greenland Denmark 74.93%, Sweden 11.73%, Norway 2.29% (2009)

Grenada Trinidad and Tobago 39.76%, US 18.11% (2009)

Guatemala US 36.46%, Mexico 10.49%, China 5.88%, El Salvador 5.14% (2009)

Guinea China 8.67%, Netherlands 6.67%, France 4.33%, UK 4.22% (2009)

Guinea-Bissau Portugal 17.33%, Senegal 13.66%, Netherlands 9.27%, India 9.11%, Thailand 5.2%, Brazil 4.49% (2009)

Guyana US 25.23%, Trinidad and Tobago 23.23%, Cuba 6.41%, China 6.05% (2009)

Haiti US 33.11%, Dominican Republic 23.53%, Netherlands Antilles 10.75%, China 5.36% (2009)

Honduras US 46.81%, Guatemala 8.92%, El Salvador 7.13%, Mexico 5.54%, Costa Rica 4.91% (2009)

Hong Kong China 46.4%, Japan 8.8%, Taiwan 6.5%, Singapore 6.5%, US 5.3% (2009)

Hungary Germany 25.05%, China 8.56%, Russia 7.3%, Austria 6.08%, Netherlands 4.73%, France 4.51%, Slovakia 4.14%, Italy 4.13%, Poland 4.07% (2009)

Iceland Norway 12.97%, Netherlands 8.62%, Germany 8.3%, Sweden 8.03%, Denmark 7.27%, US 6.94%, China 4.98%, UK 4.55%, Brazil 4.09% (2009)

India China 10.94%, US 7.16%, Saudi Arabia 5.36%, UAE 5.18%, Australia 5.02%, Germany 4.86%, Singapore 4.02% (2009)

Indonesia Singapore 24.96%, China 12.52%, Japan 8.92%, Malaysia 5.88%, South Korea 5.64%, US 4.88%, Thailand 4.45% (2009)

Iran UAE 15.14%, China 13.48%, Germany 9.66%, South Korea 7.16%, Italy 5.27%, Russia 4.81%, India 4.12% (2009)

Iraq Turkey 24.99%, Syria 17.36%, US 8.66%, China 6.79%, Jordan 4.17%, Italy 3.98%, Germany 3.97% (2009)

Ireland UK 35.28%, US 16.87%, Germany 6.76%, Netherlands 5.86%, France 4.76% (2009)

Israel US 12.35%, China 7.43%, Germany 7.1%, Switzerland 6.94%, Belgium 5.42%, Italy 4.49%, UK 4.03%, Netherlands 3.98% (2009)

Italy Germany 16.68%, France 8.82%, China 6.53%, Netherlands 5.63%, Spain 4.3%, Russia 4.12%, Belgium 4.08% (2009)

Jamaica US 28.32%, Trinidad and Tobago 22.98%, Venezuela 12.14%, China 4.61%, Brazil 4.18% (2009)

Japan China 22.2%, US 10.96%, Australia 6.29%, Saudi Arabia 5.29%, UAE 4.12%, South Korea 3.98%, Indonesia 3.95% (2009)

Jordan Saudi Arabia 17.3%, China 10.95%, US 6.94%, Germany 6.29%, Egypt 6.1% (2009)

Kazakhstan Russia 28.5%, China 26.72%, Germany 6.59%, Italy 5.58%, Ukraine 4.8% (2009)

Kenya India 11.67%, China 10.58%, UAE 9.32%, South Africa 8.36%, Saudi Arabia 6.53%, US 6.25%, Japan 5.1% (2009)

Korea, North China 57%, South Korea 25%, Russia 3%, Singapore 3% (2008)

Korea, South China 17.7%, Japan 14%, US 8.9%, Saudi Arabia 7.8%, UAE 4.4%, Australia 4.1% (2008)

Kuwait US 11.18%, China 9.07%, Germany 7.63%, Japan 7.14%, Saudi Arabia 6.24%, Italy 5%, France 4.77%, India 4.09%, UK 4.02% (2009)

Kyrgyzstan China 57.03%, Russia 19.34%, Kazakhstan 5.9% (2009)

Laos Thailand 66.2%, China 11.45%, Vietnam 5.3% (2009)

Latvia Lithuania 16.36%, Germany 11.34%, Russia 10.68%, Poland 8.11%, Estonia 7.69% (2009)

Lebanon US 11%, France 10%, China 9%, Italy 8%, Germany 8%, Turkey 4%, Ukraine 4.55%, Turkey 4.5% (2009)

Lesotho China 26.3%, Taiwan 20.1%, Hong Kong 16.4%, South Korea 14.1%, India 9.2% (2008)

Liberia South Korea 28.29%, Singapore 19.06%, Japan 17.06%, China 14.58%, Taiwan 4.02% (2009)

Libya Italy 18.9%, China 10.54%, Turkey 9.92%, Germany 9.78%, France 5.63%, Tunisia 5.25%, South Korea 4.02% (2009)

Lithuania Russia 30.1%, Germany 11.1%, Poland 9.9%, Latvia 6.3% (2009)

Luxembourg Belgium 27.22%, Germany 23.14%, China 18.62%, France 8.85%, Netherlands 5.06% (2009)

Macau China 31.1%, Hong Kong 10.8%, Japan 8.1%, France 8%, US 6.2% (2009)

Macedonia Germany 15.11%, Greece 14.88%, Bulgaria 9.08%, Italy 7.68%, Turkey 7.59%, Slovenia 6.26%, Hungary 4.31% (2009)

Madagascar China 12.99%, Thailand 11.93%, Bahrain 7.1%, France 6.89%, US 4.13% (2009)

Malawi South Africa 40.15%, China 6.79%, India 6.73%, France 5.03%, Tanzania 4.81%, Mozambique 4.03% (2009)

Malaysia China 13.9%, Japan 12.5%, US 11.2%, Singapore 11.1%, Thailand 6%, Indonesia 5.3% (2009)

Maldives Singapore 24.62%, UAE 15.7%, India 11.02%, Malaysia 8.98%, Sri Lanka 5.4%, Thailand 5.36% (2009)

Mali Senegal 12.21%, France 11.57%, Cote d'Ivoire 10.05%, China 5.89% (2009)

Malta Italy 24.4%, UK 11.7%, Germany 9.3%, France 7.6%, China 4.2%, Singapore 4.11%, Switzerland 4.05% (2009)

Mauritania France 14.3%, Netherlands 10.33%, China 9.94%, Brazil 5.58%, Belgium 4.87%, Germany 4.04%, Spain 4.02% (2009)

Mauritius India 24.5%, France 14.02%, South Africa 8.55%, China 8.17% (2009)

Mexico US 48%, China 13.5%, Japan 4.8% (2009)

Moldova Ukraine 19.9%, Romania 15.1%, Russia 14.52%, Germany 8.69%, Italy 5.7%, Belarus 4.38% (2009)

Mongolia China 35.99%, Russia 31.56%, South Korea 7.08%, Japan 4.8% (2009)

Montenegro Italy 17.54%, Slovenia 14.62%, Germany 10.5%, Austria 7.82%, China 7.82%, Russia 4.4%, Hungary 4.11%, Greece 4.11%, Netherlands 3.96% (2009)

Morocco France 16.95%, Spain 14.72%, China 7.1%, Italy 6.76%, Germany 6.28%, US 5.66%, Saudi Arabia 5.11% (2009)

Mozambique South Africa 33.54%, Netherlands 8.42%, India 5.93%, China 4.24% (2009)

Nepal India 57%, China 13% (2009)

Netherlands Germany 17.16%, China 11.58%, Belgium 8.68%, US 7.77%, UK 5.72%, Russia 4.47%, France 4.4% (2009)

New Caledonia France 39.89%, Singapore 14.12%, Australia 12.5%, NZ 5.42% (2009)

New Zealand Australia 18.4%, China 15.09%, US 10.45%, Japan 7.24%, Germany 4.16%, Singapore 4.12% (2009)

Nicaragua US 22.63%, Venezuela 12.27%, Mexico 9.05%, Costa Rica 8.66%, China 7.16%, Guatemala 6.59%, El Salvador 5.63% (2009)

Niger China 16.32%, France 15.95%, Netherlands 7.66%, Algeria 7.15%, French Polynesia 6.11%, Nigeria 5.48%, Cote d'Ivoire 4.15%, US 4.05% (2009)

Nigeria China 14.89%, US 8.88%, Netherlands 8.18%, South Korea 5.46%, UK 4.63%, France 4.19% (2009)

Norway Sweden 13.86%, Germany 12.89%, China 7.8%, Denmark 6.78%, US 6.16%, UK 6.01% (2009)

Oman UAE 22.9%, Japan 13.99%, US 6.46%, China 5.64%, India 5.27%, France 5.19%, South Korea 4.65% (2009)

Pakistan China 15.35%, Saudi Arabia 10.54%, UAE 9.8%, US 4.81%, Kuwait 4.73%, Malaysia 4.43%, India 4.02% (2009)

Panama Japan 36.21%, Singapore 16.86%, US 12.3%, China 7.84% (2009)

Papua New Guinea Australia 43.27%, China 13.29%, Singapore 9.59%, US 6.4%, Japan 4.62% (2009)

Paraguay China 30%, Brazil 23%, Argentina 16%, US 5% (2009)

Peru US 23.96%, China 10.74%, Ecuador 7.25%, Brazil 7.19%, Chile 5.68%, Argentina 5.59%, Mexico 5.02% (2009)

Philippines Japan 12.5%, US 12%, China 8.8%, Singapore 8.7%, South Korea 7.9% (2009)

Poland Germany 28.08%, Russia 8.65%, Italy 6.5%, Netherlands 5.59%, China 5.27%, France 4.6%, Czech Republic 4.05% (2009)

Portugal Spain 31.58%, Germany 12.41%, France 8.58%, Italy 5.55%, Netherlands 5.31% (2009)

Qatar US 13.43%, Italy 8.34%, South Korea 8.33%, Japan 8.04%, Germany 7.31%, France 6.26%, UK 5.59%, China 5%, UAE 4.67%, Saudi Arabia 3.96% (2009)

Romania Germany 17.3%, Italy 11.78%, Hungary 8.36%, France 6.14%, China 4.91%, Austria 4.75% (2009)

Russia Germany 14.39%, China 13.98%, Ukraine 5.48%, Italy 4.84%, US 4.46% (2009)

Rwanda Kenya 16.53%, Uganda 14.92%, China 7.92%, UAE 6.89%, Belgium 5.54%, Germany 5.19%, Tanzania 4.81%, Sweden 4% (2009)

Saint Kitts and Nevis US 43.37%, Trinidad and Tobago 15.26%, Italy 11.83% (2009)

Saint Lucia Brazil 83.44%, US 4.67%, Trinidad and Tobago 4.56% (2009)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Singapore 16.16%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.71%, US 13.41%, China 10.9%, Italy 8.89%, Turkey 6.6%, France 5.64%, Romania 4.44% (2009)

Samoa NZ 24.13%, Fiji 17.34%, Singapore 12.54%, China 10.02%, Australia 9.85%, US 5.95% (2009)

Sao Tome and Principe Portugal 58.9%, Brazil 6.68%, US 4.71%, Japan 4.49% (2009)

Saudi Arabia US 12.32%, China 12.06%, Germany 7.67%, Japan 6.15%, South Korea 5.32%, India 4.99%, UK 4.72%, France 4.05% (2009)

Senegal France 19.58%, UK 9.64%, China 8.08%, Netherlands 5.64%, Thailand 4.75%, US 3.97% (2009)

Serbia Germany 11.79%, Italy 9.36%, Hungary 6.71%, Slovenia 6.52%, Austria 4.79% (2009)

Seychelles Saudi Arabia 16.44%, India 8.33%, Spain 7.49%, South Africa 6.72%, France 6.39%, Brazil 6.07%, Singapore 5.07% (2009)

Sierra Leone South Africa 14.61%, China 7.58%, US 5.87%, Cote d'Ivoire 5.65%, India 5.19%, Malaysia 5.19%, France 5.08%, UK 4.48%, Netherlands 4.06% (2009)

Singapore US 14.7%, Malaysia 11.6%, China 10.5%, Japan 7.6%, Indonesia 5.8%, South Korea 5.7%, Taiwan 5.22% (2009)

Sint Maarten China 17.35%, Japan 14.79%, US 8.96%, Saudi Arabia 6.89% (2009)

Slovakia Germany 16.8%, Czech Republic 12.3%, Russia 9%, South Korea 6.8%, China 5.8%, Hungary 5.3%, Poland 4% (2009)

Slovenia Germany 16.46%, Italy 15.89%, Austria 11.81%, France 4.98%, Croatia 4.32% (2009)

Solomon Islands Singapore 24.69%, Australia 23.06%, NZ 5.2%, Fiji 4.47%, Papua New Guinea 4.34%, Malaysia 3.98% (2009)

Somalia Djibouti 30.84%, Kenya 8.06%, India 7.86%, China 6.97%, Brazil 6.59%, Yemen 4.97%, Oman 4.72%, UAE 4.6% (2009)

South Africa China 17.21%, Germany 11.24%, US 7.38%, Saudi Arabia 4.87%, Japan 4.67%, Iran 3.95% (2009)

Spain Germany 15.02%, France 12.82%, Italy 7.17%, China 5.8%, Netherlands 5.22%, UK 4.7% (2009)

Sri Lanka India 20.73%, China 13.45%, Singapore 7.26%, Iran 6.7%, South Korea 5.23% (2009)

Sudan China 21.87%, Saudi Arabia 7.22%, Egypt 6.1%, India 5.53%, UAE 5.3% (2009)

Suriname US 30.79%, Netherlands 19.17%, Trinidad and Tobago 13.04%, China 6.8%, Japan 5.85% (2009)

Sweden Germany 17.9%, Denmark 8.9%, Norway 8.7%, Netherlands 6.17%, UK 5.56%, Finland 5.14%, France 5.06%, China 4.79% (2009)

Switzerland Germany 27.19%, Italy 10.42%, US 9.61%, France 7.69%, Netherlands 4.35% (2009)

Syria Saudi Arabia 10.1%, China 9.95%, Turkey 6.97%, Egypt 6.44%, UAE 4.97%, Italy 4.93%, Russia 4.92%, Germany 4.38%, Lebanon 4.12% (2009)

Taiwan Japan 20.7%, China 14%, US 10.3%, South Korea 6%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2009)

Tajikistan Russia 23.92%, China 23.74%, Kazakhstan 8.92%, Turkey 4.96%, Uzbekistan 4.73% (2009)

Tanzania India 13.97%, China 13.71%, South Africa 7.8%, Kenya 6.89%, UAE 4.65%, Japan 4.34% (2009)

Thailand Japan 18.7%, China 12.7%, Malaysia 6.4%, US 6.3%, UAE 5%, Singapore 4.3%, South Korea 4.1% (2009)

Togo China 36.58%, France 8.64%, Netherlands 6.76%, India 5.06%, US 4.4% (2009)

Tonga Fiji 34.37%, NZ 25.03%, US 9.43%, Australia 7.53%, China 5.64% (2009)

Trinidad and Tobago US 30.87%, Colombia 7.1%, Venezuela 7.01%, Russia 6.64%, Brazil 5.53%, China 4.19% (2009)

Tunisia France 20.1%, Italy 16.4%, Germany 8.8%, China 5%, Spain 4.5%, US 4% (2009)

Turkey Russia 14%, Germany 10%, China 9%, US 6.1%, Italy 5.4%, France 5% (2009)

Turkmenistan China 18.03%, Turkey 16.49%, Russia 16.45%, Germany 5.91%, UAE 5.81%, Ukraine 5.67%, US 5.41%, France 4.32% (2009)

Uganda Kenya 13.9%, India 12.79%, UAE 11.16%, China 8.91%, South Africa 5.08%, France 4.6%, Japan 4.37%, US 4.07% (2009)

Ukraine Russia 28%, Germany 8.6%, China 6.1%, Kazakhstan 4.9%, Poland 4.9% (2009)

United Arab Emirates China 15.03%, India 14.27%, US 8.44%, Germany 5.81%, Japan 4.52% (2009)

United Kingdom Germany 12.87%, US 9.74%, China 8.88%, Netherlands 6.94%, France 6.64%, Belgium 4.86%, Norway 4.84%, Ireland 4.01%, Italy 3.99% (2009)

United States China 19.3%, Canada 14.24%, Mexico 11.12%, Japan 6.14%, Germany 4.53% (2009)

Uruguay Argentina 20.77%, Brazil 17.53%, China 10.23%, US 9.82%, Paraguay 6.87% (2009)

Uzbekistan Russia 23.72%, China 20.36%, South Korea 13.03%, Germany 6.09%, Ukraine 5.39%, Kazakhstan 4.68% (2009)

Vanuatu Japan 17.3%, Australia 13.46%, China 12.26%, Singapore 12%, NZ 6.88%, Poland 6.61%, France 5.86%, Fiji 5.52% (2009)

Venezuela US 23.66%, Colombia 14.43%, Brazil 9.13%, China 8.44%, Mexico 5.47% (2009)

Vietnam China 16.42%, Singapore 9.61%, Japan 8.96%, Taiwan 8.23%, South Korea 7.72%, Thailand 6.41%, Hong Kong 4.45%, US 4.27% (2009)

World China 10.3%, Germany 8.7%, US 8%, Japan 5% (2008 est.)

