At War with Women

Front matter

| MILITARY HUMANITARIANISM AND IMPER FEMINISM IN AN ERA OF PERMANENT WAR

7 JENNIFER GREENBURG:-

~ = SA he ST X

Contents

Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations

Introduction 1. Doctrinal Turning Points in the New Imperial Wars

2. The “Social Work” of War: Techniques and Struggles to Remake Military Labor

Conclusion

Notes Selected Bibliography Index xii

211 243 259

Acknowledgments

Single authorship disguises what is actually a collective endeavor. This book is the product of so much generosity it is impossible to properly acknowledge all of those who shepherded it along. But I will try. The seeds of this project were planted at the University of California, Berkeley, where I was extraordinarily lucky to have Gillian Hart as my mentor. I have yet to meet another person whose sheer intellectual force is matched by their commitment to students. Donald Moore’s kindness, bibliographic recall, and ability to connect scholars to one another led me down personal, political, and intellectual pathways woven together here. Michael Watts and Jake Kosek sponsored a reading group in critical empire studies during the post-9/11 wars that introduced me to Rosa Luxemburg and many of the theories of imperialism I constantly returned to during this research. I would not understand social practice in the same way without Jean Lave.

The Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University provided the most generative space I can imagine to write a book. Heartfelt thanks to Catherine Lutz, whose pathbreaking work in critical military studies and ethnographies of US empire inspired me for so long before her guidance and insight supported this book. I benefited tremendously from a Watson author workshop and will always be grateful for the feedback Deborah Cowen, Catherine Lutz, and David Vine gave to make this a better book. I could not have been more fortunate to discover the brilliance and friendship of Jordan T. Camp and Christina Heatherton while writing this book. Their intellectual generosity and optimism of the will have enriched my work and my life. I thank Cécile Accilien, Jordan T. Camp, Jessica Katzenstein, and Shaina Potts for reading and commenting on various parts of this book before publication and Jacqueline Larson for her superb editorial hand.

Intersecting at Brown with the Costs of War project was a constant reminder of the stakes of researching the post-9/11 wars. I am especially grateful for the interaction I got to have with Catherine Besteman, Neta Crawford, Allegra Harpootlian, Heidi Peltier, Stephanie Savell, and the whole Costs of War team. Thanks also at Brown University to Peter Andreas, Robert Blair, Steven Bloomfield, Beshara Doumani, Claudia Elliot, James Green, Michael Kennedy, Elena Shih, Edward Steinfeld, Debbie Weinstein, and Nicholas Ziegler. For making our work in progress series the generative space it was, I thank Rawan Arar, Narges Bajoghli, Nicholas Barnes, Michelle Jurkovich, Ali Kadivar, Almita Miranda, Duff Morton, x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I benefited from so many panels, opportunities to present work in progress, and other conversations, short and long, while writing this book, including with Javier Arbona, Jenny Baca, Teo Ballvé, Sarah Besky, Lisa Bhungalia, Keith Brown, Joe Bryan, Jen Casolo, Kate Chandler, Erin Collins, Jennifer Devine, Lieba Faier, Jennifer Fluri, Emily Gilbert, Roberto Gonzalez, Hugh Gusterson, Caren Kaplan, Laleh Khalili, Julie Klinger, Sarah Knuth, Shiloh Krupar, Jenna Lloyd, Kenneth MacLeish, Greta Marchesi, Brittany Meché, Andrea Miller, Adam Moore, Diana Negrin, Trevor Paglen, Nomi Stone, and David Szanton. The Haitian Studies Association has been a long-standing source of support and insight, especially the guidance and inspiration of Mark Schuller and Claudine Michel. Thank you to Laurent Dubois, Greg Beckett, Jessica Hsu, Jonathan Katz, Chelsey Kivland, Pierre Minn, Claire Payton, Mamyrah Prosper, and Lynn Selby. Thanks to friends in Haiti and the diaspora whose insights and generosity have informed so much of my thinking along the way. It is painful that many violent factors shaped through US domestic and foreign policies make me fearful to name you here. I am especially grateful to Laura Wagner for her prose and humor and, of course, her creation of the Radio Haiti Archive and to Lindsey Dillon and Beth and Casey Lew-Williams for blending professional guidance and friendship over the years.

