Considerations on Keeping Negroes

Part 1

CONSIDERATIONS

On the of

Recommended to the of of every

By

Printed and Sold by in Church-Alley. 1754.

CUSTOMS generally approved, and Opinions received by Youth from their Superiors, become like the natural Produce of a Soil, epecially when they are uited to favourite Inclinations: But as the Judgments of God are without Partiality, by which the State of the Soul mut be tried, it would be the highet Widom to forego Cutoms and popular Opinions, and try the Treaures of the Soul by the infallible Standard Truth.

Naturat Affection needs a careful Examination: Operating upon us in a oft Manner, it kindles Deires of Love and Tendernes, and there is Danger of taking it for omething higher. To me it appears an Intinct like that which inferior Creatures have; each of them, we ee, by the Ties of Nature, love Self bet; that which is a Part of Self they love by the ame Tie or Intinct. In them it in ome Meaure does the Offices of Reaon, by which, among other Things, they watchfully keep, and orderly feed their helples Offspring, Thus Natural Affection appears to be a Branch of Self-love, good in the Animal Race, in us likewie, with proper Limitations; but otherwie is productive of Evil, by exciting Deires to promote ome by Means prejudicial to others.

Our Bleed Saviour eems to give a Check to this irregular Fondnes in Nature, and, at the ame Time, a Preident for us: Who is my Mother, and who are my Brethren? Thereby intimating, that the earthly Ties of Relationhip, ares comparatively, inconiderable to uch who, thro' a teady Coure of Obedience, have come to the happy Experience of the Spirit of God bearing witnes with their Spirits that they are his Children:—And he tretched forth his Hands towards his Diciples, and aid, Behold my Mother and my Brethren: For whooever hall do the Will of my Father which is in Heaven (arrives at the more noble Part of true Relationhip) the ame is my Brother, and Siter, and Mother, Mat. xii. 48.

This Doctrine agrees well with a State truly compleat, where Love necearily operates according to the Agreeablenes of Things on Principles unalterable and in themelves perfect.

If endeavouring to have my Children eminent amongt Men after my Death, be that which no Reaons grounded on thoe Principles can be brought to upport; then to be temperate in my Puruit after Gain, and to keep always within the Bounds of thoe Principles, is an indipenable Duty, and to depart from it, a dark unfruitful Toil.

In our preent Condition, to love our Children is needful; but except this Love proceeds from the true heavenly Principle which ees beyond earthly Treaures, it will rather be injurious than of any real Advantage to them: Where the Fountain is corrupt, the Streams mut necearily be impure.

That important Injunction of our Savior, Mat. vi. 33. with the Promie annexed, contains a hort but comprehenive View of our Duty and Happines:—If then the Buines of Mankind in this Life, is to firt eek another; if this cannot be done, but by attending to the Means; if a Summary of the Means is, Not to do that to another which, in like Circumtances, we would not have done unto us, then thee are Points of Moment, and worthy of our mot erious Conideration.

What I write on this Subject is with Reluctance, and the Hints given are in as general Terms as my Concern would allow: I know it is a Point about which in all its Branches Men that appear to aim well are not generally agreed, and for that Reaon I choe to avoid being very particular:—If I may happily have let drop any Thing that may excite uch as are concerned in.the Practice to a cloe Thinking on the Subject treated of, the Candid amongt them may eaily do the Subject uch further Jutice, as, on an impartial Enquiry, it may appear to deerve; and uch an Enquiry I would earnetly recommend.

CONSIDERATIONS

On the of

Foramuch as ye did it to the leat of thee my Brethren, ye did it unto me, Matt. xxv. 40.

AS Many Times, there are different Motives to the ame Actions; and one does that from a generous Heart, which another does for elfi Ends:—The like may be aid in this Cae.

There are various Circumtances amongt them that keep Negroes, and dif- ferent Ways by which they fall under their Care; and, I doubt not, there are many well dipoed Perons amongt them who deire rather to manage wiely and jutly in this difficult Matter, than to make Gain of it.

But the general Diadvantage which thee poor Africans lie under in an enlight'ned Chritian Country, having often fill'd me with real Sadnes, and been like undigeted Matter on my Mind, I now think it my Duty, through Divine Aid, to offer ome Thoughts thereon to the Conideration of others.

