The 2003 CIA World Factbook (part 13 of 17)

The 2003 CIA World Factbook (part 13 of 17)

China -0.8% (2002 est.)

Christmas Island NA%

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA%

Colombia 6.2% (2002 est.)

Comoros 3.5% (2001 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 16% (2002 est.)

Congo, Republic of the 4% (2002 est.)

Cook Islands 3.2% (2000 est.)

Costa Rica 9.1% (2002 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire 3.2% (2002 est.)

Croatia 2.2% (2002 est.)

Cuba 7.1% (2002 est.)

Cyprus Greek Cypriot area: 2.8% (2001 est.); Turkish Cypriot area: 24.5% (2002 est.)

Czech Republic 0.6% (2002 est.)

Denmark 2.3% (2002 est.)

Djibouti 2% (2002 est.)

Dominica 1% (2001 est.)

Dominican Republic 5.3% (2002 est.)

East Timor NA%

Ecuador 12.5% (2002 est.)

Egypt 4.3% (2002 est.)

El Salvador 3.8% (2001 est.)

Equatorial Guinea 6% (2002 est.)

Eritrea 15% (2001)

Estonia 3.7% (2002 est.)

Ethiopia 4% (2003 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 3.6% (1998)

Faroe Islands 5.1% (1999)

Fiji 2% (2002 est.)

Finland 1.9% (2002 est.)

France 1.8% (2002 est.)

French Guiana 1.5% (2002 est.)

French Polynesia 1.5%

Gabon 2.3% (2002 est.)

Gambia, The 5.5% (2002 est.)

Gaza Strip 2.2% (includes West Bank) (2001 est.)

Georgia 5.2% (2002 est.)

Germany 1.3% (2002 est.)

Ghana 14.5% (2002 est.)

Gibraltar 1.5% (1998)

Greece 3.6% (2002 est.)

Greenland 1.6% (1999 est.)

Grenada 2.8% (2001 est.)

Guadeloupe NA%

Guam 0% (1999 est.)

Guatemala 8.1% (2002 est.)

Guernsey 3.99% (2000 est.)

Guinea 6% (2002 est.)

Guinea-Bissau 4% (2002 est.)

Guyana 4.7% (2002 est.)

Haiti 11.9% (2001 est.)

Honduras 7.7% (2002 est.)

Hong Kong 3% (2002 est.)

Hungary 5.3% (2002 est.)

Iceland 5.2% (2002 est.)

India 5.4% (2002 est.)

Indonesia 11.9% (2002 est.)

Iran 15.3% (2002 est.)

Iraq 70% (2002 est.)

Ireland 4.6% (2002 est.)

Israel 5.7% (2002 est.)

Italy 2.4% (2002 est.)

Jamaica 7% (2002 est.)

Japan -0.9% (2002 est.)

Jersey 4.7% (1998)

Jordan 3.3% (2002 est.)

Kazakhstan 6% (2002 est.)

Kenya 1.9% (2002 est.)

Kiribati 2.5% (2001 est.)

Korea, North NA%

Korea, South 2.8% (2002 est.)

Kuwait 2% (2002 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 2.1% (2002 est.)

Laos 10% (2002 est.)

Latvia 2% (2002 est.)

Lebanon 3.5% (2002 est.)

Lesotho 10% (2002 est.)

Liberia 15% (2002 est.)

Libya 1% (2001 est.)

Liechtenstein 1% (2001)

Lithuania 0.8% (2002 est.)

Luxembourg 1.6% (2002 est.)

Macau -2.6% (2002 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of 1.1% (2002 est.)

Madagascar 7.4% (2001 est.)

Malawi 27.4% (2001 est.)

Malaysia 1.9% (2002 est.)

Maldives 1% (2002 est.)

Mali 4.5% (2002 est.)

Malta 2.4% (2002 est.)

Man, Isle of 3.6% (March 2003 est.)

Marshall Islands 2% (2001 est.)

Martinique 3.9% (1990)

Mauritania 3% (2002 est.)

Mauritius 6.4% (2002 est.)

Mayotte NA%

Mexico 6.4% (2002 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of 1% (2002 est.)

Moldova 5.5% (2002 est.)

Monaco NA%

Mongolia 3% (2002 est.)

Montserrat 2.6% (2002 est.)

Morocco 3.6% (2002 est.)

Mozambique 15.2% (2002 est.)

Namibia 8% (2001)

Nauru -3.6% (1993)

Nepal 2.8% (2001 est.)

Netherlands 3.4% (2002 est.)

Netherlands Antilles 0.4% (2002 est.)

New Caledonia -0.6% (2000 est.)

New Zealand 2.7% (2002 est.)

Nicaragua 3.7% (2002 est.)

Niger 3% (2002 est.)

Nigeria 14.2% (2002 est.)

Niue 1% (1995)

Norfolk Island NA%

Northern Mariana Islands 1.2% (1997 est.)

Norway 1.3% (2001 est.)

Oman -0.5% (2002 est.)

Pakistan 3.9% (2002 est.)

Palau 3.4% (2000 est.)

Panama 1.1% (2001 est.)

Papua New Guinea 9.8% (2002 est.)

Paraguay 10.5% (2002 est.)

Peru 0.2% (2002 est.)

Philippines 3.1% (2002 est.)

Pitcairn Islands NA%

Poland 1.9% (2002 est.)

Portugal 3.7% (2002 est.)

Puerto Rico 5% (2002 est.)

Qatar 1.9% (2002)

Reunion NA%

Romania 22.5% (2002 est.)

Russia 15% (2002 est.)

Rwanda 5.5% (2002 est.)

Saint Helena 3.2% (1997 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 1.7% (2001 est.)

Saint Lucia 3% (2001 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 2.1% (1991-96 average)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines -0.4% (2001 est.)

Samoa 4% (2001 est.)

San Marino 3.3% (2001)

Sao Tome and Principe 9% (2002 est.)

Saudi Arabia 1% (2002 est.)

Senegal 3% (2002 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro 19% (2002 est.)

Seychelles 0.5% (2002 est.)

Sierra Leone 1% (2002 est.)

Singapore -0.4% (2002 est.)

Slovakia 3.3% (2002 est.)

Slovenia 7.4% (2002 est.)

Solomon Islands 1.8% (2001 est.)

Somalia over 100% (businesses print their own money)

South Africa 9.9% (2002 est.)

Spain 3% (2002 est.)

Sri Lanka 9.6% (2002 est.)

Sudan 9.2% (2002 est.)

Suriname 17% (2002 est.)

Svalbard NA%

Swaziland 11.8% (2002 est.)

Sweden 2.2% (2002 est.)

Switzerland 0.5% (2002 est.)

Syria 0.9% (2002 est.)

Taiwan -0.2% (2002 est.)

Tajikistan 12% (2001 est.)

Tanzania 4.8% (2002 est.)

Thailand 0.6% (2002 est.)

Togo 4% (2002 est.)

Tokelau NA%

Tonga 8.4% (2001 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago 4.3% (2002 est.)

Tunisia 2.5% (2002 est.)

Turkey 45.2% (2002 est.)

Turkmenistan 5% (2002 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4% (1995)

Tuvalu 5% (2000 est.)

Uganda 0.1% (2002 est.)

Ukraine -1.2% (2002 est.)

United Arab Emirates 2.8% (2002 est.)

United Kingdom 2.1% (2002 est.)

United States 1.6% (2002)

Uruguay 14.1% (2002 est.)

Uzbekistan 26% (2001 est.)

Vanuatu 3.2% (2001 est.)

Venezuela 31.2% (2002 est.)

Vietnam 3.9% (2002 est.)

Virgin Islands 2% (1992)

Wallis and Futuna NA%

West Bank 2.2% (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)

Western Sahara NA%

World developed countries 1% to 4% typically; developing countries 5% to 60% typically; national inflation rates vary widely in individual cases, from declining prices in Japan to hyperinflation in several Third World countries

Yemen 12.2% (2002 est.)

Zambia 21% (2002 est.)

Zimbabwe 134.5% (2002 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2093 Waterways (km)

Afghanistan 1,200 km note: chiefly Amu Darya, which handles vessels up to 500 DWT (2001)

Albania 43 km note: includes Albanian sections of Lake Scutari, Lake Ohrid, and Lake Prespa (1990)

Algeria none

American Samoa none

Andorra none

Angola 1,295 km

Anguilla none

Antigua and Barbuda none

Argentina 10,950 km

Armenia NA km

Aruba none

Ashmore and Cartier Islands none

Australia 8,368 km (mainly used by small, shallow-draft craft)

Austria 358 km (1999)

Azerbaijan none

Bahamas, The none

Bahrain none

Baker Island none

Bangladesh up to 8,046 km depending on season note: includes 3,058 km main cargo routes

Barbados none

Bassas da India none

Belarus NA km; note - Belarus has extensive and widely used canal and river systems

Belgium 1,570 km (route length in regular commercial use) (2001)

Belize 825 km (river network used by shallow-draft craft; seasonally navigable)

Benin streams navigable along small sections, important only locally

Bermuda none

Bhutan none

Bolivia 10,000 km (commercially navigable)

Bosnia and Herzegovina NA km; large sections of the Sava blocked by downed bridges, silt, and debris

Botswana none

Bouvet Island none

Brazil 50,000 km

British Indian Ocean Territory none

British Virgin Islands none

Brunei 209 km; navigable by craft drawing less than 1.2 m

Bulgaria 470 km (1987)

Burkina Faso none

Burma 12,800 km note: 3,200 km navigable by large commercial vessels

Burundi Lake Tanganyika

Cambodia 3,700 km note: navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m

Cameroon 2,090 km (of decreasing importance) (2002)

Canada 3,000 km (including Saint Lawrence Seaway)

Cape Verde none

Cayman Islands none

Central African Republic 900 km note: traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts; Oubangui is the most important river, navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 m or less; 282 km navigable to craft drawing as much as 1.8 m

Chad 2,000 km

Chile 725 km

China 110,000 km (1999)

Christmas Island none

Clipperton Island none

Cocos (Keeling) Islands none

Colombia 18,140 km (navigable by river boats) (April 1996)

Comoros none

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 15,000 km (including the Congo and its tributaries, and unconnected lakes)

Congo, Republic of the 1,120 km note: the Congo and Ubangi (Oubangui) rivers provide 1,120 km of commercially navigable water transport; other rivers are used for local traffic only

Cook Islands none

Coral Sea Islands none

Costa Rica 730 km (seasonally navigable)

Cote d'Ivoire 980 km (navigable rivers, canals, and numerous coastal lagoons)

Croatia 785 km note: (perennially navigable; large sections of Sava blocked by downed bridges, silt, and debris)

Cuba 240 km

Cyprus none

Czech Republic 303 km note: the Labe (Elbe) is the principal river (2000)

Denmark 417 km

Djibouti none

Dominica none

Dominican Republic none

East Timor NA

Ecuador 1,500 km

Egypt 3,500 km note: includes the Nile, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in the delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches), used by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 16.1 m of water

El Salvador Rio Lempa partially navigable

Equatorial Guinea none

Eritrea none

Estonia 320 km (perennially navigable) (2002)

Ethiopia none

Europa Island none

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) none

Faroe Islands none

Fiji 203 km note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges

Finland 6,675 km note: includes Saimaa Canal; 3,700 km suitable for large ships

France 14,932 km (6,969 km heavily traveled)

French Guiana 3,300 km navigable by native craft note: 460 km navigable by small oceangoing vessels and coastal and river steamers

French Polynesia none

French Southern and Antarctic Lands none

Gabon 1,600 km (perennially navigable)

Gambia, The 400 km

Gaza Strip none

Georgia none

Germany 7,500 km note: major rivers include the Rhine and Elbe; Kiel Canal is an important connection between the Baltic Sea and North Sea (1999)

Ghana 1,293 km note: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano Rivers provide 168 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; Lake Volta provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways

Gibraltar none

Glorioso Islands none

Greece 80 km note: system consists of three coastal canals including the Corinth Canal (6 km) which crosses the Isthmus of Corinth connecting the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf and shortens the sea voyage from the Adriatic to Peiraiefs (Piraeus) by 325 km; there are also three unconnected rivers

Greenland none

Grenada none

Guadeloupe none

Guam none

Guatemala 990 km note: 260 km navigable year round; additional 730 km navigable during highwater season

Guernsey none

Guinea 1,295 km (navigable by shallow-draft native craft)

Guinea-Bissau several rivers are accessible to coastal shipping

Guyana 5,900 km (total length of navigable waterways) note: Berbice, Demerara, and Essequibo rivers are navigable by oceangoing vessels for 150 km, 100 km, and 80 km, respectively

Haiti NEGL; less than 100 km navigable

Heard Island and McDonald Islands none

Holy See (Vatican City) none

Honduras 465 km (navigable by small craft)

Hong Kong none

Howland Island none

Hungary 1,373 km (permanently navigable) (1997)

Iceland none

India 16,180 km note: 3,631 km navigable by large vessels

Indonesia 21,579 km total note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Iran 904 km note: the Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use

Iraq 1,015 km note: Shatt al Arab is usually navigable by maritime traffic for about 130 km; channel has been dredged to 3 m and is in use; Tigris and Euphrates Rivers have navigable sections for shallow-draft boats; Shatt al Basrah canal was navigable by shallow-draft craft before closing in 1991 because of the Gulf war

Ireland 700 km (limited facilities for commercial traffic) (1998)

Israel none

Italy 2,400 km note: serves various types of commercial traffic, although of limited overall value (2002)

Jamaica none

Jan Mayen none

Japan 1,770 km approximately note: seagoing craft ply all coastal inland seas

Jarvis Island none

Jersey none

Johnston Atoll none

Jordan none

Juan de Nova Island none

Kazakhstan 3,900 km note: on the Syr Darya (Syrdariya) and Ertis (Irtysh) rivers

Kenya NA note: part of the Lake Victoria system is within the boundaries of Kenya

Kingman Reef none

Kiribati 5 km (small network of canals in Line Islands)

Korea, North 2,253 km note: mostly navigable by small craft only

Korea, South 1,609 km note: restricted to small native craft

Kuwait none

Kyrgyzstan 600 km (1990)

Laos 4,587 km approximately note: primarily Mekong and tributaries; 2,897 additional km are intermittently navigable by craft drawing less than 0.5 m

Latvia 300 km (perennially navigable)

Lebanon none

Lesotho none

Liberia none

Libya none

Liechtenstein none

Lithuania 600 km (perennially navigable)

Luxembourg 37 km (on the Moselle)

Macau none

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of note: lake transport only, on the Greek and Albanian borders

Madagascar of local importance only

Malawi 144 km note: on Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) and Shire Riverall

Malaysia 7,296 km note: Peninsular Malaysia 3,209 km, Sabah 1,569 km, Sarawak 2,518 km

Maldives none

Mali 1,815 km

Malta none

Man, Isle of none

Marshall Islands none

Martinique none

Mauritania note: ferry traffic on the Senegal River

Mauritius none

Mayotte none

Mexico 2,900 km note: navigable rivers and coastal canals

Micronesia, Federated States of none

Midway Islands none

Moldova 424 km (1994)

Monaco none

Mongolia 400 km (1999)

Montserrat none

Morocco none

Mozambique 3,750 km (navigable routes)

Namibia none

Nauru none

Navassa Island none

Nepal none

Netherlands 5,046 km (of which 3,745 km are canals) note: 47% of total route length is usable by craft of 1,000-metric-ton capacity or larger

Netherlands Antilles none

New Caledonia none

New Zealand 1,609 km note: of little importance in satisfying total transportation requirements

Nicaragua 2,220 km (including 2 large lakes)

Niger 300 km note: the Niger River is navigable from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March

Nigeria 8,575 km note: consisting of the Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks

Niue none

Norfolk Island none

Northern Mariana Islands none

Norway 1,577 km (along west coast) note: navigable by 2.4 m maximum draft vessels

Oman none

Pakistan none

Palau none

Palmyra Atoll none

Panama 882 km note: 800 km navigable by shallow draft vessels; 82 km Panama Canal

Papua New Guinea 10,940 km

Paracel Islands none

Paraguay 3,100 km

Peru 8,808 km note: 8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca

Philippines 3,219 km note: limited to vessels with a draft of less than 1.5 m

Pitcairn Islands none

Poland 3,812 km (navigable rivers and canals) (1996)

Portugal 820 km note: relatively unimportant to national economy, used by shallow-draft craft limited to 300 metric-ton or less cargo capacity

Puerto Rico none

Qatar none

Reunion none

Romania 1,724 km (1984)

Russia 95,900 km (total routes in general use) note: routes with navigation guides serving the Russian River Fleet - 95,900 km; routes with night navigational aids - 60,400 km; man-made navigable routes - 16,900 km (January 1994)

Rwanda note: Lac Kivu navigable by shallow-draft barges and native craft

Saint Helena none

Saint Kitts and Nevis none

Saint Lucia none

Saint Pierre and Miquelon none

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines none

Samoa none

San Marino none

Sao Tome and Principe none

Saudi Arabia none

Senegal 897 km note: 785 km on the Senegal river, and 112 km on the Saloum river

Serbia and Montenegro 587 km note: the Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, runs through Serbia; since early 2000, a pontoon bridge, replacing a destroyed conventional bridge, has obstructed river traffic at Novi Sad; the obstruction is bypassed by a canal system, but the inadequate lock size limits the size of vessels which may pass; the pontoon bridge can be opened for large ships but has slowed river traffic (2001)

Seychelles none

Sierra Leone 800 km (of which 600 km is navigable year round)

Singapore none

Slovakia 172 km (all on the Danube)

Slovenia NA

Solomon Islands none

Somalia none

South Africa NA

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands none

Spain 1,045 km (of minor economic importance)

Spratly Islands none

Sri Lanka 430 km (navigable by shallow-draft craft)

Sudan 5,310 km

Suriname 1,200 km note: most important means of transport; oceangoing vessels with drafts ranging up to 7 m can navigate many of the principal waterways

Svalbard none

Swaziland none

Sweden 2,052 km note: navigable to small steamers and barges

Switzerland 65 km note: The Rhine carries heavy traffic on the Basel-Rheinfelden and Schaffhausen-Bodensee stretches; there are also 12 navigable lakes

Syria 870 km (minimal economic importance)

Taiwan NA

Tajikistan none

Tanzania note: Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Lake Nyasa are principal avenues of commerce between Tanzania and its neighbors on those lakes

Thailand 4,000 km note: 3,701 km are navigable throughout the year by boats with drafts up to 0.9 meters; numerous minor waterways serve shallow-draft native craft

Togo 50 km (Mono river)

Tokelau none

Tonga none

Trinidad and Tobago none

Tromelin Island none

Tunisia none

Turkey 1,200 km (approximately)

Turkmenistan the Amu Darya is an important inland waterway for Turkmenistan, as is the man-made Kara Kum canal

Turks and Caicos Islands none

Tuvalu none

Uganda Lake Victoria, Lake Albert, Lake Kyoga, Lake George, Lake Edward, Victoria Nile, Albert Nile

Ukraine 4,499 km note: 1,672 km are on the Pryp'yat' and Dniester (Dnister) (1990)

United Arab Emirates none

United Kingdom 3,200 km

United States 41,009 km note: navigable inland channels, exclusive of the Great Lakes

Uruguay 1,600 km (used by coastal and shallow-draft river craft)

Uzbekistan 1,100 km (1990)

Vanuatu none

Venezuela 7,100 km note: Rio Orinoco and Lago de Maracaibo accept oceangoing vessels

Vietnam 17,702 km note: more than 5,149 km are navigable at all times by vessels up to 1.8 m draft

Virgin Islands none

Wake Island none

Wallis and Futuna none

West Bank none

Western Sahara none

Yemen none

Zambia 2,250 km note: includes Lake Tanganyika and the Zambezi and Luapula rivers

Zimbabwe chrome ore is transported from Harare - by way of the Mazoe River - to the Zambezi River in Mozambique

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2094 Judicial branch

Afghanistan the Bonn Agreement called for the establishment of a Supreme Court; there is also a Minister of Justice

Albania Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term)

Algeria Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

American Samoa High Court (chief justice and associate justices are appointed by the US Secretary of the Interior)

Andorra Tribunal of Judges or Tribunal de Batlles; Tribunal of the Courts or Tribunal de Corts; Supreme Court of Justice of Andorra or Tribunal Superior de Justicia d'Andorra; Supreme Council of Justice or Consell Superior de la Justicia; Fiscal Ministry or Ministeri Fiscal; Constitutional Tribunal or Tribunal Constitucional

Angola Supreme Court or Tribunal da Relacao (judges are appointed by the president)

Anguilla High Court (judge provided by Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court)

Antigua and Barbuda Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)

Argentina Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (the nine Supreme Court judges are appointed by the president with approval by the Senate)

Armenia Constitutional Court; Court of Cassation (Appeals Court)

Aruba Joint High Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the monarch)

Australia High Court (the chief justice and six other justices are appointed by the governor general)

Austria Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof

Azerbaijan Supreme Court

Bahamas, The Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; magistrates courts

Bahrain High Civil Appeals Court

Bangladesh Supreme Court (the chief justices and other judges are appointed by the president)

Barbados Supreme Court of Judicature (judges are appointed by the Service Commissions for the Judicial and Legal Services)

Belarus Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Constitutional Court (half of the judges appointed by the president and half appointed by the Chamber of Representatives)

Belgium Supreme Court of Justice or Hof van Cassatie (in Dutch) or Cour de Cassation (in French) (judges are appointed for life by the monarch, although selected by the Government)

Belize Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister)

Benin Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Court of Justice

Bermuda Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrate Courts

Bhutan Supreme Court of Appeal (the monarch); High Court (judges appointed by the monarch)

Bolivia Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges appointed for 10-year terms by National Congress); District Courts (one in each department); provincial and local courts (to try minor cases)

Bosnia and Herzegovina BiH Constitutional Court (consists of nine members: four members are selected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives, two members by the Republika Srpska's National Assembly, and three non-Bosnian members by the president of the European Court of Human Rights); BiH State Court (consists of nine judges and three divisions - Administrative, Appellate and Criminal - having jurisdiction over cases related to state-level law and appellate jurisdiction over cases initiated in the entities; note - a War Crimes Chamber may be added at a future date) note: the entities each have a Supreme Court; each entity also has a number of lower courts; there are 10 cantonal courts in the Federation, plus a number of municipal courts; the Republika Srpska has five municipal courts

Botswana High Court; Court of Appeal; Magistrates' Courts (one in each district)

Brazil Supreme Federal Tribunal (11 ministers are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate); Higher Tribunal of Justice; Regional Federal Tribunals (judges are appointed for life)

British Virgin Islands Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeal (one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court); Magistrate's Court; Juvenile Court; Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Brunei Supreme Court (chief justice and judges are sworn in by the monarch for three-year terms)

Bulgaria Supreme Administrative Court; Supreme Court of Cassation; Constitutional Court (12 justices appointed or elected for nine-year terms); Supreme Judicial Council (consists of the chairmen of the two Supreme Courts, the Chief Prosecutor, and 22 other members; responsible for appointing the justices, prosecutors, and investigating magistrates in the justice system; members of the Supreme Judicial Council elected for five-year terms, 11 elected by the National Assembly and 11 by bodies of the judiciary)

Burkina Faso Supreme Court; Appeals Court

Burma remnants of the British-era legal system are in place, but there is no guarantee of a fair public trial; the judiciary is not independent of the executive

Burundi Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal (there are three in separate locations); Tribunals of First Instance (17 at the province level and 123 small local tribunals)

Cambodia Supreme Council of the Magistracy (provided for in the constitution and formed in December 1997); Supreme Court (and lower courts) exercises judicial authority

Cameroon Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); High Court of Justice (consists of 9 judges and 6 substitute judges, elected by the National Assembly)

Canada Supreme Court of Canada (judges are appointed by the prime minister through the governor general); Federal Court of Canada; Federal Court of Appeal; Provincial Courts (these are named variously Court of Appeal, Court of Queens Bench, Superior Court, Supreme Court, and Court of Justice)

Cape Verde Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Supremo Tribunal de Justia

Cayman Islands Summary Court; Grand Court; Cayman Islands Court of Appeal

Central African Republic Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Constitutional Court (3 judges appointed by the president, 3 by the president of the National Assembly, and 3 by fellow judges); Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Inferior Courts

Chad Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Criminal Courts; Magistrate Courts

Chile Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are appointed by the president and ratified by the Senate from lists of candidates provided by the court itself; the president of the Supreme Court is elected by the 21-member court); Constitutional Tribunal

China Supreme People's Court (judges appointed by the National People's Congress); Local Peoples Courts (comprise higher, intermediate and local courts); Special Peoples Courts (primarily military, maritime, and railway transport courts)

Christmas Island Supreme Court; District Court; Magistrate's Court

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court

Colombia four coequal, supreme judicial organs; Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justical (highest court of criminal law; judges are selected from the nominees of the Higher Council of Justice for eight-year terms); Council of State (highest court of administrative law, judges are selected from the nominees of the Higher Council of Justice for eight-year terms); Constitutional Court (guards integrity and supremacy of the constitution, rules on constitutionality of laws, amendments to the constitution, and international treaties); Higher Council of Justice (administers and disciplines the civilian judiciary; members of the disciplinary chamber resolve jurisdictional conflicts arising between other courts; members are elected by three sister courts and Congress for eight-year terms)

Comoros Supreme Court or Cour Supremes (two members appointed by the president, two members elected by the Federal Assembly, one elected by the Council of each island, and others are former presidents of the republic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Congo, Republic of the Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Cook Islands High Court

Costa Rica Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (22 justices are elected for eight-year terms by the Legislative Assembly)

Cote d'Ivoire Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consists of four chambers: Judicial Chamber for criminal cases, Audit Chamber for financial cases, Constitutional Chamber for judicial review cases, and Administrative Chamber for civil cases; there is no legal limit to the number of members

Croatia Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts appointed for eight-year terms by the Judicial Council of the Republic, which is elected by the House of Representatives