At Stanford University, I appreciate being included in conversations at the Center for International Security and Cooperation. For the stability and kindness they facilitated during COVID, thank you to Dayo Mitchell and Parna Sengupta. Iam indebted to my seminar students at Stanford University, whose commitment to a better world energized me. Thank you to the Department of Politics and International Relations at the University of Sheffield for creating a home for critical, feminist, and decolonial approaches to international relations and, now, a home for me.

This book would have been impossible without the willingness of those involved in its social processes to speak openly with me. They necessarily appear under pseudonyms here, but it would be difficult to overstate how much I learned from speaking with the hundreds of military service members, veterans, trainers, contractors, cadets, development workers, governmental officials, interpreters, and advocates who allowed me to spend time with them and taught me to disaggregate “the military” into a much more complex social process. I am indebted to archival and library staff at the US Marine Corps Historical Resources Branch, the National Museum of the Marine Corps, the US Army Women’s Museum, the US National Archives and Records Administration, the Saint-Louis de Gonzague and

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xi

National Libraries in Port-au-Prince, the Special Collections Center at New York University, and interlibrary loan at Brown and Stanford Universities.

Research and writing for At War with Women were made possible through generous financial support from the Association of American Geographers, the National Science Foundation, the Social Science Research Council, Stanford University, the Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs at Brown University, and the Department of Geography and the Graduate Division at the University of California, Berkeley. The University of Sheffield Institutional Open Access Fund made an open access ebook edition freely available. This book is derived in part from an article, “‘Going Back to History’: Haiti and US Military Humanitarian Knowledge Production,” published in Critical Military Studies, 2017, copyright Taylor & Francis, http://www.tandfonline.com/10.1080/23337486 .2017.1313380.

Jim Lance at Cornell University Press provided extraordinary editorial support throughout the process of writing this book. Jim’s enthusiasm for writing, metaphor, and music—and most of all his humanity—was a lifeline during a pandemic publication pipeline. Thanks also at Cornell to Emily Andrew, Clare Jones, and two anonymous reviewers. Thank you to Kristen Bettcher and Mary Kate Murphy and all of their colleagues in production, composition, and marketing.

I do not know how to convey my gratitude to my friends and family who put up with me during a drawn-out and pandemic-interrupted writing and revision process. The warmth of Brown Play School and all the women who watched my kids during these years was a comfort blanket insulating me from how hard academic writing can be. Thanks especially in Rhode Island to Claudine Taylor and family and to Jackie Courtemanche, Melissa Loiselle, and the Freda-Krebs, Rufino, and Sorrenti families. Thank you to Sabine Henry and the Bustos, Brogan-Powell, Erbe-Talbot, Safranek, Skemp-Cupp, Stotts, Terence, Weber, and Zimmer-Kelsey families. I would have never pursued writing without the support of my parents, Deborah Newstat and Steven Greenburg, and my brother, Matthew Greenburg. There is nobody I admire more in this world than my grandmother, Anne Greenburg, to whom this book is dedicated. Thank you, Lisa Greenburg, for adopting my kids; Lisa and Aaron Clyman, for so much laughter; David McCollum, for letting me transform your guest room into an everexpanding pile of books; the Binnings, for expanding my family; and the gaggle of Newstat sisters, for ensuring that I have cousins wherever I go.

It is definitely more fun to write a book than to watch someone else attempt to put words on paper. Thank you, Peter Binnings, for being a true partner through this process. My deepest debt of gratitude is to you and to our children, Leo and Rose.

Abbreviations

ASCOPE

CORDS CST DOD DSF EMSIs FET NGO PMESII PNAC PRT PTSD QDDR S/CRS

SOI SWAT TSCTP UN USAID VA VSO xii areas, structures, capabilities, organizations, people, and events Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support cultural support team

US Department of Defense

District Stability Framework

équipe medico-sociales itinérantes (mobile medical-social teams) female engagement team

nongovernmental organization

political, military, economic, social, information, and infrastructure Project for a New American Century

Provincial Reconstruction Team

post-traumatic stress disorder

Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review

Office of the Coordinator for Reconstruction and Stabilization, US Department of State

source of instability

special weapons and tactics

Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership

United Nations

US Agency for International Development

Veterans Affairs

village stability operation

AT WAR WITH WOMEN