When we remember that all Nations are of one Blood, Gen. iii. 20. that in this World we are but Sojourners, that we are ubject to the like Afflictions and Infirmities of Body, the like Diorders and Frailties in Mind, the like Temptations, the ame Death, and the ame Judgment, and, that the Alwie Being is Judge and Lord over us all, it eems to raie an Idea of a general Brotherhood, and a Dipoition eay to be touched with a Feeling of each others Aflictions: But when we forget thoe Things, and look chiefly at our outward Circum- tances, in this and ome Ages pat, contantly retaining in our Minds the Ditinction betwixt us and them, with repect to our Knowledge and Improvement in Things divine, natural and artificial, our Breats being apt to be filled with fond Notions of Superiority, there is Danger of erring in our Conduct toward them.

We allow them to be of the ame Species with ourelves, the Odds is, we are in a higher Station, and enjoy greater Favours than they: And when it is thus, that our heavenly Father endoweth ome of his Children with ditinguihed Gifts, they are intended for good Ends; but if thoe thus gifted are thereby lifted up above their Brethren, not conidering themelves as Debtors to the Weak, nor behaving themelves as faithful Stewards, none who judge impartially can uppoe them free from Ingratitude.

When a People dwell under the liberal Ditribution of Favours from Heaven, if it behoves them carefully to inpect their Ways, and conider the Purpoes for which thee Favours were betowed, let, through Forgetfulnes of God, and Miuing his Gifts, they incur his heavy Dipleature, whoe Judgments are jut and equal, who exalteth and humbleth to the Dut as he eeth meet.

It appears by Holy Record that Men under high Favours have been apt to err in their Opinions concerning others. Thus Irael, according to the Decription of the Prophet, Iai. lxv. 5. when exceedingly corrupted and degenerated, yet remembred they were the choen People of God and could ay, Stand by thyelf, come not near me, for I am holier than thou. That this was no chance Language, but their common Opinion of other People, more fully appears by conidering the Circumtances which attended when God was beginning to fulfil his precious Promies concerning the Gathering of the Gentiles.

The Mot High, in a Viion, undeceived Peter, firt prepared his Heart to believe; and, at the Houe of Cornelius, hewed him of a Certainty that God was no Repector of Perons.

The Effuion of the Holy Ghot upon a People with whom they, the Jewih Chritians, would not o much as eat, was trange to them: All they of the Circumciion were atonihed to ee it; and the Apotles and Brethren of Judea contended with Peter about it, till he, having reheared the whole Matter, and fully hewn that the Father’s Love was unlimited, they are thereat truck with Admiration, and cry out; Then hath God alo to the Gentiles granted Repentance unto Life!

The Opinion of peculiar Favours being confined to them, was deeply rooted, or ele the above Intance had been les trange to them, for thee Reaons: Firt, ‘They were generally acquainted with the Writings of the Prophets, by whom this Time was repeatedly poken of, and pointed at. Secondly, Our Bleed Lord hortly before exprely aid, I have other Sheep, not of this Fold, them alo mut I bring, &c. Latly, His Words to them after his Reurrection, at the very Time of his Acention, Ye hall be Witnees to me, not only in Jerualem, Judea, and Samaria, but to the uttermot Parts of the Earth.

Those concuring Circumtances, one would think, might have raied a trong Expectation of eeing uch a Time; yet, when it came, it proved Matter of Offence and Atonihment.

To conider Mankind otherwie than Brethren, to think Favours are peculiar to one Nation, and exclude others, plainly uppoes a Darknes in the Undertanding: For as God's Love ts univeral, o where the Mind is ufficiently influenced by it, it begets a Likenes of itelf, and the Heart is enlarged towards all Men. Again, to conclude a People froward, pervere, and wore by Nature than others (who ungratefully receive Favours, and apply them to bad Ends) this will excite a Behaviour toward them unbecoming the Excellence of true Religion.