Yemen China 13.98%, UAE 12.3%, India 8.63%, Saudi Arabia 5.8%, US 4.52%, Brazil 4.51%, Turkey 4.51%, Kuwait 4.33%, France 4.24% (2009)

Zambia South Africa 51.78%, UAE 7.7%, China 5.85%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 4.22% (2009)

Zimbabwe South Africa 62.24%, China 4.2% (2009)

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@2062

Field Listing ::

Country

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@2063

Field Listing :: Constitution

This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments. Country

Constitution

Afghanistan constitution drafted 14 December 2003-4 January 2004; signed 16 January 2004; ratified 26 January 2004

Akrotiri Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document

Albania approved by parliament on 21 October 1998; adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998

Algeria 8 September 1963; revised 19 November 1976; effective 22 November 1976; revised 3 November 1988, 23 February 1989, 28 November 1996, 10 April 2002, and 12 November 2008

American Samoa ratified on 2 June 1966; effective 1 July 1967

Andorra Andorra's first written constitution was drafted in 1991; approved by referendum 14 March 1993; effective 28 April 1993

Angola adopted by People's Assembly 25 August 1992

Anguilla Anguilla Constitutional Order 1 April 1982; amended 1990

Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981

Argentina 1 May 1853; amended many times starting in 1860

Armenia adopted by nationwide referendum 5 July 1995; amendments adopted through a nationwide referendum 27 November 2005

Aruba 1 January 1986

Australia 9 July 1900; effective on 1 January 1901

Austria 1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; note - during the period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative) constitution in place

Azerbaijan adopted 12 November 1995; modified by referendum 24 August 2002

Bahamas, The 10 July 1973

Bahrain adopted 14 February 2002

Bangladesh 4 November 1972; effective 16 December 1972; suspended following coup of 24 March 1982; restored 10 November 1986; amended many times

Barbados 30 November 1966

Belarus 15 March 1994; revised by national referendum of 24 November 1996 giving the presidency greatly expanded powers and became effective 27 November 1996; revised again 17 October 2004 removing presidential term limits

Belgium 7 February 1831; amended many times; revised 14 July 1993 to create a federal state

Belize 21 September 1981

Benin adopted by referendum 2 December 1990

Bermuda 8 June 1968; amended 1989 and 2003

Bhutan ratified 18 July 2008

Bolivia 7 February 2009

Bosnia and Herzegovina the Dayton Peace Accords, signed on 14 December 1995 in Paris, included a constitution; note - each of the entities also has its own constitution

Botswana March 1965; effective 30 September 1966

Brazil 5 October 1988

British Virgin Islands 13 June 2007

Brunei 29 September 1959 (some provisions suspended under a State of Emergency since December 1962, others since independence on 1 January 1984)

Bulgaria adopted on 12 July 1991

Burkina Faso approved by referendum 2 June 1991; formally adopted 11 June 1991; last amended January 2002

Burma 3 January 1974; suspended since 18 September 1988; a constitution officially received 92.48% support in a flawed May 2008 referendum that most observers judged fell far short of international standards of free and fair elections; note - a new constitution is to take effect when a parliament is convened possibly in late January 2011

Burundi ratified by popular referendum 28 February 2005

Cambodia promulgated 21 September 1993

Cameroon approved by referendum 20 May 1972; adopted 2 June 1972; revised January 1996

Canada made up of unwritten and written acts, customs, judicial decisions, and traditions; the written part of the constitution consists of the Constitution Act of 29 March 1867, which created a federation of four provinces, and the Constitution Act of 17 April 1982, which transferred formal control over the constitution from Britain to Canada, and added a Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms as well as procedures for constitutional amendments

Cape Verde 25 September 1992; a major revision on 23 November 1995 substantially increased the powers of the president; a 1999 revision created the position of national ombudsman (Provedor de Justica)

Cayman Islands The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009, 6 November 2009

Central African Republic ratified by popular referendum 5 December 2004; effective 27 December 2004

Chad passed by referendum 31 March 1996; a June 2005 referendum removed constitutional term limits

Chile 11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 1989, 1991, 1997, 1999, 2000, 2003, and 2005

China most recent promulgation 4 December 1982 with amendments in 1988, 1993, 1999, 2004

Christmas Island Christmas Island Act of 1958-59 (1 October 1958) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands Act of 1955 (23 November 1955) as amended by the Territories Law Reform Act of 1992

Colombia 5 July 1991; amended many times

Comoros 23 December 2001

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 18 February 2006

Congo, Republic of the approved by referendum 20 January 2002

Cook Islands 4 August 1965

Costa Rica 7 November 1949

Cote d'Ivoire approved by referendum 23 July 2000

Croatia adopted on 22 December 1990; revised 2000, 2001

Cuba 24 February 1976; amended July 1992 and June 2002

Curacao Staatsregeling, 10 October 2010; revised Kingdom Charter pending

Cyprus 16 August 1960 note: from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for a new or revised constitution to govern the island and for better relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974 Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC)" when the Turkish Cypriots declared independence in 1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5 May 1985, although the "TRNC" remains unrecognized by any country other than Turkey

Czech Republic ratified on 16 December 1992, effective on 1 January 1993; amended in 1997, 2000, 2001 (twice), 2002

Denmark 5 June 1953; note - constitution allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief of state

Dhekelia Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia Order in Council 1960, effective 16 August 1960, functions as a basic legal document

Djibouti approved by referendum 4 September 1992; note - constitution allows for multiparties

Dominica 3 November 1978

Dominican Republic 28 November 1966; amended 25 July 2002 and January 2010

Ecuador 20 October 2008

Egypt 11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26 March 2007

El Salvador 20 December 1983

Equatorial Guinea approved by national referendum 17 November 1991; amended January 1995

Eritrea adopted on 23 May 1997, but has not yet been fully implemented

Estonia adopted 28 June 1992

Ethiopia ratified 8 December 1994, effective 22 August 1995

European Union none note: based on a series of treaties: the Treaty of Paris, which set up the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951; the Treaties of Rome, which set up the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) in 1957; the Single European Act in 1986; the Treaty on European Union (Maastricht) in 1992; the Treaty of Amsterdam in 1997; and the Treaty of Nice in 2003; note - a new draft Constitutional Treaty, signed on 29 October 2004 in Rome, gave member states two years for ratification either by parliamentary vote or national referendum before it was scheduled to take effect on 1 November 2006; defeat in French and Dutch referenda in May-June 2005 dealt a severe setback to the ratification process; in June 2007, the European Council agreed on a clear and concise mandate for an Intergovernmental Conference to form a political agreement and put it into legal form; this agreement, known as the Reform Treaty, would have served as a constitution and was presented to the European Council in October 2007 for individual country ratification; it was rejected by Irish voters in June 2008, again stalling the ratification process; the Reform Treaty, more recently known as the Treaty of Lisbon, was again circulated for ratification, and by November 2009 was approved by all 27 countries; it came into effect on 1 December 2009

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1 January 2009

Faroe Islands 5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Fiji enacted on 25 July 1997; effective on 28 July 1998; note - it encourages multiculturalism and makes multiparty government mandatory

Finland 1 March 2000

France adopted by referendum 28 September 1958; effective 4 October 1958; amended many times note: amended concerning election of president in 1962; amended to comply with provisions of 1992 EC Maastricht Treaty, 1997 Amsterdam Treaty, 2003 Treaty of Nice; amended to tighten immigration laws in 1993; amended in 2000 to change the seven-year presidential term to a five-year term; amended in 2005 to make the EU constitutional treaty compatible with the Constitution of France and to ensure that the decision to ratify EU accession treaties would be made by referendum

French Polynesia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Gabon adopted 14 March 1991

Gambia, The approved by national referendum 8 August 1996; effective 16 January 1997

Georgia adopted 24 August 1995

Germany 23 May 1949, known as Basic Law; became constitution of the united Germany 3 October 1990

Ghana approved 28 April 1992

Gibraltar 5 June 2006; came into force 2 January 2007

Greece 11 June 1975; amended March 1986 and April 2001

Greenland (November 2008) Act on Greenland Self Government

Grenada 19 December 1973

Guam Organic Act of Guam, 1 August 1950

Guatemala 31 May 1985, effective 14 January 1986; suspended 25 May 1993; reinstated 5 June 1993; amended November 1993

Guernsey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Guinea 23 December 1990 (Loi Fundamentale)

Guinea-Bissau 16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and in 1996

Guyana 6 October 1980

Haiti approved March 1987 note: suspended June 1988 with most articles reinstated March 1989; constitutional government ousted in a military coup in September 1991, although in October 1991 military government claimed to be observing the constitution; returned to constitutional rule in October 1994; constitution, while technically in force between 2004-2006, was not enforced; returned to constitutional rule in May 2006

Holy See (Vatican City) Fundamental Law promulgated by Pope JOHN PAUL II on 26 November 2000, effective 22 February 2001 (replaced the first Fundamental Law of 1929)

Honduras 11 January 1982, effective 20 January 1982; amended many times

Hong Kong Basic Law, approved in March 1990 by China's National People's Congress, is Hong Kong's charter

Hungary 18 August 1949, effective 20 August 1949; revised 19 April 1972; 18 October 1989; and 1997 note: 18 October 1989 revision ensured legal rights for individuals and constitutional checks on the authority of the prime minister and also established the principle of parliamentary oversight; 1997 amendment streamlined the judicial system

Iceland 16 June 1944, effective 17 June 1944; amended many times

India 26 January 1950; amended many times

Indonesia August 1945; abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959; series of amendments concluded in 2002

Iran 2-3 December 1979; revised in 1989 note: the revision in 1989 expanded powers of the presidency and eliminated the prime ministership

Iraq ratified on 15 October 2005 (subject to review by the Constitutional Review Committee and a possible public referendum)

Ireland adopted 1 July 1937 by plebiscite; effective 29 December 1937

Isle of Man unwritten; note - The Isle of Man Constitution Act of 1961 does not embody the unwritten Manx Constitution

Israel no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the Basic Laws of the parliament (Knesset), and the Israeli citizenship law; note - since May 2003 the Constitution, Law, and Justice Committee of the Knesset has been working on a draft constitution

Italy passed 11 December 1947, effective 1 January 1948; amended many times

Jamaica 6 August 1962

Japan 3 May 1947

Jersey unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

Jordan 1 January 1952; amended many times

Kazakhstan first post-independence constitution adopted 28 January 1993; new constitution adopted by national referendum 30 August 1995

Kenya 27 August 2010; the new constitution abolishes the position of prime minister and establishes a bicameral legislature; many details have yet to be finalized and will require significant legislative action

Kiribati 12 July 1979

Korea, North adopted 1948; revised several times most recently in 2009

Korea, South 17 July 1948; note - amended or rewritten many times; current constitution approved on 29 October 1987

Kosovo adopted by the Kosovo Assembly on 9 April 2008; effective 15 June 2008

Kuwait approved and promulgated 11 November 1962

Kyrgyzstan 27 June 2010

Laos promulgated 14 August 1991; amended in 2003

Latvia 15 February 1922; restored to force by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Latvia adopted by the Supreme Council on 21 August 1991; multiple amendments since

Lebanon 23 May 1926; amended a number of times, most recently in 1990 to include changes necessitated by the Charter of Lebanese National Reconciliation (Ta'if Accord) of October 1989

Lesotho 2 April 1993

Liberia 6 January 1986

Libya none; note - following the September 1969 military overthrow of the Libyan government, the Revolutionary Command Council replaced the existing constitution with the Constitutional Proclamation in December 1969; in March 1977, Libya adopted the Declaration of the Establishment of the People's Authority

Liechtenstein 5 October 1921; amended 15 September 2003

Lithuania adopted 25 October 1992; last amended 13 July 2004

Luxembourg 17 October 1868; occasional revisions

Macau Basic Law, approved on 31 March 1993 by China's National People's Congress, is Macau's charter

Macedonia adopted 17 November 1991, effective 20 November 1991; amended November 2001, 2005 and in 2009 note: amended November 2001 by a series of new constitutional amendments strengthening minority rights, in 2005 with amendments related to the judiciary, and in 2009 with amendments related to the threshold required to elect the president

Madagascar passed by referendum 17 November 2010; promulgated 11 December 2010 (2010)

Malawi 18 May 1994

Malaysia 31 August 1957; amended many times the latest in 2007

Maldives new constitution ratified 7 August 2008

Mali adopted 12 January 1992

Malta 1964; amended many times

Marshall Islands 1 May 1979

Mauritania 12 July 1991

Mauritius 12 March 1968; amended 12 March 1992

Mayotte 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Mexico 5 February 1917

Micronesia, Federated States of 10 May 1979

Moldova adopted 29 July 1994; effective 27 August 1994; note - replaced 1979 Soviet constitution

Monaco 17 December 1962; modified 2 April 2002

Mongolia 13 January 1992

Montenegro approved 19 October 2007 (by the Assembly)

Montserrat effective 19 December 1989

Morocco 10 March 1972; revised 4 September 1992, amended September 1996 note: the amendment of September 1996 was to create a bicameral legislature

Mozambique 30 November 1990

Namibia ratified 9 February 1990, effective 12 March 1990

Nauru 29 January 1968; amended 17 May 1968

Nepal 15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008, a Constituent Assembly was elected to draft and promulgate a new constitution by May 2010, but the deadline has been extended to May 2011

Netherlands adopted 1815; amended many times, most recently in 2002

New Caledonia 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

New Zealand consists of a series of legal documents, including certain acts of the UK and New Zealand parliaments, as well as The Constitution Act 1986, which is the principal formal charter; adopted 1 January 1987, effective 1 January 1987

Nicaragua 9 January 1987; revised in 1995, 2000, and 2005

Niger adopted 18 July 1999

Nigeria adopted 5 May 1999; effective 29 May 1999

Niue 19 October 1974 (Niue Constitution Act)

Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Act of 1979 as amended in 2005