Cuba People's Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo Popular (president, vice president, and other judges are elected by the National Assembly)

Cyprus Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president and vice president) note: there is also a Supreme Court in the Turkish Cypriot area

Czech Republic Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and deputy chairmen are appointed by the president for a 10-year term

Denmark Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)

Djibouti Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Dominica Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court, consisting of the Court of Appeal and the High Court (located in Saint Lucia; one of the six judges must reside in Dominica and preside over the Court of Summary Jurisdiction)

Dominican Republic Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are elected by a Council made up of members of the legislative and executive branches with the president presiding)

East Timor Supreme Court of Justice, one judge appointed by the National Parliament and the rest appointed by the Superior Council for the Judiciary

Ecuador Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (new justices are elected by the full Supreme Court)

Egypt Supreme Constitutional Court

El Salvador Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (judges are selected by the Legislative Assembly)

Equatorial Guinea Supreme Tribunal

Eritrea or High Court, regional, subregional, and village courts; also have military and special courts

Estonia National Court (chairman appointed by Parliament for life)

Ethiopia Federal Supreme Court (the president and vice president of the Federal Supreme Court are recommended by the prime minister and appointed by the House of People's Representatives; for other federal judges, the prime minister submits to the House of People's Representatives for appointment candidates selected by the Federal Judicial Administrative Council)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) Supreme Court (chief justice is a nonresident); Magistrates Court (senior magistrate presides over civil and criminal divisions); Court of Summary Jurisdiction

Faroe Islands none

Fiji Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Finland Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)

France Supreme Court of Appeals or Cour de Cassation (judges are appointed by the president from nominations of the High Council of the Judiciary); Constitutional Council or Conseil Constitutionnel (three members appointed by the president, three appointed by the president of the National Assembly, and three appointed by the president of the Senate); Council of State or Conseil d'Etat

French Guiana Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel (highest local court based in Martinique with jurisdiction over Martinique, Guadeloupe, and French Guiana)

French Polynesia Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court of the First Instance or Tribunal de Premiere Instance; Court of Administrative Law or Tribunal Administratif

Gabon Supreme Court or Cour Supreme consisting of three chambers - Judicial, Administrative, and Accounts; Constitutional Court; Courts of Appeal; Court of State Security; County Courts

Gambia, The Supreme Court

Georgia Supreme Court (judges elected by the Supreme Council on the president's recommendation); Constitutional Court

Germany Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)

Ghana Supreme Court

Gibraltar Supreme Court; Court of Appeal

Greece Supreme Judicial Court; Special Supreme Tribunal; all judges appointed for life by the president after consultation with a judicial council

Greenland High Court or Landsret (appeals can be made to the Ostre Landsret or Eastern Division of the High Court or Supreme Court in Copenhagen)

Grenada West Indies Associate States Supreme Court (an associate judge resides in Grenada)

Guadeloupe Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel with jurisdiction over Guadeloupe, French Guiana, and Martinique

Guam Federal District Court (judge is appointed by the president); Territorial Superior Court (judges appointed for eight-year terms by the governor)

Guatemala Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (thirteen members serve concurrent five-year terms and elect a president of the Court each year from among their number; the president of the Supreme Court of Justice also supervises trial judges around the country, who are named to five-year terms); Constitutional Court or Corte de Constitutcionalidad (five judges are elected for concurrent five-year terms by Congress, each serving one year as president of the Constitutional Court; one is elected by Congress, one elected by the Supreme Court of Justice, one appointed by the President, one elected by Superior Counsel of Universidad San Carlos de Guatemala, and one by Colegio de Abogados)

Guernsey Royal Court

Guinea Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Guinea-Bissau Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine justices who are appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases); Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at over $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases)

Guyana Supreme Court of Judicature; Judicial Court of Appeal; High Court

Haiti Supreme Court or Cour de Cassation

Holy See (Vatican City) there are three tribunals responsible for civil and criminal matters within Vatican City; three other tribunals rule on issues pertaining to the Holy See note: judicial duties were established by the Motu Proprio of Pius XII on 1 May 1946

Honduras Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are elected for seven-year terms by the National Congress)

Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Hungary Constitutional Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly for nine-year terms)

Iceland Supreme Court or Haestirettur (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice); eight district courts (justices are appointed for life by the Minister of Justice)

India Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president and remain in office until they reach the age of 65)

Indonesia Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature); note - the Supreme Court is preparing to assume administrative responsibility for the lower court system, currently run by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights; a separate Constitutional Court was invested by the president on 16 August 2003

Iran Supreme Court

Iraq in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition

Ireland Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet)

Israel Supreme Court (justices appointed for life by the president)

Italy Constitutional Court or Corte Costituzionale (composed of 15 judges: one-third appointed by the president, one-third elected by Parliament, one-third elected by the ordinary and administrative Supreme Courts)

Jamaica Supreme Court (judges appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister); Court of Appeal

Japan Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the monarch after designation by the cabinet; all other justices are appointed by the cabinet)

Jersey Royal Court (judges elected by an electoral college and the bailiff)

Jordan Court of Cassation; Supreme Court (court of final appeal)

Kazakhstan Supreme Court (44 members); Constitutional Council (7 members)

Kenya Court of Appeal (chief justice is appointed by the president); High Court

Kiribati Court of Appeal; High Court; 26 Magistrates' courts; judges at all levels are appointed by the president

Korea, North Central Court (judges are elected by the Supreme People's Assembly)

Korea, South Supreme Court (justices are appointed by the president with the consent of the National Assembly)

Kuwait High Court of Appeal

Kyrgyzstan Supreme Court (judges are appointed for 10-year terms by the Supreme Council on the recommendation of the president); Constitutional Court; Higher Court of Arbitration

Laos People's Supreme Court (the president of the People's Supreme Court is elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the National Assembly Standing Committee; the vice president of the People's Supreme Court and the judges are appointed by the National Assembly Standing Committee)

Latvia Supreme Court (judges' appointments are confirmed by Parliament)

Lebanon four Courts of Cassation (three courts for civil and commercial cases and one court for criminal cases); Constitutional Council (called for in Ta'if Accord - rules on constitutionality of laws); Supreme Council (hears charges against the president and prime minister as needed)

Lesotho High Court (chief justice appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal; Magistrate's Court; customary or traditional court

Liberia Supreme Court

Libya Supreme Court

Liechtenstein Supreme Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Court of Appeal or Obergericht

Lithuania Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; judges for all courts appointed by the President

Luxembourg judicial courts and tribunals (3 Justices of the Peace, 2 district courts, and 1 Supreme Court of Appeals); administrative courts and tribunals (State Prosecutor's Office, administrative courts and tribunals, and the Constitutional Court); judges for all courts are appointed for life by the monarch

Macau The Court of Final Appeal in the Macau Special Administrative Region

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Supreme Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Constitutional Court - Parliament appoints the judges; Republican Judicial Council - Parliament appoints the judges

Madagascar Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; High Constitutional Court or Haute Cour Constitutionnelle

Malawi Supreme Court of Appeal; High Court (chief justice appointed by the president, puisne judges appointed on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission); magistrate's courts

Malaysia Federal Court (judges appointed by the paramount ruler on the advice of the prime minister)

Maldives High Court

Mali Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Malta Constitutional Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

Man, Isle of High Court of Justice (justices are appointed by the Lord Chancellor of England on the nomination of the lieutenant governor)

Marshall Islands Supreme Court; High Court

Martinique Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Mauritania Supreme Court or Cour Supreme; Court of Appeals; lower courts

Mauritius Supreme Court

Mayotte Supreme Court or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Mexico Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the president with consent of the Senate)

Micronesia, Federated States of Supreme Court

Moldova Supreme Court; Constitutional Court (the sole authority for constitutional judicature)

Monaco Supreme Court or Tribunal Supreme (judges appointed by the monarch on the basis of nominations by the National Council)

Mongolia Supreme Court (serves as appeals court for people's and provincial courts but rarely overturns verdicts of lower courts; judges are nominated by the General Council of Courts for approval by the president)

Montserrat Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based in Saint Lucia, one judge of the Supreme Court is a resident of the islands and presides over the High Court)

Morocco Supreme Court (judges are appointed on the recommendation of the Supreme Council of the Judiciary, presided over by the monarch)

Mozambique Supreme Court (the court of final appeal; some of its professional judges are appointed by the president and some are elected by the Assembly); other courts include an Administrative Court, customs courts, maritime courts, courts marshal, labor courts note: although the constitution provides for the creation of a separate Constitutional Court, one has never been established; in its absence the Supreme Court reviews constitutional cases

Namibia Supreme Court (judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial Service Commission)

Nauru Supreme Court

Nepal Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (chief justice is appointed by the monarch on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the other judges are appointed by the monarch on the recommendation of the Judicial Council)

Netherlands Supreme Court or Hoge Raad (justices are nominated for life by the monarch)

Netherlands Antilles Joint High Court of Justice (judges appointed by the monarch)

New Caledonia Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; County Courts; Joint Commerce Tribunal Court; Children's Court

New Zealand High Court; Court of Appeal

Nicaragua Supreme Court or Corte Suprema (16 judges elected for five-year terms by the National Assembly)

Niger State Court or Cour d'Etat; Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel

Nigeria Supreme Court (judges appointed by the President); Federal Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the federal government on the advice of the Advisory Judicial Committee)

Niue Supreme Court of New Zealand; High Court of Niue

Norfolk Island Supreme Court; Court of Petty Sessions

Northern Mariana Islands Commonwealth Supreme Court; Superior Court; Federal District Court

Norway Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (justices appointed by the monarch)

Oman Supreme Court note: the nascent civil court system, administered by region, has non-Islamic judges as well as traditional Islamic judges

Pakistan Supreme Court (justices appointed by the president); Federal Islamic or Shari'a Court

Palau Supreme Court; National Court; Court of Common Pleas

Panama Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (nine judges appointed for 10-year terms); five superior courts; three courts of appeal

Papua New Guinea Supreme Court (the chief justice is appointed by the governor general on the proposal of the National Executive Council after consultation with the minister responsible for justice; other judges are appointed by the Judicial and Legal Services Commission)

Paraguay Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges appointed on the proposal of the Counsel of Magistrates or Consejo de la Magistratura)

Peru Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Philippines Supreme Court (justices are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Judicial and Bar Council and serve until 70 years of age)

Pitcairn Islands Island Court (island magistrate presides over the court and is elected every three years)

Poland Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the National Council of the Judiciary for an indefinite period); Constitutional Tribunal (judges are chosen by the Sejm for nine-year terms)

Portugal Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal de Justica (judges appointed for life by the Conselho Superior da Magistratura)

Puerto Rico Supreme Court; Appellate Court; Court of First Instance composed of two sections: a Superior Court and a Municipal Court (justices for all these courts appointed by the governor with the consent of the Senate)

Qatar Court of Appeal

Reunion Court of Appeals or Cour d'Appel

Romania Supreme Court of Justice (judges are appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistrates)

Russia Constitutional Court; Supreme Court; Superior Court of Arbitration; judges for all courts are appointed for life by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the president

Rwanda Supreme Court; communal courts; appeals courts

Saint Helena Supreme Court; Magistrate's Court; Small Debts Court; Juvenile Court

Saint Kitts and Nevis Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Kitts and Nevis)

Saint Lucia Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (jurisdiction extends to Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon Superior Tribunal of Appeals or Tribunal Superieur d'Appel

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court (based on Saint Lucia; one judge of the Supreme Court resides in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines)

Samoa Supreme Court; Court of Appeal; Land and Titles Court

San Marino Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII

Sao Tome and Principe Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the National Assembly)

Saudi Arabia Supreme Council of Justice

Senegal Constitutional Court; Council of State; Court of Final Appeals or Cour de Cassation; Court of Appeals; note - the judicial system was reformed in 1992

Serbia and Montenegro Federal Court or Savezni Sud; Constitutional Court; judges for both courts are elected by the Federal Assembly for nine-year terms note: after the promulgation of the new Constitution, the Federal Court will have constitutional and administrative functions; it will have an equal number of judges from each republic

Seychelles Court of Appeal; Supreme Court; judges for both courts are appointed by the president

Sierra Leone Supreme Court; Appeals Court; High Court

Singapore Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president with the advice of the prime minister, other judges are appointed by the president with the advice of the chief justice); Court of Appeals

Slovakia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Council); Constitutional Court (judges appointed by president from group of nominees approved by the National Council)

Slovenia Supreme Court (judges are elected by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the Judicial Council); Constitutional Court (judges elected for nine-year terms by the National Assembly and nominated by the president)

Solomon Islands Court of Appeal

Somalia following the breakdown of national government, most regions have reverted to either Islamic (Shari'a) law with a provision for appeal of all sentences, or traditional clan-based arbitration

South Africa Constitutional Court; Supreme Court of Appeals; High Courts; Magistrate Courts

Spain Supreme Court or Tribunal Supremo

Sri Lanka Supreme Court; Court of Appeals; judges for both courts are appointed by the president

Sudan Supreme Court; Special Revolutionary Courts

Suriname Court of Justice (justices are nominated for life)

Swaziland High Court; Court of Appeal; judges for both courts are appointed by the monarch

Sweden Supreme Court or Hogsta Domstolen (judges are appointed by the prime minister and the cabinet)

Switzerland Federal Supreme Court (judges elected for six-year terms by the Federal Assembly)

Syria Supreme Constitutional Court (justices are appointed for four-year terms by the president); High Judicial Council; Court of Cassation; State Security Courts

Taiwan Judicial Yuan (justices appointed by the president with consent of the National Assembly; note - beginning in 2003, justices will be appointed by the president with consent of the Legislative Yuan)

Tajikistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Tanzania Permanent Commission of Enquiry (official ombudsman); Court of Appeal (consists of a chief justice and four judges); High Court (consists of a Jaji Kiongozi and 29 judges appointed by the president; holds regular sessions in all regions); District Courts; Primary Courts (limited jurisdiction and appeals can be made to the higher courts)

Thailand Supreme Court or Sandika (judges appointed by the monarch)

Togo Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Supreme Court or Cour Supreme

Tokelau Supreme Court in New Zealand exercises civil and criminal jurisdiction in Tokelau

Tonga Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch); Court of Appeal (consists of the Privy Council with the addition of the chief justice of the Supreme Court)

Trinidad and Tobago Supreme Court of Judicature (comprised of the High Court of Justice and the Court of Appeals; the chief justice is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial and Legal Service Commission); High Court of Justice; Court of Appeals the highest court of appeal is the Privy Council in London

Tunisia Court of Cassation or Cour de Cassation

Turkey Constitutional Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of Appeals and Council of State (judges are elected by the Supreme Council of Judges and Prosecutors)

Turkmenistan Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Turks and Caicos Islands Supreme Court

Tuvalu High Court (a chief justice visits twice a year to preside over its sessions; its rulings can be appealed to the Court of Appeal in Fiji); eight Island Courts (with limited jurisdiction)

Uganda Court of Appeal (judges are appointed by the president and approved by the legislature); High Court (judges are appointed by the president)

Ukraine Supreme Court; Constitutional Court

United Arab Emirates Union Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president)

United Kingdom House of Lords (highest court of appeal; several Lords of Appeal in Ordinary are appointed by the monarch for life); Supreme Courts of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland (comprising the Courts of Appeal, the High Courts of Justice, and the Crown Courts); Scotland's Court of Session and Court of the Justiciary

United States Supreme Court (its nine justices are appointed for life by the president with confirmation by the Senate); United States Courts of Appeal; United States District Courts; State and County Courts

Uruguay Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and elected for 10-year terms by the General Assembly)

Uzbekistan Supreme Court (judges are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Supreme Assembly)

Vanuatu Supreme Court (chief justice is appointed by the president after consultation with the prime minister and the leader of the opposition, three other justices are appointed by the president on the advice of the Judicial Service Commission)

Venezuela Supreme Tribunal of Justice or Tribuna Suprema de Justicia (magistrates are elected by the National Assembly for a single 12-year term)

Vietnam Supreme People's Court (chief justice is elected for a five-year term by the National Assembly on the recommendation of the president)

Virgin Islands US District Court of the Virgin Islands (under Third Circuit jurisdiction); Territorial Court (judges appointed by the governor for 10-year terms)

Wallis and Futuna none; justice generally administered under French law by the high administrator, but the three traditional kings administer customary law and there is a magistrate in Mata-Utu

Yemen Supreme Court

Zambia Supreme Court (the final court of appeal; justices are appointed by the president); High Court (has unlimited jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases)

Zimbabwe Supreme Court; High Court

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2095 Labor force

Afghanistan 10 million (2000 est.)

Albania 1.283 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers and 261,000 domestically unemployed) (2000 est.)

Algeria 9.4 million (2001 est.)

American Samoa 14,000 (1996)

Andorra 33,000 (2001 est.)

Angola 5 million (1997 est.)

Anguilla 6,049 (2001)

Antigua and Barbuda 30,000

Argentina 15 million (1999)

Armenia 1.4 million (2001)

Aruba 41,501 (1997 est.)

Australia 9.2 million (37256)

Austria 4.3 million (2001)

Azerbaijan 3.7 million (2001)

Bahamas, The 156,000 (1999)

Bahrain 295,000 note: 44% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (1998 est.)

Bangladesh 64.1 million note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Oman, Qatar, and Malaysia; workers' remittances estimated at $1.71 billion in 1998-99 (1998)

Barbados 128,500 (2001 est.)

Belarus 4.8 million (2000)

Belgium 4.44 million (2001)

Belize 90,000 note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel

Benin NA

Bermuda 37,472 (2000)

Bhutan NA note: massive lack of skilled labor

Bolivia 2.5 million

Bosnia and Herzegovina 1.026 million

Botswana 264,000 formal sector employees (2000)

Brazil 79 million (1999 est.)

British Virgin Islands 4,911 (1980)

Brunei 143,400 note: includes foreign workers and military personnel; temporary residents make up about 40% of labor force (1999 est.)

Bulgaria 3.83 million (2000 est.)

Burkina Faso 5 million note: a large part of the male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (2002)

Burma 23.7 million (1999 est.)

Burundi 3.7 million (2000)

Cambodia 6 million (1998 est.)

Cameroon NA

Canada 16.4 million (2001 est.)

Cape Verde NA

Cayman Islands 19,820 (1995)

Central African Republic NA

Chad NA

Chile 5.9 million (2000 est.)

China 744 million (2001 est.)

Christmas Island NA

Cocos (Keeling) Islands NA

Colombia 18.3 million (1999 est.)

Comoros 144,500 (1996 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the 14.51 million (1993 est.)

Congo, Republic of the NA

Cook Islands 8,000 (1996)

Costa Rica 1.9 million (1999)

Cote d'Ivoire 68% agricultural (2000 est.)

Croatia 1.7 million (2001)

Cuba 4.3 million note: state sector 78%, non-state sector 22% (2000 est.)

Cyprus Greek Cypriot area: 291,000; Turkish Cypriot area: 86,300 (2000)

Czech Republic 5.203 million (1999 est.)

Denmark 2.856 million (2000 est.)

Djibouti 282,000

Dominica 25,000

Dominican Republic 2.3 million - 2.6 million

East Timor NA

Ecuador 3.7 million (urban)

Egypt 20.6 million (2001 est.)

El Salvador 2.35 million (1999)

Equatorial Guinea NA

Eritrea NA

Estonia 608,600 (2001 est.)

Ethiopia NA

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 1,100 (est.)

Faroe Islands 24,250 (October 2000)

Fiji 137,000 (1999)

Finland 2.6 million (2000 est.)

France 26.6 million (2001 est.)

French Guiana 58,800 (1997)

French Polynesia 70,000 (1996)

Gabon 600,000

Gambia, The 400,000

Gaza Strip NA

Georgia 2.1 million (2001 est.)

Germany 41.9 million (2001)

Ghana 9 million (2000 est.)

Gibraltar 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers)

Greece 4.37 million (2002 est.)

Greenland 24,500 (1999 est.)

Grenada 42,300 (1996)

Guadeloupe 125,900 (1997)

Guam 60,000 (2000 est.)

Guatemala 4.2 million (1999 est.)

Guernsey 31,322 (2000)

Guinea 3 million (1999)

Guinea-Bissau 480,000

Guyana 418,000 (2001 est.)

Haiti 3.6 million note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1995)

Holy See (Vatican City) NA

Honduras 2.3 million (1997 est.)

Hong Kong 3.52 million (2001 est.)

Hungary 4.2 million (1997)

Iceland 159,000 (2000)

India 406 million (1999)

Indonesia 99 million (1999)

Iran 21 million note: shortage of skilled labor (1998)

Iraq 6.5 million (2002 est.)

Ireland 1.8 million (2001)

Israel 2.5 million (2002 est.)

Italy 23.6 million (2001 est.)

Jamaica 1.13 million (1998)

Japan 67.7 million (December 2001)

Jersey 57,050 (1996)

Jordan 1.36 million (2002)

Kazakhstan 8.4 million (1999)

Kenya 10 million (2001 est.)

Kiribati 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers

Korea, North 9.6 million

Korea, South 22 million (2001)

Kuwait 1.3 million note: non-Kuwaitis represent about 80% of the labor force. (1998 est.)

Kyrgyzstan 2.7 million (2000)

Laos 2.4 million (1999)

Latvia 1.1 million (2001 est.)

Lebanon 1.5 million note: in addition, there are as many as 1 million foreign workers (2001 est.)

Lesotho 838,000

Libya 1.5 million (2000 est.)

Liechtenstein 29,000 of which 19,000 are foreigners; 13,000 commute from Austria, Switzerland, and Germany to work each day (37256)

Lithuania 1.5 million (2001 est.)

Luxembourg 262,300 (of whom 87,400 are foreign cross-border workers primarily from France, Belgium, and Germany) (2000)

Macau 214,000 (2002)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of 1.1 million (2000 est.)

Madagascar 7.3 million (2000)

Malawi 4.5 million (2001 est.)

Malaysia 9.9 million (2001 est.)

Maldives 88,000 (2000)

Mali 3.93 million (2001 est.)

Malta 160,000 (2002 est.)

Man, Isle of 36,610 (1998)

Marshall Islands 28,698

Martinique 165,900 (1998)

Mauritania 786,000 (2001)

Mauritius 514,000 (1995)

Mayotte 48,800 (2000)

Mexico 39.8 million (2000)

Micronesia, Federated States of NA

Moldova 1.7 million (1998)

Monaco 30,540 (January 1994)

Mongolia 1.4 million (2001)

Montserrat 4,521 ; note - lowered by flight of people from volcanic activity

Morocco 11 million (1999)

Mozambique 9.2 million (2000 est.)

Namibia 725,000 (2000)

Nepal 10 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (1996 est.)

Netherlands 7.2 million (2000)

Netherlands Antilles 89,000

New Caledonia 79,395 (including 15,018 unemployed, 1996)

New Zealand 1.92 million (2001 est.)

Nicaragua 1.7 million (1999)

Niger 70,000 receive regular wages or salaries

Nigeria 66 million (1999 est.)

Niue NA

Norfolk Island NA

Northern Mariana Islands 6,006 total indigenous labor force; 2,699 unemployed; 28,717 foreign workers

Norway 2.4 million (2000 est.)

Oman 920,000 (2002 est.)

Pakistan 40.4 million note: extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2000)

Palau 9,845 (2000)

Panama 1.1 million note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor (2000 est.)

Papua New Guinea 2.3 million (1999)

Paraguay 2 million (2000 est.)

Peru 7.5 million (2000 est.)

Philippines 33.7 million (2002)

Pitcairn Islands 12 able-bodied men (1997)

Poland 17.6 million (2000 est.)

Portugal 5.1 million (2000)

Puerto Rico 1.3 million (2000)

Qatar 280,122 (1997 est.)

Reunion 309,900 (2000)

Romania 9.9 million (1999 est.)

Russia 71.8 million (2002 est.)

Rwanda 4.6 million (2000)

Saint Helena 3,500 note: 1,200 work offshore (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis 18,172 (June 1995)

Saint Lucia 43,800

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3,261 (1999)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 67,000 (1984 est.)

Samoa 90,000 (2000 est.)

San Marino 18,500 (1999)

Sao Tome and Principe NA

Saudi Arabia 7 million note: 35% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national

Senegal NA

Serbia and Montenegro 3 million (2001 est.)

Seychelles 30,900 (1996)

Sierra Leone 1.369 million (1981 est.)

Singapore 2.19 million (2000)

Slovakia 3 million (1999)

Slovenia 857,400

Solomon Islands 26,842

Somalia 3.7 million (very few are skilled laborers)

South Africa 17 million economically active

Spain 17.1 million (2001)

Sri Lanka 6.6 million (1998)

Sudan 11 million (1996 est.)

Suriname 100,000

Svalbard NA

Swaziland 383,200 (2000)

Sweden 4.4 million (2000 est.)

Switzerland 4 million (2001)

Syria 5.2 million (2000 est.)

Taiwan 10 million (2003)

Tajikistan 3.187 million (2000)

Tanzania 13.495 million

Thailand 33.4 million (2001 est.)

Togo 1.74 million (1996)

Tokelau NA

Tonga 33,908 (1996)

Trinidad and Tobago 564,000 (2000)

Tunisia 2.69 million note: shortage of skilled labor (2001 est.)

Turkey 23.8 million note: about 1.2 million Turks work abroad (2001 3rd quarter)

Turkmenistan 2.34 million (1996)

Turks and Caicos Islands 4,848 (1990 est.)

Tuvalu 7,000 (2001 est.)

Uganda 12 million (2001 est.)

Ukraine 22.8 million (yearend 1997)

United Arab Emirates 1.6 million (2000 est.) note: 73.9% of the population in the 15-64 age group is non-national (July 2002 est.) (2000 est.)

United Kingdom 29.7 million (2001)

United States 141.8 million (includes unemployed) (2001)

Uruguay 1.2 million (2001)

Uzbekistan 11.9 million (1998 est.)

Vanuatu NA

Venezuela 9.9 million (1999)

Vietnam 38.2 million (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands 49,000 (2002 est.)