To prevent uch Error, let us calmly conider their Circumtance; and, the better to do it, make their Cae ours. Suppoe, then, that our Ancetors and we had been expoed to contant Servitude in the more ervile and inferior Employments of Life; that we had been detitute of the Help of Reading and good Company; that amongt ourelves we had had few wie and pious Intructors; that the Religious amongt our Superiors eldom took Notice of us; that while others, in Eae, have plentifully heap'd up the Fruit of our Labour, we had receiv'd barely enough to relieve Nature, and being wholly at the Command of others, had generally been treated as a contemptible, ignorant Part of Mankind: Should we, in that Cae, be les abject than they now are? Again, If Oppreion be o hard to bear, that a wie Man is made mad by it, Eccl. vii. 7. then a Series of thoe Things altering the Behaviour and Manners of a People, is what may reaonably be expected.

When our Property is taken contrary to our Mind, by Means appearing to us unjut, it is only through divine Influence, and the Enlargement of Heart from thence proceeding, that we can love our | reputed Oppreors: lf the Negroes fall hort in this, an uneay, if not a diconolate Dipoition, will be awak'ned, and remain like Seeds in their Minds, producing Sloth and many other Habits appearing odious to us, with which being free Men, they, perhaps, had not been chargeable. Thee, and other Circum- tances, rightly conidered, will leen that too great Diparity, which ome make between us and them.

Integrity of Heart hath appeared in ome of them; o that if we continue in the Word of Chrit (previous to Diciplehip, John viii. 31.) and our Conduct towards them be eaoned with his Love, we may hope to ee the good Effect of it: The which, in a good Degree, is the Cae with ome into whoe Hands they have fallen: But that too many treat them otherwie, not eeming concious of any Neglect, is, alas! too evident.

When Self-love preides in our Minds, our Opinions are bias'd in our own Favour; in this Condition, being concerned with a People o ituated, that they have no Voice to plead their own Caue, there’s Danger of uing ourelves to an unditurbed Partiality, till, by long Cutom, the Mind becomes reconciled with it, and the Judgment itelf infected.

To humbly apply to God for Widom, that we may thereby be enabled to ee Things as they are, and ought to be, is very needful; hereby the hidden Things of Darknes may be brought to light, and the Judgment made clear: We hall then conider Mankind as Brethren: Though different Degrees and a Variety of Qualifications and Abilities, one dependant on another, be admitted, yet high Thoughts will be laid aide, and all Men treated as becometh the Sons of one Father, agreeable to the Doctrine of Chrit Jeus.

"He hath laid down the bet Criterion, by which Mankind ought to judge of their own Conduct, and others judge for them of theirs, one towards another, viz. Whatoever ye would that Men hould do unto you, do ye even o to them. I take it, that all Men by Nature; are equally entituled to the Equity of this Rule, and under the indipenable Obligations of it. One Man ought not to look upon another Man, or Society of Men, as o far beneath him, but that he hould put himelf in their Place, in all his Actions towards them, and bring all to this Tet, viz. How hould I approve of this Conduct, were I in the Circumtance and they in mine? A. Arcots Coniderations, Part III. Fol. 107.

This Doctrine being of a moral unchangeable Nature, hath been likewie inculcated in the former Dipenation; If a Stranger ojourn with thee in your Land, ye hall not vex him; but the Stranger that dwelleth with you, hall be as One born amongt you, and thou halt love him as thyelf. Lev. xix. 33, 34. Had thee People come voluntarily and dwelt amongt us, to have called them Strangers would be proper; and their being brought by Force, with Regret, and a languihing Mind, may well raie Compaion in a Heart rightly dipoed: But there is Nothing in uch Treatment, which upon a wie and judicious Conideration, will any Ways leen, their Right of being treated as Strangers. If the Treatment which many of them meet with, be rightly examined and compared with thoe Precepts, Thou halt not vex him nor oppres him; he hall be as one born amongt yott, and thou halt love him as thyelf, Lev. xix. 33. Deut. xxvii. 19. there will appear an important Difference betwixt them.

It may be objected there is Cot of Purchae, and Rique of their Lives to them who poes 'em, and therefore needful that they make the bet Ue of their Time: In a Practice jut and reaonable, uch Objections may have Weight; but if the Work be wrong from the Beginning, there’s little or no Force in them. If I purchae a Man who hath never forfeited his Liberty, the natural Right of Freedom is in him; and hall I keep him and his Poterity in Servitude and Ignorance? "How hould I approve of this Conduct, were I in his Circumtances, and he in mine? It may be thought, that to treat them as we would willingly be treated, our Gain by them would be inconiderable: And it were, in divers Repects, better that there were none in our Country.