Northern Mariana Islands Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands effective 1 January 1978; Covenant Agreement fully effective 4 November 1986

Norway 17 May 1814; amended many times

Oman none; note - on 6 November 1996, Sultan QABOOS issued a royal decree promulgating a basic law considered by the government to be a constitution which, among other things, clarifies the royal succession, provides for a prime minister, bars ministers from holding interests in companies doing business with the government, establishes a bicameral legislature, and guarantees basic civil liberties for Omani citizens

Pakistan 12 April 1973; suspended 5 July 1977, restored 30 December 1985; suspended 15 October 1999, restored in stages in 2002; amended 31 December 2003; suspended 3 November 2007; restored on 15 December 2007; amended 19 April 2010

Palau 1 January 1981

Panama 11 October 1972; revised in 1978, 1983, 1994, and 2004

Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975

Paraguay promulgated 20 June 1992

Peru 29 December 1993

Philippines 2 February 1987, effective 11 February 1987

Pitcairn Islands The Pitcairn Constitution Order 2010, effective 4 March 2010

Poland adopted by the National Assembly 2 April 1997; passed by national referendum 25 May 1997; effective 17 October 1997

Portugal adopted 2 April 1976; subsequently revised note: the revisions placed the military under strict civilian control, trimmed the powers of the president, and laid the groundwork for a stable, pluralistic liberal democracy; they allowed for the privatization of nationalized firms and government-owned communications media

Puerto Rico ratified 3 March 1952; approved by US Congress 3 July 1952; effective 25 July 1952

Qatar ratified by public referendum on 29 April 2003, endorsed by the Amir on 8 June 2004, effective on 9 June 2005

Romania 8 December 1991; revised 29 October 2003

Russia adopted 12 December 1993

Rwanda new constitution passed by referendum 26 May 2003

Saint Barthelemy 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha The Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha Constitution Order 2009, effective 1 September 2009

Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983

Saint Lucia 22 February 1979

Saint Martin 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979

Samoa 1 January 1962

San Marino 8 October 1600; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution

Sao Tome and Principe approved March 1990, effective 10 September 1990

Saudi Arabia governed according to Islamic law; the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities was promulgated by royal decree in 1992

Senegal adopted 7 January 2001

Serbia adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006

Seychelles 18 June 1993

Sierra Leone 1 October 1991; amended several times

Singapore 3 June 1959; amended 1965 (based on pre-independence State of Singapore Constitution)

Sint Maarten Staatsregeling, 10 October 2010; revised Kingdom Charter pending

Slovakia ratified 1 September 1992, effective 1 January 1993; changed in September 1998; amended February 2001 note: the change in September 1998 allowed direct election of the president; the amendment of February 2001 allowed Slovakia to apply for NATO and EU membership

Slovenia adopted 23 December 1991, amended 14 July 1997 and 25 July 2000

Solomon Islands 7 July 1978

Somalia 25 August 1979, presidential approval 23 September 1979 note: the formation of transitional governing institutions, known as the Transitional Federal Government, is currently ongoing

South Africa 10 December 1996; note - certified by the Constitutional Court on 4 December 1996; was signed by then President MANDELA on 10 December 1996; and entered into effect on 4 February 1997

Spain approved by legislature 31 October 1978; passed by referendum 6 December 1978; signed by the king 27 December 1978

Sri Lanka adopted 16 August 1978, certified 31 August 1978; amended 20 December 2001

Sudan Interim National Constitution ratified 5 July 2005 note: under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement, the Interim National Constitution was ratified 5 July 2005; Constitution of Southern Sudan was signed December 2005

Suriname ratified 30 September 1987; effective 30 October 1987

Swaziland signed by the King in July 2005; went into effect on 8 February 2006

Sweden 1 January 1975

Switzerland revision of Constitution of 1874 approved by the Federal Parliament 18 December 1998, adopted by referendum 18 April 1999, officially entered into force 1 January 2000

Syria 13 March 1973

Taiwan adopted on 25 December 1946; promulgated on 1 January 1947; effective 25 December 1947; amended numerous times

Tajikistan 6 November 1994

Tanzania 25 April 1977; major revisions October 1984

Thailand 24 August 2007

Timor-Leste 20 May 2002 (effective date)

Togo adopted by public referendum 27 September 1992

Tokelau administered under the Tokelau Islands Act of 1948; amended in 1970

Tonga 4 November 1875; revised 1 January 1967

Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1976

Tunisia 1 June 1959; amended 1988, 2002

Turkey 7 November 1982; amended 17 May 1987, 1995, 2001, 2007 and 2010; note - amendment passed by referendum concerning presidential elections on 21 October 2007

Turkmenistan adopted 26 September 2008

Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution (Interim Amendment) Order 2009, S.I. 2009/701 - effective 14 August 2009 - suspended Ministerial government, the House of Assembly, and the constitutional right to trial by jury, and imposed direct British rule

Tuvalu 1 October 1978

Uganda 8 October 1995; amended in 2005 note: the amendments in 2005 removed presidential term limits and legalized a multiparty political system

Ukraine adopted 28 June 1996

United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971; made permanent in 1996

United Kingdom unwritten; partly statutes, partly common law and practice

United States 17 September 1787, effective 4 March 1789

Uruguay 27 November 1966; effective 15 February 1967; suspended 27 June 1973; revised 26 November 1989 and 7 January 1997

Uzbekistan adopted 8 December 1992

Vanuatu 30 July 1980

Venezuela 30 December 1999

Vietnam 15 April 1992

Virgin Islands Revised Organic Act of 22 July 1954

Wallis and Futuna 4 October 1958 (French Constitution)

Yemen 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994 and February 2001

Zambia 24 August 1991; amended in 1996 to establish presidential term limits

Zimbabwe 21 December 1979

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@2064

Field Listing ::

Country

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@2065

Field Listing ::

Country

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@2066

Field Listing :: Death rate

This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population. Country Comparison to the World Country

Death rate(deaths/1,000 population)

Afghanistan 17.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Albania 6.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Algeria 4.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

American Samoa 4.09 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Andorra 6.21 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Angola 23.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Anguilla 4.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda 5.77 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Argentina 7.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Armenia 8.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Aruba 7.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Australia 6.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Austria 10.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Azerbaijan 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bahamas, The 6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bahrain 4.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bangladesh 5.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Barbados 8.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Belarus 13.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Belgium 10.5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Belize 5.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Benin 9.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bermuda 7.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bhutan 7.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bolivia 6.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina 8.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Botswana 9.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Brazil 6.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Brunei 3.32 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Bulgaria 14.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Burkina Faso 13.02 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Burma 8.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Burundi 9.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cambodia 8.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cameroon 12.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Canada 7.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cape Verde 6.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cayman Islands 5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Central African Republic 15.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Chad 15.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Chile 5.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

China 6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA

Colombia 5.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Comoros 7.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 11.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 11.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cook Islands 7.22 deaths/1,000 population NA

Costa Rica 4.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 10.43 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Croatia 11.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Cuba 7.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Curacao 8 deaths/1,000 population (2009)

Cyprus 6.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Czech Republic 10.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Denmark 10.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Djibouti 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Dominica 8.12 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Dominican Republic 4.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Ecuador 5 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Egypt 4.85 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

El Salvador 5.61 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Eritrea 8.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Estonia 13.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Ethiopia 11.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

European Union 10.33 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) NA

Faroe Islands 8.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Fiji 5.88 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Finland 10.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

France 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

French Polynesia 4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Gabon 12.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Gambia, The 12.03 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Gaza Strip 3.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Georgia 9.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Germany 11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Ghana 8.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Gibraltar 8.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Greece 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Greenland 8.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Grenada 7.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guam 4.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guatemala 5.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guernsey 8.35 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guinea 10.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 15.52 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Guyana 7.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Haiti 8.21 deaths/1,000 population note: the preliminary 2011 numbers differ significantly from those of 2010, which were strongly influenced by the demographic effect of the January 2010 earthquake; the latest figures more closely correspond to those of 2009 (2011 est.)

Honduras 4.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Hong Kong 6.91 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Hungary 12.67 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Iceland 6.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

India 7.53 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Indonesia 6.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Iran 5.94 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Iraq 4.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Ireland 6.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Isle of Man 9.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Israel 5.45 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Italy 10.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Jamaica 6.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Japan 9.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Jersey 7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Jordan 2.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Kazakhstan 9.39 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Kenya 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Kiribati 7.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Korea, North 10.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Korea, South 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Kuwait 2.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 6.85 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Laos 8.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Latvia 13.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Lebanon 6.46 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Lesotho 15.71 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Liberia 10.88 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Libya 3.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Liechtenstein 7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Lithuania 11.25 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Luxembourg 8.46 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Macau 3.6 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Macedonia 8.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Madagascar 7.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Malawi 13.69 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Malaysia 4.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Maldives 3.68 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mali 14.64 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Malta 8.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Marshall Islands 4.42 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mauritania 9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mauritius 6.63 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mayotte 7.05 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mexico 4.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 4.4 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Moldova 10.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Monaco 8.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mongolia 6.08 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Montenegro 8.76 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Montserrat 7.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Morocco 4.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Mozambique 19.83 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Namibia 12.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Nauru 6.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Nepal 6.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Netherlands 8.78 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

New Caledonia 5.23 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

New Zealand 7.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Nicaragua 4.28 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Niger 14.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Nigeria 16.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Niue NA

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands 3.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Norway 9.26 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Oman 3.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Pakistan 7.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Palau 7.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Panama 4.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Papua New Guinea 6.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Paraguay 4.55 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Peru 6.13 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Philippines 5.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA

Poland 10.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Portugal 10.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Puerto Rico 7.82 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Qatar 2.44 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Romania 11.78 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Russia 16.04 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Rwanda 10.19 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha 6.91 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 7.11 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saint Lucia 6.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8.41 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.94 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Samoa 5.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

San Marino 7.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe 8.45 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Saudi Arabia 3.34 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Senegal 9.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Serbia 13.89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Seychelles 6.92 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sierra Leone 11.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Singapore 4.8 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sint Maarten 3 deaths/1,000 population (2009)

Slovakia 9.56 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Slovenia 10.74 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Solomon Islands 3.96 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Somalia 15.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

South Africa 16.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Spain 8.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sri Lanka 6.2 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sudan 11.66 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Suriname 5.53 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Svalbard NA

Swaziland 14.99 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Sweden 10.2 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Switzerland 8.65 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Syria 3.7 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Taiwan 6.87 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Tajikistan 6.72 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Tanzania 12.31 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Thailand 6.47 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Timor-Leste 5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Togo 8.15 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Tokelau NA

Tonga 4.95 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 8.21 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Tunisia 5.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Turkey 6.1 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Turkmenistan 6.27 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4.17 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Tuvalu 9.36 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Uganda 11.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Ukraine 15.7 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

United Arab Emirates 2.08 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

United Kingdom 9.33 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

United States 8.38 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Uruguay 9.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Uzbekistan 5.29 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Vanuatu 7.49 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Venezuela 5.14 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Vietnam 5.97 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Virgin Islands 6.96 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Wallis and Futuna 4.56 deaths/1,000 population NA

West Bank 3.62 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Western Sahara 9.13 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

World 8.37 deaths/1,000 population (2009 est.)

Yemen 7.24 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Zambia 12.84 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

Zimbabwe 14.9 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.)

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@2068

Field Listing :: Dependent areas

This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all nonindependent entities associated in some way with a particular independent state. Country

Dependent areas

Australia Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Macquarie Island, Norfolk Island

France Clipperton Island, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Martin, Wallis and Futuna note: the US does not recognize claims to Antarctica; New Caledonia has been considered a "sui generis" collectivity of France since 1998, a unique status falling between that of an independent country and a French overseas department

Netherlands Aruba, Curacao, Sint Maarten

New Zealand Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau

Norway Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

United Kingdom Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands

United States American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994)

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@2070

Field Listing :: Disputes - international

This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government. Country

Disputes - international

Afghanistan Pakistan has built fences in some portions of its border with Afghanistan which remains open in some areas to foreign terrorists and other illegal activities

Albania the Albanian Government calls for the protection of the rights of ethnic Albanians in neighboring countries, and the peaceful resolution of interethnic disputes; some ethnic Albanian groups in neighboring countries advocate for a "greater Albania," but the idea has little appeal among Albanian nationals; the mass emigration of unemployed Albanians remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

Algeria Algeria, and many other states, rejects Moroccan administration of Western Sahara; the Polisario Front, exiled in Algeria, represents the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; Algeria remains concerned about armed bandits operating throughout the Sahel who sometimes destabilize southern Algerian towns; dormant disputes include Libyan claims of about 32,000 sq km still reflected on its maps of southeastern Algeria and the FLN's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco

American Samoa Tokelau periodically asserts claims to American Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega), such as in its 2006 draft independence constitution

Andorra none

Angola Cabindan separatists continue to return to the Angolan exclave from exile in neighboring states and Europe since the 2006 ceasefire and peace agreement

Anguilla none

Antarctica the Antarctic Treaty freezes, and most states do not recognize, the land and maritime territorial claims made by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom (some overlapping) for three-fourths of the continent; the US and Russia reserve the right to make claims; no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west; the International Whaling Commission created a sanctuary around the entire continent to deter catches by countries claiming to conduct scientific whaling; Australia has established a similar preserve in the waters around its territorial claim

Antigua and Barbuda none

Arctic Ocean the littoral states are engaged in various stages of demonstrating the limits of their continental shelves beyond 200 nautical miles from their declared baselines in accordance with Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; record summer melting of sea ice in the Arctic has restimulated interest in maritime shipping lanes and sea floor exploration

Argentina Argentina continues to assert its claims to the UK-administered Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas), South Georgia, and the South Sandwich Islands in its constitution, forcibly occupying the Falklands in 1982, but in 1995 agreed no longer to seek settlement by force; territorial claim in Antarctica partially overlaps UK and Chilean claims; unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; uncontested dispute between Brazil and Uruguay over Braziliera/Brasiliera Island in the Quarai/Cuareim River leaves the tripoint with Argentina in question; in 2006, Argentina went to the ICJ to protest, on environmental grounds, the construction of two pulp mills in Uruguay on the Uruguay River, which forms the boundary; both parties presented their pleadings in 2007 with Argentina's reply in January and Uruguay's rejoinder in July 2008; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001 has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

Armenia Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s, has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan - Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; border with Turkey remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh dispute; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy; Armenians continue to emigrate, primarily to Russia, seeking employment

Aruba none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands as the closest Australian territory to Indonesia, these islands became the target of human traffickers for the landing of illegal immigrants; in 2001, the Australian government removed these islands from the Australian Migration Zone making illegal arrivals ineligible for temporary visas and entry into Australia

Atlantic Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Australia In 2007 Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritime boundary; dispute with Timor-Leste hampers creation of a revised maritime boundary with Indonesia in the Timor Sea; regional states continue to express concern over Australia's 2004 declaration of a 1,000-nautical mile-wide maritime identification zone; Australia asserts land and maritime claims to Antarctica; in 2004 Australia submitted its claims to Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) to extend its continental margins covering over 3.37 million square kilometers, expanding its seabed roughly 30 percent more than its claimed exclusive economic zone; since 2003, Australia has led the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI) to maintain civil and political order and reinforce regional security

Austria while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the newly elected Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closed its nuclear power plant in Temelin, bordering Austria