Wallis and Futuna NA

West Bank NA

Western Sahara 12,000

World NA

Yemen NA

Zambia 4.29 million (2000)

Zimbabwe 5.8 million (2000 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2096 Land boundaries (km)

Afghanistan total: 5,529 km border countries: China 76 km, Iran 936 km, Pakistan 2,430 km, Tajikistan 1,206 km, Turkmenistan 744 km, Uzbekistan 137 km

Albania total: 720 km border countries: Greece 282 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 151 km, Serbia and Montenegro 287 km

Algeria total: 6,343 km border countries: Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km

American Samoa 0 km

Andorra total: 120.3 km border countries: France 56.6 km, Spain 63.7 km

Angola total: 5,198 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of discontiguous Cabinda Province), Republic of the Congo 201 km, Namibia 1,376 km, Zambia 1,110 km

Anguilla 0 km

Antarctica 0 km note: see entry on International disputes

Antigua and Barbuda 0 km

Argentina total: 9,665 km border countries: Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay 1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Armenia total: 1,254 km border countries: Azerbaijan-proper 566 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 221 km, Georgia 164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Aruba 0 km

Ashmore and Cartier Islands 0 km

Australia 0 km

Austria total: 2,562 km border countries: Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330 km, Switzerland 164 km

Azerbaijan total: 2,013 km border countries: Armenia (with Azerbaijan-proper) 566 km, Armenia (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 221 km, Georgia 322 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-proper) 432 km, Iran (with Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave) 179 km, Russia 284 km, Turkey 9 km

Bahamas, The 0 km

Bahrain 0 km

Baker Island 0 km

Bangladesh total: 4,246 km border countries: Burma 193 km, India 4,053 km

Barbados 0 km

Bassas da India 0 km

Belarus total: 2,900 km border countries: Latvia 141 km, Lithuania 502 km, Poland 407 km, Russia 959 km, Ukraine 891 km

Belgium total: 1,385 km border countries: France 620 km, Germany 167 km, Luxembourg 148 km, Netherlands 450 km

Belize total: 516 km border countries: Guatemala 266 km, Mexico 250 km

Benin total: 1,989 km border countries: Burkina Faso 306 km, Niger 266 km, Nigeria 773 km, Togo 644 km

Bermuda 0 km

Bhutan total: 1,075 km border countries: China 470 km, India 605 km

Bolivia total: 6,743 km border countries: Argentina 832 km, Brazil 3,400 km, Chile 861 km, Paraguay 750 km, Peru 900 km

Bosnia and Herzegovina total: 1,459 km border countries: Croatia 932 km, Serbia and Montenegro 527 km

Botswana total: 4,013 km border countries: Namibia 1,360 km, South Africa 1,840 km, Zimbabwe 813 km

Bouvet Island 0 km

Brazil total: 14,691 km border countries: Argentina 1,224 km, Bolivia 3,400 km, Colombia 1,643 km, French Guiana 673 km, Guyana 1,119 km, Paraguay 1,290 km, Peru 1,560 km, Suriname 597 km, Uruguay 985 km, Venezuela 2,200 km

British Indian Ocean Territory 0 km

British Virgin Islands 0 km

Brunei total: 381 km border countries: Malaysia 381 km

Bulgaria total: 1,808 km border countries: Greece 494 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 148 km, Romania 608 km, Serbia and Montenegro 318 km, Turkey 240 km

Burkina Faso total: 3,193 km border countries: Benin 306 km, Cote d'Ivoire 584 km, Ghana 549 km, Mali 1,000 km, Niger 628 km, Togo 126 km

Burma total: 5,876 km border countries: Bangladesh 193 km, China 2,185 km, India 1,463 km, Laos 235 km, Thailand 1,800 km

Burundi total: 974 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 233 km, Rwanda 290 km, Tanzania 451 km

Cambodia total: 2,572 km border countries: Laos 541 km, Thailand 803 km, Vietnam 1,228 km

Cameroon total: 4,591 km border countries: Central African Republic 797 km, Chad 1,094 km, Republic of the Congo 523 km, Equatorial Guinea 189 km, Gabon 298 km, Nigeria 1,690 km

Canada total: 8,893 km border countries: US 8,893 km (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

Cape Verde 0 km

Cayman Islands 0 km

Central African Republic total: 5,203 km border countries: Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km

Chad total: 5,968 km border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

Chile total: 6,171 km border countries: Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km

China total: 22,147.34 km border countries: Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30 km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan 858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,677 km, Nepal 1,236 km, Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km, Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

Christmas Island 0 km

Clipperton Island 0 km

Cocos (Keeling) Islands 0 km

Colombia total: 6,004 km border countries: Brazil 1,643 km, Ecuador 590 km, Panama 225 km, Peru 1,496 km (est.), Venezuela 2,050 km

Comoros 0 km

Congo, Democratic Republic of the total: 10,730 km border countries: Angola 2,511 km (of which 225 km is the boundary of Angola's discontiguous Cabinda Province), Burundi 233 km, Central African Republic 1,577 km, Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Rwanda 217 km, Sudan 628 km, Tanzania 459 km, Uganda 765 km, Zambia 1,930 km

Congo, Republic of the total: 5,504 km border countries: Angola 201 km, Cameroon 523 km, Central African Republic 467 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 2,410 km, Gabon 1,903 km

Cook Islands 0 km

Coral Sea Islands 0 km

Costa Rica total: 639 km border countries: Nicaragua 309 km, Panama 330 km

Cote d'Ivoire total: 3,110 km border countries: Burkina Faso 584 km, Ghana 668 km, Guinea 610 km, Liberia 716 km, Mali 532 km

Croatia total: 2,197 km border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 932 km, Hungary 329 km, Serbia and Montenegro (north) 241 km, Serbia and Montenegro (south) 25 km, Slovenia 670 km

Cuba total: 29 km border countries: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay 29 km note: Guantanamo Naval Base is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba

Cyprus 0 km

Czech Republic total: 1,881 km border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km, Slovakia 215 km

Denmark total: 68 km border countries: Germany 68 km

Djibouti total: 516 km border countries: Eritrea 109 km, Ethiopia 349 km, Somalia 58 km

Dominica 0 km

Dominican Republic total: 360 km border countries: Haiti 360 km

East Timor total: 228 km border countries: Indonesia 228 km

Ecuador total: 2,010 km border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km

Egypt total: 2,665 km border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km, Sudan 1,273 km

El Salvador total: 545 km border countries: Guatemala 203 km, Honduras 342 km

Equatorial Guinea total: 539 km border countries: Cameroon 189 km, Gabon 350 km

Eritrea total: 1,626 km border countries: Djibouti 109 km, Ethiopia 912 km, Sudan 605 km

Estonia total: 633 km border countries: Latvia 339 km, Russia 294 km

Ethiopia total: 5,328 km border countries: Djibouti 349 km, Eritrea 912 km, Kenya 861 km, Somalia 1,600 km, Sudan 1,606 km

Europa Island 0 km

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 0 km

Faroe Islands 0 km

Fiji 0 km

Finland total: 2,628 km border countries: Norway 729 km, Sweden 586 km, Russia 1,313 km

France total: 2,889 km border countries: Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km, Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km, Switzerland 573 km

French Guiana total: 1,183 km border countries: Brazil 673 km, Suriname 510 km

French Polynesia 0 km

French Southern and Antarctic Lands 0 km

Gabon total: 2,551 km border countries: Cameroon 298 km, Republic of the Congo 1,903 km, Equatorial Guinea 350 km

Gambia, The total: 740 km border countries: Senegal 740 km

Gaza Strip total: 62 km border countries: Egypt 11 km, Israel 51 km

Georgia total: 1,461 km border countries: Armenia 164 km, Azerbaijan 322 km, Russia 723 km, Turkey 252 km

Germany total: 3,621 km border countries: Austria 784 km, Belgium 167 km, Czech Republic 646 km, Denmark 68 km, France 451 km, Luxembourg 138 km, Netherlands 577 km, Poland 456 km, Switzerland 334 km

Ghana total: 2,094 km border countries: Burkina Faso 549 km, Cote d'Ivoire 668 km, Togo 877 km

Gibraltar total: 1.2 km border countries: Spain 1.2 km

Glorioso Islands 0 km

Greece total: 1,228 km border countries: Albania 282 km, Bulgaria 494 km, Turkey 206 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 246 km

Greenland 0 km

Grenada 0 km

Guadeloupe total: 10.2 km border countries: Netherlands Antilles (Sint Maarten) 10.2 km

Guam 0 km

Guatemala total: 1,687 km border countries: Belize 266 km, El Salvador 203 km, Honduras 256 km, Mexico 962 km

Guernsey 0 km

Guinea total: 3,399 km border countries: Cote d'Ivoire 610 km, Guinea-Bissau 386 km, Liberia 563 km, Mali 858 km, Senegal 330 km, Sierra Leone 652 km

Guinea-Bissau total: 724 km border countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km

Guyana total: 2,462 km border countries: Brazil 1,119 km, Suriname 600 km, Venezuela 743 km

Haiti total: 360 km border countries: Dominican Republic 360 km

Heard Island and McDonald Islands 0 km

Holy See (Vatican City) total: 3.2 km border countries: Italy 3.2 km

Honduras total: 1,520 km border countries: Guatemala 256 km, El Salvador 342 km, Nicaragua 922 km

Hong Kong total: 30 km border countries: China 30 km

Howland Island 0 km

Hungary total: 2,171 km border countries: Austria 366 km, Croatia 329 km, Romania 443 km, Serbia and Montenegro 151 km, Slovakia 677 km, Slovenia 102 km, Ukraine 103 km

Iceland 0 km

India total: 14,103 km border countries: Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma 1,463 km, China 3,380 km, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km

Indonesia total: 2,830 km border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Iran total: 5,440 km border countries: Afghanistan 936 km, Armenia 35 km, Azerbaijan-proper 432 km, Azerbaijan-Naxcivan exclave 179 km, Iraq 1,458 km, Pakistan 909 km, Turkey 499 km, Turkmenistan 992 km

Iraq total: 3,650 km border countries: Iran 1,458 km, Jordan 181 km, Kuwait 240 km, Saudi Arabia 814 km, Syria 605 km, Turkey 352 km

Ireland total: 360 km border countries: UK 360 km

Israel total: 1,017 km border countries: Egypt 266 km, Gaza Strip 51 km, Jordan 238 km, Lebanon 79 km, Syria 76 km, West Bank 307 km

Italy total: 1,932.2 km border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy See (Vatican City) 3.2 km, San Marino 39 km, Slovenia 232 km, Switzerland 740 km

Jamaica 0 km

Jan Mayen 0 km

Japan 0 km

Jarvis Island 0 km

Jersey 0 km

Johnston Atoll 0 km

Jordan total: 1,635 km border countries: Iraq 181 km, Israel 238 km, Saudi Arabia 744 km, Syria 375 km, West Bank 97 km

Juan de Nova Island 0 km

Kazakhstan total: 12,012 km border countries: China 1,533 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,051 km, Russia 6,846 km, Turkmenistan 379 km, Uzbekistan 2,203 km

Kenya total: 3,477 km border countries: Ethiopia 861 km, Somalia 682 km, Sudan 232 km, Tanzania 769 km, Uganda 933 km

Kingman Reef 0 km

Kiribati 0 km

Korea, North total: 1,673 km border countries: China 1,416 km, South Korea 238 km, Russia 19 km

Korea, South total: 238 km border countries: North Korea 238 km

Kuwait total: 462 km border countries: Iraq 240 km, Saudi Arabia 222 km

Kyrgyzstan total: 3,878 km border countries: China 858 km, Kazakhstan 1,051 km, Tajikistan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,099 km

Laos total: 5,083 km border countries: Burma 235 km, Cambodia 541 km, China 423 km, Thailand 1,754 km, Vietnam 2,130 km

Latvia total: 1,150 km border countries: Belarus 141 km, Estonia 339 km, Lithuania 453 km, Russia 217 km

Lebanon total: 454 km border countries: Israel 79 km, Syria 375 km

Lesotho total: 909 km border countries: South Africa 909 km

Liberia total: 1,585 km border countries: Guinea 563 km, Cote d'Ivoire 716 km, Sierra Leone 306 km

Libya total: 4,348 km border countries: Algeria 982 km, Chad 1,055 km, Egypt 1,115 km, Niger 354 km, Sudan 383 km, Tunisia 459 km

Liechtenstein total: 76 km border countries: Austria 34.9 km, Switzerland 41.1 km

Lithuania total: 1,273 km border countries: Belarus 502 km, Latvia 453 km, Poland 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad) 227 km

Luxembourg total: 359 km border countries: Belgium 148 km, France 73 km, Germany 138 km

Macau total: 0.34 km border countries: China 0.34 km

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of total: 766 km border countries: Albania 151 km, Bulgaria 148 km, Greece 246 km, Serbia and Montenegro 221 km

Madagascar 0 km

Malawi total: 2,881 km border countries: Mozambique 1,569 km, Tanzania 475 km, Zambia 837 km

Malaysia total: 2,669 km border countries: Brunei 381 km, Indonesia 1,782 km, Thailand 506 km

Maldives 0 km

Mali total: 7,243 km border countries: Algeria 1,376 km, Burkina Faso 1,000 km, Guinea 858 km, Cote d'Ivoire 532 km, Mauritania 2,237 km, Niger 821 km, Senegal 419 km

Malta 0 km

Man, Isle of 0 km

Marshall Islands 0 km

Martinique 0 km

Mauritania total: 5,074 km border countries: Algeria 463 km, Mali 2,237 km, Senegal 813 km, Western Sahara 1,561 km

Mauritius 0 km

Mayotte 0 km

Mexico total: 4,353 km border countries: Belize 250 km, Guatemala 962 km, US 3,141 km

Micronesia, Federated States of 0 km

Midway Islands 0 km

Moldova total: 1,389 km border countries: Romania 450 km, Ukraine 939 km

Monaco total: 4.4 km border countries: France 4.4 km

Mongolia total: 8,162 km border countries: China 4,677 km, Russia 3,485 km

Montserrat 0 km

Morocco total: 2,017.9 km border countries: Algeria 1,559 km, Western Sahara 443 km, Spain (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Spain (Melilla) 9.6 km

Mozambique total: 4,571 km border countries: Malawi 1,569 km, South Africa 491 km, Swaziland 105 km, Tanzania 756 km, Zambia 419 km, Zimbabwe 1,231 km

Namibia total: 3,936 km border countries: Angola 1,376 km, Botswana 1,360 km, South Africa 967 km, Zambia 233 km

Nauru 0 km

Navassa Island 0 km

Nepal total: 2,926 km border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km

Netherlands total: 1,027 km border countries: Belgium 450 km, Germany 577 km

Netherlands Antilles total: 10.2 km border countries: Guadeloupe (Saint Martin) 10.2 km

New Caledonia 0 km

New Zealand 0 km

Nicaragua total: 1,231 km border countries: Costa Rica 309 km, Honduras 922 km

Niger total: 5,697 km border countries: Algeria 956 km, Benin 266 km, Burkina Faso 628 km, Chad 1,175 km, Libya 354 km, Mali 821 km, Nigeria 1,497 km

Nigeria total: 4,047 km border countries: Benin 773 km, Cameroon 1,690 km, Chad 87 km, Niger 1,497 km

Niue 0 km

Norfolk Island 0 km

Northern Mariana Islands 0 km

Norway total: 2,544 km border countries: Finland 729 km, Sweden 1,619 km, Russia 196 km

Oman total: 1,374 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 676 km, UAE 410 km, Yemen 288 km

Pakistan total: 6,774 km border countries: Afghanistan 2,430 km, China 523 km, India 2,912 km, Iran 909 km

Palau 0 km

Palmyra Atoll 0 km

Panama total: 555 km border countries: Colombia 225 km, Costa Rica 330 km

Papua New Guinea total: 820 km border countries: Indonesia 820 km

Paracel Islands 0 km

Paraguay total: 3,920 km border countries: Argentina 1,880 km, Bolivia 750 km, Brazil 1,290 km

Peru total: 5,536 km border countries: Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km

Philippines 0 km

Pitcairn Islands 0 km

Poland total: 2,788 km border countries: Belarus 407 km, Czech Republic 658 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Slovakia 444 km, Ukraine 526 km

Portugal total: 1,214 km border countries: Spain 1,214 km

Puerto Rico 0 km

Qatar total: 60 km border countries: Saudi Arabia 60 km

Reunion 0 km

Romania total: 2,508 km border countries: Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia and Montenegro 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

Russia total: 19,990 km border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 294 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 19 km, Latvia 217 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,485 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 206 km, Ukraine 1,576 km

Rwanda total: 893 km border countries: Burundi 290 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 217 km, Tanzania 217 km, Uganda 169 km

Saint Helena 0 km

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0 km

Saint Lucia 0 km

Saint Pierre and Miquelon 0 km

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 0 km

Samoa 0 km

San Marino total: 39 km border countries: Italy 39 km

Sao Tome and Principe 0 km

Saudi Arabia total: 4,431 km border countries: Iraq 814 km, Jordan 744 km, Kuwait 222 km, Oman 676 km, Qatar 60 km, UAE 457 km, Yemen 1,458 km

Senegal total: 2,640 km border countries: The Gambia 740 km, Guinea 330 km, Guinea-Bissau 338 km, Mali 419 km, Mauritania 813 km

Serbia and Montenegro total: 2,246 km border countries: Albania 287 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km

Seychelles 0 km

Sierra Leone total: 958 km border countries: Guinea 652 km, Liberia 306 km

Singapore 0 km

Slovakia total: 1,524 km border countries: Austria 91 km, Czech Republic 215 km, Hungary 677 km, Poland 444 km, Ukraine 97 km

Slovenia total: 1,334 km border countries: Austria 330 km, Croatia 670 km, Italy 232 km, Hungary 102 km

Solomon Islands 0 km

Somalia total: 2,340 km border countries: Djibouti 58 km, Ethiopia 1,600 km, Kenya 682 km

South Africa total: 4,862 km border countries: Botswana 1,840 km, Lesotho 909 km, Mozambique 491 km, Namibia 967 km, Swaziland 430 km, Zimbabwe 225 km

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 0 km

Spain total: 1,917.8 km border countries: Andorra 63.7 km, France 623 km, Gibraltar 1.2 km, Portugal 1,214 km, Morocco (Ceuta) 6.3 km, Morocco (Melilla) 9.6 km

Spratly Islands 0 km

Sri Lanka 0 km

Sudan total: 7,687 km border countries: Central African Republic 1,165 km, Chad 1,360 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 628 km, Egypt 1,273 km, Eritrea 605 km, Ethiopia 1,606 km, Kenya 232 km, Libya 383 km, Uganda 435 km

Suriname total: 1,707 km border countries: Brazil 597 km, French Guiana 510 km, Guyana 600 km

Svalbard 0 km

Swaziland total: 535 km border countries: Mozambique 105 km, South Africa 430 km

Sweden total: 2,205 km border countries: Finland 586 km, Norway 1,619 km

Switzerland total: 1,852 km border countries: Austria 164 km, France 573 km, Italy 740 km, Liechtenstein 41 km, Germany 334 km

Syria total: 2,253 km border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

Taiwan 0 km

Tajikistan total: 3,651 km border countries: Afghanistan 1,206 km, China 414 km, Kyrgyzstan 870 km, Uzbekistan 1,161 km

Tanzania total: 3,861 km border countries: Burundi 451 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 459 km, Kenya 769 km, Malawi 475 km, Mozambique 756 km, Rwanda 217 km, Uganda 396 km, Zambia 338 km

Thailand total: 4,863 km border countries: Burma 1,800 km, Cambodia 803 km, Laos 1,754 km, Malaysia 506 km

Togo total: 1,647 km border countries: Benin 644 km, Burkina Faso 126 km, Ghana 877 km

Tokelau 0 km

Tonga 0 km

Trinidad and Tobago 0 km

Tromelin Island 0 km

Tunisia total: 1,424 km border countries: Algeria 965 km, Libya 459 km

Turkey total: 2,648 km border countries: Armenia 268 km, Azerbaijan 9 km, Bulgaria 240 km, Georgia 252 km, Greece 206 km, Iran 499 km, Iraq 352 km, Syria 822 km

Turkmenistan total: 3,736 km border countries: Afghanistan 744 km, Iran 992 km, Kazakhstan 379 km, Uzbekistan 1,621 km

Turks and Caicos Islands 0 km

Tuvalu 0 km

Uganda total: 2,698 km border countries: Democratic Republic of the Congo 765 km, Kenya 933 km, Rwanda 169 km, Sudan 435 km, Tanzania 396 km

Ukraine total: 4,663 km border countries: Belarus 891 km, Hungary 103 km, Moldova 939 km, Poland 526 km, Romania (south) 169 km, Romania (west) 362 km, Russia 1,576 km, Slovakia 97 km

United Arab Emirates total: 867 km border countries: Oman 410 km, Saudi Arabia 457 km

United Kingdom total: 360 km border countries: Ireland 360 km

United States total: 12,034 km border countries: Canada 8,893 km (including 2,477 km with Alaska), Mexico 3,141 km note: US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba is leased by the US and thus remains part of Cuba; the base boundary is 29 km

Uruguay total: 1,564 km border countries: Argentina 579 km, Brazil 985 km

Uzbekistan total: 6,221 km border countries: Afghanistan 137 km, Kazakhstan 2,203 km, Kyrgyzstan 1,099 km, Tajikistan 1,161 km, Turkmenistan 1,621 km

Vanuatu 0 km

Venezuela total: 4,993 km border countries: Brazil 2,200 km, Colombia 2,050 km, Guyana 743 km

Vietnam total: 4,639 km border countries: Cambodia 1,228 km, China 1,281 km, Laos 2,130 km

Virgin Islands 0 km

Wake Island 0 km

Wallis and Futuna 0 km

West Bank total: 404 km border countries: Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km

Western Sahara total: 2,046 km border countries: Algeria 42 km, Mauritania 1,561 km, Morocco 443 km

World the land boundaries in the world total 250,472 km (not counting shared boundaries twice)

Yemen total: 1,746 km border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Zambia total: 5,664 km border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo 1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania 338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Zimbabwe total: 3,066 km border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2097 Land use (%)

Afghanistan arable land: 12.13% permanent crops: 0.22% other: 87.65% (1998 est.)

Albania arable land: 21.09% permanent crops: 4.45% other: 74.46% (1998 est.)

Algeria arable land: 3.21% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 96.58% (1998 est.)

American Samoa arable land: 5% permanent crops: 10% other: 85% (1998 est.)

Andorra arable land: 2.22% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.78% (1998 est.)

Angola arable land: 2.41% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 97.19% (1998 est.)

Anguilla arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some commercial salt ponds) (1998 est.)

Antarctica arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (ice 98%, barren rock 2%) (1998 est.)

Antigua and Barbuda arable land: 18.18% permanent crops: 0% other: 81.82% (1998 est.)

Argentina arable land: 9.14% permanent crops: 0.8% other: 90.06% (1998 est.)

Armenia arable land: 17.52% permanent crops: 2.3% other: 80.18% (1998 est.)

Aruba arable land: 10.53% (including aloe 0.01%) permanent crops: 0% other: 89.47% (1998 est.)

Ashmore and Cartier Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all grass and sand) (1998 est.)

Australia arable land: 6.88% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 93.09% (1998 est.)

Austria arable land: 16.89% permanent crops: 0.99% other: 82.12% (1998 est.)

Azerbaijan arable land: 19.31% permanent crops: 3.04% other: 77.65% (1998 est.)

Bahamas, The arable land: 0.6% permanent crops: 0.4% other: 99% (1998 est.)

Bahrain arable land: 4.35% permanent crops: 4.35% other: 91.3% (1998 est.)

Baker Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Bangladesh arable land: 60.7% permanent crops: 2.61% other: 36.69% (1998 est.)

Barbados arable land: 37.21% permanent crops: 2.33% other: 60.46% (1998 est.)

Bassas da India arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all rock) (1998 est.)

Belarus arable land: 29.76% permanent crops: 0.69% other: 69.55% (1998 est.)

Belgium arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% note: includes Luxembourg (1998 est.)

Belize arable land: 2.81% permanent crops: 1.1% other: 96.09% (1998 est.)

Benin arable land: 15.28% permanent crops: 1.36% other: 83.36% (1998 est.)

Bermuda arable land: 6% permanent crops: 0% other: 94% (55% developed, 45% rural/open space) (1998 est.)

Bhutan arable land: 2.98% permanent crops: 0.43% other: 96.59% (1998 est.)

Bolivia arable land: 1.73% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 98.06% (1998 est.)

Bosnia and Herzegovina arable land: 9.8% permanent crops: 2.94% other: 87.26% (1998 est.)

Botswana arable land: 0.61% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.38% (1998 est.)

Bouvet Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (93% ice) (1998 est.)

Brazil arable land: 6.3% permanent crops: 1.42% other: 92.28% (1998 est.)

British Indian Ocean Territory arable land: NEGL permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

British Virgin Islands arable land: 20% permanent crops: 6.67% other: 73.33% (1998 est.)

Brunei arable land: 0.57% permanent crops: 0.76% other: 98.67% (1998 est.)

Bulgaria arable land: 39% permanent crops: 1.8% other: 59.2% (1998 est.)

Burkina Faso arable land: 12.43% permanent crops: 0.18% other: 87.39% (1998 est.)

Burma arable land: 14.53% permanent crops: 0.9% other: 84.57% (1998 est.)

Burundi arable land: 29.98% permanent crops: 12.85% other: 57.17% (1998 est.)

Cambodia arable land: 20.96% permanent crops: 0.61% other: 78.43% (1998 est.)

Cameroon arable land: 12.81% permanent crops: 2.58% other: 84.61% (1998 est.)

Canada arable land: 4.94% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 95.04% (1998 est.)

Cape Verde arable land: 9.68% permanent crops: 0.5% other: 89.82% (1998 est.)

Cayman Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Central African Republic arable land: 3.1% permanent crops: 0.14% other: 96.76% (1998 est.)

