The System of the Inquisition in Medieval Europe

Front matter

GESCHICHTE - ERINNERUNG - POLITIK 36

Pawel Kras

The System of the Inquisition in Medieval Europe

Chapter One Approaches to heresy and heretics from the

1. The early Christian tradition serisinin 25 2. Confronting medieval dissenters 3, Praedicatio:verbi. Det... iesdanse deeper 4. Auctoritas ef Tatio i.e isi etie iieri 111 5. Ordo iuris M—————— sees’ 120 3. Officium inquisitionis - Mendicants and the papal INQUISIGION: icai etre 167 Chapter Three Investigation sean 197 1. Inquisitio haereticae pravitatis cesses 197 2. Modus procedendi since 203 3. Modus inquirendi... ise 212 4. AML CPVOSALOTUG | cusam daft roe nets 233

Table of Contents

Chapter Four Inquisitorial procedure and the written Chapter Fiye Penance unsere 333

2: IMPTISONMENE «aci aneinander 350

4. Penitential symbols sn 364

4. The confiscation of property ss 421

Acknowledgments

The original Polish book was published in 2006 as a result of research carried out between 1998 and 2005. My interest in the comparative history of religious dissent and inquisition in the Middle Ages was closely associated with my doctoral dissertation on Polish Hussites completed in 1997 and published a year later. As a student of history at the Catholic University of Lublin I was introduced to research on medieval heresy by Professor Urszula Borkowska who encouraged me to write an MA paper on the life and teachings of Master Andrzej Gatka of Dobczyn, a Polish follower of John Wyclif’s doctrine at the fifteenth-century University of Cracow. A separate and extensive chapter of my 1998 book was devoted to the anti-heresy investigations of bishops and papal inquisitors against Polish followers of Hussite doctrine.

My first papers delivered in the late 1990s at Polish and international conferences dealt with the papal inquisition in medieval Poland, its installment, operation procedures, and the recruitment of Dominican friars who staffed officium inquisitionis. The conference organised in 2002 by the Istituto storico domenicano in Rome and devoted to the role of the Dominicans in the medieval inquisition gave me a strong stimulus to pursue comparative research on the religious violence and the mechanism of repression against medieval dissidents. A number of outstanding experts in the field participated in this conference which became a platform for an open debate on the origins of the papal inquisition and the activities of Dominican inquisitors all across Christendom. During the 2002 conference I was offered a unique chance to meet such outstanding scholars as Grado G. Merlo, Alexander Patchovsky, Peter Segl, Werner Maleczek, Ludwig Vones, Peter Biller, Michéle Mulchahey, and Nicole Bériou who not only demonstrated much interest in my studies, but also answered some detailed questions related to my research. Participating in the 2002 conference I also met a couple of historians of my age such as Laurent Albaret, Julien Théry, Christine Caldwell and Klaus-Bernward Springer who pursued their early studies on the medieval inquisition. I have profited so much from the friendships I made at that time.

The successful completion of this book would not be possible without scholarships and research visits in various international institutions, both in Europe and North America. In 1998 I spent two months at the Institut für europäische Geschichte in Mainz. A year later thanks to the scholarship of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation I conducted research in the Herzog August

8 Acknowledgments

Bibliothek in Wolfenbüttel. In 2002, through the good offices of Professor Jerzy Ktoczowski, I was invited to work in the Library of the Ecole française de Rome and in the Vatican Library. In the same year, I spent three months at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. In 2003, thanks to the grant awarded by the U.S.-Polish Fulbright Commission, I was able to work in several libraries in the USA. I am very grateful to my colleagues from Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, in particular Professor Paul Szarmach, Director of the Medieval Institute, and Professor James Palmitessa, for everything they did to make my work in the USA so fruitful. I would also like to thank Professor David T. Murphy, Director of the Institute of Medieval and Renaissance Studies at St Louis University, for inviting me to work in the Vatican Film Library in Saint Louis.

First of all I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to Urszula Borkowska, my mentor and friend, who was the first to read the draft of this book. She spent a lot of time reading and discussing fragments of this publication, and its final form was much shaped by her criticism. I am indebted to a number of the foreign scholars who shared with me their extensive knowledge of medieval dissent and inquisition. They also provided me with their publications and source materials. It is hard to mention all of them by name. I am especially indebted to Anne Hudson, Alexander Patschovsky, Peter Segl Richard Kieckhefer, Robert E. Lerner and Christine Caldwell Ames.