Azerbaijan Armenia supports ethnic Armenian secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh and since the early 1990s has militarily occupied 16% of Azerbaijan; over 800,000 mostly ethnic Azerbaijanis were driven from the occupied lands and Armenia; about 230,000 ethnic Armenians were driven from their homes in Azerbaijan into Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh; Azerbaijan seeks transit route through Armenia to connect to Naxcivan exclave; Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) continues to mediate dispute; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia have ratified Caspian seabed delimitation treaties based on equidistance, while Iran continues to insist on an even one-fifth allocation and challenges Azerbaijan's hydrocarbon exploration in disputed waters; bilateral talks continue with Turkmenistan on dividing the seabed and contested oilfields in the middle of the Caspian; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Bahamas, The disagrees with the US on the alignment the northern axis of a potential maritime boundary; continues to monitor and interdict drug dealers and Haitian and Cuban refugees in Bahamian waters

Bahrain none

Bangladesh discussions with India remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, exchange territory for 51 small Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 small Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, allocate divided villages, and stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's fencing and walling off high-traffic sections of the porous boundary; a joint Bangladesh-India boundary commission resurveyed and reconstructed 92 missing pillars in 2007; after 21 years, Bangladesh in January 2008 resumed talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary

Barbados Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago abide by the April 2006 Permanent Court of Arbitration decision delimiting a maritime boundary and limiting catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Belarus Boundary demarcated with Latvia and Lithuania in 2006; 1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Ukraine remains unratified over unresolved financial claims, preventing demarcation and diminishing border security

Belgium none

Belize OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures saw cooperation in repatriation of Guatemalan squatters and other areas, but Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea remain unresolved; the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; Honduras claims Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays in its constitution but agreed to a joint ecological park under the Differendum

Benin in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from 2005 ICJ decision; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; in 2005, Nigeria ceded thirteen villages to Benin, but border relations remain strained by rival cross-border gang clashes; talks continue between Benin and Togo on funding the Adjrala hydroelectric dam on the Mona River

Bermuda none

Bhutan Bhutan cooperates with India to expel Indian Nagaland separatists; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes arising from substantial cartographic discrepancies, the largest of which lie in Bhutan's northwest and along the Chumbi salient

Bolivia Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reactivated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile offers instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile for Bolivian natural gas and other commodities; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

Bosnia and Herzegovina sections along the Drina River remain in dispute between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Serbia; discussions continue with Croatia on several small disputed sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinder final ratification of the 1999 border agreement

Botswana Botswana still struggles to seal its border from thousands of Zimbabweans who flee economic collapse and political persecution; Namibia has long supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River at Kazungula crossing, thereby de facto recognizing the short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary

Bouvet Island none

Brazil unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations; two uncontested boundary disputes with Uruguay over Isla Brasilera at the tripoint with Argentina at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Uruguay rivers, and in the 235 square kilometer Invernada River region over which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quarai/Cuareim River; the Itaipu Dam reservoir covers over a once contested section of Brazil-Paraguay boundary west of Guaira Falls on the Rio Parana; an accord placed the long-disputed Isla Suarez/Ilha de Guajara-Mirim, a fluvial island on the Rio Mamore, under Bolivian administration in 1958, but sovereignty remains in dispute

British Indian Ocean Territory Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago including Diego Garcia; in 2001, the former inhabitants of the Chagos Archipelago, evicted in 1967 and 1973 and now residing chiefly in Mauritius, were granted UK citizenship and the right to repatriation; in May 2007, the UK Court of Appeals upheld the May 2006 High Court of London judgment reversing the UK government's 2004 Orders of Council that banned habitation on the islands; a small group of Chagossians visited Diego Garcia in April 2006; repatriation is complicated by the exclusive US military lease of Diego Garcia that restricts access to the largest viable island in the chain

British Virgin Islands none

Brunei Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon exploration, and renounce any territorial claims along their land boundary; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within the natural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed median with Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants

Bulgaria none

Burkina Faso in September 2007, Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) intervened to attempt to resolve the dispute over two villages along the Benin-Burkina Faso border that remain from a 2005 ICJ decision; in recent years citizens and rogue security forces rob and harass local populations on both sides of the poorly defined Burkina Faso-Niger border; despite the presence of more than 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict continues to spread into neighboring states that can no longer send their migrant workers to work in Ivorian cocoa plantations

Burma over half of Burma's population consists of diverse ethnic groups who have substantial numbers of kin in neighboring countries; Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic refugees, asylum seekers, and rebels, as well as illegal cross-border activities from Burma; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween River near the border with Burma; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China is reconsidering construction of 13 dams on the Salween River but energy-starved Burma with backing from Thailand remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream, despite identical regional and international protests; India seeks cooperation from Burma to keep Indian Nagaland separatists, such as the United Liberation Front of Assam, from hiding in remote Burmese Uplands; after 21 years, Bangladesh in January 2008 resumed talks with Burma on delimiting a maritime boundary

Burundi Burundi and Rwanda dispute sections of border on the Akanyaru/Kanyaru and the Kagera/Nyabarongo rivers, which have changed course since the 1960s, when the boundary was delimited; cross-border conflicts among Tutsi, Hutu, other ethnic groups, associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces persist in the Great Lakes region

Cambodia Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of boundary with missing boundary markers and claims of Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory; maritime boundary with Vietnam is hampered by unresolved dispute over sovereignty of offshore islands; Thailand accuses Cambodia of obstructing inclusion of Thai areas near Preah Vihear temple ruins, awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962, as part of a planned UN World Heritage site

Cameroon Joint Border Commission with Nigeria reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately ceded sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a full phase-out of Nigerian control and patriation of residents in 2008; Cameroon and Nigeria agree on maritime delimitation in March 2008; sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Canada managed maritime boundary disputes with the US at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Gulf of Maine including the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; Canada, the US, and other countries dispute the status of the Northwest Passage; US works closely with Canada to intensify security measures for monitoring and controlling legal and illegal movement of people, transport, and commodities across the international border; sovereignty dispute with Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland; commencing the collection of technical evidence for submission to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf in support of claims for continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from its declared baselines in the Arctic, as stipulated in Article 76, paragraph 8, of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

Cape Verde none

Cayman Islands none

Central African Republic periodic skirmishes over water and grazing rights among related pastoral populations along the border with southern Sudan persist

Chad since 2003, Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military have driven hundreds of thousands of Darfur residents into Chad; Chad remains an important mediator in the Sudanese civil conflict, reducing tensions with Sudan arising from cross-border banditry; Chadian Aozou rebels reside in southern Libya; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty, which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Chile Chile and Peru rebuff Bolivia's reinvigorated claim to restore the Atacama corridor, ceded to Chile in 1884, but Chile has offered instead unrestricted but not sovereign maritime access through Chile to Bolivian gas and other commodities; Chile rejects Peru's unilateral legislation to change its latitudinal maritime boundary with Chile to an equidistance line with a southwestern axis favoring Peru, in October 2007, Peru took its maritime complaint with Chile to the ICJ; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory) partially overlaps Argentine and British claims; the joint boundary commission, established by Chile and Argentina in 2001, has yet to map and demarcate the delimited boundary in the inhospitable Andean Southern Ice Field (Campo de Hielo Sur)

China continuing talks and confidence-building measures work toward reducing tensions over Kashmir that nonetheless remains militarized with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; China and India continue their security and foreign policy dialogue started in 2005 related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, and other matters; China claims most of India's Arunachal Pradesh to the base of the Himalayas; lacking any treaty describing the boundary, Bhutan and China continue negotiations to establish a common boundary alignment to resolve territorial disputes due to cartographic discrepancies; Chinese maps show an international boundary symbol off the coasts of the littoral states of the South China Seas, where China has interrupted Vietnamese hydrocarbon exploration; China asserts sovereignty over Scarborough Reef along with the Philippines and Taiwan, and over the Spratly Islands together with Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and Brunei; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" eased tensions in the Spratly's but is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Vietnam and China continue to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly's and in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord on marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; China occupies some of the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; China and Taiwan continue to reject both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared equidistance line in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation; certain islands in the Yalu and Tumen rivers are in dispute with North Korea; North Korea and China seek to stem illegal migration to China by North Koreans, fleeing privations and oppression, by building a fence along portions of the border and imprisoning North Koreans deported by China; China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with their 2004 Agreement; China and Tajikistan have begun demarcating the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; citing environmental, cultural, and social concerns, China has reconsidered construction of 13 dams on the Salween River, but energy-starved Burma, with backing from Thailand, remains intent on building five hydro-electric dams downstream despite regional and international protests; Chinese and Hong Kong authorities met in March 2008 to resolve ownership and use of lands recovered in Shenzhen River channelization, including 96-hectare Lok Ma Chau Loop; Hong Kong developing plans to reduce 2,000 out of 2,800 hectares of its restricted Closed Area by 2010

Christmas Island none

Clipperton Island none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none

Colombia in December 2007, ICJ allocates San Andres, Providencia, and Santa Catalina islands to Colombia under 1928 Treaty but does not rule on 82 degrees W meridian as maritime boundary with Nicaragua; managed dispute with Venezuela over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes Islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics, guerrilla, and paramilitary activities penetrate all neighboring borders and have caused Colombian citizens to flee mostly into neighboring countries; Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Jamaica, and the US assert various claims to Bajo Nuevo and Serranilla Bank

Comoros claims French-administered Mayotte and challenges France's and Madagascar's claims to Banc du Geyser, a drying reef in the Mozambique Channel; in May 2008, African Union forces are called in to assist the Comoros military recapture Anjouan Island from rebels who seized it in 2001

Congo, Democratic Republic of the heads of the Great Lakes states and UN pledged in 2004 to abate tribal, rebel, and militia fighting in the region, including northeast Congo, where the UN Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), organized in 1999, maintains over 16,500 uniformed peacekeepers; members of Uganda's Lords Resistance Army forces continue to seek refuge in Congo's Garamba National Park as peace talks with the Uganda government evolve; the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area; Uganda and DROC dispute Rukwanzi island in Lake Albert and other areas on the Semliki River with hydrocarbon potential; boundary commission continues discussions over Congolese-administered triangle of land on the right bank of the Lunkinda river claimed by Zambia near the DROC village of Pweto

Congo, Republic of the the location of the boundary in the broad Congo River with the Democratic Republic of the Congo is indefinite except in the Pool Malebo/Stanley Pool area

Cook Islands none

Coral Sea Islands none

Costa Rica the ICJ has given Costa Rica until January 2008 to reply and Nicaragua until July 2008 to rejoin before rendering its decision on the navigation, security, and commercial rights of Costa Rican vessels on the Rio San Juan over which Nicaragua retains sovereignty

Cote d'Ivoire despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict still leaves displaced hundreds of thousands of Ivorians in and out of the country as well as driven out migrants from neighboring states who worked in Ivorian cocoa plantations; the March 2007 peace deal between Ivorian rebels and the government brought significant numbers of rebels out of hiding in neighboring states

Croatia dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in December 2007

Cuba US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease

Cyprus hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous entities, the internationally recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish-Cypriot community (north Cyprus); the 1,000-strong UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) has served in Cyprus since 1964 and maintains the buffer zone between north and south; on 1 May 2004, Cyprus entered the European Union still divided, with the EU's body of legislation and standards (acquis communitaire) suspended in the north; Turkey protests Cypriot Government creating hydrocarbon blocks and maritime boundary with Lebanon in March 2007

Czech Republic while threats of international legal action never materialized in 2007, 915,220 Austrians, with the support of the popular Freedom Party, signed a petition in January 2008, demanding that Austria block the Czech Republic's accession to the EU unless Prague closes its controversial Soviet-style nuclear plant in Temelin, bordering Austria

Denmark Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm; Faroese continue to study proposals for full independence; sovereignty dispute with Canada over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Djibouti Djibouti maintains economic ties and border accords with "Somaliland" leadership while maintaining some political ties to various factions in Somalia; Kuwait is chief investor in the 2008 restoration and upgrade of the Ethiopian-Djibouti rail link; in 2008, Eritrean troops move across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupy Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea

Dominica Dominica is the only Caribbean state to challenge Venezuela's sovereignty claim over Aves Island and joins the other island nations in challenging whether the feature sustains human habitation, a criterion under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which permits Venezuela to extend its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and continental shelf claims over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Dominican Republic Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work

Ecuador organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country

Egypt Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir

El Salvador International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras boundary, in 1992, with final agreement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS) survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca advocating Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not identified in the ICJ decision, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca

Equatorial Guinea in 2002, ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but a dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River and imprecisely defined maritime coordinates in the ICJ decision delay final delimitation; UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane and lesser islands and to create a maritime boundary in the hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Eritrea Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by 2002 Ethiopia-Eritrea Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision but, neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting eastern Sudanese rebel groups; in 2008 Eritrean troops move across the border on Ras Doumera peninsula and occupy Doumera Island with undefined sovereignty in the Red Sea

Estonia Russia recalled its signature to the 1996 technical border agreement with Estonia in 2005, rather than concede to Estonia's appending prepared a unilateral declaration referencing Soviet occupation and territorial losses; Russia demands better accommodation of Russian-speaking population in Estonia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Estonia must implement the strict Schengen border rules with Russia

Ethiopia Eritrea and Ethiopia agreed to abide by the 2002 Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission's (EEBC) delimitation decision, but neither party responded to the revised line detailed in the November 2006 EEBC Demarcation Statement; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera and trade ties to landlocked Ethiopia; civil unrest in eastern Sudan has hampered efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia

European Union as a political union, the EU has no border disputes with neighboring countries, but Estonia has no land boundary agreements with Russia, Slovenia disputes its land and maritime boundaries with Croatia, and Spain has territorial and maritime disputes with Morocco and with the UK over Gibraltar; the EU has set up a Schengen area - consisting of 22 EU member states that have signed the convention implementing the Schengen agreements or "acquis" (1985 and 1990) on the free movement of persons and the harmonization of border controls in Europe; these agreements became incorporated into EU law with the implementation of the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam on 1 May 1999; in addition, non-EU states Iceland and Norway (as part of the Nordic Union) have been included in the Schengen area since 1996 (full members in 2001), and Switzerland since 2008 bringing the total current membership to 25; the UK (since 2000) and Ireland (since 2002) take part in only some aspects of the Schengen area, especially with respect to police and criminal matters; nine of the 12 new member states that joined the EU since 2004 joined Schengen on 21 December 2007; of the three remaining EU states, Cyprus is expected to join by 2009, while Romania and Bulgaria continue to enhance their border security systems

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force; UK continues to reject Argentine requests for sovereignty talks

Faroe Islands because anticipated offshore hydrocarbon resources have not been realized, earlier Faroese proposals for full independence have been deferred; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Fiji none

Finland various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union, but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands

France Madagascar claims the French territories of Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island; Comoros claims Mayotte; Mauritius claims Tromelin Island; territorial dispute between Suriname and the French overseas department of French Guiana; France asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Adelie Land); France and Vanuatu claim Matthew and Hunter Islands, east of New Caledonia

French Polynesia none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands French claim to "Adelie Land" in Antarctica is not recognized by the US Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island (Iles Eparses): claimed by Madagascar; the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France (Glorioso Islands) Tromelin Island (Iles Eparses): claimed by Mauritius

Gabon UN urges Equatorial Guinea and Gabon to resolve the sovereignty dispute over Gabon-occupied Mbane Island and lesser islands and to establish a maritime boundary in hydrocarbon-rich Corisco Bay

Gambia, The attempts to stem refugees, cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and other illegal activities by separatists from southern Senegal's Casamance region, as well as from conflicts in other west African states

Gaza Strip West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel removed settlers and military personnel from the Gaza Strip in August 2005