We may further conider, that they are now amongt us, and thoe of our Nation the Caue of their being here; that whatoever Difficulty accrues thereon, we are jutly chargeable with, and to bear all Inconveniencies attending it, with a erious and weighty Concern of Mind to do our Duty by them, is the bet we can do. To eek a Remedy by continuing the Oppreion, becaue we have Power to do it, and ee others do it, will, I apprehend, not be doing as we woutd be done by.

How deeply oever Men are involved in the mot exquiite Difficulties, Sincerity of Heart, and upright Walking before God, freely ubmitting to his Providence, is the mot ure Remedy: He only is able to relieve, not only Perons, but Nations, in their greatet Calamities.

David, in a great Strait, when the Sene of his pat Error, and the full Expectation of an impending Calamity, as the Reward of it, were united to the agravating his Ditres, after ome Deliberation, aith, Let me fall now into the Hands of the Lord, for very great are his Mercies; let me not fall into the Hand of Man, 1 Chron. xxi. 13.

To act continually with Integrity of Heart, above all narrow or elfih Motives, is a ure Token of our being Partakers of that Salvation which God hath appointed for Walls and Bulwarks, Ia. v. 26. Rom. xv. 8. and is, beyond all Contradiction, a more happy Situation than can ever be promied by the utmot Reach of Art and Power united, not proceeding from heavenly Widom.

A Supply to Nature's lawful Wants, joined with a peaceful, humble Mind, is the truet Happines in this Life; and if here we arrive to this, and remain to walk in the Path of the Jut, our Cae will be truly happy: And though herein we may part with, or mis of ome glaring Shews of Riches, and leave our Children little ele but wie Intructions, a good Example, and the Knowledge of ome honet Employment, thee, with the Bleing of Providence, are ufficient for their Happines, and are more likely to prove o, then laying up Treaures for them, which are often rather a Snare, than any real Benefit; epecially to them, who, intead of being exampled to Temperance, are in all Things taught to prefer the getting of Riches, and to eye the temporal Ditinctions they give, as the principal Buines of this Life. Thee readily overlook the true Happines of Man, as it reults from the Enjoyment of all Things in the Fear of God, and, mierably ubtituting an inferior Good, dangerous in the Acquiring, and uncertain in the Fruition, they are ubject to many Diappointments, and every Sweet carries its Sting.

It is the Concluion of our bleed Lord and his Apotles, as appears by their Lives and Doctrines, that the highet Delights of Sene, or mot pleaing Objects viible, ought ever to be accounted infinitely inferior to that real intellectual Happines uited to Man in his primitive Innocence, and now to be found in true Renovation of Mind; and that the Comforts of our preent Life, the Things mot grateful to us, ought always to be receiv'd with Temperance, and never made the chief Objects of our Deire, Hope, or Love: But that our whole Heart and Affections be principally looking to that City, which hath Foundations, whoe Maker and Builder is God. Did we o improve the Gifts betowed on us, that our Children might have an Education uited to thee Doctrines, and our Example to confirm it, we might rejoice in Hopes of their being Heirs of an Inheritance incorruptible.

This Inheritance, as Chritians, we eteem the mot valuable; and how then can we fail to deire it for our Children? O that we were conitent with ourelves, in puruing Means neceary to obtain it!

It appears, by Experience, that where Children are educated in Fulnes, Eae and Idlenes, evil Habits are more prevalent, than in common amongt uch who are prudently employed in the neceary Affairs of Life: And if Children are not only educated in the Way of o great Temptation, but have alo the Opportunity of lording it over their Fellow Creatures, and being Maters of Men in their Childhood, how can we hope otherwie than that their tender Minds will be poeed with Thoughts too high for them? Which, by Continuance, gaining Strength, will prove, like a low Current, gradually eparating them from (or keeping from Acquaintance with) that Humility and Meeknes in which alone lating Happines can be enjoyed.