Chad arable land: 2.78% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 97.2% (1998 est.)

Chile arable land: 2.65% permanent crops: 0.42% other: 96.93% (1998 est.)

China arable land: 13.31% permanent crops: 1.2% other: 85.49% (1998 est.)

Christmas Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% note: mainly tropical rainforest; 63% of the island is a national park (1998 est.)

Clipperton Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all coral) (1998 est.)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Colombia arable land: 1.9% permanent crops: 1.96% other: 96.14% (1998 est.)

Comoros arable land: 34.98% permanent crops: 17.94% other: 47.08% (1998 est.)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the arable land: 2.96% permanent crops: 0.52% other: 96.52% (1998 est.)

Congo, Republic of the arable land: 0.5% permanent crops: 0.13% other: 99.37% (1998 est.)

Cook Islands arable land: 17.39% permanent crops: 13.04% other: 69.57% (1998 est.)

Coral Sea Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (mostly grass or scrub cover) (1998 est.)

Costa Rica arable land: 4.41% permanent crops: 5.48% other: 90.11% (1998 est.)

Cote d'Ivoire arable land: 9.28% permanent crops: 13.84% other: 76.88% (1998 est.)

Croatia arable land: 23.55% permanent crops: 2.24% other: 74.21% (1998 est.)

Cuba arable land: 33.04% permanent crops: 7.61% other: 59.35% (1998 est.)

Cyprus arable land: 10.61% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.74% (1998 est.)

Czech Republic arable land: 40% permanent crops: 3.04% other: 56.96% (1998 est.)

Denmark arable land: 55.74% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 44.07% (1998 est.)

Djibouti arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Dominica arable land: 4% permanent crops: 16% other: 80% (1998 est.)

Dominican Republic arable land: 21.08% permanent crops: 9.92% other: 69% (1998 est.)

East Timor arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA%

Ecuador arable land: 5.69% permanent crops: 5.15% other: 89.16% (1998 est.)

Egypt arable land: 2.85% permanent crops: 0.47% other: 96.68% (1998 est.)

El Salvador arable land: 27.27% permanent crops: 12.11% other: 60.62% (1998 est.)

Equatorial Guinea arable land: 4.63% permanent crops: 3.57% other: 91.8% (1998 est.)

Eritrea arable land: 3.87% permanent crops: 0.02% other: 96.11% (1998 est.)

Estonia arable land: 26.5% permanent crops: 0.35% other: 73.15% (1998 est.)

Ethiopia arable land: 9.9% permanent crops: 0.65% other: 89.45% (1998 est.)

Europa Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (mangrove forests and woodlands) (1998 est.)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (99% permanent pastures, 1% other) (1998 est.)

Faroe Islands arable land: 2.14% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.86% (1998 est.)

Fiji arable land: 10.95% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (1998 est.)

Finland arable land: 6.98% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 93.01% (1998 est.)

France arable land: 33.3% permanent crops: 2.11% other: 64.59% (1998 est.)

French Guiana arable land: 0.11% NEGL permanent crops: 0.03% other: 99.86% (90% forest, 10% other) (1998 est.)

French Polynesia arable land: 1.64% permanent crops: 6.01% other: 92.35% (1998 est.)

French Southern and Antarctic Lands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Gabon arable land: 1.26% permanent crops: 0.66% other: 98.08% (1998 est.)

Gambia, The arable land: 19.5% permanent crops: 0.5% other: 80% (1998 est.)

Gaza Strip arable land: 26.32% permanent crops: 39.47% other: 34.21% (1998 est.)

Georgia arable land: 11.21% permanent crops: 4.09% other: 84.7% (1998 est.)

Germany arable land: 33.88% permanent crops: 0.65% other: 65.47% (1998 est.)

Ghana arable land: 15.82% permanent crops: 7.47% other: 76.71% (1998 est.)

Gibraltar arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Glorioso Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (all lush vegetation and coconut palms) (1998 est.)

Greece arable land: 22.12% permanent crops: 8.47% other: 69.41% (1998 est.)

Greenland arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Grenada arable land: 5.88% permanent crops: 26.47% other: 67.65% (1998 est.)

Guadeloupe arable land: 10.65% permanent crops: 4.14% other: 85.21% (1998 est.)

Guam arable land: 10.91% permanent crops: 10.91% other: 78.18% (1998 est.)

Guatemala arable land: 12.54% permanent crops: 5.03% other: 82.43% (1998 est.)

Guernsey arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA%

Guinea arable land: 3.6% permanent crops: 2.44% other: 93.96% (1998 est.)

Guinea-Bissau arable land: 10.67% permanent crops: 1.78% other: 87.55% (1998 est.)

Guyana arable land: 2.44% permanent crops: 0.08% other: 97.48% (1998 est.)

Haiti arable land: 20.32% permanent crops: 12.7% other: 66.98% (1998 est.)

Heard Island and McDonald Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Holy See (Vatican City) arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (1998 est.)

Honduras arable land: 15.15% permanent crops: 3.13% other: 81.72% (1998 est.)

Hong Kong arable land: 5.05% permanent crops: 1.01% other: 93.94% (1998 est.)

Howland Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Hungary arable land: 52.2% permanent crops: 2.46% other: 45.34% (1998 est.)

Iceland arable land: 1% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 28% forest and woodlands: 1% other: 70% (2001 est.)

India arable land: 54.35% permanent crops: 2.66% other: 42.99% (1998 est.)

Indonesia arable land: 9.9% permanent crops: 7.2% other: 82.9% (1998 est.)

Iran arable land: 10.17% permanent crops: 1.16% other: 88.67% (1998 est.)

Iraq arable land: 11.89% permanent crops: 0.78% other: 87.33% (1998 est.)

Ireland arable land: 19.49% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 80.47% (1998 est.)

Israel arable land: 17.02% permanent crops: 4.17% other: 78.81% (1998 est.)

Italy arable land: 28.07% permanent crops: 9.25% other: 62.68% (1998 est.)

Jamaica arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 9.23% other: 74.7% (1998 est.)

Jan Mayen arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Japan arable land: 12.13% permanent crops: 1.01% other: 86.86% (1998 est.)

Jarvis Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Jersey arable land: NEGL% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Johnston Atoll arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Jordan arable land: 2.87% permanent crops: 1.52% other: 95.61% (1998 est.)

Juan de Nova Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (90% forest) (1998 est.)

Kazakhstan arable land: 11.23% permanent crops: 0.05% other: 88.72% (1998 est.)

Kenya arable land: 7.03% permanent crops: 0.91% other: 92.06% (1998 est.)

Kingman Reef arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Kiribati arable land: 0% permanent crops: 50.68% other: 49.32% (1998 est.)

Korea, North arable land: 14.12% permanent crops: 2.49% other: 83.39% (1998 est.)

Korea, South arable land: 17.44% permanent crops: 2.05% other: 80.51% (1998 est.)

Kuwait arable land: 0.34% permanent crops: 0.06% other: 99.6% (1998 est.)

Kyrgyzstan arable land: 7.04% permanent crops: 0.39% other: 92.57% note: Kyrgyzstan has the world's largest natural growth walnut forest (1998 est.)

Laos arable land: 3.47% permanent crops: 0.23% other: 96.3% (1998 est.)

Latvia arable land: 29.01% permanent crops: 0.48% other: 70.51% (1998 est.)

Lebanon arable land: 17.6% permanent crops: 12.51% other: 69.89% (1998 est.)

Lesotho arable land: 10.71% permanent crops: 0% other: 89.29% (1998 est.)

Liberia arable land: 1.97% permanent crops: 2.08% other: 95.95% (1998 est.)

Libya arable land: 1.03% permanent crops: 0.17% other: 98.8% (1998 est.)

Liechtenstein arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (1998 est.)

Lithuania arable land: 45.46% permanent crops: 0.93% other: 53.61% (1998 est.)

Luxembourg arable land: 25% permanent crops: 0% other: 75% (includes Belgium) (1998 est.)

Macau arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% note: "green areas" represent 22.4% (1998 est.)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of arable land: 23.59% permanent crops: 1.85% other: 74.56% (1998 est.)

Madagascar arable land: 4.41% permanent crops: 0.93% other: 94.66% (1998 est.)

Malawi arable land: 19.93% permanent crops: 1.33% other: 78.74% (1998 est.)

Malaysia arable land: 5.54% permanent crops: 17.61% other: 76.85% (1998 est.)

Maldives arable land: 3.33% permanent crops: 6.67% other: 90% (1998 est.)

Mali arable land: 3.77% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 96.19% (1998 est.)

Malta arable land: 31.25% permanent crops: 3.13% other: 65.62% (1998 est.)

Man, Isle of arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (permanent pastures, forests, mountain, and heathland) (1998 est.)

Marshall Islands arable land: 16.67% permanent crops: 0% other: 83.33% (1998 est.)

Martinique arable land: 9.43% permanent crops: 11.32% other: 79.25% (1998 est.)

Mauritania arable land: 0.48% permanent crops: 0.01% other: 99.51% (1998 est.)

Mauritius arable land: 49.26% permanent crops: 2.96% other: 47.78% (1998 est.)

Mayotte arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA% (1998 est.)

Mexico arable land: 13.2% permanent crops: 1.1% other: 85.7% (1998 est.)

Micronesia, Federated States of arable land: 5.71% permanent crops: 45.71% other: 48.58% (1998 est.)

Midway Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Moldova arable land: 54.08% permanent crops: 12.1% other: 33.82% (1998 est.)

Monaco arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (urban area) (1998 est.)

Mongolia arable land: 0.84% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.16% (1998 est.)

Montserrat arable land: 20% permanent crops: 0% other: 80% (1998 est.)

Morocco arable land: 20.12% permanent crops: 2.05% other: 77.83% (1998 est.)

Mozambique arable land: 3.98% permanent crops: 0.29% other: 95.73% (1998 est.)

Namibia arable land: 0.99% permanent crops: 0% other: 99.01% (1998 est.)

Nauru arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Navassa Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Nepal arable land: 20.27% permanent crops: 0.49% other: 79.24% (1998 est.)

Netherlands arable land: 26.53% permanent crops: 1.03% other: 72.44% (1998 est.)

Netherlands Antilles arable land: 10% permanent crops: 0% other: 90% (1998 est.)

New Caledonia arable land: 0.38% permanent crops: 0.33% other: 99.29% (1998 est.)

New Zealand arable land: 5.8% permanent crops: 6.44% other: 87.76% (1998 est.)

Nicaragua arable land: 20.24% permanent crops: 2.38% other: 77.38% (1998 est.)

Niger arable land: 3.94% permanent crops: 0% other: 96.06% (1998 est.)

Nigeria arable land: 30.96% permanent crops: 2.79% other: 66.25% (1998 est.)

Niue arable land: 19.23% permanent crops: 7.69% other: 73.08% (1998 est.)

Norfolk Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Northern Mariana Islands arable land: 15.22% permanent crops: 6.52% other: 78.26% (1998 est.)

Norway arable land: 2.94% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.06% (1998 est.)

Oman arable land: 0.08% permanent crops: 0.22% other: 99.7% (1998 est.)

Pakistan arable land: 27.81% permanent crops: 0.79% other: 71.4% (1998 est.)

Palau arable land: 21.74% permanent crops: 0% other: 78.26% (1998 est.)

Palmyra Atoll arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (forests and woodlands) (1998 est.)

Panama arable land: 6.72% permanent crops: 2.08% other: 91.2% (1998 est.)

Papua New Guinea arable land: 0.13% permanent crops: 1.35% other: 98.52% (1998 est.)

Paracel Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Paraguay arable land: 5.54% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 94.25% (1998 est.)

Peru arable land: 2.85% permanent crops: 0.38% other: 96.77% (1998 est.)

Philippines arable land: 18.45% permanent crops: 14.76% other: 66.79% (1998 est.)

Pitcairn Islands arable land: NA% permanent crops: NA% other: NA% (1998 est.)

Poland arable land: 45.81% permanent crops: 1.23% other: 52.96% (1998 est.)

Portugal arable land: 20.57% permanent crops: 7.74% other: 71.69% (1999 est.)

Puerto Rico arable land: 3.72% permanent crops: 5.07% other: 91.21% (1998 est.)

Qatar arable land: 1.27% permanent crops: 0.27% other: 98.46% (1998 est.)

Reunion arable land: 13.2% permanent crops: 2% other: 84.8% (1998 est.)

Romania arable land: 40.57% permanent crops: 2.4% other: 57.03% (1998 est.)

Russia arable land: 7.46% permanent crops: 0.11% other: 92.43% (1998 est.)

Rwanda arable land: 32.43% permanent crops: 10.13% other: 57.44% (1998 est.)

Saint Helena arable land: 12.9% permanent crops: 0% other: 87.1% (1998 est.)

Saint Kitts and Nevis arable land: 16.67% permanent crops: 2.78% other: 80.55% (1998 est.)

Saint Lucia arable land: 4.92% permanent crops: 22.95% other: 72.13% (1998 est.)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon arable land: 13.04% permanent crops: 0% other: 86.96% (1998 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines arable land: 10.26% permanent crops: 17.95% other: 71.79% (1998 est.)

Samoa arable land: 19.43% permanent crops: 23.67% other: 56.9% (1998 est.)

San Marino arable land: 16.67% permanent crops: 0% other: 83.33% (1998 est.)

Sao Tome and Principe arable land: 2% permanent crops: 41% other: 57% (1998 est.)

Saudi Arabia arable land: 1.72% permanent crops: 0.06% other: 98.22% (1998 est.)

Senegal arable land: 11.58% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 88.23% (1998 est.)

Serbia and Montenegro arable land: 36.34% permanent crops: 3.44% other: 60.22% (1998 est.)

Seychelles arable land: 2.22% permanent crops: 13.33% other: 84.45% (1998 est.)

Sierra Leone arable land: 6.76% permanent crops: 0.78% other: 92.46% (1998 est.)

Singapore arable land: 1.64% permanent crops: 0% other: 98.36% (1998 est.)

Slovakia arable land: 30.74% permanent crops: 2.64% other: 66.62% (1998 est.)

Slovenia arable land: 11.48% permanent crops: 2.68% other: 85.84% (1998 est.)

Solomon Islands arable land: 1.5% permanent crops: 0.64% other: 97.86% (1998 est.)

Somalia arable land: 1.66% permanent crops: 0.04% other: 98.3% (1998 est.)

South Africa arable land: 12.13% permanent crops: 0.77% other: 87.1% (1998 est.)

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (largely covered by permanent ice and snow with some sparse vegetation consisting of grass, moss, and lichen) (1998 est.)

Spain arable land: 28.6% permanent crops: 9.56% other: 61.84% (1998 est.)

Spratly Islands arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Sri Lanka arable land: 13.43% permanent crops: 15.78% other: 70.79% (1998 est.)

Sudan arable land: 7.03% permanent crops: 0.08% other: 92.89% (1998 est.)

Suriname arable land: 0.37% permanent crops: 0.06% other: 99.57% note: there are 95,000 hectares of arable land, 7,000 hectares of permanent crops, and 15,000 hectares of permanent pastures (1998 est.)

Svalbard arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (no trees, and the only bushes are crowberry and cloudberry) (1998 est.)

Swaziland arable land: 9.77% permanent crops: 0.7% other: 89.53% (1998 est.)

Sweden arable land: 6.8% permanent crops: 0% other: 93.2% (1998 est.)

Switzerland arable land: 10.57% permanent crops: 0.61% other: 88.82% (1998 est.)

Syria arable land: 25.96% permanent crops: 4.08% other: 69.96% (1998 est.)

Taiwan arable land: 24% permanent crops: 1% other: 75%

Tajikistan arable land: 5.41% permanent crops: 0.92% other: 93.67% (1998 est.)

Tanzania arable land: 4.24% permanent crops: 1.02% other: 94.74% (1998 est.)

Thailand arable land: 32.88% permanent crops: 7% other: 60.12% (1998 est.)

Togo arable land: 41.37% permanent crops: 1.84% other: 56.79% (1998 est.)

Tokelau arable land: 0% (soil is thin and infertile) permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Tonga arable land: 23.61% permanent crops: 43.06% other: 33.33% (1998 est.)

Trinidad and Tobago arable land: 14.62% permanent crops: 9.16% other: 76.22% (1998 est.)

Tromelin Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (grasses; scattered bushes) (1998 est.)

Tunisia arable land: 18.67% permanent crops: 12.87% other: 68.46% (1998 est.)

Turkey arable land: 34.53% permanent crops: 3.36% other: 62.11% (1998 est.)

Turkmenistan arable land: 3.47% permanent crops: 0.14% other: 96.39% (1998 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands arable land: 2.33% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.67% (1998 est.)

Tuvalu arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Uganda arable land: 25.34% permanent crops: 8.77% other: 65.89% (1998 est.)

Ukraine arable land: 57.1% permanent crops: 1.73% other: 41.17% (1998 est.)

United Arab Emirates arable land: 0.48% permanent crops: 0.49% other: 99.03% (1998 est.)

United Kingdom arable land: 26.41% permanent crops: 0.18% other: 73.41% (1998 est.)

United States arable land: 19.32% permanent crops: 0.22% other: 80.46% (1998 est.)

Uruguay arable land: 7.21% permanent crops: 0.27% other: 92.52% (1998 est.)

Uzbekistan arable land: 10.8% permanent crops: 0.91% other: 88.29% (1998 est.)

Vanuatu arable land: 2.46% permanent crops: 7.38% other: 90.16% (1998 est.)

Venezuela arable land: 2.99% permanent crops: 0.96% other: 96.05% (1998 est.)

Vietnam arable land: 17.41% permanent crops: 4.71% other: 77.88% (1998 est.)

Virgin Islands arable land: 15% permanent crops: 6% other: 79% (1998 est.)

Wake Island arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Wallis and Futuna arable land: 5% permanent crops: 20% other: 75% (1998 est.)

West Bank arable land: NEGL% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

Western Sahara arable land: 0% permanent crops: 0% other: 100% (1998 est.)

World arable land: 10.58% permanent crops: 1% other: 88.42% (1998 est.)

Yemen arable land: 2.75% permanent crops: 0.21% other: 97.04% (1998 est.)

Zambia arable land: 7.08% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.89% (1998 est.)

Zimbabwe arable land: 8.4% permanent crops: 0.34% other: 91.26% (1998 est.)

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2098 Languages (%)

Afghanistan Pashtu 35%, Afghan Persian (Dari) 50%, Turkic languages (primarily Uzbek and Turkmen) 11%, 30 minor languages (primarily Balochi and Pashai) 4%, much bilingualism

Albania Albanian (Tosk is the official dialect), Greek

Algeria Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects

American Samoa Samoan (closely related to Hawaiian and other Polynesian languages), English note: most people are bilingual

Andorra Catalan (official), French, Castilian, Portuguese

Angola Portuguese (official), Bantu and other African languages

Anguilla English (official)

Antigua and Barbuda English (official), local dialects

Argentina Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Armenia Armenian 96%, Russian 2%, other 2%

Aruba Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Australia English, native languages

Austria German

Azerbaijan Azerbaijani (Azeri) 89%, Russian 3%, Armenian 2%, other 6% (1995 est.)

Bahamas, The English (official), Creole (among Haitian immigrants)

Bahrain Arabic, English, Farsi, Urdu

Bangladesh Bangla (official, also known as Bengali), English

Barbados English

Belarus Belarusian, Russian, other

Belgium Dutch (official) 60%, French (official) 40%, German (official) less than 1%, legally bilingual (Dutch and French)

Belize English (official), Spanish, Mayan, Garifuna (Carib), Creole

Benin French (official), Fon and Yoruba (most common vernaculars in south), tribal languages (at least six major ones in north)

Bermuda English (official), Portuguese

Bhutan Dzongkha (official), Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects, Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Bolivia Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara (official)

Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian, Serbian, Bosnian

Botswana English (official), Setswana

Brazil Portuguese (official), Spanish, English, French

British Virgin Islands English (official)

Brunei Malay (official), English, Chinese

Bulgaria Bulgarian, secondary languages closely correspond to ethnic breakdown

Burkina Faso French (official), native African languages belonging to Sudanic family spoken by 90% of the population

Burma Burmese, minority ethnic groups have their own languages

Burundi Kirundi (official), French (official), Swahili (along Lake Tanganyika and in the Bujumbura area)

Cambodia Khmer (official) 95%, French, English

Cameroon 24 major African language groups, English (official), French (official)

Canada English 59.3% (official), French 23.2% (official), other 17.5%

Cape Verde Portuguese, Crioulo (a blend of Portuguese and West African words)

Cayman Islands English

Central African Republic French (official), Sangho (lingua franca and national language), tribal languages

Chad French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

Chile Spanish

China Standard Chinese or Mandarin (Putonghua, based on the Beijing dialect), Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghaiese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan (Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, minority languages (see Ethnic groups entry)

Christmas Island English (official), Chinese, Malay

Cocos (Keeling) Islands Malay (Cocos dialect), English

Colombia Spanish

Comoros Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (a blend of Swahili and Arabic)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the French (official), Lingala (a lingua franca trade language), Kingwana (a dialect of Kiswahili or Swahili), Kikongo, Tshiluba

Congo, Republic of the French (official), Lingala and Monokutuba (lingua franca trade languages), many local languages and dialects (of which Kikongo has the most users)

Cook Islands English (official), Maori

Costa Rica Spanish (official), English

Cote d'Ivoire French (official), 60 native dialects with Dioula the most widely spoken

Croatia Croatian 96%, other 4% (including Italian, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, and German)

Cuba Spanish

Cyprus Greek, Turkish, English

Czech Republic Czech

Denmark Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small minority) note: English is the predominant second language

Djibouti French (official), Arabic (official), Somali, Afar

Dominica English (official), French patois

Dominican Republic Spanish

East Timor Tetum (official), Portuguese (official), Indonesian, English note: there are about 16 indigenous languages; Tetum, Galole, Mambae, and Kemak are spoken by significant numbers of people

Ecuador Spanish (official), Amerindian languages (especially Quechua)

Egypt Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes

El Salvador Spanish, Nahua (among some Amerindians)

Equatorial Guinea Spanish (official), French (official), pidgin English, Fang, Bubi, Ibo

Eritrea Afar, Arabic, Tigre and Kunama, Tigrinya, other Cushitic languages

Estonia Estonian (official), Russian, Ukrainian, Finnish, other

Ethiopia Amharic, Tigrinya, Oromigna, Guaragigna, Somali, Arabic, other local languages, English (major foreign language taught in schools)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English

Faroe Islands Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Fiji English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Finland Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and Russian-speaking minorities

France French 100%, rapidly declining regional dialects and languages (Provencal, Breton, Alsatian, Corsican, Catalan, Basque, Flemish)

French Guiana French

French Polynesia French (official), Tahitian (official)

Gabon French (official), Fang, Myene, Nzebi, Bapounou/Eschira, Bandjabi

Gambia, The English (official), Mandinka, Wolof, Fula, other indigenous vernaculars

Gaza Strip Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Georgia Georgian 71% (official), Russian 9%, Armenian 7%, Azeri 6%, other 7% note: Abkhaz is the official language in Abkhazia

Germany German

Ghana English (official), African languages (including Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe, and Ga)

Gibraltar English (used in schools and for official purposes), Spanish, Italian, Portuguese

Greece Greek 99% (official), English, French

Greenland Greenlandic (East Inuit), Danish, English

Grenada English (official), French patois

Guadeloupe French (official) 99%, Creole patois

Guam English, Chamorro, Japanese

Guatemala Spanish 60%, Amerindian languages 40% (23 officially recognized Amerindian languages, including Quiche, Cakchiquel, Kekchi, Mam, Garifuna, and Xinca)

Guernsey English, French, Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Guinea French (official), each ethnic group has its own language

Guinea-Bissau Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages

Guyana English, Amerindian dialects, Creole, Hindi, Urdu

Haiti French (official), Creole (official)

Holy See (Vatican City) Italian, Latin, French, various other languages

Honduras Spanish, Amerindian dialects

Hong Kong Chinese (Cantonese), English; both are official

Hungary Hungarian 98.2%, other 1.8%

Iceland Icelandic, English, Nordic languages, German widely spoken

India English enjoys associate status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; there are 14 other official languages: Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu spoken widely throughout northern India but is not an official language

Indonesia Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Iran Persian and Persian dialects 58%, Turkic and Turkic dialects 26%, Kurdish 9%, Luri 2%, Balochi 1%, Arabic 1%, Turkish 1%, other 2%

Iraq Arabic, Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions), Assyrian, Armenian

Ireland English is the language generally used, Irish (Gaelic) spoken mainly in areas located along the western seaboard

Israel Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language

Italy Italian (official), German (parts of Trentino-Alto Adige region are predominantly German speaking), French (small French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta region), Slovene (Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area)

Jamaica English, patois English

Japan Japanese

Jersey English (official), French (official), Norman-French dialect spoken in country districts

Jordan Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes

Kazakhstan Kazakh (Qazaq, state language) 64.4%, Russian (official, used in everyday business, designated the "language of interethnic communication") 95% (2001 est.)