Georgia Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting 80% of their common border, leaving certain small, strategic segments and the maritime boundary unresolved; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Argun Gorge in Abkhazia; UN Observer Mission in Georgia has maintained a peacekeeping force in Georgia since 1993; Meshkheti Turks scattered throughout the former Soviet Union seek to return to Georgia; boundary with Armenia remains undemarcated; ethnic Armenian groups in Javakheti region of Georgia seek greater autonomy from the Georgian government; Azerbaijan and Georgia continue to discuss the alignment of their boundary at certain crossing areas

Germany none

Ghana Ghana struggles to accommodate returning nationals who worked in the cocoa plantations and escaped fighting in Cote d'Ivoire

Gibraltar in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar even greater autonomy

Greece Greece and Turkey continue discussions to resolve their complex maritime, air, territorial, and boundary disputes in the Aegean Sea; Cyprus question with Turkey; Greece rejects the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia; the mass migration of unemployed Albanians still remains a problem for developed countries, chiefly Greece and Italy

Greenland managed dispute between Canada and Denmark over Hans Island in the Kennedy Channel between Canada's Ellesmere Island and Greenland

Grenada none

Guam none

Guatemala annual ministerial meetings under the OAS-initiated Agreement on the Framework for Negotiations and Confidence Building Measures continue to address Guatemalan land and maritime claims in Belize and the Caribbean Sea; the Line of Adjacency created under the 2002 Differendum serves in lieu of the contiguous international boundary to control squatting in the sparsely inhabited rain forests of Belize's border region; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States

Guernsey none

Guinea conflicts among rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in neighboring states have spilled over into Guinea resulting in domestic instability; Sierra Leone considers Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers excessive and protests Guinea's continued occupation of these lands, including the hamlet of Yenga, occupied since 1998

Guinea-Bissau in 2006, political instability within Senegal's Casamance region resulted in thousands of Senegalese refugees, cross-border raids, and arms smuggling into Guinea-Bissau

Guyana all of the area west of the Essequibo River is claimed by Venezuela preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before UNCLOS that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks arbitration under provisions of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Haiti since 2004, about 8,000 peacekeepers from the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) maintain civil order in Haiti; despite efforts to control illegal migration, Haitians cross into the Dominican Republic and sail to neighboring countries; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island

Heard Island and McDonald Islands none

Holy See (Vatican City) none

Honduras International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled on the delimitation of "bolsones" (disputed areas) along the El Salvador-Honduras border in 1992 with final settlement by the parties in 2006 after an Organization of American States (OAS) survey and a further ICJ ruling in 2003; the 1992 ICJ ruling advised a tripartite resolution to a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca with consideration of Honduran access to the Pacific; El Salvador continues to claim tiny Conejo Island, not mentioned in the ICJ ruling, off Honduras in the Gulf of Fonseca; Honduras claims the Belizean-administered Sapodilla Cays off the coast of Belize in its constitution, but agreed to a joint ecological park around the cays should Guatemala consent to a maritime corridor in the Caribbean under the OAS-sponsored 2002 Belize-Guatemala Differendum; memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorial claims in the western Caribbean Sea - final public hearings are scheduled for 2007

Hong Kong none

Hungary bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continue in 2006 with Slovakia over Hungary's failure to complete its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Hungary has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Iceland Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

India since China and India launched a security and foreign policy dialogue in 2005, consolidated discussions related to the dispute over most of their rugged, militarized boundary, regional nuclear proliferation, Indian claims that China transferred missiles to Pakistan, and other matters continue; various talks and confidence-building measures have cautiously begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); India and Pakistan have maintained the 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show its Junagadh claim in Indian Gujarat State; discussions with Bangladesh remain stalled to delimit a small section of river boundary, to exchange territory for 51 Bangladeshi exclaves in India and 111 Indian exclaves in Bangladesh, to allocate divided villages, and to stop illegal cross-border trade, migration, violence, and transit of terrorists through the porous border; Bangladesh protests India's attempts to fence off high-traffic sections of the border; India seeks cooperation from Bhutan and Burma to keep Indian Nagaland and Assam separatists from hiding in remote areas along the borders; Joint Border Committee with Nepal continues to examine contested boundary sections, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India maintains a strict border regime to keep out Maoist insurgents and control illegal cross-border activities from Nepal

Indian Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Indonesia Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors; some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved; many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain; ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute; the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea; maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau; Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef; Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches

Iran Iran protests Afghanistan's limiting flow of dammed tributaries to the Helmand River in periods of drought; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which are occupied by Iran; Iran stands alone among littoral states in insisting upon a division of the Caspian Sea into five equal sectors

Iraq coalition forces assist Iraqis in monitoring internal and cross-border security; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan, and lesser numbers to Egypt, Lebanon, Iran, and Turkey; Iraq's lack of a maritime boundary with Iran prompts jurisdiction disputes beyond the mouth of the Shatt al Arab in the Persian Gulf; Turkey has expressed concern over the autonomous status of Kurds in Iraq

Ireland Ireland, Iceland, and the UK dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

Isle of Man none

Israel West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel withdrew its settlers and military from the Gaza Strip and from four settlements in the West Bank in August 2005; Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied (Lebanon claims the Shab'a Farms area of Golan Heights); since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO) headquartered in Jerusalem monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Italy Italy's long coastline and developed economy entices tens of thousands of illegal immigrants from southeastern Europe and northern Africa

Jamaica none

Jan Mayen none

Japan the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, and Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kuril Islands," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Japan and South Korea claim Liancourt Rocks (Take-shima/Tok-do) occupied by South Korea since 1954; China and Taiwan dispute both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea, the site of intensive hydrocarbon prospecting

Jersey none

Jordan approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq, with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan; 2004 Agreement settles border dispute with Syria pending demarcation

Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; field demarcation of the boundaries with Turkmenistan commenced in 2005, and with Uzbekistan in 2004; demarcation is scheduled to get underway with Russia in 2007; demarcation with China was completed in 2002; creation of a seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea remains under discussion; equidistant seabed treaties have been ratified with Azerbaijan and Russia in the Caspian Sea, but no resolution has been made on dividing the water column among any of the littoral states

Kenya Kenya served as an important mediator in brokering Sudan's north-south separation in February 2005; Kenya provides shelter to almost a quarter of a million refugees, including Ugandans who flee across the border periodically to seek protection from Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) rebels; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists; the boundary that separates Kenya's and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times

Kiribati none

Korea, North risking arrest, imprisonment, and deportation, tens of thousands of North Koreans cross into China to escape famine, economic privation, and political oppression; North Korea and China dispute the sovereignty of certain islands in Yalu and Tumen rivers; Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents in the Yellow Sea with South Korea which claims the Northern Limiting Line as a maritime boundary; North Korea supports South Korea in rejecting Japan's claim to Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima)

Korea, South Military Demarcation Line within the 4-km wide Demilitarized Zone has separated North from South Korea since 1953; periodic incidents with North Korea in the Yellow Sea over the Northern Limit Line, which South Korea claims as a maritime boundary; South Korea and Japan claim Liancourt Rocks (Tok-do/Take-shima), occupied by South Korea since 1954

Kosovo Serbia with several other states protest the US and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepers under UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008

Kuwait Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue negotiating a joint maritime boundary with Iran; no maritime boundary exists with Iraq in the Persian Gulf

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan has yet to ratify the 2001 boundary delimitation with Kazakhstan; disputes in Isfara Valley delay completion of delimitation with Tajikistan; delimitation of 130 km of border with Uzbekistan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas

Laos Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River; concern among Mekong Commission members that China's construction of dams on the Mekong River will affect water levels

Latvia Russia demands better Latvian treatment of ethnic Russians in Latvia; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documentation in preparation; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over oil exploration rights; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Latvia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules with Russia

Lebanon lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms area in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights; the roughly 2,000-strong UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) has been in place since 1978

Lesotho none

Liberia although civil unrest continues to abate with the assistance of 18,000 UN Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) peacekeepers, as of January 2007, Liberian refugees still remain in Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Sierra Leone, and Ghana; Liberia, in turn, shelters refugees fleeing turmoil in Cote d'Ivoire; despite the presence of over 9,000 UN forces (UNOCI) in Cote d'Ivoire since 2004, ethnic conflict continues to spread into neighboring states who can no longer send their migrant workers to Ivorian cocoa plantations; UN sanctions ban Liberia from exporting diamonds and timber

Libya Libya has claimed more than 32,000 sq km in southeastern Algeria and about 25,000 sq km in the Tommo region of Niger in a currently dormant dispute; various Chadian rebels from the Aozou region reside in southern Libya

Liechtenstein none

Lithuania Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as a EU member state having an external border with a non-EU member, to strict Schengen border rules; the Latvian parliament has not ratified its 1998 maritime boundary treaty with Lithuania, primarily due to concerns over potential hydrocarbons; as of January 2007, ground demarcation of the boundary with Belarus was complete and mapped with final ratification documents in preparation

Luxembourg none

Macau none

Macedonia Kosovo and Macedonia completed demarcation of their boundary in September 2008; Greece continues to reject the use of the name Macedonia or Republic of Macedonia

Madagascar claims Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, and Juan de Nova Island (all administered by France); the vegetated drying cays of Banc du Geyser, which were claimed by Madagascar in 1976, also fall within the EEZ claims of the Comoros and France (Glorioso Islands, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands)

Malawi disputes with Tanzania over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Malaysia Malaysia is involved in a complex dispute with Brunei, China, Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam over claims to part or all of the Spratly Islands; while the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions over the Spratly Islands, it is not the legally binding "code of conduct" sought by some parties; Malaysia was not party to the March 2005 joint accord among the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam on conducting marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; disputes continue over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's land reclamation, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awards sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but does not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge; ICJ awarded Ligitan and Sipadan islands, also claimed by Indonesia and Philippines, to Malaysia but left maritime boundary and sovereignty of Unarang rock in the hydrocarbon-rich Celebes Sea in dispute; separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompts measures to close and monitor border with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo; Brunei and Malaysia agreed in September 2008 to resolve their offshore and deepwater seabed dispute, resume hydrocarbon exploration, and renounce any territorial claims along their land boundary; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Maldives none

Mali none

Malta none

Marshall Islands claims US territory of Wake Island

Mauritania Mauritanian claims to Western Sahara remain dormant

Mauritius Mauritius claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants, who reside chiefly in Mauritius; claims French-administered Tromelin Island

Mayotte claimed by Comoros

Mexico abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; the US has intensified security measures to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across its border with Mexico; Mexico must deal with thousands of impoverished Guatemalans and other Central Americans who cross the porous border looking for work in Mexico and the United States

Micronesia, Federated States of none

Moldova Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor the transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria region, which remains under OSCE supervision

Monaco none

Mongolia none

Montenegro none

Montserrat none

Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains unresolved - UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since September 1991, but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa

Mozambique none

Namibia concerns from international experts and local populations over the Okavango Delta ecology in Botswana and human displacement scuttled Namibian plans to construct a hydroelectric dam on Popa Falls along the Angola-Namibia border; managed dispute with South Africa over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Nauru none

Navassa Island claimed by Haiti, source of subsistence fishing

Nepal joint border commission continues to work on contested sections of boundary with India, including the 400 square kilometer dispute over the source of the Kalapani River; India has instituted a stricter border regime to restrict transit of Maoist insurgents and illegal cross-border activities; approximately 106,000 Bhutanese Lhotshampas (Hindus) have been confined in refugee camps in southeastern Nepal since 1990

Netherlands none

New Caledonia Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by France and Vanuatu

New Zealand asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Ross Dependency)

Nicaragua memorials and countermemorials were filed by the parties in Nicaragua's 1999 and 2001 proceedings against Honduras and Colombia at the ICJ over the maritime boundary and territorial claims in the western Caribbean Sea, final public hearings are scheduled for 2007; the 1992 ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; legal dispute over navigational rights of San Juan River on border with Costa Rica

Niger Libya claims about 25,000 sq km in a currently dormant dispute in the Tommo region; much of Benin-Niger boundary, including tripoint with Nigeria, remains undemarcated; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty that also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Nigeria Joint Border Commission with Cameroon reviewed 2002 ICJ ruling on the entire boundary and bilaterally resolved differences, including June 2006 Greentree Agreement that immediately cedes sovereignty of the Bakassi Peninsula to Cameroon with a phase-out of Nigerian control within two years while resolving patriation issues; the ICJ ruled on an equidistance settlement of Cameroon-Equatorial Guinea-Nigeria maritime boundary in the Gulf of Guinea, but imprecisely defined coordinates in the ICJ decision and a sovereignty dispute between Equatorial Guinea and Cameroon over an island at the mouth of the Ntem River all contribute to the delay in implementation; only Nigeria and Cameroon have heeded the Lake Chad Commission's admonition to ratify the delimitation treaty which also includes the Chad-Niger and Niger-Nigeria boundaries

Niue none

Norfolk Island none

Northern Mariana Islands none

Norway Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Russia and Norway reached an agreement on how to align Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean boundaries over EEZ and continental shelf in an agreement signed on 15 September 2010; this agreement is pending ratification by the respective national assemblies

Oman boundary agreement reportedly signed and ratified with UAE in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah exclave, but details of the alignment have not been made public

Pacific Ocean some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Pakistan various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (UNMOGIP) has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed stand-off in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; by 2005, Pakistan, with UN assistance, repatriated 2.3 million Afghan refugees leaving slightly more than a million, many of whom remain at their own choosing; Pakistan has proposed and Afghanistan protests construction of a fence and laying of mines along portions of their porous border; Pakistan has sent troops into remote tribal areas to monitor and control the border with Afghanistan and to stem terrorist or other illegal activities

Palau maritime delineation negotiations continue with Philippines, Indonesia

Panama organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia operate within the remote border region with Panama

Papua New Guinea relies on assistance from Australia to keep out illegal cross-border activities from primarily Indonesia, including goods smuggling, illegal narcotics trafficking, and squatters and secessionists

Paracel Islands occupied by China, also claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam

Paraguay unruly region at convergence of Argentina-Brazil-Paraguay borders is locus of money laundering, smuggling, arms and illegal narcotics trafficking, and fundraising for extremist organizations

Peru Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Philippines Philippines claims sovereignty over Scarborough Reef (also claimed by China together with Taiwan) and over certain of the Spratly Islands, known locally as the Kalayaan (Freedom) Islands, also claimed by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," has eased tensions in the Spratly Islands but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands; Philippines retains a dormant claim to Malaysia's Sabah State in northern Borneo based on the Sultanate of Sulu's granting the Philippines Government power of attorney to pursue a sovereignty claim on his behalf; maritime delimitation negotiations continue with Palau

Pitcairn Islands none

Poland as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

Portugal Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Puerto Rico increasing numbers of illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage to Puerto Rico each year looking for work

Qatar none

Romania the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, and Romania until June 2007 to issue a rejoinder, in their dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania also opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Russia China and Russia have demarcated the once disputed islands at the Amur and Ussuri confluence and in the Argun River in accordance with the 2004 Agreement, ending their centuries-long border disputes; the sovereignty dispute over the islands of Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan, and the Habomai group, known in Japan as the "Northern Territories" and in Russia as the "Southern Kurils," occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945, now administered by Russia, and claimed by Japan, remains the primary sticking point to signing a peace treaty formally ending World War II hostilities; Russia and Georgia agree on delimiting all but small, strategic segments of the land boundary and the maritime boundary; OSCE observers monitor volatile areas such as the Pankisi Gorge in the Akhmeti region and the Kodori Gorge in Abkhazia; Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Russia signed equidistance boundaries in the Caspian seabed but the littoral states have no consensus on dividing the water column; Russia and Norway reached an agreement on how to align Barents Sea and Arctic Ocean boundaries over EEZ and continental shelf in an agreement signed on 15 September 2010; this agreement is pending ratification by the respective national assemblies; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US

