State-building and National Militaries in Postcolonial West Africa

Front matter

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Contents

List of Illustrations List of Abbreviations

Introduction Peaceful Decolonization and the Cold War Armed Forces and State-building: The Development of National Militaries in West Africa Sources and Methodology Objectives and Structure of the Book

The Pros and Cons of Neutralism: The Reliance of Guinea and Mali on the Soviet Union

Conclusion

Sovereignty: Strategies to Control Populations and Territories Coopting States: Cóte d'Ivoire and Senegal Coercive States: Guinea and Mali Centralized States: Niger and Upper Volta Conclusion

Legitimacy and Colonial Legacies: The Use of Force and Institutions of Coercion Blood Tax: West African Soldiers in the French Army From ‘Mercenaries’ to a Peoples Armed Force: Military Building in Guinea Relying on France: Continuity in Colonial Structures in Cóte d'Ivoire A Reverence for Warriors: The Postcolonial Importance of Soldiers in Upper Volta Conclusion

107 110

224 232

Contents

Governance: Control and Command of the Armed Forces A Revolutionary Army Eats Itself: The Soviet Model in Guinea and Mali Economic Liberalism vs Multiparty Democracy: Ivorian and Senegalese Decision-making Nigerien and Voltaic Soldiers: Guardians of the Treasury? Conclusion

Conclusion: Legacies of Control Bibliography Index

This title is available under the Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC Funding Body: Swiss National Science Foundation

269 302 335

347 356

Illustrations

Map

Francophone West Africa in 1960

Figures l;

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15. 16.

Cumulative value of arms transfers to francophone West Africa, 1960-1974

Voting similarities at the UN General Assembly, 1960-1974 Economic assistance to francophone West Africa in the 1970s Economic assistance to francophone West Africa in the 1960s French populations in francophone West Africa

Good Governance Index for 1996 and averages for 1996-2019 Economic assistance to francophone West Africa in the 1980s French military assistance, 1960-1968

Major weapons transfers from France

French military assistance (equipment only), 1969-1971

. Arms accumulation, 1960—1974 . GDP PPP per capita constant, 1959-2017 . Government spending as a percentage of GDP, 1960-1974

Soldiers per 10,000 people in francophone West Africa, 1954-2014

GDP PPP per capita, 1959-2017

Foreign aid as a percentage of state spending in francophone West Africa, 1965-2015

Military spending as a percentage of the state budget, 1960-1974 xil

121 139 viii Illustrations

18. Government debt as a percentage of GNI 157 19. Military coups and rulers in francophone West Africa,

1963-2018 236 Tables 1. Major weapons transfers, 1959/60—1974 and French troops in

francophone West Africa, 1962-1972. 56 2. Offical development assistance from France 63 3. Soldiers in colonial and postcolonial francophone West Africa 86 4. Manpower in the security and armed forces in francophone

West Africa, 1961-1975 122-25 5. Allocation of military spending: the army and gendarmerie,

1962-1974 128-29 6. Personnel cost in armed and security forces 129-30 7. French technical assistants in the military in francophone

West Africa, 1961—1975 133-34 8. Territory, borders, population density and soldiers per km? 144 9. Number of recruits and population in francophone West

Africa, 1920-1948 190 10. Civil and political rights during and after the Cold War,

1973-2017 238-39

Full credit details are provided in the captions to the images in the text. The author and publisher are grateful to all the institutions and individuals for permission to reproduce the materials in which they hold copyright. Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders; apologies are offered for any omission, and the publisher will be pleased to add any necessary acknowledgement in subsequent editions.

This title is available under the Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC Funding Body: Swiss National Science Foundation

CMS

Abbreviations

Archives de l'Afrique Occidentale Française (Archives of French West Africa)

Archives Diplomatiques, Côte d'Ivoire (Diplomatic Archives, Cóte d'Ivoire)

Archives Diplomatiques, Cóte d'Ivoire

Centre National des Archives du Burkina Faso (National Archives Centre of Burkina Faso)

Archives Nationales de Guinée (National Archives of Guinea)

Archives Nationales du Niger (National Archives of Niger) Afrique Occidentale Frangaise (French West Africa)

Centre des Archives Diplomatiques de La Courneuve (La Courneuve Diplomatic Archives Centre)

Centre des Archives Diplomatiques de Nantes (Nantes Diplomatic Archives Centre)

Centre d'exploitation du renseignement (Intelligence Exploitation Centre)

West African Franc Central General Records of the Department of State Central Intelligence Agency

Comité Militaire de Libération Nationale (Military Committee of National Liberation)

Conseil Mitaire Supréme (Supreme Military Council)

Direction des Affaires Africaines et Malgaches (Directorate of African and Malagasy Affairs)

French Franc

FFAN

FLNG

FRUS FWA GDP GGI GNI MAE

MF

NARA

ODA

OPEC

PAIGC

PDCI

PDG

PPP

SAM

SDECE

SGDN

SHD

SIPRI

Abbreviations

Fonds Foccart, Archives Nationales (Foccart Collection, National Archives)

Front de Libération Nationale de la Guinée (Front for the National Liberation of Guinea)

Foreign Relations of the United States French West Africa

Gross Domestic Product

Good Governamce Indicator

Gross National Income

Ministère des Affaires Etrangères (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)

Malian Franc

National Archives and Records Administration Official Development Assistance

Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Parti africain pour l'indépendance de la Guinée et du Cap-Vert (African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde)

Parti démocratique de Cóte d'Ivoire (Democratic Party of Cóte d'Ivoire)

Parti démocratique de Guinée (Democratic Party of Guinea)

Purchasing Power Parity

Secrétaire général de l'Élysée aux affaires africaines et malgaches (General Secretary for African and Malagasy Affairs)

Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre- Espionnage (External Documentation and Counter- Espionage Service)

Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (General Secretariat for National Defence)

Service Historique de la Défense (Defence Historical Service)

Stockholm International Peace Research Institute

Abbreviations xi

UDV Union Démocratique Voltaïque (Voltaic Democratic Union) US-RDA Union soudanaise-Rassemblement démocratique africain

(Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally)

This title is available under the Creative Commons licence CC-BY-NC Funding Body: Swiss National Science Foundation

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