Kenya English (official), Kiswahili (official), numerous indigenous languages

Kiribati I-Kiribati, English (official)

Korea, North Korean

Korea, South Korean, English widely taught in junior high and high school

Kuwait Arabic (official), English widely spoken

Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyz - official language, Russian - official language note: in December 2001, the Kyrgyzstani legislature made Russian an official language, equal in status to Kyrgyz

Laos Lao (official), French, English, and various ethnic languages

Latvia Latvian (official), Lithuanian, Russian, other

Lebanon Arabic (official), French, English, Armenian

Lesotho Sesotho (southern Sotho), English (official), Zulu, Xhosa

Liberia English 20% (official), some 20 ethnic group languages, of which a few can be written and are used in correspondence

Libya Arabic, Italian, English, all are widely understood in the major cities

Liechtenstein German (official), Alemannic dialect

Lithuania Lithuanian (official), Polish, Russian

Luxembourg Luxembourgish (national language), German (administrative language), French (administrative language)

Macau Portuguese, Chinese (Cantonese)

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian 70%, Albanian 21%, Turkish 3%, Serbo-Croatian 3%, other 3%

Madagascar French (official), Malagasy (official)

Malawi English (official), Chichewa (official), other languages important regionally

Malaysia Bahasa Melayu (official), English, Chinese dialects (Cantonese, Mandarin, Hokkien, Hakka, Hainan, Foochow), Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, Panjabi, Thai; note - in addition, in East Malaysia several indigenous languages are spoken, the largest are Iban and Kadazan

Maldives Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials

Mali French (official), Bambara 80%, numerous African languages

Malta Maltese (official), English (official)

Man, Isle of English, Manx Gaelic

Marshall Islands English (widely spoken as a second language, both English and Marshallese are official languages), two major Marshallese dialects from the Malayo-Polynesian family, Japanese

Martinique French, Creole patois

Mauritania Hassaniya Arabic (official), Pulaar, Soninke, Wolof (official), French

Mauritius English (official), Creole, French (official), Hindi, Urdu, Hakka, Bhojpuri

Mayotte Mahorian (a Swahili dialect), French (official language) spoken by 35% of the population

Mexico Spanish, various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional indigenous languages

Micronesia, Federated States of English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi

Moldova Moldovan (official, virtually the same as the Romanian language), Russian, Gagauz (a Turkish dialect)

Monaco French (official), English, Italian, Monegasque

Mongolia Khalkha Mongol 90%, Turkic, Russian (1999)

Montserrat English

Morocco Arabic (official), Berber dialects, French often the language of business, government, and diplomacy

Mozambique Portuguese (official), indigenous dialects

Namibia English 7% (official), Afrikaans common language of most of the population and about 60% of the white population, German 32%, indigenous languages: Oshivambo, Herero, Nama

Nauru Nauruan (official, a distinct Pacific Island language), English widely understood, spoken, and used for most government and commercial purposes

Nepal Nepali (official; spoken by 90% of the population), about a dozen other languages and about 30 major dialects; note - many in government and business also speak English (1995)

Netherlands Dutch (official language), Frisian (official language)

Netherlands Antilles Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish-Portuguese-Dutch-English dialect) predominates, English widely spoken, Spanish

New Caledonia French (official), 33 Melanesian-Polynesian dialects

New Zealand English (official), Maori (official)

Nicaragua Spanish (official) note: English and indigenous languages on Atlantic coast

Niger French (official), Hausa, Djerma

Nigeria English (official), Hausa, Yoruba, Igbo (Ibo), Fulani

Niue Niuean, a Polynesian language closely related to Tongan and Samoan; English

Norfolk Island English (official), Norfolk a mixture of 18th century English and ancient Tahitian

Northern Mariana Islands English, Chamorro, Carolinian note: 86% of population speaks a language other than English at home

Norway Norwegian (official) note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Oman Arabic (official), English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Pakistan Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Siraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashtu 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official and lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Palau English and Palauan official in all states except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official)

Panama Spanish (official), English 14% note: many Panamanians bilingual

Papua New Guinea English spoken by 1%-2%, pidgin English widespread, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 715 indigenous languages

Paraguay Spanish (official), Guarani (official)

Peru Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara

Philippines two official languages - Filipino (based on Tagalog) and English; eight major dialects - Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocan, Hiligaynon or Ilonggo, Bicol, Waray, Pampango, and Pangasinense

Pitcairn Islands English (official), Pitcairnese (mixture of an 18th century English dialect and a Tahitian dialect)

Poland Polish

Portugal Portuguese (official), Mirandese (official - but locally used)

Puerto Rico Spanish, English

Qatar Arabic (official), English commonly used as a second language

Reunion French (official), Creole widely used

Romania Romanian (official), Hungarian, German

Russia Russian, other

Rwanda Kinyarwanda (official) universal Bantu vernacular, French (official), English (official), Kiswahili (Swahili) used in commercial centers

Saint Helena English

Saint Kitts and Nevis English

Saint Lucia English (official), French patois

Saint Pierre and Miquelon French (official)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines English, French patois

Samoa Samoan (Polynesian), English

San Marino Italian

Sao Tome and Principe Portuguese (official)

Saudi Arabia Arabic

Senegal French (official), Wolof, Pulaar, Jola, Mandinka

Serbia and Montenegro Serbian 95%, Albanian 5%

Seychelles English (official), French (official), Creole

Sierra Leone English (official, regular use limited to literate minority), Mende (principal vernacular in the south), Temne (principal vernacular in the north), Krio (English-based Creole, spoken by the descendants of freed Jamaican slaves who were settled in the Freetown area, a lingua franca and a first language for 10% of the population but understood by 95%)

Singapore Chinese (official), Malay (official and national), Tamil (official), English (official)

Slovakia Slovak (official), Hungarian

Slovenia Slovenian 91%, Serbo-Croatian 6%, other 3%

Solomon Islands Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English is official but spoken by only 1%-2% of the population note: 120 indigenous languages

Somalia Somali (official), Arabic, Italian, English

South Africa 11 official languages, including Afrikaans, English, Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu

Spain Castilian Spanish 74%, Catalan 17%, Galician 7%, Basque 2% note: Castilian is the official language nationwide; the other languages are official regionally

Sri Lanka Sinhala (official and national language) 74%, Tamil (national language) 18%, other 8% note: English is commonly used in government and is spoken competently by about 10% of the population

Sudan Arabic (official), Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, Sudanic languages, English note: program of "Arabization" in process

Suriname Dutch (official), English (widely spoken), Sranang Tongo (Surinamese, sometimes called Taki-Taki, is native language of Creoles and much of the younger population and is lingua franca among others), Hindustani (a dialect of Hindi), Javanese

Svalbard Russian, Norwegian

Swaziland English (official, government business conducted in English), siSwati (official)

Sweden Swedish note: small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities

Switzerland German (official) 63.7%, French (official) 19.2%, Italian (official) 7.6%, Romansch (official) 0.6%, other 8.9%

Syria Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood

Taiwan Mandarin Chinese (official), Taiwanese (Min), Hakka dialects

Tajikistan Tajik (official), Russian widely used in government and business

Tanzania Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguju (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic (widely spoken in Zanzibar), many local languages note: Kiswahili (Swahili) is the mother tongue of the Bantu people living in Zanzibar and nearby coastal Tanzania; although Kiswahili is Bantu in structure and origin, its vocabulary draws on a variety of sources, including Arabic and English, and it has become the lingua franca of central and eastern Africa; the first language of most people is one of the local languages

Thailand Thai, English (secondary language of the elite), ethnic and regional dialects

Togo French (official and the language of commerce), Ewe and Mina (the two major African languages in the south), Kabye (sometimes spelled Kabiye) and Dagomba (the two major African languages in the north)

Tokelau Tokelauan (a Polynesian language), English

Tonga Tongan, English

Trinidad and Tobago English (official), Hindi, French, Spanish, Chinese

Tunisia Arabic (official and one of the languages of commerce), French (commerce)

Turkey Turkish (official), Kurdish, Arabic, Armenian, Greek

Turkmenistan Turkmen 72%, Russian 12%, Uzbek 9%, other 7%

Turks and Caicos Islands English (official)

Tuvalu Tuvaluan, English, Samoan, Kiribati (on the island of Nui)

Uganda English (official national language, taught in grade schools, used in courts of law and by most newspapers and some radio broadcasts), Ganda or Luganda (most widely used of the Niger-Congo languages, preferred for native language publications in the capital and may be taught in school), other Niger-Congo languages, Nilo-Saharan languages, Swahili, Arabic

Ukraine Ukrainian, Russian, Romanian, Polish, Hungarian

United Arab Emirates Arabic (official), Persian, English, Hindi, Urdu

United Kingdom English, Welsh (about 26% of the population of Wales), Scottish form of Gaelic (about 60,000 in Scotland)

United States English, Spanish (spoken by a sizable minority)

Uruguay Spanish, Portunol, or Brazilero (Portuguese-Spanish mix on the Brazilian frontier)

Uzbekistan Uzbek 74.3%, Russian 14.2%, Tajik 4.4%, other 7.1%

Vanuatu three official languages: English, French, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama), plus more than 100 local languages

Venezuela Spanish (official), numerous indigenous dialects

Vietnam Vietnamese (official), English (increasingly favored as a second language), some French, Chinese, and Khmer; mountain area languages (Mon-Khmer and Malayo-Polynesian)

Virgin Islands English (official), Spanish, Creole

Wallis and Futuna French, Wallisian (indigenous Polynesian language)

West Bank Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)

Western Sahara Hassaniya Arabic, Moroccan Arabic

World Chinese, Mandarin 14.37%, Hindi 6.02%, English 5.61%, Spanish 5.59%, Bengali 3.4%, Portuguese 2.63%, Russian 2.75%, Japanese 2.06%, German, Standard 1.64%, Korean 1.28%, French 1.27% (2000 est.) note: percents are for "first language" speakers only

Yemen Arabic

Zambia English (official), major vernaculars - Bemba, Kaonda, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous languages

Zimbabwe English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2100 Legal system

Afghanistan the Bonn Agreement calls for a judicial commission to rebuild the justice system in accordance with Islamic principles, international standards, the rule of law, and Afghan legal traditions

Albania has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Algeria socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

American Samoa NA

Andorra based on French and Spanish civil codes; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Angola based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law; recently modified to accommodate political pluralism and increased use of free markets

Anguilla based on English common law

Antarctica Antarctica is administered through meetings of the consultative member nations. Decisions from these meetings are carried out by these member nations (within their areas) in accordance with their own national laws. US law, including certain criminal offenses by or against US nationals, such as murder, may apply extra-territorially. Some US laws directly apply to Antarctica. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, 16 U.S.C. section 2401 et seq., provides civil and criminal penalties for the following activities, unless authorized by regulation of statute: the taking of native mammals or birds; the introduction of nonindigenous plants and animals; entry into specially protected areas; the discharge or disposal of pollutants; and the importation into the US of certain items from Antarctica. Violation of the Antarctic Conservation Act carries penalties of up to $10,000 in fines and one year in prison. The National Science Foundation and Department of Justice share enforcement responsibilities. Public Law 95-541, the US Antarctic Conservation Act of 1978, as amended in 1996, requires expeditions from the US to Antarctica to notify, in advance, the Office of Oceans, Room 5805, Department of State, Washington, DC 20520, which reports such plans to other nations as required by the Antarctic Treaty. For more information, contact Permit Office, Office of Polar Programs, National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia 22230; telephone: (703) 292-8030, or visit their website at www.nsf.gov.

Antigua and Barbuda based on English common law

Argentina mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Armenia based on civil law system

Aruba based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

Ashmore and Cartier Islands the laws of the Commonwealth of Australia and the laws of the Northern Territory of Australia, where applicable, apply

Australia based on English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Austria civil law system with Roman law origin; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Azerbaijan based on civil law system

Bahamas, The based on English common law

Bahrain based on Islamic law and English common law

Baker Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Bangladesh based on English common law

Barbados English common law; no judicial review of legislative acts

Bassas da India the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Belarus based on civil law system

Belgium civil law system influenced by English constitutional theory; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Belize English law

Benin based on French civil law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bermuda English law

Bhutan based on Indian law and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bolivia based on Spanish law and Napoleonic Code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bosnia and Herzegovina based on civil law system

Botswana based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Bouvet Island the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Brazil based on Roman codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

British Indian Ocean Territory the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply

British Virgin Islands English law

Brunei based on English common law; for Muslims, Islamic Shari'a law supersedes civil law in a number of areas

Bulgaria civil law and criminal law based on Roman law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burkina Faso based on French civil law system and customary law

Burma has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Burundi based on German and Belgian civil codes and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cambodia primarily a civil law mixture of French-influenced codes from the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) period, royal decrees, and acts of the legislature, with influences of customary law and remnants of communist legal theory; increasing influence of common law in recent years

Cameroon based on French civil law system, with common law influence; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Canada based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Cape Verde derived from the legal system of Portugal

Cayman Islands British common law and local statutes

Central African Republic based on French law

Chad based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Chile based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction note: Chile is in the process of completely overhauling its criminal justice system; a new, US-style adversarial system is being gradually implemented throughout the country

China a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1 January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil, administrative, criminal, and commercial law

Christmas Island under the authority of the governor general of Australia and Australian law

Clipperton Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Cocos (Keeling) Islands based upon the laws of Australia and local laws

Colombia based on Spanish law; a new criminal code modeled after US procedures was enacted in 1992-93; judicial review of executive and legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Comoros French and Sharia (Islamic) law in a new consolidated code

Congo, Democratic Republic of the based on Belgian civil law system and tribal law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Congo, Republic of the based on French civil law system and customary law

Cook Islands based on New Zealand law and English common law

Coral Sea Islands the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Costa Rica based on Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cote d'Ivoire based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Croatia based on civil law system

Cuba based on Spanish and American law, with large elements of Communist legal theory; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Cyprus based on common law, with civil law modifications

Czech Republic civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Denmark civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Djibouti based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

Dominica based on English common law

Dominican Republic based on French civil codes

East Timor UN-drafted legal system based on Indonesian law (2002)

Ecuador based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Egypt based on English common law, Islamic law, and Napoleonic codes; judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

El Salvador based on civil and Roman law, with traces of common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Equatorial Guinea partly based on Spanish civil law and tribal custom

Eritrea primary basis is the Ethiopian legal code of 1957, with revisions; new civil, commercial, and penal codes have not yet been promulgated; also relies on customary and post-independence-enacted laws and, for civil cases involving Muslims, Sharia law

Estonia based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Ethiopia currently transitional mix of national and regional courts

Europa Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) English common law

Faroe Islands Danish

Fiji based on British system

Finland civil law system based on Swedish law; Supreme Court may request legislation interpreting or modifying laws; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

France civil law system with indigenous concepts; review of administrative but not legislative acts

French Guiana French legal system

French Polynesia based on French system

French Southern and Antarctic Lands the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Gabon based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gambia, The based on a composite of English common law, Koranic law, and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Georgia based on civil law system

Germany civil law system with indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in the Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Ghana based on English common law and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Gibraltar English law

Glorioso Islands the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Greece based on codified Roman law; judiciary divided into civil, criminal, and administrative courts

Greenland Danish

Grenada based on English common law

Guadeloupe French legal system

Guam modeled on US; US federal laws apply

Guatemala civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Guernsey English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court

Guinea based on French civil law system, customary law, and decree; legal codes currently being revised; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Guinea-Bissau NA

Guyana based on English common law with certain admixtures of Roman-Dutch law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Haiti based on Roman civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Heard Island and McDonald Islands the laws of Australia, where applicable, apply

Holy See (Vatican City) based on Code of Canon Law and revisions to it

Honduras rooted in Roman and Spanish civil law with increasing influence of English common law; recent judicial reforms include abandoning Napoleonic legal codes in favor of the oral adversarial system; accepts ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Hong Kong based on English common law

Howland Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Hungary rule of law based on Western model

Iceland civil law system based on Danish law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

India based on English common law; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Indonesia based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Iran the Constitution codifies Islamic principles of government

Iraq in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition

Ireland based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Israel mixture of English common law, British Mandate regulations, and, in personal matters, Jewish, Christian, and Muslim legal systems; in December 1985, Israel informed the UN Secretariat that it would no longer accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Italy based on civil law system; appeals treated as new trials; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Jamaica based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Jan Mayen the laws of Norway, where applicable, apply

Japan modeled after European civil law system with English-American influence; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations

Jarvis Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jersey English law and local statute; justice is administered by the Royal Court

Johnston Atoll the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Jordan based on Islamic law and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in a specially provided High Tribunal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Juan de Nova Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Kazakhstan based on civil law system

Kenya based on Kenyan statutory law, Kenyan and English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; judicial review in High Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; constitutional amendment of 1982 making Kenya a de jure one-party state repealed in 1991

Kingman Reef the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Kiribati NA

Korea, North based on German civil law system with Japanese influences and Communist legal theory; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Korea, South combines elements of continental European civil law systems, Anglo-American law, and Chinese classical thought

Kuwait civil law system with Islamic law significant in personal matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Kyrgyzstan based on civil law system

Laos based on traditional customs, French legal norms and procedures, and socialist practice

Latvia based on civil law system

Lebanon mixture of Ottoman law, canon law, Napoleonic code, and civil law; no judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Lesotho based on English common law and Roman-Dutch law; judicial review of legislative acts in High Court and Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liberia dual system of statutory law based on Anglo-American common law for the modern sector and customary law based on unwritten tribal practices for indigenous sector

Libya based on Italian civil law system and Islamic law; separate religious courts; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Liechtenstein local civil and penal codes; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Lithuania based on civil law system; legislative acts can be appealed to the constitutional court

Luxembourg based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Macau based on Portuguese civil law system

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Madagascar based on French civil law system and traditional Malagasy law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malawi based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malaysia based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of supreme head of the federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Maldives based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Mali based on French civil law system and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court (which was formally established on 9 March 1994); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Malta based on English common law and Roman civil law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Man, Isle of English common law and Manx statute

Marshall Islands based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Martinique French legal system

Mauritania a combination of Shari'a (Islamic law) and French civil law

Mauritius based on French civil law system with elements of English common law in certain areas

Mayotte French law

Mexico mixture of US constitutional theory and civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Micronesia, Federated States of based on adapted Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Midway Islands the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Moldova based on civil law system; Constitutional Court reviews legality of legislative acts and governmental decisions of resolution; it is unclear if Moldova accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction but accepts many UN and Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) documents

Monaco based on French law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Mongolia blend of Soviet, German, and US systems of law that combines aspects of a parliamentary system with some aspects of a presidential system; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Montserrat English common law and statutory law

Morocco based on Islamic law and French and Spanish civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of Supreme Court

Mozambique based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

Namibia based on Roman-Dutch law and 1990 constitution

Nauru acts of the Nauru Parliament and British common law

Navassa Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Nepal based on Hindu legal concepts and English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Netherlands civil law system incorporating French penal theory; constitution does not permit judicial review of acts of the States General; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Netherlands Antilles based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

New Caledonia the 1988 Matignon Accords grant substantial autonomy to the islands; formerly under French law

New Zealand based on English law, with special land legislation and land courts for the Maori; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Nicaragua civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

Niger based on French civil law system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Nigeria based on English common law, Islamic Shariah law (only in some northern states), and traditional law

Niue English common law note: Niue is self-governing, with the power to make its own laws

Norfolk Island based on the laws of Australia, local ordinances and acts; English common law applies in matters not covered by either Australian or Norfolk Island law

Northern Mariana Islands based on US system, except for customs, wages, immigration laws, and taxation

Norway mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Oman based on English common law and Islamic law; ultimate appeal to the monarch; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Pakistan based on English common law with provisions to accommodate Pakistan's status as an Islamic state; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Palau based on Trust Territory laws, acts of the legislature, municipal, common, and customary laws

Palmyra Atoll the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Panama based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Justice; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Papua New Guinea based on English common law

Paraguay based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court of Justice

Peru based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Philippines based on Spanish and Anglo-American law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Pitcairn Islands local island by-laws

Poland mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover Communist legal theory; changes being gradually introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final; court decisions can be appealed to the European Court of Justice in Strasbourg

Portugal civil law system; the Constitutional Tribunal reviews the constitutionality of legislation; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Puerto Rico based on Spanish civil code and within the US Federal system of justice

Qatar discretionary system of law controlled by the amir, although civil codes are being implemented; Islamic law dominates family and personal matters

Reunion French law

Romania former mixture of civil law system and communist legal theory; is now based on the constitution of France's Fifth Republic

Russia based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

Rwanda based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saint Helena NA

Saint Kitts and Nevis based on English common law

Saint Lucia based on English common law

Saint Pierre and Miquelon French law with special adaptations for local conditions, such as housing and taxation

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines based on English common law

Samoa based on English common law and local customs; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

San Marino based on civil law system with Italian law influences; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sao Tome and Principe based on Portuguese legal system and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Saudi Arabia based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Senegal based on French civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Court; the Council of State audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Serbia and Montenegro based on civil law system

Seychelles based on English common law, French civil law, and customary law

Sierra Leone based on English law and customary laws indigenous to local tribes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Singapore based on English common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Slovakia civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to comply with the obligations of Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory

Slovenia based on civil law system

Solomon Islands English common law, which is widely disregarded

Somalia no national system; Shari'a and secular courts are in some localities

South Africa based on Roman-Dutch law and English common law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands the laws of the UK, where applicable, apply; the senior magistrate from the Falkland Islands presides over the Magistrates Court

Spain civil law system, with regional applications; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sri Lanka a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim, Sinhalese, and customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sudan based on English common law and Islamic law; as of 20 January 1991, the now defunct Revolutionary Command Council imposed Islamic law in the northern states; Islamic law applies to all residents of the northern states regardless of their religion; some separate religious courts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Suriname based on Dutch legal system incorporating French penal theory

Svalbard NA

Swaziland based on South African Roman-Dutch law in statutory courts and Swazi traditional law and custom in traditional courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Sweden civil law system influenced by customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Switzerland civil law system influenced by customary law; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Syria based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Taiwan based on civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Tajikistan based on civil law system; no judicial review of legislative acts

Tanzania based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Thailand based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Togo French-based court system

Tokelau New Zealand and local statutes

Tonga based on English law

Trinidad and Tobago based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Tromelin Island the laws of France, where applicable, apply

Tunisia based on French civil law system and Islamic law; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session

Turkey derived from various European continental legal systems; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Turkmenistan based on civil law system

Turks and Caicos Islands based on laws of England and Wales, with a few adopted from Jamaica and The Bahamas

Tuvalu NA

Uganda in 1995, the government restored the legal system to one based on English common law and customary law; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Ukraine based on civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts

United Arab Emirates federal court system introduced in 1971; all emirates except Dubayy (Dubai) and Ra's al Khaymah are not fully integrated into the federal system; all emirates have secular and Islamic law for civil, criminal, and high courts

United Kingdom common law tradition with early Roman and modern continental influences; has judicial review of Acts of Parliament under the Human Rights Act of 1998; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

United States based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Uruguay based on Spanish civil law system; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Uzbekistan evolution of Soviet civil law; still lacks independent judicial system

Vanuatu unified system being created from former dual French and British systems

Venezuela based on organic laws as of July 1999; open, adversarial court system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Vietnam based on communist legal theory and French civil law system

Virgin Islands based on US laws

Wake Island the laws of the US, where applicable, apply

Wallis and Futuna French legal system

World all members of the UN plus Switzerland are parties to the statute that established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) or World Court

Yemen based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common law, and local tribal customary law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Zambia based on English common law and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Zimbabwe mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

This page was last updated on 18 December, 2003

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@2101 Legislative branch

Afghanistan nonfunctioning as of June 1993

Albania unicameral People's Assembly or Kuvendi Popullor (140 seats; 100 are elected by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote for four-year terms) elections: last held 24 June 2001 with subsequent rounds on 8 July, 22 July, 29 July, 19 August 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PS 41.5%, PD and coalition allies 36.8%, NDP 5.2%, PSD 3.6%, PBDNJ 2.6%, PASH 2.6%, PAD 2.5%; seats by party - PS 73, PD and coalition allies 46, NDP 6, PSD 4, PBDNJ 3, PASH 3, PAD 3, independents 2

Algeria bicameral Parliament consists of the National People's Assembly or Al-Majlis Ech-Chaabi Al-Watani (389 seats - changed from 380 seats in the 2002 elections; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Council of Nations (144 seats; one-third of the members appointed by the president, two-thirds elected by indirect vote; members serve six-year terms; the constitution requires half the council to be renewed every three years) elections: National People's Assembly - last held 30 May 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); Council of Nations - last held 30 December 2000 (next to be held NA 2003) election results: National People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FLN 199, RND 48, MRN 43, MSP 38, PT 21, FNA 8, Nahda 1, PRA 1, MEN 1, independents 29; Council of Nations - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RND 79, FLN 12, FFS 4, MSP 1 (remaining 48 seats appointed by the president, party breakdown NA)

American Samoa bicameral Fono or Legislative Assembly consists of the House of Representatives (21 seats - 20 of which are elected by popular vote and 1 is an appointed, nonvoting delegate from Swains Island; members serve two-year terms) and the Senate (18 seats; members are elected from local chiefs and serve four-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2004); Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - independents 18 note: American Samoa elects one nonvoting representative to the US House of Representatives; election last held 7 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2004); results - Eni F. H. FALEOMAVAEGA (Democrat) reelected as delegate

Andorra unicameral General Council of the Valleys or Consell General de las Valls (28 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, 14 from a single national constituency and 14 to represent each of the 7 parishes; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 4 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PLA 46.1%, PSD 30%, PD 23.8%, other 0.1%; seats by party - PLA 15, PSD 6, PD 5, independents 2

Angola unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (220 seats; members elected by proportional vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 29-30 September 1992 (next to be held NA) election results: percent of vote by party - MPLA 54%, UNITA 34%, others 12%; seats by party - MPLA 129, UNITA 70, PRS 6, FNLA 5, PLD 3, others 7

Anguilla unicameral House of Assembly (11 seats total, 7 elected by direct popular vote, 2 ex officio members, and 2 appointed; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 3 March 2000 (next to be held NA June 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP 1, independent 1

Antigua and Barbuda bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (17-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Representatives (17 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 9 March 1999 (next to be held prior to March 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - ALP 53.2%, UPP 45.5%, independent 1.3%; seats by party - ALP 12, UPP 4, independent 1

Argentina bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate (72 seats; members are elected by direct vote; presently one-third of the members being elected every two years to a six-year term) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 seats; members are elected by direct vote; one-half of the members elected every two years to a four-year term) elections: Senate - last held 14 October 2001 (next to be held intermittently by province before December 2003); Chamber of Deputies - last held 14 October 2001 (next to be held intermittently by province before December 2003) election results: Senate - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats by bloc or party - PJ 40, UCR 24, provincial parties 6, Frepaso 1, ARI 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by bloc or party - NA%; seats by bloc or party - PJ 113, UCR 74, provincial parties 27, Frepaso 17, ARI 17, AR 9