Man is born to labour, and Experience abundantly heweth, that it is for our Good: But where the Powerful lay the Burthen on the Inferior, without affording a Chritian Education, and uitable Opportunity of improving the Mind, and a Treatment which we, in their Cae, hould approve, that themelves may live at Eae, and fare umptuouly, and lay up Riches for their Poterity, this eems to contradict the Deign of Providence, and, I doubt, is ometimes the Effect of a perverted Mind: For while the Life of one is made grievous by the Rigour of another, it entails Miery on both.

Amongst the manifold Works of Providence, diplayed in the different Ages of the World, thee which follow (with many others) may afford Intruction.

Abraham was called of God to leave his Country and Kindred, to ojourn amont Strangers: Through Famine, and Danger of Death, he was forced to flee from one Kingdom to another: He, at length, not only had Aurance of being the Father of many Nations, but became a mighty Prince, Gen. xxiii. 6.

Remarkable was the Dealings of God with Jacob in a low Etate, the jut Sene he retained of them after his Advancement, appears by his Words; I am not worthy of the Leat of all thy Mercies, Gen. xxxiil. 10. xlviii. 15.

The numerous Afflictions of Joeph, are very ingular; the particular Providence of God therein, no les manifet: He, at length, became Governor of Egypt, and famous for Widom and Virtue.

The Series of Troubles David paed through, few amongt us are ignorant of; and yet he afterwards became as one of the great Men of the Earth.

Some Evidences of the Divine Widom appears in thoe Things, in that uch who are intended for high Stations, have firt been very low and dejected, that Truth might be ealed on their Hearts, and that the Characters there imprinted by Bitternes and Adverity, might in after Years remain, uggeting compaionate Ideas, and, in their Properity, quicken their Regard to thoe in the like Condition: Which yet further appears in the Cae of Irael: They were well acquainted with grievous Sufferings, a long and rigorous Servitude, then, through many notable Events, were made Chief amongt the Nations: To them we find a Repetition of Precepts to the Purpoe aboveaid: Though, for Ends agreeable to infinite Widom, they were choe as a peculiar People for a Time; yet the Mot High acquaints them, that his Love is not confined, but extends to the Stranger; and, to excite their Compaion, reminds them of Times pat, Ye were Strangers in the Land of Egypt, Deut. x. 19. Again, Thou halt not oppres a Stranger, for ye know the Heart of a Stranger, eeing ye were Strangers in the Land of Egypt, Exod. xxiii. 9.

If we call to Mind our Beginning, ome of us may find a Time, wherein our Fathers were under Afflictions, Reproaches, and manifold Sufferings.

Respecting our Progres in this Land, the Time is hort ince our Beginning was mall and Number few, compared with the native Inhabitants. He that leeps not by Day nor Night, hath watched over us, and kept us as the Apple of his Eye. His Almighty Arm hath been round about us, and aved us from Dangers.

The Wildernes and olitary Dearts in which our Fathers paed the Days of their Pilgrimage, are now turned into pleaant Fields; the Natives are gone from before us, and we etablihed peaceably in the Poeion of the Land, enjoying our civil and religious Liberties; and, while many Parts of the World have groaned under the heavy Calamities of War, our Habitation remains quiet, and our Land fruitful.

When we trace back the Steps we have trodden, and ee how the Lord hath opened a Way in the Wildernes for us, to the Wie it will eaily appear, that all this was not done to be buried in Oblivion; but to prepare a People for more fruitful Returns, and the Remembrance thereof, ought to humble us in Properity, and excite in us a Chritian Benevolence towards our Inferiors.

If we do not conider thee Things aright, but, through a tupid Indolence, conceive Views of Interet, eparate from the general Good of the great Brotherhood, and, in Puruance thereof, treat our Inferiors with Rigour, to increae our Wealth, and gain Riches for our Children, what then hall we do, when God rieth up, and when he viiteth, what hall we Anwer him? Did not he that made Us, make Them, and Did not one Fahion us in the Womb? Job. xxxi. 14.

To our great Mater we tand or fall, to judge or condemn is mot uitable to his Widom and Authority; my Inclination is to peruade, and intreat, and imply give Hints of my Way of Thinking.