Rwanda fighting among ethnic groups - loosely associated political rebels, armed gangs, and various government forces in Great Lakes region transcending the boundaries of Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Uganda - abated substantially from a decade ago due largely to UN peacekeeping, international mediation, and efforts by local governments to create civil societies; nonetheless, 57,000 Rwandan refugees still reside in 21 African states, including Zambia, Gabon, and 20,000 who fled to Burundi in 2005 and 2006 to escape drought and recriminations from traditional courts investigating the 1994 massacres; the 2005 DROC and Rwanda border verification mechanism to stem rebel actions on both sides of the border remains in place

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha none

Saint Kitts and Nevis joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Saint Lucia joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines joins other Caribbean states to counter Venezuela's claim that Aves Island sustains human habitation, a criterion under UNCLOS, which permits Venezuela to extend its EEZ/continental shelf over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea

Samoa none

San Marino none

Sao Tome and Principe none

Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the now fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities; Kuwait and Saudi Arabia continue discussions on a maritime boundary with Iran; Saudi Arabia claims Egyptian-administered islands of Tiran and Sanafir

Senegal The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau attempt to stem separatist violence, cross border raids, and arms smuggling into their countries from Senegal's Casamance region, and in 2006, respectively accepted 6,000 and 10,000 Casamance residents fleeing the conflict; 2,500 Guinea-Bissau residents fled into Senegal in 2006 to escape armed confrontations along the border

Serbia Serbia with several other states protest the U.S. and other states' recognition of Kosovo's declaring itself as a sovereign and independent state in February 2008; ethnic Serbian municipalities along Kosovo's northern border challenge final status of Kosovo-Serbia boundary; several thousand NATO-led KFOR peacekeepers under UNMIK authority continue to keep the peace within Kosovo between the ethnic Albanian majority and the Serb minority in Kosovo; Serbia delimited about half of the boundary with Bosnia and Herzegovina, but sections along the Drina River remain in dispute

Seychelles together with Mauritius, Seychelles claims the Chagos Archipelago (UK-administered British Indian Ocean Territory)

Sierra Leone as domestic fighting among disparate ethnic groups, rebel groups, warlords, and youth gangs in Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone gradually abates, the number of refugees in border areas has begun to slowly dwindle; Sierra Leone considers excessive Guinea's definition of the flood plain limits to define the left bank boundary of the Makona and Moa rivers and protests Guinea's continued occupation of these lands including the hamlet of Yenga occupied since 1998

Singapore disputes persist with Malaysia over deliveries of fresh water to Singapore, Singapore's extensive land reclamation works, bridge construction, and maritime boundaries in the Johor and Singapore Straits; in 2008, ICJ awards sovereignty of Pedra Branca (Pulau Batu Puteh/Horsburgh Island) to Singapore, and Middle Rocks to Malaysia, but does not rule on maritime regimes, boundaries, or disposition of South Ledge; Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island; piracy remains a problem in the Malacca Strait

Slovakia bilateral government, legal, technical and economic working group negotiations continued in 2006 between Slovakia and Hungary over Hungary's completion of its portion of the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros hydroelectric dam project along the Danube; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovakia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules

Slovenia the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Piran Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Slovenia has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to curb illegal migration and commerce through southeastern Europe while encouraging close cross-border ties with Croatia

Solomon Islands since 2003, RAMSI, consisting of police, military, and civilian advisors drawn from 15 countries, has assisted in reestablishing and maintaining civil and political order while reinforcing regional stability and security

Somalia Ethiopian forces invaded southern Somalia and routed Islamist Courts from Mogadishu in January 2007; "Somaliland" secessionists provide port facilities in Berbera to landlocked Ethiopia and have established commercial ties with other regional states; "Puntland" and "Somaliland" "governments" seek international support in their secessionist aspirations and overlapping border claims; the undemarcated former British administrative line has little meaning as a political separation to rival clans within Ethiopia's Ogaden and southern Somalia's Oromo region; Kenya works hard to prevent the clan and militia fighting in Somalia from spreading south across the border, which has long been open to nomadic pastoralists

South Africa South Africa has placed military along the border to apprehend the thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing economic dysfunction and political persecution; as of January 2007, South Africa also supports large numbers of refugees and asylum seekers from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (33,000), Somalia (20,000), Burundi (6,500), and other states in Africa (26,000); managed dispute with Namibia over the location of the boundary in the Orange River; in 2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa

South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands Argentina, which claims the islands in its constitution and briefly occupied them by force in 1982, agreed in 1995 to no longer seek settlement by force

Southern Ocean Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctica entry), but Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, NZ, Norway, and UK assert claims (some overlapping), including the continental shelf in the Southern Ocean; several states have expressed an interest in extending those continental shelf claims under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to include undersea ridges; the US and most other states do not recognize the land or maritime claims of other states and have made no claims themselves (the US and Russia have reserved the right to do so); no formal claims exist in the waters in the sector between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west

Spain in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement; the government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas, and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over the territory of Olivenza based on a difference of interpretation of the 1815 Congress of Vienna and the 1801 Treaty of Badajoz

Spratly Islands all of the Spratly Islands are claimed by China (including Taiwan) and Vietnam; parts of them are claimed by Brunei, Malaysia and the Philippines; despite no public territorial claim to Louisa Reef, Brunei implicitly lays claim by including it within the natural prolongation of its continental shelf and basis for a seabed median with Vietnam; claimants in November 2002 signed the "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea," which has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct"; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Sri Lanka none

Sudan the effects of Sudan's almost constant ethnic and rebel militia fighting since the mid-20th century have penetrated all of the neighboring states; as of 2006, Chad, Ethiopia, Kenya, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and Uganda provided shelter for over half a million Sudanese refugees, which includes 240,000 Darfur residents driven from their homes by Janjawid armed militia and the Sudanese military forces; Sudan, in turn, hosted about 116,000 Eritreans, 20,000 Chadians, and smaller numbers of Ethiopians, Ugandans, Central Africans, and Congolese as refugees; in February 2006, Sudan and DROC signed an agreement to repatriate 13,300 Sudanese and 6,800 Congolese; Sudan accuses Eritrea of supporting Sudanese rebel groups; efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Ethiopia proceed slowly due to civil and ethnic fighting in eastern Sudan; the boundary that separates Kenya and Sudan's sovereignty is unclear in the "Ilemi Triangle," which Kenya has administered since colonial times; Sudan claims but Egypt de facto administers security and economic development of Halaib region north of the 22nd parallel boundary; periodic violent skirmishes with Sudanese residents over water and grazing rights persist among related pastoral populations along the border with the Central African Republic

Suriname area claimed by French Guiana between Riviere Litani and Riviere Marouini (both headwaters of the Lawa); Suriname claims a triangle of land between the New and Kutari/Koetari rivers in a historic dispute over the headwaters of the Courantyne; Guyana seeks United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) arbitration to resolve the long-standing dispute with Suriname over the axis of the territorial sea boundary in potentially oil-rich waters

Svalbard despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone

Swaziland in 2006, Swazi king advocates resort to ICJ to claim parts of Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal from South Africa

Sweden none

Switzerland none

Syria Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force (UNDOF) patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan; approximately two million Iraqis have fled the conflict in Iraq with the majority taking refuge in Syria and Jordan

Taiwan involved in complex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam over the Spratly Islands, and with China and the Philippines over Scarborough Reef; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Paracel Islands are occupied by China, but claimed by Taiwan and Vietnam; in 2003, China and Taiwan became more vocal in rejecting both Japan's claims to the uninhabited islands of the Senkaku-shoto (Diaoyu Tai) and Japan's unilaterally declared exclusive economic zone in the East China Sea where all parties engage in hydrocarbon prospecting

Tajikistan in 2006, China and Tajikistan pledged to commence demarcation of the revised boundary agreed to in the delimitation of 2002; talks continue with Uzbekistan to delimit border and remove minefields; disputes in Isfara Valley delay delimitation with Kyrgyzstan

Tanzania Tanzania still hosts more than a half-million refugees, more than any other African country, mainly from Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, despite the international community's efforts at repatriation; disputes with Malawi over the boundary in Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and the meandering Songwe River remain dormant

Thailand separatist violence in Thailand's predominantly Muslim southern provinces prompt border closures and controls with Malaysia to stem terrorist activities; Southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; talks continue on completion of demarcation with Laos but disputes remain over several islands in the Mekong River; despite continuing border committee talks, Thailand must deal with Karen and other ethnic rebels, refugees, and illegal cross-border activities, and as of 2006, over 116,000 Karen, Hmong, and other refugees and asylum seekers from Burma; Cambodia and Thailand dispute sections of historic boundary with missing boundary markers; Cambodia claims Thai encroachments into Cambodian territory and obstructing access to Preah Vihear temple ruins awarded to Cambodia by ICJ decision in 1962; Thailand is studying the feasibility of jointly constructing the Hatgyi Dam on the Salween river near the border with Burma; in 2004, international environmentalist pressure prompted China to halt construction of 13 dams on the Salween River that flows through China, Burma, and Thailand

Timor-Leste Timor-Leste-Indonesia Boundary Committee has resolved all but some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave; maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; many refugees who left Timor-Leste in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation; in 2007, Australia and Timor-Leste signed a 50-year development zone and revenue sharing agreement in lieu of a maritime boundary

Togo in 2001, Benin claimed Togo moved boundary monuments - joint commission continues to resurvey the boundary; in 2006, 14,000 Togolese refugees remain in Benin and Ghana out of the 40,000 who fled there in 2005

Tokelau Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island (Olohega) in its 2006 draft constitution

Tonga none

Trinidad and Tobago in April 2006, the Permanent Court of Arbitration issued a decision that delimited a maritime boundary with Trinidad and Tobago and compelled Barbados to enter a fishing agreement that limited Barbadian fishermen's catches of flying fish in Trinidad and Tobago's exclusive economic zone; in 2005, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago agreed to compulsory international arbitration under UNCLOS challenging whether the northern limit of Trinidad and Tobago's and Venezuela's maritime boundary extends into Barbadian waters; Guyana has also expressed its intention to include itself in the arbitration as the Trinidad and Tobago-Venezuela maritime boundary may extend into its waters as well

Tunisia none

Turkey complex maritime, air, and territorial disputes with Greece in the Aegean Sea; status of north Cyprus question remains; Syria and Iraq protest Turkish hydrological projects to control upper Euphrates waters; Turkey has expressed concern over the status of Kurds in Iraq; border with Armenia remains closed over Nagorno-Karabakh

Turkmenistan cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2005, but Caspian seabed delimitation remains stalled with Azerbaijan, Iran, and Kazakhstan due to Turkmenistan's indecision over how to allocate the sea's waters and seabed

Turks and Caicos Islands have received Haitians fleeing economic and civil disorder

Tuvalu none

Uganda Uganda is subject to armed fighting among hostile ethnic groups, rebels, armed gangs, militias, and various government forces that extend across its borders; Uganda hosts 209,860 Sudanese, 27,560 Congolese, and 19,710 Rwandan refugees, while Ugandan refugees as well as members of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) seek shelter in southern Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo's Garamba National Park; LRA forces have also attacked Kenyan villages across the border

Ukraine 1997 boundary delimitation treaty with Belarus remains un-ratified due to unresolved financial claims, stalling demarcation and reducing border security; delimitation of land boundary with Russia is complete with preparations for demarcation underway; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and ongoing expert-level discussions; Moldova and Ukraine operate joint customs posts to monitor transit of people and commodities through Moldova's break-away Transnistria Region, which remains under OSCE supervision; the ICJ gave Ukraine until December 2006 to reply, and Romania until June 2007 to rejoin, in their dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

United Arab Emirates boundary agreement was signed and ratified with Oman in 2003 for entire border, including Oman's Musandam Peninsula and Al Madhah enclaves, but contents of the agreement and detailed maps showing the alignment have not been published; Iran and UAE dispute Tunb Islands and Abu Musa Island, which Iran occupies

United Kingdom in 2002, Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to reject any "shared sovereignty" arrangement between the UK and Spain; the Government of Gibraltar insists on equal participation in talks between the two countries; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Mauritius and Seychelles claim the Chagos Archipelago (British Indian Ocean Territory), and its former inhabitants since their eviction in 1965; most Chagossians reside in Mauritius, and in 2001 were granted UK citizenship, where some have since resettled; in May 2006, the High Court of London reversed the UK Government's 2004 orders of council that banned habitation on the islands; UK rejects sovereignty talks requested by Argentina, which still claims the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica (British Antarctic Territory) overlaps Argentine claim and partially overlaps Chilean claim; Iceland, the UK, and Ireland dispute Denmark's claim that the Faroe Islands' continental shelf extends beyond 200 nm

United States the U.S. has intensified domestic security measures and is collaborating closely with its neighbors, Canada and Mexico, to monitor and control legal and illegal personnel, transport, and commodities across the international borders; abundant rainfall in recent years along much of the Mexico-US border region has ameliorated periodically strained water-sharing arrangements; 1990 Maritime Boundary Agreement in the Bering Sea still awaits Russian Duma ratification; managed maritime boundary disputes with Canada at Dixon Entrance, Beaufort Sea, Strait of Juan de Fuca, and around the disputed Machias Seal Island and North Rock; The Bahamas and US have not been able to agree on a maritime boundary; US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased from Cuba and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the area can terminate the lease; Haiti claims US-administered Navassa Island; US has made no territorial claim in Antarctica (but has reserved the right to do so) and does not recognize the claims of any other states; Marshall Islands claims Wake Island; Tokelau included American Samoa's Swains Island among the islands listed in its 2006 draft constitution

United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges none

Uruguay in Jan 2007, ICJ provisionally ruled Uruguay may begin construction of two paper mills on the Uruguay River, which forms the border with Argentina, while the court examines further whether Argentina has the legal right to stop such construction with potential environmental implications to both countries; two uncontested boundary disputes with Brazil over Isla Brasilera at the tripoint with Argentina at the confluence of the Quarai/Cuareim and Uruguay rivers, and, in the 235 square kilometer Invernada River region, over which tributary represents the legitimate source of the Quarai/Cuareim River

Uzbekistan prolonged drought and cotton monoculture in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan creates water-sharing difficulties for Amu Darya river states; field demarcation of the boundaries with Kazakhstan commenced in 2004; border delimitation of 130 km of border with Kyrgyzstan is hampered by serious disputes around enclaves and other areas

Vanuatu Matthew and Hunter Islands east of New Caledonia claimed by Vanuatu and France

Venezuela claims all of the area west of the Essequibo River in Guyana, preventing any discussion of a maritime boundary; Guyana has expressed its intention to join Barbados in asserting claims before the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) that Trinidad and Tobago's maritime boundary with Venezuela extends into their waters; dispute with Colombia over maritime boundary and Venezuelan-administered Los Monjes islands near the Gulf of Venezuela; Colombian-organized illegal narcotics and paramilitary activities penetrate Venezuela's shared border region; in 2006, an estimated 139,000 Colombians sought protection in 150 communities along the border in Venezuela; US, France, and the Netherlands recognize Venezuela's granting full effect to Aves Island, thereby claiming a Venezuelan EEZ/continental shelf extending over a large portion of the eastern Caribbean Sea; Dominica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines protest Venezuela's full effect claim