Armenia unicameral National Assembly (Parliament) or Azgayin Zhoghov (131 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms; 75 members selected by direct vote, 56 by party list) elections: last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held in the spring of 2007) note: electoral law was changed in 2002 so ratio in next elections will be 75 deputies elected by party list, 56 by direct election election results: percent of vote by party - Republican Party 23.5%, Justice Bloc 13.6%, Rule of Law 12.3%, ARF (Dashnak) 11.4%, National Unity Party 8.8%, United Labor Party 5.7%; seats by party - Republican Party 23, Justice Bloc 14, Rule of Law 12, ARF (Dashnak) 11, National Unity 9, United Labor 6; note - seats by party change frequently as deputies switch parties or announce themselves independent

Aruba unicameral Legislature or Staten (21 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 28 September 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - MEP 52.4%, AVP 26.7%, PPA 9.6%, OLA 5.7%, Aliansa 3.5%, other 2.1%; seats by party - MEP 12, AVP 6, PPA 2, OLA 1

Australia bicameral Federal Parliament consists of the Senate (76 seats - 12 from each of the six states and two from each of the two mainland territories; one-half of the members elected every three years by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (150 seats - this is up from 148 seats in 2001 election; members elected by popular vote on the basis of preferential representation to serve three-year terms; no state can have fewer than five representatives) elections: Senate - last held 10 November 2001 (next to be held by February 2005); House of Representatives - last held 10 November 2001 (next to be held by February 2005) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 35, Australian Labor Party 28, Australian Democrats 8, Green Party 2, One Nation Party 1, Country Labor Party 1, independent 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party-National Party coalition 82, Australian Labor Party 65, independent and other 3

Austria bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of Federal Council or Bundesrat (64 members; members represent each of the states on the basis of population, but with each state having at least three representatives; members serve a four- or six-year term) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: National Council - last held 24 November 2002 (next to be held in the fall of 2006) election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - OeVP 42.3%, SPOe 36.9%, FPOe 10.2%, Greens 9%; seats by party - OeVP 79, SPOe 69, FPOe 19, Greens 16

Azerbaijan unicameral National Assembly or Milli Mejlis (125 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 4 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005) note: 100 members of the current parliament were elected on the basis of single mandate constituencies, while 25 were elected based on proportional balloting; as a result of a 24 August 2002 national referendum on changes to the constitution, all 125 members of the next parliament will be elected from single mandate constituencies election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NAP and allies 108, APF "Reform" 6, CSP 3, PNIA 2, Musavat Party 2, CPA 2, APF "Classic" 1, Compatriot Party 1 note: PNIA, Musavat, and APF "Classic" parties refused to take their seats

Bahamas, The bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (16-member body appointed by the governor general upon the advice of the prime minister and the opposition leader for five-year terms) and the House of Assembly (40 seats; members elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 1 May 2002 (next to be held by May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 50.8%, FNM 41.1%, independents 5.2%; seats by party - PLP 29, FNM 7, independents 4

Bahrain bicameral Parliament consists of Shura Council (40 members appointed by the King) and House of Deputies (40 members directly elected to serve four-year terms) elections: House of Deputies - last held 31 October 2002 (next election to be held NA 2006) election results: House of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - independents 21, Sunni Islamists 9, other 10 note: first elections since 7 December 1973; unicameral National Assembly dissolved 26 August 1975; National Action Charter created bicameral legislature on 23 December 2000; approved by referendum 14 February 2001; first legislative session of Parliament held on 25 December 2002

Bangladesh unicameral National Parliament or Jatiya Sangsad; 300 seats elected by popular vote from single territorial constituencies (the constitutional amendment reserving 30 seats for women over and above the 300 regular parliament seats expired in May 2001); members serve five-year terms elections: last held 1 October 2001 (next to be held before October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - BNP and alliance partners 46%, AL 42%; seats by party - BNP 191, AL 62, JI 18, JP (Ershad faction) 14, IOJ 2, JP (Naziur) 4, other 9; note - the election of October 2001 brought a majority BNP government aligned with three other smaller parties - Jamaat-i-Islami, Islami Oikya Jote, and Jatiya Party (Naziur)

Barbados bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (21-member body appointed by the governor general) and the House of Assembly (30 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Assembly - last held 21 May 2003 (next to be held by May 2008) election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - BLP 23, DLP 7

Belarus bicameral Parliament or Natsionalnoye Sobranie consists of the Council of the Republic or Soviet Respubliki (64 seats; 56 members elected by regional councils and 8 members appointed by the president, all for 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives or Palata Pretsaviteley (110 seats; members elected by universal adult suffrage to serve 4-year terms) elections: last held October 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: party affiliation data unavailable; under present political conditions party designations are meaningless

Belgium bicameral Parliament consists of a Senate or Senaat in Dutch, Senat in French (71 seats; 40 members are directly elected by popular vote, 31 are indirectly elected; members serve four-year terms) and a Chamber of Deputies or Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in Dutch, Chambre des Representants in French (150 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate and Chamber of Deputies - last held 18 June 2003 (next to be held in NA May 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - SP.A-Spirit 15.5%, VLD 15.4%, CD & V 12.7%, PS 12.8%, MR 12.1%, VB 9.4%, CDH 5.6%; seats by party - SP.A-Spirit 7, VLD 7, CD & V 6, PS 6, MR 5, VB 5, CDH 2, other 2 (note - there are also 31 indirectly elected senators); Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - VLD 15.4%, SP.A-Spirit 14.9%, CD & V 13.3%, PS 13.0%, VB 11.6%, MR 11.4%, CDH 5.5%, Ecolo 3.1%; seats by party - VLD 25, SP.A-Spirit 23, CD & V 21, PS 25, VB 18, MR 24, CDH 8 Ecolo 4, other 2 note: as a result of the 1993 constitutional revision that furthered devolution into a federal state, there are now three levels of government (federal, regional, and linguistic community) with a complex division of responsibilities; this reality leaves six governments each with its own legislative assembly; for other acronyms of the listed parties see the Political parties and leaders entry

Belize bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (12 members appointed by the governor general - six on the advice of the prime minister, three on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and one each on the advice of the Belize Council of Churches and Evangelical Association of Churches, the Belize Chamber of Commerce and Industry and the Belize Better Business Bureau, and the National Trade Union Congress and the Civil Society Steering Committee; members are appointed for five-year terms) and the House of Representatives (29 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 5 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PUP 21, UDP 8

Benin unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (83 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 30 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Presidential Movement 52, opposition (PRB, PRD, E'toile, and 5 other small parties) 31

Bermuda bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (an 11-member body appointed by the governor, the premier, and the opposition) and the House of Assembly (36 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last general election held 24 July 2003 (next to be held NA July 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - PLP 51.7%, UBP 48%; seats by party - PLP 22, UBP 14

Bhutan unicameral National Assembly or Tshogdu (150 seats; 105 elected from village constituencies, 10 represent religious bodies, and 35 are designated by the monarch to represent government and other secular interests; members serve three-year terms) elections: local elections last held November 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: NA

Bolivia bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (27 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (130 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - some members are drawn from party lists, thus not directly elected) elections: Chamber of Senators and Chamber of Deputies - last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR 11, MAS 8, MIR 5, NFR 2, other 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNR 36, MAS 27, MIR 26, NFR 25, others 16

Bosnia and Herzegovina bicameral Parliamentary Assembly or Skupstina consists of the National House of Representatives or Predstavnicki Dom (42 seats - elected by proportional representation, 28 seats allocated from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and 14 seats from the Republika Srpska; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Peoples or Dom Naroda (15 seats - 5 Bosniak, 5 Croat, 5 Serb; members elected by the Bosniak/Croat Federation's House of Representatives and the Republika Srpska's National Assembly to serve four-year terms); note - Bosnia's election law specifies four-year terms for the state and first-order administrative division entity legislatures elections: National House of Representatives - elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held in NA 2006); House of Peoples - last constituted NA January 2003 (next to be constituted in 2007) election results: National House of Representatives - percent of vote by party/coalition - SDA 21.9%, SDS 14.0%, SBiH 10.5%, SDP 10.4%, SNSD 9.8%, HDZ 9.5%, PDP 4.6%, others 19.3%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 10, SDS 5, SBiH 6, SDP 4, SNSD 3, HDZ 5, PDP 2, others 7; House of Peoples - percent of vote by party/coalition - NA%; seats by party/coalition - NA note: the Bosniak/Croat Federation has a bicameral legislature that consists of a House of Representatives (98 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDA 32, HDZ-BiH 16, SDP 15, SBiH 15, other 20; and a House of Peoples (60 seats - 30 Bosniak, 30 Croat); last constituted December 2002; the Republika Srpska has a National Assembly (83 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); elections last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held in the fall of 2006); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party/coalition - SDS 26, SNSD 19, PDP 9, SDA 6, SRS 4, SPRS 3, DNZ 3, SBiH 4, SDP 3, others 6; as a result of the 2002 constitutional reform process, a 28-member Republika Srpska Council of Peoples (COP) was established in the Republika Srpska National Assembly; each constituent nation and "others" will have eight delegates

Botswana bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Chiefs (a largely advisory 15-member body consisting of the chiefs of the eight principal tribes, four elected subchiefs, and three members selected by the other 12 members) and the National Assembly (44 seats, 40 members are directly elected by popular vote and 4 are appointed by the majority party; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly elections last held 16 October 1999 (next to be held NA October 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - BDP 54.3%, BNF 24.7%, other 21%; seats by party - BDP 33, BNF 6, other 1

Brazil bicameral National Congress or Congresso Nacional consists of the Federal Senate or Senado Federal (81 seats; three members from each state or federal district elected according to the principle of majority to serve eight-year terms; one-third elected after a four-year period, two-thirds elected after the next four-year period) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara dos Deputados (513 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: Federal Senate - last held 6 October 2002 for two-thirds of the Senate (next to be held NA October 2006 for one-third of the Senate); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) election results: Federal Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party PMBD 19, PFL 19, PT 14, PSDB 11, PDT 5, PSB 4, PL 3, PTB 3, PPS 1, PSD 1, PPB 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PT 91, PFL 84, PMDB 74, PSDB 71, PPB 49, PL 26, PTB 26, PSB 22, PDT 21, PPS 15, PCdoB 12, PRONA 6, PV 5, other 11

British Virgin Islands unicameral Legislative Council (13 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote, one member from each of 9 electoral districts, four at-large members; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 16 May 2003 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NDP 8, VIP 5

Brunei unicameral Legislative Council or Majlis Masyuarat Megeri (a privy council that serves only in a consultative capacity; NA seats; members appointed by the monarch) elections: last held in March 1962 note: in 1970 the Council was changed to an appointive body by decree of the monarch; an elected Legislative Council is being considered as part of constitutional reform, but elections are unlikely for several years

Bulgaria unicameral National Assembly or Narodno Sobranie (240 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 17 June 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NMS2 42.74%, UtdDF 18.18%, CfB 17.15%, MRF 7.45%; seats by party - NMS2 120, UtdDF 51, CfB 48, MRF 21; note - seating as of March 2003 - NMS2 110, UtdDF 50, CfB 48, MRF 20, independents 12

Burkina Faso unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (111 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly election last held 5 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CDP 57, RDA-ADF 17, PDP/PS 10, CFD 5, PAI 5, others 17

Burma unicameral People's Assembly or Pyithu Hluttaw (485 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 May 1990, but Assembly never convened election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NLD 392, SNLD 23, NUP 10, other 60

Burundi bicameral, consists of a National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (expanded from 121 to approximately 140 seats under the transitional government inaugurated 1 November 2001; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and a Senate (54 seats; term length is undefined, the current senators will likely serve out the three-year transition period) elections: last held 29 June 1993 (next was scheduled to be held in 1998, but was suspended by presidential decree in 1996; elections are planned to follow the completion of the three-year transitional government) election results: percent of vote by party - FRODEBU 71.04%, UPRONA 21.4%, other 7.56%; seats by party - FRODEBU 65, UPRONA 16, civilians 27, other parties 13

Cambodia bicameral consists of the National Assembly (122 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Senate (61 seats; two members appointed by the monarch, two elected by the National Assembly, and 57 elected by "functional constituencies"; members serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 27 July 2003 (next to be held in July 2007); Senate - last held 2 March 1999 (next to be held in 2004) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - CPP 47%, SRP 22%, FUNCINPEC 21%, other 10%; seats by party - CPP 73, FUNCINPEC 26, SRP 24; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPP 31, FUNCINPEC 21, SRP 7, other 2 (2003)

Cameroon unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (180 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - the president can either lengthen or shorten the term of the legislature) elections: last held 23 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RDCP 133, SDF 21, UDC 5, other 21 note: the constitution calls for an upper chamber for the legislature, to be called a Senate, but it has yet to be established

Canada bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (members appointed by the governor general with the advice of the prime minister and serve until reaching 75 years of age; its normal limit is 105 senators) and the House of Commons or Chambre des Communes (301 seats; members elected by direct, popular vote to serve for up to five-year terms) elections: House of Commons - last held 27 November 2000 (next to be held by 2005) election results: House of Commons - percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 41%, Canadian Alliance 26%, Bloc Quebecois 11%, New Democratic Party 9%, Progressive Conservative Party 12%; seats by party - Liberal Party 172, Canadian Alliance 66, Bloc Quebecois 38, New Democratic Party 13, Progressive Conservative Party 12; note - percent of vote by party as of January 2002 - Liberal Party 51%, Canadian Alliance 10%, Bloc Quebecois 10%, New Democratic Party 9%, Progressive Conservative Party 18%; seats by party - Liberal Party 172, Canadian Alliance 66, Bloc Quebecois 38, New Democratic Party 13, Progressive Conservative Party 12

Cape Verde unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA December 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PAICV 47.3%, MPD 39.8%, ADM 6%, other 6.9%; seats by party - PAICV 40, MPD 30, ADM 2

Cayman Islands unicameral Legislative Assembly (18 seats, three appointed members from the Executive Council and 15 elected by popular vote; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Central African Republic unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (109 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - there were 85 seats in the National Assembly before the 1998 election) elections: last held 22-23 November and 13 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - MLPC 43%, RDC 18%, MDD 9%, FPP 6%, PSD 5%, ADP 4%, PUN 3%, FODEM 2%, PLD 2%, UPR 1%, FC 1%, independents 6%; seats by party - MLPC 47, RDC 20, MDD 8, FPP 7, PSD 6, ADP 5, PUN 3, FODEM 2, PLD 2, UPR 1, FC 1, independents 7

Chad bicameral according to constitution, consists of a National Assembly (155 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and a Senate (not yet created and size unspecified, members to serve six-year terms, one-third of membership renewable every two years) elections: National Assembly - last held 21 April 2002 (next to be held in NA April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPS 110, RDP 12, FAR 9, RNDP 5, URD 5, UNDR 3, others 11

Chile bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (49 seats, 38 elected by popular vote, 9 designated members, and 2 former presidents who serve six-year terms and are senators for life); elected members serve eight-year terms (one-half elected every four years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2005); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2005) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPD 20 (PDC 12, PS 5, PPD 3), APC 16 (UDI 9, RN 7), independents 2; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CPD 62 (PDC 24, PPD 21, PS 11, PRSD 6), UDI 35, RN 22, independent 1

China unicameral National People's Congress or Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui (2,985 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses to serve five-year terms) elections: last held NA December 2002-NA February 2003 (next to be held late 2007-NA February 2008) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - NA

Christmas Island unicameral Christmas Island Shire Council (9 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve one-year terms) elections: last held NA December 2002 (next to be held NA December 2003) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Cocos (Keeling) Islands unicameral Cocos (Keeling) Islands Shire Council (7 seats)

Colombia bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Senate or Senado (102 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Camara de Representantes (166 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held NA March 2006); House of Representatives - last held 10 March 2002 (next to be held NA March 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 28, PSC 13, independents and smaller parties (many aligned with conservatives) 61; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PL 54, PSC 21, independents and other parties 91

Comoros unicameral Assembly of the Union (30 seats; half the deputies are selected by the individual islands' local assemblies and the other half by universal suffrage; deputies serve for five years) note - elections for the former legislature, the Federal Assembly, dissolved in 1999, where held on 1 and 8 December 1996; the next elections for the Assembly of the Union were scheduled to be held in April 2003 but have yet to occur

Congo, Democratic Republic of the a 300-member Transitional Constituent Assembly established in August 2000 elections: NA; members of the Transitional Constituent Assembly were appointed by former President Laurent Desire KABILA

Congo, Republic of the bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (66 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the National Assembly (137 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 11 July 2002 (next to be held NA July 2007); National Assembly - last held 27 May and 26 June 2002 (next to be held by NA May 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FDP 56, other 10; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FDP 83, UDR 6, UPADS 3, other 45

Cook Islands unicameral Parliament (25 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 16 June 1999 (next to be held by NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CIP 12, DAP 12, NAP 1 note: the House of Ariki (chiefs) advises on traditional matters and maintains considerable influence, but has no legislative powers

Costa Rica unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (57 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 3 February 2002 (next to be held 3 February 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PUSC 19, PLN 17, PAC 14, PML 6, PRC 1

Cote d'Ivoire unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (225 seats; members are elected in single- and multi-district elections by direct popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: elections last held 10 December 2000 with by-elections on 14 January 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FPI 96, PDCI-RDA 94, RDR 5, PIT 4, other 2, independents 22, vacant 2 note: a Senate is scheduled to be created in the next full election in 2005

Croatia unicameral Assembly or Sabor (152 seats; note - one seat was added in the November Parliamentary elections; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - House of Counties was abolished in March 2001 elections: Assembly - last held 23 November 2003 (next to be held in 2007) election results: Assembly (then referred to as the House of Representatives) - percent of vote by party - HDZ 43.4%, SDP 23%, HNS 7.4%, HSS 6.57%, HSP 6%; seats by party - HDZ 66, SDP 34, HNS 10, HSS 9, HSP 7; note - these are preliminary results

Cuba unicameral National Assembly of People's Power or Asemblea Nacional del Poder Popular (609 seats, elected directly from slates approved by special candidacy commissions; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 19 January 2003 (next to be held in 2008) election results: percent of vote - PCC 97.6%; seats - PCC 609

Cyprus unicameral - Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives or Vouli Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi (50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Greek Cypriot area: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2006); Turkish Cypriot area: last held 6 December 1998 (next to be held NA December 2003) election results: Greek Cypriot area: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - AKEL 34.71%, DISY 34%, DIKO 14.84%, KISOS 6.51%, others 9.94%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19, DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; Turkish Cypriot area: Assembly of the Republic - percent of vote by party - UBP 40.3%, DP 22.6%, TKP 15.4%, CTP 13.4%, UDP 4.6%, YBH 2.5%, BP 1.2%; seats by party - UBP 24, DP 13, TKP 7, CTP 6

Czech Republic bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held in two rounds 25-26 October and 1-2 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 14-15 June 2002 (next to be held by NA June 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ODS 26, KDU-CSL 14, CSSD 11, US 9, KSCM 3, independents 18; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - CSSD 30.2%, ODS 24.5%, KSCM 18.5%, KDU-CSL & US-DEU coalition 14.3%, other minor 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 70, ODS 58, KSCM 41, KDU-CSL 21, US-DEU 10

Denmark unicameral Parliament or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 20 November 2001 (next to be held by November 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Liberal Party 56, Social Democrats 52, Danish People's Party 22, Conservative Party 16, Socialist People's Party 12, Social Liberal Party 9, Christian People's Party 4, Unity List 4; note - does not include the 2 seats from Greenland and the 2 seats from the Faroe Islands

Djibouti unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (65 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms) elections: last held 10 January 2003 (next to be held NA January 2008) election results: percent of vote - RPP 62.2%, FRUD 36.9%; seats - RPP 65, FRUD 0; note - RPP (the ruling party) dominated the election

Dominica unicameral House of Assembly (30 seats, 9 appointed senators, 21 elected by popular vote; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 31 January 2000 (next to be held by 17 July 2005) note - tradition dictates that the election will be held within five years of the last election, but technically it is five years from the first seating of parliament (17 April 2000) plus a 90 day grace period election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party -DLP 10, UWP 9, DFP 2

Dominican Republic bicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional consists of the Senate or Senado (30 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (149 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 16 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 24, PLD 3, PRSC 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 83, PLD 49, PRSC 17

East Timor unicameral National Parliament (number of seats can vary, minimum requirement of 52 and a maximum of 65 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - for its first term of office, the National Parliament is comprised of 88 members on an exceptional basis elections: last held 30 August 2001 (next to be held NA August 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - FRETILIN 57.37%, PD 8.72%, PSD 8.18%, ASDT 7.84%, UDT 2.36%, PNT 2.21%, KOTA 2.13%, PPT 2.01%, PDC 1.98%, PST 1.78%, independents/other 5.42%; seats by party - FRETILIN 55, PD 7, PSD 6, ASDT 6, PDC 2, UDT 2, KOTA 2, PNT 2, PPT 2, UDC/PDC 1, PST 1, PL 1, independent 1

Ecuador unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (100 seats; members are popularly elected by province to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 20 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PSC 25, PRE 15, ID 16, PRIAN 10, PSP 9, Pachakutik Movement 6, MPD 5, DP 4, PS 3, independents 7; note - defections by members of National Congress are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties

Egypt bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura - which functions only in a consultative role (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve NA-year terms) elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 19 October, 29 October, 8 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2005); Advisory Council - last held 7 June 1995 (next to be held NA) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NDP 88%, independents 8%, opposition 4%; seats by party - NDP 398, NWP 7, Tagammu 6, Nasserists 2, LSP 1, independents 38, undecided 2; Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NDP 99%, independents 1%; seats by party - NA

El Salvador unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (84 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve three-year terms) elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FMLN 31, ARENA 27, PCN 16, PDC 5, CD 5

Equatorial Guinea unicameral House of People's Representatives or Camara de Representantes del Pueblo (80 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 7 March 1999 (next to be held NA March 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - PDGE 80%, UP 6%, CPDS 5%; seats by party - PDGE 75, UP 4 and CPDS 1 note: opposition parties have refused to take up their seats in the House to protest widespread irregularities in the 1999 legislative elections

Eritrea unicameral National Assembly (150 seats; term limits not established) elections: in May 1997, following the adoption of the new constitution, 75 members of the PFDJ Central Committee (the old Central Committee of the EPLF), 60 members of the 527-member Constituent Assembly, that had been established in 1997 to discuss and ratify the new constitution, and 15 representatives of Eritreans living abroad were formed into a Transitional National Assembly to serve as the country's legislative body until countrywide elections to a National Assembly were held; although only 75 of 150 members of the Transitional National Assembly were elected, the constitution stipulates that once past the transition stage, all members of the National Assembly will be elected by secret ballot of all eligible voters; National Assembly elections scheduled for December 2001 were postponed indefinitely

Estonia unicameral Parliament or Riigikogu (101 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 2 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - Center Party 25.4%, Res Publica 24.6%, Reform Party 17.7%, Estonian People's Union 13%, Pro Patria Union (Fatherland League) 7.3% People's Party Moodukad 7%; seats by party - Center Party 28, Res Publica 28, Reform Party 19, Estonian People's Union 13, Pro Patria Union 7, People's Party Moodukad 6

Ethiopia bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Federation or upper chamber (108 seats; members are chosen by state assemblies to serve five-year terms) and the House of People's Representatives or lower chamber (548 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote from single-member districts to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 May 2000 (next to be held NA May 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - OPDO 177, ANDM 134, TPLF 38, WGGPDO 27, EPRDF 19, SPDO 18, GNDM 15, KSPDO 10, ANDP 8, GPRDF 7, SOPDM 7, BGPDUF 6, BMPDO 5, KAT 4, other regional political groupings 22, independents 8; note - 43 seats unconfirmed note: irregularities and violence at a number of polling stations necessitated the rescheduling of voting in certain constituencies; voting postponed in Somali regional state because of severe drought

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) unicameral Legislative Council (10 seats - 2 ex officio, 8 elected by popular vote, members serve four-year terms); presided over by the governor elections: last held 22 November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 8; note - 71% voter turnout

Faroe Islands unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (32 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis from the seven constituencies to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 30 April 2002 (next to be held no later than April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Union Party 26%, Republican Party 23.7%, Social Democrats 20.9%, People's Party 20.8% Home Rule Party 4.4%, Center Party 4.2%; seats by party - Union Party 8, Republican Party 8, Social Democrats 7, People's Party 7, Home Rule Party 1, Center Party 1 note: election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on 20 November 2001 (next to be held no later than November 2005); results - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 1, Union Party 1

Fiji bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (34 seats; 24 appointed by the Great Council of Chiefs, nine appointed by the president, and one appointed by the council of Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three reserved for other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of Rotuma constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats; members serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 25 August through 1 September, 19 September 2001 (next to be held not later than September 2006) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - FLP 34.8%, SDL 26%, NFP 10.1%, MV 9.9%, independents 2.7%, other 16.5%; seats by party - NA

Finland unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%, Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party - Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4

France bicameral Parliament or Parlement consists of the Senate or Senat (321 seats - 296 for metropolitan France, 13 for overseas departments and territories, and 12 for French nationals abroad; members are indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve nine-year terms; elected by thirds every three years) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (577 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a single-member majoritarian system to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 23 September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2004); National Assembly - last held 8-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA June 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 83, PS 68, UDF 37, DL 35, RDES 16, PCF 16, other 66; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 355, PS 140, UDF 29, PCF 21, Radical Party 7, Greens 3, other 22

French Guiana unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be held NA 2006); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PSG 5, various left-wing parties 5, independents 7, other 2; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - PS 28.28%, various left parties 22.56%, RPR 15.91%, independents 8.6%, Walwari Committee 6%; seats by party - PS 11, various left parties 9, RPR 6, independents 3, Walwari Committee 2 note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on 27 September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; 2 seats were elected to the French National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR 1, Walwari Committee 1