If the Chritian Religion be conidered, both repecting its Doctrines, and the happy Influence which it hath on the Minds and Manners of all real Chritians, it looks reaonable to think, that the miraculous Manifetation thereof to the World, is a Kindnes beyond Expreion.

Are we the People thus favoured? Are we they whoe Minds are opened, influenced, and govern'd by the Spirit of Chrit, and thereby made Sons of God? Is it not a fair Concluion, that we, like our heavenly Father, ought, in our Degree, to be active in the ame great Caue, of the Eternal Happines of, at leat, our whole Families, and more, if thereto capacitated?

If we, by the Operation of the Spirit of Chrit, become Heirs with him in the Kingdom of his Father, and are redeemed from the alluring counterfeit Joys of this World, and the Joy of Chrit remain in us, to uppoe that One remaining in this happy Condition, can for the Sake of earthly Riches, not only deprive his Fellow Creatures of the Sweetnes of Freedom (which, rightly ued, is one of the greatet temporal Bleings) but therewith neglect uing proper Means, for their Acquaintance with the Holy Scriptures, and the Advantage of true Religion, eems, at leat, a Contradiction to Reaon.

Whoever rightly advocates the Caue of ome, thereby promotes the Good of all. The State of Mankind was harmonious in the Beginning, and tho' Sin hath introduced Dicord, yet, through the wonderful Love of God, in Chrit Jeus our Lord, the Way is open for our Redemption, and Means appointed to retore us to primitive Harmony. That if one uffer, by the Unfaithfulnes of another, the Mind, the mot noble Part of him that occaions the Dicord, is thereby alienated drom its true and real Happines.

Our Duty and Interet is ineparably united, and when we neglect or miue our Talents, we necearily depart from the heavenly Fellowhip, and are in the Way to the greatet of Evils.

Therefore, to examine and prove ourelves, to find what Harmony the Power preiding in us bears with the Divine Nature, is a Duty not more incumbent and neceary, than it would be beneficial.

In Holy Writ the Divine Being aith of himelf, I am the Lord, which exercie Loving Kindnes, Judgment and Righteounes in the Earth; for in thee Things I delight, aith the Lord, Jer. ix. 24. Again, peaking in the Way of Man, to hew his Compaion to Irael, whole Wickednes had occaioned a Calamity, and then being humbled under it, it is aid, His Soul was grieved for their Mieries, Judg. x. 16. If we conider the Life of our Bleed Saviour when on Earth, as it is recorded by his Followers, we hall find, that one uniform Deire for the eternal, and temporal Good of Mankind, dicovered itelf in all his Actions.

If we oberve Men, both Apotles and others, in many different Ages, who have really come to the Unity of the Spirit, and the Fellowhip of the Saints, there till appears the like Dipoition, and in them the Deire of the real Happines of Mankind, has out-ballanced the Deire of Eae, Liberty, and, many Times, Life itelf.

If upon a true Search, we find that our Natures are o far renewed, that to excrcie Righteounes and Loving Kindnes (according to our Ability) towards all Men, without Repect of Perons, is eay to us, or is our Delight; if our Love be o orderly, and regular, that he who doth the Will of our Father, who is in Heaven, appears in our View, to be our nearet Relation, our Brother, and Siter, and Mothers if this be our Cae, there is a good Foundation to hope, that the Bleing of God will weeten our Treaures during our Stay in this Life, and our Memory be avory, when we are entred into Ret.

To conclude, ’Tis a Truth mot certain, that a Life guided by Widom from above, agreeable with Jutice, Equity, and Mercy, is throughout conitent and amiable, and truly beneficial to Society; the Serenity and Calmnes of Mind in it, affords an unparallel’d Comfort in this Life, and the End of it is bleed.

And, no les true, that they, who in the Midt of high Favours, remain ungrateful, and under all the Advantages that a Chritian can deire, are elfih, earthly, and enual, do mis the true Fountain of Happines, and wander in a Maze of dark Anxiety, where all their Treaures are inufficient to quiet their Minds: Hence, from an inatiable Craving, they neglect doing Good with what they have acquired, and too often add Oppreion to Vanity, that they may compas more,.

O that they were wie, that they undertood this, that they would conider their latter End! Deut. xxxii. 29.

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