Vietnam southeast Asian states have enhanced border surveillance to check the spread of avian flu; Cambodia and Laos protest Vietnamese squatters and armed encroachments along border; an estimated 300,000 Vietnamese refugees reside in China; establishment of a maritime boundary with Cambodia is hampered by unresolved dispute over the sovereignty of offshore islands; the decade-long demarcation of the China-Vietnam land boundary was completed in 2009; China occupies the Paracel Islands also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; involved in complex dispute with Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Taiwan over the Spratly Islands; the 2002 "Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea" has eased tensions but falls short of a legally binding "code of conduct" desired by several of the disputants; Vietnam continues to expand construction of facilities in the Spratly Islands; in March 2005, the national oil companies of China, the Philippines, and Vietnam signed a joint accord to conduct marine seismic activities in the Spratly Islands

Virgin Islands none

Wake Island claimed by Marshall Islands

Wallis and Futuna none

West Bank West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation; Israel continues construction of a "seam line" separation barrier along parts of the Green Line and within the West Bank; Israel withdrew from four settlements in the northern West Bank in August 2005; since 1948, about 350 peacekeepers from the UN Truce Supervision Organization (UNTSO), headquartered in Jerusalem, monitor ceasefires, supervise armistice agreements, prevent isolated incidents from escalating, and assist other UN personnel in the region

Western Sahara Morocco claims and administers Western Sahara, whose sovereignty remains unresolved; UN-administered cease-fire has remained in effect since September 1991, administered by the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO), but attempts to hold a referendum have failed and parties thus far have rejected all brokered proposals; several states have extended diplomatic relations to the "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" represented by the Polisario Front in exile in Algeria, while others recognize Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara; most of the approximately 102,000 Sahrawi refugees are sheltered in camps in Tindouf, Algeria

World stretching over 250,000 km, the world's 322 international land boundaries separate 194 independent states and 71 dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and other miscellaneous entities; ethnicity, culture, race, religion, and language have divided states into separate political entities as much as history, physical terrain, political fiat, or conquest, resulting in sometimes arbitrary and imposed boundaries; most maritime states have claimed limits that include territorial seas and exclusive economic zones; overlapping limits due to adjacent or opposite coasts create the potential for 430 bilateral maritime boundaries of which 209 have agreements that include contiguous and non-contiguous segments; boundary, borderland/resource, and territorial disputes vary in intensity from managed or dormant to violent or militarized; undemarcated, indefinite, porous, and unmanaged boundaries tend to encourage illegal cross-border activities, uncontrolled migration, and confrontation; territorial disputes may evolve from historical and/or cultural claims, or they may be brought on by resource competition; ethnic and cultural clashes continue to be responsible for much of the territorial fragmentation and internal displacement of the estimated 6.6 million people and cross-border displacements of 8.6 million refugees around the world as of early 2006; just over one million refugees were repatriated in the same period; other sources of contention include access to water and mineral (especially hydrocarbon) resources, fisheries, and arable land; armed conflict prevails not so much between the uniformed armed forces of independent states as between stateless armed entities that detract from the sustenance and welfare of local populations, leaving the community of nations to cope with resultant refugees, hunger, disease, impoverishment, and environmental degradation

Yemen Saudi Arabia has reinforced its concrete-filled security barrier along sections of the fully demarcated border with Yemen to stem illegal cross-border activities

Zambia in 2004, Zimbabwe dropped objections to plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

Zimbabwe Botswana built electric fences and South Africa has placed military along the border to stem the flow of thousands of Zimbabweans fleeing to find work and escape political persecution; Namibia has supported, and in 2004 Zimbabwe dropped objections to, plans between Botswana and Zambia to build a bridge over the Zambezi River, thereby de facto recognizing a short, but not clearly delimited, Botswana-Zambia boundary in the river

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@2075

Field Listing :: Ethnic groups

This entry provides an ordered listing of ethnic groups starting with the largest and normally includes the percent of total population. Country

Ethnic groups(%)

Afghanistan Pashtun 42%, Tajik 27%, Hazara 9%, Uzbek 9%, Aimak 4%, Turkmen 3%, Baloch 2%, other 4%

Albania Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Algeria Arab-Berber 99%, European less than 1% note: almost all Algerians are Berber in origin, not Arab; the minority who identify themselves as Berber live mostly in the mountainous region of Kabylie east of Algiers; the Berbers are also Muslim but identify with their Berber rather than Arab cultural heritage; Berbers have long agitated, sometimes violently, for autonomy; the government is unlikely to grant autonomy but has offered to begin sponsoring teaching Berber language in schools

American Samoa native Pacific islander 91.6%, Asian 2.8%, white 1.1%, mixed 4.2%, other 0.3% (2000 census)

Andorra Spanish 43%, Andorran 33%, Portuguese 11%, French 7%, other 6% (1998)

Angola Ovimbundu 37%, Kimbundu 25%, Bakongo 13%, mestico (mixed European and native African) 2%, European 1%, other 22%

Anguilla black (predominant) 90.1%, mixed, mulatto 4.6%, white 3.7%, other 1.5% (2001 census)

Antigua and Barbuda black 91%, mixed 4.4%, white 1.7%, other 2.9% (2001 census)

Argentina white (mostly Spanish and Italian) 97%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry), Amerindian, or other non-white groups 3%

Armenia Armenian 97.9%, Yezidi (Kurd) 1.3%, Russian 0.5%, other 0.3% (2001 census)

Aruba mixed white/Caribbean Amerindian 80%, other 20%

Australia white 92%, Asian 7%, aboriginal and other 1%

Austria Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

Azerbaijan Azeri 90.6%, Dagestani 2.2%, Russian 1.8%, Armenian 1.5%, other 3.9% (1999 census) note: almost all Armenians live in the separatist Nagorno-Karabakh region

Bahamas, The black 85%, white 12%, Asian and Hispanic 3%

Bahrain Bahraini 62.4%, non-Bahraini 37.6% (2001 census)

Bangladesh Bengali 98%, other 2% (includes tribal groups, non-Bengali Muslims) (1998)

Barbados black 93%, white 3.2%, mixed 2.6%, East Indian 1%, other 0.2% (2000 census)

Belarus Belarusian 81.2%, Russian 11.4%, Polish 3.9%, Ukrainian 2.4%, other 1.1% (1999 census)

Belgium Fleming 58%, Walloon 31%, mixed or other 11%

Belize mestizo 48.7%, Creole 24.9%, Maya 10.6%, Garifuna 6.1%, other 9.7% (2000 census)

Benin Fon and related 39.2%, Adja and related 15.2%, Yoruba and related 12.3%, Bariba and related 9.2%, Peulh and related 7%, Ottamari and related 6.1%, Yoa-Lokpa and related 4%, Dendi and related 2.5%, other 1.6% (includes Europeans), unspecified 2.9% (2002 census)

Bermuda black 54.8%, white 34.1%, mixed 6.4%, other races 4.3%, unspecified 0.4% (2000 census)

Bhutan Bhote 50%, ethnic Nepalese 35% (includes Lhotsampas - one of several Nepalese ethnic groups), indigenous or migrant tribes 15%

Bolivia Quechua 30%, mestizo (mixed white and Amerindian ancestry) 30%, Aymara 25%, white 15%

Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniak 48%, Serb 37.1%, Croat 14.3%, other 0.6% (2000) note: Bosniak has replaced Muslim as an ethnic term in part to avoid confusion with the religious term Muslim - an adherent of Islam

Botswana Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%

Brazil white 53.7%, mulatto (mixed white and black) 38.5%, black 6.2%, other (includes Japanese, Arab, Amerindian) 0.9%, unspecified 0.7% (2000 census)

British Virgin Islands black 82%, white 6.8%, other 11.2% (includes Indian and mixed) (2008)

Brunei Malay 66.3%, Chinese 11.2%, indigenous 3.4%, other 19.1% (2004 est.)

Bulgaria Bulgarian 83.9%, Turk 9.4%, Roma 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian) (2001 census)

Burkina Faso Mossi over 40%, other approximately 60% (includes Gurunsi, Senufo, Lobi, Bobo, Mande, and Fulani)

Burma Burman 68%, Shan 9%, Karen 7%, Rakhine 4%, Chinese 3%, Indian 2%, Mon 2%, other 5%

Burundi Hutu (Bantu) 85%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 14%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%, Europeans 3,000, South Asians 2,000

Cambodia Khmer 90%, Vietnamese 5%, Chinese 1%, other 4%

Cameroon Cameroon Highlanders 31%, Equatorial Bantu 19%, Kirdi 11%, Fulani 10%, Northwestern Bantu 8%, Eastern Nigritic 7%, other African 13%, non-African less than 1%

Canada British Isles origin 28%, French origin 23%, other European 15%, Amerindian 2%, other, mostly Asian, African, Arab 6%, mixed background 26%

Cape Verde Creole (mulatto) 71%, African 28%, European 1%

Cayman Islands mixed 40%, white 20%, black 20%, expatriates of various ethnic groups 20%

Central African Republic Baya 33%, Banda 27%, Mandjia 13%, Sara 10%, Mboum 7%, M'Baka 4%, Yakoma 4%, other 2%

Chad Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)

Chile white and white-Amerindian 95.4%, Mapuche 4%, other indigenous groups 0.6% (2002 census)

China Han Chinese 91.5%, Zhuang, Manchu, Hui, Miao, Uighur, Tujia, Yi, Mongol, Tibetan, Buyi, Dong, Yao, Korean, and other nationalities 8.5% (2000 census)

Christmas Island Chinese 70%, European 20%, Malay 10% note: no indigenous population (2001)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Europeans, Cocos Malays

Colombia mestizo 58%, white 20%, mulatto 14%, black 4%, mixed black-Amerindian 3%, Amerindian 1%

Comoros Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Congo, Democratic Republic of the over 200 African ethnic groups of which the majority are Bantu; the four largest tribes - Mongo, Luba, Kongo (all Bantu), and the Mangbetu-Azande (Hamitic) make up about 45% of the population

Congo, Republic of the Kongo 48%, Sangha 20%, M'Bochi 12%, Teke 17%, Europeans and other 3%

Cook Islands Cook Island Maori (Polynesian) 87.7%, part Cook Island Maori 5.8%, other 6.5% (2001 census)

Costa Rica white (including mestizo) 94%, black 3%, Amerindian 1%, Chinese 1%, other 1%

Cote d'Ivoire Akan 42.1%, Voltaiques or Gur 17.6%, Northern Mandes 16.5%, Krous 11%, Southern Mandes 10%, other 2.8% (includes 130,000 Lebanese and 14,000 French) (1998)

Croatia Croat 89.6%, Serb 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, and Roma) (2001 census)

Cuba white 65.1%, mulatto and mestizo 24.8%, black 10.1% (2002 census)

Cyprus Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)

Czech Republic Czech 90.4%, Moravian 3.7%, Slovak 1.9%, other 4% (2001 census)

Denmark Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali

Djibouti Somali 60%, Afar 35%, other 5% (includes French, Arab, Ethiopian, and Italian)

Dominica black 86.8%, mixed 8.9%, Carib Amerindian 2.9%, white 0.8%, other 0.7% (2001 census)

Dominican Republic mixed 73%, white 16%, black 11%

Ecuador mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 65%, Amerindian 25%, Spanish and others 7%, black 3%

Egypt Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)

El Salvador mestizo 90%, white 9%, Amerindian 1%

Equatorial Guinea Fang 85.7%, Bubi 6.5%, Mdowe 3.6%, Annobon 1.6%, Bujeba 1.1%, other 1.4% (1994 census)

Eritrea nine recognized ethnic groups: Tigrinya 55%, Tigre 30%, Saho 4%, Kunama 2%, Rashaida 2%, Bilen 2%, other (Afar, Beni Amir, Nera) 5% (2010 est.)

Estonia Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)

Ethiopia Oromo 34.5%, Amara 26.9%, Somalie 6.2%, Tigraway 6.1%, Sidama 4%, Guragie 2.5%, Welaita 2.3%, Hadiya 1.7%, Affar 1.7%, Gamo 1.5%, Gedeo 1.3%, other 11.3% (2007 Census)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) British

Faroe Islands Scandinavian

Fiji Fijian 57.3% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture), Indian 37.6%, Rotuman 1.2%, other 3.9% (European, other Pacific Islanders, Chinese) (2007 census)

Finland Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.6%, Russian 0.5%, Estonian 0.3%, Roma (Gypsy) 0.1%, Sami 0.1% (2006)

France Celtic and Latin with Teutonic, Slavic, North African, Indochinese, Basque minorities overseas departments: black, white, mulatto, East Indian, Chinese, Amerindian

French Polynesia Polynesian 78%, Chinese 12%, local French 6%, metropolitan French 4%

Gabon Bantu tribes, including four major tribal groupings (Fang, Bapounou, Nzebi, Obamba); other Africans and Europeans, 154,000, including 10,700 French and 11,000 persons of dual nationality

Gambia, The African 99% (Mandinka 42%, Fula 18%, Wolof 16%, Jola 10%, Serahuli 9%, other 4%), non-African 1% (2003 census)

Gaza Strip Palestinian Arab

Georgia Georgian 83.8%, Azeri 6.5%, Armenian 5.7%, Russian 1.5%, other 2.5% (2002 census)

Germany German 91.5%, Turkish 2.4%, other 6.1% (made up largely of Greek, Italian, Polish, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Spanish)

Ghana Akan 45.3%, Mole-Dagbon 15.2%, Ewe 11.7%, Ga-Dangme 7.3%, Guan 4%, Gurma 3.6%, Grusi 2.6%, Mande-Busanga 1%, other tribes 1.4%, other 7.8% (2000 census)

Gibraltar Spanish, Italian, English, Maltese, Portuguese, German, North Africans

Greece population: Greek 93%, other (foreign citizens) 7% (2001 census) note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity

Greenland Inuit 89%, Danish and other 11% (2009)

Grenada black 82%, mixed black and European 13%, European and East Indian 5%, and trace of Arawak/Carib Amerindian

Guam Chamorro 37.1%, Filipino 26.3%, other Pacific islander 11.3%, white 6.9%, other Asian 6.3%, other ethnic origin or race 2.3%, mixed 9.8% (2000 census)

Guatemala Mestizo (mixed Amerindian-Spanish - in local Spanish called Ladino) and European 59.4%, K'iche 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other 0.1% (2001 census)

Guernsey British and Norman-French descent with small percentages from other European countries

Guinea Peuhl 40%, Malinke 30%, Soussou 20%, smaller ethnic groups 10%

Guinea-Bissau African 99% (includes Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1%

Guyana East Indian 43.5%, black (African) 30.2%, mixed 16.7%, Amerindian 9.1%, other 0.5% (2002 census)

Haiti black 95%, mulatto and white 5%

Holy See (Vatican City) Italians, Swiss, other

Honduras mestizo (mixed Amerindian and European) 90%, Amerindian 7%, black 2%, white 1%

Hong Kong Chinese 95%, Filipino 1.6%, Indonesian 1.3%, other 2.1% (2006 census)

Hungary Hungarian 92.3%, Roma 1.9%, other or unknown 5.8% (2001 census)

Iceland homogeneous mixture of descendants of Norse and Celts 94%, population of foreign origin 6%

India Indo-Aryan 72%, Dravidian 25%, Mongoloid and other 3% (2000)

Indonesia Javanese 40.6%, Sundanese 15%, Madurese 3.3%, Minangkabau 2.7%, Betawi 2.4%, Bugis 2.4%, Banten 2%, Banjar 1.7%, other or unspecified 29.9% (2000 census)

Iran Persian 51%, Azeri 24%, Gilaki and Mazandarani 8%, Kurd 7%, Arab 3%, Lur 2%, Baloch 2%, Turkmen 2%, other 1%

Iraq Arab 75%-80%, Kurdish 15%-20%, Turkoman, Assyrian, or other 5%

Ireland Irish 87.4%, other white 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, unspecified 1.6% (2006 census)