French Polynesia unicameral Territorial Assembly or Assemblee Territoriale (49 seats - changed from 41 seats for May 2001 election; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 6 May 2001 (next to be held NA May 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - People's Rally for the Republic (Gaullist) 28, Independent Front for the Liberation of Polynesia 13, New Fatherland Party 7, other 1 note: one seat was elected to the French Senate on NA September 1998 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; two seats were elected to the French National Assembly on 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP/RPR 1, UMP 1

Gabon bicameral legislature consists of the Senate (91 seats; members elected by members of municipal councils and departmental assemblies) and the National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 9 and 23 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2006); Senate - last held 26 January and 9 February 1997 (next to be held in January 2004) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 86, RNB-RPG 8, PGP 3, ADERE 3, CLR 2, PUP 1, PSD 1, independents 13, others 3; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PDG 53, RNB 20, PGP 4, ADERE 3, RDP 1, CLR 1, independents 9

Gambia, The unicameral National Assembly (53 seats; 48 elected by popular vote, five appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 17 January 2002 (next to be held NA January 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - APRC 45, PDOIS 2, NRP 1,

Georgia unicameral Supreme Council (commonly referred to as Parliament) or Umaghiesi Sabcho (235 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 2 November 2003 but results were invalidated (next to be held spring 2004) election results: percent of vote by party (from earlier 1999 elections) - CUG 41.7%, AGUR 25.2%, IWSG 7.1%, all other parties received less than 7% each; seats by party - CUG 130, AGUR 64, IWSG 15, Labor 2, Abkhaz (government-in-exile) deputies 12, independents 12

Germany bicameral Parliament or parlament consists of the Federal Assembly or Bundestag (603 seats; elected by popular vote under a system combining direct and proportional representation; a party must win 5% of the national vote or three direct mandates to gain representation; members serve four-year terms) and the Federal Council or Bundesrat (69 votes; state governments are directly represented by votes; each has 3 to 6 votes depending on population and are required to vote as a block) elections: Federal Assembly - last held 22 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006); note - there are no elections for the Bundesrat; composition is determined by the composition of the state-level governments; the composition of the Bundesrat has the potential to change any time one of the 16 states holds an election election results: Federal Assembly - percent of vote by party - SPD 38.5%, CDU/CSU 38.5%, Alliance '90/Greens 8.6%, FDP 7.4%, PDS 4%; seats by party - SPD 251, CDU/CSU 248, Alliance '90/Greens 55, FDP 47, PDS 2; Federal Council - current composition - NA

Ghana unicameral Parliament (200 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 7 December 2000 (next to be held NA December 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 100, NDC 92, PNC 3, CPP 1, independents 4

Gibraltar unicameral House of Assembly (18 seats - 15 elected by popular vote, one appointed for the Speaker, and two ex officio members; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 November 2003 (next to be held not later than NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - GSD 58%, GSLP 41%; seats by party - GSD 8, GSLP 7

Greece unicameral Parliament or Vouli ton Ellinon (300 seats; members are elected by direct popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: elections last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held by NA May 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - PASOK 43.8%, ND 42.7%, KKE 5.5%, Coalition of the Left and Progress 3.2%; seats by party - PASOK 158, ND 125, KKE 11, Coalition of the Left and Progress 6; note - seats by party as of January 2002 - PASOK 156, ND 122, KKE 11, Coalition of the Left and Progress 6, independents 5

Greenland unicameral Parliament or Landstinget (31 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 3 December 2002 (next to be held by NA December 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Siumut 28.7%, Inuit Ataqatigiit 25.5%, Atassut Party 20.4%, Demokratiit 15.6%, Katusseqatigiit 5.3%; seats by party - Siumut 10, Inuit Ataqatigiit 8, Atassut 7, Demokratiit 5, Katusseqatigiit 1 note: two representatives were elected to the Danish Parliament or Folketing on 20 November 2001 (next to be held no later than November 2005); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Siumut 1, Inuit Ataqatigiit 1

Grenada bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 13-member body, 10 appointed by the government and three by the leader of the opposition) and the House of Representatives (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 27 November 2003 (next to be held by NA November 2008) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NNP 8, NDC 7

Guadeloupe unicameral General Council or Conseil General (42 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the unicameral Regional Council or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: General Council - last held 22 March 1998 (next to be held by NA 2004); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - left-wing candidates 11, PS 8, RPR 8, PPDG 6, right-wing candidates 5, PCG 3, UDF 1; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - RPR 48.03%, PS/PPDG/diverse left parties 24.49%, PCG 5.29%, diverse right parties 5.73%; seats by party - RPR 25, PS/PPDG/diverse left parties 12, PCG 2, diverse right parties 2 note: Guadeloupe elects two representatives to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September 2004); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 1, FGPS 1; Guadeloupe elects four representatives to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 2, PS 1, different right parties 1

Guam unicameral Legislature (15 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms) elections: last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held 2 November 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 9, Republican Party 6 note: Guam elects one nonvoting delegate to the US House of Representatives; election last held 5 November 2002 (next to be held NA November 2004); results - Madeleine BORDALLO (Democratic Party) was elected as delegate; percent of vote by party - Democratic Party 64.6%, Republican Party 35.4%; seats by party - Democratic Party 1

Guatemala unicameral Congress of the Republic or Congreso de la Republica (140 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 9 November 2003 (next to be held NA November 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GANA 49, FRG 42, UNE 33, PAN 16 note: for the 9 November 2003 election, the number of congressional seats increased to 140 from 113

Guernsey unicameral Assembly of the States; consists of the bailiff, 10 Douzaine (parish council) representatives, 45 people's deputies elected by popular vote, 2 representatives from Alderney, Her Majesty's Procureur (Attorney General), Her Majesty's Comptroller (Solicitor General) and Her Majesty's Greffier (Court Recorder and Registrar General); note - Alderney and Sark have their own parliaments elections: last held 12 April 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Guinea unicameral People's National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale Populaire (114 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 30 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PUP 61.6%, UPR 26.6%, other 11.8%; seats by party - PUP 85, UPR 20, other 9

Guinea-Bissau unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve a maximum of four years); note - President YALA dissolved the National People's Assembly in November 2002, elections for a new legislature were scheduled to fall in February 2003 but were then postponed to April, then July, and were last scheduled to occur in September 2003 elections: last held 28 November 1999 (next to be held NA September 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRS 37, RGB 27, PAIGC 25, 11 remaining seats went to 5 of the remaining 10 parties that fielded candidates

Guyana unicameral National Assembly (68 seats, 65 elected by popular vote, 1 elected Speaker of the National Assembly, and 2 nonvoting members appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 19 March 2001 (next to be held NA March 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPP/C 34, PNC 27, GAP and WPA 2, ROAR 1, TUF 1

Haiti bicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale consists of the Senate (27 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of Deputies (83 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held for two-thirds of seats 21 May 2000, with runoffs on 9 July boycotted by the opposition; seven seats still disputed; election for remaining one-third held on 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2002); Chamber of Deputies - last held 21 May 2000, with runoffs on 30 July boycotted by the opposition; one vacant seat rerun 26 November 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 26, independent 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FL 73, MOCHRENA 3, PLB 2, OPL 1, vacant 1, other minor parties and independents 3

Holy See (Vatican City) unicameral Pontifical Commission

Honduras unicameral National Congress or Congreso Nacional (128 seats; members are elected proportionally to the number of votes their party's presidential candidate receives to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 25 November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PN 61, PL 55, PUD 5, PDC 4, PINU-SD 3

Hong Kong unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (60 seats; 30 indirectly elected by functional constituencies, 24 elected by popular vote, and 6 elected by an 800-member election committee; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 10 September 2000 (next to be held in September 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Democratic Party 12, Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong 10, Liberal Party 7, Frontier Party 5, Hong Kong Progressive Alliance 4, New Century Forum 2, Hong Kong Association for Democracy and People's Livelihood 1, independents 19

Hungary unicameral National Assembly or Orszaggyules (386 seats; members are elected by popular vote under a system of proportional and direct representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 7 and 21 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party (5% or more of the vote required for parliamentary representation in the first round) - Fidesz/MDF 48.70%, MSzP 46.11%, SzDSz 4.92%, other 0.27%; seats by party - Fidesz 164, MSzP 178, MDF 24, SzDSz 20

Iceland unicameral Parliament or Althing (63 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 10 May 2003 (next to be held by May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - Independence Party 33.7%, Social Democratic Alliance 31.0%, Progressive Party 17.7%, Left-Green Alliance 8.8%, Liberal Party 7.4%; seats by party - Independence Party 22, Social Democratic Alliance 20, Progressive Party 12, Left-Green Alliance 5, Liberal Party 4

India bicameral Parliament or Sansad consists of the Council of States or Rajya Sabha (a body consisting of not more than 250 members, up to 12 of which are appointed by the president, the remainder are chosen by the elected members of the state and territorial assemblies; members serve six-year terms) and the People's Assembly or Lok Sabha (545 seats; 543 elected by popular vote, 2 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) elections: People's Assembly - last held 5 September through 3 October 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - BJP alliance 40.8%, Congress (I) alliance 33.8%, other 25.4%; seats by party - BJP alliance 304, Congress (I) alliance 134, other 107

Indonesia unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives until 2004 election when military seats expire; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held April 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%; seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30; note - subsequent to the election, there has been a change in the distribution of seats; the new distribution is: PDI-P 153, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 13, other 32

Iran unicameral Islamic Consultative Assembly or Majles-e-Shura-ye-Eslami (290 seats, note - changed from 270 seats with the 18 February 2000 election; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 18 February 2000 with a runoff held 5 May 2000 (next to be held February 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by party - reformers 189, conservatives 54, independents 42, seats reserved for religious minorities 5

Iraq in transition following April 2003 defeat of SADDAM Husayn regime by US-led coalition

Ireland bicameral Parliament or Oireachtas consists of the Senate or Seanad Eireann (60 seats - 49 elected by the universities and from candidates put forward by five vocational panels, 11 are nominated by the prime minister; members serve five-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Dail Eireann (166 seats; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 16 and 17 July 2002 (next to be held by July 2007); House of Representatives - last held 17 May 2002 (next to be held by May 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 30, Fine Gael 15, Labor Party 5, Progressive Democrats 4, independents and others 6; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - Fianna Fail 41.5%, Fine Gael 22.5%, Labor Party 10.8%, Sinn Fein 6.5%, Progressive Democrats 4.0%, Green Party 3.8%, others 10.9%; seats by party - Fianna Fail 81, Fine Gael 31, Labor Party 21, Progressive Democrats 8, Green Party 6, Sinn Fein 5, others 14

Israel unicameral Knesset or parliament (120 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 28 January 2003 (next to be held fall of 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - Likud Party 29.4%, Labor 14.5%, Shinui 12.3%, Shas 8.2%, National Union 5.5%, Meretz 5.2%, United Torah Judaism 4.3%, National Religious Party 4.2%, Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3.0%, One Nation 2.8%, National Democratic Alliance 2.3%, YBA 2.2%, United Arab List 2.1%, Green Leaf Party 1.2%, Herut 1.2%, other 1.6%; seats by party - Likud 38, Labor 19, Shinui 15, Shas 11, National Union 7, Meretz 6, National Religious Party 6, United Torah Judaism 5, Democratic Front for Peace and Equality 3, One Nation 3, National Democratic Alliance 3, YBA 2, United Arab List 2

Italy bicameral Parliament or Parlamento consists of the Senate or Senato della Repubblica (315 seats elected by popular vote of which 232 are directly elected and 83 are elected by regional proportional representation; in addition, there are a small number of senators-for-life including former presidents of the republic; members serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera dei Deputati (630 seats; 475 are directly elected, 155 by regional proportional representation; members serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 13 May 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 177 (Forza Italia 82, National Alliance 46, CCD-CDU 29, Northern League 17, others 3), Olive Tree 128 (Democrats of the Left 62, Daisy Alliance 42, Sunflower Alliance 16, Italian Communist Party 3, independents 5), non-affiliated with either coalition 10, senators for life 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - House of Liberties 367 (Forza Italia 189, National Alliance 96, CCD-CDU 40, Northern League 30, others 12), Olive Tree 248 (Democrats of the Left 138, Daisy Alliance 76, Sunflower Alliance 18, Italian Communist Party 9, independents 7), non-affiliated with either coalition 15

Jamaica bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (a 21-member body appointed by the governor general on the recommendations of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition; ruling party is allocated 13 seats, and the opposition is allocated eight seats) and the House of Representatives (60 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 16 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PNP 52%, JLP 47.3%; seats by party - PNP 34, JLP 26

Japan bicameral Diet or Kokkai consists of the House of Councillors or Sangi-in (247 seats - members elected for six-year terms; half reelected every three years; 149 members in multi-seat constituencies and 98 by proportional representation); House of Representatives or Shugi-in (480 seats - members elected for four-year terms; 300 in single-seat constituencies; 180 members by proportional representation in 11 regional blocs) elections: House of Councillors - last held 29 July 2001 (next to be held in July 2004); House of Representatives - last held 9 November 2003 (next election has not been scheduled) election results: House of Councillors - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LDP 110, DPJ 59, Komeito 23, JCP 20, SDP 8, Liberal Party 8, Conservative Party 5, independents 14; distribution of seats as of July 2001 was: LDP 115, DPJ 60, Komeito 24, JCP 20, SDP 8, Liberal Party 8 (merged with DPJ in 2003), independents 6, others 6; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - LDP 49.38%, DPJ 36.88%, Komeito 7.09%, JCP 1.88%, SDP 1.25%, NCP .84%; seats by party - LDP 237, DPJ 177, Komeito 34, JCP 9, SDP 6, NCP 4, others 13; distribution of seats as of 13 November 2003 was: LDP 244, DPJ 177, Komeito 34, JCP 9, SDP 6, others 10

Jersey unicameral Assembly of the States (55 voting members - 12 senators (elected for 6-year terms), 12 constables or heads of parishes (elected for 3-year terms), 29 deputies (elected for 3-year terms); the bailiff and the deputy bailiff; and 3 non-voting members - the Dean of Jersey, the Attorney General, and the Solicitor General all appointed by the monarch) elections: last held NA (next to be held NA) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 52

Jordan bicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-'Umma consists of the Senate, also called the House of Notables (Majlis al-Ayan) (40 seats; members appointed by the monarch from designated categories of public figures; members serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives, also called the House of Deputies (Majlis al-Nuwaab) (110 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms; note - six seats are reserved for women and are allocated by a special electoral panel if no women are elected) elections: House of Representatives - last held 17 June 2003, next to be held NA 2007 election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - independents and others 89.6%, Islamic Action Front 10.4%; seats by party - independents and others 92, Islamic Action Front 18 (note - one of the six quota seats was given to a female IAF candidate) note: the House of Representatives has been convened and dissolved by the monarch several times since 1974; in November 1989, the first parliamentary elections in 22 years were held; political parties were not legalized until 1992; King Abdallah delayed the 2001 elections until 2003

Kazakhstan bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (39 seats - previously 47 seats; 7 senators are appointed by the president; other members are popularly elected, two from each of the 14 oblasts, the capital of Astana, and the city of Almaty, to serve six-year terms) and the Majilis (77 seats; 10 out of the 77 Majilis members are elected from the winning party's lists; members are popularly elected to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - (indirect) last held 17 September 1999 (next to be held NA December 2005); Majilis - last held 10 and 24 October and 26 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: note - the election results are for the old Senate structure; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; 16 seats up for election in 1999, candidates nominated by local councils; Majilis - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Otan 23, Civic Party 13, Communist Party 3, Agrarian Party 3, People's Cooperative Party 1, independents 34; note - most independent candidates are affiliated with parastatal enterprises and other pro-government institutions

Kenya unicameral National Assembly or Bunge (224 seats; 210 members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms, 12 so-called "nominated" members who are appointed by the president but selected by the parties in proportion to their parliamentary vote totals, 2 ex-officio members) elections: last held 27 December 2002 (next to be held by early 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NARC 125, KANU 64, FORD-P 14, other 7; ex-officio 2; seats appointed by the president - NARC 7, KANU 4, FORD-P 1

Kiribati unicameral House of Parliament or Maneaba Ni Maungatabu (42 seats; 39 elected by popular vote, one ex officio member - the attorney general, one appointed to represent Banaba, and one other; members serve four-year terms) elections: first round elections last held 29 November 2002; second round elections held 6 December 2002 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - BTK 17, MTM 16, independents 7, other 2 (includes attorney general) note: new legislative elections were held in two rounds - the first round on 9 May 2003 and the second round on 14 May 2003

Korea, North unicameral Supreme People's Assembly or Ch'oego Inmin Hoeui (687 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 3 August 2003 (next to be held in August 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; the KWP approves a list of candidates who are elected without opposition; some seats are held by minor parties

Korea, South unicameral National Assembly or Kukhoe (273 seats total - 227 elected by direct, popular vote; members serve four-year terms); note - beginning in 2004, all members will be directly elected; possible redistricting before 2004 may affect the number of seats in the National Assembly elections: last held 13 April 2000 (next to be held NA April 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - GNP 133, MDP 115, ULD 17, other 8; note - the distribution of seats as of April 2003 was: GNP 153, MDP 101, ULD 11, DPP 1, PPR 1, independents 5; one seat vacant

Kuwait unicameral National Assembly or Majlis al-Umma (50 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 6 July 2003 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Islamists 21, government supporters 14, liberals 3, and independents 12; note - all cabinet ministers are also ex officio members of the National Assembly

Kyrgyzstan bicameral Supreme Council or Zhogorku Kenesh consists of the Assembly of People's Representatives (70 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Legislative Assembly (35 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Assembly of People's Representatives - last held 20 February and 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA February 2005); Legislative Assembly - last held 20 February and 12 March 2000 (next to be held NA February 2005) election results: Assembly of People's Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; and Legislative Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; note - total seats by party in the Supreme Council were as follows: Union of Democratic Forces 12, Communists 6, My Country Party of Action 4, independents 73, other 10 note: the legislature became bicameral for the 5 February 1995 elections; the 2000 election results include both the Assembly of People's Representatives and the Legislative Assembly

Laos unicameral National Assembly (109 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms; note - total number of seats increased from 99 to 109 for the 2002 election) elections: last held 24 February 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - LPRP or LPRP-approved (independent, non-party members) 109

Latvia unicameral Parliament or Saeima (100 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 5 October 2002 (next to be held NA October 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - New Era 23.9%, PCTVL 18.9%, People's Party 16.7%, ZZS 9.5%, First Party 7.6%, LNNK 5.4%; seats by party - New Era 26, PCTVL 24, People's Party 21, ZZS 12, First Party 10, LNNK 7

Lebanon unicameral National Assembly or Majlis Alnuwab (Arabic) or Assemblee Nationale (French) (128 seats; members elected by popular vote on the basis of sectarian proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 August and 3 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - Muslim 57% (of which Sunni 25%, Sh'ite 25%, Druze 6%, Alawite less than 1%), Christian 43% (of which Maronite 23%); seats by party - Muslim 64 (of which Sunni 27, Sh'ite 27, Druze 8, Alawite 2), Christian 64 (of which Maronite 34)

Lesotho bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (33 members - 22 principal chiefs and 11 other members appointed by the ruling party) and the Assembly (120 seats, 80 by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms); note - number of seats in the Assembly rose from 80 to 120 in the May 2002 election elections: last held 25 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - LCD 54%, BNP 21%, LPC 7%, other 18%; seats by party - LCD 76, BNP 21, LPC 5, other 18

Liberia bicameral National Assembly consists of the Senate (26 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve nine-year terms) and the House of Representatives (64 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held NA 2006); House of Representatives - last held 19 July 1997 (next to be held 14 October 2003) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 21, UP 3, ALCOP 2; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 49, UP 7, ALCOP 3, Alliance of Political Parties 2, UPP 2, LPP 1

Libya unicameral General People's Congress (NA seats; members elected indirectly through a hierarchy of people's committees)

Liechtenstein unicameral Parliament or Landtag (25 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote under proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 11 February 2001 (next to be held by NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - FBP 49.90%, VU 41.35%, FL 8.71%; seats by party - FBP 13, VU 11, FL 1

Lithuania unicameral Parliament or Seimas (141 seats, 71 members are directly elected by popular vote, 70 are elected by proportional representation; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 8 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - Social Democratic Coalition 31.1%, New Union-Social Liberals 19.6%, Liberal Union 17.2%, TS 8.6%, remaining parties all less than 5%; seats by faction - Social Democratic Coalition 51, New Union-Social Liberals 25, United Political Group-Group of Liberals 24, Liberal Democrats 13, Conservatives 9, Farmers and New Democracy Parties 8, Mixed Group 6, independent 1 (four seats unfilled as of 1 June 2003) note: the voting results from the 2000 elections do not correspond to the make up of the Seimas, which has evolved into a number of factions, each made up of members of several parties

Luxembourg unicameral Chamber of Deputies or Chambre des Deputes (60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 13 June 1999 (next to be held by June 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - CSV 29.79%, DP 21.58%, LSAP 23.75%, ADR 10.36%, Green Party 9.09%, the Left 3.77%; seats by party - CSV 19, DP 15, LSAP 13, ADR 6, Green Party 5, the Left 2 note: there is also a Council of State that serves as an advisory body to the Chamber of Deputies; the Council of State has 21 members appointed by the Grand Duke on the advice of the prime minister

Macau unicameral Legislative Council or LEGCO (27 seats; 10 elected by popular vote, 10 by indirect vote, and 7 appointed by the chief executive; members serve four-year terms) elections: last held 23 September 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats by political bloc - Entertainment Industry 3, pro-democracy 2, pro-Beijing Labor Union 2, pro-Beijing Neighborhood Association 2, pro-business 1

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of unicameral Assembly or Sobranie (120 seats - 85 members are elected by popular vote, 35 members come from lists of candidates submitted by parties based on the percentage that a party gains from the overall vote; all serve four-year terms) elections: last held 15 September 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Together for Macedonia coalition (SDSM and LDP) 60, VMRO-DPMNE 33, Democratic Union for Integration 16, Democratic Party of Albanians 7, Party for Democratic Prosperity 2, National Democratic Party 1, Socialist Party of Macedonia 1

Madagascar unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (160 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms); note - the legislature is scheduled to become a bicameral Parliament with the establishment of a Senate; two-thirds of the seats of this Senate will be filled by regional assemblies whose members will be elected by popular vote; the remaining one-third of the seats will be appointed by the president; the total number of seats will be determined by the National Assembly; all members will serve four-year terms elections: National Assembly - last held 15 December 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - TIM 103, FP 22, AREMA 3, LEADER/Fanilo 2, RPSD 5, others 3, independents 22

Malawi unicameral National Assembly (193 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 15 June 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - UDF 48%, MCP 34%, AFORD 15%, others 3%; seats by party - UDF 96, MCP 61, AFORD 30, others 6

Malaysia bicameral Parliament or Parlimen consists of the Senate or Dewan Negara (69 seats; 43 appointed by the paramount ruler, 26 appointed by the state legislatures) and the House of Representatives or Dewan Rakyat (193 seats; members elected by popular vote weighted toward the rural Malay population to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 29 November 1999 (next must be held by November 2004) election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - BN 56%, other 44%; seats by party - BN 148, PAS 27, DAP 10, Keadilan 5, PBS 3

Maldives unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected by popular vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 20 November 1999 (next to be held NA November 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 42

Mali unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (147 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 July and 28 July 2002 (next to be held NA July 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Hope 2002 coalition 66, ADEMA 51, other 30

Malta unicameral House of Representatives (usually 65 seats; note - additional seats are given to the party with the largest popular vote to ensure a legislative majority; members are elected by popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held by April 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - PN 51.7%, MLP 47.6%, AD 0.7%; seats by party - PN 34, MLP 31

Man, Isle of bicameral Tynwald consists of the Legislative Council (an 11-member body composed of the President of Tynwald, the Lord Bishop of Sodor and Man, a nonvoting attorney general, and 8 others named by the House of Keys) and the House of Keys (24 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Keys - last held 22 November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2006) election results: House of Keys - percent of vote by party - Man Labor Party 17.3%, Alliance for Progressive Government 14.6%; seats by party - Man Labor Party 2, Alliance for Progressive Government 3, independents 19

Marshall Islands unicameral Parliament or Nitijela (33 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 17 November 2003 (next to be held not later than November 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA note: the Council of Chiefs is a 12-member body that advises on matters affecting customary law and practice

Martinique unicameral General Council or Conseil General (45 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Assembly or Conseil Regional (41 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: General Council - last held NA March 2000 (next to be held NA 2006); Regional Assembly - last held on 15 March 1998 (next to be held by March 2004) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - left-wing candidates 13, PPM 11, RPR 6, right-wing candidates 5, PCM 3, UDF 3, PMS 2, independents 2; note - the PPM won a plurality; Regional Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR-UDF 14, MIM 13, PPM 7, left parties 4, PMS 3 note: Martinique elects 2 seats to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 2001 (next to be held September 2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPM 2; Martinique also elects 4 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held, first round - 9 June 2002, second round - 16 June 2002 (next to be held not later than June 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, PS 1, MIM 1, left-wing candidate 1 (candidacy of the left-wing candidate was found invalid by the Constitutional Council; new elections will be called)

Mauritania bicameral legislature consists of the Senate or Majlis al-Shuyukh (56 seats, a part of the seats up for election every two years; members elected by municipal leaders to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly or Majlis al-Watani (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 12 April 2002 (next to be held NA April 2004); National Assembly - last held 19 and 26 October 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRDS 54, RFD 1, UNDD 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - PRDS 79%, RDU 3.5%, UDP 3.5%, AC 5%, UFP 3.5%, FP 1.5%; seats by party - PRDS 64, UDP 3, RDU 3, AC 4, RFD 3, UFP 3, and FP 1