As mentioned earlier the present book is an English translation of the Polish study published in 2006 by the John Paul II Catholic University Press. Only some minor changes and corrections have been made. Since 2006 the research on medieval heresy and inquisition has made enormous progress which is wellreflected by several path-breaking books, source editions, and hundreds of papers. This intensive research has shed new light on the rise and dissemination of medieval dissent and the ways it was perceived and tackled by ecclesiastical institutions throughout the Middle Ages. Recent studies have offered new approaches to the study of the concept of heresy, the mechanism of repression of religious dissidents, and the persecuting mentality of churchmen who operated medieval inquisition, both bishops and Mendicant inquisitors. They have also demonstrated the complex process of producing records of heresy trials which remain a key source of knowledge about medieval dissidents and the work of inquisitors. A new book would be required to address recently-raised problems and to discuss these findings, and one day I hope I will be able to produce such a study.

The present English book is published thanks to financial support from the Polish Ministry for Science and Higher Education. I am indebted to Professor Wojciech Kriegseisen, Director of the Tadeusz Manteuffel Institute of History,

Acknowledgments 9

Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, and his deputy, Professor Tomasz Wislicz, for their initiative to produce an English version of my 2006 book. I would like to express my gratitude to Professor Hanna Zaremska for reviewing this book for publication.

I am very grateful to Magdalena Panz-Sochacka for her hard work to translate this book from Polish into English and Professor Stephen Rowell who meticulously proofread the draft of this book. I owe special thanks to my friends James D. Mixson, Lucy Sackville, and Andrew P. Roach who volunteered to read and correct some fragments of the book.

AC

AFP Die Anfänge der Inquisition

BAV

BF

BJ

BOP

Borst, Katharer

BRP

BUWr.

CCCM

CF

The Concept of Heresy

De inquisitione hereticorum

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Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum

Peter Segl (ed.), Die Anfänge der Inquisition im Mittelalter. Mit einem Ausblick auf das 20.

Jahrhundert und einem Beitrag über religiose Toleranz im nichtchristlichen Bereich (Cologne, Weimar, and Vienna, 1993: Beyreuther Historische Kolloquien, 7)

John H. Arnold, Inquisition and Power. Catharism and the Confessing Subject in Medieval Languedoc (Philadelphia, 2001)

Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana

Bullarium Franciscanum

Biblioteka Jagiellonska, Cracow

Bullarium Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum

Arno Borst, Die Katharer (Stuttgart, 1953: Schriften der Monumenta Germaniae Historica, 12)

Bullarum, ^ privilegiorum ac diplomatum Romanorum Pontificum amplissima collectio, 14 vols (Rome, 1739-1744)

Biblioteka Uniwersytetu Wroclawskiego

Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis Cahiers de Fanjeaux

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Wilhelm Preger (ed.), De inquisitione hereticorum.

Der Traktat des David von Augsburg über die Waldensier (Munich, 1878: Abhandlungen der historischen Classe der Kóniglich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 14.2), 204-35.

Directorium

Doat

Documents

Dondaine, “Le manuel”

DTC

Fredericq

Grundmann, Religious Movements

Gui, Le livre des sentences

Directorium Inquisitorum F Nicolai Eymerici Ordinis Praedicatorum cum commentariis Francisci Pegnae (Rome, 1587)

Paris, Bibliothéque nationale de France, Collection Doat

Doctrina do modo procedendi contra haereticos, in Edmond Martène and Ursin Durand (eds), Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, vol. 5: Opuscula (Paris, 1717),1795-1822.

Célestin Douais (ed.), Documents pour servir à l’histoire de l'inquisition dans Languedoc, 2 vols (Paris, 1900)

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Emil Friedberg (ed.), Corpus iuris canonici, 2 vols (Leipzig, 1879-1881)

Paul Fredericq (ed.), Corpus documentorum inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis Neerlandicae, 5 vols (Ghent, 1889-1903)

James B. Given, Inquisition and Medieval Society. Power, Discipline and Resistance in Languedoc (Ithaca and London, 1997) Herbert Grundmann, Religious Movements in the Middle Ages, Introduction Robert E. Lerner, trans. Stephen Rowan (Notre Dame, 1995)