Isle of Man Manx (Norse-Celtic descent), Britons

Israel Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/America-born 22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) (2004)

Italy Italian (includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and Albanian-Italians and Greek-Italians in the south)

Jamaica black 91.2%, mixed 6.2%, other or unknown 2.6% (2001 census)

Japan Japanese 98.5%, Koreans 0.5%, Chinese 0.4%, other 0.6% note: up to 230,000 Brazilians of Japanese origin migrated to Japan in the 1990s to work in industries; some have returned to Brazil (2004)

Jersey Jersey 51.1%, Britons 34.8%, Irish, French, and other white 6.6%, Portuguese/Madeiran 6.4%, other 1.1% (2001 census)

Jordan Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1%

Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq) 53.4%, Russian 30%, Ukrainian 3.7%, Uzbek 2.5%, German 2.4%, Tatar 1.7%, Uighur 1.4%, other 4.9% (1999 census)

Kenya Kikuyu 22%, Luhya 14%, Luo 13%, Kalenjin 12%, Kamba 11%, Kisii 6%, Meru 6%, other African 15%, non-African (Asian, European, and Arab) 1%

Kiribati Micronesian 98.8%, other 1.2% (2000 census)

Korea, North racially homogeneous; there is a small Chinese community and a few ethnic Japanese

Korea, South homogeneous (except for about 20,000 Chinese)

Kosovo Albanians 92%, other (Serb, Bosniak, Gorani, Roma, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian) 8% (2008)

Kuwait Kuwaiti 45%, other Arab 35%, South Asian 9%, Iranian 4%, other 7%

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz 64.9%, Uzbek 13.8%, Russian 12.5%, Dungan 1.1%, Ukrainian 1%, Uighur 1%, other 5.7% (1999 census)

Laos Lao 55%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 8%, other (over 100 minor ethnic groups) 26% (2005 census)

Latvia Latvian 59.3%, Russian 27.8%, Belarusian 3.6%, Ukrainian 2.5%, Polish 2.4%, Lithuanian 1.3%, other 3.1% (2009)

Lebanon Arab 95%, Armenian 4%, other 1% note: many Christian Lebanese do not identify themselves as Arab but rather as descendents of the ancient Canaanites and prefer to be called Phoenicians

Lesotho Sotho 99.7%, Europeans, Asians, and other 0.3%,

Liberia Kpelle 20.3%, Bassa 13.4%, Grebo 10%, Gio 8%, Mano 7.9%, Kru 6%, Lorma 5.1%, Kissi 4.8%, Gola 4.4%, other 20.1% (2008 Census)

Libya Berber and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Greeks, Maltese, Italians, Egyptians, Pakistanis, Turks, Indians, and Tunisians)

Liechtenstein Liechtensteiner 65.6%, other 34.4% (2000 census)

Lithuania Lithuanian 84%, Polish 6.1%, Russian 4.9%, Belarusian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.9% (2009)

Luxembourg Luxembourger 63.1%, Portuguese 13.3%, French 4.5%, Italian 4.3%, German 2.3%, other EU 7.3%, other 5.2% (2000 census)

Macau Chinese 94.3%, other 5.7% (includes Macanese - mixed Portuguese and Asian ancestry) (2006 census)

Macedonia Macedonian 64.2%, Albanian 25.2%, Turkish 3.9%, Roma (Gypsy) 2.7%, Serb 1.8%, other 2.2% (2002 census)

Madagascar Malayo-Indonesian (Merina and related Betsileo), Cotiers (mixed African, Malayo-Indonesian, and Arab ancestry - Betsimisaraka, Tsimihety, Antaisaka, Sakalava), French, Indian, Creole, Comoran

Malawi Chewa, Nyanja, Tumbuka, Yao, Lomwe, Sena, Tonga, Ngoni, Ngonde, Asian, European

Malaysia Malay 50.4%, Chinese 23.7%, indigenous 11%, Indian 7.1%, others 7.8% (2004 est.)

Maldives South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs

Mali Mande 50% (Bambara, Malinke, Soninke), Peul 17%, Voltaic 12%, Songhai 6%, Tuareg and Moor 10%, other 5%

Malta Maltese (descendants of ancient Carthaginians and Phoenicians with strong elements of Italian and other Mediterranean stock)

Marshall Islands Marshallese 92.1%, mixed Marshallese 5.9%, other 2% (2006)

Mauritania mixed Moor/black 40%, Moor 30%, black 30%

Mauritius Indo-Mauritian 68%, Creole 27%, Sino-Mauritian 3%, Franco-Mauritian 2%

Mayotte NA

Mexico mestizo (Amerindian-Spanish) 60%, Amerindian or predominantly Amerindian 30%, white 9%, other 1%

Micronesia, Federated States of Chuukese 48.8%, Pohnpeian 24.2%, Kosraean 6.2%, Yapese 5.2%, Yap outer islands 4.5%, Asian 1.8%, Polynesian 1.5%, other 6.4%, unknown 1.4% (2000 census)

Moldova Moldovan/Romanian 78.2%, Ukrainian 8.4%, Russian 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 1.3% (2004 census) note: internal disputes with ethnic Slavs in the Transnistrian region

Monaco French 47%, Monegasque 16%, Italian 16%, other 21%

Mongolia Mongol (mostly Khalkha) 94.9%, Turkic (mostly Kazakh) 5%, other (including Chinese and Russian) 0.1% (2000)

Montenegro Montenegrin 43%, Serbian 32%, Bosniak 8%, Albanian 5%, other (Muslims, Croats, Roma (Gypsy)) 12% (2003 census)

Montserrat black, white

Morocco Arab-Berber 99.1%, other 0.7%, Jewish 0.2%

Mozambique African 99.66% (Makhuwa, Tsonga, Lomwe, Sena, and others), Europeans 0.06%, Euro-Africans 0.2%, Indians 0.08%

Namibia black 87.5%, white 6%, mixed 6.5% note: about 50% of the population belong to the Ovambo tribe and 9% to the Kavangos tribe; other ethnic groups include Herero 7%, Damara 7%, Nama 5%, Caprivian 4%, Bushmen 3%, Baster 2%, Tswana 0.5%

Nauru Nauruan 58%, other Pacific Islander 26%, Chinese 8%, European 8%

Nepal Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census)

Netherlands Dutch 80.7%, EU 5%, Indonesian 2.4%, Turkish 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccan 2%, Caribbean 0.8%, other 4.8% (2008 est.)

New Caledonia Melanesian 44.1%, European 34.1%, Wallisian & Futunian 9%, Tahitian 2.6%, Indonesian 2.5%, Vietnamese 1.4%, Ni-Vanuatu 1.1%, other 5.2% (1996 census)

New Zealand European 56.8%, Asian 8%, Maori 7.4%, Pacific islander 4.6%, mixed 9.7%, other 13.5% (2006 Census)

Nicaragua mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Niger Haoussa 55.4%, Djerma Sonrai 21%, Tuareg 9.3%, Peuhl 8.5%, Kanouri Manga 4.7%, other 1.2% (2001 census)

Nigeria Nigeria, Africa's most populous country, is composed of more than 250 ethnic groups; the following are the most populous and politically influential: Hausa and Fulani 29%, Yoruba 21%, Igbo (Ibo) 18%, Ijaw 10%, Kanuri 4%, Ibibio 3.5%, Tiv 2.5%

Niue Niuen 78.2%, Pacific islander 10.2%, European 4.5%, mixed 3.9%, Asian 0.2%, unspecified 3% (2001 census)

Norfolk Island descendants of the Bounty mutineers, Australian, New Zealander, Polynesian

Northern Mariana Islands Asian 56.3%, Pacific islander 36.3%, Caucasian 1.8%, other 0.8%, mixed 4.8% (2000 census)

Norway Norwegian 94.4% (includes Sami, about 60,000), other European 3.6%, other 2% (2007 estimate)

Oman Arab, Baluchi, South Asian (Indian, Pakistani, Sri Lankan, Bangladeshi), African

Pakistan Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%

Palau Palauan (Micronesian with Malayan and Melanesian admixtures) 69.9%, Filipino 15.3%, Chinese 4.9%, other Asian 2.4%, white 1.9%, Carolinian 1.4%, other Micronesian 1.1%, other or unspecified 3.2% (2000 census)

Panama mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 70%, Amerindian and mixed (West Indian) 14%, white 10%, Amerindian 6%

Papua New Guinea Melanesian, Papuan, Negrito, Micronesian, Polynesian

Paraguay mestizo (mixed Spanish and Amerindian) 95%, other 5%

Peru Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Philippines Tagalog 28.1%, Cebuano 13.1%, Ilocano 9%, Bisaya/Binisaya 7.6%, Hiligaynon Ilonggo 7.5%, Bikol 6%, Waray 3.4%, other 25.3% (2000 census)

Pitcairn Islands descendants of the Bounty mutineers and their Tahitian wives

Poland Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Portugal homogeneous Mediterranean stock; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000; since 1990 East Europeans have entered Portugal

Puerto Rico white (mostly Spanish origin) 76.2%, black 6.9%, Asian 0.3%, Amerindian 0.2%, mixed 4.4%, other 12% (2007)

Qatar Arab 40%, Indian 18%, Pakistani 18%, Iranian 10%, other 14%

Romania Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Russia Russian 79.8%, Tatar 3.8%, Ukrainian 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1%, other or unspecified 12.1% (2002 census)

Rwanda Hutu (Bantu) 84%, Tutsi (Hamitic) 15%, Twa (Pygmy) 1%

Saint Barthelemy white, Creole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo (French-East Asia)

Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha African descent 50%, white 25%, Chinese 25%

Saint Kitts and Nevis predominantly black; some British, Portuguese, and Lebanese

Saint Lucia black 82.5%, mixed 11.9%, East Indian 2.4%, other or unspecified 3.1% (2001 census)

Saint Martin creole (mulatto), black, Guadeloupe Mestizo (French-East Asia), white, East Indian

Saint Pierre and Miquelon Basques and Bretons (French fishermen)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines black 66%, mixed 19%, East Indian 6%, European 4%, Carib Amerindian 2%, other 3%

Samoa Samoan 92.6%, Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood) 7%, Europeans 0.4% (2001 census)

San Marino Sammarinese, Italian

Sao Tome and Principe mestico, angolares (descendants of Angolan slaves), forros (descendants of freed slaves), servicais (contract laborers from Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde), tongas (children of servicais born on the islands), Europeans (primarily Portuguese)

Saudi Arabia Arab 90%, Afro-Asian 10%

Senegal Wolof 43.3%, Pular 23.8%, Serer 14.7%, Jola 3.7%, Mandinka 3%, Soninke 1.1%, European and Lebanese 1%, other 9.4%

Serbia Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census)

Seychelles mixed French, African, Indian, Chinese, and Arab

Sierra Leone Temne 35%, Mende 31%, Limba 8%, Kono 5%, Kriole 2% (descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area in the late-18th century; also known as Krio), Mandingo 2%, Loko 2%, other 15% (includes refugees from Liberia's recent civil war, and small numbers of Europeans, Lebanese, Pakistanis, and Indians) (2008 census)

Singapore Chinese 76.8%, Malay 13.9%, Indian 7.9%, other 1.4% (2000 census)

Slovakia Slovak 85.8%, Hungarian 9.7%, Roma 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8% (2001 census)

Slovenia Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 census)

Solomon Islands Melanesian 94.5%, Polynesian 3%, Micronesian 1.2%, other 1.1%, unspecified 0.2% (1999 census)

Somalia Somali 85%, Bantu and other non-Somali 15% (including Arabs 30,000)

South Africa black African 79%, white 9.6%, colored 8.9%, Indian/Asian 2.5% (2001 census)

Spain composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Sri Lanka Sinhalese 73.8%, Sri Lankan Moors 7.2%, Indian Tamil 4.6%, Sri Lankan Tamil 3.9%, other 0.5%, unspecified 10% (2001 census provisional data)

Sudan black 52%, Arab 39%, Beja 6%, foreigners 2%, other 1%

Suriname Hindustani (also known locally as "East Indians"; their ancestors emigrated from northern India in the latter part of the 19th century) 37%, Creole (mixed white and black) 31%, Javanese 15%, "Maroons" (their African ancestors were brought to the country in the 17th and 18th centuries as slaves and escaped to the interior) 10%, Amerindian 2%, Chinese 2%, white 1%, other 2%

Svalbard Norwegian 55.4%, Russian and Ukrainian 44.3%, other 0.3% (1998)

Swaziland African 97%, European 3%

Sweden indigenous population: Swedes with Finnish and Sami minorities; foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks, Turks

Switzerland German 65%, French 18%, Italian 10%, Romansch 1%, other 6%

Syria Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Taiwan Taiwanese (including Hakka) 84%, mainland Chinese 14%, indigenous 2%

Tajikistan Tajik 79.9%, Uzbek 15.3%, Russian 1.1%, Kyrgyz 1.1%, other 2.6% (2000 census)

Tanzania mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Thailand Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Timor-Leste Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), Papuan, small Chinese minority

Togo African (37 tribes; largest and most important are Ewe, Mina, and Kabre) 99%, European and Syrian-Lebanese less than 1%

Tokelau Polynesian

Tonga Polynesian, Europeans

Trinidad and Tobago Indian (South Asian) 40%, African 37.5%, mixed 20.5%, other 1.2%, unspecified 0.8% (2000 census)

Tunisia Arab 98%, European 1%, Jewish and other 1%

Turkey Turkish 70-75%, Kurdish 18%, other minorities 7-12% (2008 est.)

Turkmenistan Turkmen 85%, Uzbek 5%, Russian 4%, other 6% (2003)

Turks and Caicos Islands black 90%, mixed, European, or North American 10%

Tuvalu Polynesian 96%, Micronesian 4%

Uganda Baganda 16.9%, Banyakole 9.5%, Basoga 8.4%, Bakiga 6.9%, Iteso 6.4%, Langi 6.1%, Acholi 4.7%, Bagisu 4.6%, Lugbara 4.2%, Bunyoro 2.7%, other 29.6% (2002 census)

Ukraine Ukrainian 77.8%, Russian 17.3%, Belarusian 0.6%, Moldovan 0.5%, Crimean Tatar 0.5%, Bulgarian 0.4%, Hungarian 0.3%, Romanian 0.3%, Polish 0.3%, Jewish 0.2%, other 1.8% (2001 census)

United Arab Emirates Emirati 19%, other Arab and Iranian 23%, South Asian 50%, other expatriates (includes Westerners and East Asians) 8% (1982) note: less than 20% are UAE citizens (1982)

United Kingdom white (of which English 83.6%, Scottish 8.6%, Welsh 4.9%, Northern Irish 2.9%) 92.1%, black 2%, Indian 1.8%, Pakistani 1.3%, mixed 1.2%, other 1.6% (2001 census)

United States white 79.96%, black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0.97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate) note: a separate listing for Hispanic is not included because the US Census Bureau considers Hispanic to mean persons of Spanish/Hispanic/Latino origin including those of Mexican, Cuban, Puerto Rican, Dominican Republic, Spanish, and Central or South American origin living in the US who may be of any race or ethnic group (white, black, Asian, etc.); about 15.1% of the total US population is Hispanic

Uruguay white 88%, mestizo 8%, black 4%, Amerindian (practically nonexistent)

Uzbekistan Uzbek 80%, Russian 5.5%, Tajik 5%, Kazakh 3%, Karakalpak 2.5%, Tatar 1.5%, other 2.5% (1996 est.)

Vanuatu Ni-Vanuatu 98.5%, other 1.5% (1999 Census)

Venezuela Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Arab, German, African, indigenous people