Mauritius unicameral National Assembly (66 seats; 62 elected by popular vote, 4 appointed by the election commission from the losing political parties to give representation to various ethnic minorities; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held on 11 September 2000 (next to be held by September 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - MSM/MMM 52.3%, MLP/PMSD 36.9%, OPR 10.8%; seats by party - MSM/MMM 54, MLP/PMSD 6, OPR 2

Mayotte unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms) elections: last held 7 October 2000 (next to be held NA 2003) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA note: Mayotte elects one member of the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Mayotte also elects one member to the French National Assembly; elections last held 16 June 2002 (next to be held as a special election on NA June 2005); results - percent of vote by party - UMP-RPR 55.08%, UDF 44.92%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1

Mexico bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Union consists of the Senate or Camara de Senadores (128 seats; 96 are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms, and 32 are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote) and the Federal Chamber of Deputies or Camara Federal de Diputados (500 seats; 300 members are directly elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; remaining 200 members are allocated on the basis of each party's popular vote, also for three-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 2 July 2000 for all of the seats (next to be held NA 2006); Chamber of Deputies - last held 6 July 2003 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 60, PAN 46, PRD 15, PVEM 5, PT 1, CD 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRI 224, PAN 153, PRD 95, other 28

Micronesia, Federated States of unicameral Congress (14 seats; members elected by popular vote; four - one elected from each state to serve four-year terms; and 10 - elected from single-member districts delineated by population to serve two-year terms) elections: elections for four-year term seats last held 4 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007); elections for two-year term seats last held 4 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 14

Moldova unicameral Parliament or Parlamentul (101 seats; parties and electoral blocs, as well as independent candidates, elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 25 February 2001 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PCM 50.1%, Braghis Alliance 13.4%, PPCD 8.2%, other parties 28.3%; seats by party - PCM 71, Braghis Alliance 19, PPCD 11

Monaco unicameral National Council or Conseil National (24 seats; 16 members elected by list majority system, 8 by proportional representation; to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 9 February 2003 (next to be held NA February 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UNAM 21, UND 3

Mongolia unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 2 July 2000 (next to be held NA July 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MPRP 72, other 4

Montserrat unicameral Legislative Council (11 seats, 9 popularly elected; members serve five-year terms) note: expanded in 2001 from 7 to 9 elected members with attorney general and financial secretary sitting as ex-officio members elections: last held NA April 2001 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPLM 7, NPP 2 note: in 2001, the Elections Commission instituted a single constituency/voter-at-large system whereby all eligible voters cast ballots for all nine seats of the Legislative Council

Morocco bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Chamber of Counselors (270 seats; members elected indirectly by local councils, professional organizations, and labor syndicates for nine-year terms; one-third of the members are renewed every three years) and a lower house or Chamber of Representatives (325 seats; members elected by popular vote for five-year terms) elections: Chamber of Counselors - last held 15 September 2000 (next to be held NA 2003); Chamber of Representatives - last held 27 September 2002 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: Chamber of Counselors - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - USFP 50, PI 48, PJD 42, RNI 41, MP 27, MNP 18, UC 16, FFD 12, PND 12, PPS 11, UD 10, MDS 7, PSD 6, Al Ahd 5, ADL 4, GSU 3, PML 3, PRD 3, FC 2, PDI 2, PED 2, CNI 1

Mozambique unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (250 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote on a secret ballot to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 3-5 December 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - Frelimo 48.54%, Renamo-UE 38.81%; seats by party - Frelimo 133, Renamo-UE 117 note: Renamo-UE ran as a multiparty coalition; none of the other opposition parties received the 5% required to win parliamentary seats; in September 2000, Renamo-UE member Raul DOMINGOS was expelled from the party; he continues to hold his parliamentary seat as an independent

Namibia bicameral legislature consists of the National Council (26 seats; two members are chosen from each regional council to serve six-year terms) and the National Assembly (72 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: National Council - elections for regional councils, to determine members of the National Council, held 30 November-1 December 1998 (next to be held by December 2004); National Assembly - last held 30 November-1 December 1999 (next to be held by December 2004) election results: National Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SWAPO 21, DTA 4, UDF 1; National Assembly - percent of vote by party - SWAPO 76%, COD 10%, DTA 9%, UDF 3%, MAG 1%, other 1%; seats by party - SWAPO 55, COD 7, DTA 7, UDF 2, MAG 1, note: the National Council is primarily an advisory body

Nauru unicameral Parliament (18 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms) elections: last held 3 May 2003 (next to be held not later than May 2006) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - Nauru First Party 3, independents 15

Nepal

bicameral Parliament consists of the National Council (60 seats; 35 appointed by the House of Representatives, 10 by the king, and 15 elected by an electoral college; one-third of the members elected every two years to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives (205 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Representatives - last held 3 and 17 May 1999 (next election NA) note: Nepal's Parliament was dissolved on 22 May 2002 election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NC 37.3%, CPN/UML 31.6%, NDP 10.4%, NSP 3.2%, Rastriya Jana Morcha 1.4%, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 0.8%, NWPP 0.5%, others 14.8%; seats by party - NC 113, CPN/UML 69, NDP 11, NSP 5, Rastriya Jana Morcha 5, Samyukta Janmorcha Nepal 1, NWPP 1

Netherlands bicameral States General or Staten Generaal consists of the First Chamber or Eerste Kamer (75 seats; members indirectly elected by the country's 12 provincial councils for four-year terms) and the Second Chamber or Tweede Kamer (150 seats; members directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: First Chamber - last held 25 May 2003 (next to be held NA May 2007); Second Chamber - last held 22 January 2003 (next to be held NA January 2007) election results: First Chamber - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - CDA 23, PvdA 19, VVD 15, Green Party 5, Socialist Party 4, D66 3, other 6; Second Chamber - percent of vote by party - CDA 28.6%, PvdA 27.3%, VVD 12.9%, Socialist Party 6.3%, List Pim Fortuyn 5.7%, Green Party 5.1%, D66 4.1%; seats by party - CDA 44, PvdA 42, VVD 28, Socialist Party 9, List Pim Fortuyn 8, Green Party 8, D66 6, other 5

Netherlands Antilles unicameral States or Staten (22 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 18 January 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - FOL 5, PAR 4, PNP 3, PLKP 2, DP-St.M 2, UPB 2, DP 1, MAN 1, PDB 1, WIPM 1 note: the government of Prime Minister Mirna LOUISA-GODETT is a coalition of several parties; current seats by party - PAR 4, PNP 3, FOL 2, MAN 2, UPB 2, DP-St. M 2, PDB 1, SEA 1, WIPM 1, other 4

New Caledonia unicameral Territorial Congress or Congres Territorial (54 seats; members are members of the three Provincial Assemblies or Assemblees Provinciales elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 9 May 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPCR 24, FLNKS 12, UNI 6, FCCI 4, FN 4, Alliance pour la Caledonie 3, LKS 1 note: New Caledonia elects 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held 24 September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; New Caledonia also elects 2 seats to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 and 16 June 2002 (next to be held by June 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP 2

New Zealand unicameral House of Representatives - commonly called Parliament (120 seats; 69 members elected by popular vote in single-member constituencies including 7 Maori constituencies, and 51 proportional seats chosen from party lists, all to serve three-year terms) elections: last held 27 July 2002 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NZLP 52, NP 27, NZFP 13, ACT New Zealand 9, Green Party 9, UF 8, other 2

Nicaragua unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (93 seats; members are elected by proportional representation to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 4 November 2001 (next to be held by November 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Alliance (ruling party - includes PLC, PALI, PLIUN, and PUCA) 46.03%, FSLN 36.55%, PCCN 3.73%, PCN 2.12%, MRS 1.33%; seats by party - Liberal Alliance 42, FSLN 36, PCCN 4, PCN 3, PRONAL 2, MRS 1, PRN 1, PC 1, PLI 1, AU 1, UNO-96 1

Niger unicameral National Assembly (83 seats, members elected by popular vote for five-year terms) elections: last held 24 November 1999 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - MNSD-Nassara 38, CDS-Rahama 17, PNDS-Tarayya 16, RDP-Jama'a 8, ANDPS-Zaman Lahiya 4

Nigeria bicameral National Assembly consists of Senate (107 seats, three from each state and one from the Federal Capital Territory; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and House of Representatives (346 seats, members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held NA 2007); House of Representatives - last held 12 April 2003 (next to be held NA 2007) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDP 53.6%, ANPP 27.9%, AD 9.7%; seats by party - PDP 73, ANPP 28, AD 6; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - PDP 54.5%, ANPP 27.4%, AD 9.3%, other 8.8%; seats by party - PDP 213, ANPP 95, AD 31, other 7; note - two constituencies are not reported

Niue unicameral Legislative Assembly (20 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; six elected from a common roll and 14 are village representatives) elections: last held 21 March 2002 (next to be held in March 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NPP 9, independents 11; note - all 20 seats were reelected

Norfolk Island unicameral Legislative Assembly (9 seats; members elected by electors who have nine equal votes each but only four votes can be given to any one candidate; members serve three-year terms) elections: last held 29 November 2001 (next to be held by December 2004) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9

Northern Mariana Islands bicameral Legislature consists of the Senate (9 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year staggered terms) and the House of Representatives (18 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve two-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 5 November 2001 (next to be held NA November 2003); House of Representatives - last held 1 November 2003 (next to be held NA November 2005) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Republican Party 4, Democratic Party 3, Reform Party 1, independent 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Covenant Party 9, Republican Party 7, Democratic Party 1, independent 1 note: the Northern Mariana Islands does not have a nonvoting delegate in the US Congress; instead, it has an elected official or "resident representative" located in Washington, DC; seats by party - Republican Party 1 (Pedro A. TENORIO)

Norway modified unicameral Parliament or Storting (165 seats; members are elected by popular vote by proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 10 September 2001 (next to be held NA September 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - Labor Party 24.3%, Conservative Party 21.2%, Progress Party 14.6%, Socialist Left Party 12.5%, Christian People's Party 12.4%, Center Party 5.6%, Liberal Party 3.9%, Coastal Party 1.7%, other 3.8%; seats by party - Labor Party 43, Conservative Party 38, Progress Party 26, Socialist Left Party 23, Christian People's Party 22, Center Party 10, Liberal Party 2, Coastal Party 1 note: for certain purposes, the Parliament divides itself into two chambers and elects one-fourth of its membership to an upper house or Lagting

Oman bicameral Majlis Oman consists of an upper chamber or Majlis al-Dawla (48 seats; members appointed by the monarch; has advisory powers only) and a lower chamber or Majlis al-Shura (83 seats; members elected by limited suffrage for three-year term, however, the monarch makes final selections and can negate election results; body has some limited power to propose legislation, but otherwise has only advisory powers) elections: last held 4 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: NA

Pakistan bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (100 seats - formerly 87; members indirectly elected by provincial assemblies to serve four-year terms; and the National Assembly (342 seats - formerly 217; 60 seats represent women; 10 seats represent minorities; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 24 and 27 February 2003 (next to be held by February 2007); National Assembly - last held 10 October 2002 (next to be held by October 2006) election results: Senate results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 40, PPPP 11, MMA 21, MQM/A 6, PML/N 4, NA 3, PML/F 1, PkMAP 2, ANP 2, PPP/S 2, JWP 1, BNP-Awami 1, BNP-Mengal 1, BNM/H 1, independents 4; National Assembly results - percent of votes by party - NA%; seats by party - PML/Q 126, PPPP 81, MMA 63, PML/N 19, MQM/A 17, NA 16, PML/F 5, PML/J 3, PPP/S 2, BNP 1, JWP 1, PAT 1, PML/Z 1, PTI 1, MQM/H 1, PkMAP 1, independents 3

Palau bicameral Parliament or Olbiil Era Kelulau (OEK) consists of the Senate (9 seats; members elected by popular vote on a population basis to serve four-year terms) and the House of Delegates (16 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004); House of Delegates - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held NA November 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 9; House of Delegates - percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 16

Panama unicameral Legislative Assembly or Asamblea Legislativa (71 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 2 May 1999 (next to be held NA May 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PRD 34, PA 18, PDC 5, PS 4, MOLIRENA 3, PLN 3, Democratic Change 2, PRC 1, MORENA 1 note: legislators from outlying rural districts are chosen on a plurality basis while districts located in more populous towns and cities elect multiple legislators by means of a proportion-based formula

Papua New Guinea unicameral National Parliament - sometimes referred to as the House of Assembly (109 seats, 89 elected from open electorates and 20 from provincial electorates; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 15-29 June 2002 and April and May 2003; completed in May 2003 (voting in the Southern Highlands was not completed during the June 2002 election period); next to be held not later than June 2007 election results: percent of vote by party - PPP 15%, Pangu Pati 14%, NA 14%, PDM 8%, PNC 6%, PAP 5%, UP 3%, NP 1%, PUP 1%, independents 33%; seats by party - PPP 16, Pangu Pati 15, NA 15, PDM 9, PNC 7, PAP 5, UP 3, NP 1, PUP 1, independents 37; note - association with political parties is very fluid (2002)

Paraguay bicameral Congress or Congreso consists of the Chamber of Senators or Camara de Senadores (45 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camara de Diputados (80 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: Chamber of Senators - last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held NA May 2008); Chamber of Deputies - last held 27 April 2003 (next to be held NA May 2008) election results: Chamber of Senators - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Colorado Party 16, PLRA 12, UNACE 7, MPQ 7, PPS 2, PEN 1; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Colorado Party 37, PLRA 21, UNACE 10, MPQ 10, PPS 2

Peru unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 8 April 2001 (next to be held 9 April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - Peru Posible 26.3%, APRA 19.7%, Unidad Nacional 13.8%, FIM 11.0%, others 29.2%; seats by party - Peru Posible 47, APRA 28, Unidad Nacional 17, FIM 11, others 17

Philippines bicameral Congress or Kongreso consists of the Senate or Senado (24 seats - one-half elected every three years; members elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) and the House of Representatives or Kapulungan Ng Mga Kinatawan (214 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve three-year terms; note - additional members may be appointed by the president but the Constitution prohibits the House of Representatives from having more than 250 members) elections: Senate - last held 14 May 2001 (next to be held 16 May 2004); House of Representatives - elections last held 14 May 2001 (next to be held 16 May 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Lakas 13, PDP-Laban/LDP 11; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - Lakas 86, NPC 51, LDP 21, LP 20, independents 10, other 26

Pitcairn Islands unicameral Island Council (10 seats - 6 elected by popular vote, 1 appointed by the 6 elected members, 2 appointed by the governor, and 1 seat for the Island Secretary; members serve one-year terms) elections: last held NA December 2002 (next to be held NA December 2003) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - all independents

Poland bicameral National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe consists of the Sejm (460 seats; members are elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) and the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members are elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms) elections: Sejm elections last held 23 September 2001 (next to be held by September 2005); Senate - last held 23 September 2001 (next to be held by September 2005) election results: Sejm - percent of vote by party - SLD-UP 41%, PO 12.7%, Samoobrona 10.2%, PiS 9.5%, PSL 9%, LPR 7.9%, AWSP 5.6% UW 3.1%, other 1%; seats by party (as of 25 April 2003) - SLD 193, PO 57, Samoobrona 39, PiS 43, PSL 39, LPR 28, UP 16, SKL 8, PLD 6, PBL 5, RKN 5, PP 3, ROP 3, German minorities 2, independents 13; note - SLD and UP ran together on electoral lists in the 2001 elections, but constitute separate parliamentary clubs in the Sejm; several other deputies have left their parties and set up other parliamentary factions; Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SLD-UP 75, AWSP (an electoral alliance of some 36 parties) 15, PSL 4, Samoobrona 2, LPR 2, independents 2 note: two seats are assigned to ethnic minority parties

Portugal unicameral Assembly of the Republic or Assembleia da Republica (230 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 17 March 2002 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - PSD 40.1%, PS 37.8%, PP 8.7%, PCP/PEV 6.9%, The Left Bloc 2.7%; seats by party - PSD 105, PS 96, PP 14, PCP/PEV 12, The Left Bloc 3

Puerto Rico bicameral Legislative Assembly consists of the Senate (28 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) and the House of Representatives (51 seats; members are directly elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 2 November 2004); House of Representatives - last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 2 November 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPD 19, PNP 8, PIP 1; House of Representatives - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PPD 30, PNP 20, PIP 1 note: Puerto Rico elects, by popular vote, a resident commissioner to serve a four-year term as a nonvoting representative in the US House of Representatives; aside from not voting on the House floor, he enjoys all the rights of a member of Congress; elections last held 7 November 2000 (next to be held 2 November 2004); results - percent of vote by party - PPD 49.3%; seats by party - PPD 1; Anibal ACEVEDO-VILA elected resident commissioner

Qatar unicameral Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura (35 seats; members appointed) note: no legislative elections have been held since 1970 when there were partial elections to the body; Council members have had their terms extended every four years since; the new constitution provides for a 45-member Consultative Council, or Majlis al-Shura; the public would elect two-thirds of the Majlis al-Shura; the amir would appoint the remaining members

Reunion unicameral General Council (49 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) and a unicameral Regional Council (45 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: General Council - last held 15 and 22 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004); Regional Council - last held 15 March 1998 (next to be held NA 2004) election results: General Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - various right-wing candidates 13, PCR 10, PS 10, UDF 8, RPR 6, other left-wing candidates 2; Regional Council - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PCR 19, UDF 9, RPR 8, various right-wing candidates 4, various left-wing candidates 5 note: Reunion elects three representatives to the French Senate; elections last held NA 2001 (next to be held NA 2006); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - NA; Reunion also elects five deputies to the French National Assembly; elections last held 9 June-16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UMP-RPR 1, UMP 1, PCR 1

Romania bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (140 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Adunarea Deputatilor (345 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote on a proportional representation basis to serve four-year terms) elections: Senate - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004); Chamber of Deputies - last held 26 November 2000 (next to be held in the fall of 2004) election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 37.1%, PRM 21.0%, PD 7.6%, PNL 7.5%, UDMR 6.9%; seats by party - PSD 65, PRM 36, PNL 13, UDMR 12, PD 9, independents 5; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PDSR (now PSD) 36.6%, PRM 19.5%, PD 7.0%, PNL, 6.9%, UDMR 6.8%; seats by party - PSD 171, PRM 69, PD 29, PNL 27, UDMR 27, ethnic minorities 18, independents 4

Russia bicameral Federal Assembly or Federalnoye Sobraniye consists of the Federation Council or Sovet Federatsii (178 seats; as of July 2000, members appointed by the top executive and legislative officials in each of the 89 federal administrative units - oblasts, krays, republics, autonomous okrugs and oblasts, and the federal cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg; members serve four-year terms) and the State Duma or Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 seats; 225 seats elected by proportional representation from party lists winning at least 5% of the vote, and 225 seats from single-member constituencies; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: State Duma - last held 7 December 2003 (next to be held NA December 2007) election results: State Duma - percent of vote received by parties clearing the 5% threshold entitling them to a proportional share of the 225 party list seats - United Russia 37.1%, KPRF 12.7%, LDPR 11.6%, Motherland 9.1%; seats by party - United Russia 222, KPRF 53, LDPR 38, Motherland 37, People's Party 19, Yabloko 4, Union of Rightist Forces 2, other 7, independents 65, repeat election required 3

Rwanda unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (53 seats; members elected by direct vote) elections: last held 29 September 2003 (next to be held NA) election results: seats by party under the Arusha peace accord - FPR 40, PSD 7, PL 6

Saint Helena unicameral Legislative Council (16 seats, including the speaker, 3 ex officio and 12 elected members; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 27 June 2001 (next to be held NA June 2005) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 15

Saint Kitts and Nevis unicameral National Assembly (14 seats, 3 appointed and 11 popularly elected from single-member constituencies; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 6 March 2000 (next to be held by July 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SKNLP 8, CCM 2, NRP 1

Saint Lucia bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (11 seats; six members appointed on the advice of the prime minister, three on the advice of the leader of the opposition, and two after consultation with religious, economic, and social groups) and the House of Assembly (17 seats; members are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms) elections: House of Assembly - last held 3 December 2001 (next to be held NA December 2006) election results: House of Assembly - percent of vote by party - SLP 55%, UWP 37%, NA 3.5%; seats by party - SLP 14, UWP 3

Saint Pierre and Miquelon unicameral General Council or Conseil General (19 seats - 15 from Saint Pierre and 4 from Miquelon; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year terms) elections: elections last held 19 and 26 March 2000 (next to be held NA April 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - PS 12, PRG 2, UDF-RPR 5 note: Saint Pierre and Miquelon elect 1 seat to the French Senate; elections last held NA September 1995 (next to be held NA September 2004); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - RPR 1; Saint Pierre and Miquelon also elects 1 seat to the French National Assembly; elections last held, first round - 9 June 2002, second round - 16 June 2002 (next to be held NA 2007); results - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - UDF 1

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines unicameral House of Assembly (21 seats, 15 elected representatives and 6 appointed senators; representatives are elected by popular vote from single-member constituencies to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 28 March 2001 (next to be held by March 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - ULP 12, NDP 3

Samoa unicameral Legislative Assembly or Fono (49 seats - 47 elected by voters affiliated with traditional village-based electoral districts, 2 elected by independent, mostly Eurasian, voters who cannot, (or choose not to) establish a village affiliation; only chiefs (matai) may stand for election to the Fono; members serve five-year terms) elections: election last held 3 March 2001 (next election to be held not later than March 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - HRPP 30, SNDP 13, independents 6

San Marino unicameral Grand and General Council or Consiglio Grande e Generale (60 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) elections: last held 10 June 2001 (next to be held by June 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - PDCS 41.4%, PSS 24.2%, PD 20.8%, APDS 8.2%, RC 3.4%, AN 1.9%; seats by party - PDCS 25, PSS 15, PD 12, APDS 5, RC 2, AN 1

Sao Tome and Principe unicameral National Assembly or Assembleia Nacional (55 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 3 March 2002 (next to be held NA March 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - MLSTP 39.6%, Force for Change Democratic Movement 39.4%, Ue-Kedadji coalition 16.2%; seats by party - MLSTP 24, Force for Change Democratic Movement 23, Ue-Kedadji coalition 8

Saudi Arabia Consultative Council or Majlis al-Shura (120 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms)

Senegal unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (120 seats; members are elected by direct, popular vote to serve five-year terms) note: the former National Assembly, dissolved in the spring of 2001, had 140 seats elections: last held 29 April 2001 (next to be held NA 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - SOPI Coalition 89, AFP 11, PS 10, other 10

Serbia and Montenegro unicameral Parliament (126 seats - 91 Serbian, 35 Montenegrin - filled by nominees of the two state parliaments for the first two years, after which the president will call for public elections elections: last held 25 February 2003 (next to be held NA 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by party - DOS 37, DLECG 19, DSS 17, ZP 14, SPS 12, SRS 8, SDP 5, SSJ 5, other 9

Seychelles unicameral National Assembly or Assemblee Nationale (34 seats - 25 elected by popular vote, 9 allocated on a proportional basis to parties winning at least 10% of the vote; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 4-6 December 2002 (next held by 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - SPPF 54.3%, SNP 42.6%, DP 3.1%; seats by party - SPPF 23, SNP 11 note: the 9 awarded seats are apportioned according to the percentage that each party won of the total vote

Sierra Leone unicameral Parliament (124 seats - 112 elected by popular vote, 12 filled by paramount chiefs elected in separate elections; members serve five-year terms) elections: last held 14 May 2002 (next to be held NA May 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - SLPP 70.06%, APC 22.35%, PLP 3%, others 4.59%; seats by party - SLPP 83, APC 27, PLP 2

Singapore unicameral Parliament (84 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms); note - in addition, there are up to nine nominated members; the losing opposition candidate who came closest to winning a seat may be appointed as a "nonconstituency" member elections: last held 3 November 2001 (next to be held 25 June 2007) election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 75.3% (in contested constituencies), other 24.7%; seats by party - PAP 82, WP 1, SDA 1

Slovakia unicameral National Council of the Slovak Republic or Narodna Rada Slovenskej Republiky (150 seats; members are elected on the basis of proportional representation to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 20-21 September 2002 (next to be held NA September 2006) election results: percent of vote by party - HZDS-LS 19.5%, SDKU 15.1%, SMER 13.5%, SMK 11.2%, KDH 8.3%, ANO 8%, KSS 6.3%; seats by party - governing coalition 78 (SDKU 28, SMK 20, KDH 15, ANO 15), opposition 72 (HZDS 36, SMER 25, KSS 11) (as of February 2003, 12 deputies had split from HZDS and formed an independent faction)

Slovenia unicameral National Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats, 40 are directly elected and 50 are selected on a proportional basis; note - the numbers of directly elected and proportionally elected seats varies with each election; members are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: National Assembly - last held 15 October 2000 (next to be held NA October 2004) election results: percent of vote by party - LDS 36%, SDS 16%, ZLSD 12%, SLS/SKD 10%, NSi 9%, SMS 4%, SNS 4%, DeSUS 5%, other 4%; seats by party - LDS 34, SDS 13, ZLSD 11, SLS 10, NSi 8, SMS 4, SNS 4, DeSUS 4, Hungarian and Italian minorities 1 each note: the National Council or Drzavni Svet is an advisory body with limited legislative powers; it may propose laws and ask to review any National Assembly decisions; in the election of November 1997, 40 members were elected to represent local, professional, and socioeconomic interests

Solomon Islands unicameral National Parliament (50 seats; members elected from single-member constituencies by popular vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 5 December 2001 (next to be held not later than December 2005) election results: percent of vote by party - PAP 40%, SIACC 40%, PPP 20%; seats by party - PAP 16, SIACC 13, PPP 2, SILP 1, independents 18

Somalia unicameral National Assembly note: fledgling parliament; a transitional 245-member National Assembly began to meet on 13 August 2000 in the town of Arta, Djibouti and is now based in Mogadishu