Annette Pales-Gobilliard (ed.), Le livre des sentences de l'inquisiteur Bernard Gui, 1308-1323, 2 vols (Paris, 2002: Sources d'histoire médiévale, 30)

HAB Heresies

Hérésies et sociétés

Heresy and Inquisition

Heresy and Literacy

Inkwizycja papieska

Innocenzo III

LInquisition et pouvoir

Linquisizione

Inventer l'hérésie

JEH Kaeppeli

Bernard Gui, Practica inquisitionis haereticae pravitatis, ed. Célestin Douais (Paris, 1886)

Herzog August Bibliothek, Wolfenbüttel

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John H. Arnold and Peter Biller (eds), Heresy and Inquisition in France, 1200-1300 (Manchester, 2016) Peter Biller and Anne Hudson (eds), Heresy and Literacy, 1000-1530 (Cambridge, 1994, Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature, 23)

Pawel Kras (ed.), Inkwizycja papieska w Europie Srodkowo-Wschodniej (Cracow, 2010: Studia i źródła Dominikańskiego Instytutu Historycznego w Krakowie, 7)

Andrea Sommerlechner (ed.), Innocenzo III - Urbs et Orbis. Atti del Congresso Internazionale Roma, 9-15 settembre 1998, 2 vols (Rome, 2003: Nuovi studi storici, 55. Miscellanea della Società romana di storia patria, 44) Gabriel Audisio (ed.), LInquisition et pouvoir (Marseille, 2004)

Agostino Borromeo (ed.), Linquisizione: atti del Simposio internazionale, Citta del Vaticano, 29-31 ottobre 1998 (Citta del Vaticano, 2003: Studie Testi, 417) Monique Zerner (ed.), Inventer l'hérésie? Discours polémiques et pouvoirs avant l’Inquisition (Nice, 1998: Collection d'études médiévales, 2)

Journal of Ecclesiastical History

Thomas Kaeppeli, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, 3 vols (Rome, 1970-1980); Thomas Kaeppeli and Emilio Panella, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum Medii Aevi, vol. 4 (Rome, 1993)

Pawel Kras, Husyci w pietnastowiecznej Polsce (Lublin, 1998)

Dietrich Kurze (ed.), Quellen zur Ketzergeschichte Brandenburgs und Pommerns (Berlin and New York, 1975: Veröffentlichungen der Historischen Kommission zu Berlin, 45)

Lambert, Medieval Heresy

LMA

LTK

Maisonneuve, Études

Merlo, Eretici e inquisitori

MGH. Constitutiones

MGH. Scriptores MMAH

Moore, The Formation

Moore, The Birth MOPH MPH

Malcolm Lambert, Medieval Heresy. Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation (Oxford, 1992)

Lexikon des Mittelalters, 9 vols (Munich and Zürich, 1980-1998; CD-ROM-Ausgabe, 2000) Lexikon für Theologie und Kirche, 11 vols (Freiburg, 1993-2001)

Henri Maisonneuve, Etudes sur les origines de l'Inquisition (Paris, 1960: L'Église et l'État au moyen áge, 7)

Giovanni Domenico Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, 53 vols (Florence, 1759-1798; repr. Graz, 1961)

Grado Giovanni Merlo, Eretici e inquisitori nella societa piemontese del Trecento, con ledizione dei processi tenuti a Giaveno dall'inquisitore Alberto De Castellario (1335) e nelle Valli di Lanzo dallinquisitore Tommaso Di Casasco (1373) (Turin, 1977)

Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Leges, Sectio IV: Constitutiones et acta publica imperatorum et regum, 12 vols (Hanover, 1893-2013) Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptores, 39 vols (Hanover, 1887-2009)

Monumenta medii aevi historica res gestas Poloniae illustrantia

Robert I. Moore, The Formation of a Persecuting Society. Power and Deviance in Western Europe 950-1250 (Oxford, 1987)

Robert I. Moore (ed.), The Birth of Popular Heresy (Toronto, Buffalo, and London, 1995) Monumenta Ordinis Fratrum Praedicatorum Historica

Monumenta Poloniae Historica, 6 vols (Lviv and Cracow, 1864-1893; repr. Warsaw, 1960) Norman Tanner (ed.), Heresy Trials in the Diocese of Norwich 1428-1431 (London, 1977: Camden Fourth Series, 20)

Patschovsky, Die Anfünge

Patschovsky, Quellen

Pegg, The Corruption

PL

Potthast

Praedicatores, Inquisitores

Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser

Alexander Patschovsky (ed.), Die Anfänge einer ständigen Inquisition in Böhmen. Ein Prager Inquisitoren- Handbuch aus der ertsen Hälfte des 14.

Jahrhunderts (Berlin and New York, 1975: Beiträge zur Geschichte und Quellenkunde des Mittelalters, 3) Alexander Patschovsky (ed.), Quellen zur böhmischen Inquisition im 14.

Jahrhundert (Weimar, 1979: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Quellen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters, 11)

Mark Gregort Pegg, The Corruption of Angels: The Great Inquisition of 1245- 1246 (Princeton, 2001)

Edward Peters, Inquisition (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1989)

Jacques-Paul Migne (ed.), Patrologiae cursus completus. Series Latina, 221 vols (Paris, 1844-1855)

August Potthast (ed.), Regesta Pontificum Romanorum, inde ab anno post Christum natum 1198 ad annum 1304, 2 vols (Berlin, 1874-1875) Arturo Palacios-Bernal (ed.), Praedicatores, Inquisitores, vol. 1: The Dominicans and the Mediaeval Inquisition. Acts of the 1* International Seminar on the Dominicans and the Inquisition. Rome, 23-25 February 2002 (Rome, 2004)

Ordo processus Narbonensis (Processus inquisitionis), in Kurt-Victor Selge (ed.), Texte zur Inquisition (Güttersloh, 1967: Texte zur Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte, 4), 70-6.

Alexander Patschovsky and Kurt- Victor Selge (eds), Quellen zur Geschichte der Waldenser (Güttersloh, 1973: Texte zur Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte, 11)

Ragg, Ketzer

Register Innocenz III

Registre

RHE

Roquebert, Histoire des cathares

Russell, Dissent and Reform

Russell, Religious Dissent

SCh

Shannon, Popes

Tanner, Decrees

Texts and the Repression

Tractatus de haeresi

Sascha Ragg, Ketzer und Recht. Die weltliche Ketzergesegebung des Hochmittelalters unter dem Einfluß des römischen und kanonischen Rechts (Hanover, 2006: Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Studien und Texte, 37) Othmar Hageneder et al. (eds), Die Register Papst Innocenz’ III, 13 vols (Cologne, Vienna, and Rome, 1964-2014)

Jean Duvernoy (ed.), Le Registre d’Inquisition de Jacques Fournier, eveque de Pamiers (1318-1325). Manuscrit no Vat. Latin 4030 de la Bibliotheque Vaticane, 3 vols (Toulouse, 1965)

Revue d’histoire ecclesiastique

Michel Roquebert, Histoire des Cathares.

Heresie, croisade, inquisition du XF au XIV’ siecle (Paris, 1999)

James B. Russell, Dissent and Reform the Early Middle Ages (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1965)

James B. Russell, Religious Dissent in the Middle Ages (New York, London, Sydney, and Toronto, 1971)

Sources Chretiennes

Albert C. Shannon, The Popes and Heresy in the Thirteenth Century (Villanova, 1949) Norman Tanner (ed.), Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, 2 vols (London, 1990) Kurt-Victor Selge (ed.), Texte zur Inquisition (Güttersloh, 1967: Texte zur Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte, 4)

Caterina Bruschi and Peter Biller (eds), Texts and the Repression of the Medieval Heresy (York 2003: Studies in Medieval Theology, 4) Tractatus de haeresi pauperum de Lugduno, auctore anonymo, in Edmond Martene and Ursin Durand (eds), Thesaurus novus anecdotorum, vol. 5: Opuscula (Paris, 1717), 1777-94.

TRE Theologische Realenzyklopädie, 35 vols (Berlin and New York, 2003)

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Vicaire, Histoire Marie-Hubert Vicaire, Histoire de saint Dominique, 2 vols (Paris, 1982)

Medieval collections of canon law are cited in the following way:

D 1.1.1 Decretum Gratiani, causa 1l, distinctio 1, caput 1

C 1.1.1 Decretum Gratiani, causa 1, quaestio 1, caput (canon) 1

X 1.1.1 Decretales Gregorii IX (= Liber extra), liber 1, titulus 1, caput (canon) 1

Clem 1.1.1 Clementinae, liber 1, titulus 1, caput (canon) 1

VI° 1.1.1 Liber sextus, liber 1, titulus 1, caput (canon) 1